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-5350998490803709964 | Manchester United F.C. | Manchester United F.C. - Wikipedia Manchester United F.C. Jump to : navigation , search `` MUFC '' and `` Manchester United '' redirect here . For other uses , see MUFC ( disambiguation ) . For the basketball team , see Manchester Eagles . Not to be confused with F.C. United of Manchester . Manchester United Full name Manchester United Football Club Nickname ( s ) The Red Devils Short name MUFC Founded 1878 ; 139 years ago ( 1878 ) , as Newton Heath LYR F.C. 1902 ; 115 years ago ( 1902 ) , as Manchester United F.C. Ground Old Trafford Ground Capacity 74,994 Owner Manchester United plc ( NYSE : MANU ) Co-chairmen Joel and Avram Glazer Manager José Mourinho League Premier League 2016 -- 17 Premier League , 6th of 20 Website Club website Home colours Away colours Third colours Current season Manchester United Football Club is a professional football club based in Old Trafford , Greater Manchester , England , that competes in the Premier League , the top flight of English football . Nicknamed `` the Red Devils '' , the club was founded as Newton Heath LYR Football Club in 1878 , changed its name to Manchester United in 1902 and moved to its current stadium , Old Trafford , in 1910 . Manchester United have won a record 20 League titles , 12 FA Cups , 5 League Cups and a record 21 FA Community Shields . The club has also won three UEFA Champions Leagues , one UEFA Europa League , one UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup , one UEFA Super Cup , one Intercontinental Cup and one FIFA Club World Cup . In 1998 -- 99 , the club became the first in the history of English football to achieve the treble of the Premier League , the FA Cup and the UEFA Champions League . In 2016 -- 17 , by winning the UEFA Europa League , they became one of five clubs to have won all three main UEFA club competitions . In addition , they became the only professional English club to have won every ongoing honour available to the first team that is organised by a national or international governing body . The 1958 Munich air disaster claimed the lives of eight players . In 1968 , under the management of Matt Busby , Manchester United became the first English football club to win the European Cup . Alex Ferguson won 38 trophies as manager , including 13 Premier League titles , 5 FA Cups and 2 UEFA Champions Leagues , between 1986 and 2013 , when he announced his retirement . José Mourinho is the club 's current manager , having been appointed on 27 May 2016 . Manchester United was the highest - earning football club in the world for 2015 -- 16 , with an annual revenue of € 689 million , and the world 's most valuable football club in 2017 , valued at £ 2.86 billion . As of June 2015 , it is the world 's most valuable football brand , estimated to be worth $1.2 billion . After being floated on the London Stock Exchange in 1991 , the club was purchased by Malcolm Glazer in May 2005 in a deal valuing the club at almost £ 800 million , after which the company was taken private again , before going public once more in August 2012 , when they made an initial public offering on the New York Stock Exchange . Manchester United is one of the most widely supported football clubs in the world , and has its strongest rivalries with Liverpool , Manchester City and Leeds United . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early years ( 1878 -- 1945 ) 1.2 Busby years ( 1945 -- 1969 ) 1.3 1969 -- 1986 1.4 Ferguson years ( 1986 -- 2013 ) 1.5 2013 -- present 2 Crest and colours 2.1 Kit evolution 3 Grounds 4 Support 4.1 Rivalries 5 Global brand 5.1 Sponsorship 6 Ownership and finances 7 Players 7.1 First - team squad 7.1. 1 Out on loan 7.2 Reserves and academy 7.3 Former players 7.4 Club captains 7.5 Player records 7.6 Sir Matt Busby Player of the Year 8 Club officials 8.1 Managerial history 9 Honours 9.1 Domestic 9.1. 1 League 9.1. 2 Cups 9.2 European 9.3 Worldwide 9.4 Doubles and Trebles 10 See also 11 Footnotes 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links History Early years ( 1878 -- 1945 ) Main article : History of Manchester United F.C. ( 1878 -- 1945 ) A chart showing the progress of Manchester United through the English football league system from joining as Newton Heath in 1892 -- 93 to the present Manchester United was formed in 1878 as Newton Heath LYR Football Club by the Carriage and Wagon department of the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway ( LYR ) depot at Newton Heath . The team initially played games against other departments and railway companies , but on 20 November 1880 , they competed in their first recorded match ; wearing the colours of the railway company -- green and gold -- they were defeated 6 -- 0 by Bolton Wanderers ' reserve team . By 1888 , the club had become a founding member of The Combination , a regional football league . Following the league 's dissolution after only one season , Newton Heath joined the newly formed Football Alliance , which ran for three seasons before being merged with the Football League . This resulted in the club starting the 1892 -- 93 season in the First Division , by which time it had become independent of the railway company and dropped the `` LYR '' from its name . After two seasons , the club was relegated to the Second Division . The Manchester United team at the start of the 1905 -- 06 season , in which they were runners - up in the Second Division In January 1902 , with debts of £ 2,670 -- equivalent to £ 270,000 in 2017 -- the club was served with a winding - up order . Captain Harry Stafford found four local businessmen , including John Henry Davies ( who became club president ) , each willing to invest £ 500 in return for a direct interest in running the club and who subsequently changed the name ; on 24 April 1902 , Manchester United was officially born . Under Ernest Mangnall , who assumed managerial duties in 1903 , the team finished as Second Division runners - up in 1906 and secured promotion to the First Division , which they won in 1908 -- the club 's first league title . The following season began with victory in the first ever Charity Shield and ended with the club 's first FA Cup title . Manchester United won the First Division for the second time in 1911 , but at the end of the following season , Mangnall left the club to join Manchester City . In 1922 , three years after the resumption of football following the First World War , the club was relegated to the Second Division , where it remained until regaining promotion in 1925 . Relegated again in 1931 , Manchester United became a yo - yo club , achieving its all - time lowest position of 20th place in the Second Division in 1934 . Following the death of principal benefactor John Henry Davies in October 1927 , the club 's finances deteriorated to the extent that Manchester United would likely have gone bankrupt had it not been for James W. Gibson , who , in December 1931 , invested £ 2,000 and assumed control of the club . In the 1938 -- 39 season , the last year of football before the Second World War , the club finished 14th in the First Division . Busby years ( 1945 -- 1969 ) Main article : History of Manchester United F.C. ( 1945 -- 1969 ) The Busby Babes in Denmark in 1955 In October 1945 , the impending resumption of football led to the managerial appointment of Matt Busby , who demanded an unprecedented level of control over team selection , player transfers and training sessions . Busby led the team to second - place league finishes in 1947 , 1948 and 1949 , and to FA Cup victory in 1948 . In 1952 , the club won the First Division , its first league title for 41 years . With an average age of 22 , the back - to - back title winning side of 1956 were labelled `` the Busby Babes '' by the media , a testament to Busby 's faith in his youth players . In 1957 , Manchester United became the first English team to compete in the European Cup , despite objections from The Football League , who had denied Chelsea the same opportunity the previous season . En route to the semi-final , which they lost to Real Madrid , the team recorded a 10 -- 0 victory over Belgian champions Anderlecht , which remains the club 's biggest victory on record . A plaque at Old Trafford in memory of those who died in the Munich air disaster , including players ' names The following season , on the way home from a European Cup quarter - final victory against Red Star Belgrade , the aircraft carrying the Manchester United players , officials and journalists crashed while attempting to take off after refuelling in Munich , Germany . The Munich air disaster of 6 February 1958 claimed 23 lives , including those of eight players -- Geoff Bent , Roger Byrne , Eddie Colman , Duncan Edwards , Mark Jones , David Pegg , Tommy Taylor and Billy Whelan -- and injured several more . Manchester United ( 1963 ) Reserve team manager Jimmy Murphy took over as manager while Busby recovered from his injuries and the club 's makeshift side reached the FA Cup final , which they lost to Bolton Wanderers . In recognition of the team 's tragedy , UEFA invited the club to compete in the 1958 -- 59 European Cup alongside eventual League champions Wolverhampton Wanderers . Despite approval from the FA , the Football League determined that the club should not enter the competition , since it had not qualified . Busby rebuilt the team through the 1960s by signing players such as Denis Law and Pat Crerand , who combined with the next generation of youth players -- including George Best -- to win the FA Cup in 1963 . The following season , they finished second in the league , then won the title in 1965 and 1967 . In 1968 , Manchester United became the first English ( and second British ) club to win the European Cup , beating Benfica 4 -- 1 in the final with a team that contained three European Footballers of the Year : Bobby Charlton , Denis Law and George Best . Matt Busby resigned as manager in 1969 and was replaced by the reserve team coach , former Manchester United player Wilf McGuinness . 1969 -- 1986 Main article : History of Manchester United F.C. ( 1969 -- 1986 ) Bryan Robson was the captain of Manchester United for 12 years , longer than any other player . Following an eighth - place finish in the 1969 -- 70 season and a poor start to the 1970 -- 71 season , Busby was persuaded to temporarily resume managerial duties , and McGuinness returned to his position as reserve team coach . In June 1971 , Frank O'Farrell was appointed as manager , but lasted less than 18 months before being replaced by Tommy Docherty in December 1972 . Docherty saved Manchester United from relegation that season , only to see them relegated in 1974 ; by that time the trio of Best , Law , and Charlton had left the club . The team won promotion at the first attempt and reached the FA Cup final in 1976 , but were beaten by Southampton . They reached the final again in 1977 , beating Liverpool 2 -- 1 . Docherty was dismissed shortly afterwards , following the revelation of his affair with the club physiotherapist 's wife . Dave Sexton replaced Docherty as manager in the summer of 1977 . Despite major signings , including Joe Jordan , Gordon McQueen , Gary Bailey , and Ray Wilkins , the team failed to achieve any significant results ; they finished in the top two in 1979 -- 80 and lost to Arsenal in the 1979 FA Cup Final . Sexton was dismissed in 1981 , even though the team won the last seven games under his direction . He was replaced by Ron Atkinson , who immediately broke the British record transfer fee to sign Bryan Robson from West Bromwich Albion . Under Atkinson , Manchester United won the FA Cup twice in three years -- in 1983 and 1985 . In 1985 -- 86 , after 13 wins and two draws in its first 15 matches , the club was favourite to win the league , but finished in fourth place . The following season , with the club in danger of relegation by November , Atkinson was dismissed . Ferguson years ( 1986 -- 2013 ) Main article : History of Manchester United F.C. ( 1986 -- 2013 ) Alex Ferguson managed the team between 1986 and 2013 . Alex Ferguson and his assistant Archie Knox arrived from Aberdeen on the day of Atkinson 's dismissal , and guided the club to an 11th - place finish in the league . Despite a second - place finish in 1987 -- 88 , the club was back in 11th place the following season . Reportedly on the verge of being dismissed , victory over Crystal Palace in the 1990 FA Cup Final replay ( after a 3 -- 3 draw ) saved Ferguson 's career . The following season , Manchester United claimed its first Cup Winners ' Cup title and competed in the 1991 UEFA Super Cup , beating European Cup holders Red Star Belgrade 1 -- 0 in the final at Old Trafford . A second consecutive League Cup final appearance followed in 1992 , in which the team beat Nottingham Forest 1 -- 0 at Wembley . In 1993 , the club won its first league title since 1967 , and a year later , for the first time since 1957 , it won a second consecutive title -- alongside the FA Cup -- to complete the first `` Double '' in the club 's history . Ryan Giggs is the most decorated player in English football history . In the 1998 -- 99 season , Manchester United became the first team to win the Premier League , FA Cup and UEFA Champions League -- `` The Treble '' -- in the same season . Losing 1 -- 0 going into injury time in the 1999 UEFA Champions League Final , Teddy Sheringham and Ole Gunnar Solskjær scored late goals to claim a dramatic victory over Bayern Munich , in what is considered one of the greatest comebacks of all time . The club also won the Intercontinental Cup after beating Palmeiras 1 -- 0 in Tokyo . Ferguson was subsequently knighted for his services to football . Manchester United won the league again in the 1999 -- 2000 and 2000 -- 01 seasons . The team finished third in 2001 -- 02 , before regaining the title in 2002 -- 03 . They won the 2003 -- 04 FA Cup , beating Millwall 3 -- 0 in the final at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff to lift the trophy for a record 11th time . In the 2005 -- 06 season , Manchester United failed to qualify for the knockout phase of the UEFA Champions League for the first time in over a decade , but recovered to secure a second - place league finish and victory over Wigan Athletic in the 2006 Football League Cup Final . The club regained the Premier League in the 2006 -- 07 and 2007 -- 08 seasons , and completed the European double by beating Chelsea 6 -- 5 on penalties in the 2008 UEFA Champions League Final in Moscow 's Luzhniki Stadium . Ryan Giggs made a record 759th appearance for the club in this game , overtaking previous record holder Bobby Charlton . In December 2008 , the club won the 2008 FIFA Club World Cup and followed this with the 2008 -- 09 Football League Cup , and its third successive Premier League title . That summer , Cristiano Ronaldo was sold to Real Madrid for a world record £ 80 million . In 2010 , Manchester United defeated Aston Villa 2 -- 1 at Wembley to retain the League Cup , its first successful defence of a knockout cup competition . After finishing as runner - up to Chelsea in the 2009 -- 10 season , United achieved a record 19th league title in 2010 -- 11 , securing the championship with a 1 -- 1 away draw against Blackburn Rovers on 14 May 2011 . This was extended to 20 league titles in 2012 -- 13 , securing the championship with a 3 -- 0 home win against Aston Villa on 22 April 2013 . 2013 -- Present On 8 May 2013 , Ferguson announced that he was to retire as manager at the end of the football season , but would remain at the club as a director and club ambassador . The club announced the next day that Everton manager David Moyes would replace him from 1 July , having signed a six - year contract . Ryan Giggs took over as interim player - manager 10 months later , on 22 April 2014 , when Moyes was sacked after a poor season in which the club failed to defend their Premier League title and failed to qualify for the UEFA Champions League for the first time since 1995 -- 96 . They also failed to qualify for the Europa League , meaning that it was the first time Manchester United had n't qualified for a European competition since 1990 . On 19 May 2014 , it was confirmed that Louis van Gaal would replace Moyes as Manchester United manager on a three - year deal , with Giggs as his assistant . Malcolm Glazer , the patriarch of the Glazer family that owns the club , died on 28 May 2014 . Although Van Gaal 's first season saw United once again qualify for the Champions League through a fourth - place finish in the Premier League , his second season saw United go out of the same tournament in the group stage . United also fell behind in the title race for the third consecutive season , finishing in 5th place , in spite of several expensive signings during Van Gaal 's tenure . However , that same season , Manchester United won the FA Cup for a 12th time . Despite this victory , Van Gaal was sacked as manager just two days later , with José Mourinho appointed in his place on 27 May , signing a three - year contract . That season , United finished in sixth place while winning the EFL Cup for the fifth time and the Europa League for the first time , as well as the FA Community Shield for a record 21st time . Wayne Rooney scored his 250th goal with United , surpassing Sir Bobby Charlton as United 's all - time top scorer , before leaving the club at the end of the season to return to Everton . Crest and colours Manchester United badge in the 1960s The club crest is derived from the Manchester City Council coat of arms , although all that remains of it on the current crest is the ship in full sail . The devil stems from the club 's nickname `` The Red Devils '' ; it was included on club programmes and scarves in the 1960s , and incorporated into the club crest in 1970 , although the crest was not included on the chest of the shirt until 1971 ( unless the team was playing in a Cup Final ) . Newton Heath 's uniform in 1879 , four years before the club played its first competitive match , has been documented as ' white with blue cord ' . A photograph of the Newton Heath team , taken in 1892 , is believed to show the players wearing red - and - white quartered jerseys and navy blue knickerbockers . Between 1894 -- 96 , the players wore distinctive green and gold jerseys which were replaced in 1896 by white shirts , which were worn with navy blue shorts . After the name change in 1902 , the club colours were changed to red shirts , white shorts , and black socks , which has become the standard Manchester United home kit . Very few changes were made to the kit until 1922 when the club adopted white shirts bearing a deep red `` V '' around the neck , similar to the shirt worn in the 1909 FA Cup Final . They remained part of their home kits until 1927 . For a period in 1934 , the cherry and white hooped change shirt became the home colours , but the following season the red shirt was recalled after the club 's lowest ever league placing of 20th in the Second Division and the hooped shirt dropped back to being the change . The black socks were changed to white from 1959 to 1965 , where they were replaced with red socks up until 1971 , when the club reverted to black . Black shorts and / or white socks are sometimes worn with the home strip , most often in away games , if there is a clash with the opponent 's kit . Since 1997 -- 98 , white socks have been the preferred choice for European games , which are typically played on weeknights , to aid with player visibility . The current home kit is a red Henley shirt , with black - and - white - banded cuffs and the trademark Adidas three stripes in white across the shoulders . The Manchester United away strip has often been a white shirt , black shorts and white socks , but there have been several exceptions . These include an all - black strip with blue and gold trimmings between 1993 and 1995 , the navy blue shirt with silver horizontal pinstripes worn during the 1999 -- 2000 season , and the 2011 -- 12 away kit , which had a royal blue body and sleeves with hoops made of small midnight navy blue and black stripes , with black shorts and blue socks . An all - grey away kit worn during the 1995 -- 96 season was dropped after just five games , most notoriously against Southampton where Alex Ferguson forced the team to change into the third kit during half - time of its final outing . The reason for dropping it being that the players claimed to have trouble finding their teammates against the crowd , United failed to win a competitive game in the kit . In 2001 , to celebrate 100 years as `` Manchester United '' , a reversible white / gold away kit was released , although the actual match day shirts were not reversible . The club 's third kit is often all - blue , this was most recently the case during the 2014 -- 15 season . Exceptions include a green - and - gold halved shirt worn between 1992 and 1994 , a blue - and - white striped shirt worn during the 1994 -- 95 and 1995 -- 96 seasons and once in 1996 -- 97 , an all - black kit worn during the Treble - winning 1998 -- 99 season , and a white shirt with black - and - red horizontal pinstripes worn between 2003 -- 04 and 2005 -- 06 . From 2006 -- 07 to 2013 -- 14 , the third kit was the previous season 's away kit , albeit updated with the new club sponsor in 2006 -- 07 and 2010 -- 11 , apart from 2008 -- 09 when an all - blue kit was launch to mark the 40th anniversary of the 1967 -- 68 European Cup success . Kit evolution 1879 -- 1880 , 1896 -- 1902 1880 -- 1887 1887 -- 1893 1893 -- 1894 1894 -- 1896 1902 -- 1920 , 1921 -- 1922 , 1927 -- 1934 , 1934 -- 1960 , 1971 -- present 1920 -- 1921 , 1963 -- 1971 1922 -- 1927 1934 1960 -- 1963 ( 1997 -- present ) Notes ^ Since 1997 this combination is primarily used in domestic competitions and friendlies . ^ Since 1997 this combination is primarily used in European and international competitions . Grounds Old Trafford after its expansion completed in 2006 Newton Heath initially played on a field on North Road , close to the railway yard ; the original capacity was about 12,000 , but club officials deemed the facilities inadequate for a club hoping to join The Football League . Some expansion took place in 1887 , and in 1891 , Newton Heath used its minimal financial reserves to purchase two grandstands , each able to hold 1,000 spectators . Although attendances were not recorded for many of the earliest matches at North Road , the highest documented attendance was approximately 15,000 for a First Division match against Sunderland on 4 March 1893 . A similar attendance was also recorded for a friendly match against Gorton Villa on 5 September 1889 . In June 1893 , after the club was evicted from North Road by its owners , Manchester Deans and Canons , who felt it was inappropriate for the club to charge an entry fee to the ground , secretary A.H. Albut procured the use of the Bank Street ground in Clayton . It initially had no stands , by the start of the 1893 -- 94 season , two had been built ; one spanning the full length of the pitch on one side and the other behind the goal at the `` Bradford end '' . At the opposite end , the `` Clayton end '' , the ground had been `` built up , thousands thus being provided for '' . Newton Heath 's first league match at Bank Street was played against Burnley on 1 September 1893 , when 10,000 people saw Alf Farman score a hat - trick , Newton Heath 's only goals in a 3 -- 2 win . The remaining stands were completed for the following league game against Nottingham Forest three weeks later . In October 1895 , before the visit of Manchester City , the club purchased a 2,000 - capacity stand from the Broughton Rangers rugby league club , and put up another stand on the `` reserved side '' ( as distinct from the `` popular side '' ) . However , weather restricted the attendance for the Manchester City match to just 12,000 . When the Bank Street ground was temporarily closed by bailiffs in 1902 , club captain Harry Stafford raised enough money to pay for the club 's next away game at Bristol City and found a temporary ground at Harpurhey for the next reserves game against Padiham . Following financial investment , new club president John Henry Davies paid £ 500 for the erection of a new 1,000 - seat stand at Bank Street . Within four years , the stadium had cover on all four sides , as well as the ability to hold approximately 50,000 spectators , some of whom could watch from the viewing gallery atop the Main Stand . However , following Manchester United 's first league title in 1908 and the FA Cup a year later , it was decided that Bank Street was too restrictive for Davies ' ambition ; in February 1909 , six weeks before the club 's first FA Cup title , Old Trafford was named as the home of Manchester United , following the purchase of land for around £ 60,000 . Architect Archibald Leitch was given a budget of £ 30,000 for construction ; original plans called for seating capacity of 100,000 , though budget constraints forced a revision to 77,000 . The building was constructed by Messrs Brameld and Smith of Manchester . The stadium 's record attendance was registered on 25 March 1939 , when an FA Cup semi-final between Wolverhampton Wanderers and Grimsby Town drew 76,962 spectators . Bombing in the Second World War destroyed much of the stadium ; the central tunnel in the South Stand was all that remained of that quarter . After the war , the club received compensation from the War Damage Commission in the amount of £ 22,278 . While reconstruction took place , the team played its `` home '' games at Manchester City 's Maine Road ground ; Manchester United was charged £ 5,000 per year , plus a nominal percentage of gate receipts . Later improvements included the addition of roofs , first to the Stretford End and then to the North and East Stands . The roofs were supported by pillars that obstructed many fans ' views , and they were eventually replaced with a cantilevered structure . The Stretford End was the last stand to receive a cantilevered roof , completed in time for the 1993 -- 94 season . First used on 25 March 1957 and costing £ 40,000 , four 180 - foot ( 55 m ) pylons were erected , each housing 54 individual floodlights . These were dismantled in 1987 and replaced by a lighting system embedded in the roof of each stand , which remains in use today . The Taylor Report 's requirement for an all - seater stadium lowered capacity at Old Trafford to around 44,000 by 1993 . In 1995 , the North Stand was redeveloped into three tiers , restoring capacity to approximately 55,000 . At the end of the 1998 -- 99 season , second tiers were added to the East and West Stands , raising capacity to around 67,000 , and between July 2005 and May 2006 , 8,000 more seats were added via second tiers in the north - west and north - east quadrants . Part of the new seating was used for the first time on 26 March 2006 , when an attendance of 69,070 became a new Premier League record . The record was pushed steadily upwards before reaching its peak on 31 March 2007 , when 76,098 spectators saw Manchester United beat Blackburn Rovers 4 -- 1 , with just 114 seats ( 0.15 per cent of the total capacity of 76,212 ) unoccupied . In 2009 , reorganisation of the seating resulted in a reduction of capacity by 255 to 75,957 . Manchester United has the second highest average attendance of European football clubs only behind Borussia Dortmund . Support Manchester United is one of the most popular football clubs in the world , with one of the highest average home attendance in Europe . The club states that its worldwide fan base includes more than 200 officially recognised branches of the Manchester United Supporters Club ( MUSC ) , in at least 24 countries . The club takes advantage of this support through its worldwide summer tours . Accountancy firm and sports industry consultants Deloitte estimate that Manchester United has 75 million fans worldwide , while other estimates put this figure closer to 333 million . The club has the third highest social media following in the world among sports teams ( after Barcelona and Real Madrid ) , with over 71 million Facebook fans as of September 2016 . A 2014 study showed that Manchester United had the loudest fans in the Premier League . Supporters are represented by two independent bodies ; the Independent Manchester United Supporters ' Association ( IMUSA ) , which maintains close links to the club through the MUFC Fans Forum , and the Manchester United Supporters ' Trust ( MUST ) . After the Glazer family 's takeover in 2005 , a group of fans formed a splinter club , F.C. United of Manchester . The West Stand of Old Trafford -- the `` Stretford End '' -- is the home end and the traditional source of the club 's most vocal support . Rivalries Main articles : Arsenal F.C. -- Manchester United F.C. rivalry , Manchester derby , Liverpool F.C. -- Manchester United F.C. rivalry , and Leeds United F.C. -- Manchester United F.C. rivalry Manchester United has rivalries with Arsenal , Leeds United , Liverpool , and Manchester City , against whom they contest the Manchester derby . The rivalry with Liverpool is rooted in competition between the cities during the Industrial Revolution when Manchester was famous for its textile industry while Liverpool was a major port . Manchester United and Liverpool are also the two most successful teams in England and , at many points in their history , they have battled each other for the league title ( most recently in the 2008 -- 09 season ) . Their matches are usually considered by the players and their fans as the biggest in any given season . The `` Roses Rivalry '' with Leeds stems from the Wars of the Roses , fought between the House of Lancaster and the House of York , with Manchester United representing Lancashire and Leeds representing Yorkshire . The rivalry with Arsenal arises from the numerous times the two teams , as well as managers Alex Ferguson and Arsène Wenger , have battled for the Premier League title . With 33 titles between them ( 20 for Manchester United , 13 for Arsenal ) this fixture has become known as one of the finest Premier League match - ups in history . Global brand Aeroflot is an official carrier of the club . Manchester United has been described as a global brand ; a 2011 report by Brand Finance , valued the club 's trademarks and associated intellectual property at £ 412 million -- an increase of £ 39 million on the previous year , valuing it at £ 11 million more than the second best brand , Real Madrid -- and gave the brand a strength rating of AAA ( Extremely Strong ) . In July 2012 , Manchester United was ranked first by Forbes magazine in its list of the ten most valuable sports team brands , valuing the Manchester United brand at $2.23 billion . The club is ranked third in the Deloitte Football Money League ( behind Real Madrid and Barcelona ) . In January 2013 , the club became the first sports team in the world to be valued at $3 billion . Forbes Magazine valued the club at $3.3 billion -- $1.2 billion higher than the next most valuable sports team . They were overtaken by Real Madrid for the next four years , but Manchester United returned to the top of the Forbes list in June 2017 , with a valuation of $3.689 billion . The core strength of Manchester United 's global brand is often attributed to Matt Busby 's rebuilding of the team and subsequent success following the Munich air disaster , which drew worldwide acclaim . The `` iconic '' team included Bobby Charlton and Nobby Stiles ( members of England 's World Cup winning team ) , Denis Law and George Best . The attacking style of play adopted by this team ( in contrast to the defensive - minded `` catenaccio '' approach favoured by the leading Italian teams of the era ) `` captured the imagination of the English footballing public '' . Busby 's team also became associated with the liberalisation of Western society during the 1960s ; George Best , known as the `` Fifth Beatle '' for his iconic haircut , was the first footballer to significantly develop an off - the - field media profile . As the second English football club to float on the London Stock Exchange in 1991 , the club raised significant capital , with which it further developed its commercial strategy . The club 's focus on commercial and sporting success brought significant profits in an industry often characterised by chronic losses . The strength of the Manchester United brand was bolstered by intense off - the - field media attention to individual players , most notably David Beckham ( who quickly developed his own global brand ) . This attention often generates greater interest in on - the - field activities , and hence generates sponsorship opportunities -- the value of which is driven by television exposure . During his time with the club , Beckham 's popularity across Asia was integral to the club 's commercial success in that part of the world . Because higher league placement results in a greater share of television rights , success on the field generates greater income for the club . Since the inception of the Premier League , Manchester United has received the largest share of the revenue generated from the BSkyB broadcasting deal . Manchester United has also consistently enjoyed the highest commercial income of any English club ; in 2005 -- 06 , the club 's commercial arm generated £ 51 million , compared to £ 42.5 million at Chelsea , £ 39.3 million at Liverpool , £ 34 million at Arsenal and £ 27.9 million at Newcastle United . A key sponsorship relationship was with sportswear company Nike , who managed the club 's merchandising operation as part of a £ 303 million 13 - year partnership between 2002 and 2015 . Through Manchester United Finance and the club 's membership scheme , One United , those with an affinity for the club can purchase a range of branded goods and services . Additionally , Manchester United - branded media services -- such as the club 's dedicated television channel , MUTV -- have allowed the club to expand its fan base to those beyond the reach of its Old Trafford stadium . Sponsorship Period Kit manufacturer Shirt sponsor 1945 -- 1975 Umbro -- 1975 -- 1980 Admiral 1980 -- 1982 Adidas 1982 -- 1992 Sharp Electronics 1992 -- 2000 Umbro 2000 -- 2002 Vodafone 2002 -- 2006 Nike 2006 -- 2010 AIG 2010 -- 2014 Aon 2014 -- 2015 Chevrolet 2015 -- Adidas In an initial five - year deal worth £ 500,000 , Sharp Electronics became the club 's first shirt sponsor at the beginning of the 1982 -- 83 season , a relationship that lasted until the end of the 1999 -- 2000 season , when Vodafone agreed a four - year , £ 30 million deal . Vodafone agreed to pay £ 36 million to extend the deal by four years , but after two seasons triggered a break clause in order to concentrate on its sponsorship of the Champions League . To commence at the start of the 2006 -- 07 season , American insurance corporation AIG agreed a four - year £ 56.5 million deal which in September 2006 became the most valuable in the world . At the beginning of the 2010 -- 11 season , American reinsurance company Aon became the club 's principal sponsor in a four - year deal reputed to be worth approximately £ 80 million , making it the most lucrative shirt sponsorship deal in football history . Manchester United announced their first training kit sponsor in August 2011 , agreeing a four - year deal with DHL reported to be worth £ 40 million ; it is believed to be the first instance of training kit sponsorship in English football . The DHL contract lasted for over a year before the club bought back the contract in October 2012 , although they remained the club 's official logistics partner . The contract for the training kit sponsorship was then sold to Aon in April 2013 for a deal worth £ 180 million over eight years , which also included purchasing the naming rights for the Trafford Training Centre . The club 's first kit manufacturer was Umbro , until a five - year deal was agreed with Admiral Sportswear in 1975 . Adidas received the contract in 1980 , before Umbro started a second spell in 1992 . Umbro 's sponsorship lasted for ten years , followed by Nike 's record - breaking £ 302.9 million deal that lasted until 2015 ; 3.8 million replica shirts were sold in the first 22 months with the company . In addition to Nike and Chevrolet , the club also has several lower - level `` platinum '' sponsors , including Aon and Budweiser . On 30 July 2012 , United signed a seven - year deal with American automotive corporation General Motors , which replaced Aon as the shirt sponsor from the 2014 -- 15 season . The new $80 m-a - year shirt deal is worth $559 m over seven years and features the logo of General Motors brand Chevrolet . Nike announced that they would not renew their kit supply deal with Manchester United after the 2014 -- 15 season , citing rising costs . Since the start of the 2015 -- 16 season , Adidas has manufactured Manchester United 's kit as part of a world - record 10 - year deal worth a minimum of £ 750 million . Ownership and finances See also : Glazer ownership of Manchester United Originally funded by the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway Company , the club became a limited company in 1892 and sold shares to local supporters for £ 1 via an application form . In 1902 , majority ownership passed to the four local businessmen who invested £ 500 to save the club from bankruptcy , including future club president John Henry Davies . After his death in 1927 , the club faced bankruptcy yet again , but was saved in December 1931 by James W. Gibson , who assumed control of the club after an investment of £ 2,000 . Gibson promoted his son , Alan , to the board in 1948 , but died three years later ; the Gibson family retained ownership of the club through James ' wife , Lillian , but the position of chairman passed to former player Harold Hardman . Promoted to the board a few days after the Munich air disaster , Louis Edwards , a friend of Matt Busby , began acquiring shares in the club ; for an investment of approximately £ 40,000 , he accumulated a 54 per cent shareholding and took control in January 1964 . When Lillian Gibson died in January 1971 , her shares passed to Alan Gibson who sold a percentage of his shares to Louis Edwards ' son , Martin , in 1978 ; Martin Edwards went on to become chairman upon his father 's death in 1980 . Media tycoon Robert Maxwell attempted to buy the club in 1984 , but did not meet Edwards ' asking price . In 1989 , chairman Martin Edwards attempted to sell the club to Michael Knighton for £ 20 million , but the sale fell through and Knighton joined the board of directors instead . Manchester United was floated on the stock market in June 1991 ( raising £ 6.7 million ) , and received yet another takeover bid in 1998 , this time from Rupert Murdoch 's British Sky Broadcasting Corporation . This resulted in the formation of Shareholders United Against Murdoch -- now the Manchester United Supporters ' Trust -- who encouraged supporters to buy shares in the club in an attempt to block any hostile takeover . The Manchester United board accepted a £ 623 million offer , but the takeover was blocked by the Monopolies and Mergers Commission at the final hurdle in April 1999 . A few years later , a power struggle emerged between the club 's manager , Alex Ferguson , and his horse - racing partners , John Magnier and J.P. McManus , who had gradually become the majority shareholders . In a dispute that stemmed from contested ownership of the horse Rock of Gibraltar , Magnier and McManus attempted to have Ferguson removed from his position as manager , and the board responded by approaching investors to attempt to reduce the Irishmen 's majority . In May 2005 , Malcolm Glazer purchased the 28.7 per cent stake held by McManus and Magnier , thus acquiring a controlling interest through his investment vehicle Red Football Ltd in a highly leveraged takeover valuing the club at approximately £ 800 million ( then approx . $1.5 billion ) . Once the purchase was complete , the club was taken off the stock exchange . In July 2006 , the club announced a £ 660 million debt refinancing package , resulting in a 30 per cent reduction in annual interest payments to £ 62 million a year . In January 2010 , with debts of £ 716.5 million ( $1.17 billion ) , Manchester United further refinanced through a bond issue worth £ 504 million , enabling them to pay off most of the £ 509 million owed to international banks . The annual interest payable on the bonds -- which mature on 1 February 2017 -- is approximately £ 45 million per annum . Despite restructuring , the club 's debt prompted protests from fans on 23 January 2010 , at Old Trafford and the club 's Trafford Training Centre . Supporter groups encouraged match - going fans to wear green and gold , the colours of Newton Heath . On 30 January , reports emerged that the Manchester United Supporters ' Trust had held meetings with a group of wealthy fans , dubbed the `` Red Knights '' , with plans to buying out the Glazers ' controlling interest . In August 2011 , the Glazers were believed to have approached Credit Suisse in preparation for a $1 billion ( approx. £ 600 million ) initial public offering ( IPO ) on the Singapore stock exchange that would value the club at more than £ 2 billion . However , in July 2012 , the club announced plans to list its IPO on the New York Stock Exchange instead . Shares were originally set to go on sale for between $16 and $20 each , but the price was cut to $14 by the launch of the IPO on 10 August , following negative comments from Wall Street analysts and Facebook 's disappointing stock market debut in May . Even after the cut , Manchester United was valued at $2.3 billion , making it the most valuable football club in the world . Players First - team squad As of 2 September 2017 Note : Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules . Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality . No . Position Player GK David de Gea DF Victor Lindelöf DF Eric Bailly DF Phil Jones 5 DF Marcos Rojo 6 MF Paul Pogba 8 MF Juan Mata 9 FW Romelu Lukaku 10 FW Zlatan Ibrahimović 11 FW Anthony Martial 12 DF Chris Smalling 14 MF Jesse Lingard 16 MF Michael Carrick ( captain ) 17 DF Daley Blind No . Position Player 18 MF Ashley Young 19 FW Marcus Rashford 20 GK Sergio Romero 21 MF Ander Herrera 22 MF Henrikh Mkhitaryan 23 DF Luke Shaw 25 DF Antonio Valencia 27 MF Marouane Fellaini 31 MF Nemanja Matić 36 DF Matteo Darmian 38 DF Axel Tuanzebe 39 MF Scott McTominay 40 GK Joel Castro Pereira Out on loan Note : Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules . Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality . No . Position Player 15 MF Andreas Pereira ( at Valencia until 30 June 2018 ) 24 DF Timothy Fosu - Mensah ( at Crystal Palace until 30 June 2018 ) No . Position Player 32 GK Sam Johnstone ( at Aston Villa until 30 June 2018 ) 43 DF Cameron Borthwick - Jackson ( at Leeds United until 30 June 2018 ) Reserves and academy Further information : Manchester United F.C. Reserves and Academy Former players Further information : List of Manchester United F.C. players and Category : Manchester United F.C. players Club captains Further information : List of Manchester United F.C. players § Club captains Player records Further information : List of Manchester United F.C. records and statistics Sir Matt Busby Player of the Year Further information : Sir Matt Busby Player of the Year Club officials Owner : Glazer family via Red Football Shareholder Limited Honorary president : Martin Edwards Manchester United Limited Co-chairmen : Avram Glazer and Joel Glazer Executive vice chairman : Ed Woodward Group managing director : Richard Arnold Chief financial officer : Cliff Baty Non-executive directors : Bryan Glazer , Kevin Glazer , Edward Glazer , Darcie Glazer Kassewitz , Robert Leitão , John Hooks and Manu Sawhney Manchester United Football Club Directors : David Gill , Michael Edelson , Sir Bobby Charlton , Sir Alex Ferguson Club secretary : John Alexander Club ambassadors : Andy Cole , Gary Neville , Bryan Robson , Peter Schmeichel , Bobby Charlton , Alex Ferguson , Park Ji - sung , Dwight Yorke , Nemanja Vidić Senior club staff Director of Group Operations : Alan Dawson MBE Director of Communications : Phil Townsend Director of Legal and Business Affairs : Patrick Stewart Director of Finance and IT : Steve Deaville Director of Venue : David French Director of Partnerships : Sean Jefferson CEO of Media : Phil Lynch Ticket office manager : Sam Kelleher Safety officer : Charlie Coxon Stadium manager : Ian Collins Grounds manager : Anthony Sinclair Coaching staff Manager : José Mourinho Assistant manager : Rui Faria Coach : Silvino Louro Coach : Ricardo Formosinho Goalkeeping coach : Emilio Alvarez Fitness coach : Carlos Lalin Tactical analyst : Giovanni Cerra Head of first - team development : John Murtough Scouting Staff Chief scout : Jim Lawlor Head of global scouting : Marcel Bout Scouts : Gerado Guzmán , Sandro Orlandelli , Tommy Møller Nielsen , Javier Ribalta Academy coaching staff Director of youth academy : Nicky Butt Academy operations manager : Nick Cox Under - 23 manager : Ricky Sbragia Under - 23s team assistant manager : Tommy Martin Under - 18 head coach : Kieran McKenna Under - 18s coach : John Cooke Under - 18s coach : Colin Little Head of Academy Coaching : Tony Whelan Under - 16 Head Coach : Neil Ryan Under - 12 - 14 Head Coach : Hasney Aljofree Under 12s Head Coach : Lee Unsworth Under 10s Head Coach : Eamon Mulvey Under 9s Head Coach : Eddie Leach Academy goalkeeping coach : Alan Fettis Medical and sports science staff Head of sports medicine and science / club doctor : Dr. Steve McNally Assistant club doctor : Dr. Tony Gill Head first - team physiotherapist : Richard Merron Assistant first team physiotherapist : Jon Picot Head of academy physiotherapy : Neil Hough Senior academy physiotherapist : Mandy Johnson Academy physiotherapist : John Davin Masseurs : Gary Armer , Rod Thornley and Andy Caveney Club dietician : Trevor Lea Head of performance : Tony Strudwick Head of strength and conditioning : Dr. Gary Walker Head of human performance : Dr. Richard Hawkins Managerial history Main article : List of Manchester United F.C. managers Dates Name Notes 1878 -- 1892 Unknown 1892 -- 1900 A.H. Albut 1900 -- 1903 James West 1903 -- 1912 Ernest Mangnall 1912 -- 1914 John Bentley 1914 -- 1921 Jack Robson 1921 -- 1926 John Chapman 1926 -- 1927 Lal Hilditch Player - manager 1927 -- 1931 Herbert Bamlett 1931 -- 1932 Walter Crickmer 1932 -- 1937 Scott Duncan 1937 -- 1945 Walter Crickmer 1945 -- 1969 Matt Busby 1969 -- 1970 Wilf McGuinness 1970 -- 1971 Matt Busby 1971 -- 1972 Frank O'Farrell 1972 -- 1977 Tommy Docherty 1977 -- 1981 Dave Sexton 1981 -- 1986 Ron Atkinson 1986 -- 2013 Alex Ferguson 2013 -- 2014 David Moyes 2014 Ryan Giggs Interim player - manager 2014 -- 2016 Louis van Gaal 2016 -- José Mourinho Honours Winners ' and runners - up medals from Manchester United 's UEFA Champions League final appearances in 2008 , 2009 and 2011 Manchester United are one of the most successful clubs in Europe . The club 's first trophy was the Manchester Cup , which it won as Newton Heath LYR in 1886 . In 1908 , the club won its first league title , and won the FA Cup for the first time the following year . Manchester United won the most trophies in the 1990s ; five league titles , four FA Cups , one League Cup , five Charity Shields ( one shared ) , one UEFA Champions League , one UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup , one UEFA Super Cup and one Intercontinental Cup . The club holds the record for most top - division titles ( 20 ) -- including a record 13 Premier League titles -- and FA Community Shields ( 21 ) . It was also the first English club to win the European Cup in 1968 , and , as of 2017 , is the only British club to have won the Club World Cup , in 2008 . United also became the sole British club to win the Intercontinental Cup , in 1999 . The club 's most recent trophy came in May 2017 , with the 2016 -- 17 UEFA Europa League . In winning the 2016 -- 17 UEFA Europa League , United became the fifth club in history to have won the `` European Treble '' of European Cup / UEFA Champions League , European Cup Winners ' Cup / UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup , and UEFA Cup / UEFA Europa League after Juventus , Ajax , Bayern Munich and Chelsea . Domestic League First Division / Premier League Winners ( 20 ) : 1907 -- 08 , 1910 -- 11 , 1951 -- 52 , 1955 -- 56 , 1956 -- 57 , 1964 -- 65 , 1966 -- 67 , 1992 -- 93 , 1993 -- 94 , 1995 -- 96 , 1996 -- 97 , 1998 -- 99 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2000 -- 01 , 2002 -- 03 , 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 , 2010 -- 11 , 2012 -- 13 ( record ) Second Division Winners ( 2 ) : 1935 -- 36 , 1974 -- 75 Cups FA Cup Winners ( 12 ) : 1908 -- 09 , 1947 -- 48 , 1962 -- 63 , 1976 -- 77 , 1982 -- 83 , 1984 -- 85 , 1989 -- 90 , 1993 -- 94 , 1995 -- 96 , 1998 -- 99 , 2003 -- 04 , 2015 -- 16 Football League Cup Winners ( 5 ) : 1991 -- 92 , 2005 -- 06 , 2008 -- 09 , 2009 -- 10 , 2016 -- 17 FA Charity / Community Shield Winners ( 21 ) : 1908 , 1911 , 1952 , 1956 , 1957 , 1965 * , 1967 * , 1977 * , 1983 , 1990 * , 1993 , 1994 , 1996 , 1997 , 2003 , 2007 , 2008 , 2010 , 2011 , 2013 , 2016 ( * shared ) ( record ) European European Cup / UEFA Champions League Winners ( 3 ) : 1967 -- 68 , 1998 -- 99 , 2007 -- 08 European Cup Winners ' Cup Winners ( 1 ) : 1990 -- 91 UEFA Europa League Winners ( 1 ) : 2016 -- 17 European Super Cup Winners ( 1 ) : 1991 Worldwide Intercontinental Cup Winners ( 1 ) : 1999 FIFA Club World Cup Winners ( 1 ) : 2008 Doubles and trebles Doubles League and FA Cup : 2 1993 -- 94 , 1995 -- 96 European Double ( League and European Cup ) : 1 2007 -- 08 League and League Cup : 1 2008 -- 09 League Cup and Europa League : 1 2016 -- 17 Trebles Continental Treble ( League , FA Cup and European Cup ) : 1 1998 -- 99 Especially short competitions such as the Charity / Community Shield , Intercontinental Cup ( now defunct ) , FIFA Club World Cup or UEFA Super Cup are not generally considered to contribute towards a Double or Treble . See also Book : Manchester United F.C. List of Manchester United F.C. records and statistics List of Manchester United F.C. players List of Manchester United F.C. seasons List of Manchester United F.C. managers Association football portal English football portal Greater Manchester portal Footnotes Jump up ^ UK Consumer Price Index inflation figures are based on data from Clark , Gregory ( 2017 ) . `` The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain , 1209 to Present ( New Series ) '' . MeasuringWorth . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sources are divided on the exact date of the meeting and subsequent name change . Whilst official club sources claim that it occurred on 26 April , the meeting was reported by the Manchester Evening Chronicle in its edition of 25 April , suggesting it was indeed on 24 April . ^ Jump up to : Upon its formation in 1992 , the Premier League became the top tier of English football ; the First and Second Divisions then became the second and third tiers , respectively . The First Division is now known as the Football League Championship and the Second Division is now known as Football League One . References Jump up ^ `` Premier League Handbook Season 2015 / 16 '' ( PDF ) . Premier League . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 6 September 2015 . Retrieved 23 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester United -- Stadium '' ( PDF ) . premierleague.com . Premier League . Retrieved 9 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BBC ON THIS DAY - 14 - 1969 : Matt Busby retires from Man United '' . bbc.co.uk . 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ManUtd.com . Manchester United . 20 December 2009 . Retrieved 3 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Tuck , James ( 17 July 2013 ) . `` Cole enjoying club role '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . Retrieved 2 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nev 's new role '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . 8 April 2011 . Retrieved 2 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester United appoint Bryan Robson as global ambassador '' . The Times . London : Times Newspapers. 20 March 2008 . Retrieved 11 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` New role for Schmeichel '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . 27 July 2012 . Retrieved 2 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sir Alex Ferguson earned more than £ 2m in eight months for £ 100,000 - a-day Manchester United ambassador role and David Moyes was handed pay - off of almost £ 5m '' . Daily Mail . 26 January 2015 . Retrieved 21 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Park Ji - sung appointed Manchester United club ambassador as retired South Korean returns to Old Trafford for Everton clash '' . Daily Mail . 2 October 2014 . Retrieved 21 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Former Manchester United striker Dwight Yorke denied entry to the United States '' . The Independent . 17 February 2017 . Retrieved 11 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nemanja Vidic returns to Manchester United in an ambassadorial role '' . The Independent . 23 March 2016 . Retrieved 11 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Club Directory : Manchester United Football Club Limited '' . Premier League . Archived from the original on 14 July 2014 . Retrieved 10 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jose Mourinho : Man Utd confirm former Chelsea boss as new manager '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 27 May 2016 . Retrieved 7 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Marshall , Adam ( 7 July 2016 ) . `` Mourinho 's coaching team confirmed '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . Retrieved 7 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Why Manchester United will not appoint a director of football '' . manchestereveningnews.co.uk . Retrieved 1 June 2016 . 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Jump up ^ `` Manchester United win the UEFA Europa League '' . manutd.com. 24 May 2017 . Retrieved 26 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Europa League final : Manchester United on the brink of unique achievement no other English club could ever match '' . talkSPORT. 23 May 2017 . Retrieved 28 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Rice , Simon ( 20 May 2010 ) . `` Treble treble : The teams that won the treble '' . The Independent . London : Independent Print . Retrieved 14 July 2010 . Further reading Andrews , David L. , ed. ( 2004 ) . Manchester United : A Thematic Study . London : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 33333 - 4 . Barnes , Justyn ; Bostock , Adam ; Butler , Cliff ; Ferguson , Jim ; Meek , David ; Mitten , Andy ; Pilger , Sam ; Taylor , Frank OBE ; Tyrrell , Tom ( 2001 ) ( 1998 ) . The Official Manchester United Illustrated Encyclopedia ( 3rd ed . ) . London : Manchester United Books . ISBN 0 - 233 - 99964 - 7 . Bose , Mihir ( 2007 ) . Manchester Disunited : Trouble and Takeover at the World 's Richest Football Club . London : Aurum Press . ISBN 1 - 84513 - 121 - 5 . Crick , Michael ; Smith , David ( 1990 ) . Manchester United -- The Betrayal of a Legend . London : Pan Books . ISBN 0 - 330 - 31440 - 8 . Devlin , John ( 2005 ) . True Colours : Football Kits from 1980 to the Present Day . London : A & C Black . ISBN 0 - 7136 - 7389 - 3 . Dobson , Stephen ; Goddard , John ( 2004 ) . `` Ownership and Finance of Professional Soccer in England and Europe '' . In Fort , Rodney ; Fizel , John . International Sports Economics Comparisons . Westport , CT : Praeger Publishers . ISBN 0 - 275 - 98032 - 4 . Dunning , Eric ( 1999 ) . Sport Matters : Sociological Studies of Sport , Violence and Civilisation . London : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 09378 - 1 . Hamil , Sean ( 2008 ) . `` Case 9 : Manchester United : the Commercial Development of a Global Football Brand '' . In Chadwick , Simon ; Arth , Dave . International Cases in the Business of Sport . Oxford : Butterworth - Heinemann . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7506 - 8543 - 6 . Inglis , Simon ( 1996 ) ( 1985 ) . Football Grounds of Britain ( 3rd ed . ) . London : CollinsWillow . ISBN 0 - 00 - 218426 - 5 . James , Gary ( 2008 ) . Manchester : A Football History . Halifax : James Ward . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9558127 - 0 - 5 . Morgan , Steve ( March 2010 ) . McLeish , Ian , ed . `` Design for life '' . Inside United . Haymarket Network ( 212 ) . ISSN 1749 - 6497 . Murphy , Alex ( 2006 ) . The Official Illustrated History of Manchester United . London : Orion Books . ISBN 0 - 7528 - 7603 - 1 . Rollin , Glenda ; Rollin , Jack . Sky Sports Football Yearbook 2008 -- 2009 . London : Headline Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7553 - 1820 - 9 . Shury , Alan ; Landamore , Brian ( 2005 ) . The Definitive Newton Heath F.C . SoccerData . ISBN 1 - 899468 - 16 - 1 . Tyrrell , Tom ; Meek , David ( 1996 ) ( 1988 ) . The Hamlyn Illustrated History of Manchester United 1878 -- 1996 ( 5th ed . ) . London : Hamlyn . ISBN 0 - 600 - 59074 - 7 . White , Jim ( 2008 ) . Manchester United : The Biography . London : Sphere . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84744 - 088 - 4 . White , John ( 2007 ) ( 2005 ) . The United Miscellany ( 2nd ed . ) . London : Carlton Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84442 - 745 - 1 . External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : Manchester United F.C. Wikinews has news related to : Manchester United F.C. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Manchester United FC . 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"Manchester United have won a record 20 League titles, 12 FA Cups, 5 League Cups and a record 21 FA Community Shields. The club has also won three UEFA Champions Leagues, one UEFA Europa League, one UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, one UEFA Super Cup, one Intercontinental Cup and one FIFA Club World Cup. In 1998–99, the club became the first in the history of English football to achieve the treble of the Premier League, the FA Cup and the UEFA Champions League.[3] In 2016–17, by winning the UEFA Europa League, they became one of five clubs to have won all three main UEFA club competitions. In addition, they became the only professional English club to have won every ongoing honour available to the first team that is organised by a national or international governing body."
] | [
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-9187746626090987873 | Routing transit number | Routing transit number - wikipedia Routing transit number Jump to : navigation , search An ABA routing transit number ( ABA RTN ) is a nine digit code , used in the United States , which appears on the bottom of negotiable instruments such as cheques to identify the financial institution on which it was drawn . The ABA RTN was originally designed to facilitate the sorting , bundling , and shipment of paper cheques back to the drawer 's ( check writer 's ) account . As new payment methods were developed ( ACH and Wire ) , the system was expanded to accommodate these payment methods . The ABA RTN is necessary for the Federal Reserve Banks to process Fedwire funds transfers , and by the Automated Clearing House to process direct deposits , bill payments , and other such automated transfers . The ABA RTN system was developed in 1910 by the American Bankers Association . Contents ( hide ) 1 Management 2 Routing number format 3 MICR Routing number format 3.1 Federal Reserve 3.1. 1 First two digits 3.1. 2 Third and fourth digits 3.2 ABA Institution Identifier 3.3 Check digit 3.4 Routing symbol 4 Fraction form 4.1 ABA Prefix Table 5 Canadian transit number 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Management ( edit ) Since 1911 , the American Bankers Association has partnered with a series of registrars , currently Accuity , to manage the ABA routing number system . Accuity is the Official Routing Number Registrar and is responsible for assigning ABA RTNs and managing the ABA RTN system . Accuity publishes the American Bankers Association Key to Routing Numbers semi-annually . The `` Key Book '' contains the listing of all ABA RTNs that have been assigned . There are approximately 26,895 active ABA RTNs currently in use . Every financial institution in the United States has at least one . The Routing Number Policy allows for up to five ABA RTNs to be assigned to a financial institution . Many institutions have more than five ABA RTNs as a result of mergers . ABA RTNs are only for use in payment transactions within the United States . They are used on paper check , wire transfers , and ACH transactions . On a paper check , the ABA RTN is usually the middle set of nine numbers printed at the bottom of the check . Domestic transfers that use the ABA RTN will usually be returned to the paying bank . Incoming international wire transfers also use the SWIFT code - a system administered by the Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication ( SWIFT ) . The code is often referred to as `` SWIFT - BIC , BIC code , SWIFT ID or SWIFT code '' . Please see ISO 9362 . In addition , European financial institutions use an IBAN code . The IBAN was originally developed to facilitate payments within the European Union but the format is flexible enough to be applied globally . It consists of an ISO 3166 - 1 alpha - 2 country code , followed by two check digits that are calculated using a mod - 97 technique , and Basic Bank Account Number ( BBAN ) with up to thirty alphanumeric characters. ( 4 ) The BBAN includes the domestic bank account number and potentially routing information . The national banking communities decide individually on a fixed length for all BBAN in their country . Routing number format ( edit ) A check showing the fraction form ( top middle - right , 11 - 3167 / 1210 plus branch number 01 ) and MICR form ( bottom left , 129131673 ) of the transit number . The ABA RTN appears in two forms on a standard check -- the fraction form and the MICR ( magnetic ink character recognition ) form . Both forms give essentially the same information , though there are slight differences . The MICR forms are the main form -- it is printed in magnetic ink , and is machine - readable ; it appears at the bottom left of a check , and consists of nine digits . The fraction form was used for manual processing before the invention of the MICR line , and still serves as a backup in check processing should the MICR line become illegible or torn ; it generally appears in the upper right part of a check near the date . The MICR number is of the form XXXXYYYYC where XXXX is Federal Reserve Routing Symbol , YYYY is ABA Institution Identifier , and C is the Check Digit , while the fraction is of the form : PP - YYYY / XXXX where PP is a 1 or 2 digit Prefix , no longer used in processing , but still printed , representing the bank 's check processing center location , with 1 through 49 for processing centers located in a major city , and 50 through 99 representing processing is done at a non-major city in a particular state . Sometimes a branch number or the account number are printed below the fraction form ; branch number is not used in processing , while the account number is listed in MICR form at the bottom . Further , the Federal Reserve Routing Symbol and ABA Institution Identifier may have fewer than 4 digits in the fraction form . The essential data , shared by both forms , is the Federal Reserve Routing Symbol ( XXXX ) , and the ABA Institution Identifier ( YYYY ) , and these are usually the same in both the fraction form and the MICR , with only the order and format switched ( and left - padded with 0s to ensure that they are 4 digits long ) . The prefix and the Federal Reserve Routing Symbol ( XXXX ) are determined by the bank 's geographical location and treatment by the Federal Reserve type , while the remaining data ( YYYY , and Branch number , if present ) depends on the specific bank , and are unique within a Federal Reserve district . In the check depicted above right , the fraction form is 11 - 3167 / 1210 ( with 01 below it ) and MICR form is 129131673 which are analyzed as follows : the prefix 11 corresponds to San Francisco , 3167 ( common to both ) is the ABA Institution Identifier , 1210 and 1291 are the Federal Reserve Routing Symbols ( generally equal , here different probably due to obfuscation , see image file history for more information ) , with the initial `` 12 '' corresponding to the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco , the third digits ( `` 1 '' and `` 9 '' ) corresponding to check processing centers , and the fourth digits ( `` 0 '' and `` 1 '' ) corresponding to where the bank is located -- `` 0 '' indicates `` in the Federal Reserve city of San Francisco '' , while `` 1 '' indicates `` in the state of California '' . the final `` 3 '' in the MICR is the check digit , and the `` 01 '' below the fraction form is the branch number . In the case of a MICR line that is illegible or torn , the check can still be processed without the check digit . Typically , a repair strip or sleeve is attached to the check , then a new MICR line is imprinted . Either 021200025 or 0212 - 0002 ( with a hyphen , but no check digit ) may be printed , and both are 9 digits . The former ( with check digit ) is preferred to ensure better accuracy , but requires computing the check digit , while the latter is easily determined by inspection of the fraction , with minimal clerical handling . MICR routing number format ( edit ) The MICR routing number consists of 9 digits : XXXXYYYYC where XXXX is Federal Reserve Routing Symbol , YYYY is ABA Institution Identifier , and C is the Check Digit . Federal Reserve ( edit ) The Federal Reserve uses the ABA RTN system for processing its customers ' payments . The ABA RTNs were originally assigned in the systematic way outlined below , reflecting a financial institution 's geographical location and internal handling by the Federal Reserve . Following consolidation of the Federal Reserve 's check processing facilities , and the consolidation in the banking industry , the RTN a financial institution uses may not reflect the `` Fed District '' where the financial institution 's place of business is located . Check processing is now centralized at the Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta . First two digits ( edit ) The first two digits of the nine digit RTN must be in the ranges 00 through 12 , 21 through 32 , 61 through 72 , or 80 . The digits are assigned as follows : 00 is used by the United States Government 01 through 12 are the `` normal '' routing numbers , and correspond to the 12 Federal Reserve Banks . For example , 0260 - 0959 - 3 is the routing number for Bank of America incoming wires in New York , with the initial `` 02 '' indicating the Federal Reserve Bank of New York . 21 through 32 were assigned only to thrift institutions ( e.g. credit unions and savings banks ) through 1985 , but are no longer assigned ( thrifts are assigned normal 01 -- 12 numbers ) . Currently they are still used by the thrift institutions , or their successors , and correspond to the normal routing number , plus 20 . ( For example , 2260 - 7352 - 3 is the routing number for Grand Adirondack Federal Credit Union in New York , with the initial `` 22 '' corresponding to `` 02 '' ( New York Fed ) plus `` 20 '' ( thrift ) . ) 61 through 72 are special purpose routing numbers designated for use by non-bank payment processors and clearinghouses and are termed Electronic Transaction Identifiers ( ETIs ) , and correspond to the normal routing number , plus 60 . 80 is used for traveler 's checks The first two digits correspond to the 12 Federal Reserve Banks as follows : Primary ( 01 -- 12 ) Thrift ( + 20 ) Electronic ( + 60 ) Federal Reserve Bank 01 21 61 Boston 02 22 62 New York 03 23 63 Philadelphia 04 24 64 Cleveland 05 25 65 Richmond 06 26 66 Atlanta 07 27 67 Chicago 08 28 68 St. Louis 09 29 69 Minneapolis 10 30 70 Kansas City 11 31 71 Dallas 12 32 72 San Francisco Third and fourth digits ( edit ) The third digit corresponds to the Federal Reserve check processing center originally assigned to the bank , while the fourth digit is `` 0 '' if the bank is located in the Federal Reserve city proper , and otherwise is 1 -- 9 , according to which state in the Federal Reserve district it is . ABA institution Identifier ( edit ) The fifth through eighth digits constitute the bank 's unique ABA identity within the given Federal Reserve district . Check digit ( edit ) The ninth , check digit provides a checksum test using a position - weighted sum of each of the digits . High - speed check - sorting equipment will typically verify the checksum and if it fails , route the item to a reject pocket for manual examination , repair , and re-sorting . Mis - routings to an incorrect bank are thus greatly reduced . The following condition must hold : 3 ( d 1 + d 4 + d 7 ) + 7 ( d 2 + d 5 + d 8 ) + ( d 3 + d 6 + d 9 ) mod 10 = 0 . ( \ displaystyle 3 ( d_ ( 1 ) + d_ ( 4 ) + d_ ( 7 ) ) + 7 ( d_ ( 2 ) + d_ ( 5 ) + d_ ( 8 ) ) + ( d_ ( 3 ) + d_ ( 6 ) + d_ ( 9 ) ) \ mod 10 = 0. \ , ) ( Mod or modulo is the remainder of a division operation . ) In terms of weights , this is 371 371 371 . This allows one to catch any single - digit error ( incorrectly inputting one digit ) , together with most transposition errors . 1 , 3 , and 7 are used because they ( together with 9 ) are coprime to 10 ; using a coefficient that is divisible by 2 or 5 would lose information ( because 5 ⋅ 0 = 5 ⋅ 2 = 5 ⋅ 4 = 5 ⋅ 6 = 5 ⋅ 8 = 0 mod 10 ( \ displaystyle 5 \ cdot 0 = 5 \ cdot 2 = 5 \ cdot 4 = 5 \ cdot 6 = 5 \ cdot 8 = 0 \ mod 10 ) ) , and thus would not catch some substitution errors . These do not catch transpositions of two digits that differ by 5 ( 0 and 5 , 1 and 6 , 2 and 7 , 3 and 8 , 4 and 9 ) , but captures other transposition errors . As an example , consider 111000025 ( which is a valid routing number of Bank of America in Virginia ) . Applying the formula , we get : 3 ( 1 + 0 + 0 ) + 7 ( 1 + 0 + 2 ) + ( 1 + 0 + 5 ) mod 10 = 0 . ( \ displaystyle 3 ( 1 + 0 + 0 ) + 7 ( 1 + 0 + 2 ) + ( 1 + 0 + 5 ) \ mod 10 = 0. \ , ) Routing Symbol ( edit ) The symbol that delimits a routing transit number is the MICR E-13B transit character ( Unicode value U + 2446 ) : ⑆ If your computer can not display this character , it may be seen here . Fraction form ( edit ) The fraction form looks like a fraction , with a numerator and a denominator . The numerator consists of two parts separated by a dash . The prefix ( no longer used in check processing , yet still printed on most checks ) is a 1 or 2 digit code ( P or PP ) indicating the region where the bank is located . The numbers 1 to 49 are cities , assigned by size of the cities in 1910 . The numbers 50 to 99 are states , assigned in a rough spatial geographic order , and are used for banks located outside one of the 49 numbered cities . The second part of the numerator ( after the dash ) is the bank 's ABA Institution Identifier , which also forms digits 5 to 8 of the nine digit routing number ( YYYY ) . The denominator is also part of the routing number ; by adding leading zeroes to make up four digits where necessary ( e.g. 212 is written as 0212 , 31 is written as 0031 , etc . ) , it forms the first four digits of the routing number ( XXXX ) . There might also be a fourth element printed to the right of the fraction : this is the bank 's branch number . It is not included in the MICR line . It would only be used internally by the bank , e.g. to show where the signature card is located , where to contact the responsible officer in case of an overdraft , etc . For example , a check from Wachovia Bank in Yardley , PA , has a fraction of 55 - 2 / 212 and a routing number of 021200025 . The prefix ( 55 ) no longer has any relevance , but from the remainder of the fraction , the first 8 digits of the routing number ( 02120002 ) can be determined , and the check digit ( the last digit , 5 in this example ) can be calculated by using the check digit formula ( thus giving 021200025 ) . ABA prefix table ( edit ) This table is up to date as of 2009 . One weakness of the current routing table arrangement is that Alaska , American Samoa , Guam , Hawaii , Puerto Rico and the US Virgin Islands share the same routing code . prefix location New York , NY Chicago , IL Philadelphia , PA St. Louis , MO 5 Boston , MA 6 Cleveland , OH 7 Baltimore , MD 8 Pittsburgh , PA 9 Detroit , MI 10 Buffalo , NY 11 San Francisco , CA 12 Milwaukee , WI 13 Cincinnati , OH 14 New Orleans , LA 15 Washington D.C. 16 Los Angeles , CA 17 Minneapolis , MN 18 Kansas City , MO 19 Seattle , WA 20 Indianapolis , IN 21 Louisville , KY 22 St. Paul , MN 23 Denver , CO 24 Portland , OR 25 Columbus , OH 26 Memphis , TN 27 Omaha , NE 28 Spokane , WA 29 Albany , NY 30 San Antonio , TX 31 Salt Lake City , UT 32 Dallas , TX 33 Des Moines , IA 34 Tacoma , WA 35 Houston , TX 36 St. Joseph , MO 37 Fort Worth , TX 38 Savannah , GA 39 Oklahoma City , OK 40 Wichita , KS 41 Sioux City , IA 42 Pueblo , CO 43 Lincoln , NE 44 Topeka , KS 45 Dubuque , IA 46 Galveston , TX 47 Cedar Rapids , IA 48 Waco , TX 49 Muskogee , OK 50 New York 51 Connecticut 52 Maine 53 Massachusetts 54 New Hampshire 55 New Jersey 56 Ohio 57 Rhode Island 58 Vermont 59 Alaska , American Samoa , Guam , Hawaii , Puerto Rico , Virgin Islands 60 Pennsylvania 61 Alabama 62 Delaware 63 Florida 64 Georgia 65 Maryland 66 North Carolina 67 South Carolina 68 Virginia 69 West Virginia 70 Illinois 71 Indiana 72 Iowa 73 Kentucky 74 Michigan 75 Minnesota 76 Nebraska 77 North Dakota 78 South Dakota 79 Wisconsin 80 Missouri 81 Arkansas 82 Colorado 83 Kansas 84 Louisiana 85 Mississippi 86 Oklahoma 87 Tennessee 88 Texas 90 California 91 Arizona 92 Idaho 93 Montana 94 Nevada 95 New Mexico 96 Oregon 97 Utah 98 Washington 99 Wyoming 101 Assigned Canadian transit number ( edit ) Canadian transit numbers are regulated by the Canadian Payments Association . A number has the following form : XXXXX - YYY where XXXXX is a Branch Number , and YYY is an Institution Number . The dash between the branch number and the institution number is an integral part of the transit number . This format is only valid for paper - type transactions such as checks . For Electronic Fund Transactions ( EFT ) the current format is a leading zero , the institution number , then the branch number all with no dashes . For example , if a check reads XXXXX - YYY , the corresponding EFT code would be 0YYYXXXXX . As a general rule , Bank institution numbers start with 0 , 2 , 3 , or 6 , Credit Union and Caisse Populaire institution numbers start with 8 , and Trust Company institution numbers with 5 . Examples : XXXXX - 001 Bank of Montreal XXXXX - 002 Bank of Nova Scotia XXXXX - 003 Royal Bank of Canada XXXXX - 004 Toronto - Dominion Bank ( which is the legal name for the bank , although it operates as TD Canada Trust ) XXXXX - 006 National Bank of Canada XXXXX - 010 Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce ( includes Simplii Financial ) XXXXX - 016 HSBC Canada XXXXX - 030 Canadian Western Bank XXXXX - 039 Laurentian Bank of Canada XXXXX - 117 Government of Canada ( Not listed as a member of the Canadian Payments Association ) XXXXX - 127 Canada Post ( money orders ) XXXXX - 177 Bank of Canada ( Canadian central bank ) XXXXX - 219 ATB Financial XXXXX - 260 Citibank Canada XXXXX - 269 Mega International Commercial Bank Canada XXXXX - 270 JPMorgan Chase Bank , N.A. ( Toronto Branch ) XXXXX - 309 Vancity Community Investment Bank XXXXX - 315 CTC Bank of Canada XXXXX - 332 First Commercial Bank XXXXX - 326 President 's Choice Financial ( no longer assigned , now shares XXXXX - 010 code with CIBC . Specifically , 30800 - 010 , as there is only one PCF branch . ) XXXXX - 338 Canadian Tire Bank XXXXX - 340 ICICI Bank Canada XXXXX - 509 The Canada Trust Company ( in use for accounts opened prior to the merger of TD & Canada Trust ) XXXXX - 540 Manulife Bank XXXXX - 614 Tangerine Bank ( formerly ING Direct Canada ) XXXXX - 623 Equitable Bank XXXXX - 809 Credit Union Central of British Columbia ( includes Vancity ) XXXXX - 815 Caisses Desjardins du Québec XXXXX - 819 Caisses populaires Desjardins du Manitoba XXXXX - 828 Libro Credit Union XXXXX - 829 Caisses populaires Desjardins de l'Ontario XXXXX - 837 Meridian Credit Union ( formerly Hepco ) XXXXX - 839 Credit Union Heritage ( Nova Scotia ) XXXXX - 865 Caisses populaires Desjardins acadiennes XXXXX - 879 Credit Union Central of Manitoba Limited XXXXX - 889 Credit Union Central of Saskatchewan XXXXX - 899 Credit Union Central Alberta Limited In a Canadian bank transit number , the last digit of the branch number , with few exceptions , indicates the geographical location of the branch . Branch numbers ending with : 0 are located in British Columbia and Yukon 1 are located in Western Québec including Montreal and surrounding areas 2 are located in Ontario including Toronto and surrounding area 3 are located in Nova Scotia , Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland excluding Labrador 4 are located in New Brunswick 5 are located in Eastern Québec including Labrador 6 are located in Eastern Ontario including Ottawa and surrounding area 7 are located in Manitoba and North - Western Ontario 8 are located in Saskatchewan 9 are located in Alberta , the Northwest Territories and Nunavut For example , the number 58876 - 004 indicates that the associated account is held at an Eastern Ontario branch of The Toronto - Dominion Bank ( 58876 is the transit number , 5887 is the branch number and 004 is the institution number ) . The Canadian Payments Association maintains the Financial Institutions File ( FIF ) as well as the Financial Institutions Branch Directory ( FIBD ) . The FIF and the FIBD identify routing numbers and addresses for branches of all Canadian financial institutions ( whether they have a physical location or a virtual location ) . The FIF , which is updated weekly , is a fee - based subscription service that enables its subscribers to validate routing information and to upload the information in a variety of business applications . More details , including available formats and pricing can be found here : ( 2 ) The Financial Institutions Branch Directory , also updated weekly , contains the same information found in the FIF and is available free of charge . It is recommended for occasional reference as it can not be uploaded into business applications and does n't offer the same validation features as the FIF . The FIBD is accessible at ( 3 ) . See also ( edit ) General Category Bank card number - Used as Bank Identification Number Bank code discusses formats used by other countries and regions . Bank State Branch , or BSB code used for Australian banks International Bank Account Number ISO 9362 , the SWIFT / BIC code standard Magnetic ink character recognition - How RTN 's are printed Sort code , used by British banks Canada has similar but different transaction routing structures Interac Large Value Transfer System ( Canada ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : ( Bankers ' Hotline 2004 ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ http://www.fededirectory.frb.org ^ Jump up to : ( Burnett 2005 ) `` Training Page : Learning the Bank Numbering System '' , Bankers ' Hotline , 14 ( 1 ) , March 2004 , retrieved 2010 - 04 - 08 Burnett , John ( March 21 , 2005 ) , Bank Routing Number , BankersOnline , retrieved 2010 - 04 - 08 External links ( edit ) Official ABA Routing Number Policy ( PDF File ) Federal Reserve Districts Find banks ' ABA numbers or which bank owns a given ABA number - limited to Fedwire participants . Federal Reserve E-Payments Routing Directory - downloadable lists of Fedwire and FedACH participants . They include routing numbers , street addresses and phone numbers . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Routing_transit_number&oldid=812280171 '' Categories : American Bankers Association Bank codes Banking in Canada Banking in the United States Banking terms Interbank networks Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Edit links This page was last edited on 27 November 2017 , at 01 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where to find transit aba number on check | [
"ABA RTNs are only for use in payment transactions within the United States. They are used on paper check, wire transfers, and ACH transactions. On a paper check, the ABA RTN is usually the middle set of nine numbers printed at the bottom of the check. Domestic transfers that use the ABA RTN will usually be returned to the paying bank."
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"the middle set of nine numbers printed at the bottom of the check"
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-4847378126974715981 | Beauty and the Beast (2017 film) | Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 film ) - wikipedia Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 film ) Jump to : navigation , search Beauty and the Beast Theatrical release poster Directed by Bill Condon Produced by David Hoberman Todd Lieberman Screenplay by Stephen Chbosky Evan Spiliotopoulos Based on Disney 's Beauty and the Beast by Linda Woolverton Beauty and the Beast by Jeanne - Marie Leprince de Beaumont Starring Emma Watson Dan Stevens Luke Evans Kevin Kline Josh Gad Ewan McGregor Stanley Tucci Audra McDonald Gugu Mbatha - Raw Ian McKellen Emma Thompson Music by Alan Menken Cinematography Tobias A. Schliessler Edited by Virginia Katz Production company Walt Disney Pictures Mandeville Films Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date February 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 23 ) ( Spencer House ) March 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 17 ) ( United States ) Running time 129 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $160 million Box office $1.264 billion Beauty and the Beast is a 2017 American musical romantic fantasy film directed by Bill Condon from a screenplay written by Stephen Chbosky and Evan Spiliotopoulos , and co-produced by Walt Disney Pictures and Mandeville Films . The film is a live - action adaptation of Disney 's 1991 animated film of the same name , itself an adaptation of Jeanne - Marie Leprince de Beaumont 's eighteenth - century fairy tale . The film features an ensemble cast that includes Emma Watson and Dan Stevens as the eponymous characters with Luke Evans , Kevin Kline , Josh Gad , Ewan McGregor , Stanley Tucci , Audra McDonald , Gugu Mbatha - Raw , Ian McKellen , and Emma Thompson in supporting roles . Principal photography began at Shepperton Studios in Surrey , United Kingdom on May 18 , 2015 , and ended on August 21 . Beauty and the Beast premiered at Spencer House in London on February 23 , 2017 , and was released in the United States in standard , Disney Digital 3 - D , RealD 3D , IMAX and IMAX 3D formats , along with Dolby Cinema on March 17 , 2017 . The film received generally favorable reviews from critics , with many praising Watson and Stevens 's acting performances as well as the ensemble cast , faithfulness to the original animated film alongside elements from the Broadway musical , visual style , production values , and musical score , though it received criticism for some of the character designs , inconsistent vocal performances , and its excessive similarity to the original . The film grossed over $1.2 billion worldwide , becoming the highest - grossing live - action musical film , and making it the second highest - grossing film of 2017 , the 10th - highest - ever grossing film in North America and the 12th - highest - grossing film of all time . The film received four nominations at the 23rd Critics ' Choice Awards and two nominations at the 71st British Academy Film Awards . It also received Academy Award nominations for Best Production Design and Best Costume Design at the 90th Academy Awards . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Cast notes 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 3.4 Music 4 Release 4.1 Marketing 4.2 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.1. 1 United States and Canada 5.1. 2 Other countries 5.2 Critical response 6 Accolades 7 Controversies 7.1 Gay character 7.2 Belle and the Beast 's relationship 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) In Rococo - era France , a beautiful enchantress disguised as an old beggar woman arrives at a castle during a ball and offers the host , a cruel and selfish prince , a rose in return for shelter from a storm . When he refuses , she reveals her identity . To punish the prince for his selfishness , the enchantress transforms him into a beast and his servants into household objects , then erases the castle , the prince and his servants from the memories of their loved ones . She casts a spell on the rose and warns the prince that the curse will only be broken if he learns to love another , and earn their love in return , before the last petal falls . Some years later , in the small town of Villeneuve , Belle , the book - loving daughter of a music box maker and artist Maurice , dreams of adventure and brushes off advances from Gaston , an arrogant former soldier . On his way to a convention and lost in the forest , Maurice seeks refuge in the Beast 's castle , but the Beast imprisons him for stealing a rose from his garden as a gift to Belle . When Maurice 's horse returns without him , Belle ventures out in search for him , and finds him locked in the castle dungeon . The Beast agrees to let her take Maurice 's place . Belle befriends the castle 's servants , who invite her to a spectacular dinner . When she wanders into the forbidden west wing and finds the rose , the Beast scares her into the woods . She is ambushed by a pack of wolves , but the Beast rescues her , and is injured in the process . As Belle nurses his wounds , a friendship develops between them . The Beast shows Belle a gift from the enchantress , a book that transports readers wherever they want . Belle uses the book to visit her childhood home in Paris , where she discovers a plague doctor mask and realizes that she and her father were forced to leave when her mother succumbed to the plague . In Villeneuve , Gaston sees rescuing Belle as an opportunity to win her hand in marriage , and agrees to help Maurice . When Maurice learns of his ulterior motive and rejects him , Gaston abandons him to be eaten by the wolves . Maurice is rescued by the hermit Agathe , but when he tells the townsfolk of Gaston 's crime but is unable to provide solid evidence , Gaston convinces them to send Maurice to an insane asylum . After sharing a romantic dance with the Beast , Belle discovers her father 's predicament using a magic mirror . The Beast releases her to save Maurice , giving her the mirror to remember him with . At Villeneuve , Belle reveals the Beast in the mirror to the townsfolk , proving her father 's sanity . Realizing that Belle loves the Beast , a jealous Gaston claims she has been charmed by dark magic , and has her thrown into the asylum carriage with her father . He rallies the villagers to follow him to the castle to slay the Beast before he curses the whole village . Maurice and Belle escape , and Belle rushes back to the castle . During the battle , Gaston abandons his companion LeFou , who then sides with the servants to fend off the villagers . Gaston attacks the Beast in his tower , who is too depressed to fight back , but regains his spirit upon seeing Belle return . He overpowers Gaston , but spares his life before reuniting with Belle . However , Gaston fatally shoots the Beast from a bridge , but it collapses when the castle crumbles , and he falls to his death . The Beast dies as the last petal falls , and the servants become inanimate . As Belle tearfully professes her love to the Beast , Agathe reveals herself as the enchantress and undoes the curse , repairing the crumbling castle , and restoring the Beast 's and servants ' human forms and the villagers ' memories . The Prince and Belle host a ball for the kingdom , where they dance happily . Cast ( edit ) Emma Watson as Belle , a young benevolent bibliophile woman who develops feelings for the Beast and begins to see the humanity within him . Daisy Duczmal portrays an infant Belle . Dan Stevens as Beast , a cold - hearted prince who is transformed into a beast and forced to earn back his humanity by learning to truly love and be loved in return . Stevens portrays the character through motion - capture . Adam Mitchell portrays the younger version of the prince . Luke Evans as Gaston , a narcissistic and arrogant hunter and veteran of the French Royal Army who is willing to go as far as it takes to have Belle as his trophy wife . Kevin Kline as Maurice , Belle 's protective widowed father who works as a music box maker and an artist . Jolyon Coy portrays the young Maurice . Josh Gad as LeFou , Gaston 's flamboyant and long - suffering sidekick who bolsters his friend 's ego but gets very little in return . Ewan McGregor as Lumière , the Beast 's charismatic bouteiller who has been transformed into a candelabra . Stanley Tucci as Maestro Cadenza , the neurotic court composer and Madame de Garderobe 's husband who has been transformed into a harpsichord . Audra McDonald as Madame de Garderobe , a world - renowned opera singer and Cadenza 's wife who has been transformed into a wardrobe . Gugu Mbatha - Raw as Plumette , one of the castle maids and Lumière 's lover who has been transformed into a feather duster . Ian McKellen as Cogsworth , the Beast 's gruff but loyal majordomo and the head of the household staff who has been transformed into a mantel clock . Emma Thompson as Mrs. Potts , the castle 's motherly head housekeeper who has been transformed into a teapot . Hattie Morahan as Agathe , an impoverished hermit and resident of Villeneuve who , in reality , is the enchantress responsible for cursing the Prince . Morahan also narrates the prologue . Rita Davies portrays the enchantress in her beggar woman form . The film was released posthumously after Davies ' death . Nathan Mack as Chip , Mrs. Potts ' plucky son who has been transformed into a teacup . Adrian Schiller as Monsieur D'Arque , the sly warden of the local asylum who is bribed by Gaston to have Maurice institutionalized . Gerard Horan as Monsieur Jean Potts , an absent - minded potter and resident of Villeneuve who is later revealed to be Mrs. Potts ' husband and Chip 's father . Haydn Gwynne as Clothilde , a fishmonger and resident of Villeneuve who is later revealed to be Cogsworth 's wife . Michael Jibson as the Tavern Keeper , the owner and keeper of Villeneuve 's local tavern where Gaston and the village residents drink . Ray Fearon as Père Robert , Villeneuve 's local chaplain who encourages Belle to borrow the books in the chapel 's meager library . Sophie Reid , Rafaëlle Cohen , and Carla Nella as the Village Lasses , a trio of women who fawn over Gaston and have a jealousy for Belle . Jimmy Johnston , Dean Street , and Alexis Loizon as Tom , Dick , and Stanley , a trio of men who serve as Gaston 's henchmen . Zoe Rainey as Belle 's mother , Maurice 's late wife who contracted the plague and died when Belle was an infant . Clive Rowe as Cuisinier , the castle 's head chef who has been transformed into a stove . Gizmo as Frou - Frou , Maestro Cadenza 's and Madame de Garderobe 's pet Yorkshire Terrier who has been transformed into a footstool . Thomas Padden as Chapeau , the prince 's valet who has been transformed into a coat rack . Tom Turner as The King , the prince 's father who , following his wife 's death , raised his son to be just as selfish and arrogant as he was . Harriet Jones as The Queen , the prince 's mother who died of an illness when he was a child . Dale Branston as Villeneuve 's residential baker . Chris Andrew Mellon as Nasty Headmaster , the unnamed headmaster of an all boys school in Villeneuve that disapproves of Belle teaching a young girl how to read . Vivian Parry as the Village Lass ' mother , an unnamed seamstress . Cast notes ( edit ) ^ In the initial theatrical release , Mitchell was miscredited as Rudi Gooman in the cast , but listed under his real name in the soundtrack credits ^ In the initial theatrical release , Turner is miscredited as Henry Garrett in the cast . Stephen Merchant also appeared in the film as Monsieur Toilette , a servant who was turned into a toilet . This character was cut from the film , but is featured in the deleted scenes . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Previously , Disney had begun work on a film adaptation of the 1994 Broadway musical . However , in a 2011 interview , composer Alan Menken stated the planned film version of the Beauty and the Beast stage musical `` was canned '' . By April 2014 , Walt Disney Pictures had already begun developing a new live - action version of Beauty and the Beast after making other live - action fantasy films such as Alice in Wonderland , Maleficent , Cinderella and The Jungle Book . In June 2014 , Bill Condon was signed to direct the film from a script by Evan Spiliotopoulos . Later in September of that same year , Stephen Chbosky ( who had previously directed Watson in The Perks of Being a Wallflower ) was hired to re-write the script . Before Condon was hired to direct the film , Disney approached him with a proposal to remake the film in a more radical way as Universal Studios had remade Snow White and the Huntsman ( 2012 ) . Condon later explained that `` after Frozen opened , the studio saw that there was this big international audience for an old - school - musical approach . But initially , they said , ' We 're interested in a musical to a degree , but only half full of songs . ' My interest was taking that film and doing it in this new medium -- live - action -- as a full - on musical movie . So I backed out for a minute , and they came back and said , ' No , no , no , we get it , let 's pursue it that way . ' '' Walt Disney Pictures president of production Sean Bailey credited Walt Disney Studios chairman Alan F. Horn with the decision to make the film as a musical : `` We worked on this for five or six years , and for 18 months to two years , Beauty was a serious dramatic project , and the scripts were written to reflect that . It was n't a musical at that time . But we just could n't get it to click and it was Alan Horn who championed the idea of owning the Disney of it all . We realized there was a competitive advantage in the songs . What is wrong with making adults feel like kids again ? '' Casting ( edit ) In January 2015 , Emma Watson announced that she would be starring as Belle , the female lead . She was the first choice of Walt Disney Studios chairman Alan F. Horn , as he had previously overseen Warner Bros. which released the eight Harry Potter films that co-starred Watson as Hermione Granger . Two months later , Luke Evans and Dan Stevens were revealed to be in talks to play Gaston and the Beast respectively , and Watson confirmed their casting the following day through tweets . The rest of the principal cast , including Josh Gad , Emma Thompson , Kevin Kline , Audra McDonald , Ian McKellen , Gugu Mbatha - Raw , Ewan McGregor and Stanley Tucci were announced between March and April to play LeFou , Mrs. Potts , Maurice , Madame de Garderobe , Cogsworth , Plumette , Lumière and Cadenza , respectively . Susan Egan , who originated the role of Belle on Broadway , commented on the casting of Watson as `` perfect '' . Paige O'Hara , who voiced Belle in the original animated film and its sequels , offered to help Watson with her singing lessons . According to The Hollywood Reporter , Emma Watson was reportedly paid $3 million upfront , together with an agreement that her final take - home pay could rise as high as $15 million if the film generated gross box office income similar to Maleficent 's $759 million worldwide gross . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography on the film began at Shepperton Studios in Surrey , United Kingdom , on May 18 , 2015 . Filming with the principal actors concluded on August 21 . Six days later , co-producer Jack Morrissey confirmed that the film had officially wrapped production . The Beast was portrayed with a `` more traditional motion capture puppeteering for the body and the physical orientation '' , where actor Dan Stevens was `` in a forty - pound gray suit on stilts for much of the film '' . The facial capture for the Beast was done separately in order to `` communicate the subtleties of the human face '' and `` ( capture the ) thought that occurs to him '' which gets `` through ( to ) the eyes , which are the last human element in the Beast . '' The castle servants who are transformed into household objects were created with CGI animation . Before the release of the film , Bill Condon refilmed one certain sequence in the `` Days of the Sun '' number , due to confusion among test audiences caused by actress Harriet Jones , who looked similar to Hattie Morahan , who portrayed Agathe . In the original version of the scene , it was Jones 's character , the Prince 's mother , who sings the first verse of the song , with Rudi Goodman playing the young Prince and Henry Garrett playing his father ; but in the reshot version of the scene , the singing part is given to the Prince ( now played by Adam Mitchell ) . The King was also recast to Tom Turner , although Harriet Jones was still the Queen , albeit with dark hair . Both Goodman and Garrett 's names were mistakenly featured in the original theatrical release 's credits , but was later corrected in home releases . Music ( edit ) Main article : Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 soundtrack ) When released in 1991 , Beauty and the Beast , marked a turning point for Walt Disney Pictures by appealing to millions of fans with its Oscar - winning musical score by lyricist Howard Ashman and composer Alan Menken . In Bill Condon 's opinion , that original score was the key reason he agreed to direct a live - action version of the movie . `` That score had more to reveal '' , he says , `` You look at the songs and there 's not a clunker in the group . In fact , Frank Rich described it as the best Broadway musical of 1991 . The animated version was already darker and more modern than the previous Disney fairytales . Take that vision , put it into a new medium , make it a radical reinvention , something not just for the stage because it 's not just being literal , now other elements come into play . It 's not just having real actors do it '' . Condon initially prepared on only drawing inspiration from the original film , but he also planned to include most of the songs composed by Alan Menken , Howard Ashman and Tim Rice from the Broadway musical , with the intention of making the film as a `` straight - forward , live - action , large - budget movie musical '' . Menken returned to score the film 's music , which features songs from the original film by him and Howard Ashman , plus new material written by Menken and Tim Rice . Menken said the film will not include songs that were written for the Broadway musical and instead , created four new songs . However , an instrumental version of the song `` Home '' , which was written for the musical , is used during the scene where Belle first enters her room in the castle . On January 19 , 2017 , it was confirmed by both Disney and Céline Dion -- singer of the original 1991 `` Beauty and the Beast '' duet song , with singer Peabo Bryson -- that Dion would be performing one of the new original songs `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' to play over the end titles . She originally had doubts about whether or not to record the song due to the recent death of her husband and manager René Angélil , who had previously helped her secure the 1991 pop duet . While ultimately accepting the opportunity , she said : `` ( The ) first Beauty and the Beast decision was made with my husband . Now I 'm making decisions on my own . It 's a little bit harder . I could n't say yes right away , because I felt like I was kind of cheating in a way '' . She eventually felt compelled to record the song because of the impact Beauty and the Beast has had on her career . According to Dion , `` I was at the beginning of my career , it put me on the map , it put me where I am today '' . Also , Josh Groban was announced to be performing the new original song `` Evermore '' on January 26 , 2017 . The 2017 film features a remake of the 1991 original song recorded as a duet by Ariana Grande and John Legend . Grande and Legend 's updated version of the title song is faithful to the original , Grammy - winning duet , performed by Céline Dion and Peabo Bryson for the 1991 Disney film . Disney debuted the music video for Ariana Grande and John Legend 's interpretation of the title song on Freeform television network on March 5 , 2017 , and it has since been viewed over 100 million views on the Vevo video - hosting service . Emma Thompson also performed a rendition of the title song , which was performed by Angela Lansbury in the original 1991 animated film . Release ( edit ) On March 16 , 2015 , Disney announced the film would be released in 3D on March 17 , 2017 . The first official presentation of the film took place at Disney 's three - day D23 Expo in August 2015 . The world premiere of Beauty and the Beast took place at Spencer House in London , United Kingdom on February 23 , 2017 ; and the film later premiered at the El Capitan Theatre in Hollywood , California , on March 2 , 2017 . The stream was broadcast onto YouTube . A sing along version of the film released in over 1,200 US theaters nationwide on April 7 , 2017 . The United Kingdom received the same version on April 21 , 2017 . The film was re-released in New York and Los Angeles for a one - week engagement starting December 1 , 2017 . The move is an awards push as awards season heats up . Marketing ( edit ) Disney spent around $140 million to market the film worldwide . Following an announcement on May 22 , 2016 , Disney premiered the first official teaser trailer on Good Morning America the next day . In its first 24 hours , the teaser trailer reached 91.8 million views , which was the largest number ever seen for a trailer in that amount of time . This record has since been broken by Thor : Ragnarok , It and Avengers : Infinity War . The first official teaser poster was released on July 7 , 2016 . On November 2 , 2016 , Entertainment Weekly debuted the first official image on the cover of their magazine , along with nine new photos . One week later , Emma Watson and Disney debuted a new poster . On November 14 , 2016 , the first theatrical trailer was released , again on Good Morning America . This reached 127.6 million views in its first 24 hours , setting a new record for the most views in one day , beating Fifty Shades Darker ; this record has since been broken by The Fate of the Furious . A TV spot with Watson singing was shown during the 74th Golden Globe Awards . Disney released the final trailer on January 30 , 2017 . Home Media ( edit ) Beauty and the Beast was released on Blu - ray , DVD and Digital HD on June 6 , 2017 . The film debuted at No. 1 on the NPD VideoScan overall disc sales chart , with all other titles in the top 20 , collectively , selling only 40 % as many units as Beauty and the Beast . The movie regained the top spot on the national home video sales charts during its third week of release . The movie became available on Netflix on September 19 , 2017 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Praised for her performance as Belle worldwide , Beauty and the Beast is Emma Watson 's highest - grossing film in the domestic side and second highest - grossing film , behind only the final Harry Potter film , Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 . Beauty and the Beast grossed $504 million in the United States and Canada and $759.5 million in other countries for a worldwide gross of $1.263 billion . With a production budget of $160 million , it is the most expensive musical ever made , or the second-most expensive musical ever made if accounting for inflation ; only Hello , Dolly ! ( 1969 ) with a budget of $25 million ( $165 million in 2016 dollars ) cost more . In just ten days , it became the highest - grossing live - action musical of all time , beating the nine - year - old record held by Mamma Mia ! . It is currently the second - biggest musical ever overall , behind Disney 's Frozen ( 2013 ) . Worldwide , the film proved to be a global phenomenon , earning a total of $357 million over its four - day opening weekend from 56 markets . Critics said the film was playing like superhero movies amongst women . It was the second biggest March global opening , behind only Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice , the thirteenth - biggest worldwide opening ever and the seventh - biggest for Disney . This includes $21 million from IMAX plays on 1,026 screens , a new record for an IMAX PG title . It surpassed the entire lifetime total of the original film in just six days . Beauty and the Beast was the 300th digitally remastered release in IMAX company 's history , which began with the re-release of Apollo 13 in 2002 . Its robust global debut helped push the company past $6 billion for the first time , and led to analysts believing that the film had a shot of passing $1 billion worldwide from theatrical earnings . On April 12 , it passed the $1 billion threshold , becoming the first film of 2017 , the fourteenth Disney film , and the twenty - ninth film overall to pass the mark . It became the first film since Rogue One ( also a Disney property ) in December 2016 to make over a billion dollars , and did so on its twenty - ninth day of release . It is currently the 2nd highest - grossing film of 2017 ( behind Star Wars : The Last Jedi ) , the highest - grossing March release , the highest - grossing remake of all - time , and the sixth - biggest Disney film . Even after inflation adjusted , it is still ahead of the $425 million gross ( $760 million in 2017 dollars ) of the original film . Deadline Hollywood calculated the net profit of the film to be $414.7 million , when factoring together all expenses and revenues , making it the second most profitable release of 2017 . United States and Canada ( edit ) In the United States and Canada , Beauty and the Beast topped Fandango 's pre-sales and became the fastest - selling family film in the company 's history , topping the studio 's own animated film Finding Dory released the previous year . Early tracking had the film grossing around $100 million in its opening weekend , with some publications predicting it could reach $130 million . By the time the film 's release was 10 days away , analysts raised projections to as high as $150 million . It earned $16.3 million from Thursday previews night , marking the biggest of 2017 ( breaking Logan 's record ) , the biggest ever for a Disney live - action film ( breaking Maleficent 's record ) , the second biggest ever for both a G or PG - rated film ( behind the sixth Harry Potter film Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince which also starred Watson ) , and the third biggest ever in the month of March ( behind Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice and The Hunger Games ) . An estimated 41 % of the gross came from IMAX , 3D and premium large format screenings which began at 6 pm , while the rest -- 59 % -- came from regular 2D shows which began at 7 pm . The numbers were considered more impressive given that the film played during a school week . On its opening day , the film made $63.8 million from 4,210 theaters across 9,200 screens , marking the third biggest in the month of March , trailing behind Batman v Superman ( $81.5 million ) and The Hunger Games ( $67 million ) . It was also the biggest opening day ever for a film that was n't PG - 13 , displacing the $58 million opening Wednesday of Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince . Its opening day alone ( which includes Thursday 's previews ) almost matched the entire opening weekend of previous Disney live - action films , Maleficent ( $69.4 million ) and Cinderella ( $67.9 million ) . Unlike all previous four Disney live - action films witnessing a hike on their second day , Saturday , Beauty and the Beast actually fell 2 % , but nevertheless , the dip was paltry , and the grosses are so much bigger compared to the other titles . Earning a total of $174.8 million on its opening weekend , it defied all expectations and went on to set numerous notable records . This includes the biggest opening of the year as well as the biggest for the month of March and pre-summer / spring opening , beating Batman v Superman , the biggest start ever for a PG title ( also for a family film ) , surpassing Finding Dory , the biggest debut of all time for a female - fueled film , ahead of The Hunger Games : Catching Fire , the biggest for a Disney live - action adaptation , ahead of Alice in Wonderland and the biggest musical debut ever , supplanting Pitch Perfect 2 . Furthermore , it is also Watson 's highest - opening , beating Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 same with Emma Thompson , director Bill Condon 's biggest debut ever ahead of The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 and the biggest outside of summer , save for Star Wars : The Force Awakens , not accounting for inflation . It became the forty - third film to debut with over $100 million and the fifteenth film to open above $150 million . Its three - day opening alone surpassed the entire original North American run of the first film ( $146 million ; before the 3D re-release ) , instantly becoming the second - biggest film of the year , behind Logan ( $184 million ) , and also the second - highest - grossing musical , behind Grease 's $188 million cumulative gross in 1978 . Seventy percent of the total ticket sales came from 2D showings signifying that people who do n't go to theaters frequently came out in bulk to watch the film . About 26 % of the remaining tickets were for 3D . IMAX accounted for 7 % ( $12.5 million ) of the total weekend 's gross , setting a new record for a PG title , ahead of Alice in Wonderland ( $12.1 million ) while PLF repped 11 % of the box office . Seventy percent of the film 's opening day demographic was female , dropping to 60 % through the weekend . According polling service PostTrak , about 84 percent of American parents who saw the film on its opening day said they would `` definitely '' recommend it for families . The film 's opening was credited to positive word of mouth from audiences , good reviews from critics , effective marketing which sold the title not just as a family film but also as a romantic drama , the cast 's star power ( especially Emma Watson ) , lack of competition , being the first family film since The Lego Batman Movie a month earlier , nostalgia , and the success and ubiquity of the first film and Disney 's brand . On Monday , its fourth day of release , the film fell precipitously by 72 % earning $13.5 million . The steep fall was due to a limited marketplace where only 11 % K - 12 and 15 % colleges were off per ComScore . Nevertheless , it is the second - biggest March Monday , behind Batman v Superman ( $15 million ) . This was followed by the biggest March and pre-summer Tuesday with $17.8 million , a 32 % increase from its previous day . The same day , the film passed $200 million in ticket sales . It earned $228.6 million in the first week of release , the sixth - biggest seven - day gross of all time . In its second weekend , the film continued to maintain the top positioning and fell gradually by 48 % earning another $90.4 million to register the fourth - biggest second weekend of all time , and the third - biggest for Disney . In terms of percentage drop , its 48 % decline is the third - smallest drop for any film opening above $125 million ( behind Finding Dory and The Force Awakens ) . The hold was notable considering how the film was able to fend off three new wide releases : Power Rangers , Life , and CHiPs . As a result , it passed the $300 million threshold becoming the first film of 2017 the pass said mark . The film grossed $45.4 million in its third weekend , finally being overtaken for the top spot by newcomer The Boss Baby ( $50.2 million ) . On April 4 , 2017 , its nineteenth day of release , it passed the $400 million threshold becoming the first film of 2017 to do so . By its fourth weekend , the film began was playing in 3,969 cinemas , a fall of 241 theaters from its previous weekend . Of those , approximately 1,200 cinemas were sing - along versions . It earned $26.3 million ( − 48 % ) and retained second place . By comparison , previous Disney films Moana ( − 8 % ) and Frozen ( − 2 % ) both witnessed mild percentage declines the weekend their sing - alone versions were released . Its seventh weekend of release was in contemporaneous with another Emma Watson - starring new film The Circle . That weekend , The Circle was number four , while Beauty and the Beast was at number six . By May 28 , the film had earned over $500 million in ticket sales becoming the first film of 2017 ( until it was later surpassed by The Last Jedi ) , the third female - fueled film ( after The Force Awakens and Rogue One : A Star Wars Story followed by Wonder Woman and The Last Jedi ) and the eighth overall film in cinematic history to pass the mark . It has already become the biggest March release , dethroning The Hunger Games ( 2012 ) , the biggest musical film ( both animated and live - action ) , as well as the biggest film of 2017 ( alongside The Last Jedi ) . Other countries ( edit ) Outside the US and Canada , the film began playing on Thursday , March 16 , 2017 . Through Sunday , March 19 , it had a total international opening of $182.3 million from 55 markets , 44 of which were major territories , far exceeding initial estimations of $100 million and opened at No. 1 in virtually all markets except Vietnam , Turkey , and India . Its launch is the second - biggest for the month of March , behind Batman v Superman ( $256.5 million ) . In IMAX , it recorded the biggest debut for a PG title ( although it carried varying certificate amongst different markets ) with $8.5 million from 649 screens , the second - biggest for a PG title behind The Jungle Book . In its second weekend , it fell just by 35 % earning another $120.6 million and maintaining its first position hold . It added major markets like France and Australia . It topped the international box office for three consecutive weekends before finally being dethroned by Ghost in the Shell and The Boss Baby in its fourth weekend . Despite the fall , the film helped Disney push past the $1 billion thresold internationally for the first time in 2017 . It scored the biggest opening day of the year in Hong Kong and the Philippines , the biggest March Thursday in Italy ( $1 million , also the biggest Disney Thursday debut ) , the biggest March opening day in Austria , and the second - biggest in Germany ( $1.1 million ) , Disney 's biggest March in Denmark , the biggest Disney live - action debut in China ( $12.6 million ) , the UK ( $6.2 million ) , Mexico ( $2.4 million ) and Brazil ( $1.8 million ) and the third - biggest in South Korea with $1.2 million , behind only Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End and Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides . In terms of opening weekend , the largest debut came from China ( $44.8 million ) , followed by the UK ( $24.3 million ) , Korea ( $11.8 million ) , Mexico ( $11.8 million ) , Australia ( $11.1 million ) , Brazil ( $11 million ) , Germany ( $10.7 million ) , France ( $8.4 million ) , Italy ( $7.6 million ) , Philippines ( $6.3 million ) , Russia ( $6 million ) and Spain ( $5.8 million ) . In the United Kingdom and Ireland , the film recorded the biggest opening ever for a PG - rated film , the biggest Disney live - action opening of all time , the biggest March opening weekend , the biggest opening for a musical ( ahead of 2012 's Les Misérables ) , the number one opening of 2017 to date and the fifth - biggest - ever overall with £ 19.7 million ( $24.5 million ) from 639 theatres and almost twice that of The Jungle Book ( £ 9.9 million ) . This included the second - biggest Saturday ever ( £ 7.9 million ) , only behind Star Wars : The Force Awakens . It witnessed a decline in its second weekend , earning £ 12.33 million ( $15.4 million ) . Though the film was falling at a faster rate than The Jungle Book , it had already surpassed the said film and its second weekend is the third - biggest ever ( behind the two James Bond films Skyfall ( 2012 ) and Spectre ) . In India , despite facing heavy competitions from four new Hindi releases , two Tamils films and a Malayalam and a Punjabi release , the film managed to take an occupancy of 15 % on its opening day , an impressive feat despite tremendous competitions . It earned around ₹ 15 million ( US $230,000 ) nett on its opening day from an estimated 600 screens which is more than the three Hindi releases -- Machine , Trapped , and Aa Gaya Hero -- combined . Disney reported a total of ₹ 92.6 million ( US $1.4 million ) gross for its opening weekend there . It was ahead of all new releases and second overall behind Bollywood film Badrinath Ki Dulhania . In Russia , despite receiving a restrictive 16 rating , the film managed to deliver a very successful opening with $6 million . In China , expectations were high for the film . The release date was announced on January 24 , giving Disney and local distributor China Film Group Corporation ample time -- around two months -- to market the film nationwide . The release date was strategically chosen to coincide with White Day . Preliminary reports suggested that it could open to $40 -- 60 million in its opening weekend . Largely driven by young women , its opening day pre-sales outpaced that of The Jungle Book . The original film was , however , never widely popular in the country . Although China has occasionally blocked gay - themed content from streaming video services , in this case , Chinese censors decided to leave the gay scene intact . According to local box office tracker Ent Group , the film grossed an estimated $12.1 million on its opening day ( Friday ) , representing 70 % of the total receipts . Including previews , it made a total of $14.5 million from 100,000 screenings , which is 43 % of all screenings in the country . It climbed to $18.5 million on Saturday ( 102,700 showings ) for a three - day total of $42.6 million , securing 60 % of the total marketplace . Disney on the other hand reported a different figure of $44.8 million . Either ways , it recorded the second - biggest opening for a Disney live - action film , with $3.4 million coming from 386 IMAX screens . Japan -- a huge Disney market -- served as the film 's final market and opened there on April 21 . It debuted with a better - than - expected $12.5 million on its opening weekend helping the film push past the $1.1 billion threshold . An estimated $1.1 million came from IMAX screenings , the fourth - biggest ever in the country . The two - day gross was $9.7 million , outstripping Frozen 's previous record of $9.5 million . Due to positive reviews , good word - of - mouth and benefitting from the Golden Week , the film saw a 9 % increase on its second weekend . The hold was strong enough to fend off newcomer The Fate of the Furious from securing the top spot . The total there is now over $98 million after seven weekends and is the biggest film release of the year and , overall , the eleventh - biggest of all time . It topped the box office there for eight consecutive weekends . The only markets where the film did not top the weekend charts were Vietnam ( behind Kong : Skull Island ) , Turkey ( with two local movies and Logan ahead ) and India ( where Badrinath Ki Dulhania retained No. 1 ) . It topped the box office for four straight weekends in Germany , Korea , Austria , Finland , Poland , Portugal , Brazil , Venezuela , Bolivia , Switzerland and the UK ( exclusive of previews ) . In the Philippines , it emerged as the most successful commercial film of all time -- both local and foreign -- with over $13.5 million . In just five weeks , the film became one of the top 10 highest - grossing film of all time in the United Kingdom and Ireland , ahead of all but one Harry Potter film ( Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ) and all three The Lord of the Rings movies ( which also starred Ian McKellen ) . It is currently the eighth - biggest grosser with £ 70.1 million ( $90 million ) , overtaking Mamma Mia ! to become the biggest musical production ever there . The biggest international earning markets following the UK are Japan ( $108 million ) , China ( $85.8 million ) , Brazil ( $41.5 million ) , Korea ( $37.5 million ) , and Australia ( $35 million ) . In Europe alone , the cumulative total is $267 million to become the second - highest - grossing film in the past year ( behind Rogue One : A Star Wars Story ) . Critical response ( edit ) Beauty and the Beast received generally positive reviews , with praise for its ensemble cast , visuals , production values , musical score , songs , and faithfulness to the original film with a few elements of the Broadway musical version , while the designs of the Beast and the servants ' household object forms received mixed reviews . On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , as of April , 2018 , the film had an approval rating of 70 % based on 319 reviews , with an average rating of 6.7 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus read , `` With an enchanting cast , beautifully crafted songs , and a painterly eye for detail , Beauty and the Beast offers a faithful yet fresh retelling that honors its beloved source material . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 65 out of 100 , based on 47 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . In CinemaScore polls , audiences gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale . Leslie Felperin of The Hollywood Reporter wrote : `` It 's a Michelin - triple - starred master class in patisserie skills that transforms the cinematic equivalent of a sugar rush into a kind of crystal - meth - like narcotic high that lasts about two hours . '' Felperin also praised the performances of Watson and Kline as well the special effects , costume designs and the sets while commended the inclusion of Gad 's character of LeFou as the first LGBT character in Disney . Owen Gleiberman of Variety , in his positive review of the film , wrote : `` It 's a lovingly crafted movie , and in many ways a good one , but before that it 's an enraptured piece of old - is - new nostalgia . '' Gleiberman compared Steven 's character of the Beast to a royal version of the titular character in The Elephant Man and the 1946 version of the Beast in Jean Cocteau 's original adaptation . A.O. Scott of The New York Times praised the performances of both Watson and Stevens , and wrote : `` It looks good , moves gracefully and leaves a clean and invigorating aftertaste . I almost did n't recognize the flavor : I think the name for it is joy . '' Likewise , The Washington Post 's Ann Hornaday complimented Watson 's performance , describing it as `` alert and solemn '' while noting her singing ability as `` serviceable enough to get the job done '' . Richard Roeper of Chicago Sun - Times awarded the film three and a half stars , lauded the performances of Watson and Thompson which he drew a comparison to Paige O'Hara 's and Angela Lansbury 's performances in the 1991 animated version while appreciating the performances of the other cast and also pointing out on its usage of the combination of motion capture and CGI technology as a big advantage which he stated : `` Almost overwhelmingly lavish , beautifully staged and performed with exquisite timing and grace by the outstanding cast '' . Mike Ryan of Uproxx praised the cast , production design and the new songs while noting the film does n't try anything different , saying : `` There 's certainly nothing that new about this version of Beauty and the Beast ( well , except it is n't a cartoon anymore ) , but it 's a good recreation of a classic animated film that should leave most die - hards satisfied . '' In her A - review , Nancy Churnin of The Dallas Morning News praised the film 's emotional and thematic depth , remarking : `` There 's an emotional authenticity in director Bill Condon 's live - action Beauty and the Beast film that helps you rediscover Disney 's beloved 1991 animated film and 1994 stage show in fresh , stirring ways . '' James Berardinelli of ReelViews described the 2017 version as `` enthralling '' . Brian Truitt of USA Today commended the performances of Evans , Gad , McGregor and Thompson alongside Condon 's affinity with musicals , the production design , visual effects featured in some of the song numbers including new songs made by the composers Alan Menken and Tim Rice , particularly Evermore which he described the new song with a potential for an Academy Award for Best Original Song . Peter Travers of Rolling Stone rated the film three out of four stars which he deemed it as an `` exhilarating gift '' while he remarked that `` Beauty and the Beast does justice to Disney 's animated classic , even if some of the magic is M.I.A ( Missing in Action ) '' . Stephanie Zacharek of Time magazine gave a positive review with a description as `` Wild , Vivid and Crazy - Beautiful '' as she wrote `` Nearly everything about Beauty and the Beast is larger than life , to the point that watching it can be a little overwhelming . '' and added that `` it 's loaded with feeling , almost like a brash interpretive dance expressing the passion and elation little girls ( and some boys , too ) must have felt upon seeing the earlier version . '' The San Francisco Chronicle 's Mick LaSalle struck an affirmative tone , calling it one of the joys of 2017 , stating that `` Beauty and the Beast creates an air of enchantment from its first moments , one that lingers and builds and takes on qualities of warmth and generosity as it goes along '' while referring the film as `` beautiful '' and also praised the film for its emotional and psychological tone as well Steven 's motion capture performance . Tim Robey of The Daily Telegraph gave the film four stars out of five and wrote that `` It dazzles on this chocolate box of a picture that feels almost greedy yet to make this film work , down to a sugar - rush finale to grasp the nettle and make an out - an - out , bells - and - whistles musical '' while he praised the performances of Watson , McKellen , Thompson , McGregor , Evans and Gad . Mark Hughes of Forbes also similarly praised the film which he wrote that `` it could revive the story in a faithful but entirely new and unique way elevating the material beyond expectations , establishing itself as a cinematic equal to the original '' and also complimented the importance of undertaking a renowned yet problematic masterpiece as well addressing changes in the elements of the story while acknowledging the film 's effectiveness in resonating to the audiences . Stephen Whitty of the New York Daily News called it `` this year 's best new old musical '' and `` the most magical thing of all '' while describing Watson 's performance of Belle as `` breakthrough '' . Several critics regarded the film as inferior to its 1991 animated predecessor . David Sims of The Atlantic wrote that the 2017 film `` feels particularly egregious , in part , because it 's so slavishly devoted to the original ; every time it falls short of its predecessor ( which is quite often ) , it 's hard not to notice '' . Michael Phillips of the Chicago Tribune said that the 2017 film `` takes our knowledge and our interest in the material for granted . It zips from one number to another , throwing a ton of frenetically edited eye candy at the screen , charmlessly . '' Phillips wrote that the film featured some `` less conspicuously talented '' performers who are `` stuck doing karaoke , or motion - capture work of middling quality '' , though he praised Kline 's performance as the `` best , sweetest thing in the movie ; he brings a sense of calm , droll authority '' . Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian praised Watson 's performance and wrote that the film was `` lit in that fascinatingly artificial honey - glow light , and it runs smoothly on rails -- the kind of rails that bring in and out the stage sets for the lucrative Broadway touring version . '' In the same newspaper , Wendy Ide criticized the film as `` ornate to the point of desperation '' in its attempt to emulate the animated film . Chris Nashawaty of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a B - , writing that while the film looks `` exceptionally great '' , he said the new songs were `` not transporting '' . He felt the film needed more life and depth , but praised Watson 's and Steven 's performances as the `` film 's stronger elements '' . Dana Schwartz of The New York Observer felt that some of the characters , such as Gaston and the Beast , had been watered down from the 1991 film , and that the additional backstory elements failed to `` advance the plot or theme in any meaningful way '' while adding considerable bloat . Schwartz considered the singing of the cast to be adequate but felt that their voices should have been dubbed over , especially for the complex songs . Accolades ( edit ) Award Date of ceremony Category Recipient ( s ) and nominee ( s ) Result Ref . Academy Awards March 4 , 2018 Best Production Design Sarah Greenwood and Katie Spencer Nominated Best Costume Design Jacqueline Durran Nominated Art Directors Guild Awards January 27 , 2018 Excellence in Production Design for a Fantasy Film Sarah Greenwood Nominated British Academy Film Awards February 18 , 2018 Best Production Design Sarah Greenwood and Katie Spencer Nominated Best Costume Design Jacqueline Durran Nominated Casting Society of America January 18 , 2018 Big Budget -- Comedy Lucy Bevan , Bernard Telsey and Tiffany Little Canfield Nominated Chicago Film Critics Association December 12 , 2017 Best Art Direction Sarah Greenwood Nominated Costume Designers Guild Awards February 20 , 2018 Excellence in Fantasy Film Jacqueline Durran Nominated Critics ' Choice Movie Awards January 11 , 2018 Best Art Direction Sarah Greenwood and Katie Spencer Nominated Best Costume Design Jacqueline Durran Nominated Best Hair & Makeup Beauty and the Beast Nominated Best Song `` Evermore '' Nominated Empire Awards March 18 , 2018 Best Actress Emma Watson Nominated Best Soundtrack Beauty and the Beast Nominated Best Make - up And Hairstyling Won Golden Trailer Awards June 6 , 2017 Best Animation / Family Nominated Best Original Score Nominated Best Animation / Family TV Spot Nominated Best Fantasy Adventure TV Spot Nominated Guild of Music Supervisors Awards February 8 , 2018 Best Music Supervision for Film : Budgeted Over 25 Million Dollars Sullivan , Matt Matt Sullivan Nominated Hollywood Film Awards November 5 , 2017 Costume Design Award Jacqueline Durran Won Make - Up & Hair Styling Award Jenny Shircore Won Hollywood Music in Media Awards November 16 , 2017 Best Original Song -- Animated Film `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' -- Alan Menken and Tim Rice Nominated Best Original Song -- Sci - Fi , Fantasy , Horror Film Won `` Evermore '' -- Alan Menken and Tim Rice Nominated Best Soundtrack Album Beauty and the Beast Nominated Hollywood Post Alliance Outstanding Color Grading -- Feature Film Stefan Sonnenfeld Nominated Outstanding Visual Effects -- Feature Film Kyle McCulloch , Glen Pratt , Richard Hoover , Dale Newton , Neil Weatherley and Framestore Nominated Houston Film Critics Society January 6 , 2018 Best Original Song `` Evermore '' -- Alan Menken and Tim Rice Nominated Make - Up Artists and Hair Stylists Guild February 24 , 2018 Feature Motion Picture : Best Period and / or Character Hair Jenny Shircore , Marc Pilcher and Charlotte Hayward Nominated MTV Movie & TV Awards May 7 , 2017 Movie of the Year Beauty and the Beast Won Best Actor in a Movie Emma Watson Won Best Kiss Emma Watson and Dan Stevens Nominated Best Duo Josh Gad and Luke Evans Nominated NAACP Image Awards January 15 , 2018 Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture Audra McDonald Nominated Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards March 24 , 2018 Favorite Movie Beauty and the Beast Nominated Favorite Movie Actress Emma Watson Nominated Publicists Guild Awards March 2 , 2018 Motion Picture Beauty and the Beast Nominated San Diego Film Critics Society December 11 , 2017 Best Production Design Sarah Greenwood and Katie Spencer Nominated Best Visual Effects Beauty and the Beast Runner - up Best Costume Design Jacqueline Durran Won Best Use of Music Beauty and the Beast Nominated Satellite Awards February 10 , 2018 Best Costume Design Jacqueline Durran Nominated Saturn Awards June 2018 Best Fantasy Film Beauty and the Beast Pending Best Actress Emma Watson Pending Best Production Design Sarah Greenwood Pending Best Costume Design Jacqueline Durran Pending Seattle Film Critics Society December 18 , 2017 Best Costume Design Jacqueline Durran Nominated St. Louis Film Critics Association December 17 , 2017 Best Production Design Sarah Greenwood Nominated Best Visual Effects Beauty and the Beast Nominated Teen Choice Awards August 13 , 2017 Choice Movie : Fantasy Won Choice Movie : Fantasy Actor Dan Stevens Nominated Choice Movie : Fantasy Actress Emma Watson Won Choice Movie Villain Luke Evans Won Choice Movie Ship Emma Watson and Dan Stevens Won Choice Liplock Won Choice Scene Stealer Josh Gad Nominated Choice Hissy Fit Luke Evans Nominated Dan Stevens Nominated Visual Effects Society Awards February 13 , 2018 Outstanding Virtual Cinematography in a Photoreal Project Shannon Justison , Casey Schatz , Neil Weatherley and Claire Michaud for `` Be Our Guest '' Nominated Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association December 8 , 2017 Best Motion Capture Performance Dan Stevens Nominated Best Production Design Sarah Greenwood and Katie Spencer Nominated Women Film Critics Circle December 17 , 2017 Best Family Film Beauty and the Beast Nominated Controversies ( edit ) Gay character ( edit ) Controversy erupted after director Bill Condon said there was a `` gay moment '' in the film , when LeFou briefly waltzes with Stanley , one of Gaston 's friends . Afterwards in an interview with Vulture.com , Condon stated , `` Can I just say , I 'm sort of sick of this . Because you 've seen the movie -- it 's such a tiny thing , and it 's been overblown . '' Condon also added that Beauty and the Beast features much more diversity than just the highly talked - about LeFou : `` That was so important . We have interracial couples -- this is a celebration of everybody 's individuality , and that 's what 's exciting about it . '' GLAAD president and CEO Sarah Kate Ellis praised the move stating , `` It is a small moment in the film , but it is a huge leap forward for the film industry . '' In Russia , Vitaly Milonov agitated the culture minister for banning the film , but instead it was given a 16 + rating ( children under the age of 16 can only be admitted to see it in theaters with accompanying adults ) . Additionally , a theater in Henagar , Alabama did not screen the film because of the subplot . In Malaysia , the Film Censorship Board insisted the `` gay moment '' scene be cut , prompting an indefinite postponement of its release by Disney , followed by their decision to withdraw it completely if it could not be released uncensored . The studio moved the release date to March 30 , to allow more time for Malaysia 's censor board to make a decision on whether or not to release the film without changes . The distributors and producers then submitted an appeal to the Film Appeal Committee of Malaysia , which allowed the film to be released without any cuts and a P13 rating on the grounds that the `` gay element '' was minor and did not affect the positive elements featured in the film . In Kuwait , the movie was withdrawn from cinemas by National Cinema Company which owns most of the cinemas in the country . A board member of the company stated that the Ministry of Information 's censorship department had requested it to stop its screening and edit it for things deemed offensive by it . The film also received criticism over its portrayal of LeFou , as many felt that it relied on stereotypes and was used as a way of teasing LGBT+ viewers without providing adequate representation . LeFou 's status as a sidekick to the main villain brought about criticism over Disney 's queercoding of villains in the past , and his infatuation with Gaston was seen as relying on a stereotype of gay men being predatory towards straight men . Furthermore , the only gay interaction LeFou has is a three - second clip of him dancing with another man at the end of the film . Many saw this as Disney cheating its LGBT+ audiences . Belle and the Beast 's relationship ( edit ) Disney has sought to portray Belle as an empowered young woman , but a debate questioning whether it is possible for a captor to fall in love with their prisoner , and whether this is a problematic theme , has resulted . As was the case with the original animated film , one argument is that Belle suffers from Stockholm syndrome ( a condition that causes hostages to develop a psychological alliance with their captors as a survival strategy during captivity ) . Emma Watson studied whether Belle is trapped in an abusive relationship with the Beast before signing on and concluded that she does not think the criticism fits this version of the folk tale . Watson described Stockholm Syndrome as `` where a prisoner will take on the characteristics of and fall in love with the captor . Belle actively argues and disagrees with ( Beast ) constantly . She has none of the characteristics of someone with Stockholm Syndrome because she keeps her independence , she keeps that freedom of thought '' , also adding that Belle defiantly `` gives as good as she gets '' before forming a friendship and romance with the Beast . Psychiatrist Frank Ochberg , who coined the term `` Stockholm syndrome '' , said he does not think Belle exhibits the trauma symptoms of prisoners suffering from the syndrome because she does not go through a period of feeling that she is going to die . Some therapists , while acknowledging that the pairing 's relationship does not meet the clinical definition of Stockholm syndrome , argue that the relationship depicted is dysfunctional and abusive and does not model healthy romantic relationships for young viewers . Constance Grady of Vox writes that Jeanne - Marie Leprince de Beaumont 's Beauty and the Beast was a fairy tale originally written to prepare young girls in 18th - century France for arranged marriages , and that the power disparity is amplified in the Disney version . Anna Menta of Elite Daily argued that the Beast does not apologize to Belle for imprisoning , hurting , or manipulating her , and his treatment of Belle is not painted as wrong . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Also credited for Darkest Hour . Jump up ^ Tied with Dunkirk . Jump up ^ Tied with Mark Bridges for Phantom Thread . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Beauty and the Beast Press Kit '' ( PDF ) . wdsmediafile.com . Walt Disney Studios . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast remake : A traditional tale with a modern twist '' . University of New York . March 13 , 2017 . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2017 . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BEAUTY AND THE BEAST ( PG ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . February 16 , 2017 . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2017 . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Anne Thompson ( March 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' : How Bill Condon Built Hollywood 's Most Expensive Musical '' . IndieWire . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2017 . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Teaser Tops ' Star Wars : Force Awakens ' in First Day '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2017 . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Erbland , Kate . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Is a Technological Marvel , But for Its Actors , the Challenge was Daunting '' . IndieWire . Penske Business Media . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2017 . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fletcher , Rosie ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast 2017 cast , trailer , release date and everything you need to know '' . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2017 . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Ian ; Acuna , Kristin ( October 27 , 2015 ) . `` Disney announced all its movies coming in the next 4 years -- here 's what you have to look forward to '' . Tech Insider . Archived from the original on January 5 , 2016 . Retrieved November 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Live - action ' Beauty and the Beast ' is still enchanting ( but the original is better ) '' . The Charlotte Observer . Robert W. Butler . March 16 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Chris Hunneysett ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast review : Irresistible charm shows no one casts a spell quite like Disney '' . Daily Mirror . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Emma Watson ( @ EmWatson ) ( March 5 , 2015 ) . `` Could not be more happy that this man will be Beast ! ! ! Welcome aboard @ thatdanstevens # beautyandthebeast pic.twitter.com/F1ghG3pvcU '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Earnest , Karen . `` Dan Stevens to Star in ' The Man Who Invented Christmas ' '' . Movies.mxdwn.com . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2016 . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ford , Rebecca ( March 16 , 2015 ) . `` Disney 's Live - Action ' Beauty and the Beast ' Gets Release Date '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2017 . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( March 13 , 2015 ) . `` Josh Gad Joining Disney 's Live - Action ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2015 . Retrieved March 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` Ewan McGregor to Play Lumiere in ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2015 . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` Stanley Tucci Rounds Out Cast of ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2015 . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( March 27 , 2015 ) . `` Audra McDonald Joining Disney 's Live - Action ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2015 . Retrieved April 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( April 13 , 2015 ) . `` ' Beyond the Lights ' Star Gugu Mbatha - Raw Joins ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2015 . Retrieved April 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( April 10 , 2015 ) . `` Ian McKellen to Play Cogsworth in Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2015 . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Beauty and the Beast Release Date -- 2017 '' . Releasedateportal.com . June 30 , 2016 . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2017 . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gavin , Michael ( August 27 , 2016 ) . `` PHOTO : First look at Dan Stevens Beast ( prince form ) from Disney 's live - action ' Beauty and the Beast ' movie ! '' . Inside the Magic . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2016 . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on September 2 , 2017 . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2017 . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Marmiroli , Adriana ( June 5 , 2009 ) . `` Alan Menken Adesso musicalanche in Italia '' ( Alan Menken musicals now in Itaty ) . La Stampa ( in Italian ) . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2015 . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hill , Jim ( July 1 , 2009 ) . `` Hollywood bets big on ' Beast , ' considers remake of ' My Fair Lady ' '' . Jim Hill Media . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2009 . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brew , Simon ( January 11 , 2011 ) . `` Alan Menken interview : Tangled , movie scores , musicals , Enchanted 2 , Snow Queen and more '' . Den of Geek . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2013 . Retrieved January 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( April 11 , 2014 ) . `` Rumor : Could Bill Condon Direct Disney 's Live - Action BEAUTY AND THE BEAST ? '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2015 . Retrieved May 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( June 4 , 2014 ) . `` Bill Condon to Direct Live - Action ' Beauty and the Beast ' Film for Disney '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2015 . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sperling , Nicole ( September 29 , 2014 ) . `` ' Perks of Being a Wallflower ' author will adapt ' Beauty and the Beast ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2014 . Retrieved September 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Director on How ' La La Land ' Is Bringing Musicals Back '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2017 . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Jr. , Mike ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` Sean Bailey on How Disney 's Live - Action Division Found Its ' Beauty and the Beast ' Mojo '' . Deadline.com . Los Angeles : Penske Business Media . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hayden , Erik ( January 26 , 2015 ) . `` Emma Watson Cast in Disney 's Live - Action ' Beauty and the Beast ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 3 , 2017 . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( March 4 , 2015 ) . `` Luke Evans to Play Gaston in Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2015 . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( March 4 , 2015 ) . `` Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' Casting Dan Stevens as the Beast ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2015 . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Emma Watson ( @ EmWatson ) ( March 5 , 2015 ) . `` Bonjour Gaston ! ❤ ️ Welcome ! # BeautyAndTheBeast pic.twitter.com/oerhe1ilGs '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Thomlison , Adam . `` Q & A '' . TV Media . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2015 . Retrieved August 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Original Broadway ' Belle ' Susan Egan Comments on Emma Watson in BEAUTY AND THE BEAST '' . Broadway World . January 26 , 2015 . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Paige O'Hara wants to teach Emma Watson '' . Emma Watson Updates . February 4 , 2015 . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tatiana Siegel ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Emma Watson and What Disney Pays Its Modern Princesses '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2017 . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Foutch , Haleigh ( March 7 , 2015 ) . `` Todd Lieberman Offers Updates on Allegiant and Disney 's Beauty and the Beast '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` On the Set for 5 / 18 / 15 : Emma Watson Starts ' Beauty and the Beast ' , Oliver Stone Wraps ' Snowden ' , Melissa Mccarthy Finishes ' Michelle Darnell ' & More '' . SSN Insider . May 18 , 2015 . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2015 . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Trumbore , Dave ( August 23 , 2015 ) . `` Emma Watson Wraps ' Beauty and the Beast ' on ' Harry Potter ' Anniversary '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2015 . Retrieved August 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter Watch : Emma Watson & Luke Evans Wrap Filming on BEAUTY AND THE BEAST '' . Broadway World . August 24 , 2015 . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Disney 's Live Action BEAUTY AND THE BEAST Officially Wraps Production ! '' . Broadway World . August 27 , 2015 . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tale as Old as Time : Bill Condon livens up Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' Film Journal International '' . Filmjournal.com . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tapley , Kristopher ( June 4 , 2014 ) . `` ' Twilight ' director Bill Condon will translate Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' to live action ( UPDATED ) '' . HitFix . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2014 . Retrieved June 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 16 , 2015 ) . `` Disney 's Live - Action ' Beauty and the Beast ' Set for March 17 , 2017 '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2015 . Retrieved May 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Robbins , Caryn ( June 5 , 2015 ) . `` Alan Menken Confirms 3 New Songs for BEAUTY AND THE BEAST Film ; Broadway Tunes Will Not Be Included '' . Broadway World . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved June 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lee , Ashley ( March 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Composer Alan Menken on Rediscovering Lost Lyrics and Why He 's `` Shutting Up '' About That Gay Character `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tracy , Brianne ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` Céline Dion Set to Perform New Song for Live - Action Beauty and the Beast Soundtrack '' . Music . People . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dion , Céline ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` I am thrilled to announce that I 'll be performing an all - new original song , `` How Does A Moment Last Forever , '' for Disney 's live - action Beauty and the Beast . Being a part of the original film was such a magical experience in my life , and I 'm truly honored to be a part of this film again . / / Je suis ravie de vous annoncer que je chanterai la nouvelle chanson thème du film La Belle et la Bête , `` How Does A Moment Last Forever '' . Avoir fait partie du film original de Disney a été une expérience magique dans ma vie et je suis encore plus honorée de répéter cette expérience . -- Céline `` . Instagram . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2017 . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tracey , Brianne ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` Céline Dion Set to Perform New Song for Live - Action Beauty and the Beast Soundtrack '' . People . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Céline Dion To Perform Original Song `` How Does A Moment Last Forever '' For Disney 's `` Beauty and the Beast '' `` . January 19 , 2017 . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2017 . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gettell , Oliver ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast : Josh Groban records new song Evermore '' . Ew.com . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2017 . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Grande , Ariana ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` Ariana Grande on Instagram : `` 🥀 . '' `` . Instagram . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2018 . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nessif , Bruna ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` It Looks Like Ariana Grande and John Legend Are Teaming Up for a Beauty and the Beast Duet '' . E !. Archived from the original on January 13 , 2017 . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Reed , Ryan . `` Watch Ariana Grande , John Legend Cover ' Beauty and the Beast ' Theme '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Maane Khatchatourian . `` Beauty and the Beast Music Video : Ariana Grande John Legend Sing Theme '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2017 . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ; Kit , Borys ( August 16 , 2015 ) . `` Disney Shows off ' Pirates 5 , ' ' Beauty and the Beast ' at D23 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2015 . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Williams , Helena ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` '' Beauty and the Beast '' premieres in London `` . Daily Mail . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2017 . Retrieved February 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ JeniLynn Knopp ( April 3 , 2017 ) . `` '' Beauty and the Beast Sing Along '' to hit theaters this Friday `` . Inside the Magic . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast Sing - A-Long Book tickets at Cineworld Cinemas '' . www.cineworld.co.uk . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ Collis , Clark ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and Beast returns to theaters '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brooks Barnes ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' : Disney 's $300 Million Gamble '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2017 . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Simon . `` Disney 's Live Action Beauty & The Beast Trailer Debuts Tomorrow '' . WhatCulture.com . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2016 . Retrieved May 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Collis , Clark . `` Beauty and the Beast trailer : Disney 's live - action remake debuts first teaser '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2016 . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gettell , Oliver . `` Beauty and the Beast teaser outpaces Star Wars , Marvel in first day '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2016 . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Thor : Ragnarok ' Trailer Is Marvel and Disney 's Most Watched Ever in 24 Hours ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2017 . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Spangler , Todd ( December 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Tops List of 2018 Most - Anticipated Movies , IMDb Data Reveals '' . Variety . Retrieved January 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Drum , Nicole ( December 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Is Most Anticipated Movie According to IMDb '' . Comicbook . Retrieved January 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Collis , Clark . `` Beauty and the Beast debuts new teaser poster with flower power '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2016 . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Collis , Clark . `` This Week 's Cover : Be our guest for an exclusive look at Disney 's live - action Beauty and the Beast '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2016 . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ EW Staff . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' : See 9 Enchanting , Exclusive Photos '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2016 . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Danielle Jackson . `` Emma Watson shares stunning new teaser poster for Beauty and the Beast '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2016 . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jessica Derschowitz . `` Beauty and the Beast debuts magical new trailer '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2016 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Clark Collis . `` Beauty and the Beast trailer beats Fifty Shades , Star Wars for new record '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2016 . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kofi Outlaw . `` Fate of the Furious Trailer Breaks Record for Most Views in 24 Hours '' . ComicBook.com . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson . `` Watch Emma Watson Sing ' Belle ' In Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' TV Spot '' . Forbes.com . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Clark Collis . `` Beauty and the Beast : Watch the final trailer '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pratt , Thom ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' Comes to Blu - ray , Digital HD and DVD on June 6 '' . The Kingdom Insider . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved May 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Thomas K. ( June 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Debuts Atop Disc Charts '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2017 . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Thomas K. ( June 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Regains Top Spot on Disc Charts '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2017 . Retrieved June 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Emma Watson '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2017 . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Scott Mendelson ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty And The Beast ' Waltzes Past $700 M Worldwide '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WORLDWIDE OPENINGS '' . Box Office Mojo . March 19 , 2017 . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2011 . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Enchants With $350 M Global Bow ; $180 M Offshore -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Makes Room For $222 M Offshore , $429 M WW on Tuesday '' . March 22 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Crosses $500 M at Worldwide Box Office '' . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Twirling To $174 M+ ; Beats ' Harry Potter ' & ' Batman V. Superman ' ; Can It Go Higher ? -- Sunday Final '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brooks Barnes ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Clobbers Record With $170 Million Opening '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sarah Whitten ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' could be Disney 's first $1 billion film of 2017 '' . CNBC . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2017 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast 's ' Secret to Success : Female Power and Comfort '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nathan McAlonemar ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' could make $1.5 billion at the box office , and it has big implications for Disney 's future '' . Business Insider . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2017 . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` Box - Office Milestone : ' Beauty and the Beast ' Waltzing Past $1 B Globally '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2017 . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dave McNarry ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' to Cross $1 Billion at Worldwide Box Office '' . Variety . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2017 . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Roars Past $1 B at Worldwide Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 WORLDWIDE GROSSES '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2017 . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TOP OPENING WEEKENDS BY MONTH -- MARCH '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2015 . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tom Grater ( April 22 , 2017 ) . `` How well do Hollywood remakes fare at the box office ? '' . Screen Daily . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2017 . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WORLDWIDE GROSSES '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2001 . Retrieved May 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( March 27 , 2018 ) . `` No. 2 ' Beauty and the Beast ' Box Office Profits -- 2017 Most Valuable Blockbuster Tournament '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Roars on to Tracking , Looking to Shake Up March Records -- Box Office Projection '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( March 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Sets New Record for Advance Ticket Sales '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` Box - Office Preview : Will ' Beauty and the Beast ' Waltz to New Records ? '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 6 , 2017 ) . `` Proof That ' Beauty and the Beast ' Will Tear Up March B.O. Records : Pre-Sales Are Through The Roof '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ryan Faughnder ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` Why ' Beauty and the Beast ' will be the biggest box - office hit of the year so far '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brian Gallagher ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast Roars Loudly with $16.3 M at Thursday Box Office '' . Movie Web . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2017 . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Gorgeous on Thursday With $16.3 M , Beats ' Furious 7 ' -- Friday AM Update '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty And The Beast ' Nabs Monstreous $16.3 M Thursday '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2017 . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seth Kelley ( March 18 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty and the Beast ' Belts Out $64 Million on Friday '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2017 . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Dazzling With $173 M+ Opening ; Bound To Set Records For Pre-Summer , Bill Condon & Emma Watson '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( March 18 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty And The Beast ' Waltzes To Beastly $64 M Friday For Possible $170 M+ Weekend '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2017 . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Scott Mendelson ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : Disney 's ' Beauty And The Beast ' Debut Topped ' Batman V Superman ' And ' Iron Man 3 ' '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TOP OPENING WEEKENDS BY MONTH -- MARCH '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2015 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TOP OPENING WEEKENDS BY SEASON -- SPRING '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2017 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TOP OPENING WEEKENDS BY MPAA RATING '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Pamela McClintock ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Box Office : 5 Biggest Records Broken '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty And The Beast ' Nabs Record $170 M U.S. , $350 M Global Debut '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2017 . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jake Coyle ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' roars to No. 1 with monstrous $170 M in box office '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2017 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brent Lang ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' : 5 Reasons the Disney Fantasy Scored at the Box Office '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brent Lang ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' : 5 Reasons the Disney Fantasy Scored at the Box Office '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Continues B.O. Dance With Second - Best Monday in March '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2017 . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Hits A High Note With Best Pre-Summer Tuesday , Crosses $200 M '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2017 . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office : ' Beauty And The Beast ' Ends First Week Just Below $500 M '' . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TOP WEEKENDS : 2ND -- 12TH '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2009 . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BOX OFFICE TOP 20 : ' BEAUTY ' ADDS $90.4 MILLION IN WEEKEND 2 '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Joey Nolfi ( March 26 , 2017 ) . `` Box office report : Beauty and the Beast doubles Power Rangers ' weekend gross '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2017 . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Boss Baby ' Cleans ' Beauty and the Beast 's Clock with $51 M+ Opening ; ' Ghost ' Shell - Shocked at $20 M + '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2017 . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Enchants $900 M at WW Box Office ; Crosses $400 M Domestic '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( April 7 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty and the Beast ' Ends Week Three with $920 Million '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Emma Stefansky ( April 30 , 2017 ) . `` How a Flashy Blockbuster and an Indian Fantasy Bested Emma Watson at the Box Office '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( April 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Latin Lover ' Sets $12 M Pantelion Record , ' Baahubali 2 ' Mighty With $10 M+ , ' Circle ' Is A Square As ' F8 ' Leads Listless Weekend '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hill , Libby ( December 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Wars : The Last Jedi ' unseats ' Beauty and the Beast ' as highest - grossing film of 2017 '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2017 . Retrieved January 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ The Associated Press ( December 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Wars : The Last Jedi ' passes ' Beauty and the Beast ' as top 2017 earner '' . New York Daily News . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2017 . Retrieved January 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( May 28 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Alien : Covenant ' Suffers Brutal 71 % Drop As ' Guardians 2 ' Tops ' Guardians ' '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2017 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seth Kelley ( May 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Crosses $500 Million Milestone at Domestic Box Office '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2017 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seth Kelley ( July 23 , 2017 ) . `` Why ' Wonder Woman ' and ' Beauty and the Beast ' Should Lead to More Female - Centered Films '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2017 . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( December 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Last Jedi ' , ' Jumanji ' Propelling 2017 Box Office To $11 B+ Year -- AM Update '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2017 . Retrieved December 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty And The Beast ' Should Cross $1 Billion Today '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Musical '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2017 . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 DOMESTIC GROSSES '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2017 . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' A $1 B Belle WW ? : Bow Enchants With Bigger $357 M Global , $182 M Offshore -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Nears $700 M WW ; ' Kong ' Has Mighty $72 M China Bow , Tops $250 M Offshore -- International Box Office '' . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( April 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty ' Is $876 M Beast WW ; ' Ghost in the Shell ' Sells $40 M Offshore ; ' Kong ' Sets WB China Record -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( April 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Ghost in the Shell ' Rises To $93 M Offshore ; ' Beauty and the Beast ' Tops $977 M Global -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( March 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' A Monster With $52 M Offshore Through Friday , $115.6 M Global -- International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2017 . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' continues box - office reign '' . Korea JoongAng Daily . March 28 , 2017 . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2017 . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast waltzes its way to the top of the UK box office '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2017 . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ( Press Release ) ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast smashes the box office in opening weekend '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2017 . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast magic helps UK box office survive the spring sunshine '' . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty & The Beast Opens Better Than Aa Gaya Hero , Trapped , Machine & Mantra '' . Koimoi . March 17 , 2017 . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2017 . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast Opens Better Than Hindi Releases '' . Box Office India . March 17 , 2017 . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Don Groves ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Rajkummar Rao Faces A Lone Battle For Survival In ' Trapped ' '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2017 . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast Beats Hindi Films Combined '' . Box Office India . March 18 , 2017 . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Don Groves ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` Varun Dhawan and Alia Bhatt Outrun ' Beauty and the Beast ' To Reign Again in India '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' box - office collection first weekend '' . The Times of India . March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty & The Beast Enjoys A Good 1st Weekend at the Box Office in India '' . Koimoi.com . March 20 , 2017 . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brent Lang ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Debuts to Magical $350 Million Globally '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2017 . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Papish ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` On Screen China : ' Beauty ' Looks Like a Beast '' . China Film Insider . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2017 . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jonathan Papish ( March 22 , 2017 ) . `` China Box Office : First Place For ' Beauty ' Still Less Than Best '' . China Film Insider . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2017 . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Patrick Frater ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Opens Strong in China With ' Gay Moment ' Intact '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2017 . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patrick Brzeski ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` China Box Office : ' Beauty and the Beast ' Opens to $45 M , With Gay Moment Uncut '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patrick Frater ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` China Box Office : ' Beauty ' Dominates Weekend '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( April 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fate of the Furious ' Fires Up $745 M Offshore , $908 M WW ; Tops ' Transformers ' In China -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mark Schilling ( April 23 , 2017 ) . `` Japan Box Office : ' Beauty and the Beast ' Opens Strongly Ahead of Golden Week '' . Variety . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2017 . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Russell Edwards ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Beast is Best in Japan ; Fast & Furious drives China , Korea '' . Asia Times . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2017 . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione ( April 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy Vol 2 ' Zooms With $101.2 M Bow -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( May 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Guardians 2 ' Notches $428 M Global , Lifts MCU Past $11 B ; ' Furious 8 ' Tops $950 M Offshore -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2017 . Retrieved May 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( May 14 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Guardians 2 ' Snags $63 M Weekend For $631 M Worldwide '' . Forbes . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Japan Yearly Box Office ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2017 . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( June 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Leaps To $125 M Offshore , $228 M Global Debut -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2017 . Retrieved June 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( June 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Mummy ' Unearths $141 M Offshore , $172.3 M Global ; ' Wonder Woman ' Flies To $232 M at International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2017 . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` The Boss Baby makes a dummy of UK box - office competition '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' smashes Philippines ' all - time box office records '' . The Philippine Star . April 13 , 2017 . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2017 . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( April 19 , 2017 ) . `` Fast & Furious 8 barrels past Boss Baby to top of UK box office '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy Vol 2 blows away UK box office with huge debut '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione and Anita Busch ( April 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fate of the Furious ' Smokes Records With $432.3 M Overseas Bow ; $532.5 M Worldwide -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Archived from the original on December 11 , 2017 . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2017 . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast '' . CinemaScore on Twitter . March 17 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Dazzling With $169 M+ Opening ; Bound To Set Records For Pre-Summer , Bill Condon & Emma Watson '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Felperin , Leslie ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2017 . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` Film Review : ' Beauty and the Beast ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2017 . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Review : ' Beauty and the Beast ' Revels in Joy and Enchantment '' . The New York Times . A.O. Scott . March 3 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Remake of ' Beauty and the Beast ' convincingly springs to life '' . The Washington Post . Ann Hornaday . March 16 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Richard Roeper ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` Lavish ' Beauty and the Beast ' true as it can be to original '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The New ' Beauty and the Beast ' Should Satisfy Most Fans '' . Uproxx . March 3 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Churnin , Nancy ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' brings fresh resonance to ' a tale as old as time ' '' . The Dallas Morning News . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2017 . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Berardinelli , James ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast ( United States , 2017 ) '' . Reelviews . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2017 . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Review : Rousing new ' Beauty and the Beast ' is even better than the original '' . USA Today . Brian Truitt . March 17 , 2017 . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Peter Travers ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Review : Live - Action Disney Classic Still Tale as Old as Time '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Zacharek , Stephanie ( March 4 , 2017 ) . `` REVIEW : The Reimagined Beauty and the Beast Is Wild , Vivid and Crazy - Beautiful '' . Time . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2017 . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ LaSalle , Mick ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` Enchanting ' Beauty and the Beast ' looks like a winner '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2017 . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Collin , Robbie ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast review : Emma Watson dazzles in Disney 's show - stopping chocolate box of a remake '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2017 . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Magically Modernizes Classic Disney Fairy Tale '' . Forbes . Mark Hughes . March 17 , 2017 . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Whitty , Stephen ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' a magical delight with Emma Watson : movie review '' . New York Daily News . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2017 . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' review : Animated Disney musical 's charms lost in translation '' . Chicago Tribune . March 14 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bradshaw , Peter ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast review -- Emma Watson makes a perfect Belle in sugar - rush romance '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2017 . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ide , Wendy ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast review -- gilt complex '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2017 . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chris Nashawaty ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast : EW review '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Staff , Variety ( January 23 , 2018 ) . `` Oscar Nominations 2018 : The Complete List '' . Variety . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave . `` ' Star Wars : The Last Jedi , ' ' Dunkirk , ' ' Lady Bird ' Nab Art Directors Guild Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved January 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ritman , Alex ( January 8 , 2018 ) . `` BAFTA Awards : ' Shape of Water , ' ' Three Billboards , ' ' Darkest Hour ' Lead Pack of Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( January 2 , 2018 ) . `` Artios Awards : Casting Society Reveals Film Nominees ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Call Me By Your Name '' and `` The Shape of Water '' lead 2017 Chicago Film Critics Association Nominees Archived December 13 , 2017 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` '' Lady Bird , '' `` Call Me By Your Name '' win big for Chicago film critics `` . Chicago Film Critics Association . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2017 . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CDG Awards Nominations Announced For Film & TV Costuming '' . Deadline . January 10 , 2018 . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Zach ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` Critics ' Choice Awards 2018 : Complete List of Movie and TV Nominations '' . E ! . Jump up ^ Ruby , Jennifer ( January 19 , 2018 ) . `` Empire Film Awards 2018 : The Last Jedi leads the pack with nine nominations including Best Actress for Daisy Ridley '' . London Evening Standard . Retrieved January 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ritman , Alex ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' Star Wars : The Last Jedi ' Leads Nominations for U.K. 's Empire Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The 18th Annual Golden Trailer Award Nominees '' . GoldenTrailer.com . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sufjan Stevens , ' Greatest Showman , ' ' Girls ' Among Guild of Music Supervisors Awards Nominees '' . Variety . January 11 , 2018 . Retrieved January 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Beachum , Chris ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` Hollywood Film Awards 2017 : Complete list of winners for Sunday 's ceremony includes Kate Winslet , Jake Gyllenhaal , Allison Janney , Sam Rockwell '' . Goldderby.com . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2017 . Retrieved November 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pond , Steve ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` Hollywood Music in Media Awards Announces Nominees in Film , TV , & Video Game Music '' . Shoot Online . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2017 . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood Music in Media Awards : Full Winners List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . November 11 , 2017 . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2017 . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty and the Beast , ' ' Guardians 2 ' Among HPA Awards Nominees '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2017 . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` HPA Awards : ' Dunkirk ' Wins Best Editing in a Feature '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2017 . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Shape of Water ' inundates Houston critics ' film awards nominations '' . Houston Chronicle . December 12 , 2017 . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2017 . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 5 , 2018 ) . `` Makeup Artists and Hair Stylists Guild Awards : ' Darkest Hour , ' ' Wonder ' Lead Feature Nominees '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Here Are Your 2017 MTV Movie & TV Awards Nominations : See The Full List '' . MTV News . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2017 . Retrieved April 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NAACP Image Awards : ' Marshall , ' ' Get Out , ' ' Girls Trip ' Dominate Film Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . November 20 , 2017 . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2017 . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Farber , Lindsay ( February 26 , 2018 ) . `` Nickelodeon 's Kids ' Choice Awards 2018 : Watch Host John Cena Announce the Favorite Movie Nominees '' . E ! News . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( January 18 , 2018 ) . `` Publicist Awards Nominations : ' Get Out ' , ' Wonder Woman ' , ' Feud ' On List '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( March 2 , 2018 ) . `` Publicists Guild Awards : ' Get Out ' , ' Stranger Things 2 ' , Deadline 's Mike Fleming Jr . Among Winners '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 San Diego Film Critics Society 's Award Nominations '' . San Diego Film Critics Society . December 9 , 2017 . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2017 . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 San Diego Film Critics Society Award Winners '' . San Diego Film Critics Society . December 11 , 2017 . Archived from the original on December 12 , 2017 . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Dunkirk , ' ' The Shape of Water ' Lead Satellite Award Nominations '' . The Wrap . November 29 , 2017 . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2017 . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther , ' ' Walking Dead ' Rule Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Seattle Film Critics Society Editors ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Blade Runner 2049 ' Leads the 2017 Seattle Film Critics Society Nominations '' . Seattle Film Critics Society . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2017 . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` '' Get Out '' Named Best Picture of 2017 by Seattle Film Critics Society `` . Seattle Film Critics Society . December 18 , 2017 . Archived from the original on December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 StLFCA Annual Award Winners '' . St. Louis Film Critics Association . December 17 , 2017 . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2016 . Retrieved December 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ceron , Ella ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2017 : See the First Wave of Nominations '' . Teen Vogue . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2017 . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ramos , Dino - Ray ( August 13 , 2017 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2017 Winners : ' Wonder Woman ' , ' Beauty And The Beast ' , ' Riverdale ' Among Honorees '' . Deadline . enske Business Media , LLC . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2017 . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 16 , 2018 ) . `` Visual Effects Society Awards : ' Apes , ' ' Blade Runner 2049 ' Lead Feature Nominees '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The 2017 WAFCA Awards '' . Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association . December 7 , 2017 . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Neglia , Matt ( December 12 , 2017 ) . `` The 2017 Women Film Critics Circle ( WFCC ) Nominations '' . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2017 . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Neglia , Matt ( December 22 , 2017 ) . `` The 2017 Women Film Critics Circle ( WFCC ) Winners '' . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2017 . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty and the Beast 's ' gay moment ' may have been much ado about nothing '' . USA Today . March 20 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Condon on Beauty and the Beast , His Musical Influences , and Lindsay Lohan 's Plan for The Little Mermaid '' . Vulture . March 15 , 2017 . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2017 . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ned Ehrbar ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` GLAAD president : `` Beauty and the Beast '' foes are `` outliers '' `` . CBS News . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2017 . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Russia May Ban Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' Over Gay Character '' . Variety . March 4 , 2017 . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2017 . Retrieved March 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Russia wo n't ban Beauty and the Beast -- but will have an age restriction '' . Entertainment Weekly . March 6 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama Theater Wo n't Show ' Beauty and the Beast ' Because of Gay Subplot '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2017 . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cheang , Michael ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast release postponed for ' internal review ' '' . The Star Online . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2017 . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Disney pulls Beauty and the Beast from cinemas in Malaysia ' until further notice ' '' . Digital Spy . March 13 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Disney refuses to cut ' gay moment ' from ' Beauty and the Beast ' for Malaysia '' . Malay Mail Online . March 15 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mia Galuppo ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` Disney Defies Malaysia Censors , Wo n't Cut ' Beauty and the Beast ' Gay Moment '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patrick Brzeski ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` Malaysia Clears Release of ' Beauty and the Beast , ' with ' Gay Moment ' Intact '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Film Appeal Committee 's decision to release Beauty and the Beast '' . The Star Online . March 21 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast pulled from cinemas in Kuwait '' . BBC . March 21 , 2017 . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2017 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Houlihan , Ryan . `` Disney Making LeFou Gay Is n't the Representation I Need '' . Teen Vogue . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2017 . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` How Beauty and the Beast & Power Rangers Cheated Gay Fans '' . Screen Rant. April 2 , 2017 . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2017 . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cautiously Guarded About Beauty and the Beast 's LeFou Being Disney 's `` First Gay Character '' `` . www.themarysue.com . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2017 . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` GLAAD Report Says LGBTQ People Are `` Nearly Invisible '' in Hollywood `` . Flare . March 1 , 2017 . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2018 . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Watkins , Gwynne ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Featurette Makes a Case for Feminist Belle '' . Yahoo Movies . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2017 . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Williams , Zoe ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast : feminist or fraud '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2017 . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Blasberg , Derek ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` Cover Story : Emma Watson , Rebel Belle '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2017 . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( February 16 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast : Emma Watson addresses questions over Beast relationship '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Watkins , Gwynne ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` Does Belle From ' Beauty and the Beast ' Suffer From Stockholm Syndrome ? We Asked an Expert '' . Yahoo Movies . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Durvasula , Ramani ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` Does Belle from Beauty and The Beast Have Stockholm Syndrome ? '' . Screen Junkies . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2017 . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Simon , Rachel ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` The ' Beauty and the Beast ' Relationship Is n't `` Stockholm Syndrome , '' No Matter How Screwed Up It May Be `` . Bustle . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Grady , Constance ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` Is Beauty and the Beast `` a tale as old as Stockholm syndrome '' ? Depends how you read it `` . Vox . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Menta , Anna . `` The ' Beauty and the Beast ' Love Story Does n't Hold Up To Emma Watson 's Feminism '' . Elite Daily . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . 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NES ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ; Super NES ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Print Kit ( 1994 ) Disney 's Beauty & The Beast : A Boardgame Adventure ( 1999 ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Magical Ballroom ( 2000 ) Music 1991 film soundtrack `` Belle '' `` Gaston '' `` Be Our Guest '' `` Something There '' `` Beauty and the Beast '' `` The Mob Song '' 1994 musical soundtrack `` If I Ca n't Love Her '' `` Human Again '' `` A Change in Me '' 2017 film soundtrack `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' `` Days in the Sun '' `` Evermore '' Related The Music Behind the Magic Characters Belle Beast Gaston Disney Princess Snow White Cinderella Aurora Ariel Belle Jasmine Pocahontas Mulan Tiana Rapunzel Merida Films Featured Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs Cinderella Sleeping Beauty The Little Mermaid Beauty and the Beast Aladdin Pocahontas Mulan The Princess and the Frog Tangled Brave Sequels The Return of Jafar Aladdin and the King of Thieves Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas Pocahontas II : Journey to a New World The Little Mermaid II : Return to the Sea Cinderella II : Dreams Come True Cinderella III : A Twist in Time Mulan II Tangled : Before Ever After Prequels Beauty and the Beast : Belle 's Magical World The Little Mermaid : Ariel 's Beginning Shorts Tangled Ever After The Legend of Mor'du Disney Princess Enchanted Tales : Follow Your Dreams ( DTV 2 shorts ) Live - action Maleficent Cinderella Beauty and the Beast Aladdin Television The Little Mermaid Aladdin Sing Me a Story with Belle Tangled : The Series Albums Disney 's Princess Favorites Disney Princess : The Ultimate Song Collection Disney Princess Tea Party Ultimate Disney Princess Related If You Can Dream Mickey 's Pirate and Princess Party Sofia the First Disney Princess : Enchanted Journey Kingdom Hearts Disney Princess : My Fairytale Adventure Disney 's Descendants Descendants 2 Descendants : Wicked World Descendants : School of Secrets The 7D Elena of Avalor Elena and the Secret of Avalor List of Disney Princess firsts Category Alan Menken Musicals God Bless You , Mr. Rosewater ( 1979 ) Little Shop of Horrors ( 1982 ) Weird Romance ( 1992 ) A Christmas Carol ( 1994 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ) King David ( 1997 ) The Bellringer of Notre Dame ( 1999 ) Sister Act ( 2006 ) The Little Mermaid ( 2007 ) Leap of Faith ( 2010 ) Newsies ( 2011 ) Aladdin ( 2014 ) The Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz ( 2015 ) A Bronx Tale ( 2016 ) Musical films Little Shop of Horrors ( 1986 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Newsies ( 1992 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) A Christmas Carol ( 2004 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Aladdin ( 2019 ) Songs `` Part of Your World '' `` Under the Sea '' `` Kiss the Girl '' `` Be Our Guest '' `` Beauty and the Beast '' `` Friend Like Me '' `` A Whole New World '' `` Just Around the Riverbend '' `` Colors of the Wind '' `` If I Never Knew You '' `` If I Ca n't Love Her '' `` The Bells of Notre Dame '' `` Out There '' `` God Help the Outcasts '' `` Hellfire '' `` Someday '' `` Go the Distance '' `` I Wo n't Say ( I 'm in Love ) '' `` Happy Working Song '' `` That 's How You Know '' `` So Close '' `` Ever Ever After '' `` Mother Knows Best '' `` I See the Light '' Howard Ashman Musicals God Bless You , Mr. Rosewater ( 1979 ) Little Shop of Horrors ( 1982 ) Smile ( 1986 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ) The Little Mermaid ( 2007 ) Aladdin ( 2014 ) Musical films Little Shop of Horrors ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Aladdin ( 2019 ) Related articles Alan Menken Howard Sings Ashman Tim Rice Theatre The Likes of Us ( 1965 / 2005 ) Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat ( 1968 ) Jesus Christ Superstar ( 1971 ) Evita ( 1976 ) Blondel / Lute ! ( 1983 ) Chess ( 1984 ) Cricket ( 1986 ) Tycoon ( 1992 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ) Heathcliff ( 1995 ) The Lion King ( 1997 ) King David ( 1997 ) Aida ( 1998 ) Disney 's Aladdin : A Musical Spectacular ( 2003 ) Aladdin ( 2011 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 2011 ) From Here to Eternity ( 2013 ) Albums Jesus Christ Superstar ( 1970 ) 1984 ( 1981 ) Cost of Living ( 1983 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Films Jesus Christ Superstar ( 1973 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Evita ( 1996 ) Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat ( 1999 ) The Road to El Dorado ( 2000 ) The Nutcracker in 3D ( 2010 ) Jock the Hero Dog ( 2011 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Aladdin ( 2019 ) The Lion King ( 2019 ) Songs `` Any Dream Will Do '' `` Close Every Door '' `` Everything 's Alright '' `` This Jesus Must Die '' `` I Do n't Know How to Love Him '' `` Superstar '' `` Oh What a Circus '' `` Another Suitcase in Another Hall '' `` Do n't Cry for Me Argentina '' `` A Winter 's Tale '' `` All Time High '' `` The Golden Boy '' `` One Jump Ahead '' `` A Whole New World '' `` Prince Ali '' `` Circle of Life '' `` I Just Ca n't Wait to Be King '' `` Be Prepared '' `` Hakuna Matata '' `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' `` The Madness of King Scar '' `` You Must Love Me '' `` If I Ca n't Love Her '' `` A Change in Me '' `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' `` Days in the Sun '' `` Evermore '' Other works The Guinness Book of British Hit Singles ( 1977 ) Friday Night , Saturday Morning ( 1979 ) Sixty - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who plays belle's father in the beauty and the beast | [
"Kevin Kline as Maurice, Belle's protective widowed father who works as a music box maker and an artist.[14]\nJolyon Coy portrays the young Maurice.",
"Kevin Kline as Maurice, Belle's protective widowed father who works as a music box maker and an artist.[14]\nJolyon Coy portrays the young Maurice."
] | [
"Kevin Kline",
"Jolyon Coy"
] |
-7269362686457698331 | List of The Last Man on Earth episodes | List of the Last Man on Earth episodes - wikipedia List of the Last Man on Earth episodes The Last Man on Earth is an American post-apocalyptic comedy television series created by and starring Will Forte . The series premiered on Fox on March 1 , 2015 . On April 8 , 2015 , the show was renewed for a second season , which premiered on September 27 , 2015 . On March 24 , 2016 , the show was renewed for a third season , which premiered on September 25 , 2016 . On May 10 , 2017 , Fox renewed the series for a fourth season , which premiered on October 1 , 2017 . A total of 67 episodes of The Last Man on Earth aired over four seasons . On May 10 , 2018 , Fox canceled the series . Contents 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2015 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2015 -- 16 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 2.4 Season 4 ( 2017 -- 18 ) 3 Ratings 4 References 5 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 13 March 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 01 ) May 3 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 03 ) 18 September 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 27 ) May 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 15 ) 18 September 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 25 ) May 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 07 ) 18 October 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 01 ) May 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 06 ) Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Alive in Tucson '' Phil Lord & Christopher Miller Will Forte March 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 01 ) 1AYB01 5.75 After a virus wipes out most of humanity , average man Phil Miller ( Will Forte ) scours North America for other survivors but finds no one . During his travels , he paints `` Alive in Tucson '' on billboards and highway signs , hoping others might see the message . Returning to his hometown of Tucson , Arizona in the summer of 2020 , he moves into Bonita Estates , a luxurious , gated cul - de-sac ; hoards priceless artifacts and adult magazines ; uses a pool as a toilet ; and breaks or destroys whatever amuses him . About five months later , he feels lonely and depressed with no one else to celebrate his birthday , so he adopts assorted sports balls as `` buddies '' and draws faces on them , then flirts with a mannequin . Finally , just before he attempts suicide by driving a truck into a rock , he suddenly sees a pillar of smoke and finds a campsite with a bra on a clothesline . As Phil gleefully sniffs the bra , he passes out and is then revived by an eccentric woman named Carol Pilbasian ( Kristen Schaal ) , whom he talks out of shooting him . `` The Elephant in the Room '' Phil Lord & Christopher Miller Andy Bobrow March 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 01 ) 1AYB02 5.75 Carol tries to get Phil to once again respect the rules of civilization so the two can prepare to repopulate the Earth . To do so , Carol convinces Phil to marry her . Phil also attempts to prove himself by finding a way to bring running water back to the cul - de-sac and succeeds when he builds a drip irrigation system for Carol 's tomato plants . `` Raisin Balls and Wedding Bells '' Jason Woliner Emily Spivey March 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 08 ) 1AYB03 4.35 Phil and Carol 's marriage is threatened before it even begins by Phil 's lackadaisical attitude , especially when he forgets to bring the rings to their wedding . When the two of them eventually marry , they run into a limousine driven by Melissa ( January Jones ) , another survivor , the next day . `` Sweet Melissa '' Phil Traill Liz Cackowski March 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 15 ) 1AYB04 3.76 Phil 's attraction to newcomer Melissa makes him reconsider his marriage , so he tries to impress Melissa by shaving his beard , neatly cutting his hair , and finding her a new car since he damaged her limousine . This infuriates Carol , so Phil tries to make amends by fixing the door to Carol 's house in the cul - de-sac but injures himself in the process . In the evening , while Carol is making dinner , a drunk Melissa tells Phil she has been longing for a man for two years but knows she ca n't start a relationship with Phil . Phil , torn between proving his loyalty to Carol and satisfying Melissa , remains unsure of what to tell either of the ladies . 5 5 `` Dunk the Skunk '' John Solomon John Solomon March 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 22 ) 1AYB05 4.55 An ominous figure in an Audi R8 sees one of Phil 's `` Alive in Tucson '' signs and begins driving that way . In Tucson , Phil hopes to manipulate Carol into allowing him to impregnate Melissa , but Carol , who believes in the importance of marriage , sees through his plans when he admits he already told Melissa about this . Phil then tries to atone for his actions by inviting the ladies to drop him in a dunk tank , which neither one does . Finally , Carol agrees that , for the sake of the human race , Phil should try to impregnate both her and Melissa , but Phil 's efforts to bed Melissa are stopped short by the arrival of the mysterious driver , who was alerted by Phil 's celebratory fireworks and turns out to be an ordinary , nonthreatening man named Todd ( Mel Rodriguez ) . 6 6 `` Some Friggin ' Fat Dude '' Michael Patrick Jann Tim McAuliffe March 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 22 ) 1AYB06 4.42 As Todd is welcomed into the group , Carol tries to nudge him and Melissa together , while Phil unsuccessfully attempts to drive them apart . At the end of the day , Phil invites Melissa to the bar where he keeps his sports balls and tries to court her by reading a romantic piece he claims to have written for Carol , but Melissa implicitly rejects his offer . 7 7 `` She Drives Me Crazy '' Peter Atencio David Noel March 29 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 29 ) 1AYB07 3.40 The knowledge that Todd and Melissa are having sex drives Phil to manic despair , so Phil arranges a community meeting to discuss grievances . However , his plans go awry when everyone instead agrees that he should clean out the pool he has been using as a toilet . The next day , Phil schemes to leave Todd in the desert to die , but his conscience prevents him from doing so . Todd expresses gratitude to Phil for helping him find his way to Tucson , which motivates Phil to finally clean out his toilet pool and bring an outhouse into his home , much to Carol 's delight . 8 8 `` Mooovin ' In '' Claire Scanlon Liz Cackowski March 29 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 29 ) 1AYB08 3.33 Phil becomes annoyed at all the attention Todd is receiving and schemes to bring the attention back to himself when he finds a stray cow . To do so , he pretends to steal the cow , but when he really does lose it , Todd eventually finds it and allows Phil to take the credit . That night , the group discovers that the cow has apparently wandered up the stairs of Carol 's house and is now stranded , causing Carol to officially move in with Phil . In a brief flashback , Carol is seen purposely bringing the cow upstairs . 9 9 `` The Do - Over '' John Solomon Tim McAuliffe April 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 12 ) 1AYB09 3.22 Phil is out shopping at Carol 's request when he starts sincerely resenting his marriage and begs God for a `` do - over '' . Almost immediately afterwards , a car appears and two women , Erica ( Cleopatra Coleman ) and Gail ( Mary Steenburgen ) , emerge . Phil tells the women he is a widower , gives a fake surname , and claims he has n't met anyone else who is alive . The three have dinner and drinks , but when they are on their way to skinny dip in a lake , they run into Carol , Todd , and Melissa . 10 10 `` Pranks for Nothin ' '' Chris Koch Emily Spivey April 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 12 ) 1AYB10 3.37 Everyone is mad at Phil for lying , and he is shunned . Carol also holds a grudge against Erica and Gail . Phil confronts the group and tells the truth about various issues , including the fact that he never wanted to marry Carol . Carol , who is a notary , divorces Phil , then forgives him and invites him back to the cul - de-sac . 11 11 `` Moved to Tampa '' Jason Woliner Erik Durbin April 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 19 ) 1AYB11 3.41 Phil 's post-divorce romantic prospects are very bright as both Gail and Erica are interested in him now that he is `` single '' . To prevent any other men from showing up , Phil starts changing his billboard messages from `` Alive in Tucson '' to `` Moved to Tampa '' , but his ladder falls while he is working on his first sign , leaving him stranded . A new , handsome man ( Boris Kodjoe ) arrives and rescues Phil , driving him home . To everyone 's surprise , the new man is also named Phil Miller . Confusion over having two Phils causes a competition that the original Phil loses . As a result , he is now to be known by his middle name , `` Tandy '' . 12 12 `` The Tandyman Can '' Claire Scanlon Matt Marshall April 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 26 ) 1AYB12 3.29 Tensions heat up between the new Phil and Tandy to the point where the group chooses the new Phil , who has been using his construction skills to make numerous improvements around the cul - de-sac , as the new POTUS . Tandy then decides to plant his own farm to win back the ladies ' favor , disregarding Phil 's insistence that Tucson 's climate is too arid to grow food . The new Phil 's presence also puts a strain on Todd 's and Melissa 's relationship . Meanwhile , the three other ladies all try to woo the new Phil , with recently - divorced Carol winning him over . These events cause Tandy and Todd to set aside their differences and plot to murder Phil . 13 13 `` Screw the Moon '' John Solomon Erik Durbin & John Solomon May 3 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 03 ) 1AYB13 3.51 Tandy purposely knocks over a lamp that Phil has powered using solar energy , so Phil , who is tired of Tandy 's antics and recently overheard his plans to kill him , orders Tandy to leave Tucson , but Tandy seeks refuge in his bedroom for several days . When Carol invites Tandy to come out of hiding , he finds everyone except Phil singing together around the community fire pit to forgive him , but Phil attacks him and leaves him in the desert with limited supplies , threatening to kill him if he returns to Tucson . Carol drives out in search of Tandy and decides to stay with him so they can start a new life together somewhere other than Tucson . As they reintroduce themselves , Tandy alludes to having a brother ( Jason Sudeikis ) , who is shown to be still alive and stranded in the International Space Station . Season 2 ( 2015 -- 16 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 14 `` Is There Anybody Out There ? '' John Solomon David Noel & John Solomon September 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 27 ) 2AYB01 3.14 Phil and Carol have now been away from Tucson for about six months and gone on their own road trip in Phil 's RV across the United States , even stopping at Carol 's old apartment on the East Coast . At first , Phil is reluctant to return because of his banishment . However , when he decides to take the risk for Carol , who is pining for their friends , she refuses to go back , even at Phil 's suggestion . Phil decides to put drugs in her evening wine , and when she awakens , she realizes they are well on their way to Tucson and begins sulking . At a gas stop in Oklahoma , a still sulking Carol quietly slips out of the RV . Phil , thinking Carol is still in the RV , leaves without her . Phil searches for her and reluctantly returns to Tucson , hoping she might be there , only to find the whole cul - de-sac abandoned and his house inexplicably burned . Meanwhile , in space , Phil 's astronaut brother Mike searches for human life through a telescope and tends to his pet worms , two of whom die . 15 `` The Boo '' Jason Woliner Andy Bobrow October 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 04 ) 2AYB02 3.30 Phil successfully sends a message to Carol via train that he is in Tucson . Phil finds a letter from Melissa in Carol 's old house asking her to join the rest of the group in Malibu but telling her not to bring `` Tandy '' because it would be too dangerous . Phil initially hides the letter from Carol but then tells the truth , and she decides she will not go to Malibu if Tandy is n't welcome there . Tandy gets her drunk and drives to Malibu with her anyway . On their way , they discover several dead whales on the beach . They eventually find the group and look from a distance , where they see another man , Gordon ( Will Ferrell ) , with them . When Carol surprises them , Gordon is shocked and has a fatal heart attack as a camouflaged Tandy watches through binoculars . 16 `` Dead Man Walking '' John Solomon Erik Durbin October 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 11 ) 2AYB03 2.70 The survivors deliver eulogies for the recently deceased Gordon , in whose mansion they now live . Carol tells them that Tandy had died too and feigns mourning . When no one shows sympathy for Tandy , Carol tells the group that Tandy is actually alive . Tandy is torn between pretending he does not care about the group 's opinion of him and honestly wanting to make amends with them despite his fears of rejection . Knowing the right thing to do is to apologize , Tandy walks into the house and tries to convince the others that he has changed , but he does so while holding the group at gunpoint and threatening them if they decide to attack again . Carol tells him that the group was planning to forgive him , but because of his threats , Tandy is soon locked in a pillory as punishment and is told he will remain there until the group decides otherwise . 17 `` C to the T '' Matt Villines & Oz Rodriguez Emily Spivey October 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 18 ) 2AYB04 2.29 Carol tells the others that locking Tandy in a pillory is an uncivilized form of punishment . The group then decides to put Tandy in solitary confinement in the exercise room of the mansion for a week . However , Tandy , feeling that he deserves to `` do the time '' for threatening the others , insists that the punishment last five weeks . One night , Tandy attempts to steal some cheese and is punished by being forced to wear a shock collar and to stay on the lawn with the group 's cow . Over the next few days , Tandy ends up wearing a more dangerous shock collar triggered by his talking aloud and being locked in a metal booth for throwing potted plants to get attention . Later , Tandy breaks out of his booth through the floor when he spots a fire from a fallen torch , which he extinguishes with buckets of water despite being shocked dozens of times . Although his punishment is rescinded , only Carol shows sympathy for Tandy , and when he thanks the other survivors for his release , they walk away . 18 5 `` Crickets '' Jason Woliner Tim McAuliffe October 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 25 ) 2AYB05 3.36 The group discovers live crickets , which Carol cooks up into disgusting stew . Tandy investigates Todd , who has n't been eating any crickets , after watching him sneak into a neighboring house . He finds that the house has solar power and a freezer full of bacon Todd has been keeping for himself . Instead of telling on him , Tandy has Todd share the bacon with him , then tries to convince Todd to share the last three bacon packets with everyone else . After Todd refuses , Tandy takes the bacon to the group and praises Todd for sharing it . Tandy tries to dispose of the bacon packets he and Todd emptied by sending them out to sea on a jet ski , which finds its way back to the beach . As Todd attempts to tell the truth , Tandy lies to defend Todd , but both are locked in pillories , where they mend their friendship . Meanwhile , tension builds up between Carol and Erica as Phil frequently hits on Carol , making Erica resentful of her , but they reconcile after Erica calls out Phil 's behavior . 19 6 `` A Real Live Wire '' Jason Woliner Erica Rivinoja November 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 08 ) 2AYB06 2.57 With Phil on strike from doing work , Tandy and Todd decide to solve the group 's power crisis themselves by putting up solar panels , but they can not find out how to stop a live wire from sparking dangerously around the area . Tandy reluctantly asks Phil for help , only to have Phil punch him upon mentioning Carol . Meanwhile , Carol attempts to convince the other ladies in the group to try to have babies , but each refuses for various reasons . In the end , everyone takes Tandy 's side and suggests Phil take a turn in the pillory , but Phil chooses to leave after he shows them an on / off switch to the solar panels . Before he departs , however , he professes his love for Carol and begs her to leave with him , only to have Erica announce that she is pregnant . 20 7 `` Baby Steps '' John Solomon Matt Marshall November 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 15 ) 2AYB07 2.84 Phil attempts to apologize to Erica for his misdeeds despite his being treated as the new outcast . On Carol 's advice , Tandy attempts to take advantage of Phil 's new status and make the group feel sympathy for him . Although everyone now hates Phil , Tandy feels some empathy after seeing Phil build some wooden toys and a crib for Erica 's future baby , then suggests that Phil take his turn in the pillory to seek forgiveness . Angered , Phil instead states that he resents saving Tandy from dying atop a billboard and that everyone is worse off for knowing him . That night , Phil drinks heavily and passes out on the beach . As the tide rises , Tandy uses a surfboard to drag Phil back to the mansion , where he locks the still - unconscious Phil in the pillory . Meanwhile , Melissa and Todd argue when he finds out that she was previously going to have children with Tandy to help repopulate the Earth but is now unwilling to do the same with him . At the same time , Carol helps Erica with her new pregnancy while lamenting her inability to have children with Tandy . 21 8 `` No Bull '' Payman Benz Liz Cackowski November 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 22 ) 2AYB08 3.27 After the cow gives birth , the group believes that there is a bull somewhere and decides to search for it . Thinking Phil could earn forgiveness from the group , Tandy releases him from the pillory , but Phil leaves Malibu for Canada instead of helping in the search . Tandy then tries to have everybody stop looking for the bull and start looking for Phil , but the group members verbally attack each other , especially when Tandy describes how all of them , like him and Phil , are imperfect . The next morning , a bull indeed shows up on the mansion 's back porch , and the group rapidly shoots tranquilizers at it , accidentally killing it . Phil , who found the bull , arrives and joins everyone for a beef dinner , having regained the group 's trust . Meanwhile , Todd accidentally catches Gail with a Gordon mannequin and tries to refrain from mentioning it . They then start their own relationship after he and Melissa officially break up . In space , Mike fixes a broken radio and becomes excited when he hears a possible signal from Earth , only to realize it is simply an echo of his own signal . Disappointed , he gets high from inhaling nitrous oxide . 22 9 `` Secret Santa '' Nick Jasenovec Kira Kalush December 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 06 ) 2AYB09 3.58 With Christmas quickly approaching , Carol organizes a Secret Santa gift exchange for the entire group . Tandy receives Erica 's name but gives it to Phil so that he can give a gift to regain Erica 's trust . Tandy then gives Phil the Hope Diamond as a possible gift for Erica , but he rejects it , stating he has his own ideas , which annoys Tandy . On Christmas Day , everyone exchanges gifts with Phil being the last to present his . Phil reveals that he has prepared an ultrasound scan for Erica , impressing everyone except Tandy , who is irritated that Phil rejected his gift idea but still accepts his invitation for celebratory drinks . Later in the evening , Melissa proposes to Todd . Before Todd can answer , Phil collapses . Meanwhile , in space , Mike Miller 's last worm dies , so he decides to commit suicide by opening the airlock and releasing himself into space . At the last moment , however , he sees a newborn worm and tries to abort the opening of the airlock . This fails , and he is launched into space . 23 10 `` Silent Night '' Jason Woliner Tim McAuliffe December 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 13 ) 2AYB10 3.16 Phil has a severe case of appendicitis , which the group learns will kill him if they can not remove his appendix . They choose Gail to perform the operation , and she reluctantly agrees as long as she can practice on something . Finding no viable bodies in a local morgue , Tandy and Todd decide to dig up the recently deceased Gordon . As they drag Gordon 's body to Gail , they see she has found a medical dummy to practice on , so they quickly re-bury the body . In space , Mike Miller succeeds in reentering the space station since his suit is still tethered to it . Once inside , he tells his newborn worm friend `` Phil '' he has decided to return to Earth . Gail and Todd begin operating on Phil , but soon encounter complications . As Mike 's reentry capsule begins tumbling upon reentry into Earth 's atmosphere , Phil flatlines . 24 11 `` Pitch Black '' John Solomon David Noel & John Solomon March 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 06 ) 2AYB11 2.72 Mike 's reentry capsule parachutes into a weathered cruise ship , sinking it , but Mike escapes on an aqua - cycle with his worm . After three days of wandering the sea , he encounters a yacht . On board , he is cornered by Pat Brown ( Mark Boone Junior ) , a grizzled sailor who threatens him with a harpoon gun , fearing that Mike could be carrying the virus . Mike defends himself by explaining his arrival from space , then convinces Pat to take them ashore to find supplies . In the morning , they don decontamination suits and go to Miami , Florida , where they visit a deserted virus triage operation and play some tennis . On the drive back , Mike sees an `` Alive in Tucson '' sign and hopes to go to Tucson , but Pat knocks him unconscious and believes the sign is part of a government conspiracy to trap survivors . When Mike regains consciousness , he fights over a gun with Pat , who again knocks him unconscious and notices a rip in Mike 's suit . Thinking he has exposed Mike to the virus , Pat abandons him in the triage operation . Mike soon wakes up again , takes off his suit , and starts driving an ambulance to Tucson . 25 12 `` Valhalla '' Payman Benz Erica Rivinoja March 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 13 ) 2AYB12 2.56 The group holds a Norse funeral for Phil by sending his coffin out to sea on a makeshift Viking vessel . Tandy mourns losing Phil , as he was making amends with Phil just before he died . He seeks closure by rummaging through Phil 's possessions and learns that , despite Phil 's earlier claim he had no middle name , his middle name was Stacy . He then offers to help raise Erica 's baby , but she tells him Phil 's last request was to keep him away from doing so . Outraged , Tandy tries to fool Erica into thinking Phil was more morally loose than he actually was . When he fails , he builds a fire that night to burn Phil 's possessions . Suddenly , Phil 's coffin washes up on shore , and Erica catches Tandy grieving beside it . After they bury the coffin in the sand , Erica helps Tandy find closure . Meanwhile , Tandy tells Carol that Todd and Gail have been seeing each other , but he warns Carol against telling Melissa . Following Todd 's apology to Gail for not telling Melissa the truth , Melissa attempts to win back Todd , kissing him without Gail 's knowledge . When Melissa announces this to Carol , Carol confronts Todd and shames him before giving him a kiss of death . 26 13 `` Fish in the Dish '' Jared Hess Liz Cackowski April 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 03 ) 2AYB13 2.11 Carol decides to figure out why she and Tandy have n't been able to have children . Tandy 's fertility tests reveal that he has a low sperm count , which may prevent him from having a family . However , he lies to Carol and tells her the tests are expired , then uses one of Todd 's tests , which is positive , as his own . At the same time , Todd tries to reconcile his relationships with both Melissa and Gail , but things become more complicated when Erica reveals that the late Phil chose him as a surrogate father for her baby . As Tandy and Todd are both angry at themselves , they agree to tell all the ladies the truth . Before they can , Carol notices Mike Miller arriving on the beach , so Tandy runs towards him . To everyone 's surprise , as Mike tries to hug Tandy , Tandy punches him in the groin . 27 14 `` Skidmark '' Claire Scanlon Kira Kalush & Matt Marshall April 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 10 ) 2AYB14 2.70 The Miller brothers break out in a fist fight on the beach , then tearfully apologize when Mike tells Tandy how he thought fondly of him in space . Mike joins everyone for dinner , explains how he found his way to Malibu , and tells stories about life with Tandy . When they were younger , Mike gave Tandy an embarrassing nickname : `` Skidmark '' , a reference to Tandy 's bygone habit of accidentally dirtying his underwear after using toilets . Furthermore , when the brothers last spoke to one another , Tandy had found out his former girlfriend Christine was cheating on him with Mike . Sibling rivalry resurfaces when Mike receives all the attention at a bonfire on the beach the next night . This provokes Tandy to throw a party of his own the night after and point out Mike 's flaws , humiliating his brother . Carol tells Tandy that he should n't be treating Mike so harshly , as Tandy is the only survivor with a confirmed living relative , so Tandy plans to apologize in the morning . When he wakes up the next day , he realizes that Mike shaved the entire right half of his body and head while he was asleep . Meanwhile , Melissa and Gail eventually agree to simultaneously date Todd . 28 15 `` Fourth Finger '' Jason Woliner Erik Durbin April 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 17 ) 2AYB15 2.52 Tandy and Mike 's prank war escalates , with Mike staying consistently one step ahead of Tandy . Tandy becomes paranoid , so he welcomes Todd 's offer to help him get back at Mike . Todd shaves half his entire body and head to show his support for Tandy . Fearing the consequences of bringing others into the prank war , Mike promises to stop his share of the pranks . Tandy thinks he is lying , so he writes a pretend letter from their mother from when the apocalypse began . Mike is heartbroken by this prank , so Tandy makes peace by giving him a collection of real letters , and the brothers tell each other how their parents were proud of them both . As Tandy walks out the door of Mike 's new home , a bucket of flour falls on him , which upsets him despite Mike 's pleading that he did n't expect Tandy 's apology . Meanwhile , Todd continues to stress over the increased involvement with Gail and Melissa , which culminates in him addressing all the women , explaining that he can give his fullest efforts to each of them , including Carol and Erica . In the end , Carol approaches Todd with a surprise request to impregnate her . 29 16 `` Falling Slowly '' David Noel David Noel & John Solomon April 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 24 ) 2AYB16 2.13 Carol tells Tandy about her asking Todd to impregnate her , detailing how she wants to briefly marry him so they can have a `` legitimate '' child , but Tandy is concerned because he has not yet told Carol he loves her . During Todd and Carol 's wedding on the beach , Tandy objects to the marriage and insists that Mike marry Carol instead . Feeling betrayed by Tandy , Todd shaves the remaining half of his head and face . That night , fearing that he may never have a chance to tell Carol the truth , Tandy begs Mike to let him watch him try to impregnate Carol . As he ultimately joins his brother and wife in bed , he finally tells Carol he loves her . In the morning , Tandy feels ashamed for ruining Mike and Carol 's night , while Carol discards an ovulation test , which Erica finds out is actually a positive pregnancy test . Mike concludes that the future child must be Tandy 's , so everyone celebrates . Later that day , while on the lawn , a drunk Gail notices a UAV flying ominously overhead . 30 17 `` Smart and Stupid '' Payman Benz Emily Spivey May 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 08 ) 2AYB17 2.21 Gail tries to report seeing the UAV that was hovering over the lawn , but , due to her poor description and consistent drunkenness , no one believes her . With Tandy and Carol happily celebrating the latter 's pregnancy , Todd , feeling heartbroken , tells Tandy he is angry that Tandy chose Mike over him as a sperm donor for Carol . Meanwhile , Mike starts dating Erica and learns that she was wrongfully imprisoned for armed bank robbery before getting a job at the U.S. State Department under an assumed name . The next day , while Mike is tending to the cows , Tandy asks him to be the godfather to his future baby . Todd appears and confronts Tandy again , but their fight is interrupted when Mike coughs up blood , a sign of the virus . Tandy believes his brother is only suffering from a non-life - threatening disease , but that night , Mike is asked to sleep in a quarantined bed . Mike 's worries then heighten when Melissa announces that the mother cow has died . The group pushes Mike 's bubble out of the house , but Tandy chooses to sleep beside him . The following morning , Tandy realizes that Mike has disappeared and left a note saying goodbye . 31 18 `` 30 Years of Science Down the Tubes '' John Solomon Edward Voccola & Maxwell R. Kessler May 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 15 ) 2AYB18 2.23 Tandy drives to his childhood home in Tucson , where , on his arrival , Mike pranks him by feigning death . Over the day , Mike ruins Tandy 's experiment to see if a bottled fart still smells after 30 years , falls for Tandy 's virus - themed prank , and cuts the remaining half of Tandy 's hair and beard . Tandy insists on staying , but Mike , wanting him to leave , lashes out at him and calls him a loser , then learns Tandy buried their parents in the backyard and made a grave for him . Finally , Mike tells Tandy it is his `` dying wish '' that he leave , and Tandy agrees . As a parting gift , Mike gives Tandy a new bottled fart , and Tandy gives Mike his sports balls before returning to Malibu , where everyone sees the drone Gail saw before . When it passes by again , the survivors hold up signs of welcome and peace until Melissa destroys it with a shotgun . That night , Melissa is awakened by what she thinks is an intruder and almost shoots Carol , so she is locked in the pillory . The next day , Gail sees Pat Brown 's yacht . Through binoculars , Tandy sees Pat and two others approaching in an inflatable dinghy , all carrying assault rifles and dressed in decontamination suits . Season 3 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 32 `` General Breast Theme with Cobras '' John Solomon David Noel & John Solomon September 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 25 ) 3AYB01 2.23 Pat and his crew land on the shores of Malibu . Tandy and company attempt to escape using their cars , but Todd 's van from The A-Team is blocking the way , so they arm themselves with objects around the mansion . When Todd finds the van 's keys , he accidentally sets off the ringer . In the ensuing chaos , Melissa , released from the pillory , shoots Darrell ( Jon Hamm ) , one of the crew members . Following Darrell 's funeral , Tandy convinces his friends to allow Pat and Lewis ( Kenneth Choi ) , his other crew member , into their group . Tandy and Pat initially bond when Pat demonstrates his designer jean artwork for Tandy . Meanwhile , the others make Lewis confess that Pat is delusional and has killed a person , whom Lewis does not know was Mike . After Tandy and Pat return from detonating the Santa Monica Pier , Pat thanks everyone for giving him a reason to take off his decontamination suit , but he then notices Tandy 's family photo and , recognizing Mike , accuses Tandy of carrying the virus and threatens to kill him . Tandy 's group and Lewis attempt to escape in Todd 's van . As Pat tries to blockade the van , Todd runs over him and immediately thinks he has killed him . 33 `` The Wild Guess Express '' Peter Atencio Andy Bobrow October 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 02 ) 3AYB02 2.50 The survivors flee to a mansion once owned by Cher , who had died inside . Tandy goes to see if Pat is still alive , but Pat remains motionless , so Tandy hides him in a heap of garbage . When Tandy informs the group about Pat , Todd is overcome with remorse for killing the paranoiac , so Tandy tells him Pat is still alive , then creates a false crime scene to make it look like Pat stormed the Malibu mansion . A conversation with Todd and the others confuses everyone as to whether Pat is alive or dead until Tandy states that he is alive , causing a panic . While he and Carol are alone , Tandy explains that Pat is truly dead , so they stage a brawl between Tandy and a Pat mannequin with Tandy emerging victorious . The others can see through this ruse , so Lewis demands Tandy to tell the truth . Tandy tells him Pat is dead , so everyone but Lewis , who still thinks Tandy 's well - intended plan was ridiculous , gives Todd a group hug . As the survivors return to the Malibu mansion , Carol notices Pat 's yacht has disappeared , and when they visit where Tandy hid him , they find he has vanished , too . 34 `` You 're All Going to Diet '' Jason Woliner Tim McAuliffe October 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 16 ) 3AYB03 2.66 The survivors follow a trail of blood from where Tandy hid Pat 's body to the beach . Tandy predicts Pat 's fear of the virus means he may never return to harm them , but , in case he does return , Tandy sets up an alarm system with novelty singing fish animatronics . He also decides to teach the group self - defense but tasers and infuriates Lewis . That night , Erica accidentally sets off the fishes , causing mayhem . Carol , who has redecorated the house to cover up Tandy 's pretend crime scene , asks everyone to wear whistles , and Melissa sets up self - defense `` stations '' with axes embedded in the walls . Tandy and Lewis make amends while playing football on the beach , but they set off one of the land mines Melissa buried under the sand . Lewis suggests everyone leave despite Tandy 's belief that Malibu is the group 's home . When the ocean waves set off the land mines , and car alarms and Melissa 's shooting outside result in chaos , the survivors agree to leave Malibu . Before leaving , they pack their belongings and say goodbye to both their deceased group members and Cher . 35 `` Five Hoda Kotbs '' David Noel Emily Spivey October 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 23 ) 3AYB04 2.14 The survivors continue their search for a new home in several vehicles , which break down or are lost one by one . Carol suggests going to San Francisco , but when they arrive , they find it burned because Tandy set fire to a fireworks factory two years ago . As the group continues traveling , they become annoyed by each other quickly : after Lewis tells the others he is gay , Tandy is unable to drop the subject and irritates Lewis with dreadful singing . Meanwhile , Todd and Gail fight over whether or not Gail is done grieving over the late Gordon , and Carol and Erica argue about their pregnancies and the air conditioning in their car , which then overheats . Everyone joins Todd in the A-Team van until it breaks down , so they all join Tandy in his prison bus until it runs out of fuel . Continuing on foot to an abandoned patio furniture store in San Jose , California , the group argues over where to live next until Gail declares she wants to move to Napa alone . As Tandy and Todd try to persuade Gail to stay , Melissa calls the survivors over to where she sees a brilliant light . When they investigate , they discover an illuminated building . 36 5 `` The Power of Power '' Peter Atencio Matt Marshall November 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 06 ) 3AYB05 2.13 The survivors move into a self - sustaining but never completely finished office building . Tandy gives everyone different floors to live on , and the survivors enjoy their numerous electricity - based luxuries until the power suddenly goes out . Tandy checks the fuse box and experiments with flipping switches until the power comes back on . He then stops an art display from falling on Carol , notices a wire cutter nearby , and suspects that Lewis , who was at first uncertain about living in the office , cut the power . He goes out of his way to get Lewis to confess until Carol admits that she cut the power because she had hoped to raise her family in a normal home . She insists on being locked in a pillory as punishment , after which Tandy moves his wife into a mock home of her dreams . Meanwhile , Gail breaks up with Todd as he is taking a fire sprinkler shower , so he talks things out with Tandy before telling this news to Melissa , who has been acting strangely lately for having killed Darrell . Melissa starts feeling emotion for Todd until she scares him when she burns all her shirts and announces she is ready to have children with him . 37 6 `` The Open - Ended Nature of Unwitnessed Deaths '' John Solomon Liz Cackowski November 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 13 ) 3AYB06 2.64 Tandy seeks to rebuild trust with Lewis . As they get to know each other more , Lewis tells Tandy that he last saw Mark , his partner , board a plane to Tokyo . When the virus broke out and grounded all flights , Mark had planned to travel to the U.S. by boat . Tandy forces Lewis to go to Seattle to see if Mark made it home . In his former house , Lewis finds no trace of Mark , then opens a bottle of wine that he and Mark were saving for their anniversary . Though Lewis walks away angrily , Tandy says there is always hope . Lewis leaves a note for Mark , `` Just in case '' , then drives with Tandy to Tucson to see if Mike is alive . Tandy chooses to not enter Mike 's room and instead leaves a note , taking his old volleyball `` Gary '' with him . In San Jose , Carol decides that she needs a mother and her baby needs a grandmother , so she asks Gail to adopt her . After much emotion , thought , and discussion , Gail reveals she had a child who had died before the virus , but then signs home - made adoption papers and adopts Carol . Also , Todd is concerned about Melissa , who continues to act strangely . 38 7 `` Mama 's Hideaway '' Payman Benz Kira Kalush November 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 20 ) 3AYB07 2.04 Carol wants to take the perfect family photo with Tandy and Gail , but Gail refuses because of Carol 's various matching outfits . After sabotaging a photo by closing her eyes , Gail retreats to her `` hideout '' , where Carol finds her and brings her alcoholism into the fact . Meanwhile , Melissa , carrying a toy infant like a real baby , breaks up with Todd because he does not want a child with her . She then asks Tandy to impregnate her , but a flattered Tandy declines and soon learns that she also asked Lewis , who has been teaching himself aviation so he can fly to Tokyo and see if Mark is alive . Another power outage during a flight simulation causes Tandy and Lewis to discover four other self - sustaining buildings in the complex , and they unknowingly trap Gail in one of the new buildings ' elevators while tampering with the power . That evening , Carol , who wants to apologize , calls Tandy , Erica , and Lewis to search for Gail . Todd interrupts and tells them that Melissa has run away and left a note saying goodbye . 39 8 `` Whitney Houston , We Have a Problem '' David Noel Tim McAuliffe & David Noel December 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 04 ) 3AYB08 2.48 The five remaining survivors begin searching for Melissa . Gail fires her gun to get Tandy 's attention just as he honks his car 's horn to get Carol 's , blocking out the fire . At the end of the day , everyone calls off the search except Todd , who spends all night looking for Melissa and falls asleep in the shower the next day . Tandy promises to help him in his search , while Carol asks Tandy to help her find Gail . Tandy then admits that Gail most likely disappeared because of Carol 's behavior , so Carol decides Gail does not want to be found and rejoins the search for Melissa with Tandy and Todd . Before leaving , they see a pizza delivery car near a liquor store that resembles one in the complex . Meanwhile , Gail tries to pry open the elevator doors and ultimately uses her Gordon mannequin 's head , which opens the doors to a solid wall with a small opening leading to one of the building 's floors . When Tandy , Carol , and Todd return to the building where Gail parked her delivery car without their knowledge , Gail fires her gun once again to get attention , but as they approach the building , Melissa appears with a gun , and they depart thinking she fired the shots . 40 9 `` If You 're Happy and You Know It '' Jason Woliner Erik Durbin & Will Forte December 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 11 ) 3AYB09 2.21 Carol is upset by Gail 's absence , so Tandy decides to take her on a honeymoon they never had . As they realize how their pre-apocalyptic civilization is truly gone , they discover a live catfish , but are horrified when they subsequently find it lying on the ground seemingly lifeless . When the fish suddenly comes back to life , an overjoyed Carol and Tandy bring `` Gail '' back to the office building as a pet . Lewis and Erica continue working on the flight simulator and are ecstatic when Lewis successfully completes a flight sequence , moving him closer to his goal of flying to Tokyo to find Mark . The group tries talking to Melissa , but she does not seem to remember acting strangely . Todd then finds her standing on the edge of the roof on the tallest building and reluctantly locks her in a focus room , where she screams at him from behind two - way mirrored glass . In the powerless building 's elevator , Gail 's attempt to put a rescue note on a stray robotic vacuum cleaner fails , and she accidentally shoots herself after getting angry and shooting several times at the ceiling . She is last seen loading the last bullet from the box , and a single gunshot is heard from outside . 41 10 `` Got Milk ? '' John Solomon Maxwell R. Kessler March 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 05 ) 3AYB18 2.19 In the first year of the virus outbreak , Pamela Brinton ( Kristen Wiig ) and her husband Benjamin ( Timothy V. Murphy ) are wealthy socalites . As an auction at Pamela 's foundation that saves dogs begins , a party guest named Leonard catches the virus . The next day , Pamela 's friend Catherine ( Laura Dern ) and her husband Robert purchase a new underground bunker , while Pamela fears the worst upon learning her maid Christina , as well as Mike Pence and his presidential successors ( mostly from Donald Trump 's cabinet ) , have died . Benjamin soon catches the virus , too , so Pamela escapes with her dog Jeremy to Catherine 's house and finds her dead . She then leaves for Catherine 's bunker and , over time , bonds with Jeremy and celebrates various holidays . Using a surveillance drone , she investigates life on the outside . Three years later , the drone spots Tandy 's group in Malibu , but it stops working when Melissa shoots it ( which was depicted at the end of the second season ) . Pamela chooses to go above ground . 42 11 `` The Spirit of St. Lewis '' John Solomon Liz Cackowski & John Solomon March 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 12 ) 3AYB10 2.04 The survivors take turns talking to Melissa , who plays hurtful mind games with each of them . Erica researches new ways to help Melissa with her condition , Todd installs a baby video monitor in her room , and Tandy tries giving her pills before Todd dismisses the idea , as none of the survivors is a doctor . Lewis celebrates completing his flight training with Tandy , who surprises him with a real airplane and convinces him he is ready to fly an actual plane despite the group 's worries for him . However , Lewis crashes very soon after take off and dies . Tandy then delivers a eulogy for Lewis and tries to spread his ashes using a drone , which crashes into a tree and falls into a lake . In a church , Tandy asks God to tell Lewis his apologies and expresses his desire to help the group however he can . He suddenly has an epiphany and lights the front of the group 's main building with a rainbow pattern in Lewis 's honor . Though Tandy fails to lift his friends ' spirits , his installation of the lights causes the power to return to the building where Gail is stranded . The elevator door opens , and Gail 's fingers are briefly seen moving . 43 12 `` Hair of the Dog '' Payman Benz Edward Voccola March 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 19 ) 3AYB11 1.97 Gail escapes the elevator , reunites with the main group , and passes out briefly before reviving and learning about Lewis ' and Melissa 's fates . Todd decides to go to Melissa 's hometown of Akron , Ohio with Tandy and Melissa to investigate her situation . Once there , Melissa gives them a fake address , allowing her to escape . The men soon find a billboard advertising the real estate agency where Melissa worked . From there , they locate Melissa 's real house and find her asleep in bed . In the morning , Melissa takes a mysterious pill at breakfast , so she , Todd , and Tandy return to San Jose with questions about the pill . Meanwhile , Carol tries mending her recently formed relationship with Gail , which culminates in retaking their family photo . Carol is alerted when she sees a masked figure lurking in the background of the photo . 44 13 `` Find This Thing We Need To '' Steve Day Erik Durbin & Tim McAuliffe March 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 26 ) 3AYB12 1.97 Carol shows the group photos of the figure in a Yoda mask she saw . She takes Tandy and Erica to search for `` Yoda '' , and they find a house filled with children 's toys and drawings of Tandy and Carol 's honeymoon . Tandy states that they should leave the place undisturbed but barrel rolls out of their disguised car and waits all night , urging `` Yoda '' to return and sensing a young version of himself in the child . Carol and Erica arrive in the morning to take a frustrated and cold Tandy back to the office , only for `` Yoda '' to spring up behind them in the car . Meanwhile , Todd asks Melissa about her unidentified tablet , but she keeps stating , `` Santa 's penis '' . He and Gail try to match the pill with other samples at a pharmacy until Gail drops and loses it , angering Todd . On the drive back , Gail reminds Todd to rescue her accordion from the elevator where she was trapped . Seeing what Gail experienced there , Todd apologizes for overly focusing on Melissa and fixes Gail 's Gordon mannequin . Later , Gail notices a medicine labeled `` Clozapine '' , which resembles Melissa 's and has a matching effect . 45 14 `` Point Person Knows Best '' Maggie Carey Jeff Vanderkruik April 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 02 ) 3AYB13 1.74 The group tries talking to the newcomer `` Yoda '' , who does not speak but takes off his mask to eat some pizza and turns out to be a preadolescent boy . Tandy names him `` Jasper '' after his JanSport backpack and tries bonding with him , but Jasper remains silent and either ignores or dismisses Tandy 's increasingly manic attempts to be his friend . Tandy shocks the group when he bonds with Jasper by offering him cigarettes . He agrees to let Jasper pick a parental figure but is left in tears when Jasper chooses Erica . Carol consoles Tandy , who is worried that their own child will hate him , and Erica kindly lets him say goodnight to a sleeping Jasper before he takes from the child a patched - up `` Gary '' the volleyball , whom Erica trampled earlier . Elsewhere , Carol is suspicious when she sees Todd put a friendly hand on Gail 's shoulder as they discuss Melissa 's recovery , and she repeatedly confronts Gail about tempting Todd to cheat on Melissa until Gail tells her to stay out of her business with him . 46 15 `` Name 20 Picnics ... Now ! '' David Noel Matt Marshall April 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 23 ) 3AYB14 1.73 The survivors discuss how Jasper has never been exposed to birthdays or major holidays , so they plan a party to celebrate every major holiday . Todd thinks this may help Melissa , but Tandy , who believes Jasper was recently frightened by Melissa wandering for seemingly no reason , refuses to let the boy near her . Their disagreement worsens when Tandy catches Todd trying to set up a picnic for Melissa and Jasper . Todd gets drunk on the night of the party to calm down , then approaches Tandy and Jasper to admit to the boy that something is wrong with Melissa . Before the men can start a fist fight , they hear police sirens and find out Melissa and Jasper are pranking them . Todd , having not seen Melissa so happy for a long time , apologizes to Tandy as a shooting star passes by and turns out to be a satellite , which crashes into a shopping plaza . Elsewhere , Erica gets her baby bump , which makes Carol jealous and concerned that she might not get hers until Erica reassures her otherwise . 47 16 `` The Big Day '' Nisha Ganatra Erica Rivinoja April 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 30 ) 3AYB15 1.96 Six months after the holiday party , Erica and Carol are both visibly pregnant ; Jasper is now speaking , showing himself to be annoyed by Tandy 's antics ; Melissa has regained her sanity and married Todd ; and Erica and Gail have become a romantic couple . Todd 's `` re-virginization '' process tests Melissa 's nerves because she wants to have sex with him right away . Tandy is thrilled about the arrival of Carol 's first child , but Gail 's increasing insistence that she should deliver the baby puts her at odds with Tandy as she tells him that Carol also wants her to do so . Finally , Tandy tells Carol he wanted to deliver the baby because of how helpless he felt when the late Phil ( Stacy ) died and how he loves Carol too much to bear it . Carol says that Tandy will play the most important role in delivering their baby : holding her hand . Gail permits Tandy to be Todd 's assistant at the birth of Carol 's child . Erica suddenly arrives and announces that her water has broken . 48 17 `` When the Going Gets Tough '' Payman Benz Tim McAuliffe May 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 07 ) 3AYB16 1.80 Erica goes into labor with Gail and Todd preparing to deliver her baby . Carol becomes scared of childbirth and fears dying due to Erica 's loud and painful screams . Erica passes out from a lack of oxygen , but Todd resuscitates her with smelling salts . Gail and Todd soon discover they have to manually turn the baby into the correct position . With the help of Melissa and a now - confident Carol , they move the baby to the right position , and Erica gives birth to a girl she names Dawn . Meanwhile , Tandy is kicked out of the makeshift delivery room as he is still forbidden from helping Erica raise her baby , so he takes Jasper to a water park , where Jasper expresses his worries that Erica may die . After Tandy assures him that she will be fine , they discover a distant fire and find out it is a melting nuclear power plant . 49 18 `` Nature 's Horchata '' David Noel Kira Kalush May 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 07 ) 3AYB17 1.80 Knowing the immediate danger of radioactive fallout from the burning nuclear power plant , the group leaves the office building in an RV , but not before cleaning up Lewis ' last remains , forgetting their calf , and attaching Carol 's makeshift house to the trailer . They stop at a library to figure out where to go . Since the United States is covered with nuclear plants , they begin traveling to Mexico . While Todd drives , Tandy annoys Erica by continually observing her difficulty with getting baby Dawn to nurse . Tandy 's Geiger counter sets off as they get closer to Tijuana , so they return to the Los Angeles area to instead use a boat to flee to Mexico , hoping to avoid Pat Brown along the way . In L.A. , Carol 's makeshift house catches fire , due to Tandy placing candles in her house to calm her nerves , sending off a huge plume of black smoke . Pat sees the smoke and follows them to a marina . On the boat , Erica finally breastfeeds Dawn . Tandy gives a celebratory speech long enough for Pat to arrive with a shotgun . Before pulling the trigger , he is shot by Pamela Brinton , who introduces herself to the group . Season 4 ( 2017 -- 18 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 50 `` M.U.B.A.R. '' John Solomon Rich Blomquist & John Solomon October 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 01 ) 4AYB01 2.28 Pamela introduces herself to the group , explaining that she had met Pat in Malibu and the two had become intimate . She then introduces her new lover , Rear Admiral Roy Billups ( Jack Black ) , but Pat , having briefly revived , shoots and murders Billups . Pamela then kills Pat outright . Once the group is out at sea , Tandy decapitates Pat and sends his head and body out on two separate jet skis in opposite directions , but they crash into each other . Pamela gradually irritates the group by wasting their supplies , claiming the yacht 's only bedroom for herself , and flirting with Tandy . Melissa pilots the boat while drinking , and Gail botches dropping the anchor , so the boat drifts overnight and leaves them stranded in mid-ocean . After days without Gail telling anyone , they finally find a remote island . While sailing towards the island on a dinghy , Pamela , who had heard the women agree to abandon her on dry land , tricks Tandy into untying the dinghy from the boat . She knocks him unconscious , sends the rest of the group away with useless supplies , and steals the yacht , intending to keep Tandy for herself . The others reach the island , unaware that someone already lives there . 51 `` Stocko Syndome '' David Noel Megan Ganz & Tim McAuliffe October 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 08 ) 4AYB02 2.23 To escape being held hostage , Tandy tries convincing Pamela that he has lost interest in Carol , but she sees through his ruse and makes it clear , with her gun , that he is hers . Eventually , Tandy frees himself using a toenail clipping and threatens to harm her dog Jeremy if she does not agree to peace . She gives in , but they soon realize they are no longer near land . On the island , the main group meets Glenn ( Chris Elliott ) , a castaway who missed the apocalypse and knows nothing about the virus , so he hopes to return to the U.S. and reunite with friends and family . He shows Carol a signal fire he has saved to alert a plane or boat , but Carol tells him it would be best to use it to find Tandy . That evening , they agree to light the signal fire , allowing Tandy and Pamela to find and reunite with them the next morning . The group wants to abandon Pamela on the island to fend for herself , but since Pamela takes responsibility for her actions and tells them to desert her , they agree to take her back to the mainland on the condition she rides in the dinghy attached to the yacht . 52 `` Skeleton Crew '' John Solomon Kassia Miller October 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 15 ) 4AYB03 1.96 Pamela is welcomed aboard the yacht after falling out of the dinghy , then begins a gradually intimate relationship with Glenn . Before Glenn can announce this , Jasper spots Zihuatanejo , Mexico . However , the group discovers that the whole town is the site of another triage operation from the apocalypse littered with body bags . Tandy and Carol move into a hospital near a motel , but they notice Pamela crying in the nearby courtyard and learn that Glenn has been treating her poorly following their apparent breakup . Meanwhile , Todd laments that Zihuatanejo is n't the paradise he had hoped it would be , but Melissa assures him that any new home is perfect as long as they are together . At dinner that night , Carol forgives Pamela for what she did to the group , and Pamela demands answers from Glenn . Glenn evades the truth until he finally admits he loves Pamela but wants to return to the United States in search of his children , and he treated her badly so she would not be devastated if he were to try to find his children and contract the virus . He and Pamela pack up a car and leave the next day to begin the search . 53 `` Wisconsin '' Jennifer Arnold Matt Marshall October 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 22 ) 4AYB04 1.96 Todd and Melissa announce their plans to go on a honeymoon , while Erica and Gail decide to live on their own for a time . Carol worries about missing precious life moments with the scattered group , so she takes Tandy to visit Gail but is upset because the rest of them were enjoying dinner together and lamely try to reassure her they were n't snubbing her or Tandy . To show them why she feels they should stay together , Carol feigns going into labor , so the others follow her to the recently restored medical clinic . When Gail arrives , she thinks she sees Carol holding her baby , but it turns out to be Tandy . Melissa , Erica , and Gail fake injuries and life - threatening situations to get back at Tandy and Carol and think Todd is joining them , but they soon realize Todd is suffering a genuine heart attack from repeated consumption of energy drinks . They rush him to the clinic and set him up to a heart monitor to successfully revive him . Gail apologizes to Carol as she reflects on how the group is a disaster together but much worse apart , then agrees to live with everyone in a location more suitable than the clinic . 54 5 `` La Abuela '' David Noel Kira Kalush November 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 05 ) 4AYB05 1.94 The group settles into a mansion once occupied by the drug cartel leader `` La Abuela '' Gordillo ( Alma Martinez ) . In flashbacks , La Abuela searches for a traitor who let in a rival gang and kills her henchman Victor for not solving a Rubik 's Cube quickly . Fearing he may be next , henchman Hector ( Jack Guzman ) prepares a bomb , then brings a piñata presumed to contain the bomb to her birthday party . The police soon arrive and force the criminals to hide . Henchman Panchito , the real traitor , shoots La Abuela and demands to know where Hector hid the bomb , but Hector does not say the exact answer and is arrested . In the present , Tandy babyproofs the mansion at Carol 's insistence , helps Jasper break the piñata ( which only contains candy ) , and struggles with Victor 's Rubik 's Cube . Meanwhile , Melissa extensively safety - proofs Todd after his heart attack , annoying Todd until they finally agree she should take a break from her protectiveness . Erica and Gail wonder why baby Dawn is constantly crying until Gail almost crashes their car . They discover that Dawn is an adrenaline junkie , so they hang a stuffed angry bear in her room to calm her . 55 6 `` Double Cheeseburger '' Lucia Aniello Emma Rathbone November 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 12 ) 4AYB06 2.18 Carol and Tandy awaken to find that Carol has given birth to a baby girl in her sleep , whom they name Bezequille . Carol later feels cramps in her head , so she goes to Gail , and they find that Carol has an unborn second baby . They try various methods to make Carol go into labor . When these fail , Gail decides to perform a C - section , but Tandy refuses to let Gail do so . During the argument , Carol painlessly gives birth to another daughter , whom she names Mike after Tandy 's brother . Meanwhile , Erica and Gail plan a date night and choose Todd to babysit Dawn . When they cancel because of the arrival of Carol 's twins , Todd becomes depressed by baby fever , which Melissa notices . He convinces Erica to let him babysit Dawn but is soon caught by Melissa , who subsequently allows him to babysit Dawn after Erica and Gail reschedule their date . 56 7 `` Gender Friender '' Kristen Schaal Rich Blomquist November 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 19 ) 4AYB07 1.62 After unintentionally insulting the women of the group by calling them `` guys '' , Tandy tries proving he is a feminist by changing words and phrases and performing an awkward song . Carol also annoys Gail about spending more time with Erica and Dawn than her twins , but Gail explains that she and Erica are like a married couple and do not need a marriage contract . When Gail wakes up in the night to take care of Dawn , she notices Erica and proposes to her the next day , so they quickly marry . At the reception , Carol believes Gail is ditching her for Erica , who confides to Carol that nothing can come between her Carol and Gail . Carol endorses their marriage , and the ladies have a mother - daughter dance . Elsewhere , Todd tries to cure his baby fever by unsuccessfully bonding with Jasper over a game of catch . Todd admits he had to teach himself various life skills , including shaving his back , which he teaches Jasper . At Erica and Gail 's wedding , Jasper chooses to wear a costume at first but finally decides to wear the suit and tie Todd had picked out for him . 57 8 `` Not Appropriate for Miners '' Jared Hess Arielle Diaz & Megan Ganz December 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 03 ) 4AYB08 1.90 Jasper begins acting recklessly as he drives a limousine wildly and detonates a stuffed giraffe with a firework . Todd tries grounding him , but his efforts fail , so he goes to Tandy for help . Meanwhile , Carol is upset by Erica and Gail joking about how Jasper has affection for baby Dawn , so she tries to familiarize him with Bezequille and Mike . Erica becomes annoyed by this as she catches Carol trying entertain Jasper by putting makeup on her twins , and the ladies feud for the boy 's attention . Uncertain about the source of his recklessness , Todd takes away Jasper 's video games , but Jasper interrupts Melissa 's attempt to solve the Rubik 's Cube . Melissa finally tells the other adults that they are behaving like lunatics as they argue about Jasper , but when they all go to apologize to him , they find he has run away . As they all search the area for Jasper and apologize to one another , Tandy and Todd hear a police siren and follow the sound to a prison wherein a mysterious inmate resides . 58 9 `` Karl '' Jason Woliner Kassia Miller January 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 07 ) 4AYB09 2.96 In the days before the outbreak of the virus , Karl Cowperthwaite ( Fred Armisen ) is a secret cannibal who goes on a date with Zoe ( Leighton Meester ) , but she fakes a phone call to escape their terrible dinner . When Karl walks his dog Zeus to find some bullion for his cannibalistic dish , the police arrive at his apartment , but Karl escapes and , after killing an SUV driver ( Martin Short ) , takes the SUV to Juárez , Mexico . There , he starts a home painting business to hide his murders . As he prepares to kill again , the man he is painting notices a decapitated head in the refrigerator , forcing Karl to escape to a motel , where the police find him and arrest him for murder and desecration . In prison , Karl 's next victim , Javi , falls ill from the virus . As time passes , all of the inmates and guards die from the virus , leaving only Karl and a guard named Martinez to bond . Eventually , Martinez tells Karl that it is last day , so he gives him two months ' worth of food and a noose . Karl kills him and escapes his cell but can not escape the prison . Before Karl attempts suicide with the noose , Tandy and Todd find him in the middle of their search for Jasper . 59 10 `` Paint Misbehavin ' '' Payman Benz Matt Marshall January 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 14 ) 4AYB10 3.35 Karl changes into Martinez 's uniform , so Tandy and Todd mistake him for a prison guard and welcome him into the group , which is still searching for Jasper . Later that day , after Gail burns her finger , Karl struggles not to take one of her band - aids from the trash , but he gives into temptation and removes it . Tandy , seeing Karl dig through the trash , becomes suspicious . Though Tandy 's suspicions are dismissed due to his historically poor judge of character , he spies on Karl eating the band - aid with a cup of tea and reports this to Todd , who offers to help Tandy deal with Karl . Karl , helping Gail with her finger , secretly consumes an ice cube used to treat the burn . Karl offers to paint Gail 's portrait as a gift for Erica 's birthday . While painting his usual low - quality portrait , Karl is so tempted to kill Gail that he runs away and drives to a graveyard . Tandy and Todd follow and watch in shock as Karl digs up a long - dead corpse and eats a piece of it . Elsewhere , Melissa leaves a food cooler for Jasper , who takes it to an unknown location . 60 11 `` Hamilton / Berg '' David Noel Kira Kalush March 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 18 ) 4AYB11 1.60 Tandy and Todd attempt to tell the ladies about Karl 's cannibalistic actions , but they refuse to believe what they are hearing until Karl arrives and admits he is a cannibal . The survivors agree to lock Karl back in the prison where he was found before continuing their search for Jasper . Melissa , who knows where Jasper has been all along , asks if he is ready to rejoin the group , but he silently declines . In his search for Jasper , Todd drives past the prison and notices the gate is unlocked . During the panic at the mansion surrounding Karl 's escape , Melissa declares that she knows where Jasper is and encourages everyone to follow , but they overhear Karl playing the piano in a neighboring room . Realizing that Karl wo n't go away , the survivors agree to execute him . They draw straws , and whomever draws the shortest straw will perform the execution . Carol draws the shortest straw , but Tandy cuts his straw shorter on her behalf . As Tandy is about to shoot Karl and takes 10 steps away , pretending that he is in a duel , Karl solves the Rubik 's Cube , which explodes and kills him . 61 12 `` Señor Clean '' Maggie Carey Maxwell R. Kessler March 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 25 ) 4AYB12 1.61 The group holds a funeral for Karl inside the prison , although Tandy does not realize how Karl actually died . During the funeral , Gail admits how happy she has been since the virus and how Tandy has changed over time . Tandy decides to be helpful and change the way he says things , which gets him on Gail 's good side . They eventually share a drink , and she puts her hand on his hand , telling him that they are much more than friends . Under the impression that Gail wants to do something sexually , Tandy confronts her about it . Carol and Gail both believe that Tandy misunderstood the situation , but Tandy notes that Gail will `` get over it '' . Meanwhile , Todd is angry at Melissa for not telling him about Jasper 's whereabouts and demands that she bring him to Jasper . When she says no , he stows away in her car during her next trip . After Melissa comforts Jasper , she finds Todd waiting by the car , and he expresses his fears that his chances of being a father are over . Melissa finally says that Todd can have a baby , but she does not want to be the mother , so they agree to speak to Erica . 62 13 `` Release the Hounds '' Steve Day Megan Ganz April 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 01 ) 4AYB13 1.37 Erica tells Todd that she does not want to have a baby with him . Feeling depressed , he withdraws from the group and becomes obsessed with building and playing with an elaborate model train set . Gail , acting as the group 's physician , reluctantly gives Tandy and Carol permission to have sex only two weeks after Carol gave birth to twins . About seven months later , Carol is in her second pregnancy , Gail is six months into giving up red wine for white , and Todd is still playing with his trains in self - imposed isolation . When Tandy and Carol show Todd that she is again pregnant , he angrily destroys his elaborate train set , shaves his long beard , cuts his hair , and emerges as his former self . While reminiscing with Dawn , Erica decides she wants a sibling for her daughter . As Todd starts to read a prepared speech to announce the end of his train obsession , Erica declares that she wants to have a child with Todd . Elsewhere , an unseen stranger finds one of Tandy 's baby diaper disposal balloons . 63 14 `` Special Delivery '' Jason Woliner Emma Rathbone April 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 08 ) 4AYB14 1.51 After Todd and Erica agree to have a child together , Todd acts anxiously as he anticipates the progress of Erica 's planned pregnancy , which gets on her nerves . When Erica 's pregnancy test turns out negative , Todd accuses her of sabotaging the pregnancy . Melissa further annoys Erica by reading poetry about her and asking to do a variety of tasks for her in an effort to form a strong female friendship . In the end , Todd and Melissa each understand how they were mistreating Erica , so Todd gives her the personal space she needs , and Melissa confesses that she did not have any close female friends in the past . Meanwhile , Carol suspects that a stranger is living nearby upon discovering a bag of fresh poop . The group infers that it was most likely Jasper 's , but Carol installs a series of wind chimes in case it was n't . Outside Zihuatanejo , an unseen man encounters Jasper . When Carol hears a strange sound that night , Tandy investigates and finds nothing , but he wakes up the next morning to discover half of his head and face shaved . 64 15 `` Designated Survivors '' Payman Benz Edward Voccola April 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 15 ) 4AYB15 1.36 After waking up to find half of his head shaven , Tandy concludes his brother Mike is still alive . He finds Mike by following a trail of his shaved hair and paper notes , and the brothers celebrate by singing a karaoke rendition of their favorite song , `` Falling Slowly '' . Mike pulls more pranks on the group until they catch him , so he explains that he did not have the virus , but his immune system was briefly weakened from being in space . Tandy and Carol then introduce Mike to their twins , and Mike shows Tandy his truck 's thermal imaging device , which he used to find the group . Meanwhile , Todd is thrown into a spiral , believing Mike may be replaced as Erica 's primary sperm donor . He demands that Tandy choose between him and Mike , whose truck he vandalizes before Mike reminds Todd to appreciate what he already has in his life . Todd apologizes to Erica , who cheers him up by confirming she is pregnant . At the end of the day , Mike discovers a mysterious blob on his thermal imaging device . 65 16 `` The Blob '' Jason Woliner Erik Durbin & Sarah K. Moss April 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 22 ) 4AYB16 1.54 Tandy attempts to perform karaoke with Carol but finds it is not the same without Mike , who has n't left his truck since he found a large blob on his thermal imaging machine . Tandy attempts to stop him from leaving to investigate . After Tandy expresses his fears of Mike leaving since the world is not safe , Mike agrees to stay , and the brothers have a day of zorb bowling and playing with Tandy 's daughters . When Tandy catches his brother stealing back the truck keys , Mike admits that he is jealous of how Tandy has a family and hopes to start his own family if the blob means more people are living nearby . Carol gives Tandy permission to go investigate the blob with Mike , but not before Mike cuts the remaining half of his hair and beard and leaves a rattail in back . Meanwhile , Todd and Erica have trouble seeing eye - to - eye on a color for their future child 's room , but they eventually compromise to paint the walls yellow with a blue trim . During their painting , however , Todd accidentally uncovers a corpse in one wall . 66 17 `` Barbara Ann '' David Noel Tim McAuliffe & David Noel April 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 29 ) 4AYB17 1.77 Tandy and Mike travel to locate the mysterious blob on Mike 's thermal imaging device . In Tapachula , they encounter a grove of avocado and orange trees , plus a herd of goats , and take a male and female goat with them to the location of the blob . When they arrive , the location turns out to be deserted . Tandy reminds Mike of his first encountering Carol before attempting suicide and how they should n't give up hope . He then cheers Mike up by teasing him about dating the goats and singing another song . Meanwhile , following his discovery of a corpse in the mansion walls , Todd finds more human remains as well as piles of guns , grenades , bricks of cocaine , and millions of dollars in various currencies . Todd alerts the group , and Melissa discovers that the grenades are in working condition . They decide to search the rest of the mansion and discover more hidden dangers , including a loaded bomb in a piano that explodes . Tandy and Mike return to the mansion and learn that the group is moving . Back at the site of the blob , dozens of humans exit an underground hatch and move towards Zihuatanejo . 67 18 `` Cancun , Baby ! '' Nisha Ganatra Rich Blomquist & John Solomon May 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 06 ) 4AYB18 1.66 After Tandy detonates the mansion and accidentally kills the two goats he and Mike found , the group departs aboard a cable car driven by a flatbed truck towards Cancún , stopping at the fruit trees in Tapachula . Melissa leaves Jasper a self - driving car to join them if he wants . The group then finds the goat herd and prepares to leave . Tandy finds a quaint house beside the small grove and attempts to play catch with his robot dog Clancy , but he discovers the robot 's batteries are corroded . While digging a grave for Clancy , he encounters a live dog , who returns the next day . Tandy decides the small house with its produces and goats has all that he needs . The group agrees , and they have a goat barbecue . Tandy gives Mike the keys to the truck , allowing him to go off on his own to find happiness . Tandy snips off his rattail and tapes it to the back of Mike 's head as a memento , and Mike reciprocates with his armpit hair . As the survivors set up camp , they are soon surrounded by the underground colonists . Ratings ( edit ) The Last Man on Earth : U.S. viewers per episode ( millions ) Season Episode number Average 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 5.75 5.75 4.35 3.76 4.55 4.42 3.40 3.33 3.22 3.37 3.41 3.29 3.51 N / A 3.99 3.14 3.30 2.70 2.29 3.36 2.57 2.84 3.27 3.58 3.16 2.72 2.56 2.11 2.70 2.52 2.13 2.21 2.23 2.74 2.23 2.50 2.66 2.14 2.13 2.64 2.04 2.48 2.21 2.19 2.04 1.97 1.97 1.74 1.73 1.96 1.80 1.80 2.12 2.28 2.23 1.96 1.96 1.94 2.18 1.62 1.90 2.96 3.35 1.60 1.61 1.37 1.51 1.36 1.54 1.77 1.66 1.95 Audience measurement performed by Nielsen Media Research . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( February 12 , 2014 ) . `` Fox Orders Will Forte Comedy ' Last Man On Earth ' To Series For Midseason 2015 '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( April 8 , 2015 ) . `` Last Man on Earth Scores Super-Quick Season 2 Renewal at Fox '' . TVLine . Retrieved April 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( June 25 , 2015 ) . `` Fox Premiere Dates : Scream Queens ' Big Bow , Bones / Sleepy Combo Lands October Launch and More '' . TVLine . Retrieved June 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Snierson , Dan ( March 24 , 2016 ) . `` Last Man on Earth , Brooklyn Nine - Nine renewed '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Holloway , Daniel ( June 16 , 2016 ) . `` Fox Sets Fall Premiere Dates for 2016 -- 17 Season '' . Variety . Retrieved July 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Gotham ' & ' The Last Man On Earth ' Renewed By Fox For Season 4 '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holloway , Daniel ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` Fox Sets Fall Premiere Dates , Including ' Empire , ' ' The Gifted , ' ' The Orville ' '' . Variety . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( May 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' Last Man on Earth ' Cancelled at Fox '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( March 3 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' The Last Man on Earth ' & ' Dateline ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 10 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' The Last Man on Earth ' , ' Bob 's Burgers ' , ' Family Guy ' , ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' & ' Revenge ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 17 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' The Last Man on Earth ' , ' Secrets & Lies ' , ' Battle Creek ' & ' 60 Minutes ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 24 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' The Last Man on Earth ' & ' Once Upon a Time ' Adjusted Up ; ' 60 Minutes ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( March 31 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Madam Secretary ' , ' The Good Wife ' & ' 60 Minutes ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 31 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( April 14 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' America 's Funniest Home Videos ' Adjusted Up ; ' Madam Secretary ' , ' The Good Wife ' & ' 60 Minutes ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Once Upon a Time ' , ' Secrets & Lies ' , & ' A.D. : The Bible Continues ' Adjusted Up ; ' ACM Awards ' , & ' American Odyssey ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 28 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Family Guy ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustments to ' Once Upon A Time ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 5 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Family Guy ' & ' Secrets and Lies ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Dani ( September 29 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Bob 's Burgers ' Adjusted Down , ' 60 Minutes ' Adjusted Up + ' Sunday Night Football ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 6 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday final ratings : ' Blood & Oil , ' ' The Simpsons ' adjusted up , ' Madam Secretary ' adjusted down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday final ratings : ' The Good Wife ' and ' Last Man on Earth ' adjusted up , plus final NFL numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 20 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday final ratings : ' The Good Wife , ' ' Madam Secretary ' and ' The Simpsons ' adjusted up , plus final NFL numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 5 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday final ratings : ' The Simpsons ' , ' The Good Wife ' and ' Last Man on Earth ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday final ratings : ' Family Guy ' and ' Once Upon a Time ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday final ratings : ' Madam Secretary ' adjusts up , ' CSI : Cyber ' rises vs. last week '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 24 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday final ratings : AMAs and scripted shows steady , plus final NFL numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 8 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday final ratings : ' Once Upon a Time ' and ' The Simpsons ' adjust down , ' Quantico ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 15 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday final ratings : ' Blood & Oil ' finale adjusts up ( not that it matters ) '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 8 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday final ratings : ' Madam Secretary ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 15 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday final ratings : ' 60 Minutes ' adjusts up , ' Carmichael Show ' and ' Hollywood Game Night ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 5 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday final ratings : ACM Awards and all scripted shows hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday final ratings : ' Once Upon a Time , ' ' Simpsons , ' ' Quantico ' adjust up ; ' Carmichael ' and ' Crowded ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 19 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday final ratings : ' Once Upon a Time , ' ' The Good Wife ' adjust up ; ' Little Big Shots ' and ' Crowded ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday final ratings : ' Once Upon a Time , ' ' Simpsons ' and all others hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 10 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday final ratings : ' Good Wife ' finale adjusts up , ' Once Upon a Time ' and ' Carmichael Show ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday final ratings : ' Once Upon a Time ' finale , everything else hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 27 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday final ratings : ' Once Upon a Time ' and ' NCIS : LA ' adjust up , FOX shows adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' Family Guy ' adjusts up , final NFL numbers : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2016 ) . `` ' NCIS : LA ' adjusts up , ' Simpsons ' adjusts down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2016 ) . `` ' Bob 's Burgers ' and ' The Simpsons ' adjust down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' NCIS : LA ' and ' Madam Secretary ' adjust up : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' 60 Minutes ' adjusts up , ' NCIS : LA ' and ' Madam Secretary ' adjust down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Family Guy ' and ' Bob 's Burgers ' adjust up , ' NCIS : LA ' and ' Elementary ' adjust down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 6 , 2016 ) . `` ' America 's Funniest Home Videos ' adjusts up , ' 60 Minutes ' adjusts down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 13 , 2016 ) . `` ' Simpsons , ' ' Son of Zorn , ' ' Last Man on Earth ' and ' 60 Minutes ' adjust down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' NCIS : LA ' and ' Time After Time ' adjust up : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' American Crime ' premieres low , ' Chicago Justice ' fairly steady : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Little Big Shots ' adjusts up , ' NCIS : LA ' adjusts down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Family Guy ' and ' America 's Funniest Home Videos ' adjust down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Little Big Shots ' adjusts up : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Little Big Shots , ' ' Bob 's Burgers , ' ' Last Man on Earth , ' ' AFV ' all adjust up : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago Justice , ' ' America 's Funniest Home Videos ' adjust up : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Simpsons ' , ' NCIS : LA ' and other originals unchanged : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' NCIS : LA ' and ' 60 Minutes ' adjust up , ' Wisdom of the Crowd ' and ' Ten Days in the Valley ' down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` NFL adjusts up , all others unchanged : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Madam Secretary ' and ' Wisdom of the Crowd ' adjust down , ' 60 Minutes , ' AFV ' and NFL up : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' NCIS : LA ' and ' Shark Tank ' adjust up , ' Madam Secretary ' adjusts down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Family Guy , ' ' 60 Minutes ' adjust up , ' Bob 's Burgers ' and ' Madam Secretary ' adjust down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wisdom of the Crowd ' adjusts down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Sunday Night Football ' adjusts up , ' 60 Minutes ' and ' Madam Secretary ' adjust down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Sunday Night Football ' adjusts up : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 9 , 2018 ) . `` ' Shark Tank ' adjusts up , ' Simpsons , ' ' Ghosted , ' Golden Globes arrivals down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 17 , 2018 ) . `` ' NCIS : LA ' and ' Family Guy ' adjust up , other FOX shows adjust down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 20 , 2018 ) . `` ' Bob 's Burgers , ' ' NCIS : LA ' and ' AFV ' adjust up , ' Deception ' and ' 60 Minutes ' down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' NCIS : LA ' and ' Bob 's Burgers ' adjust up , ' Instinct , ' ' Simpsons ' and ' Deception ' down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 3 , 2018 ) . `` ' Bob 's Burgers ' and ' Dateline ' adjust up : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' America 's Funniest Home Videos ' rerun adjusts up : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 17 , 2018 ) . `` ' Bob 's Burgers , ' ' Little Big Shots ' adjust up , ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' and ' Genius Junior ' down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Timeless , ' ' Family Guy ' and all others hold : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Simpsons ' adjusts up : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' America 's Funniest Home Videos ' adjusts down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ For the first season , see `` The Last Man on Earth : Season One Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . May 4 , 2015 . Retrieved April 15 , 2018 . For the second season , see `` The Last Man on Earth : Season Two Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . May 16 , 2016 . Retrieved April 15 , 2018 . For the third season , see `` The Last Man on Earth : Season Three Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . May 11 , 2017 . Retrieved April 15 , 2018 . For the fourth season , see `` The Last Man on Earth : Season Four Ratings '' . TV Series Finale. April 17 , 2018 . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website List of The Last Man on Earth episodes on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_The_Last_Man_on_Earth_episodes&oldid=857875837 '' Categories : Lists of American comedy television series episodes Lists of American sitcom television series episodes Hidden categories : Pages using Timeline Use mdy dates from April 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español ქართული Polski Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 3 September 2018 , at 16 : 22 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | how many last man on earth episodes are there | [
"A total of 67 episodes of The Last Man on Earth aired over four seasons. On May 10, 2018, Fox canceled the series.[8]\n"
] | [
"67"
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1990350952486242313 | 7-Eleven | 7 - Eleven - wikipedia 7 - Eleven Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see 7 - Eleven ( disambiguation ) . 7 ‐ Eleven Inc . Type Subsidiary Industry Retail ( Convenience stores ) Founded 1927 ; 91 years ago ( 1927 ) ( as Tote 'm Stores ) Founders Joe C. Thompson Jr . Headquarters Irving , Texas , United States Number of locations 64,319 Key people Joseph DePinto ( CEO & President ) Stanley Reynolds ( EVP & CFO ) Products Slurpee beverage Big Gulp beverage cup Other products include : coffee , candy , prepared foods , gasoline , dairy , various assortment of beverages Number of employees 45,000 ( 2010 NA ) Parent Seven & I Holdings Co. ( 2005 -- present ) Website www.7-eleven.com Countries with 7 - Eleven stores 7 - Eleven is a Japanese - owned American international chain of convenience stores , headquartered in Irving , Texas , that operates , franchises , and licenses some 64,319 stores in 18 countries as of January 2018 . The chain was known as Tote 'm Stores until it was renamed in 1946 . Its parent company , Seven - Eleven Japan Co. , Ltd. , is located in Chiyoda , Tokyo . Seven - Eleven Japan is held by the Seven & I Holdings Co . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymologies 2 History 3 Products and services 4 Global operations 4.1 Asia 4.1. 1 Hong Kong 4.1. 2 Indonesia 4.1. 3 Japan 4.1. 4 Macau 4.1. 5 China 4.1. 6 Malaysia 4.1. 7 Philippines 4.1. 8 Singapore 4.1. 9 South Korea 4.1. 10 Taiwan 4.1. 11 Thailand 4.1. 12 Turkey 4.1. 13 United Arab Emirates 4.1. 14 Vietnam 4.2 Europe 4.2. 1 Denmark 4.2. 2 Norway 4.2. 3 Sweden 4.2. 4 United Kingdom 4.3 North America 4.3. 1 Canada 4.3. 2 Mexico 4.3. 3 United States 4.3. 3.1 Fuel 4.4 Oceania 4.4. 1 Australia 4.4. 1.1 Wage theft 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Etymologies ( edit ) The company 's first outlets were named `` Tote 'm Stores '' because customers `` toted '' away their purchases . Some stores featured genuine Alaskan totem poles in front of the store . In 1946 , the chain 's name was changed from `` Tote 'm '' to `` 7 - Eleven '' to reflect the company 's new , extended hours , 7 : 00 am to 11 : 00 pm , seven days per week . In November 1999 , the corporate name of the US company was changed from `` The Southland Corporation '' to `` 7 - Eleven Inc . '' History ( edit ) In 1927 , Southland Ice Company employee John Jefferson Green began selling eggs , milk , and bread from one of 16 ice house storefronts in Dallas , with permission from one of Southland 's founding directors , Joe C. Thompson , Sr. Although small grocery stores and general merchandisers were available , Thompson theorized that selling products such as bread and milk in convenience stores would reduce the need for customers to travel long distances for basic items . He eventually bought the Southland Ice Company and turned it into Southland Corporation , which oversaw several locations in the Dallas area . In 1928 , Jenna Lira brought a totem pole as a souvenir from Alaska and placed it in front of the store . The pole served as a marketing tool for the company , as it attracted a great deal of attention . Soon , executives added totem poles in front of every store and eventually adopted an Alaska Native - inspired theme for their stores . Later on , the stores began operating under the name `` Tote 'm Stores '' . In the same year , the company began constructing gasoline stations in some of its Dallas locations as an experiment . Joe Thompson also provided a distinct characteristic to the company 's stores , training the staff so that people would receive the same quality and service in every store . Southland also started to have a uniform for its ice station service boys . This became the major factor in the company 's success as a retail convenience store . In 1931 , the Great Depression affected the company , sending it toward bankruptcy . Nevertheless , the company continued its operations through re-organization and receivership . A Dallas banker , W.W. Overton Jr. , also helped to revive the company 's finances by selling the company 's bonds for seven cents on the dollar . This brought the company 's ownership under the control of a board of directors . In 1946 , in an effort to continue the company 's post-war recovery , the name of the franchise was changed to 7 - Eleven to reflect the stores ' new hours of operation , which were unprecedented at the time . In 1963 , 7 - Eleven experimented with a 24 - hour schedule in Austin , Texas , after an Austin store stayed open all night to satisfy customer demand . Later on , 24 - hour stores were established in Fort Worth and Dallas , Texas , as well as Las Vegas , Nevada . In 1971 , Southland acquired convenience stores of the former Pak - A-Sak chain owned by Graham Allen Penniman , Sr. ( 1903 -- 1985 ) , of Shreveport , Louisiana . Play media Video of the inside of a Floridian 7 - Eleven store in 1987 . With the purchase in 1964 of 126 Speedee Mart franchised convenience stores in California , the company entered the franchise business . The company signed its first area licensing agreement in 1968 with Garb - Ko , Inc. of Saginaw , Michigan , which became the first US domestic area 7 - Eleven licensee . In the late 1980s , Southland Corporation was threatened by a rumored corporate takeover , prompting the Thompson family to take steps to convert the company into a private model by buying out public shareholders in a tender offer . In December 1987 , John Philp Thompson , the chairman and CEO of 7 - Eleven , completed a $5.2 billion management buyout of the company . The buyout suffered from the effects of the 1987 stock market crash and after failing initially to raise high yield debt financing , the company was required to offer a portion of stock as an inducement to invest in the company 's bonds . Various assets , such as the Chief Auto Parts chain , the ice division , and hundreds of store locations , were sold between 1987 and 1990 to relieve debt incurred during the buyout . This downsizing also resulted in numerous metropolitan areas losing 7 - Eleven stores to rival convenience store operators . In October 1990 , the heavily indebted Southland Corp. filed a pre-packaged Chapter 11 bankruptcy in order to transfer control of 70 % of the company to Japanese affiliate Ito - Yokado . Southland exited bankruptcy in March 1991 , after a cash infusion of $430 million from Ito - Yokado and Seven - Eleven Japan . These two Japanese entities now controlled 70 % of the company , with the founding Thompson family retaining 5 % . In 1999 , Southland Corp. changed its name to 7 - Eleven , Inc. , citing the divestment of operations other than 7 - Eleven . Ito - Yokado formed Seven & I Holdings Co. and 7 - Eleven became its subsidiary in 2005 . In 2007 , Seven & I Holdings announced that it would be expanding its American operations , with an additional 1,000 7 - Eleven stores in the United States . For the 2010 rankings , 7 - Eleven climbed to the No. 3 spot in Entrepreneur Magazine 's 31st Annual Franchise 500 , `` the first and most comprehensive ranking in the world '' . This was the 17th year 7 - Eleven was named in the top 10 . Also in 2010 , the first `` green '' 7 - Eleven store opened in DeLand , Florida . The store features U.S. Green Building Council 's ( USGBC ) Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design ( LEED ) elements . Also , the environmentally - friendly design brings the store savings in energy costs . That same year , 7 - Eleven went mobile with the launch of the iconic Slurpee drink 's iPhone and Android Application ( App ) . The Slurpee drink app made it easy to find 7 - Eleven stores and provides driving directions . The following year , 7 - Eleven celebrated its 40,000 th store opening and within two years of that milestone opened its 50,000 th store . Products and services ( edit ) 1.2 - liter ( 41 U.S. fl oz ) Super Big Gulp 7 - Eleven in the United States sells Slurpee drinks , a partially frozen soft drink introduced in 1965 ( Oklahoma 's stores are known as Icee ) , and Big Gulp beverages , introduced in 1976 . Other products include : 7 - Select private - brand products , coffee , fresh - made daily sandwiches , fresh fruit , salads , bakery items , hot and prepared foods , gasoline , dairy products , carbonated beverages and energy drinks , juices , financial services , and product delivery services . 7 - Eleven is known for its relatively large drink sizes . 7 - Eleven offers beverages that are 32 ounces ( 946ml ) ( Big Gulp ) , 44 U.S. fluid ounces ( 1.301 L ) ( Super Big Gulp ) , 53 ounces ( 1567ml ) ( X-Treme Gulp ) , 64 ounces ( 1893ml ) ( Double Gulp ) , or 128 ounces ( 3785ml ) ( Team Gulp ) . These beverage sizes were all among the largest sold soft drinks when they were introduced . 7 - Eleven has often been associated with these large sodas in popular culture . For example , Mayor Michael Bloomberg 's proposed ban on large sodas in New York City was frequently referred to as the ' Big Gulp ban ' . In 2012 , 7 - Eleven changed the size of the Double Gulp from 64 ounces to 50 ounces ( 1478ml ) . The older style cups were too wide at the bottom and did not fit beverage holders in cars . This was not a reaction to the large soda ban proposal , according to a spokesperson . Global operations ( edit ) Asia ( edit ) Hong Kong ( edit ) 7 - Eleven in Shek Tong Tsui , Hong Kong 7 - Eleven first opened in Hong Kong in 1981 , and today operates as a subsidiary of the Dairy Farm . It is popularly called tsat jai ( 七 仔 , which roughly mean little seven ) or se fun ( 些 粉 , its cantonese pronounciation is similar to the word `` seven '' ) . As of 2012 , 7 - Eleven had 964 stores in Hong Kong , of which 563 were operated by franchisees . Hong Kong reportedly has the second - highest density of 7 - Eleven stores , after Macao . All 7 - Eleven stores in Hong Kong accept the ubiquitous Octopus card as a method of payment . They also accept payments for utility bills and public housing rent . In November 1980 , Southland Corporation and Hong Kong conglomerate Jardine Matheson signed a franchise agreement to bring 7 - Eleven to the territory . The first 7 - Eleven shop opened in Happy Valley on 3 April 1981 . The chain expanded aggressively across Hong Kong throughout the 1980s . The 50th store opened in Kwai Chung on 6 October 1983 , while the 200th was inaugurated by Simon Keswick at Tai Po Centre on 7 May 1987 . The stores were sold to Dairy Farm , part of the Jardine Matheson group , in 1989 . Octopus card readers were introduced in all 7 - Eleven stores in July 1999 , although at first these could only be used to add value to the card . In September 2004 , the number of locations in Hong Kong was substantially boosted when Dairy Farm acquired Daily Stop , a rival convenience store chain , from SCMP Retailing ( HK ) . The chain 's 84 shops , located mainly in MTR and Kowloon -- Canton Railway stations ( as well as shopping centres and housing estates ) , were converted to 7 - Eleven stores . In 2009 , a 7 - Eleven location in Quarry Bay opened with a hot food counter , called `` 7 Café '' , selling traditional Hong Kong street food and milk tea . This feature was subsequently extended to select other 7 - Eleven locations across Hong Kong under the `` Daily Café '' and `` Hot Shot '' brands . Indonesia ( edit ) In 2008 , 7 - Eleven announced plans to expand its business in Indonesia through a master franchise agreement with Modern Sevel Indonesia and Media Nusantara Citra . Modern Sevel Indonesia 's initial plans were to focus on opening stores in Jakarta , targeting densely populated commercial and business areas . There are 190 7 - Eleven stores in Indonesia as of 2014 and it has reduced to only 166 stores as September 2016 . In April 2017 , PT Modern Seven Indonesia announced that they will be acquired by PT Charoen Pokphand Restu Indonesia , subsidiary of Charoen Pokphand Group in Thailand . The acquisition process planned to be completed before June 2017 . Charoen Pokphand Group is also the master franchise holder of approximately 9500 7 - Eleven stores in Thailand . But on June 22 , 2017 , PT Modern International Tbk announced that all the remaining 30 7 - Eleven stores in Indonesia will be closed on June 30 , 2017 due to the cancellation of its acquisition process . Japan ( edit ) Japan 's first 7 - Eleven store in Kōtō , Tokyo opened in May 1974 Japan has more 7 - Eleven locations than anywhere else in the world , where they often bear the name of its holding company `` Seven & I Holdings '' . Of the 64,319 stores around the globe , 20,260 stores ( 31 percent of global stores ) are located in Japan , with 2,601 stores in Tokyo alone . On September 1 , 2005 , Seven & I Holdings Co. , Ltd. , a new holding company , became the parent company of 7 - Eleven , Ito - Yokado , and Denny 's Japan . 7 - Eleven has stores in all prefectures of Japan , except Okinawa Prefecture . The aesthetics of the store are somewhat different from that of 7 - Eleven stores in other countries as the stores offer a wider selection of products and services . Following the example of other convenience stores in Japan , 7 - Eleven has solar panels and LEDs installed in about 1,400 of its stores . Macau ( edit ) 7 - Eleven entered the Macau market in 2005 under the ownership of Dairy Farm , the same conglomeration group operating Hong Kong 's 7 - Eleven . With only 25.9 square kilometres , Macau has 45 stores , making it the single market with the highest density of 7 - Eleven stores , containing one store per 0.65 square kilometers . China ( edit ) 7 - Eleven opened its first store in China in Shenzhen , Guangdong in 1992 and later expanded to Beijing in 2004 , Chengdu and Shanghai in 2011 , Qingdao in 2012 , and Chongqing in 2013 . In China 's 7 - Eleven stores where Slurpees are offered , the Chinese name 思 乐 冰 ( sīlèbīng ) is used . They also offer a wide array of warm food , including traditional items like steamed buns , and stores in Chengdu offer a full variety of onigiri ( 饭团 ) . Beverages , alcohol , candy , periodicals , and other convenience items are available as well . The majority of these stores are open for 24 hours a day . Malaysia ( edit ) A 7 - Eleven store in Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia Malaysian 7 - Eleven stores are owned by 7 - Eleven Malaysia Sdn . Bhd. , which operates 2,225 stores nationwide . 7 - Eleven in Malaysia was incorporated on June 4 , 1984 , by the Berjaya Group Berhad . The first 7 - Eleven store was opened in October 1984 , in Jalan Bukit Bintang , Kuala Lumpur . Philippines ( edit ) In the Philippines , 7 - Eleven is run by the Philippine Seven Corporation ( PSC ) . Its first store , located in Quezon City , opened in 1984 . In 2000 , President Chain Store Corporation ( PCSC ) of Taiwan , also a licensee of 7 - Eleven , purchased the majority shares of PSC and thus formed a strategic alliance for the convenience store industry within the area . The number of stores reached 1,602 at the end of 2015 . As of 2017 , there are 2285 7 - Eleven stores all over The Philippines . Singapore ( edit ) In Singapore , 7 - Eleven forms the largest chain of convenience stores island - wide . There are 393 7 - Eleven stores scattered throughout the country as of February 2018 . Stores in Singapore are operated by Dairy Farm International Holdings , franchised under a licensing agreement with 7 - Eleven Incorporated . The first 7 - Eleven store in Singapore was opened along Upper Changi Road in 1983 , and in 1986 the first franchised 7 - Eleven store ( under the Jardine Matheson Group ) was opened . The license was then acquired by Cold Storage Singapore , a subsidiary of the Dairy Farm Group , in 1989 . In 2006 , Shell Singapore and 7 - Eleven agreed to rebrand all 68 of its Shell Select convenience stores into 7 - Eleven . The partnership was terminated in October 2017 , and the remaining 52 7 - Eleven stores in Shell petrol stations will be gradually rebranded back into Shell Select . South Korea ( edit ) 7 - Eleven at Godeok Station in Seoul , South Korea 7 - Eleven has a major presence in the Republic of Korea convenience store market , where it competes with CU ( store ) , GS25 ( formerly LG25 ) , and independent competitors . There are 9,231 7 - Eleven stores in the Republic of Korea ; with only Japan and Thailand hosting more stores . The first 7 - Eleven store in the Republic of Korea opened in 1989 in Songpa - gu in Seoul with a franchise license under the Lotte Group . In January 2010 , Lotte Group acquired the Buy the Way convenience store chain and rebranded its 1,000 stores under the 7 - Eleven brand . Taiwan ( edit ) Two 7 - Eleven stores at the same intersection in Xindian District , New Taipei City , Taiwan In Taiwan , 7 - Eleven is the largest convenience store chain and is owned by President Chain Store Corporation under Uni-President Enterprises Corporation . The first fourteen stores opened in 1979 , and struggled to make a profit . Southland Corporation partnered with Uni-President to modernize the stores . However , business was still slow , and Uni-President opted to stock Asian foods . In 1986 , 7 - Eleven made its first profit in Taiwan . The 5,000 th store was opened in July 2014 . In January 2018 , an experimental and unstaffed shop branded the X-Store was opened . There are 5,221 stores currently in Taiwan . Thailand ( edit ) The first store opened in 1989 on Patpong Road in Bangkok . The franchise in Thailand is the CP ALL Public Company Limited , which in turn grants franchises to operators . In January 2018 there were 10,300 stores in Thailand . There are 10,268 7 - Eleven stores in Thailand as of January 2018 , with approximately 50 % located in Bangkok . Thailand has the 2nd largest number of 7 - Eleven stores after Japan . In 2015 , the company announced plans to spend five billion Thai baht to expand its business . Two billion baht will be used to open 500 new outlets , one billion to renovate existing stores , and the rest to develop a new distribution center in the East . Turkey ( edit ) 7 - Eleven entered the Turkish market in 1989 , opening its first store on September 12 , 1989 . Major stakeholder of the master franchise , Özer Çiller sold his shares in 1993 , after his wife Tansu Çiller became the Prime Minister . In the 2010s , 7 - Eleven left the Turkish market , transferring most of its stores to franchise owners . United Arab Emirates ( edit ) Seven & I Holdings announced in June 2014 that they had agreed a contract with Seven Emirates Investment LLC to open the first Middle Eastern 7 - Eleven in Dubai , United Arab Emirates during the summer of 2015 . The company also said that they had plans to open about 100 stores in the country by the end of 2017 . The first store was opened in October 2015 . The country has 13 stores by January 2018 . Vietnam ( edit ) Seven and i - Holding making the first 7 - Eleven was open in Saigon Trade Center in 2017 . As of January 2018 , Vietnam has 11 stores in Ho Chi Minh City . Europe ( edit ) The first European 7 - Eleven store was opened in Stockholm , Sweden in 1978 . 7 - Eleven was available in Spain until 2000 with many stores inside Repsol petrol stations , as well as some other petrol - stations across the country . 7 - Eleven stores are now solely located in the Scandinavian region of Europe . The owner of the master franchise for 7 - Eleven in Scandinavia is Reitan Servicehandel , an arm of the Norwegian retail group , Reitan Group . After Reitangruppen bought the filling station chain , HydroTexaco ( now YX Energy ) , in Norway and Sweden in 2006 , it announced that several of the stores at the petrol stations would be rebranded as 7 - Elevens and that the petrol would be supplied by Shell . Other stores remain under the YX brand . Denmark ( edit ) 7 - Eleven in Strøget , Copenhagen , Denmark The first 7 - Eleven store in Denmark was opened at Østerbro in Copenhagen on September 14 , 1993 . There are 183 stores , mostly in Copenhagen , Aarhus , Aalborg , and Odense , including eight stores at Copenhagen Central Station . In Denmark , 7 - Eleven has an agreement with Shell , with a nationwide network of Shell / 7 - Eleven service stations , and an agreement with DSB to have 7 - Eleven stores at most S - train stations . Norway ( edit ) 7 - Eleven in Bergen , Norway The first 7 - Eleven store in Norway was opened at Grünerløkka in Oslo on September 13 , 1986 . As of January 2018 , there are 153 7 - Eleven stores in Norway , more than 50 % located in Oslo . Norway has the northernmost 7 - Eleven in the world , situated in Tromsø . On a per - capita basis , Norway has one 7 -- Eleven store for every 47,000 Norwegians , compared to Canada , which has one for every 74,000 Canadians . Sweden ( edit ) 7 - Eleven at Mårtenstorget in Lund , Sweden The Reitan Group has held the license in Sweden since December 1997 . In the mid-1990s period , 7 - Eleven in Sweden received adverse publicity due to the unfavourable labour contracts offered by its then - licensee , Small Shops , an American - based company , resulting in many stores being sold and closed down . For a time , there were only 7 - Elevens in Stockholm and Gothenburg . 7 - Eleven returned to the south of Sweden in 2001 , when a convenience store opened in Lund . Later in the 2000s , the Swedish 7 - Eleven chain was involved in controversy when the Swedish TV channel TV3 exposed widespread fraud on the part of the Reitan Group in its management of the 7 - Eleven franchise , which the Reitan Group eventually admitted to on its website . On 27 August 2007 , the Reitan Group and Shell , announced a ten - year agreement to re-brand some 269 service stations across Norway , Sweden , Finland and Denmark , as 7 - Elevens . The contract meant that 7 - Eleven would expand from 77 stores to 189 stores in Sweden . The country now has 187 stores . United kingdom ( edit ) During the 1980s , small 7 - Eleven convenience stores were common in the larger towns and cities of the South Eastern UK . The first shop opened in London , in Sydenham South East London in 1985 . The company ceased trading operations in 1997 , but considered resuming UK trading in 2014 . North America ( edit ) Canada ( edit ) A 7 - Eleven store with gas station in Woodstock , Ontario , Canada The first 7 - Eleven store to open in Canada was in Calgary , Alberta , on June 29 , 1969 . There are 640 7 - Eleven stores in Canada as of 2017 . Winnipeg , Manitoba , has the world 's largest number of Slurpee consumers , with an estimated 1,500,000 Slurpees sold since the first 7 - Eleven opened on March 21 , 1970 . All 7 - Eleven locations in Canada are corporate operated . Like its U.S. counterparts every July 11 the stores offer free Slurpees on `` 7 - Eleven Day '' . A limited number of 7 - Eleven locations feature gas stations from Shell Canada , Petro - Canada , or Esso . In November 2005 , 7 - Eleven started offering the Speak Out Wireless cellphone service in Canada . 7 - Eleven locations also featured CIBC ATMs -- in June 2012 , these machines were replaced with ATMs operated by Scotiabank. 7 - Eleven abandoned the Ottawa , Ontario , market in December 2009 after selling its six outlets to Quickie Convenience Stores , a regional chain . Following concerns over the fate of Speak Out Wireless customers , Quickie offered to assume existing SpeakOut customers and phones into its Good2Go cellphone program . 7 - Eleven is similarly absent from the Quebec market due to its saturation by chains like Alimentation Couche - Tard and Boni - soir , and by independent dépanneurs . Mexico ( edit ) In Mexico , the first 7 - Eleven store opened in 1971 in Monterrey in association with Grupo Chapa ( now Iconn ) and 7 - Eleven , Inc. under the name Super 7 . In 1995 , Super 7 was renamed to 7 - Eleven , which now has 1,835 stores in several areas of the country . When stores are located within classically designed buildings ( such as in Centro Histórico buildings ) or important landmarks , the storefront logo is displayed in monochrome with gold or silver lettering . The main competitors in Mexico are OXXO ( Femsa ) , Super City ( Soriana ) , and Farmacias Guadalajara , among others . United States ( edit ) A 7 - Eleven store cobranded with Gulf Oil for gasoline sales in Ellwood City , Pennsylvania , U.S. Supermarket News ranked 7 - Eleven 's North American operations No. 11 in the 2007 `` Top 75 North American Food Retailers , '' based on the 2006 fiscal year estimated sales of US $15.0 billion . Based on the 2005 revenue , 7 - Eleven is the 24th largest retailer in the United States . As of 2013 , 8,144 7 - Eleven franchised units exist across the United States . Franchise fees range between US $10,000 -- $1,000,000 and the ongoing royalty rate varies . 7 - Eleven America has its headquarters in the Cypress Waters development in Irving , Texas . Small - size Slurpees are free on `` 7 - Eleven Day '' , on July 11 . 7 - Eleven Stores of Oklahoma have operated independently since 1953 under an agreement with William Brown . It is now led by his son , James Brown . As part of this franchise agreement , 7 - Elevens in Oklahoma bear slight differences to stores elsewhere : for instance , products such as Big Bite hot dogs are not sold there , the Slurpee is branded as the `` Icy Drink '' , and Oklahoma stores operate their own loyalty program called `` Thx ! '' , which does not intersect with the national 7Rewards system . There are currently 8,421 stores in the country . Fuel ( edit ) In the U.S. , many 7 - Eleven locations used to have filling stations with gasoline distributed by Citgo , which in 1983 was purchased by Southland Corporation . 50 % of Citgo was sold in 1986 to Petróleos de Venezuela , S.A. , and the remaining 50 % was acquired in 1990 . Although Citgo was the predominant partner of 7 - Eleven , other oil companies are also co-branded with 7 - Eleven , including Fina , Exxon , Gulf , Marathon , BP , Shell , Chevron ( some former TETCO convenience stores were co-branded with Chevron , and Texaco prior to the 7 - Eleven purchase in late 2012 ) , and Pennzoil . Conoco is the largest 7 - Eleven licensee in North America . 7 - Eleven signed an agreement with ExxonMobil in December 2010 for the acquisition of 183 sites in Florida . This was followed by the acquisition of 51 ExxonMobil sites in North Texas in August 2011 . Oceania ( edit ) Australia ( edit ) The first 7 - Eleven in Australia opened on August 24 , 1977 , in the Melbourne suburb of Oakleigh . The majority of stores are located in metropolitan areas , particularly in central business district areas . Stores in suburban areas often operate as petrol stations and most are owned and operated as franchises , with a central administration . 7 - Eleven bought Mobil 's remaining Australian petrol stations in 2010 , converting them to 7 - Eleven outlets , resulting in an immediate and unprecedented overnight major expansion of the brand . In South Australia all Mobil petrol stations were sold to Peregrine Corporation and branded as On The Run petrol stations . 7 - Eleven stores in Australia sell a wide range of items , including daily newspapers , drinks , confectionery , and snack foods . They sell gift cards , including three types of pre-paid Visa cards . The chain has partnered with BankWest , placing a BankWest ATM in each of their stores nationwide . Each year on November 7 , 7 - Eleven promotes `` 7 - Eleven Day '' by giving away a free Slurpee to customers . In April 2014 , 7 - Eleven announced plans to start operating stores in Western Australia , with 11 stores planned to operate within the first year and a total of 75 stores established within five years . The first store was opened on October 30 , 2014 in the city of Fremantle . The country has 675 stores as of January 2018 . Wage theft ( edit ) In August 2015 , Fairfax Media and the ABC 's Four Corners program reported on the employment practices of certain 7 - Eleven franchisees in Australia . The investigation found that many 7 - Eleven employees were being underpaid at rates of around A $10 to A $14 per hour before tax , well under the legally - required minimum award rate of A $24.69 per hour . Franchisees underpaying their staff would typically maintain rosters and pay records that would appear to show the employee being paid the legally - required rate , however these records would in fact only include half of the hours the employee actually worked in a week . Employees would then be paid on the basis of these records , resulting in them effectively being paid half the legally - required rate . It was also reported that workers were often not paid loadings and penalty rates that they are legally entitled to , for working overtime hours , nights , weekends , and public holidays . After these reports came to light and received widespread attention , some employees had alleged to Fairfax Media that they had begun to be paid correctly through the 7 - Eleven payroll system , however would then be asked by the franchisee to pay back half their wages in cash . 7 - Eleven subsequently announced they would fund an inquiry to investigate instances of wage fraud . The inquiry is to be conducted by an independent panel chaired by former Australian Competition and Consumer Commission chairman Allan Fels , and with the support of professional services firm Deloitte . The inquiry invited submissions from current and former 7 - Eleven employees who allege they have been underpaid , and assess each individual claim . In September 2015 , chairman Russ Withers and chief executive Warren Wilmon announced they would resign from the company . Deputy chairman Michael Smith replaced Withers , while Bob Baily was appointed as interim chief executive . The Four Corners investigation into 7 - Eleven won a Walkley Award in 2015 . In December 2015 , Stewart Levitt of law firm Levitt Robinson Solicitors , who featured prominently in the Four Corners program , announced a potential class action lawsuit against 7 - Eleven head office on behalf of franchisees who had allegedly been lured into signing on with 7 - Eleven by false representations . See also ( edit ) Companies portal List of convenience stores References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Fun Facts - 7 - 11 Corporate '' . 2016 . Retrieved August 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` About Us -- International Licensing '' . 7 - Eleven , Inc . Retrieved October 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Plunkett , Jack W. ( December 2008 ) . Plunkett 's Retail Industry Almanac 2009 : The Only Comprehensive Guide to the Retail Industry . Plunkett Research , Ltd . ^ Jump up to : `` '' History - 7 - Eleven Corporate `` '' . 7 - Eleven , Inc . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2017 . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 7 - Eleven Corporate '' . corp.7-eleven.com. 7 - Eleven Corporate . Retrieved February 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Smith , Andrew F. ( May 2007 ) . The Oxford Companion to American Food and Drink . Oxford University Press . p. 146 . Jump up ^ `` 7 - Eleven , Inc . History '' Retrieved July 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Press , Hoover 's Business ( 2010 ) . Hoover 's Handbook of Private Companies . Hoover 's Business Press . p. 209 . Jump up ^ `` Open Around the Clock - 7 - Eleven Corporate '' . 7 - Eleven , Inc . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2017 . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` G. Allen Penniman '' . geni.com . Retrieved October 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Edgar Erwin Penniman '' . Pensacola News Journal . May 2 , 2015 . Retrieved October 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sims , Calvin ( July 6 , 1987 ) . `` 7 - Eleven Owner in $5 Billion to Sell Company '' . New York Times . Retrieved August 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Company News ; Southland Holders Approve Buyout '' . New York TImes . Associated Press . December 9 , 1987 . Retrieved August 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Frank , Peter H. ( November 11 , 1987 ) . `` Southland Buyout Hits Snag '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wayne , Leslie ( January 4 , 1988 ) . `` Takeovers Revert to the Old Mode '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Company News : Southland to Sell Chief Auto Unit '' . New York Times . Reuters . December 25 , 1987 . Retrieved August 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Company News : Southland Sells Reddy Ice Unit '' . New York Times . Associated Press . March 5 , 1988 . Retrieved August 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Company News : Circle K Will Acquire 473 7 - Eleven Stores '' . New York Times . Associated Press . March 1 , 1988 . Retrieved August 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Silverstein , Stuart ( October 25 , 1990 ) . `` 7 - Eleven Parent Files ' Prepackaged ' Bankruptcy : Retailing : Southland Corp. hopes to expedite the sale of the convenience store chain to its longtime affiliate in Japan '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Japanese Firms Pull Southland Corp . From Chapter 11 : Bankruptcy : The two companies pumped $430 million into the parent company of the 7 - Eleven chain for 70 % of its stock '' . Los Angeles Times . March 6 , 1991 . Retrieved August 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Southland is changing its name to 7 - Eleven '' . Los Angeles Times . March 10 , 1999 . Retrieved August 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Slurpee ® drinks '' . Slurpee ® drinks . December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Former 7 - Eleven CEO Thompson dies . ( Top of the News ). ( John Thompson ) ( Obituary ) National Petroleum News Find Articles at BNET.com Archived January 3 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` At 7 - Eleven , the Big Gulps Elude a Ban by the City '' , by Aaron Edwards , The New York Times , June 6 , 2012 ( consulted November 17 , 2015 ) . Jump up ^ `` The Tall , Cold Tale of the Big Gulp Thanks to 7 - Eleven , large will never be the same '' , by Robert Klara , Adweek , February 16 , 2015 ( consulted November 17 , 2015 ) . Jump up ^ `` CSPNET on 7 - Select '' . June 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 7 - Select Products '' . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2015 . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Smith , K. Annabelle ( May 30 , 2013 ) . `` We Have Texas to Thank for the Biggest Big Gulp '' . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bloomberg on ' Big Gulp ' law : Not banning anything , just portion control '' . cbsnews.com . CBS News . March 10 , 2013 . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Abad - Santos , Alexander . `` 7 - Eleven Downsizes ' Double Gulp ' To Just 156 % of Your Stomach 's Capacity '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ Nip , Amy ; Chong , Dennis ( 30 April 2012 ) . `` 7 - Eleven owners say wage rise has made them losers '' . South China Morning Post . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Cheng , Albert ( 4 April 2002 ) . `` Let other cards share in Octopus ' success '' . South China Morning Post . p. 14 . Jump up ^ `` Rent Payment Methods '' . Hong Kong Housing Authority . Retrieved 11 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Hunt , Christopher ( 27 May 1987 ) . `` Expansion round the clock '' . South China Morning Post . p. 31 . Jump up ^ `` 24 - hour shop opens soon '' . South China Morning Post . 1 April 1981 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Now it 's 24 - hour shopping '' . South China Morning Post . 4 April 1981 . p. 12 . Jump up ^ `` Plan for 450 more 7 - Elevens '' . South China Morning Post . 7 October 1983 . p. 29 . Jump up ^ `` Food chain opens 200th HK store '' . South China Morning Post . 8 May 1987 . p. 5 . Jump up ^ `` Jardines in deal to sell 7 - Elevens to Dairy Farm '' . South China Morning Post . 15 February 1989 . p. 49 . Jump up ^ Au - yeung , Karvin ; Lai , Eric ( 22 June 1999 ) . `` Octopus may spread tentacles to 7 - Elevens '' . South China Morning Post . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Yu , Kai Peter ( 8 July 1999 ) . `` Octopus , photos in 7 - Eleven services '' . South China Morning Post . p. 3 . Jump up ^ Li , Sandy ( 17 September 2004 ) . `` SCMP shares rally ; on asset disposal '' . South China Morning Post . p. 3 . Jump up ^ Li , Sandy ( 1 March 2005 ) . `` Dairy Farm expands despite soaring rents '' . South China Morning Post . p. 4 . Jump up ^ Tsang , Denise ( 7 September 2009 ) . `` 7 - Eleven cafe fires first shot in fish ball war '' . South China Morning Post . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` 7 - Eleven , Inc . Partners with PT . Modern Putra Indonesia in Master Franchise for 7 ‐ Eleven Stores in Indonesia '' . 7 - Eleven , Inc . April 6 , 2009 . Archived from the original on September 9 , 2010 . Retrieved July 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Charoen Pokphand Akusisi Bisnis 7 - Eleven di Indonesia '' . CNN Indonesia . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Akuisisi Batal , Gerai 7 - Eleven Resmi Ditutup pada 30 Juni '' . Okezone.com . June 23 , 2017 . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ 7 -- 11 around the world ( company corporate information ) , JP : SEJ , June 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Number of Stores in each administrative division ( company corporate information ) , JP : SEJ , June 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Solar Convenience Stores '' , Tokyo Weekender , May 9 , 2012 , retrieved September 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ 关 晓 萌. `` 7 - Eleven to open 300 stores in Chongqing '' . Jump up ^ `` Company Overview of 7 - Eleven Malaysia Sdn Bhd '' . Bloomberg Businessweek . Retrieved January 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 7 - Eleven buka cawangan ke 2,000 '' . Retrieved October 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/transport/shell-to-end-partnership-with-7-eleven-chain Jump up ^ Han Cheung ( 4 February 2018 ) . `` Taiwan in Time : The fledgling days of 7 - Eleven in Taiwan '' . Taipei Times . Retrieved 4 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Maranda Hsu , Lilian Wu ( July 11 , 2014 ) . `` Taiwan 's 5,000 th 7 - Eleven convenience store opens for business '' . Focus Taiwan News Channel . Retrieved October 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Everington , Keoni ( 30 January 2018 ) . `` 7 - Eleven Taiwan opens first unmanned ' X-Store ' '' . Taiwan News . Retrieved 5 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Limited , Bangkok Post Public Company . `` 7 - Eleven poised to top 11,000 stores in 2018 '' . Jump up ^ http://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Companies/FamilyMart-to-double-stores-in-Thailand-take-on-7-Eleven Jump up ^ About 7 - Eleven , 7 - Eleven . Retrieved March 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Post Publishing PCL . `` CP All keen to expand its 7 - Eleven empire abroad '' . bangkokpost.com . Retrieved March 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Milliyet , September 12 , 1989 Jump up ^ Milliyet , August 24 , 1993 ^ Jump up to : Sahoo , Sananda ( June 17 , 2014 ) . `` 7 - Eleven to open in Dubai next year , first in Middle East '' . The National . Retrieved June 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Armental , Maria ( June 16 , 2014 ) . `` 7 - Eleven to Open Store in Dubai '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved June 19 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kim , Chang - Ran ; Shimizu , Ritsuko ( June 17 , 2014 ) . `` Seven & I to open 7 - Eleven in Dubai next year , first in Middle East '' . Reuters . Retrieved June 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Retro rebrand for 7 - Eleven '' . Inside Retail . January 28 , 2013 . Retrieved January 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Franchise Europe Top 500 : 7 - Eleven -- FranchiseDirect.co.uk '' . Retrieved April 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ O'Mahony , Paul ( 27 August 2007 ) . `` Shell and 7 - Eleven strike store deal '' . The Local . Retrieved 5 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` US / UK : 7 - Eleven plays down UK re-entry talk '' . Jump up ^ `` 7 - Eleven considers UK convenience market entry '' . TheGrocer.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` 7 - Eleven -- International Licensing '' . Corp.7-eleven.com . January 1 , 2010 . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2010 . Retrieved August 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Fun Facts - 7 - Eleven Corporate '' . corp.7-eleven.com . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 7 - Eleven -- A Strong Brand '' . Franchise.7-eleven.com . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2010 . Retrieved August 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Pilieci , Vito ( October 30 , 2009 ) . `` 7 - Eleven unplugs phone deal , moves Hundreds of cellphone owners left on hold by sale to Quickie '' . Ottawa Citizen . Retrieved December 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Attention ... Speak Out Customers are Good 2 Go ... '' Quickie . Retrieved December 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ 2007 Top 75 North American Food Retailers , Supermarket News . Retrieved February 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Top 100 Retailers : The Nation 's Retail Power Players ( PDF ) Archived August 8 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine. , Stores , July 2006 . Jump up ^ `` 7 - Eleven Inc '' . Entrepreneur . Entrepreneur Media , Inc. 2013 . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 7 - Eleven , Inc . Announces Aggressive Growth Plans Throughout SoCal Archived July 8 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... '' 7 - Eleven . Retrieved on November 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 7 - Eleven 's new Irving corporate headquarters campus gets $41.5 M loan - Dallas Business Journal '' . Retrieved July 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 7 - Eleven Stores of Oklahoma '' . CSP Daily News . Jump up ^ Energy Industry Almanac 2007 : Energy Industry Market Research , Statistics , Trends & Leading Companies . Plunket Research , Ltd. 2006 . Jump up ^ `` 7 - Eleven Buys 183 ExxonMobil Locations in Florida '' . Convenience Store Decisions . Harbor Communications . December 9 , 2010 . Retrieved June 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 7 - Eleven ® Signs Agreement with ExxonMobil To Acquire 51 North Texas Locations Retailer Continues Accelerated Store Growth '' . 7 - Eleven News Room . 7 - Eleven , Inc . August 16 , 2011 . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2013 . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mobil name goes back on 7 - Eleven stations '' . Sydney Morning Herald . Fairfax Media . January 31 , 2014 . Retrieved September 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 7 - Eleven Acquires Mobil Retail Fuels Business '' . Retrieved October 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Slurpee News : HAPPY 7 - ELEVEN DAY ! '' . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` First 7 - Eleven in WA to open in October '' . 7 - Eleven. 7 - Eleven Stores Pty. Ltd . September 10 , 2014 . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 7 - Eleven opens first WA store '' . Franchise Business . Franchise Business . October 31 , 2014 . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Ferguson , Adele ; Danckert , Sarah ; Klaus , Toft ( August 29 , 2015 ) . `` 7 - Eleven : Investigation exposes shocking exploitation of convenience store workers '' . Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 7 - Eleven -- A sweatshop on every corner '' . Jump up ^ Ferguson , Adele ( September 8 , 2015 ) . `` 7 - Eleven : Workers caught in cashback scam '' . Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ferguson , Adele ; Danckert , Sarah . `` 7 - Eleven : Allan Fels to lead wage scandal inquiry '' . Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fels to Chair 7 - Eleven Independent Panel '' . 7 - Eleven Media Centre . 7 - Eleven Australia . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Roddan , Michael ( September 30 , 2015 ) . `` 7 - Eleven chairman Russ Withers quits , chief executive resigns '' . The Australian . News Corp Australia . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Age journalists recognised at Walkley awards '' . The Age . December 3 , 2015 . Retrieved August 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 7 - Eleven Class Action Looms for Disaffected Franchisees '' . December 7 , 2015 . Retrieved August 30 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to 7 - Eleven . Wikiquote has quotations related to : 7 - Eleven Official website 7 - Eleven global sites index 7 - Eleven at the Wayback Machine ( archived January 29 , 1998 ) Convenience stores Major convenience stores in Africa Eastern Africa National Oil Northern Africa Mini-Brahim On the Run Southern Africa Sasol SPAR SPAR Express Major convenience stores in Asia East 759 Store 7 - Eleven Circle K CU Daily Yamazaki FamilyMart GS25 Hi - Life Lawson Ministop OK Mart PARKnSHOP Poplar SPAR Storyway VanGO emart 24 Southeast 108 Shop 7 - Eleven All Day Alfamart B 's mart Bright Choices Co. op Food Cheers Circle K FairPrice Xpress Fresh Mart Jiffy Lawson Lawson 108 FamilyMart Indomaret Mini Big C Ministop Mesra Shell Select Shop&Go Star Mart Tesco Lotus Express Tops Daily VanGO South SPAR West Circle K SPAR Former ampm Buy the Way BP Connect Circle K Sunkus Daily Stop On the Run Major convenience stores in Europe Northern 7 - Eleven Bargain Booze Best - One BP Connect Budgens Centra The Co-operative Food Costcutter David Sands Deli de Luca Happy Shopper Jones Convenience Stores Kwik Save Londis ( Ireland ) Londis ( United Kingdom ) Mace Narvesen Nisa On the Run One Stop Pressbyrån R - Kioski McColl 's Sainsbury 's Local Scotmid SPAR Tesco Express Waitrose WHSmith Southern Couche - Tard Mac 's On the Run Opencor Provi - Soir SPAR Eastern Billa CBA Eurocash Freshmarket Groszek Małpka Express Piotr i Paweł Polomarket SPAR Społem Żabka Western Albert Heijn Carrefour City Delhaize Franprix Marché Plus Monoprix On the Run Petit Casino SPAR Former Jacksons Stores Local Plus Mills Morrisons M Local Somerfield Ugo Major convenience stores in North America Canada 7 - Eleven Circle K CST Couche - Tard Irving Mac 's Needs On the Run Pioneer Provi - Soir Quickie Honduras Circle K Mexico 7 - Eleven Circle K OXXO Super City Tiendas United States 7 - Eleven A-Plus ABC Alimentation Couche - Tard Circle K CST Holiday Allsup 's ampm Andeavor Giant SuperAmerica USA Gasoline Buc - ee 's Byrne Dairy Casey 's Cenex Chevron Convenient Cumberland Farms Dairy Barn Dari Mart Exxon Gate Petroleum GetGo Global GPM Investments Village Pantry Go - Mart High 's Dairy Store Jr . Food Mart Jr . Food Stores Kroger Convenience Stores Kwik Shop Loaf ' N Jug Quik Stop Smith 's Express Tom Thumb Turkey Hill Minit Markets Kum & Go Kwik Fill / Red Apple / Country Fair Kwik Trip / Kwik Star Lawson Love 's MAPCO Express Mobil Mart Murphy USA On the Go On the Run PDQ Food Stores Pilot Flying J Plaid Pantry Quality Dairy Company Quick Chek QuikTrip RaceTrac / RaceWay Road Ranger Roady 's Truck Stops Royal Farms Rutter 's Sheetz Speedway Stewart 's Shops Stripes Convenience Stores Stuckey 's Tedeschi Thorntons Inc . Tom 's Town Pump TravelCenters of America Minit Mart United Dairy Farmers Wawa Weigel 's Former Becker 's BP Connect Getty Town & Country Uni-Mart UtoteM White Hen Wilco Major convenience stores in Oceania Australia 7 - Eleven BP Connect NewsLink NightOwl Convenience Stores SPAR Express New Zealand BP Connect Night ' n Day Woolworths @ Gull List of convenience stores Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=7-Eleven&oldid=828191091 '' Categories : 7 - Eleven Convenience stores of the United States Fast - food chains of the United States Gas stations in the United States Variety stores Multinational companies headquartered in the United States Companies based in Irving , Texas American companies established in 1927 Retail companies established in 1927 1927 establishments in California Convenience stores of Japan Convenience stores of the Philippines Convenience stores of Singapore Dairy Farm International Holdings Private equity portfolio companies Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2010 Articles containing Chinese - language text Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2014 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2013 Use mdy dates from May 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 21 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 March 2018 , at 02 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did the first 7 11 store open | [
"In 1927, Southland Ice Company employee John Jefferson Green began selling eggs, milk, and bread from one of 16 ice house storefronts in Dallas, with permission from one of Southland's founding directors, Joe C. Thompson, Sr.[7] Although small grocery stores and general merchandisers were available, Thompson theorized that selling products such as bread and milk in convenience stores would reduce the need for customers to travel long distances for basic items. He eventually bought the Southland Ice Company and turned it into Southland Corporation, which oversaw several locations in the Dallas area.[4]"
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"1927"
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3632007359124357643 | Clearance (pharmacology) | Clearance ( pharmacology ) - wikipedia Clearance ( pharmacology ) In pharmacology , the clearance is a pharmacokinetic measurement of the volume of plasma from which a substance is completely removed per unit time ; the usual units are mL / min . The quantity reflects the rate of drug elimination divided by plasma concentration . The total body clearance will be equal to the renal clearance + hepatic clearance + lung clearance . Although for many drugs the clearance is simply considered as the renal excretion ability , that is , the rate at which waste substances are cleared from the blood by the kidney . In these cases clearance is almost synonymous with renal clearance or renal plasma clearance . Each substance has a specific clearance that depends on its filtration characteristics . Clearance is a function of glomerular filtration , secretion from the peritubular capillaries to the nephron , and re-absorption from the nephron back to the peritubular capillaries . Clearance is variable in zero - order kinetics because a constant amount of the drug is eliminated per unit time , but it is constant in first - order kinetics , because the amount of drug eliminated per unit time changes with the concentration of drug in the blood . The concept of clearance was described by Thomas Addis , a graduate of the University of Edinburgh Medical School . It can refer to the amount of drug removed from the whole body per unit time , or in some cases the inter-compartmental clearances can be discussed referring to redistribution between body compartments such as plasma , muscle , fat . Contents 1 Definition 2 Effect of plasma protein binding 3 Derivation of equation 4 Solution to the differential equation 4.1 Steady - state solution 5 Measurement of renal clearance 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading Definition ( edit ) Diagram showing the basic physiologic mechanisms of the kidney When referring to the function of the kidney , clearance is considered to be the amount of liquid filtered out of the blood that gets processed by the kidneys or the amount of blood cleaned per time because it has the units of a volumetric flow rate ( volume / time ) . However , it does not refer to a real value ; `` the kidney does not completely remove a substance from the total renal plasma flow . '' From a mass transfer perspective and physiologically , volumetric blood flow ( to the dialysis machine and / or kidney ) is only one of several factors that determine blood concentration and removal of a substance from the body . Other factors include the mass transfer coefficient , dialysate flow and dialysate recirculation flow for hemodialysis , and the glomerular filtration rate and the tubular reabsorption rate , for the kidney . A physiologic interpretation of clearance ( at steady - state ) is that clearance is a ratio of the mass generation and blood ( or plasma ) concentration . Its definition follows from the differential equation that describes exponential decay and is used to model kidney function and hemodialysis machine function : V d C d t = − K ⋅ C + m _̇ ( 1 ) ( \ displaystyle V ( \ frac ( dC ) ( dt ) ) = - K \ cdot C+ ( \ dot ( m ) ) \ qquad ( 1 ) ) Where : m _̇ ( \ displaystyle ( \ dot ( m ) ) ) is the mass generation rate of the substance - assumed to be a constant , i.e. not a function of time ( equal to zero for foreign substances / drugs ) ( mmol / min ) or ( mol / s ) t is dialysis time or time since injection of the substance / drug ( min ) or ( s ) V is the volume of distribution or total body water ( L ) or ( m3 ) K is the clearance ( mL / min ) or ( m3 / s ) C is the concentration ( mmol / L ) or ( mol / m3 ) ( in the United States often ( mg / mL ) ) From the above definitions it follows that d C d t ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( dC ) ( dt ) ) ) is the first derivative of concentration with respect to time , i.e. the change in concentration with time . It is derived from a mass balance . Clearance of a substance is sometimes expressed as the inverse of the time constant that describes its removal rate from the body divided by its volume of distribution ( or total body water ) . In steady - state , it is defined as the mass generation rate of a substance ( which equals the mass removal rate ) divided by its concentration in the blood . Clearance , half - life and distribution volume There is an important relationship between clearance , elimination half - life and distribution volume . The elimination rate constant of a drug Κel is equivalent to total clearance divided by the distribution volume ( Κel = Cltot / Vd ) ( note the usage of Cl and not Κ , not to confuse with Κel ) . But Κel is also equivalent to ln2 divided by elimination rate half - life t1 / 2 ( Κel = ln2t1 / 2 ) . Thus , Cltot = ln2 Vd / t1 / 2 . This means , for example , that an increase in elimination rate half - life results in an increased total clearance , provided distribution volume is constant . Derivation of these equations can be found in e.g Rang and Dale 's Pharmacology Effect of plasma protein binding ( edit ) For substances that exhibit substantial plasma protein binding , clearance is generally dependent on the total concentration ( free + protein - bound ) and not the free concentration . Most plasma substances have primarily their free concentrations regulated , which thus remains the same , so extensive protein binding increases total plasma concentration ( free + protein - bound ) . This decreases clearance compared to what would have been the case if the substance did not bind to protein . However , the mass removal rate is the same , because it depends only on concentration of free substance , and is independent on plasma protein binding , even with the fact that plasma proteins increase in concentration in the distal renal glomerulus as plasma is filtered into Bowman 's capsule , because the relative increases in concentrations of substance - protein and non-occupied protein are equal and therefore give no net binding or dissociation of substances from plasma proteins , thus giving a constant plasma concentration of free substance throughout the glomerulus , which also would have been the case without any plasma protein binding . In other sites than the kidneys , however , where clearance is made by membrane transport proteins rather than filtration , extensive plasma protein binding may increase clearance by keeping concentration of free substance fairly constant throughout the capillary bed , inhibiting a decrease in clearance caused by decreased concentration of free substance through the capillary . Derivation of equation ( edit ) Equation 1 is derived from a mass balance : Δ m b o d y = ( − m _̇ o u t + m _̇ i n + m _̇ g e n . ) Δ t ( 2 ) ( \ displaystyle \ Delta m_ ( body ) = ( - ( \ dot ( m ) ) _ ( out ) + ( \ dot ( m ) ) _ ( in ) + ( \ dot ( m ) ) _ ( gen . ) ) \ Delta t \ qquad ( 2 ) ) where : Δ t ( \ displaystyle \ Delta t ) is a period of time Δ m b o d y ( \ displaystyle \ Delta m_ ( body ) ) the change in mass of the toxin in the body during Δ t ( \ displaystyle \ Delta t ) m _̇ i n ( \ displaystyle ( \ dot ( m ) ) _ ( in ) ) is the toxin intake rate m _̇ o u t ( \ displaystyle ( \ dot ( m ) ) _ ( out ) ) is the toxin removal rate m _̇ g e n . ( \ displaystyle ( \ dot ( m ) ) _ ( gen . ) ) is the toxin generation rate In words , the above equation states : The change in the mass of a toxin within the body ( Δ m ( \ displaystyle \ Delta m ) ) during some time Δ t ( \ displaystyle \ Delta t ) is equal to the toxin intake plus the toxin generation minus the toxin removal . Since m b o d y = C ⋅ V ( 3 ) ( \ displaystyle m_ ( body ) = C \ cdot V \ qquad ( 3 ) ) and m _̇ o u t = K ⋅ C ( 4 ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ dot ( m ) ) _ ( out ) = K \ cdot C \ qquad ( 4 ) ) Equation A1 can be rewritten as : Δ ( C ⋅ V ) = ( − K ⋅ C + m _̇ i n + m _̇ g e n . ) Δ t ( 5 ) ( \ displaystyle \ Delta ( C \ cdot V ) = ( - K \ cdot C+ ( \ dot ( m ) ) _ ( in ) + ( \ dot ( m ) ) _ ( gen . ) ) \ Delta t \ qquad ( 5 ) ) If one lumps the in and gen . terms together , i.e. m _̇ = m _̇ i n + m _̇ g e n . ( \ displaystyle ( \ dot ( m ) ) = ( \ dot ( m ) ) _ ( in ) + ( \ dot ( m ) ) _ ( gen . ) ) and divides by Δ t ( \ displaystyle \ Delta t ) the result is a difference equation : Δ ( C ⋅ V ) Δ t = − K ⋅ C + m _̇ ( 6 ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( \ Delta ( C \ cdot V ) ) ( \ Delta t ) ) = - K \ cdot C+ ( \ dot ( m ) ) \ qquad ( 6 ) ) If one applies the limit Δ t → 0 ( \ displaystyle \ Delta t \ rightarrow 0 ) one obtains a differential equation : d ( C ⋅ V ) d t = − K ⋅ C + m _̇ ( 7 ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( d ( C \ cdot V ) ) ( dt ) ) = - K \ cdot C+ ( \ dot ( m ) ) \ qquad ( 7 ) ) Using the Product Rule this can be rewritten as : C d V d t + V d C d t = − K ⋅ C + m _̇ ( 8 ) ( \ displaystyle C ( \ frac ( dV ) ( dt ) ) + V ( \ frac ( dC ) ( dt ) ) = - K \ cdot C+ ( \ dot ( m ) ) \ qquad ( 8 ) ) If one assumes that the volume change is not significant , i.e. C d V d t = 0 ( \ displaystyle C ( \ frac ( dV ) ( dt ) ) = 0 ) , the result is Equation 1 : V d C d t = − K ⋅ C + m _̇ ( 1 ) ( \ displaystyle V ( \ frac ( dC ) ( dt ) ) = - K \ cdot C+ ( \ dot ( m ) ) \ qquad ( 1 ) ) Solution to the differential equation ( edit ) The general solution of the above differential equation ( 1 ) is : C = m _̇ K + ( C o − m _̇ K ) e − K ⋅ t V ( 9 ) ( \ displaystyle C = ( \ frac ( \ dot ( m ) ) ( K ) ) + \ left ( C_ ( o ) - ( \ frac ( \ dot ( m ) ) ( K ) ) \ right ) e ^ ( - ( \ frac ( K \ cdot t ) ( V ) ) ) \ qquad ( 9 ) ) Where : C is the concentration at the beginning of dialysis or the initial concentration of the substance / drug ( after it has distributed ) ( mmol / L ) or ( mol / m3 ) e is the base of the natural logarithm Steady - state solution ( edit ) The solution to the above differential equation ( 9 ) at time infinity ( steady state ) is : C ∞ = m _̇ K ( 10 a ) ( \ displaystyle C_ ( \ infty ) = ( \ frac ( \ dot ( m ) ) ( K ) ) \ qquad ( 10a ) ) The above equation ( 10a ) can be rewritten as : K = m _̇ C ∞ ( 10 b ) ( \ displaystyle K = ( \ frac ( \ dot ( m ) ) ( C_ ( \ infty ) ) ) \ qquad ( 10b ) ) The above equation ( 10b ) makes clear the relationship between mass removal and clearance . It states that ( with a constant mass generation ) the concentration and clearance vary inversely with one another . If applied to creatinine ( i.e. creatinine clearance ) , it follows from the equation that if the serum creatinine doubles the clearance halves and that if the serum creatinine quadruples the clearance is quartered . Measurement of renal clearance ( edit ) Renal clearance can be measured with a timed collection of urine and an analysis of its composition with the aid of the following equation ( which follows directly from the derivation of ( 10b ) ) : K = C U ⋅ Q C B ( 11 ) ( \ displaystyle K = ( \ frac ( C_ ( U ) \ cdot Q ) ( C_ ( B ) ) ) \ qquad ( 11 ) ) Where : K is the clearance ( mL / min ) C is the urine concentration ( mmol / L ) ( in the USA often ( mg / mL ) ) Q is the urine flow ( volume / time ) ( mL / min ) ( often ( mL / 24 h ) ) C is the plasma concentration ( mmol / L ) ( in the USA often ( mg / mL ) ) When the substance `` C '' is creatinine , an endogenous chemical that is excreted only by filtration , the calculated clearance is equivalent to the glomerular filtration rate . Inulin clearance is also used to estimate glomerular filtration rate . Note - the above equation ( 11 ) is valid only for the steady - state condition . If the substance being cleared is not at a constant plasma concentration ( i.e. not at steady - state ) K must be obtained from the ( full ) solution of the differential equation ( 9 ) . See also ( edit ) Creatinine clearance Kt / V Pharmacokinetics Renal clearance ratio Sieving coefficient Standardized Kt / V Table of medication secreted in kidney Urea reduction ratio References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : peck & hill . pharmacology for anaesthesia and intensive care . p. 65 . Jump up ^ `` Pharmacokinetics objectives '' . Pharmacology2000.com. 2006 - 12 - 27 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ Kaplan Step1 Pharmacology 2010 , page 14 Jump up ^ Seldin DW ( 2004 ) . `` The development of the clearance concept '' . J. Nephrol. 17 ( 1 ) : 166 -- 71 . PMID 15151274 . Available at : http://www.sin-italy.org/jnonline/Vol17n1/166.html . Accessed on : Sept 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Babb AL , Popovich RP , Christopher TG , Scribner BH ( 1971 ) . `` The genesis of the square meter - hour hypothesis '' . Transactions - American Society for Artificial Internal Organs. 17 : 81 -- 91 . PMID 5158139 . Jump up ^ Ritter J , Flower R , Henderson G , Rang H. Rang & Dale 's Pharmacology . 8th ed . London . Churchill Livingstone ; 2015 ^ Jump up to : Basic clinical pharmacokinetics , Page 32 : Plasma protein binding By Michael E. Winter Edition : 4 , illustrated Published by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins , 2003 ISBN 0 - 7817 - 4147 - 5 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7817 - 4147 - 7 511 pages Jump up ^ Gotch FA ( 1998 ) . `` The current place of urea kinetic modelling with respect to different dialysis modalities '' . Nephrol . Dial . Transplant. 13 Suppl 6 ( 90006 ) : 10 -- 4 . doi : 10.1093 / ndt / 13. suppl_6. 10 . PMID 9719197 . Full Text Jump up ^ Gotch FA , Sargent JA , Keen ML ( 2000 ) . `` Whither goest Kt / V ? '' . Kidney Int . Suppl. 76 : S3 -- 18 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1523 - 1755.2000. 07602. x . PMID 10936795 . Further reading ( edit ) Also , for clearance via bile please see : Estimation of Biliary Excretion of Foreign Compounds Using Properties of Molecular Structure . 2014 . Sharifi M. , Ghafourian T. AAPS J. 16 ( 1 ) 65 - 78 . Physiology of the kidneys and acid - base physiology Renal function Secretion clearance Pharmacokinetics Clearance of medications Urine flow rate Reabsorption Solvent drag sodium chloride urea glucose oligopeptides protein Renal function Glomerular filtration rate Creatinine clearance Renal clearance ratio Urea reduction ratio Kt / V Standardized Kt / V Measures of dialysis Hemodialysis product PAH clearance ( Effective renal plasma flow Extraction ratio ) Filtration Renal blood flow Ultrafiltration Countercurrent exchange Filtration fraction Hormones Antidiuretic hormone Aldosterone Atrial natriuretic peptide Renin Erythropoietin Calcitriol Prostaglandins Acid - base balance Fluid balance Darrow Yannet diagram Body water : Intracellular fluid / Cytosol Extracellular fluid ( Interstitial fluid Plasma Transcellular fluid ) Base excess Davenport diagram Anion gap Arterial blood gas Winters ' formula Buffering Bicarbonate buffer system Respiratory compensation Renal compensation Other Fractional sodium excretion BUN - to - creatinine ratio Tubuloglomerular feedback Natriuresis Urine Concepts in pharmacology Pharmacokinetics ( L ) ADME : ( Liberation ) Absorption Distribution Metabolism Excretion ( Clearance ) Loading dose Volume of distribution ( Initial ) Rate of infusion Compartment Bioequivalence Bioavailability Onset of action Biological half - life Plasma protein binding Pharmacodynamics Mechanism of action Mode of action Toxicity ( Neurotoxicology ) Dose -- response relationship ( Efficacy , Potency ) Therapeutic index ( Median lethal dose , Effective dose ) Antimicrobial pharmacodynamics : Minimum inhibitory concentration ( Bacteriostatic ) Minimum bactericidal concentration ( Bactericide ) Agonism and antagonism Agonist : Inverse agonist Irreversible agonist Partial agonist Superagonist Physiological agonist Antagonist : Competitive antagonist Irreversible antagonist Physiological antagonist Other : Binding Affinity Binding selectivity Functional selectivity Other Drug tolerance : Tachyphylaxis Drug resistance : Antibiotic resistance Multiple drug resistance Drug discovery strategies Classical pharmacology Reverse pharmacology Related fields / subfields Pharmacogenetics Pharmacogenomics Neuropsychopharmacology ( Neuropharmacology , Psychopharmacology ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clearance_(pharmacology)&oldid=841185895 '' Categories : Nephrology Pharmacokinetics Temporal rates Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 May 2018 , at 14 : 34 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how to calculate the clearance of a drug | [
"The total body clearance will be equal to the renal clearance + hepatic clearance + lung clearance. Although for many drugs the clearance is simply considered as the renal excretion ability, that is, the rate at which waste substances are cleared from the blood by the kidney. In these cases clearance is almost synonymous with renal clearance or renal plasma clearance. Each substance has a specific clearance that depends on its filtration characteristics. Clearance is a function of glomerular filtration, secretion from the peritubular capillaries to the nephron, and re-absorption from the nephron back to the peritubular capillaries. Clearance is variable in zero-order kinetics because a constant amount of the drug is eliminated per unit time, but it is constant in first-order kinetics, because the amount of drug eliminated per unit time changes with the concentration of drug in the blood.[2][3] The concept of clearance was described by Thomas Addis, a graduate of the University of Edinburgh Medical School.\n"
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"equal to the renal clearance + hepatic clearance + lung clearance"
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2952193669006143253 | List of American Horror Story: Coven characters | List of American Horror Story : Coven characters - wikipedia List of American Horror Story : Coven characters Jump to : navigation , search American Horror Story : Coven is the third season of the FX horror anthology series American Horror Story . The season focuses on the oppression and marginalization of witches , who resides in present - day New Orleans , as they try to combat organized efforts to destroy them posed by shell corporations and a racially charged Voodoo tribe . But while the witches learn to harness their supernatural powers , they learn their biggest threat comes from within the coven in the form of a greedy Supreme Witch , who enlists the help of barbaric serial killers to locate the rising Supreme and kill her so she may remain in power forever . Veteran cast members include Sarah Paulson , Taissa Farmiga , Jessica Lange , Evan Peters , Lily Rabe , Denis O'Hare , and Frances Conroy , while Emma Roberts and Kathy Bates made their debuts . Special guest stars who made appearances include Gabourey Sidibe , Angela Bassett , Danny Huston , and Patti LuPone . Recurring appearances by veteran cast members were made by Jamie Brewer , Alexandra Breckenridge , and Robin Bartlett . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast members 1.1 Main 1.2 Special guest stars 1.3 Recurring 1.4 Guest 2 Characters 2.1 Main characters 2.1. 1 Cordelia Foxx 2.1. 2 Zoe Benson 2.1. 3 Myrtle Snow 2.1. 4 Kyle Spencer 2.1. 5 Misty Day 2.1. 6 Madison Montgomery 2.1. 7 Spalding 2.1. 8 Delphine LaLaurie 2.1. 9 Fiona Goode 2.2 Supporting characters 2.3 Minor characters Cast members ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Sarah Paulson as Cordelia Foxx Taissa Farmiga as Zoe Benson Frances Conroy as Myrtle Snow Evan Peters as Kyle Spencer Lily Rabe as Misty Day Emma Roberts as Madison Montgomery Denis O'Hare as Spalding Kathy Bates as Delphine LaLaurie Jessica Lange as Fiona Goode Special guest stars ( edit ) Angela Bassett as Marie Laveau Gabourey Sidibe as Queenie Danny Huston as the Axeman Patti LuPone as Joan Ramsey Stevie Nicks as herself Recurring ( edit ) Jamie Brewer as Nan Josh Hamilton as Hank Foxx Alexander Dreymon as Luke Ramsey Lance Reddick as Papa Legba Michael Cristofer as Harrison Renard Leslie Jordan as Quentin Fleming Robin Bartlett as Cecily Pembroke Christine Ebersole as Anna - Lee Leighton Alexandra Breckenridge as Kaylee Mare Winningham as Alicia Spencer Grey Damon as Brener Ian Anthony Dale as Dr. David Zhong Lance E. Nichols as Detective Sanchez Grace Gummer as Millie Andrew Leeds as Dr. Dunphy Gavin Stenhouse as Billy P.J. Boudousqué as Jimmy Kyle Secor as Bill Guest ( edit ) Ameer Baraka as Minotaur Dana Gourrier as Chantal Raeden Greer as Pauline LaLaurie Jennifer Lynn Warren as Borquita LaLaurie Ashlynn Ross as Marie Jeanne LaLaurie Scott Michael Jefferson as Louis LaLaurie James DuMont as Dr. Morrison Characters ( edit ) Main characters ( edit ) Cordelia Foxx ( edit ) Cordelia Foxx ( portrayed by Sarah Paulson ) is the `` disappointing '' and infertile daughter of the current Supreme , Fiona Goode , and the practical headmistress of Miss Robichaux 's Academy . She is protective of her students , content with her role , and prefers to settle conflict in a peaceful manner , opposing her mother 's beliefs . However , Cordelia never backs down from doing what is best for the Coven and her students , even when that means attempting to murder her own mother , or committing self - mutilation . In `` Fearful Pranks Ensue '' , an unknown assailant throws sulphuric acid on her face when she is in a restaurant bathroom and Cordelia is blinded . As a result , Cordelia develops the gift of Second Sight , which enables her to receive visions of the past and future . This new power leads her to discover her husband Hank 's infidelity , as well as the other dark secrets of Coven members . Growing in confidence from this ability and her mother 's ever - weakening state , Cordelia begins to develop other powers and takes a more assertive leadership role when freed from her mother 's shadow . Cordelia is talented at mixing potions due to her proficiency and knowledge of botany and magical plants . Cordelia 's relationship with Fiona is complicated and contentious , and Cordelia considers Myrtle Snow , whom Cordelia calls `` Auntie Myrtle '' , her substitute mother and role model . Her personal hell is pathetically begging for her mother 's approval and being slapped for it on eternal loop . Cordelia assumes the title of Supreme after completing the 7 Wonders on the urging of Myrtle , the resulting surge of energy healing her wounded eyes . For her performance , Paulson was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie . Zoe Benson ( edit ) Zoe Benson ( portrayed by Taissa Farmiga ) is a shy , young girl who discovers she is a witch in `` Bitchcraft '' , when she accidentally kills her boyfriend Charlie by causing him to have a severe brain aneurysm and subsequently dying when they have sex for the first time . She is then sent to Miss Robichaux 's Academy by her mother , who knew of her family 's genetic affliction and is afraid of Zoe 's power . Zoe accompanies Madison Montgomery to a college party where she meets and falls in love at first sight with Kyle Spencer , a university student -- however , Kyle is murdered by Madison that same night . Obsessed and depressed with Kyle 's death , Zoe brings about his eventual resurrection . With Kyle 's support , Zoe quickly becomes a more assertive witch and a strong contender for the next Supreme , growing from the nervous , innocent and frightened young witch into a woman willing to kill for her sister witches and the Coven . Zoe often acts as a leader and is an influence on the other students , encouraging them to act as a united team -- though she frequently comes into conflict with Madison . Unlike the other students , she is also very proficient at casting spells . In `` Burn , Witch . Burn ! '' , she demonstrates her power when she breaks a strong curse placed on the undead by voodoo priestess Marie Laveau . She also develops undefined intuitive abilities and several other powers . Her strong - willed naiveté often leads her into trouble , such as when she unwittingly revives the Axeman . Her personal version of hell is Kyle continuously breaking up with her and saying he no longer loves her . Myrtle Snow ( edit ) Myrtle Snow ( portrayed by Frances Conroy as old Myrtle , Michelle Page as young Myrtle ) is the eccentric head of the Witches ' Council with shocking orange hair . Though she adores Fiona 's daughter Cordelia as her own , Myrtle holds a lifelong grudge against Fiona , whom she ( correctly ) believes murdered the previous Supreme while the two were together at school , and makes frequent attempts to denounce or overthrow her . Fiona , in turn , scape - goats , frames , and eventually ( ineffectually ) burns Myrtle at the stake . Myrtle is a graduate and former headmistress of Miss Robichaux 's Academy . Myrtle is a Guardian of Veracity in the Vernacular , which means she has the ability to know when the truth is being told and can detect lies . She can enchant others so they will utter nothing but the truth , and she is also seen using telekinesis , which is her favorite of the powers that she possesses . Myrtle also has the power of transmutation ( teleportation ) and uses it frequently , disappearing and reappearing throughout the Academy . Myrtle is a traveled gourmand who adores exquisite food , haute couture , jewelry , romance , and associating with fashion designers . Fiercely loyal to the Coven as a whole ( though this does not stop her from gleefully murdering the remaining members of the Witches ' Council ) and to Cordelia , Myrtle wants what is best for their future and believes Misty Day or Zoe to be the strongest candidates for future Supreme . Myrtle 's last word before her second and final death is `` Balenciaga '' . For her performance , Conroy was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie . Kyle Spencer ( edit ) Kyle Spencer ( portrayed by Evan Peters ) is a cheerful college student on a scholarship , and the leader of his fraternity . He falls in love with Zoe at first sight . The victim of extensive sexual abuse , Kyle worked hard to earn a scholarship and escape poverty for college , and Kyle 's dream was to become a civil engineer and ensure a catastrophe like Hurricane Katrina would never happen again . He is killed at the beginning of the season , when Madison flips over a bus he is riding in . He is later revived in the morgue using a spell cast by Zoe and Madison , after his severed head is attached to various body parts from other victims of the crash . He suffers severe drawbacks after his resurrection -- such as rarely being able to speak , suffering fits of murderous rage , and often being confused , as a child would be . Kyle enters into a menage - a-trois relationship with Zoe and Madison , and becomes the `` guard dog '' of the Coven . Kyle chooses Zoe exclusively once he fully regains his mental abilities . Eventually , Kyle becomes the new butler of the Academy , taking over Spalding 's role . Misty Day ( edit ) Misty Day ( portrayed by Lily Rabe ) is a young witch who is not associated with a Coven of her own . She was discovered as a witch after being ostracized and burned alive by her Pentecostal community for exhibiting the extremely rare `` gift of resurgence '' ( the ability to fully resurrect the long dead , as opposed to the Seven Wonders ' vitalum vitalis , which merely balances life forces between the healthy witch performing it , and the ill / just dead receiver ) . Her death made the news and Misty was thought to be dead , but she mysteriously revived herself and spends her time alone walking through the swamps . She is a lonely woman who is obsessed with Stevie Nicks , believing her to be a kindred spirit and a white witch . Misty is kind , despises killing , and is desperate to find a place where she 'll belong as family , though she is reluctant at first to become the next Supreme everyone assumes she will be . She helps heal Kyle 's body after Zoe and Madison revive him with a spell , and also ends up using her healing powers to revive Myrtle Snow after Myrtle is burned at the stake . Her powers seem limited based on the amount of time the body has been dead , as observed in `` The Axeman Cometh '' , when she struggles to revive Madison , who had been dead for weeks . She has also shown minor abilities controlling animals , such as making the alligators attack the poachers and also calling animals away from Myrtle 's charred body . Misty has demonstrated telekinetic abilities and has also been observed manifesting in other areas at will , potentially demonstrating teleportation ability . Misty 's personal hell is a memory from her school days , where she revives a dead frog meant for dissection in order to save it , only to be forced to murder it herself as she screams and her classmates laugh at her , and then , when she revives it again , the murder and laughter repeat . Misty perishes when she can not escape her personal hell within the allotted time , her body reduced to ash in the physical world . Madison Montgomery ( edit ) Madison Montgomery ( portrayed by Emma Roberts ) is a young Hollywood star who makes $7 million a picture . She finds out that she 's a witch after using her unknown Telekinesis to murder her director who annoyed and mistreated her . She had been in and out of rehab for many years and was the sole support of her parasitic family from a very young age . In `` Bitchcraft '' after being drugged and gang raped by the frat boys who film the event , Madison uses her power to flip the frat boy bus in revenge , killing Kyle . She forges a bond with Zoe , who uses her power to kill the surviving ring leader . The two then revive Kyle amateurishly . Madison craves popularity and fashion and proves herself to be the next Supreme after setting the curtains on fire at new neighbour Luke Ramsey ( Alexander Dreymon ) house , displaying a new power in `` The Replacements '' causing Fiona to kill Madison in the exact spot where Fiona killed Anna - Lee Leighton back in 1971 so that Fiona 's chances to stay the Supreme are more likely , regardless of her battle with cancer . She communicates with the girls using a ouija board and is hidden inside Spalding 's room . Misty revives her , but she can not feel any pain or sensation and after her resurrection due to the amount of time she was dead . She begins a love triangle with Kyle and Zoe and becomes more desperate for the throne . In the Seven Wonders , Madison refuses to revive a killed Zoe and fails to complete a challenge causing her to storm out , threatening to reveal the Coven 's secrets to the rest of the world . While packing to leave , Kyle chokes Madison to death for refusing to resurrect Zoe . Spalding ( edit ) Spalding ( portrayed by Denis O'Hare ) is the butler of the Academy . He has been mute since 1971 when he cut off his own tongue to prevent the Witches ' Council from finding out the truth about Anna - Lee 's murder . He has been in unrequited love with Fiona for many years . Spalding is fond of tea parties and has an extensive doll collection that he plays with while dressing in a woman 's nightgown . He adds Madison 's body to his collection . He later is interrogated by Zoe , Nan and Queenie about Madison 's murder , claiming he was responsible , though Zoe is skeptical . Later , Zoe recites an incantation , enchanting Spalding 's tongue and returning it to his mouth . He admits that Fiona was responsible for murdering Madison , due to his tongue being enchanted to tell the truth , and Zoe stabs Spalding in the chest , killing him . After his death , he remains in the Academy as a ghost , and , along with LaLaurie , is responsible for the death of Marie Laveau . He then acts as a mentor to Kyle as the new butler , saying that they are `` the help '' . Delphine LaLaurie ( edit ) Delphine LaLaurie ( portrayed by Kathy Bates ) is based on the true - life New Orleans socialite from the 1830s , infamous for killing and torturing her slaves . To punish Delphine for disfiguring the houseboy , Bastien , the voodoo priestess Marie Laveau tricks Delphine into drinking a potion of eternal life and buries her alive . Delphine is re-discovered by Nan and a war rekindles between the voodoo tribe and the witches when Fiona digs Delphine up and houses her to use as a bargaining chip against Laveau . Delphine is immortal because of Marie Laveau 's potion and can not die . Delphine is a complex , dualistic character , at once pitiable and monstrous . Arrogant and proud , she 's also practical and willing to get her hands dirty . She truly loves her family , but is willing to torture them to keep them from disobeying her . In the Academy , Delphine is required to be Queenie 's slave and the two form a tentatively fond relationship . Queenie 's betrayal smashes Delphine 's trust and inclinations to attempt atonement for her racist ways , and Delphine again takes up her murderous hobbies when tempted . Delphine longs for death , but her personal hell is being locked in a cage in her torture attic , just out of reach of her daughters , and forced to watch her African - American enemy torture her children in front of her , without being able to help . For her performance , Bates was nominated for the Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress on Television and the Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actress -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film , and won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie . Fiona Goode ( edit ) Fiona Goode ( portrayed by Jessica Lange as adult Fiona , Riley Voelkel as teen Fiona ) is the Supreme witch of her generation , the leader of the Salem witch descendants . She lives a glamorous life of luxury in Los Angeles . She returns to Miss Robichaux 's Academy after the murder of Misty Day with the intention of teaching the young witches to fight , and reconciling with her estranged daughter Cordelia . She yearns for eternal life and looks for any way to get it . Fiona , being the Supreme , embodies countless magical abilities including , but not limited to , telekinesis , pyrokinesis , vitalum vitalis , clairvoyance , concilium , descensum , resurgence , divination , and transmutation . As the Supreme , Fiona has mastered the Seven Wonders , seven magical abilities that signify a witch as the Supreme . Fiona grows terribly ill and develops terminal cancer due to a new Supreme rising within the Coven . She tries at all costs to regain her youth . At first , she attempts to obtain immortality by seeking it from an immortal voodoo priestess Marie Laveau . After failing miserably , she believes the only way to stay alive is to kill the emerging Supreme . She murders several of the students , but still continues to grow weaker . Fiona conspires with the Axeman and fakes her own death by implanting a false vision inside him , revealing that he murdered her . Fiona returns to the Academy to kill the new Supreme -- however , after realizing her daughter has taken her position , Fiona renounces her self - serving , murderous intentions and dies of her cancer . In her own personal hell , Fiona is bound to live in a shack with the Axeman for all eternity . For her performance , Lange was nominated for the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series , the Satellite Award for Best Actress -- Miniseries or Television Film , the Saturn Award for Best Actress on Television , the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress -- Miniseries or Television Film and won the Dorian Award for Best TV Performance of the Year -- Actress and the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie . Supporting characters ( edit ) Marie Laveau ( portrayed by Angela Bassett ) is the mighty high priestess of voodoo magic . The voodoo practitioners are one of the main adversaries of the Salem witches . She is unforgiving to those who wish to hurt her people . Marie is centuries old and alive in the present , owning a hairdressing salon called Cornrow City in the 9th Ward . She claims that the American Salem witches and their descendants were given their powers as a gift from the slave woman , Tituba , before the Salem Witch Trials . She previously signed a truce with then - Supreme Anna - Lee Leighton in the 1970s , but considers Fiona Goode to be her sworn enemy . She later considers the truce to have been broken upon the killing of her lover , Bastien . She sends Bastien to attack the Academy and after his death , her undead army . It is revealed in the fifth episode that she had broken the truce many years ago , hiring the witch hunter Hank to rid the world of Salem descendants . Marie is a powerful voodoo queen , adept at performing rituals of fertility , creating potions granting eternal life and mind control , using the power of transmutation , levitation , and necromancy . Marie is also the only voodooienne to survive Hank 's massacre and subsequently seeks sanctuary amongst the witches of the Coven . She later reveals her longevity is the result of selling her soul to Papa Legba , a spiritual entity who serves as gatekeeper of sorts between worlds . In exchange for her eternal life , she must offer him a yearly sacrifice : the soul of an innocent child . After forming an unlikely alliance with Fiona Goode , the two launch a devastating attack on the witch hunter organization , ridding themselves of the threat once and for all . Marie is later attacked and dismembered by Delphine LaLaurie and her body parts are scattered across New Orleans . Unable to fulfil her repayments to Papa Legba , their contract is rendered void and the centuries - old voodoo priestess finally dies . She comes to her senses in a hellish afterlife , where she is instructed to torment the recently deceased Madame LaLaurie for all of eternity . At first she relishes the position , but when forced to torture the innocent LaLaurie daughters while their mother looks on she finds herself no better than her cruel nemesis . For her performance , Bassett was nominated for the NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Television Movie , Mini-Series or Dramatic Special , and the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie . Queenie ( portrayed by Gabourey Sidibe ) is a young inner - city witch who grew up in the foster system in Detroit , where she worked at a fast food restaurant . She is a descendant of Tituba , one of the first witches accused of practicing witchcraft during the Salem witch trials . She is a student at the Academy and is described as a human voodoo doll thanks to her ability to transfer pain and injuries inflicted on herself onto anyone else without actual harm coming to herself . Queenie proves a special case as it is speculated that she has voodoo and Salem blood running through her , and she is as much a Salem witch as well as a voodoo priestess . In the third episode , she is attacked by Bastien , and later dies from her internal injuries . Luckily , Fiona revives her . After Fiona forces Madame LaLaurie to be her personal slave , they form an unlikely friendship despite Delphine 's racist tendencies . Queenie puts in a large effort to help Delphine overcome her bigotry and atone for her crimes . However , after LaLaurie tells Queenie that the other witches do not truly see her as their friend , she turns on the Salem witches , and turns over LaLaurie to Marie Laveau . Then , having left the Academy , she works at Cornrow City as a receptionist and voodoo assistant , helping Marie with various rituals . She is shot by Hank during the voodoo massacre , however she survives and manages to kill Hank by shooting herself in the mouth . It is later revealed that Queenie survived her wounds , demonstrating a complete resilience to the witch hunter 's silver bullets . Her powers have subsequently flourished , and she demonstrates the ability to descend spiritually into the afterlife and return again and deploys potent telekinetic abilities in saving Misty Day from her entombment and later again during the Axeman 's assault on the Coven . In the season finale , Queenie , along with Zoe , is appointed the position of Council member by the new Supreme , Cordelia . Queenie makes a return appearance in American Horror Story : Hotel , and checks into the Hotel Cortez while staying in Los Angeles to attend a taping of The Price Is Right . Queenie finds herself attacked by vampire Ramona Royale and overwhelms her before being mortally wounded by James Patrick March , whose incorporeal existence is unaffected by her voodoo powers . This allowed Ramona Royale to drink her blood . For her performance in Coven , Sidibe was nominated for the NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Television Movie , Mini-Series or Dramatic Special . Nan ( portrayed by Jamie Brewer ) is a young witch who is a student at the Academy and is sometimes underestimated and dismissed by her peers as she is perceived to be less socially sophisticated and quick - thinking than they are -- though in fact , she often picks up on things quicker than the other students , and people sometimes warm to her more quickly than the others . She has the ability of clairvoyance . She has a crush on the Academy 's new next door neighbor , Luke . She found , or `` heard '' Delphine 's thoughts from underneath her old estate . She assists in Zoe 's interrogation with Spalding , since she is the only one who can actually hear him since his tongue has been cut off . Nan is a telepathic witch . She can read the minds of others and also see various details of their lives , and is hinted to possess precognitive and retrocognitive abilities . She refers to her mindreading as `` hearing '' , as when the undead army invaded she could n't `` hear them '' . She gives details that she is quite promiscuous and has had a lot of sexual relations with many boys . Nan falls for the neighbor , Luke Ramsey , but her chances of happiness are routinely dashed by the interferences of her fellow witches and Luke 's unstable mother , Joan -- though Luke himself is quite charmed by her , clearly preferring her to Madison . When Luke is near - fatally shot in an attack by Hank , Nan uses her telepathic abilities to allow Luke and his mother to communicate , but at the same time uncovers Joan 's murderous past . Joan later smothers a comatose Luke to keep her secrets buried and cremates his remains . When Nan finds out that Luke is dead and there is no chance of a resurrection , she demonstrates previously unseen telekinetic and mind control abilities , forcing Joan to consume a fatal quantity of bleach and leaves her dead on her own kitchen floor . Nan later approaches Marie Laveau after finding a planned child sacrifice crying in a cupboard and exchanges heated words with both the voodoo priestess and Fiona Goode . Later that evening , Nan is drowned by Marie and Fiona in a bathtub as an offering for Papa Legba . The sacrifice is grudgingly accepted and Nan 's spirit happily goes into the afterlife with Legba , having had enough of the mortal coil . Joan Ramsey ( portrayed by Patti LuPone ) is a fundamentalist Christian , who moves next door to the Academy with her son , Luke . In `` The Replacements '' , Madison and Nan visit her home in an attempt to seduce Luke . Joan then forces them to leave after Madison uses her telekinesis to send a knife flying at her , after which Madison sets her curtains on fire . Later that night , Joan confronts Fiona and warns Fiona of the consequences if the girls ever set foot on her property again . She is shot multiple times by witch hunters , but is revived by necromancer Misty Day . It is later revealed that she murdered her husband after he cheated on her . Joan is later killed by Nan , who uses the power of concilium to make Joan drink bleach . Luke Ramsey ( portrayed by Alexander Dreymon ) is the son of Joan , who moves next door to the Academy . He quickly attracts the young witches and is conflicted due to his religious background . In `` Burn , Witch . Burn ! '' , he comes to the Academy to gift Nan with some cookies in return for the cake , but is later locked in when Marie Laveau 's undead attack . He thinks it as a prank so he goes out to coerce them to leave , but one manages to stab him in the back with a pickaxe and Nan comes outside to help him . The next day , it is mentioned that he is in Nan 's room recovering . He is shot in the head by witch hunters , but survives and is hospitalized in a coma . During his coma , he is able to talk to both God and Nan . Joan later suffocates him with a pillow after he discovers she murdered his father . Hank Foxx ( né Henry Renard ) ( portrayed by Josh Hamilton ) is Cordelia 's supporting husband . He is a contractor and has opposing beliefs to Fiona on his wife 's best interests . In reality , he is a witch hunter hired by Marie Laveau , who has killed over nine Salem descendants in the last 3 years , including the pyrokinetic witch , Kaylee . Marie later threatens to kill Hank as he has n't managed to clear the Academy of all its students and staff . He works under a witch hunting company known as the Delphi Trust , with his father being the CEO , though he has a constrained relationship with his father and is only delegated the task of gathering intelligence . He turns on the voodoo witches and conducts a shooting at Cornrow City . However , he is killed when Queenie shoots herself in the mouth , transferring her injuries onto him . The Axeman ( Joe ) ( portrayed by Danny Huston ) is a serial killer . He was given the moniker due to his weapon of choice . In 1919 , he was lured into Miss Robichaux 's Academy and killed by the Coven to stop his reign of terror . His spirit is discovered and brought between worlds by Zoe in the present day when she uses a ouija board to locate Madison . After threatening Cordelia , his spirit is released from the Academy by Zoe , and he locates Fiona in a bar . Fiona conspires to fake her own death with the Axeman by implanting him with a vision that he killed her . The Axeman is later killed by Zoe , Queenie , Madison and Misty who stab him to death in the same manner that he died in 1919 . He appears in Fiona 's personal Hell for all eternity . For his performance , Huston was nominated for the Saturn Award for Best Guest Star in a Television Series . Papa Legba ( portrayed by Lance Reddick ) is a god of lore from the Haitian and New Orleans voodoo traditions . He is the gatekeeper of the spirit world as well as the god of travel , opportunity and luck . In `` The Magical Delights of Stevie Nicks '' , Marie Laveau reveals the source of her immortality to Fiona Goode : `` To sell the soul to Papa Legba , an ancient voodoo spirit , and obey his commands no matter what once a year . '' In Marie 's case , this is to present to him the life of an innocent , which started with her own baby centuries ago . He is later summoned by Fiona , who offers her soul in exchange for eternal youth , willing to do anything for it . Papa Legba turns down the offer as he claims she has `` no soul to give . '' Afterwards , Marie and Fiona decide to get rid of Nan and offer her as sacrifice to Papa Legba , after drowning her in the bathtub . He reluctantly accepts the substitute for the newborn baby and warns Marie and Fiona of being `` trouble '' together . In `` Go to Hell '' , Delphine LaLaurie hacks up Marie 's body so that Marie can no longer honor her agreement with Legba . Queenie , after returning from her personal Hell , convinces Papa Legba to take away Marie Laveau and , as a result , LaLaurie 's immortality . Cecily Pembroke ( portrayed by Robin Bartlett ) is the secretary of the Witches ' Council . She is seen as very reserved and old fashioned , using a typewriter . Quentin mentions she has no charisma . It is unknown what Salem abilities she possesses as a witch . She and Quentin agree on burning Myrtle at the stake for the alleged blinding of Cordelia . After being resurrected , Myrtle murders her as revenge , claiming Pembroke had merely used the blinding as an excuse and had always wanted her gone in order to take control of the Council , and uses her eyes to give Cordelia her sight back . Quentin Fleming ( portrayed by Leslie Jordan ) is a member of the Witches ' Council , Fiona helped make him a best - selling author . He is very flamboyant and sassy , making him a polar opposite of his fellow Council member Cecily Pembroke . He is also revealed to be an alcoholic with a penchant for rent boys . Myrtle murders him , along with Cecily , as revenge . One of his eyes is then used to give Cordelia her sight back . Chantal ( portrayed by Dana Gourrier ) is a young salon stylist for Marie at Cornrow City and a voodoo practitioner , assisting Marie in her various voodoo rituals and spells . She attempts to stop Marie from reigniting the conflict between the voodoo witches and Salem witches , but ultimately agrees on helping her . Marie mentions that she 's quite young , saying that she was n't even born when the voodoo practitioners and Salem witches were at war . She is shown working as a receptionist and hair stylist for the salon . Chantal 's voodoo capability is unknown , but she is shown overseeing and helping in the rituals such as the voodoo fertility spell and assisting in Marie 's necromancy spell to raise her undead army . She is the second member of Marie 's tribe to be shot in Hank 's massacre , presumably to death . Minor characters ( edit ) Alicia Spencer ( portrayed by Mare Winningham ) is Kyle 's `` 9th ward white - trash '' mother . Raising Kyle as single mom , the flaky and abased Alicia became unhealthily dependent upon her young son for support by needing him to assume all of the adult `` man of the house '' responsibilities and take care of her , as well as sexually abusing him . She is suicidal and clingy after the death of her son , and Kyle kills her after his resurrection . Anna - Lee Leighton ( portrayed by Christine Ebersole ) is the previous generation 's Supreme witch . She is portrayed as a competent , strong , and fair Supreme . As a Supreme , she was vital in forging the truce with Marie Laveau , ending a decades - long war between Voodoos and Witches . Anna - Lee felt Fiona would be a selfish and disastrous Supreme , and vowed not to allow Fiona to assume the mantle of Supreme . She is killed by Fiona in 1971 for her position , her body is never found , and her death is blamed on the Voodoos . It is unknown what specific abilities Anna - Lee had , but it is mentioned that she could perform all Seven Wonders , so it is speculated she was a very powerful witch . Archibald `` Archie '' Brener ( portrayed by Grey Damon ) is one of Kyle 's frat brothers . He , along with some of his other friends , drug and gang rape Madison at a party after Madison rebuffs them . He is then later heavily injured when she flips their bus . Zoe comes to the hospital to see if Kyle is still alive , but sees it is Brener who survived and not Kyle . In turn , Zoe begins to fondle him and rapes him , killing him with her abilities to inflict a brain aneurysm . Bastien / Minotaur ( portrayed by Ameer Baraka ) is one of Madame LaLaurie 's slaves . He was tortured in 1834 for allegedly attempting to seduce LaLaurie 's daughter , Pauline , and had a bull 's head put onto his body . He was also Marie Laveau 's lover . He survived to the present day using her magic and was sent by Laveau to attack the Academy , injuring Queenie . He was stopped by Fiona , who sent his head back to Laveau in a box . As a Minotaur , Bastien possessed enhanced strength . Dr. Morrison ( portrayed by James DuMont ) is Cordelia 's general physician , he tells Cordelia that the fertility drugs he has prescribed her have not worked . In `` The Replacements '' , he reveals that Cordelia is completely infertile . Dr. David Zhong ( portrayed by Ian Anthony Dale ) is a top of the line biochemist who has developed a youth serum over the years . In `` Bitchcraft '' , after he refuses to give Fiona an unlimited supply of the serum , she sucks the life out of him and kills him . Harrison Renard ( portrayed by Michael Cristofer ) is Hank 's father and head of the Delphi Trust , a brotherhood organization created centuries ago to rid the world of witchcraft and voodoo . He is fond of his son , but finds and treats him as incompetent . Harrison bears the scars of Hank 's first hunt ; when the boy flinched with completing his duty , Harrison was forced to step in and complete the hunt for his son , his arm horribly burned in the process . Harrison is a greedy man , willing to ally with the witches to save his lucrative business and to use his son as a pawn for information . He is killed by Fiona , who slices his neck with an axe . Helen ( portrayed by Lyndsay Kimball ) was a student at the Academy , a few years older than Fiona . She bullied many of the younger witches , particularly Fiona . In a flashback , it shows the Axeman collapsed a bookcase on her after she forced Fiona to spill milk on herself . She is shown to display basic telekinetic abilities . Cora ( portrayed by Tonea Stewart ) is a salon hairdresser who works at Cornrow City . Although she was optimistic about the civil rights movement , her son was unfortunately lynched for being registered to an integrated white school in 1961 . In the present time , she is seen again being pampered by Marie Laveau for the Mayor 's Annual Halloween Ball . It is unknown if she was killed or present at the voodoo massacre . Chinwe ( portrayed by Philip Fornah ) is one of Marie 's cohorts . He is always seen close to Marie , possibly a bodyguard , as when Fiona sets her wigs on fire , he and another man put them out . He breaks into Hank 's hotel room in the midseason finale to give Hank Marie 's warning . Later on , he is the first person shot down by Hank in his massacre against Marie 's voodoo tribe . Gummy ( portrayed by Darcel Moreno ) is one of Marie 's cohorts and also salon stylists . She regularly takes over for Marie whilst she tends to other matters . In the midseason finale , after Hank shoots down Chinwe and Chantal , she attempts to attack Hank with a small machete but is shot down violently . Kaylee ( portrayed by Alexandra Breckenridge ) is a woman whom Hank Foxx seduces , targets , and kills after learning she is a witch . She previously rejected Cordelia 's offer to stay at the Academy , opting to repress her abilities while desperate to live a normal life and gain a family . Kaylee was shown with the ability of pyrokinesis , as Cordelia mentions she was involved in two arson incidents , and is shown setting fire to her fiancé in `` The Axeman Cometh '' . Marie - Louise Pauline `` Pauline '' LaLaurie ( portrayed by Ashlynn Ross ) is Delphine 's youngest daughter . In `` Bitchcraft '' , she had sexual relations with Bastien , which in turn caused her to be severely punished by her mother . She is lynched along with her sisters and father . Marie - Louise Jeanne `` Jeanne '' LaLaurie ( portrayed by Raeden Greer ) pleads to her mother after being locked up in the basement . Marie - Delphine Lopez `` Borquita '' LaLaurie ( portrayed by Jennifer Lynn Warren ) is Delphine 's eldest and most favored daughter . She reluctantly assists her mother with collecting the ingredients for her mother 's beauty treatments . After her mother causes one of her suitors to run away in fear of her `` Chamber of Horrors '' , she rounds up her sisters and plots to kill their mother . Unfortunately , their mother overhears and locks them up in the attic with the other tortured slaves . It is mentioned that they would be locked down there for one year and that Borquita , for being the ringleader , would have her mouth stuffed with feces on Christmas Day . Louis LaLaurie ( portrayed by Scott Jefferson ) is Madame Delphine LaLaurie 's husband . He is aware and complicit in his wife 's torturing of their slaves and children . His constant affairs are a few of the reasons for Delphine 's obsession with making beauty salves from human pancreases , and his wife 's desire to end Louis ' philandering once and for all is what lead her to drinking Marie Laveau 's potion of immortality . Louis was lynched along with his daughters after Marie captured Delphine . Stevie Nicks plays herself and makes her first appearance on the show in the episode `` The Magical Delights of Stevie Nicks '' . She is Misty 's idol , and when Misty first meets her , she faints . Nicks , who has been nicknamed the `` White Witch '' , is an actual witch in the series , and an acquaintance of Fiona Goode . Nicks plays two songs on the piano during the episode : `` Rhiannon '' and `` Has Anyone Ever Written Anything for You ? '' . She also appears in the season finale `` The Seven Wonders '' and opens the episode with the Fleetwood Mac song `` Seven Wonders '' , after which she wishes the girls good luck before they perform the Seven Wonders test . Millie ( portrayed by Grace Gummer ) is a witch who attended the Academy in 1919 and organized the attack on the Axeman . She is observed as the leader of the girls . She reads out an excerpt from a letter that was infamously written by him in real life . She gives her fellow fearful sisters a speech about being not only powerful Salem descendants , but also suffragettes and that they will not be afraid of him in their own home . Millie has the power of teleportation and , with the use of Tarot cards , stabs the Axeman with her fellow Coven sisters . Nora Benson ( portrayed by Arabella Field ) is Zoe 's mother who knew of her family 's genetic affliction to Salem , as her grandmother was also a witch . Winifred ( portrayed by Molly Conarro ) is a witch who attended the Academy in 1919 . She wears glasses and is well spoken . She asks Millie in relation to the Axeman 's future attack if playing the Victrola would suffice . She also mentions that a jazz band would be more precious than the Hope Diamond on the night of his threatened attack on Tuesday night . She helps in killing the Axeman after he enters the Academy . Charles `` Charlie '' Taylor ( portrayed by Kurt Krause ) is the boyfriend of Zoe . He dies of an apparent brain aneurysm after having sex with Zoe for the first time . ( hide ) American Horror Story Episodes Murder House `` Pilot '' `` Home Invasion '' `` Murder House '' `` Halloween , Parts 1 and 2 '' `` Piggy Piggy '' `` Open House '' `` Rubber Man '' `` Spooky Little Girl '' `` Smoldering Children '' `` Birth '' `` Afterbirth '' Asylum `` Welcome to Briarcliff '' `` Tricks and Treats '' `` Nor'easter '' `` I Am Anne Frank , Parts 1 and 2 '' `` The Origins of Monstrosity '' `` Dark Cousin '' `` Unholy Night '' `` The Coat Hanger '' `` The Name Game '' `` Spilt Milk '' `` Continuum '' `` Madness Ends '' Coven `` Bitchcraft '' `` Boy Parts '' `` The Replacements '' `` Fearful Pranks Ensue '' `` Burn , Witch , Burn ! '' `` The Axeman Cometh '' `` The Dead '' `` The Sacred Taking '' `` Head '' `` The Magical Delights of Stevie Nicks '' `` Protect the Coven '' `` Go to Hell '' `` The Seven Wonders '' Freak Show `` Monsters Among Us '' `` Massacres and Matinees '' `` Edward Mordrake , Parts 1 and 2 '' `` Pink Cupcakes '' `` Bullseye '' `` Test of Strength '' `` Blood Bath '' `` Tupperware Party Massacre '' `` Orphans '' `` Magical Thinking '' `` Show Stoppers '' `` Curtain Call '' Hotel `` Checking In '' `` Chutes and Ladders '' `` Mommy '' `` Devil 's Night '' `` Room Service '' `` Room 33 '' `` Flicker '' `` The Ten Commandments Killer '' `` She Wants Revenge '' `` She Gets Revenge '' `` Battle Royale '' `` Be Our Guest '' Roanoke `` Chapter 1 '' `` Chapter 2 '' `` Chapter 3 '' `` Chapter 4 '' `` Chapter 5 '' `` Chapter 6 '' `` Chapter 7 '' `` Chapter 8 '' `` Chapter 9 '' `` Chapter 10 '' Cult `` Election Night '' `` Do n't Be Afraid of the Dark '' `` Neighbors from Hell '' `` 11 / 9 '' `` Holes '' `` Mid-Western Assassin '' Characters Murder House Asylum Coven Freak Show Hotel Roanoke Cult Related articles Awards and nominations Cast members Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_American_Horror_Story:_Coven_characters&oldid=801161220 '' Categories : American Horror Story lists Horror television characters Lists of drama television characters Talk Contents About Wikipedia עברית Edit links This page was last edited on 18 September 2017 , at 01 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is kyle's mom in american horror story | [
"Alicia Spencer (portrayed by Mare Winningham) is Kyle's \"9th ward white-trash\" mother. Raising Kyle as single mom, the flaky and abased Alicia became unhealthily dependent upon her young son for support by needing him to assume all of the adult \"man of the house\" responsibilities and take care of her, as well as sexually abusing him. She is suicidal and clingy after the death of her son, and Kyle kills her after his resurrection."
] | [
"Mare Winningham"
] |
7828474654837461046 | Olympic symbols | Olympic symbols - wikipedia Olympic symbols Jump to : navigation , search Olympic Games Main topics Bids Boycotts Ceremonies Charter Host cities IFs IOC Medal Medal tables Medalists NOCs Pierre de Coubertin medal Scandals and controversies Sports Symbols Torch relays Venues Games Summer Winter Summer Paralympic Winter Paralympic Deaflympics Youth Special American Asian Pacific African European EYOF Ancient Intercalated The Olympic symbols are icons , flags and symbols used by the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) to elevate the Olympic Games . Some -- such as the flame , fanfare , and theme -- are more commonly used during Olympic competition , but others , such as the flags , can be seen throughout the years . Contents ( hide ) 1 Motto 2 Rings 3 Flag 3.1 Specific flags 3.1. 1 Antwerp flag 3.1. 2 Oslo flag 3.1. 3 Seoul flag 3.1. 4 Rio de Janeiro flag 3.1. 5 Singapore flag 3.1. 6 Innsbruck flag 4 Flame and torch relay 5 Medals and diplomas 6 Anthems 7 Kotinos 8 Olympic salute 9 Mascots 10 Intellectual property 11 See also 12 References 13 External links Motto ( edit ) The Olympic motto is the hendiatris Citius , Altius , Fortius , which is Latin for `` Faster , Higher , Stronger '' . It was proposed by Pierre de Coubertin upon the creation of the International Olympic Committee in 1894 . Coubertin borrowed it from his friend Henri Didon , a Dominican priest who was an athletics enthusiast . Coubertin said `` These three words represent a programme of moral beauty . The aesthetics of sport are intangible . '' The motto was introduced in 1924 at the Olympic Games in Paris . A more informal but well - known motto , also introduced by Coubertin , is `` The most important thing is not to win but to take part ! '' Coubertin got this motto from a sermon by the Bishop of Pennsylvania during the 1908 London Games . Rings ( edit ) The five - ringed symbol of the Olympic Games . The rings are five interlocking rings , coloured blue , yellow , black , green , and red on a white field , known as the `` Olympic rings '' . The symbol was originally designed in 1912 by de Coubertin . He appears to have intended the rings to represent the five participating continents : Africa , Asia , America , Oceania and Europe . According to Coubertin , the colours of the rings together with the white of the background included the colours composing every competing nation 's flag at the time . Upon its initial introduction , Coubertin stated the following in the August 1912 edition of Olympique : ... the six colours ( including the flag 's white background ) combined in this way reproduce the colours of every country without exception . The blue and yellow of Sweden , the blue and white of Greece , the tricolour flags of France , England , the United States , Germany , Belgium , Italy and Hungary , and the yellow and red of Spain are included , as are the innovative flags of Brazil and Australia , and those of ancient Japan and modern China . This , truly , is an international emblem . In his article published in the Olympic Revue the official magazine of the International Olympic Committee in November 1992 , the American historian Robert Barney explains that the idea of the interlaced rings came to Pierre de Coubertin when he was in charge of the USFSA , an association founded by the union of two French sports associations and until 1925 , responsible for representing the International Olympic Committee in France : The emblem of the union was two interlaced rings ( like the vesica piscis typical interlaced marriage rings ) and originally the idea of Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung : for him , the ring symbolized continuity and the human being. . The 1914 Congress was suspended due to the outbreak of World War I , but the symbol and flag were later adopted . They would first officially debut at the Games of the VII Olympiad in Antwerp , Belgium , in 1920 . The symbol 's popularity and widespread use began during the lead - up to the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin . Carl Diem , president of the Organizing Committee of the 1936 Summer Olympics , wanted to hold a torchbearers ' ceremony in the stadium at Delphi , site of the famous oracle , where the Pythian Games were also held . For this reason he ordered construction of a milestone with the Olympic rings carved in the sides , and that a torchbearer should carry the flame along with an escort of three others from there to Berlin . The ceremony was celebrated but the stone was never removed . Later , two American authors , Lynn and Gray Poole , when visiting Delphi in the late 1950s , saw the stone and reported in their History of the Ancient Games that the Olympic rings design came from ancient Greece . This has become known as `` Carl Diem 's Stone '' . This created a myth that the symbol had an ancient Greek origin . The current view of the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) is that the symbol `` reinforces the idea '' that the Olympic Movement is international and welcomes all countries of the world to join . As can be read in the Olympic Charter , the Olympic symbol represents the union of the `` five continents '' of the world and the meeting of athletes from throughout the world at the Olympic Games . However , no continent is represented by any specific ring . Prior to 1951 , the official handbook stated that each colour corresponded to a particular continent : blue for Europe , yellow for Asia , black for Africa , green for Australia and Oceania and red for the Americas ; this was removed because there was no evidence that Coubertin had intended it ( the quotation above was probably an afterthought ) . Nevertheless , the logo of the Association of National Olympic Committees places the logo of each of its five continental associations inside the ring of the corresponding colour . Flag ( edit ) The Olympic flag . The Olympic flag flying in Victoria , British Columbia , Canada , in recognition of the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver The Olympic flag was created by Pierre de Coubertin in 1925 . The Olympic flag has a white background , with five interlaced rings in the centre : blue , yellow , black , green and red . This design is symbolic ; it represents the five continents of the world , united by Olympism , while the six colours are those that appear on all the national flags of the world at the present time . -- Pierre de Coubertin ( 1931 ) Specific flags ( edit ) There are specific Olympic flags that are displayed by cities that will be hosting the next Olympic games . During each Olympic closing ceremony in what is traditionally known as the Antwerp Ceremony , the flag is passed from the mayor of one host city to the next host , where it will then be taken to the new host and displayed at city hall . These flags should not be confused with the larger Olympic flags designed and created specifically for each games , which are flown over the host stadium and then retired . Because there is no specific flag for this purpose , the flags flown over the stadiums generally have subtle differences , including minor color variations , and , more noticeably , the presence ( or lack ) of white outlines around each ring . Antwerp flag ( edit ) The first Olympic flag was presented to the Jr. National Olympics at the 1920 Summer Olympics by the city of Antwerp , Belgium . At the end of the Games , the flag could not be found and a new Olympic flag had to be made for the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris . Despite it being a replacement , the IOC officially still calls this the `` Antwerp Flag '' instead of the `` Paris Flag '' . It was passed on to the next organizing city of the Summer Olympics or Winter Olympics until the 1952 Winter Olympics in Oslo , Norway , when a separate Olympic flag was created to be used only at the Winter Olympics ( see below ) . The 1924 flag then continued to be used at the Summer Olympics until the Games of Seoul 1988 when it was retired . In 1997 , at a banquet hosted by the US Olympic Committee , a reporter was interviewing Hal Haig Prieste who had won a bronze medal in platform diving as a member of the 1920 US Olympic team . The reporter mentioned that the IOC had not been able to find out what had happened to the original Olympic flag . `` I can help you with that , '' Prieste said , `` It 's in my suitcase . '' At the end of the Antwerp Olympics , spurred on by teammate Duke Kahanamoku , he climbed a flagpole and stole the Olympic flag . For 77 years the flag was stored away in the bottom of his suitcase . The flag was returned to the IOC by Prieste , by then 103 years old , in a special ceremony held at the 2000 Games in Sydney . The original Antwerp Flag is now on display at the Olympic Museum in Lausanne , Switzerland , with a plaque thanking him for donating it . Oslo flag ( edit ) The Oslo flag was presented to the IOC by the mayor of Oslo , Norway , during the 1952 Winter Olympics . Since then , it has been passed to the next organizing city for the Winter Olympics . Currently , the actual Oslo flag is kept preserved in a special box , and a replica has been used during recent closing ceremonies instead . Seoul flag ( edit ) Flag of South Korea alongside an Olympic Flag in Olympic Park , Seoul As a successor to the Antwerp Flag , the Seoul flag was presented to the IOC at the 1988 Summer Olympics by the city of Seoul , South Korea , and has since then been passed on to the next organizing city of the Summer Olympics . The Seoul flag is currently on display at the Tokyo Metropolitan Government Building . Rio de Janeiro flag ( edit ) As a successor to the Seoul Flag , the Rio flag was presented to the IOC at the 2016 Summer Olympics by the city of Rio de Janeiro , Brazil , and has since then been passed on to the next organizing city of the Summer Olympics , Tokyo . Singapore flag ( edit ) For the inaugural Youth Olympic Games , an Olympic flag was created for the junior version of the Games . The flag is similar to the Olympic flag , but has the host city and year on it and was first presented to Singapore by IOC President Jacques Rogge . During the closing ceremony on 26 August 2010 , Singapore officials presented it to the next organizing committee , Nanjing 2014 . Innsbruck flag ( edit ) For the inaugural winter Youth Olympic Games , an Olympic flag was presented to the IOC at the 2012 Winter Youth Olympics by the city of Innsbruck , Austria , and has since then been passed on to the next organizing city of the Winter Youth Olympics . Flame and torch relay ( edit ) Main article : Olympic flame The modern tradition of moving the Olympic Flame via a relay system from Greece to the Olympic venue began with the Berlin Games in 1936 . Months before the Games are held , the Olympic Flame is lit on a torch , with the rays of the Sun concentrated by a parabolic reflector , at the site of the Ancient Olympics in Olympia , Greece . The torch is then taken out of Greece , most often to be taken around the country or continent where the Games are held . The Olympic torch is carried by athletes , leaders , celebrities , and ordinary people alike , and at times in unusual conditions , such as being electronically transmitted via satellite for Montreal 1976 , submerged underwater without being extinguished for Sydney 2000 , or in space and at the North Pole for Sochi 2014 . On the final day of the torch relay , the day of the Opening Ceremony , the Flame reaches the main stadium and is used to light a cauldron situated in a prominent part of the venue to signify the beginning of the Games . Medals and diplomas ( edit ) The Olympic medals awarded to winners are another symbol associated with the Olympic games . The medals are made of gold - plated silver -- for the gold medals -- silver , or bronze , and are awarded to the top three finishers in a particular event . Each medal for an Olympiad has a common design , decided upon by the organizers for the particular games . From 1928 until 2000 , the obverse side of the medals contained an image of Nike , the traditional goddess of victory , holding a palm in her left hand and a winner 's crown in her right . This design was created by Giuseppe Cassioli . For each Olympic games , the reverse side as well as the labels for each Olympiad changed , reflecting the host of the games . In 2004 , the obverse side of the medals changed to make more explicit reference to the Greek character of the games . In this design , the goddess Nike flies into the Panathenic stadium , reflecting the renewal of the games . The design was by Greek jewelry designer Elena Votsi . Olympic diplomas are given to competitors placing fourth , fifth , and sixth since 1949 , and to competitors placing seventh and eighth since 1981 . Anthems ( edit ) Main article : Olympic Hymn The `` Olympic Hymn '' , officially known as the `` Olympic Anthem '' , is played when the Olympic Flag is raised . It was composed by Spyridon Samaras with words from a poem of the Greek poet and writer Kostis Palamas . Both the poet and the composer were the choice of Demetrius Vikelas , a Greek Pro-European and the first President of the IOC . The anthem was performed for the first time for the ceremony of opening of the 1896 Athens Olympic Games but was n't declared the official hymn by the IOC until 1958 . In the following years , every hosting nation commissioned the composition of a specific Olympic hymn for their own edition of the Games until the 1960 Winter Olympics in Squaw Valley . Other notable Olympic anthems and fanfares include : The composer of the 1952 Olympic Fanfare , Aarre Merikanto , at Helsinki Olympic Stadium during the games . `` Olympische Hymne '' : A composition for orchestra and mixed chorus composed by Richard Strauss for the 1936 Berlin Summer Olympics . The `` Olympic Fanfare '' for the 1952 Helsinki Summer Olympics was originally composed by Aarre Merikanto for the 1940 Summer Olympics , which were cancelled . Merikanto 's Fanfare won the fanfare contest organized in Finland in 1939 , but the score was lost for over a decade ; when rediscovered in 1951 , it was decided to use it in 1952 . It was recorded in 1953 . `` Bugler 's Dream '' : Written in 1958 by Leo Arnaud as part of his Charge Suite , the theme is often thought of by Americans as the Olympic Theme '' due to its usage in television coverage by ABC and NBC , starting with the 1964 Olympics . The `` Olympic March '' : The theme written by Yūji Koseki for the Tokyo 1964 Summer Olympics theme song . `` Olympic Fanfare 1972 '' : The winning submission for the Munich 1972 Summer Olympics theme song , used as the TV signature tune of the German Olympic Center ( Deutsches Olympia - Zentrum , DOZ ) and the prelude to the medal ceremonies , composed by Herbert Rehbein . It was performed by the Orchestra of the Bavarian Broadcasting Company ( Orchester des Bayerischen Rundfunks ) and members of the Air Force Band Neubiberg , conducted by Willy Mattes . `` Olympic Fanfare and Theme '' : Composed by John Williams for the Los Angeles 1984 Summer Olympics , the theme was performed in the opening ceremonies by the United States Army Herald Trumpets conducted by then - Captain David Deitrick . The first recording , performed by an orchestra composed of Los Angeles - area musicians , was released in its entirety on the LP and cassette album The Official Music of the XXIIIrd Olympiad Los Angeles 1984 , with a concurrent Japan - only CD release ( which went on to win a Grammy in 1985 ) . A slightly different arrangement of the piece was released on the Philips album By Request : The Best of John Williams and the Boston Pops Orchestra . In 1996 , an alternate version of `` Olympic Fanfare and Theme '' was released on the album Summon the Heroes for the Atlanta Olympic Games , replacing the first part of the piece with Arnaud 's Bugler 's Dream . The theme was also used in closing ceremony of the 2010 Olympic Games , as the nations ' flagbearers entered BC Place Stadium surrounding the Olympic Flame and when the Olympic Flag was brought into the stadium by Vancouver mayor Gregor Robertson . `` The Olympic Spirit '' : The theme written by John Williams for the 1988 Olympics in Seoul and used in the corresponding NBC broadcasts . `` Summon the Heroes '' : The theme written by John Williams for the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta . `` Theme from The Adventures of Brisco County , Jr . '' : The theme song to this television show , composed by Randy Edelman , has been used by NBC for teaser commercial and promo spots since the 1996 Summer Olympics . `` Call of the Champions '' : The theme written by John Williams for the 2002 Salt Lake Winter Olympics . Several other composers have contributed Olympic music , including Henry Mancini , Francis Lai , Marvin Hamlisch , Philip Glass , David Foster , Mikis Theodorakis , Ryuichi Sakamoto , Vangelis , Basil Poledouris , Michael Kamen , and Mark Watters.it had oath too : we swear that we will take part in the Olympic Games in loyal competition , respecting the regulations which govern them and desirous of participating in them in the true spirit of sportsmanship for the honour of our country and for the glory of sports . Kotinos ( edit ) Main article : Olive wreath The kotinos ( Greek : κότινος ) , is an olive branch , originally of wild olive - tree , intertwined to form a circle or a horse - shoe , introduced by Heracles . In the ancient Olympic Games there were no gold , silver , or bronze medals . There was only one winner per event , crowned with an olive wreath made of wild olive leaves from a sacred tree near the temple of Zeus at Olympia . Aristophanes in Plutus makes a sensible remark why victorious athletes are crowned with wreath made of wild olive instead of gold . The victorious athletes were honored , feted , and praised . Their deeds were heralded and chronicled so that future generations could appreciate their accomplishments . Herodotus describes the following story which is relevant to the olive wreath . Xerxes was interrogating some Arcadians after the Battle of Thermopylae . He inquired why there were so few Greek men defending the Thermopylae . The answer was `` All other men are participating in the Olympic Games '' . And when asked `` What is the prize for the winner ? '' , `` An olive - wreath '' came the answer . Then Tigranes , one of his generals uttered a most noble saying : `` Good heavens ! Mardonius , what kind of men are these against whom you have brought us to fight ? Men who do not compete for possessions , but for honour . '' However , in later times , this was not their only reward ; the athlete was rewarded with a generous sum of money by his country . The kotinos tradition was renewed specifically for the Athens 2004 Games , although in this case it was bestowed together with the gold medal . Apart from its use in the awards - ceremonies , the kotinos was chosen as the 2004 Summer Olympics emblem . Olympic salute ( edit ) The Olympic Salute sculpted by Gra Rueb , sculpted for the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam . The Olympic salute is a variant of the Roman salute , with the right arm and hand are stretched and pointing upward , the palm is outward and downward , with the fingers touching . However , unlike the Roman Salute , the arm is raised higher and at an angle to the right from the shoulder. The greeting is visible on the official posters of the games at Paris 1924 and Berlin 1936 . The Olympic salute has fallen out of use since World War II because of its strong resemblance to the Nazi salute . It was used for the last time by the French team in the opening ceremony of the 1948 Winter Olympics . Mascots ( edit ) See also : List of Olympic mascots Since the 1968 Winter Olympics in Grenoble , France , the Olympic Games have had a mascot , usually an animal native to the area or occasionally human figures representing the cultural heritage . The first major mascot in the Olympic Games was Misha in the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow . Misha was used extensively during the opening and closing ceremonies , had a TV animated cartoon and appeared on several merchandise products . Nowadays , most of the merchandise aimed at young people focuses on the mascots , rather than the Olympic flag or organization logos . Intellectual property ( edit ) The Olympic movement is very protective of its symbols ; as many jurisdictions have given the movement exclusive trademark rights to any interlocking arrangement of five rings , and usage of the word `` Olympic '' . The rings are not eligible for copyright protection , both because of their date of creation and because five circles arranged in a pattern do not reach the threshold of originality required to be copyrighted . The movement has taken action against numerous groups alleged to have violated their trademarks , including the Gay Games ; the Minneapolis - based band The Hopefuls , formerly The Olympic Hopefuls ; the Redneck Olympics or Redneck Games ; Awana Clubs International , a Christian youth ministry who used the term for its competitive games ; and Wizards of the Coast , publisher at the time of the IOC 's complaint of the card game Legend of the Five Rings . In 1938 , the Norwegian brewery Frydenlund patented a label for its root beer which featured the five Olympic rings . In 1952 , when Norway was to host the Winter Olympics , the Olympic Committee was notified by Norway 's Patent Office that it was Frydenlund who owned the rights to the rings in that country . Today , the successor company Ringnes AS owns the rights to use the patented five rings on its root beer . In addition , a few other companies have been successful in using the Olympic name , such as Olympic Paint , which has a paintbrush in the form of a torch as its logo , and the former Greek passenger carrier Olympic Airlines . Certain other sporting organizations and events have been granted permission by the IOC to use the word `` Olympics '' in their name , such as the Special Olympics , an international sporting event held every four years for people with intellectual disabilities . In recent years , organizing committees have also demanded the passing of laws to combat ambush marketing by non-official sponsors during the Games -- such as the London Olympic Games and Paralympic Games Act 2006 -- putting heavy restrictions on using any term or imagery that could constitute an unauthorized association with the games , including mere mentioning of the host city , the year , and others . See also ( edit ) Paralympic symbols Pierre de Coubertin medal Olympiadane References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` What is the Olympic motto ? '' . International Olympic Committee . 2013 . Archived from the original on 18 September 2015 . Retrieved 19 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Opening Ceremony '' ( pdf ) . International Olympic Committee . 2002 . p. 3 . Retrieved 23 August 2012 . ; `` Sport athlétique '' , 14 mars 1891 : `` ( ... ) dans une éloquente allocution il a souhaité que ce drapeau les conduise ' souvent à la victoire , à la lutte toujours ' . Il a dit qu'il leur donnait pour devise ces trois mots qui sont le fondement et la raison d'être des sports athlétiques : citius , altius , fortius , ' plus vite , plus haut , plus fort ' . '' , cited in Hoffmane , Simone La carrière du père Didon , Dominicain. 1840 - 1900 , Doctoral thesis , Université de Paris IV -- Sorbonne , 1985 , p. 926 ; cf . Michaela Lochmann , Les fondements pédagogiques de la devise olympique `` citius , altius , fortius `` Jump up ^ Games of the VIII Olympiad - Paris 1924 Archived 3 March 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` The Olympic Summer Games '' ( PDF ) . International Olympic Committee . October 2013 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 6 September 2015 . Retrieved 29 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Olympics : Symbols and Traditions '' . Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ Lennartz , Karl ( 2002 ) . `` The Story of the Rings '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Olympic History . 10 : 32 . Retrieved 30 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Lennartz , Karl ( 2002 ) . `` The Story of the Rings '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Olympic History . 10 : 31 . Retrieved 7 January 2016 . De plus les six couleurs ainsi combinées reproduisent celles de toutes les nations sans exception . Le bleu et jaune de Suède , le bleu et blanc de Grèce , les tricolores français , anglais , américain , allemand , belge , italien , hongrois , le jaune et rouge d'Espagne voisinent avec les innovations brésilienne ou australienne , avec le vieux Japon et la jeune Chine . Voilà vraiment un emblème international . Jump up ^ Robert Knight Barney ( November 1992 ) . `` This Great Symbol '' ( PDF ) . Olympic Review ( 301 ) . Retrieved 29 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Findling , John E. ; Pele , Kimberly D. , eds. ( 30 March 2004 ) . Encyclopedia of the Modern Olympic Movement . Greenwood Press . pp. 65 , 75 . ISBN 978 - 0313322785 . Retrieved 29 December 2015 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Poole , Lynn ; Poole , Gray Johnson ( 1963 - 01 - 01 ) . History of ancient Olympic games , . New York : I. Obolensky . Jump up ^ `` Logos & Mascots '' . 27 February 2007 . Retrieved 18 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Olympic symbols '' ( PDF ) . IOC. 2002 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 16 March 2007 . Retrieved 18 March 2007 . ( Broken link ) Jump up ^ `` Decision adopted by the Executive Committee '' ( PDF ) . Bulletin du Comité International Olympique ( Olympic Review ) . Lausanne : IOC ( 25 ) : 32 . January 1951 . Jump up ^ `` The Olympic Flag '' . Extract from : Textes choisis II , p. 470 . ( written in 1931 ) . Archived from the original on 28 August 2008 . Retrieved 29 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Olympic Charter '' ( PDF ) . The International Olympic Committee . 2 August 2015 . Retrieved 29 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Vancouver 2010 : The Olympic Flags the Closing Ceremony of the Los Angeles 1984 Olympic Games , the flag was passed on to the next Olympic Games city , Seoul , and then retired . ( emphasis added ) '' . Retrieved 1 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Sandomir , Richard ( 12 September 2000 ) . `` Missing Flag Returns to Glory , Courtesy of a Prankster '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 20 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Después de ochenta años le remordió la conciencia '' ( After Eighty Years , Conscience Kicked Him ) ( in Spanish ) . Montevideo : La Red21 Radio . 12 September 2000 . Retrieved 29 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Vancouver 2010 : The Olympic Flags and Emblem '' . Retrieved 1 March 2010 . Because it is so precious , and must be preserved for years to come , the Oslo flag is not used during the actual Closing Ceremony . Instead , a replica flag is traditionally used . Jump up ^ `` Vancouver 2010 : The Olympic Flags and Emblem '' . Retrieved 1 March 2010 . The successor to the Antwerp Flag , the Seoul flag was presented to the IOC at the 1988 Olympic Games by the city of Seoul , South Korea . Jump up ^ `` Olympic Flag arrives in Tokyo ahead of 2020 Games '' . Retrieved 11 September 2016 . Rio Mayor Eduardo Paes handed the Flag over to Tokyo Governor Yuriko Koike during the Rio 2016 Closing Ceremony at the Maracanã Stadium on Sunday ( August 21 ) . Jump up ^ `` Singapore 2010 Presented With Special Olympic Flag '' . Gamebids.com. 13 August 2010 . Retrieved 29 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` S'pore presented with special Olympic flag '' . Channel NewsAsia. 13 August 2010 . Archived from the original on 28 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Olympic flag handed to mayor of Nanjing '' . Sina Corp. 27 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Juergen Wagner ( 2 July 2003 ) . `` Olympic Games Winner Medal 2004 '' . Olympic-museum.de . Archived from the original on 11 January 2011 . Retrieved 31 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Heikinheimo , Seppo ( 1985 ) . Aarre Merikanto : Säveltäjänkohtalo itsenäisessä Suomessa ( Aarre Merikanto : The fate of the composer in independent Finland ) ( in Finnish ) . Helsinki : WSOY . pp. 465 , 467 , 473 , 479 . ISBN 978 - 9510133194 . Jump up ^ `` Herbert Rehbein '' . Songwriters Hall of Fame . 1993 . Retrieved 29 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Guegold , William K. ( June 1996 ) . 100 Years of Olympic Music ( Music and Musicians of the Modern Olympic Games 1896 - 1996 ) . Golden Clef Publishing . pp. 56 -- 58 . ISBN 978 - 0965237109 . Jump up ^ `` The John Williams Web Pages : Olympic Fanfare and Theme '' . Johnwilliams.org . Archived from the original on 19 July 2011 . Retrieved 31 December 2010 . Jump up ^ http://www.altoriot.com/the-music-behind-nbcs-sochi-olympic-promos-the-greatest-sports-theme-no-one-can-name/ Jump up ^ Liddell , Henry George ; Scott , Robert ( 1940 ) . κότινος ( Olive Branch ) . A Greek -- English Lexicon ( in Greek ) . Clarendon Press . Jump up ^ Pausanias , Description of Greece , 5.7. 7 Jump up ^ Aristophanes , Plutus , 585 . Jump up ^ Herodotus , The Histories , Hdt . 8.26 ^ Jump up to : Droit , Jean ( 1924 ) . `` Paris 1924 - Jeux Olympiques '' . Olympic Games Museum . Archived from the original on 29 August 2010 . Retrieved 15 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Schaap , Jeremy ( 2007 ) . Triumph : the untold story of Jesse Owens and Hitler 's Olympics . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . pp. 163 -- 166 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 618 - 68822 - 7 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Olympic Games 1936 Berlin : Poster '' . Olympic Games Museum . 1936 . Retrieved 29 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Olympic Salute Stopped Being Popularly Used After WWII Due to Strongly Resembling the `` Heil Hitler '' Salute `` . Today I Found Out . 2012 - 08 - 08 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WfaFnZ6sEnY/%7Ctitle= Full St. Moritz 1948 Official film ; see 13 : 15 to 13 : 20 Jump up ^ `` Norwegian Patent Office record of the Frydenlund patent , showing the design '' . 1 November 1938 . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Ringnes is the family name of the company 's founders . Jump up ^ Anderson , Steve ( 18 July 2012 ) . `` The Debate : Have Olympic sponsorship regulations gone too far ? '' . The Debate ( blog ) ( The Independent ) . London . Archived from the original on 21 July 2012 . Retrieved 21 July 2012 . Jump up ^ O'Sullivan , Feargus ( 13 June 2012 ) . `` The Pettiness of Olympic Branding '' . The Atlantic . Washington D.C . Retrieved 21 July 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Olympic symbols . PBS The Real Olympics , 2004 . the Raising of the Olympic flag in London , 26 September 2008 Olympic Files - Mascots ( in Russian ) Bear Cub Misha Lover 's Association , 1980 Summer Olympics mascot Misha 's fan page ( in Japanese ) ( hide ) Olympic symbols Olympic emblem Olympic flag Olympic flame Final torchbearers Torch relays designs Olympic Hymn Olympic mascot Olympic motto Olympic Oath Olympic Order Olympic poster Olive wreath International Olympic Committee Associations Association of National Olympic Committees List of international sports federations National Olympic Committee Organizing Committees for the Olympic Games Main topics Charter Congresses Cup Meetings Members Order Presidents Sports Symbols IOC sessions 117th 121st 123rd 125th 127th 128th 130th 131st 132nd 133rd 134th Olympic Games Ceremonies Charter Participating nations Summer Olympics Winter Olympics Host cities Bids Venues IOC NOCs Country codes Medal Medal tables Medalists Ties Diploma Scandals and controversies Colonialism Doping Sports Symbols Torch relays Pierre de Coubertin medal Women Deaths WWI Olympic video games Summer Games 1896 Athens 1900 Paris 1904 St. Louis 1908 London 1912 Stockholm 1916 Berlin 1920 Antwerp 1924 Paris 1928 Amsterdam 1932 Los Angeles 1936 Berlin 1940 Tokyo 1944 London 1948 London 1952 Helsinki 1956 Melbourne 1960 Rome 1964 Tokyo 1968 Mexico City 1972 Munich 1976 Montreal 1980 Moscow 1984 Los Angeles 1988 Seoul 1992 Barcelona 1996 Atlanta 2000 Sydney 2004 Athens 2008 Beijing 2012 London 2016 Rio de Janeiro 2020 Tokyo 2024 Paris 2028 Los Angeles 2032 TBD Winter Games 1924 Chamonix 1928 St. Moritz 1932 Lake Placid 1936 Garmisch - Partenkirchen 1940 Sapporo 1944 Cortina d'Ampezzo 1948 St. Moritz 1952 Oslo 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo 1960 Squaw Valley 1964 Innsbruck 1968 Grenoble 1972 Sapporo 1976 Innsbruck 1980 Lake Placid 1984 Sarajevo 1988 Calgary 1992 Albertville 1994 Lillehammer 1998 Nagano 2002 Salt Lake City 2006 Turin 2010 Vancouver 2014 Sochi 2018 Pyeongchang 2022 Beijing 2026 TBD 2030 TBD Ancient Olympic Games Intercalated Games 1906 Paralympic Games Youth Olympic Games Olympics portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olympic_symbols&oldid=832604061 '' Categories : Olympic symbols Olympic movement Sports symbols Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Finnish - language sources ( fi ) CS1 Greek - language sources ( el ) Use dmy dates from May 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012 Articles containing Greek - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Башҡортса Чӑвашла Cymraeg Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Қазақша Latviešu Magyar मैथिली Македонски مازِرونی नेपाली 日本 語 Português Русский Српски / srpski Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు Українська 中文 23 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 March 2018 , at 23 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the meaning of the 5 rings on the olympic flag | [
"The rings are five interlocking rings, coloured blue, yellow, black, green, and red on a white field, known as the \"Olympic rings\". The symbol was originally designed in 1912 by de Coubertin.[5] He appears to have intended the rings to represent the five participating continents: Africa, Asia, America, Oceania and Europe.[6] According to Coubertin, the colours of the rings together with the white of the background included the colours composing every competing nation's flag at the time. Upon its initial introduction, Coubertin stated the following in the August 1912 edition of Olympique:[7]"
] | [
"represent the five participating continents: Africa, Asia, America, Oceania and Europe"
] |
8754676645953693494 | List of San Diego Padres owners and executives | List of San Diego Padres owners and executives - wikipedia List of San Diego Padres owners and executives This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article is a list of the all - time owners and executives for the San Diego Padres . Contents 1 Owners 2 General Managers 3 Other executives 4 External links Owners ( edit ) C. Arnholdt Smith Ray Kroc Joan Kroc Tom Werner John Moores Ron Fowler General Managers ( edit ) Name Years Eddie Leishman 1969 -- 1972 Peter Bavasi 1972 -- 1976 Bob Fontaine 1977 -- 1980 Jack McKeon 1980 -- 1990 Joe McIlvaine 1991 -- 1993 Randy Smith 1993 -- 1995 Kevin Towers 1996 -- 2009 Jed Hoyer 2009 -- 2011 Josh Byrnes 2012 -- 2014 A.J. Preller 2014 -- Other executives ( edit ) Sandy Alderson Mike Dee Paul DePodesta Larry Doughty Theo Epstein Chub Feeney Billy Herman Sandy Johnson Larry Lucchino Jeff Moorad Jim Skaalen Reggie Waller External links ( edit ) Baseball America : Executive Database Major League Baseball owners by team American League East Peter Angelos ( Baltimore Orioles ) John W. Henry ( Boston Red Sox ) Hal Steinbrenner ( New York Yankees ) Stuart Sternberg ( Tampa Bay Rays ) Rogers Communications ( Toronto Blue Jays ) Central Jerry Reinsdorf ( Chicago White Sox ) Larry Dolan ( Cleveland Indians ) Christopher Ilitch ( Detroit Tigers ) David Glass ( Kansas City Royals ) Jim Pohlad ( Minnesota Twins ) West Jim Crane ( Houston Astros ) Arte Moreno ( Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim ) John J. Fisher ( Oakland Athletics ) John W. Stanton ( Seattle Mariners ) Ray Davis and Bob R. Simpson ( Texas Rangers ) National League East Liberty Media ( Atlanta Braves ) Bruce Sherman ( Miami Marlins ) Fred Wilpon ( New York Mets ) John S. Middleton ( Philadelphia Phillies ) Ted Lerner ( Washington Nationals ) Central Thomas S. Ricketts ( Chicago Cubs ) Bob Castellini ( Cincinnati Reds ) Mark Attanasio ( Milwaukee Brewers ) Robert Nutting ( Pittsburgh Pirates ) William DeWitt , Jr . ( St. Louis Cardinals ) West Ken Kendrick ( Arizona Diamondbacks ) Monfort brothers ( Colorado Rockies ) Guggenheim Baseball Management ( Los Angeles Dodgers ) Ron Fowler ( San Diego Padres ) Larry Baer ( San Francisco Giants ) Major League Baseball general managers by team AL East Dan Duquette ( Baltimore Orioles ) Vacant ( Boston Red Sox ) Brian Cashman ( New York Yankees ) Erik Neander ( Tampa Bay Rays ) Ross Atkins ( Toronto Blue Jays ) Central Rick Hahn ( Chicago White Sox ) Mike Chernoff ( Cleveland Indians ) Al Avila ( Detroit Tigers ) Dayton Moore ( Kansas City Royals ) Thad Levine ( Minnesota Twins ) West Jeff Luhnow ( Houston Astros ) Billy Eppler ( Los Angeles Angels ) David Forst ( Oakland Athletics ) Jerry Dipoto ( Seattle Mariners ) Jon Daniels ( Texas Rangers ) NL East Alex Anthopoulos ( Atlanta Braves ) Michael Hill ( Miami Marlins ) Sandy Alderson ( New York Mets ) Matt Klentak ( Philadelphia Phillies ) Mike Rizzo ( Washington Nationals ) Central Jed Hoyer ( Chicago Cubs ) Nick Krall ( Cincinnati Reds ) David Stearns ( Milwaukee Brewers ) Neal Huntington ( Pittsburgh Pirates ) Mike Girsch ( St. Louis Cardinals ) West Mike Hazen ( Arizona Diamondbacks ) Jeff Bridich ( Colorado Rockies ) Farhan Zaidi ( Los Angeles Dodgers ) A.J. Preller ( San Diego Padres ) Bobby Evans ( San Francisco Giants ) San Diego Padres Established in 1969 Based in San Diego , California Franchise History Expansion and draft Seasons Players Managers Owners and executives Division Retired numbers Hall of Fame Award winners and league leaders Broadcasters First - round draft picks Opening Day starting pitchers Records Ballparks Qualcomm Stadium Petco Park Spring training Desert Sun Stadium Peoria Sports Complex Culture Fox Sports San Diego The Kid from Left Field San Diego Padres ( PCL ) Pitch Swinging Friar San Diego Chicken Trevor time Lore 1984 NLCS Game 4 2007 NL Wild Card tie - breaker game Key personnel Owner : Ron Fowler General Manager : A.J. Preller Sr. VP of Baseball Operations : Omar Minaya Manager : Andy Green League pennants ( 2 ) 1984 1998 Division titles ( 5 ) 1984 1998 2005 2006 Minor league affiliates El Paso Chihuahuas ( AAA ) San Antonio Missions ( AA ) Lake Elsinore Storm ( A Adv . ) Fort Wayne TinCaps ( A ) Tri-City Dust Devils ( Short A ) AZL Padres ( Rookie ) AZL Padres 2 ( Rookie ) DSL Padres ( Rookie ) Seasons ( 50 ) 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1990s 1998 1999 2000s 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Principal owners of the San Diego Padres franchise C. Arnholdt Smith Ray Kroc Joan B. Kroc Tom Werner John Moores Ron Fowler San Diego Padres team presidents Buzzie Bavasi Ballard Smith Chub Feeney Dick Freeman Larry Lucchino Bob Vizas Dick Freeman Charles Black Tom Garfinkel Mike Dee San Diego Padres general managers Leishman P. Bavasi Fontaine McKeon McIlvaine Smith Towers Hoyer Byrnes Preller Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_San_Diego_Padres_owners_and_executives&oldid=823975487 '' Categories : San Diego Padres executives San Diego Padres owners Lists of Major League Baseball owners and executives San Diego Padres lists Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from December 2009 All articles lacking sources Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 4 February 2018 , at 15 : 59 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who owns the san diego padres baseball team | [
"C. Arnholdt Smith\nRay Kroc\nJoan Kroc\nTom Werner\nJohn Moores\nRon Fowler",
"C. Arnholdt Smith\nRay Kroc\nJoan Kroc\nTom Werner\nJohn Moores\nRon Fowler",
"C. Arnholdt Smith\nRay Kroc\nJoan Kroc\nTom Werner\nJohn Moores\nRon Fowler",
"C. Arnholdt Smith\nRay Kroc\nJoan Kroc\nTom Werner\nJohn Moores\nRon Fowler",
"C. Arnholdt Smith\nRay Kroc\nJoan Kroc\nTom Werner\nJohn Moores\nRon Fowler",
"C. Arnholdt Smith\nRay Kroc\nJoan Kroc\nTom Werner\nJohn Moores\nRon Fowler"
] | [
"C. Arnholdt Smith",
"Ray Kroc",
"Joan Kroc",
"Tom Werner",
"John Moores",
"Ron Fowler"
] |
-2632441283129407090 | Eamonn Walker | Eamonn Walker - wikipedia Eamonn Walker This is the current revision of this page , as edited by KolbertBot ( talk contribs ) at 20 : 52 , 26 August 2017 ( Bot : HTTP → HTTPS ) . The present address ( URL ) is a permanent link to this version . Revision as of 20 : 52 , 26 August 2017 by KolbertBot ( talk contribs ) ( Bot : HTTP → HTTPS ) ( diff ) ← Previous revision Latest revision ( diff ) Newer revision → ( diff ) Jump to : navigation , search Eamonn Walker Eamonn Walker as Kareem Saïd in Oz Born Eamonn Roderique Walker ( 1962 - 06 - 12 ) 12 June 1962 ( age 55 ) London , England Occupation Actor Years active 1985 -- present Spouse ( s ) Sandra Walker ( ? -- present ) Children 3 Awards CableACE Award -- Actor in a Dramatic Series 1997 Oz -- Kareem Saïd BFM Film & Television Awards -- Best male performance in television 2002 Othello -- John Othello Eamonn Roderique Walker ( born 12 June 1962 ) is a British film , television and theatre actor . In the United States he is known for playing Kareem Saïd in the HBO television series Oz , for which he won a CableACE Award , as Winston in In Sickness and in Health , and John Othello in the 2001 ITV1 production of Othello . Since 2012 he has played Firehouse 51 Battalion Chief Wallace Boden on Chicago Fire and other shows within the Chicago franchise . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Career 2.1 Early career in UK 2.2 1997 to present -- Hollywood and U.S. television 3 Filmography 3.1 Film 3.2 Television 3.3 Audio book 4 Theatre 5 Personal life 6 References 7 External links Background ( edit ) Walker was born in London to a Grenadian father and a Trinidadian mother , in 1962 . Brought up in Islington in London , Walker lived in Trinidad for six months when he was nine years old . He attended Hungerford School in Islington and began studying social work at the University of North London . He trained as a dancer and later joined the Explosive Dance Theatre Company in London . However , an abscess on his calf muscle forced him to give up dancing . He also studied at the New York Film Academy in the United States . Career ( edit ) Early career in UK ( edit ) Walker made his professional acting debut in 1983 on stage in London playing an East End punk rocker in the musical Labelled with Love , based partly on the music of the pop band Squeeze . His first television appearance came in 1985 when he appeared in an episode on the second series of Dempsey and Makepeace , which aired on ITV on 19 October 1985 . His next television appearance came the following year in an episode of the children 's anthology series Dramarama , also on ITV . Also that year , he was cast in the role of Winston , a black , gay , council carer and a thorn in Alf Garnett 's side , for series 1 -- 3 of In Sickness and in Health on BBC One . In 1987 he appeared in an episode of Bulman on Granada TV and in 1988 an episode of the ninth series of Tales of the Unexpected . In 1988 he won the role of PC Haynes in The Bill on ITV , a part he played from 1988 -- 89 . His first film role came in 1991 , playing Carlton in Young Soul Rebels about the interaction between different youth cultural movements in late 1970s Britain . He also appeared in an episode of the detective series Bergerac on BBC One . In 1992 he appeared in episodes of Love Hurts and The Old Boy Network . Then in 1993 he appeared in two comedies on BBC , with the role of Colin in three episodes of Birds of a Feather and he also appeared in an episode of One Foot in the Grave . His second film came in 1994 playing Peters in Shopping . He followed this in 1995 with appearances in two more British sitcoms , on the BBC , The Detectives and Goodnight Sweetheart . He also appeared in the drama series The Governor . 1997 to present -- hollywood and U.S. television ( edit ) He appeared as Jake Brown in the miniseries Supply & Demand in 1997 . The same year he won the major role of Kareem Saïd on the American television drama series television series Oz on HBO in the United States . The series was set in a fictional maximum - security prison , and the character Walker played was a new inmate who was a devout Muslim . Walker spent time at a mosque in Harlem doing research on the Nation of Islam and American Muslim culture , explaining `` As an actor , my portrayal had to be real . '' He appeared in the first episode on 12 July 1997 and he continued to play the role until the third episode of the final season in 2003 . He won the award for Best Actor in a Dramatic Series in the inaugural CableACE Awards for his performance in the first series of Oz in the ceremony held in Los Angeles . Then in 1999 he received a Satellite Awards nomination for Best Actor in a TV Drama Series for his performances in Oz . In 2000 Walker appeared in two films : the crime drama Once in the Life , acting alongside and being directed by Laurence Fishburne on his directorial debut ; and the fantasy mystery Unbreakable , alongside Bruce Willis and Samuel L. Jackson . Walker also appeared in the de facto series finale of Homicide : Life on the Street , Homicide : The Movie . In 2001 he returned to British television starring as John Othello in a modern adaptation of the William Shakespeare play Othello on ITV , opposite Christopher Eccleston . For his role he won the Best male performance in television award at the first ever Black Film Makers ( BMF ) Film and Television Awards ceremony for the UK 's leading black TV and film stars , which was held at the Grosvenor House Hotel in London in September 2002 . In 2003 he starred in the war film Tears of the Sun as Ellis `` Zee '' Pettigrew alongside Bruce Willis . Walker also appeared in an episode of the Fox Network drama series The Jury . The next year he made another return to British television in an episode of the crime drama Rose and Maloney . Two more films followed in 2005 , the crime thriller Lord of War with Nicolas Cage and the drama adventure film Duma . And from March 2005 he made his debut on Broadway , playing Mark Antony in Julius Caesar at the Belasco Theatre in midtown - Manhattan alongside Denzel Washington as Marcus Brutus . In 2006 , he played Dr Stephen Dakari in three episodes of the medical drama series ER . He also starred in the Fox Network legal drama Justice , playing the part of Luther Graves . In May 2007 , he became the first black actor to play the role of Othello at either the original Globe Theatre or at the modern reconstruction , Shakespeare 's Globe in London . Then in 2008 he was in the second episode of the BBC drama series Bonekickers , playing Senator Joy , a United States Presidential candidate . He also starred in three films : the action drama Blood and Bone ; the biographical music drama Cadillac Records , about the 1950s musical era , in which he plays the influential blues singer , guitarist and harmonica player Howlin ' Wolf , which was released on 5 December 2008 ; and the romantic war drama The Messenger , in which Walker plays Colonel Stuart Dorsett . The first and the latter were released in 2009 . In October 2008 he performed on BBC Radio 4 in the first adaptation of Alice Walker 's 1982 epistolary novel The Color Purple in the UK , serialised in ten parts . Walker appeared on the NBC drama series Kings , which was based on the biblical story of David . He portrayed Reverend Ephram Samuels , an analogue of the biblical prophet Samuel . He also starred in the TV series The Whole Truth , alongside Maura Tierney and Rob Morrow , which premiered on 22 September 2010 . In 2011 Walker appeared on FX series Lights Out as trainer Ed Romeo , former trainer of Lights Leary 's last opponent , Death Row Reynolds . Walker appeared in an episode of BBC One 's Inspector George Gently , playing the father of a murder victim in 2012 , and in two episodes of the BBC / Cinemax series Strike Back . In 2013 he portrayed Frederick Douglass in the BBC series Copper . Starting in 2012 , Walker stars as Battalion Chief Wallace Boden , Firehouse 51 , in Dick Wolf 's NBC drama Chicago Fire . Currently , Walker stars as the lead in Steppenwolf Theatre Company 's production of Between Riverside and Crazy by Stephen Adly Guirgis . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Young Soul Rebels ( 1991 ) Shopping ( 1994 ) Once in the Life ( 2000 ) Unbreakable ( 2000 ) Whitewash : The Clarence Bradley Story ( 2002 ) Tears of the Sun ( 2003 ) Lord of War ( 2005 ) Duma ( 2005 ) Cadillac Records ( 2008 ) The Messenger ( 2009 ) Blood and Bone ( 2009 ) Legacy ( 2010 ) A Lonely Place to Die ( 2010 ) The Company Men ( 2010 ) Television ( edit ) Dempsey and Makepeace ( 1985 ) Dramarama ( 1986 ) In Sickness and in Health ( 1985 -- 87 ) Bulman ( 1987 ) Tales of the Unexpected ( 1988 ) The Bill ( 1988 -- 1989 ) Bergerac ( 1991 ) Love Hurts ( 1992 ) The Old Boy Network ( 1992 ) Birds of a Feather ( 1993 ) One Foot in the Grave ( 1993 ) Martin ( 1994 ) The Detectives ( 1995 ) Goodnight Sweetheart ( 1995 ) The Governor ( 1995 -- 1996 ) Supply & Demand ( 1997 and 1998 ) Oz ( 1997 -- 2003 ) Homicide : The Movie ( 2000 ) Othello ( 2001 ) The Jury ( 2004 ) Rose and Maloney ( 2004 ) ER ( 2006 ) Justice ( 2006 ) Bonekickers ( 2008 ) Moses Jones ( 2009 ) Kings ( 2009 ) The Whole Truth ( 2010 ) Lights Out ( 2011 ) Chicago Fire ( 2012 -- present ) Strike Back ( 2012 ) Copper ( 2013 ) George Gently ( 2012 ) Audio book ( edit ) World War Z ( 2006 ) Theatre ( edit ) Julius Caesar ( 2005 ) Othello ( 2007 ) Personal Life ( edit ) Walker is married . He has three children , two of whom are twins . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Mr Eamonn Roderique Walker '' . Company Check . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Martin - Hinds , Angela ( 29 June 2001 ) . `` On the Set '' . Trinidad and Tobago Express . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` Eamonn Walker : Biography '' . TV Guide . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ Mottram , James ( 1 September 2001 ) . `` Eamonn Walker : If you 're black , you 'd better be American '' . The Independent . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ Foss , Roger ( 30 April 2007 ) . `` 20 Questions With ... Eamonn Walker '' . whatsonstage.com . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Black talent honoured at awards '' . BBC News . 9 September 2002 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ Jury , Louise ( 25 May 2007 ) . `` First black ' Baftas ' are used to show discrimination in awards business '' . The Independent . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Julius Caesar , Belasco Theatre '' . Internet Broadway Database . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Paul ( 25 May 2007 ) . `` First Night : Othello , Shakespeare 's Globe , London -- Charisma and danger from Globe 's first black Othello '' . The Independent . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ Matthewman , Scott ( 3 October 2008 ) . `` Turn Off The TV : What 's on the radio , 4 -- 10 October '' . The Stage . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 18 . External links ( edit ) Eamonn Walker on IMDb Interview with Eamonn Walker in Venice Magazine Authority control WorldCat Identities VIAF : 222549283 ISNI : 0000 0003 6108 2938 GND : 1061624331 SUDOC : 16044618X BNF : cb15501417s ( data ) MusicBrainz : e057a2c5 - 0c31 - 4e13 - 9b3c - 4cc878b305a7 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eamonn_Walker&oldid=797401312 '' Categories : 1962 births Living people English male film actors English male television actors English male stage actors English people of Grenadian descent English people of Trinidad and Tobago descent Male actors from London Black English male actors Alumni of the University of North London New York Film Academy alumni 20th - century English male actors 21st - century English male actors Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from August 2016 Use British English from August 2016 Pages to import images to Wikidata Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Português Русский Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 26 August 2017 , at 20 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who plays the fire chief on chicago fire | [
"Eamonn Roderique Walker (born 12 June 1962) is a British film, television and theatre actor. In the United States he is known for playing Kareem Saïd in the HBO television series Oz, for which he won a CableACE Award, as Winston in In Sickness and in Health, and John Othello in the 2001 ITV1 production of Othello. Since 2012 he has played Firehouse 51 Battalion Chief Wallace Boden on Chicago Fire and other shows within the Chicago franchise."
] | [
"Eamonn Roderique Walker"
] |
-1789504697853663585 | Leader of the Pack | Leader of the Pack - wikipedia Leader of the Pack This article is about a 1964 pop song . For other uses , see Leader of the Pack ( disambiguation ) . `` Leader of the Pack '' Single by The Shangri - Las from the album Leader of the Pack B - side `` What Is Love '' Released 20 September 1964 Format 7 '' Recorded 1964 Genre Pop , teen tragedy , rock and roll Length 2 : 49 Label Red Bird Songwriter ( s ) George `` Shadow '' Morton Jeff Barry Ellie Greenwich Producer ( s ) George `` Shadow '' Morton The Shangri - Las singles chronology `` Remember ( Walking in the Sand ) '' ( 1964 ) `` Leader of the Pack '' ( 1964 ) `` Give Him a Great Big Kiss '' ( 1965 ) `` Remember ( Walking in the Sand ) '' ( 1964 ) `` Leader of the Pack '' ( 1964 ) `` Give Him a Great Big Kiss '' ( 1965 ) `` Leader of the Pack '' is a song written by George `` Shadow '' Morton , Jeff Barry , and Ellie Greenwich . It was a number one pop hit in 1964 for the American girl group The Shangri - Las . The single is one of the group 's best known songs as well as a popular cultural example of a `` teenage tragedy song '' . The song was covered in 1985 by the heavy metal band Twisted Sister who had a moderate hit with their version . Contents 1 Background and composition 1.1 Lyrical content 2 The Shangri - Las original version 2.1 Recording 2.2 Reception 2.3 Chart performance 3 Twisted Sister version 3.1 Recording 4 Other versions 4.1 Parodies 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Background and composition ( edit ) The tune of `` Leader of the Pack '' is credited to pop impresario George `` Shadow '' Morton together with Jeff Barry and Ellie Greenwich . According to Morton , he wrote the song for the Goodies ( also known as the Bunnies ) , but instead it was needed as a follow - up to the Shangri - Las hit `` Remember ( Walking in the Sand ) '' . He said he did not know that he was supposed to have a second idea ready to follow up `` Remember ( Walking in the Sand ) '' until Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller ( Red Bird Records co-owners with George Goldner ) asked him , `` Hey , what do you want to do for the second record ? '' Morton said he `` got a bottle of champagne , two cigars '' and `` went into the shower , sat down , drank the champagne , smoked the cigars , and wrote the song on a shirt cardboard with my kids crayons . '' Morton claimed he credited Barry and Greenwich as co-writers for business reasons ; however his recollection has been questioned by Ellie Greenwich . Lyrical content ( edit ) The song is about a girl named Betty , who is asked by friends to confirm that she is dating Jimmy , the leader of a motorcycle gang , whose ring they see on Betty 's finger . After singing of love at first sight ( `` ( By the way , where 'd you meet him ? ) I met him at the candy store / He turned around and smiled at me / You get the picture ? / ( Yes , we see ) That 's when I fell for the Leader of the Pack '' ) , Betty 's heart turns to despair as she bemoans her parents ' disapproval . The parents claim Jimmy hails from `` the wrong side of town '' and ask Betty to tell Jimmy goodbye and find someone new . Betty reluctantly does as she is asked , and a crushed and tearful Jimmy speeds off on his motorcycle . Moments later , Betty 's pleas for Jimmy to slow down are in vain as Jimmy crashes on a rain - slicked surface and dies . The Shangri - Las original version ( edit ) Recording ( edit ) In July 1964 , Morton recorded the vocals for `` Leader of the Pack '' with the Shangri - Las at the Ultrasonic Sound studio on the second floor of a Manhattan hotel . The song was produced by Morton . These vocals were dubbed over the instrumental parts , which had been previously recorded at the Ultrasonic Recording Studios in Hempstead , New York . Billy Joel , then a young session musician , said on November 16 , 2010 during an interview with Howard Stern that he played piano on one of the demos for `` Leader of the Pack , '' but he was not sure if any of his parts made the final recording . In fact , the piano part was played by Roger Rossi , a staff musician for Ultrasonic Recording Studios at the time . Rossi said , `` I remember the date like it was yesterday , there were no written charts , so unfortunately , some musicians kept making mistakes . As I recall , it took 63 recording takes before Shadow Morton was satisfied . '' Rossi added , `` By the end of the session , in take 62 , I also messed up and Morton laughingly yelled out , ' Ohhhh , noooo . Not you , too ! ' '' In 2007 Tony Visconti claimed that pianist Artie Butler played on the track . According to legend , to add the authentic sound of a motorcycle engine , one was driven through the lobby of the hotel and up to the floor of the recording studio . No one was arrested , but a ticket was issued . However , in an interview four decades later , Shangri - Las lead singer Mary Weiss said the motorcycle sound was taken from an effects record . Hugh Grundy , drummer for The Zombies , recalls revving up a motorcycle backstage when the Shangri - Las performed on a U.S. tour . Reception ( edit ) `` Leader of the Pack '' was released as a single by Red Bird Records , a Leiber and Stoller label , and the song hit number one on the Billboard Hot 100 on November 28 , 1964 . In the United Kingdom , the single was refused airplay by the BBC , probably due to its death theme , although some have speculated that it was considered likely to encourage violence between mods and rockers . It charted three times on the UK Singles Chart : number 11 in 1965 ; number 3 in 1972 ( by which time the BBC ban had been lifted ) ; and once again at number 7 in 1976 , when its sales figures as a reissue on two different labels ( Charly and Contempo ) were combined to arrive at its chart position . The record also reached number 1 in Australia . In 2004 , Rolling Stone ranked the song among the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time at number 447 . In the 2010 revision of the list , it was moved to number 454 as new entries were added . Billboard named the song # 9 on their list of 100 Greatest Girl Group Songs of All Time . The song is featured in a Broadway musical based on the songs of Ellie Greenwich , Leader of the Pack , which opened in 1985 . In 1990 , the song was featured in the soundtrack of the Martin Scorsese film , Goodfellas . Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 1965 ) Peak position Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) New Zealand ( Lever Hit Parades ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 11 US Billboard Hot 100 Twisted Sister version ( edit ) `` Leader of the Pack '' Single by Twisted Sister from the album Come Out and Play Released 1985 Format 7 '' single Recorded 1985 Genre Rock Length 3 : 48 Label Atlantic Songwriter ( s ) Dee Snider Producer ( s ) Dieter Dierks Twisted Sister singles chronology `` The Price '' ( 1985 ) `` Leader of the Pack '' ( 1985 ) `` Be Chrool to Your Scuel '' ( 1985 ) `` The Price '' ( 1985 ) `` Leader of the Pack '' ( 1985 ) `` Be Chrool to Your Scuel '' ( 1985 ) Recording ( edit ) In 1985 , the heavy metal band Twisted Sister recorded a cover version of `` Leader of the Pack '' from the eponymous leader 's perspective. The track was included on the group 's fourth studio album Come Out and Play . It was released as the album 's first single and was issued on Atlantic Records . The song charted at number 53 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and reached number 47 on the UK Singles chart . In New Zealand the single reached number 45 . Other versions ( edit ) On her debut album The Divine Miss M , Bette Midler did a version which began in the original tempo , sped up in the second verse , and was so fast by the end that it became difficult to understand the lyrics . Midler later covered the opening track of the Leader of the Pack album `` Give Him a Great Big Kiss '' on her 2014 album It 's The Girls ! . French singer Frank Alamo ( 1942 -- 2012 ) recorded this song in French in 1965 as `` Le chef de la bands '' . New Zealand group When the Cat 's Away released a version as their debut single . In the U.S. television series American Dreams , the song was performed by Hilary and Haylie Duff , acting as members of the Shangri - Las . In the 2006 movie Happy Feet , it was sung by the character Néstor , with a sad rhythm quite different from the original . Alvin and the Chipmunks did a cover version , changing `` Jimmy '' to `` Alvin '' . On the album Chipmunk Rock , the Chipmunks are portrayed as the girls . This is also the first Chipmunks song to mention the Chipettes by group name . Estonian singer Margit Viirma recorded a cover version of the song in 2009 , entitled `` Jõugu liider '' . Seventies pop duo , The Carpenters , did a cover of the song on their first live album , Live In Japan . They performed it as part of an oldies medley in most of their concerts from 1973 -- 1975 . Parodies ( edit ) In 1965 , `` Leader of the Laundromat '' , written by Paul Vance and Lee Pockriss , was released by The Detergents . This resulted in Morton , Barry and Greenwich filing a lawsuit for plagiarism . This parody was a favorite of Dr. Demento . The Downliners Sect also released a parody on their 1965 `` Sect Sing Sick Songs '' EP called `` Leader Of The Sect . '' Also in 1965 , the parody `` I Want My Baby Back '' was released by Jimmy Cross . In 1977 , this was awarded the title of `` The World 's Worst Record '' by British radio DJ Kenny Everett . In 1977 , EMI records released `` Packer of the Leads ( Leader of the Pack ) '' by The Roadies ( Lewis ' n Luce ) in the UK . In the 1982 musical Little Shop of Horrors , Ronette , one of the backup singers , says `` Here he is , girls , the Leader of The Plaque '' during the song `` Dentist '' . Orin , the dentist , notably rides a motorcycle that sounds similar to that in the song . `` Jonny Do n't Go '' , from the 1993 musical Zombie Prom , is melodically similar to , and likely a parody of , `` Leader of the Pack '' . The song centers around Toffee , a high school senior whose parents forbid her from seeing her boyfriend Jonny because they believe him to be `` no good '' and force her to break up with him . She reluctantly does so , and Jonny immediately throws himself into a nuclear power plant , despite Toffee 's pleas for him to stop . British comedian Julian Clary sang a parody of `` Leader of the Pack '' in 1988 -- 90 as part of his then - act , The Joan Collins Fanclub . It was released as a single in the UK and reached a peak position of No. 60 on the UK singles chart in the summer of 1988 . Clary sang the lead part from the point of view of a camp 28 - year - old gay man bewailing the loss of his biker love interest in a fatal motorcycle accident . Bob Rivers also did a parody of `` Leader of the Pack '' which is called ' Leader of Iraq ' . The song was centered around the execution of former president of Iraq Saddam Hussein . The tune was used by the political satire group The Capitol Steps for their song `` A Leader Like Barack '' , about Barack Obama . A parody version of the song ( `` Our leader is Lurpak '' ) was used in a claymation TV advertisement for Lurpak butter in the UK . In 2009 , the BBC produced a trailer for the children 's TV show Shaun the Sheep featuring a parody of the song called `` Leader of the Flock '' . Gilda Radner , Jane Curtin , and Laraine Newman did a song entitled `` Chevy , Chevy '' on an episode of Saturday Night Live , which has a spoken part very similar to the one in this song . Sonic the Hedgehog and Touhou Project fans have made their own parodies of aftermentioned SNL song . See also ( edit ) Teenage tragedy song References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.45cat.com/record/rb10014us Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 19 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Visconti , Tony . The Autobiography : Bowie , Bolan and the Brooklyn Boy . New York : HarperCollins , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 722944 - 4 . pp31 . Jump up ^ `` The Shangri - Las ! '' . Redbirdent.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ Bronson , Fred ( 2003 ) . The Billboard Book of Number 1 Hits . New York : Billboard Books . p. 160 . ISBN 0823076776 . Retrieved July 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Rocklist.net ... Banned Recordings '' . Rocklistmusic.co.uk. 1997 - 09 - 13 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 09 - 28 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` UK Top 40 Chart Archive , British Singles & Album Charts '' . everyHit.com . March 16 , 2000 . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2007 . Retrieved December 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Shangri - Las Page '' . Tsimon.com. 2000 - 04 - 20 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ Betts , Graham ( 2004 ) . Complete UK Hit Singles 1952 -- 2004 ( 1st ed . ) . London : Collins . p. 693 . ISBN 0 - 00 - 717931 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` The RS 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Rolling Stone Magazine 's 500 Greatest Songs of All Time - How many songs have you listened to ? '' . Listchallenges.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Greatest Girl Group Songs of All Time : Critics ' Picks '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Greenwich Seeks More Support for ' Leader ' '' . Billboard : 48 . June 15 , 1985 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 4675 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Jump up ^ `` Lever hit parades : 03 - Dec - 1964 '' . Flavour of New Zealand . Jump up ^ `` Shangri - Las : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` The Shangri - Las Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Twisted Sister Album & Song Chart History -- Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` charts.org.nz -- New Zealand charts portal '' . Hung Medien . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2015 . Retrieved October 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Single File '' . Dustbury.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Roadies ( Lewis ' n Luce ) , The * - Packer Of The Leads ( Leader Of The Pack ) ( Vinyl ) '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Julian Clary - `` Leader of the Pack '' - original stereo video `` . YouTube . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 27 . External links ( edit ) History of the Shangri - Las Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics The Shangri - Las Mary Weiss Elizabeth `` Betty '' Weiss Marguerite `` Marge '' Ganser Mary Ann Ganser Studio albums Leader of the Pack Shangri - Las - 65 ! Notable singles `` Remember ( Walking in the Sand ) '' `` Leader of the Pack '' Related articles George ' Shadow ' Morton Red Bird Records Twisted Sister Jay Jay French Eddie Ojeda Dee Snider Mark Mendoza A.J. Pero Walt Woodward III Joey Franco Mike Portnoy ( details ) Studio albums Under the Blade You Ca n't Stop Rock ' n ' Roll Stay Hungry Come Out and Play Love Is for Suckers Still Hungry A Twisted Christmas Compilation albums Big Hits and Nasty Cuts Club Daze Volume 1 : The Studio Sessions The Essentials Live albums Live at Hammersmith Club Daze Volume II : Live in the Bars Live at Wacken : The Reunion Singles `` Under the Blade '' `` We 're Not Gonna Take It '' `` I Wanna Rock '' `` The Price '' `` Leader of the Pack '' `` Be Chrool to Your Scuel '' `` Hot Love '' `` Oh Come All Ye Faithful '' `` White Christmas '' `` Silver Bells '' `` Deck the Halls '' Other Albums Songs Twisted Forever We Are Twisted Fucking Sister ! Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leader_of_the_Pack&oldid=861209428 '' Categories : 1964 songs 1964 singles 1985 singles Songs written by Ellie Greenwich Songs written by Jeff Barry The Shangri - Las songs Teenage tragedy songs Vehicle wreck ballads Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Songs written by Shadow Morton Alvin and the Chipmunks songs Red Bird Records singles Twisted Sister songs Atlantic Records singles Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Archived copy as title Use mdy dates from August 2016 Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014 Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Nederlands 日本 語 Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 25 September 2018 , at 21 : 17 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who wrote the song leader of the pack | [
"\"Leader of the Pack\"Single by The Shangri-Lasfrom the album Leader of the PackB-side\n\"What Is Love\"Released\n20 September 1964[1]Format\n7\"Recorded\n1964Genre\nPop, teen tragedy, rock and rollLength\n2:49Label\nRed BirdSongwriter(s)\nGeorge \"Shadow\" MortonJeff BarryEllie GreenwichProducer(s)\nGeorge \"Shadow\" MortonThe Shangri-Las singles chronology\n\n\n\n\"Remember (Walking in the Sand)\" (1964)\n\n\"Leader of the Pack\" (1964)\n\n\"Give Him a Great Big Kiss\" (1965)\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Remember (Walking in the Sand)\"(1964)\n\n\"Leader of the Pack\"(1964)\n\n\"Give Him a Great Big Kiss\"(1965)\n",
"\"Leader of the Pack\"Single by The Shangri-Lasfrom the album Leader of the PackB-side\n\"What Is Love\"Released\n20 September 1964[1]Format\n7\"Recorded\n1964Genre\nPop, teen tragedy, rock and rollLength\n2:49Label\nRed BirdSongwriter(s)\nGeorge \"Shadow\" MortonJeff BarryEllie GreenwichProducer(s)\nGeorge \"Shadow\" MortonThe Shangri-Las singles chronology\n\n\n\n\"Remember (Walking in the Sand)\" (1964)\n\n\"Leader of the Pack\" (1964)\n\n\"Give Him a Great Big Kiss\" (1965)\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Remember (Walking in the Sand)\"(1964)\n\n\"Leader of the Pack\"(1964)\n\n\"Give Him a Great Big Kiss\"(1965)\n",
"\"Leader of the Pack\"Single by The Shangri-Lasfrom the album Leader of the PackB-side\n\"What Is Love\"Released\n20 September 1964[1]Format\n7\"Recorded\n1964Genre\nPop, teen tragedy, rock and rollLength\n2:49Label\nRed BirdSongwriter(s)\nGeorge \"Shadow\" MortonJeff BarryEllie GreenwichProducer(s)\nGeorge \"Shadow\" MortonThe Shangri-Las singles chronology\n\n\n\n\"Remember (Walking in the Sand)\" (1964)\n\n\"Leader of the Pack\" (1964)\n\n\"Give Him a Great Big Kiss\" (1965)\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Remember (Walking in the Sand)\"(1964)\n\n\"Leader of the Pack\"(1964)\n\n\"Give Him a Great Big Kiss\"(1965)\n"
] | [
"George \"Shadow\" Morton",
"Jeff Barry",
"Ellie Greenwich"
] |
7565855314459037234 | Bank rate | Bank rate - wikipedia Bank rate Jump to : navigation , search For the US financial company , see Bankrate . For interest rates paid by or to consumers or businesses , see interest rate . ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( November 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( November 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Bank rate , also referred to as the discount rate in American English , is the rate of interest which a central bank charges on the loans and advances to a commercial bank . The bank rate is known by a number of different terms depending on the country and has changed over time in some countries as the mechanism used to manage the rate have changed . Whenever a bank has a shortage of funds , they can typically borrow from the central bank based on the monetary policy of the country . The borrowing is commonly done via repos , where the repo rate is the rate at which the central bank lends short - term money to the banks against securities . A reduction in the repo rate will help banks to get money at a cheaper rate . When the repo rate increases , borrowing from the central bank becomes more expensive . It is more applicable when there is a liquidity crunch in the market . In contrast the reverse repo rate is the rate at which banks can park surplus funds with reserve bank . This is mostly done when there is surplus liquidity in the market as a high reverse repo rate will make it attractive to banks to park surplus funds with the central bank . Contents ( hide ) 1 Determining the rate 2 By country 2.1 Australia 2.2 Brazil 2.3 Canada 2.4 Eurozone 2.5 India 2.6 New Zealand 2.7 Singapore 2.8 United Kingdom 2.9 United States 3 See also 4 References Determining the rate ( edit ) The interest rate that is charged by a country 's central or federal bank on loans and advances controls money supply in the economy and the banking sector . This is typically done on a quarterly basis to control inflation and to stabilize the country 's exchange rates . A fluctuation in bank rates triggers a ripple - effect as it impacts every sphere of a country 's economy . For instance , the prices in stock markets tend to react to interest rate changes . A change in bank rates affects customers as it influences prime interest rates for personal loan . By country ( edit ) Australia ( edit ) In Australia , the Governor of the Reserve Bank of Australia ( RBA ) sets the bank rate , known as the official cash rate , which is reviewed by the Reserve Bank Board each month . Brazil ( edit ) In Brazil , the discount rate is called SELIC ( Special System of Liquidation and Custody , translated ) . It is the mean term of the overnight rate , fixed by the Committee of Monetary Politics , a branch of the Central Bank of Brazil . There are some assets of the public debt that are harnessed to the SELIC : an increase in this rate provides more profit for its owner . Canada ( edit ) In Canada , the bank rate is defined as the upper limit of the overnight rate band , announced reviewed and modified if necessary eight times each year ( a schedule implemented in November 2000 ) by the Bank of Canada , ( making it the target overnight rate + 0.25 % ) . Since September 2010 , the Bank of Canada 's key interest rate ( overnight rate ) was 0.5 % . In mid 2017 , inflation remained below the Bank 's 2 % target , mostly because of reductions in the cost of energy and automobiles ; as well , the economy was in a continuing growth spurt with a predicted GDP growth of 2.8 percent by year end . On 12 July 2017 , the bank increased the key rate to 0.75 % . In a statement , it confirmed that the rate would continue to be evaluated on the basis of inflation . `` Future adjustments to the target for the overnight rate will be guided by incoming data as they inform the bank 's inflation outlook , keeping in mind continued uncertainty and financial system vulnerabilities . '' Eurozone ( edit ) In the eurozone the bank rate managed by the European Central Bank is called Standing Facilities , which are used to manage overnight liquidity ... Qualifying counterparties can use the Standing Facilities to increase the amount of cash they have available for overnight settlements using the Marginal Lending Facility . Conversely , excess funds can be deposited within the European Central Bank System ( ECBS ) and earn interest using the Deposit facility . India ( edit ) Bank rate in India is determined by Reserve Bank of India ( RBI ) . It is the rate at which RBI gives loan to commercial banks with collateral ( RBI act 1934 sec. 49 ) The RBI also provides short term loans to its clients ( keeping collateral ) which is called the repo rate . RBI revises this rate periodically . However , there is no predetermined schedule . The repo rates are changed re-actively depending on the economy . Like other countries , repo rates affect the money flow into the nation 's economy and affect the inflation and commercial banks ' lending or interest rate The Indian bank rate is 6.25 % , which is same as the rate for Marginal Standing Facility ( MSF ) New Zealand ( edit ) The governor of the Reserve Bank of New Zealand sets the New Zealand bank rate known as the Official cash rate , which is reviewed by the Reserve Bank board approximately every six weeks . Singapore ( edit ) In Singapore , the Monetary Authority of Singapore strategically review its Monetary Policy to promote price stability as a sound basis for sustainable economic growth . United kingdom ( edit ) In the UK , bank rates are set by the Bank of England 's Monetary Policy Committee . The key interest rate is called the official bank rate , which is the lowest rate at which the Bank acts as lender of last resort to the money markets . United States ( edit ) In the United States , the bank rate is the discount rate , which is set by the Federal Reserve . See also ( edit ) Official bank rate Official cash rate Overnight rate Federal funds rate Monetary policy Discount window References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Boyes , William ; Melvin , Michael . Fundamentals of Economics ( 6th ed . ) . p. 329 . Jump up ^ In English , the Central Bank of Brazil information . Jump up ^ `` The Target for the Overnight Rate '' . bankofcanada.ca . Bank of Canada . Retrieved 10 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Siklos , Pierre ( 2001 ) . Money , Banking , and Financial Institutions : Canada in the Global Environment . Toronto : McGraw - Hill . pp. 50 -- 51 . ISBN 0 - 07 - 087158 - 2 . Jump up ^ Argitis , Theophilos ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` Bank of Canada Raises Rates for First Time in 7 Years '' . Bloomberg News . Jump up ^ Hopkins , Andrea ; Schnurr , Leah . `` Bank of Canada raises rates , analysts see more hikes in store '' . Reuters . Jump up ^ rbi Jump up ^ `` Singapore 's Exchange Rate - Based Monetary Policy '' ( PDF ) . Monetary Authority of Singapore . Jump up ^ `` CHANGES IN BANK RATE , MINIMUM LENDING RATE , MINIMUM BAND 1 DEALING RATE , REPO RATE AND OFFICIAL BANK RATE '' ( PDF ) . Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Bank Rate . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bank_rate&oldid=794815247 '' Categories : Interest rates Operations of central banks Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from July 2013 All articles needing additional references Articles with limited geographic scope from November 2013 Articles that may contain original research from November 2013 All articles that may contain original research Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español Français हिन्दी Hrvatski Italiano Lietuvių Norsk Polski Русский Татарча / tatarça Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 August 2017 , at 06 : 15 . About Wikipedia | the rate at which the rbi lends money to commercial banks is called | [
"Bank rate, also referred to as the discount rate in American English,[1] is the rate of interest which a central bank charges on the loans and advances to a commercial bank. The bank rate is known by a number of different terms depending on the country and has changed over time in some countries as the mechanism used to manage the rate have changed."
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"Bank rate, also referred to as the discount rate"
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-6213380847908968178 | Go Rest High on That Mountain | Go Rest High on that Mountain - Wikipedia Go Rest High on that Mountain `` Go Rest High on That Mountain '' Single by Vince Gill from the album When Love Finds You B - side `` Maybe Tonight '' Released August 28 , 1995 Format CD single , cassette single Recorded Genre Country Length 5 : 15 ( Album version ) 4 : 27 ( Radio edit ) Label MCA Nashville Songwriter ( s ) Vince Gill Producer ( s ) Tony Brown Vince Gill singles chronology `` You Better Think Twice '' ( 1995 ) `` Go Rest High on That Mountain '' ( 1995 ) `` High Lonesome Sound '' ( 1996 ) `` You Better Think Twice '' ( 1995 ) `` Go Rest High on That Mountain '' ( 1995 ) `` High Lonesome Sound '' ( 1996 ) `` Go Rest High on That Mountain '' is a song written and recorded by American country music artist Vince Gill . It was released in August 1995 as the sixth single from his album When Love Finds You . It is a eulogic ballad . Gill began writing the song following the death of country music superstar Keith Whitley , who died in 1989 . Gill did not finish the song until a few years later following the death of his older brother Bob , in 1993 , of a heart attack . Ricky Skaggs and Patty Loveless both sang background vocals on the record . The song won the CMA 's Song of the Year award in 1996 and a BMI Most - Performed Song award in 1997 . It also received two Grammy Awards for Best Male Country Vocal Performance and Best Country Song in the 38th Grammy Awards . The single reached No. 14 on the Country Singles chart in 1995 . It has sold 648,000 digital copies in the US since becoming available for download . On May 2 , 2013 , Gill performed the song with Loveless at the funeral of fellow country artist George Jones . At one point during the performance , Gill became too emotional to sing some of the words , but was able to complete the song by focusing primarily on his guitar playing . In a speech just prior to Gill 's and Loveless ' performance , Gill underlined their duet by stating that he always was aware of a `` special anointing '' in his duets with Loveless , and compared them particularly to Jones ' duets with singer Melba Montgomery during the 1960s . Contents ( hide ) 1 Critical reception 2 Music video 3 Chart performance 3.1 Year - end charts 4 See also 5 Notes Critical reception ( edit ) Deborah Evans Price , of Billboard magazine reviewed the song favorably calling the song `` beautiful , majestic , and easily one of the best singles of Gill 's already distinguished career . '' She goes on to say that the composition `` boasts a touching spiritual lyric and Gill 's consistently impeccable vocal delivery . '' Music video ( edit ) The music video was directed by John Lloyd Miller and premiered in mid-1995 . Chart performance ( edit ) `` Go Rest High on That Mountain '' debuted at number 70 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks for the week of September 2 , 1995 . The song has sold 777,000 digital copies as of December 2017 after it became available for download in the U.S. Chart ( 1995 ) Peak position Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) 7 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 14 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1995 ) Position Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) 74 See also ( edit ) Vince Gill discography Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Cash , Rosanne ; Rudder , Randy ( 2006 ) . Country Music Reader . Country Music Books . p. 103 . ISBN 0 - 9769745 - 1 - 7 . Jump up ^ Carlin , Richard ( 2003 ) . Country Music : A Biographical Dictionary . Taylor & Francis . p. 150 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 93802 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Past winners search '' . Grammy.com . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 13 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Vince Gill > Charts & Awards > Billboard Singles '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ Bjorke , Matt ( December 7 , 2015 ) . `` Top 30 Digital Country Singles : December 7 , 2015 '' . RoughStock . Jump up ^ YouTube . Grand Ole Opry . Vince Gill and Patty Loveless - `` Go Rest High On That Mountain '' at George Jones ' Funeral Opry. 2013 Possum Tracks Touring Co . Retrieved January 7 , 2015 . YouTube Jump up ^ Billboard , September 2 , 1995 Jump up ^ Bjorke , Matt ( December 19 , 2017 ) . `` Top 30 Digital Country Singles Chart : December 26 , 2017 '' . Roughstock . Retrieved December 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Country Tracks : Issue 2841 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . December 18 , 1995 . Retrieved July 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Vince Gill Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` RPM Top 100 Country Tracks of 1995 '' . RPM . December 18 , 1995 . Retrieved July 21 , 2013 . hide Vince Gill Studio albums The Things That Matter The Way Back Home When I Call Your Name Pocket Full of Gold I Still Believe in You When Love Finds You High Lonesome Sound The Key Let 's Make Sure We Kiss Goodbye Next Big Thing These Days Guitar Slinger Bakersfield Down to My Last Bad Habit Compilation albums The Essential Vince Gill Souvenirs Icon Christmas albums Let There Be Peace on Earth Breath of Heaven : A Christmas Collection ' Tis the Season Extended plays Turn Me Loose Notable singles `` True Love '' `` If It Were n't for Him '' ( with Rosanne Cash ) `` Oklahoma Borderline '' `` Cinderella '' `` Let 's Do Something '' `` Everybody 's Sweetheart '' `` The Radio '' `` Never Alone '' `` Oklahoma Swing '' ( with Reba McEntire ) `` When I Call Your Name '' `` Never Knew Lonely '' `` Pocket Full of Gold '' `` Liza Jane '' `` Look at Us '' `` Take Your Memory with You '' `` I Still Believe in You '' `` Do n't Let Our Love Start Slippin ' Away '' `` No Future in the Past '' `` One More Last Chance '' `` Tryin ' to Get Over You '' `` Whenever You Come Around '' `` What the Cowgirls Do '' `` When Love Finds You '' `` Which Bridge to Cross ( Which Bridge to Burn ) '' `` You Better Think Twice '' `` Go Rest High on That Mountain '' `` High Lonesome Sound '' `` Worlds Apart '' `` Pretty Little Adriana '' `` A Little More Love '' `` You and You Alone '' `` If You Ever Have Forever in Mind '' `` Kindly Keep It Country '' `` Do n't Come Cryin ' to Me '' `` My Kind of Woman / My Kind of Man '' ( with Patty Loveless ) `` Let 's Make Sure We Kiss Goodbye '' `` Feels Like Love '' `` Shoot Straight from Your Heart '' `` Next Big Thing '' `` Someday '' Guest singles `` The Heart Wo n't Lie '' ( with Reba McEntire ) `` House of Love '' ( with Amy Grant ) `` I Will Always Love You '' ( with Dolly Parton ) `` It 's Not Over '' ( with Mark Chesnutt and Alison Krauss `` No Place That Far '' ( with Sara Evans ) `` Building Bridges '' ( with Brooks & Dunn and Sheryl Crow ) `` Do n't Rush '' ( with Kelly Clarkson ) `` I Just Ca n't Help Believing '' ( with B.J. Thomas ) `` Sober Saturday Night '' ( with Chris Young ) Other songs `` Here We Are '' `` I Ca n't Tell You Why '' Related articles Discography Pure Prairie League The Notorious Cherry Bombs The Notorious Cherry Bombs Book : Vince Gill This 1990s country song - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Go_Rest_High_on_That_Mountain&oldid=848249622 '' Categories : 1995 singles 1994 songs Vince Gill songs Ricky Skaggs songs Patty Loveless songs Song recordings produced by Tony Brown ( record producer ) Songs written by Vince Gill Songs in memory of deceased persons MCA Records singles Music videos directed by John Lloyd Miller 1990s country song stubs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Canadacountry Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 30 June 2018 , at 18 : 54 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sang go rest high on that mountain | [
"\"Go Rest High on That Mountain\" is a song written and recorded by American country music artist Vince Gill. It was released in August 1995 as the sixth single from his album When Love Finds You. It is a eulogic ballad. Gill began writing the song following the death of country music superstar Keith Whitley, who died in 1989. Gill did not finish the song until a few years later following the death of his older brother Bob, in 1993, of a heart attack. Ricky Skaggs and Patty Loveless both sang background vocals on the record.\n"
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"Vince Gill"
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-5315930800978349408 | Earth's orbit | Earth 's orbit - wikipedia Earth 's orbit Jump to : navigation , search The Earth at different points in its orbit Earth 's orbit is the trajectory along which Earth travels around the Sun . The average distance between the Earth and the Sun is 149.60 million km ( 92.96 million mi ) , and one complete orbit takes 365.256 days ( 1 sidereal year ) , during which time Earth has traveled 940 million km ( 584 million mi ) . Earth 's orbit has an eccentricity of 0.0167 . As seen from Earth , the planet 's orbital prograde motion makes the Sun appear to move with respect to other stars at a rate of about 1 ° ( or a Sun or Moon diameter every 12 hours ) eastward per solar day . Earth 's orbital speed averages about 30 km / s ( 108,000 km / h ; 67,000 mph ) , which is fast enough to cover the planet 's diameter in 7 minutes and the distance to the Moon in 4 hours . From a vantage point above the north pole of either the Sun or Earth , Earth would appear to revolve in a counter clockwise direction around the Sun . From the same vantage point , both the Earth and the Sun would appear to rotate also in a counterclockwise direction about their respective axes . Contents ( hide ) 1 History of study 2 Influence on Earth 3 Events in the orbit 4 Future 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links History of study ( edit ) Main article : Heliocentrism Heliocentric Solar System Heliocentrism ( lower panel ) in comparison to the geocentric model ( upper panel ) Heliocentrism is the scientific model that first placed the Sun at the center of the Solar System and put the planets , including Earth , in its orbit . Historically , heliocentrism is opposed to geocentrism , which placed the Earth at the center . Aristarchus of Samos already proposed a heliocentric model in the 3rd century BC . In the 16th century , Nicolaus Copernicus ' De revolutionibus presented a full discussion of a heliocentric model of the universe in much the same way as Ptolemy had presented his geocentric model in the 2nd century . This `` Copernican revolution '' resolved the issue of planetary retrograde motion by arguing that such motion was only perceived and apparent . `` Although Copernicus 's groundbreaking book ... had been ( printed ) over a century earlier , ( the Dutch mapmaker ) Joan Blaeu was the first mapmaker to incorporate his revolutionary heliocentric theory into a map of the world . '' Influence on Earth ( edit ) Main article : Season Because of Earth 's axial tilt ( often known as the obliquity of the ecliptic ) , the inclination of the Sun 's trajectory in the sky ( as seen by an observer on Earth 's surface ) varies over the course of the year . For an observer at a northern latitude , when the north pole is tilted toward the Sun the day lasts longer and the Sun appears higher in the sky . This results in warmer average temperatures , as additional solar radiation reaches the surface . When the north pole is tilted away from the Sun , the reverse is true and the weather is generally cooler . Above the Arctic Circle and below the Antarctic Circle , an extreme case is reached in which there is no daylight at all for part of the year . This is called a polar night . This variation in the weather ( because of the direction of the Earth 's axial tilt ) results in the seasons . Events in the orbit ( edit ) By astronomical convention , the four seasons are determined by the solstices -- the two points in the Earth 's orbit of the maximum tilt of the Earth 's axis , towards the Sun or away from the Sun -- and the equinoxes -- the two points in the Earth 's orbit where the Earth 's tilted axis and an imaginary line drawn from the Earth to the Sun are exactly perpendicular to one another . The solstices and equinoxes divide the year up into four approximately equal parts . In the northern hemisphere winter solstice occurs on or about December 21 ; summer solstice is near June 21 ; spring equinox is around March 20 ; and autumnal equinox is about September 23 . The effect of the Earth 's axial tilt in the southern hemisphere is the opposite of that in the northern hemisphere , thus the seasons of the solstices and equinoxes in the southern hemisphere are the reverse of those in the northern hemisphere ( e.g. the northern summer solstice is at the same time as the southern winter solstice ) . In modern times , Earth 's perihelion occurs around January 3 , and the aphelion around July 4 ( for other eras , see precession and Milankovitch cycles ) . The changing Earth -- Sun distance results in an increase of about 6.9 % in total solar energy reaching the Earth at perihelion relative to aphelion . Since the southern hemisphere is tilted toward the Sun at about the same time that the Earth reaches the closest approach to the Sun , the southern hemisphere receives slightly more energy from the Sun than does the northern over the course of a year . However , this effect is much less significant than the total energy change due to the axial tilt , and most of the excess energy is absorbed by the higher proportion of water in the southern hemisphere . The Hill sphere ( gravitational sphere of influence ) of the Earth is about 1,500,000 kilometers ( 0.01 AU ) in radius , or approximately 4 times the average distance to the moon . This is the maximal distance at which the Earth 's gravitational influence is stronger than the more distant Sun and planets . Objects orbiting the Earth must be within this radius , otherwise they can become unbound by the gravitational perturbation of the Sun . Orbital characteristics epoch J2000. 0 aphelion 152.10 × 10 ^ km ( 94.51 × 10 ^ mi ) 1.0167 AU perihelion 147.10 × 10 ^ km ( 91.40 × 10 ^ mi ) 0.98329 AU semimajor axis 149.60 × 10 ^ km ( 92.96 × 10 ^ mi ) 1.000001018 AU eccentricity 0.0167086 inclination 7.155 ° to Sun 's equator 1.578690 ° to invariable plane longitude of the ascending node 174.9 ° longitude of perihelion 102.9 ° argument of periapsis 288.1 ° period 365.256 363 004 days average speed 29.78 km / s ( 18.50 mi / s ) 107,200 km / h ( 66,600 mph ) The following diagram shows the relation between the line of solstice and the line of apsides of Earth 's elliptical orbit . The orbital ellipse goes through each of the six Earth images , which are sequentially the perihelion ( periapsis -- nearest point to the Sun ) on anywhere from January 2 to January 5 , the point of March equinox on March 19 , 20 , or 21 , the point of June solstice on June 20 , 21 , or 22 , the aphelion ( apoapsis -- farthest point from the Sun ) on anywhere from July 3 to July 5 , the September equinox on September 22 , 23 , or 24 , and the December solstice on December 21 , 22 , or 23 . The diagram shows an exaggerated shape of Earth 's orbit ; the actual orbit is less eccentric than pictured . Because of the axial tilt of the Earth in its orbit , the maximal intensity of Sun rays hits the Earth 23.4 degrees north of equator at the June Solstice ( at the Tropic of Cancer ) , and 23.4 degrees south of equator at the December Solstice ( at the Tropic of Capricorn ) . Future ( edit ) Main article : Stability of the Solar System Mathematicians and astronomers ( such as Laplace , Lagrange , Gauss , Poincaré , Kolmogorov , Vladimir Arnold , and Jürgen Moser ) have searched for evidence for the stability of the planetary motions , and this quest led to many mathematical developments and several successive `` proofs '' of stability for the Solar System . By most predictions , Earth 's orbit will be relatively stable over long periods . In 1989 , Jacques Laskar 's work indicated that the Earth 's orbit ( as well as the orbits of all the inner planets ) can become chaotic and that an error as small as 15 meters in measuring the initial position of the Earth today would make it impossible to predict where the Earth would be in its orbit in just over 100 million years ' time . Modeling the Solar System is subject to the n - body problem . See also ( edit ) Astronomy portal Astronomical unit Barycenter Earth 's axial tilt Earth 's rotation Geocentric orbit -- the orbit of any object orbiting the Earth , such as the Moon or an artificial satellite Satellite Space station Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Our planet takes about 365 days to orbit the Sun . A full orbit has 360 ° . That fact demonstrates that each day , the Earth travels roughly 1 ° in its orbit . Thus , the Sun will appear to move eastward across the sky relative to the stars by that same amount . Jump up ^ For the Earth , the Hill radius is R H = a ( m 3 M ) 1 / 3 , ( \ displaystyle R_ ( H ) = a \ left ( ( \ frac ( m ) ( 3M ) ) \ right ) ^ ( 1 / 3 ) , ) where m is the mass of the Earth , a is an astronomical unit , and M is the mass of the Sun . So the radius in AU is about ( 1 3 ⋅ 332 946 ) 1 / 3 ≈ 0.01 ( \ displaystyle \ left ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 3 \ cdot 332 \ , 946 ) ) \ right ) ^ ( 1 / 3 ) \ approx 0.01 ) . Jump up ^ All astronomical quantities vary , both secularly and periodically . The quantities given are the values at the instant J2000. 0 of the secular variation , ignoring all periodic variations . ^ Jump up to : aphelion = a × ( 1 + e ) ; perihelion = a × ( 1 -- e ) , where a is the semi-major axis and e is the eccentricity . Jump up ^ The reference lists the longitude of perihelion , which is the sum of the longitude of the ascending node and the argument of perihelion . Subtracting from that ( 102.937 ° ) the node longitude of 174.873 ° gives − 71.936 ° . Adding 360 ° gives 288.064 ° . That addition does not change the angle but expresses it in the usual 0 -- 360 ° range for longitudes . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Sun : Facts & Figures '' . Solar System Exploration . National Aeronautics and Space Administration . Retrieved July 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jean Meeus , Astronomical Algorithms 2nd ed , ISBN 0 - 943396 - 61 - 1 ( Richmond , VA : Willmann - Bell , 1998 ) 238 . See Ellipse # Circumference . The formula by Ramanujan is accurate enough . ^ Jump up to : Williams , David R. ( 2004 - 09 - 01 ) . `` Earth Fact Sheet '' . NASA . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ De revolutionibus orbium coelestium . Johannes Petreius. 1543 . Jump up ^ Jerry Brotton , A History of the World in Twelve Maps , London : Allen Lane , 2012 , ISBN 9781846140990 p. 262 . Jump up ^ `` What causes the seasons ? ( NASA ) '' . Retrieved January 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Date & Time of Solstices & Equinoxes '' . August 28 , 2013 . Retrieved Jan 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Aphelion is 103.4 % of the distance to perihelion . See `` Orbital characteristics '' table . Due to the inverse square law , the radiation at perihelion is about 106.9 % of the radiation at aphelion . Jump up ^ Williams , Jack ( 2005 - 12 - 20 ) . `` Earth 's tilt creates seasons '' . USAToday . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ Vázquez , M. ; Montañés Rodríguez , P. ; Palle , E. ( 2006 ) . `` The Earth as an Object of Astrophysical Interest in the Search for Extrasolar Planets '' ( PDF ) . Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Simon , J.L. ; Bretagnon , P. ; Chapront , J. ; Chapront - Touzé , M. ; Francou , G. ; Laskar , J. ( February 1994 ) . `` Numerical expressions for precession formulae and mean elements for the Moon and planets '' . Astronomy and Astrophysics. 282 ( 2 ) : 663 -- 683 . Bibcode : 1994A&A ... 282 ... 663S . Jump up ^ Allen , Clabon Walter ; Cox , Arthur N. ( 2000 ) . Allen 's Astrophysical Quantities . Springer . p. 294 . ISBN 0 - 387 - 98746 - 0 . Jump up ^ The figure appears in multiple references , and is derived from the VSOP87 elements from section 5.8. 3 , p. 675 of the following : Simon , J.L. ; Bretagnon , P. ; Chapront , J. ; Chapront - Touzé , M. ; Francou , G. ; Laskar , J. ( February 1994 ) . `` Numerical expressions for precession formulae and mean elements for the Moon and planets '' . Astronomy and Astrophysics. 282 ( 2 ) : 663 -- 683 . Bibcode : 1994A&A ... 282 ... 663S . Jump up ^ `` What is the significance of the Tropic of Cancer , Tropic of Capricorn , Arctic Circle and Antarctic Circle ? '' . Retrieved Jan 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Laskar , J. ( 2001 ) . `` Solar System : Stability '' . In Murdin , Paul . Encyclopedia of Astronomy and Astropvhysics . Bristol : Institute of Physics Publishing . article 2198 . Jump up ^ Gribbin , John ( 2004 ) . Deep simplicity : bringing order to chaos and complexity ( 1st U.S. ed . ) . New York : Random House . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 6256 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Earth - Venus smash - up possible '' . June 11 , 2009 . Retrieved Jan 22 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Earth 's orbit at Wikimedia Commons Gravitational orbits Types General Box Capture Circular Elliptical / Highly elliptical Escape Graveyard Hyperbolic trajectory Inclined / Non-inclined Osculating Parabolic trajectory Parking Synchronous semi sub Transfer orbit Geocentric Geosynchronous Geostationary Sun - synchronous Low Earth Medium Earth High Earth Molniya Near - equatorial Orbit of the Moon Polar Tundra About other points Areosynchronous Areostationary Halo Lissajous Lunar Heliocentric Heliosynchronous Parameters Shape Size e Eccentricity a Semi-major axis b Semi-minor axis Q , q Apsides Orientation i Inclination Ω Longitude of the ascending node ω Argument of periapsis π Longitude of the periapsis Position M Mean anomaly ν True anomaly E Eccentric anomaly L Mean longitude l True longitude Variation T Orbital period n Mean motion v Orbital speed t Epoch Maneuvers Collision avoidance ( spacecraft ) Delta - v Delta - v budget Bi-elliptic transfer Geostationary transfer Gravity assist Gravity turn Hohmann transfer Low energy transfer Oberth effect Inclination change Phasing Rocket equation Rendezvous Transposition , docking , and extraction Orbital mechanics Celestial coordinate system Characteristic energy Escape velocity Ephemeris Equatorial coordinate system Ground track Hill sphere Interplanetary Transport Network Kepler 's laws of planetary motion Lagrangian point n - body problem Orbit equation Orbital state vectors Perturbation Retrograde motion Specific orbital energy Specific relative angular momentum Two - line elements List of orbits Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Earth%27s_orbit&oldid=800064868 '' Categories : Earth Dynamics of the Solar System Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego Hrvatski Italiano Lëtzebuergesch Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 September 2017 , at 09 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how far does the earth travel in a second | [
"\naverage speed\n29.78 km/s (18.50 mi/s)[3]\n107,200 km/h (66,600 mph)\n"
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"29.78 km"
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-5035325118539895191 | Call Me by Your Name (film) | Call Me by Your Name ( film ) - wikipedia Call Me by Your Name ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search Call Me by Your Name Theatrical release poster Directed by Luca Guadagnino Produced by Peter Spears Luca Guadagnino Emilie Georges Rodrigo Teixeira Marco Morabito James Ivory Howard Rosenman Screenplay by James Ivory Based on Call Me by Your Name by André Aciman Starring Armie Hammer Timothée Chalamet Michael Stuhlbarg Amira Casar Esther Garrel Victoire Du Bois Cinematography Sayombhu Mukdeeprom Edited by Walter Fasano Production company Frenesy Film Company La Cinéfacture RT Features M.Y.R.A. Entertainment Water 's End Productions Distributed by Sony Pictures Classics Warner Bros. Pictures ( Italy ) Release date 22 January 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 22 ) ( Sundance ) 24 November 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 24 ) ( United States ) 18 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 18 ) ( Brazil ) 25 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 25 ) ( Italy ) 28 February 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 28 ) ( France ) Running time 132 minutes Country Italy United States Brazil France Language English Italian French Budget $3.5 million Box office $29.1 million Call Me by Your Name is a 2017 coming - of - age drama film directed by Luca Guadagnino and written by James Ivory , based on the 2007 novel of the same name by André Aciman . It is the final installment in Guadagnino 's thematic Desire trilogy , following I Am Love ( 2009 ) and A Bigger Splash ( 2015 ) . Set in Northern Italy in 1983 , Call Me by Your Name chronicles the romantic relationship between Elio Perlman ( Timothée Chalamet ) , a 17 - year - old living in Italy , and his father 's American assistant , Oliver ( Armie Hammer ) . The film also stars Michael Stuhlbarg , Amira Casar , Esther Garrel , and Victoire Du Bois . Call Me by Your Name began development in 2007 , when producers Peter Spears and Howard Rosenman optioned the screen rights to Aciman 's novel . Ivory had been set to co-direct the film , but ended up writing the script and producing instead . Guadagnino , who came on board as a location consultant , eventually became director and producer . The film was financed by several international companies , and principal photography mainly took place in Crema , Italy in May and June 2016 . Cinematographer Sayombhu Mukdeeprom shot the film on 35 - mm film . Call Me by Your Name was picked up for distribution by Sony Pictures Classics before its world premiere at the 2017 Sundance Film Festival on 22 January 2017 . It began a limited release in the United States on 24 November 2017 , before going wide on 19 January 2018 . The film received numerous accolades , with praise for its performances , screenplay , direction , and music . At the 90th Academy Awards , it was nominated for Best Picture , Best Actor ( Chalamet ) , Best Adapted Screenplay , and Best Original Song ( `` Mystery of Love '' ) . Ivory won Best Adapted Screenplay at the 23rd Critics ' Choice Awards , the 30th USC Scripter Awards , the 70th Writers Guild of America Awards and the 71st British Academy Film Awards . Chalamet was also nominated for a BAFTA Award , a Golden Globe Award , a Screen Actors Guild Award , and a Critics ' Choice Movie Award for Best Actor . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Adaptation 3.3 Casting 3.4 Filming and post-production 3.5 Production design and costume 4 Soundtrack 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Response from filmmakers 6.4 Accolades 7 Potential sequel 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Elio , a seventeen - year - old Jewish American - Italian boy , lives in the northern Italian countryside with his parents . His father , a professor of archaeology , invites a 24 - year - old Jewish American graduate student , Oliver , to live with his family during the summer of 1983 and help with his academic paperwork . Elio , an introspective bibliophile and musical prodigy , finds little in common with Oliver , whose carefree and exuberant personality contrasts with his own . Elio also resents vacating his bedroom for the duration of Oliver 's stay . Elio spends much of the summer reading books and hanging out with his girlfriend , Marzia , while Oliver is attracted to one of the local girls , much to Elio 's chagrin . Elio and Oliver begin to spend time with each other , and a seductive courtship emerges -- they swim together , go for long walks in the town , and accompany Elio 's father on an archaeological trip . Although Elio begins a sexual relationship with Marzia and brags about it in front of Oliver to gauge his reaction , he increasingly finds himself attracted to Oliver . He sneaks into Oliver 's room to smell his bathing suit and thinks about him while masturbating . During a trip to the post office , Elio subtly confesses his feelings to Oliver , who gently tells him that he should not act on them . Later that day , Elio and Oliver kiss , though Oliver is reluctant to go further . The pair subsequently grow distant during the next few days . In response to a note from Elio , Oliver leaves a note on Elio 's desk telling Elio to meet him at midnight . Elio spends the day with Marzia , all the while longing to see Oliver . Finally , at midnight , he approaches Oliver on the patio . The two make love for the first time . They grow closer over the next few days , having sex frequently while keeping their relationship secret . In bed , Oliver tells Elio , `` Call me by your name and I 'll call you by mine '' . They become more intimate both physically and emotionally . On one occasion , Elio ejaculates into a peach that he has split open , and when Oliver discovers it , he tries to take a bite of the peach in front of a humiliated Elio , who begs him not to . Completely smitten with Oliver by this point , Elio starts avoiding Marzia . With the end of Oliver 's stay imminent , the couple find themselves overcome by uncertainty and longing . Elio 's parents , conscious of the bond between the two , recommend they take a trip to Bergamo together before Oliver goes back to America . They spend three romantic days together , after which Oliver leaves , and a heartbroken Elio returns home . He encounters a sympathetic Marzia , who still wants to be his friend , and his father , seeing how forlorn his son is , tells him that he was aware of Elio 's affair with Oliver . He confesses to having come close to his own love affair with a friend in his youth , and urges Elio to find pleasure in the grief , since true love of the kind Elio and Oliver shared is rare . During Hanukkah , Elio receives a phone call from Oliver , who tells Elio and his family that he is engaged to be married . After the phone call , a pained Elio sits by the fireplace . A parade of emotions crosses his face as his parents and the house staff prepare a holiday dinner . Cast ( edit ) Timothée Chalamet as Elio Perlman Armie Hammer as Oliver Michael Stuhlbarg as Mr. Perlman Amira Casar as Annella Perlman Esther Garrel as Marzia Victoire Du Bois as Chiara Vanda Capriolo as Mafalda Antonio Rimoldi as Anchise Elena Bucci as Bambi Marco Sgrosso as Nico André Aciman as Mounir Peter Spears as Isaac Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) James Ivory , who took six to nine months to write the script , was once set to co-direct the film . After seeing an early galley of André Aciman 's debut novel Call Me by Your Name in 2007 , American producers Peter Spears and Howard Rosenman bought the screen rights to it before it was published . Before developing it into a film , the two invited their friend James Ivory to work as an executive producer on the adaptation , which he accepted . Spears and Rosenman read the book independently and produced it in 2008 . They soon found themselves in development hell : they met with three different sets of directors and writers -- including Gabriele Muccino , Ferzan Özpetek and Sam Taylor - Johnson -- but could not find anyone who would commit to the project . Scheduling around the need to shoot in Italy during the summer also proved difficult . The producers reached out to Luca Guadagnino and lined him up as their first choice to direct , but he declined , citing a busy schedule . A native of northern Italy , he was first hired as a location consultant instead , to help `` put the movie together from the Italian side . '' Guadagnino later suggested that he co-direct the film with Ivory -- without any contractual agreement yet in place . Ivory accepted the offer , and spent between six and nine months in 2014 working on the screenplay . Guadagnino , who has described the novel as `` a Proustian book about remembering the past and indulging in the melancholy of lost things , '' wrote the adaptation with Ivory , while also collaborating with Walter Fasano to `` really fine - tune it '' . It took place at Ivory 's house , Guadagnino 's kitchen table in Crema , and sometimes in New York . Ivory hardly met the director during the process , as Guadagnino was busy making A Bigger Splash ( 2015 ) . Completed in late 2015 and early 2016 , the screenplay was approved by Aciman , who commended the adaptation as `` direct , ( ... ) real and persuasive . '' He added , `` as the writer I found myself saying , ' Wow , they 've done better than the book ' '' . The completed screenplay was vital in securing funding for the film 's production . Among the financiers were the production companies La Cinéfacture ( France ) ; Frenesy Film Company ( Italy , owned by Guadagnino ) ; M.Y.R.A. Entertainment ( United States ) ; RT Features ( Brazil ) , and Water 's End Productions ( United States ) -- along with the support of the Italian Ministry of Cultural Heritage and Activities and Tourism . During negotiations , the production budget was reduced from $12 million to $3.5 million . In 2016 , Ivory stepped down from directing to avoid conflicts , leaving Guadagnino to direct the film alone . According to Ivory , financiers from Memento Films International did n't want to have two directors involved in the project , as they `` thought it would be awkward ( ... ) It might take longer , it would look terrible if we got in fights on the set , and so on . '' Guadagnino has said that Ivory 's version would have likely been `` a much more costly ( and ) different film '' -- one which , in fact , could not have been made , because of `` market realities '' . Ivory became the solely credited screenwriter , and subsequently sold the rights to the screenplay to Guadagnino 's company . It marks Ivory 's first produced screenplay since Le Divorce ( 2003 ) , and the only narrative feature that he has only written , not directed . Despite that , Ivory was `` very much involved '' with other aspects of the production . Guadagnino chose to dedicate the film to Bill Paxton -- a friend of the director , Spears and his husband , Brian Swardstrom -- after his death in February 2017 . Adaptation ( edit ) Call Me by Your Name is the final installment in Guadagnino 's thematic Desire trilogy , following I Am Love ( 2009 ) and A Bigger Splash ( 2015 ) . The film represents a departure from his previous work , as on it he took a `` non-aggressive '' and simple approach ; he has said this is `` the most calm '' movie he has made . Despite being a literary adaptation , many scenes in the film play out wordlessly . `` Words are part of what 's going on , but it 's not necessarily what 's going on underneath . I think this film celebrates the underneath , '' he said . Guadagnino considers the film an `` homage to fathers , '' referring both to his own father and to four filmmakers who have inspired him -- Jean Renoir , Jacques Rivette , Éric Rohmer , and Bernardo Bertolucci . Guadagnino has described Call Me By Your Name as a family - oriented film for the purpose of `` transmission of knowledge and hope that people of different generations come to see the film together . '' He never saw it as a `` gay '' movie , but rather calls it a film about the `` beauty of the newborn idea of desire , unbiased and uncynical , '' and reflecting his motto of living `` with a sense of joie de vivre '' , in which `` we should always be very earnest with one 's feelings , instead of hiding them or shielding ourselves '' . The director attempted to avoid the flaws he had seen in most coming - of - age films , in which growth is often portrayed as a result of resolving certain preconceived dilemmas -- such as having to choose between two lovers . He also wanted the story to follow two people in the moment , rather than focus on an antagonist or a tragedy , a specific approach inspired by À Nos Amours ( 1983 ) , directed by Maurice Pialat . As someone who considers sex in film a representation of the characters ' behavior and identity , Guadagnino was not interested in including explicit sex scenes in the film , in order to keep the tone as planned , saying , `` I wanted the audience to completely rely on the emotional travel of these people and feel first love ( ... ) It was important to me to create this powerful universality , because the whole idea of the movie is that the other person makes you beautiful -- enlightens you , elevates you . '' The setting was changed from Bordighera ( pictured ) , where the novel is set , to the countryside near Crema . The film differs from its source material in a number of ways . While the novel serves as a memory - piece from Elio 's perspective , the filmmakers chose to set the movie entirely in the present timeline , a `` much more efficient '' solution , to help the audience understand the characters and `` reflect the essence of the book . '' The setting was changed from Bordighera to the countryside of Crema , Lombardy , where Guadagnino lives . He decided to push up the original setting from 1987 to 1983 -- which he explained was a year , `` in Italy at least , when everything that was great about the ' 70s is definitely shut down '' , and one in which the characters `` are in a way untouched by the corruption of the ' 80s -- in the U.S. , Reagan , and in the UK , Thatcher '' . Mr. Perlman 's profession was refined by Ivory from a classics scholar to `` an art historian / archeologist type . '' Guadagnino was tempted to remove the scene from the novel in which Elio masturbates into a pitted peach , as he thought it was a metaphor for `` sexual impulses and energy '' , and that it was too explicit . Timothée Chalamet was also nervous about the scene , describing it as the key to illuminating the character 's `` overabundant sexual energy '' . Despite their reservations , Guadagnino and Chalamet each tested the method by themselves , and both agreed that it worked , so the scene stayed in the film . A scene featuring Elio and Oliver 's `` enthusiastic '' dancing to The Psychedelic Furs ' `` Love My Way '' in a small bar is not drawn from the book , but inspired by the time Guadagnino danced by himself in a bedroom when he was young . In revising Ivory 's draft of the script , Guadagnino removed the voice - over narration and a considerable amount of nudity . The director did not like the idea of having the main character tell the story retrospectively , stating that `` it kills the surprise '' . Toward the end of the novel , the two protagonists go off on a trip to Rome together , which lasts an entire chapter with new characters in multiple locations . Because of the limited budget , Ivory and the producers came up with several variations , including the idea to have `` everyone else leave and they are alone in the house '' ; and changed into `` another kind of a little trip '' , where they spend `` some time together away from the house '' . In his original script , Ivory depicted Elio in the final scene when he was decorating a Christmas tree with candles in his family 's home . Ivory also had to cut down Mr. Perlman 's speech , which was longer in the novel , but was committed to keeping it in the script . He described the scene where Elio conveys his feelings to Oliver as one of the most important moments , capturing the `` euphoric passion and nervousness '' of their first love . Casting ( edit ) In 2015 , Shia LaBeouf and Greta Scacchi were reportedly set to be cast in the film . In September 2016 , Ivory confirmed that LaBeouf and Scacchi were no longer involved in the project . According to Ivory , LaBeouf had gone to New York City to do a reading for the film , but the production company later felt he was unsuitable due to his `` various troubles '' ; although Ivory thought the two `` had good scenes together '' and could have made it into the film , the company disagreed . Hammer and Chalamet during the press conference for Call Me by Your Name at the 2017 Berlin International Film Festival After seeing Armie Hammer 's performance in The Social Network ( 2010 ) , Guadagnino `` fell in love '' with him and cultivated his passion for Hammer and the movies he made afterwards . The director found him to be a `` sophisticated actor , with a great range '' and had him in mind for the role of Oliver . Hammer , who had expressed interest in Guadagnino 's A Bigger Splash , met with the director years before the film went into production . When the actor got the script , he almost turned down the role because of the nudity that had been in that draft . `` I did want to pass ; it scared me , '' he said . `` There 's a lot of stuff here that I 've never done on film before . But there 's no way I ca n't do this ( film ) , mostly because it scares me so much . '' According to Guadagnino , Hammer was going to pass on the role through his agent , but then changed his mind at the end of their conversation . This is the third film in which Hammer has played a homosexual character , following J. Edgar ( 2011 ) and Final Portrait ( 2017 ) . Chalamet has acted since he was a child and co-starred on Showtime 's Homeland in 2012 . The following year , Swardstrom -- Spears ' husband and agent -- introduced the then 17 - year - old Chalamet to Guadagnino , who immediately felt the actor had `` the ambition , the intelligence , the sensitivity , the naivety , and the artistry '' to play Elio . Chalamet read Aciman 's novel by the time he was seventeen , and described it as `` a window into a young person '' . Chalamet , who can speak fluent French and had played piano for years , arrived in Italy five weeks early to learn Italian , piano , and guitar . Michael Stuhlbarg plays Mr. Perlman , Elio 's father . The actor did not start reading the book until he had already joined the production . He was moved by the `` many beautiful sentiments expressed '' in the script when he first read it , including Mr. Perlman 's `` sense of generosity and love and understanding '' . Amira Casar , Esther Garrel and Victoire Du Bois feature in supporting roles as Annella , Marzia and Chiara respectively . Casting director Stella Savino met Vanda Capriolo when she was biking in the countryside . The non-actor was later cast for the role of the maid , Mafalda . Aciman and Spears themselves also appear briefly in the roles of Mounir and Isaac , a gay couple who attend a dinner party . Aciman was asked to be in the movie after actors became unavailable . `` It was a last - minute decision , '' Spears recalled , `` Andrė turns out to be a phenomenal actor ! So comfortable , not nervous at all . His wife was sitting there and said , ' I had no idea ! ' '' Hammer and Chalamet both signed contracts that prohibited full - frontal nudity . Ivory , whose original screenplay had contained `` all sorts of nudity , '' was dismayed by the decision , criticizing what he saw as an `` American '' attitude . `` Nobody seems to care that much or be shocked about a totally naked woman . It 's the men , '' he said . Guadagnino , who remained involved in the casting , chose actors based on their performances and chemistry , rather than choosing to `` investigate or label '' their sexuality . He said , `` The idea that you have to cast only someone who has a certain set of skills , and worse , a certain gender identity in any role : that 's oppressive to me '' . Filming and post-production ( edit ) The arch of Torrazzo at the Crema Cathedral , where the filming process was postponed due to bad weather Principal photography on Call Me by Your Name lasted between 32 -- 34 days . It began on 9 May 2016 , shortly after A Bigger Splash was released in the United States , and completed in June 2016 . The process occurred quietly , with reports only appearing after filming had been underway for two weeks . The director 's first cut of the film was four hours long . Post-production with regular editor Walter Fasano took only a month -- between June and July , the fastest Guadagnino had edited . The film was shot primarily in Crema and the province of Cremona . It was shot during an unexpected historic rainstorm in Italy , described by the weather reports as a `` once - in - century rain . '' The pre-production in Crema was fast : a search for extras began there in March and April . Scenes from the nearby villages of Pandino and Moscazzano were filmed from 17 May , before moving to Crema on 1 June . Additional outdoor scenes were shot on 4 December 2016 . Several historical locations in the surrounding streets in Crema and Pandino were chosen during production , including the arch of Torrazzo at the Crema Cathedral . Businesses received compensation for financial losses caused by the closure , scheduled for 30 and 31 May . Two days ' filming at the cathedral were postponed due to the weather . Production in Crema cost € 18,000 , with a promotion campaign that cost € 7,500 . Filming also took place in the Lodigiano area near Crespiatica , and two small towns in the immediate vicinity of Crema : Montodine and Ripalta . The archaeological discovery scene was filmed at the Grottoes of Catullus by Lake Garda in Sirmione . The trip to Bergamo was shot in multiple historical buildings , including the Bergamo Cathedral , the Santa Maria Maggiore , and the University of Sciences , Letters and Arts . The production team was only able to secure permission to film at the Cascate del Serio in Valbondione for half an hour , owing to concerns about security . The actors lived in Crema and were able to absorb the rhythm of small - town life . Guadagnino engaged deeply with the cast and filmmakers , and often cooked and showed films for them in his house . Hammer and Chalamet , who did not have to do a screen test together , met for the first time during the production in Crema . They spent a month together before filming began , watched Mike Tyson documentaries and went to local restaurants , to build character development . `` We 'd hang out with each other all the time , because we were pretty much the only Americans there , and we were able to defend one another and really get to know one another , '' Chalamet recalled . In the first two days of production , Guadagnino sat down with the cast to read through the script . Hammer and Chalamet went to the kissing scene during the first rehearsal . The actors rehearsed their scenes every night before shooting , and spent several days shooting nude . `` I 've never been so intimately involved with a director before . Luca was able to look at me and completely undress me , '' Hammer said . The Grottoes of Catullus , on the southern shore of Lake Garda in Sirmione , is one of the chosen filming locations . Guadagnino shot the film in chronological order , which allowed the filmmakers to `` witness the onscreen maturity of both protagonist and actor '' . The scene where Mr. Perlman delivered an educational speech to Elio was filmed the day before shooting wrapped . Stuhlbarg spent months to prepare for the scene , one that Guadagnino wanted to make `` as simple as possible '' by taking less setups and `` let the actors be . '' According to Fasano , the scene took three takes , where Stuhlbarg was `` on three different levels of getting emotional . '' During the dancing sequence , Hammer had to perform in front of `` 50 extras off camera , '' with the music being turned down to record the dialogue . `` That was not fun , I do n't really enjoy dancing , '' Hammer said . The filmmakers laid a long camera dolly track and shot the scene where Elio conveys his feelings for Oliver in one take , to provide the flexibility and the `` flow of emotion '' that a cut scene could not . Chalamet was listening to `` Visions of Gideon '' , one of the original songs written for the film , in an earpiece , while filming the final sequence , in which the director asked him to perform for three variations , one per take . Sayombhu Mukdeeprom , who had previously collaborated with Guadagnino on Ferdinando Cito Filomarino 's Antonia ( 2015 ) , served as the director of photography . He read Aciman 's novel before receiving the script , and spent time walking around filming locations to `` get a feeling for everything ( ... ) to see the color , to see how the light changed during the day , and input it into my data . '' Lighting is an important factor in Mukdeeprom 's work , as he needs the light to be engaged with the characters . In order to capture the Northern Italian summer atmosphere for Call Me by Your Name , he had to create completely artificial light , due to the heavy rains that lasted the entirety of the shoot . Mukdeeprom had to adapt his technical approach to the weather condition , `` so I had to order a package of lights . I ended up with 15Ks , down to 2.5 , '' he said . The cinematographer also connected to the actors during the scene ; when they finished shooting the first take of the confrontation between Oliver and Elio , Mukdeeprom was crying in a corner of the room . The film was shot using 35 mm film and a single lens , a decision influenced by the work of David Cronenberg in order to `` solidif ( y ) the point of view , '' and make `` the tension of the performance come off the screen . '' Production design and costume ( edit ) The main location for the Perlmans ' residence was Villa Albergoni , an uninhabited 17th - century mansion in Moscazzano . The director initially wanted to buy the house but could not afford it , so he made a film at the place instead . A landscape designer was hired to organize an orchard in the mansion 's garden . A pergola was shown on the patio , along with apricot and peach trees in the garden , which are not native to Lombardy . Six weeks before production , the crew -- including production designer Samuel Dehors and first - time set decorator Violante Visconti di Modrone -- gradually decorated the house with furniture , objects , and decoration inspired by the characters . Much of the furniture , including the dishes and glassware from the ' 50s , belonged to Guadagnino and di Modrone 's parents . `` That made it cozy and personal , '' di Modrone said , `` I wanted to give it the sense of time passing by . '' The Asian - inspired paintings , maps , and mirrors mostly came from an antiques store in Milan . Books used in background were published before 1982 . The swimming pool used in the film was recreated from a watering trough common in the area . In public places , the filmmakers set up faded political billboards to reflect the Italian general election in 1983 , and re-created a newsstand full of magazines of that particular time . Guadagnino did not want the film to `` look like a reflection on the 80s , ( ... ) when it becomes period . '' His team performed extensive research , with an assist from the residents of Crema , by entering people 's houses and collecting their pictures of the ' 80s . Chen Li , a Chinese woman who lives in Milan , served as graphic designer . She wrote the titles in the opening credits , in which the director used Xerox images of statues and placed them with Mr. Perlman 's personal items . Costume designer Giulia Piersanti avoided using period costumes , and wanted to provide `` a sense of insouciant adolescent sensuality , summer heat and sexual awakening '' to the characters . Several costume pieces from the film were made from scratch . The costumes were influenced by the work in French films Pauline at the Beach ( 1983 ) , A Tale of Springtime ( 1990 ) , and A Summer 's Tale ( 1996 ) . She took inspiration from her parents ' photo albums for the Perlmans ' wardrobe . For Oliver 's `` sexy , healthy American '' image , Piersanti referred to `` some of Bruce Weber 's earliest photographs . '' His clothes change throughout the film as `` he 's more able to free himself . '' Aiming to emphasize Elio 's confident style , she chose several Lacoste costumes , and a distinctive New Romantic - looking shirt in the final scene . Elio 's polo shirt and Fido Dido T - shirt came from her husband 's closet . Soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : Call Me by Your Name : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Stevens contributed three songs to soundtrack . Guadagnino normally selects the music for his films himself . The director wanted to find an `` emotional narrator to the film '' through music , a `` less heavy , less present , and more enveloping '' way than voice and text . He was inspired by the work in Barry Lyndon ( 1975 ) , The Magnificent Ambersons ( 1942 ) , and The Age of Innocence ( 1993 ) . Guadagnino wanted the film 's music to be connected to Elio , a young pianist who likes to transcribe and adapt pieces , in order to get close to Oliver . The music is used to reflect the time , the characters ' family , level of education , and `` the kind of canon they would be a part of '' . Guadagnino also researched what was popular on the radio that summer , so as to stay true to the time period . Guadagnino found that the lyricism of Sufjan Stevens ' work resonated with him . The director initially asked Stevens to narrate the film through the older Elio 's perspective , and record an original song for Call Me by Your Name , `` almost as a break in the narrative '' . Stevens declined the voiceover role , and eventually contributed three songs to the soundtrack : `` Mystery of Love '' , `` Visions of Gideon '' , and a new rendition of `` Futile Devices '' with piano . Stevens took inspiration from the script , the book , and conversations with the director about the characters . He submitted the songs a few days before shooting began . Surprised by the result , the director listened to them with the actors and Fasano on - set . Call Me by Your Name marks Stevens ' first contributions to a feature film soundtrack . A soundtrack album was digitally released under Madison Gate Records and Sony Classical on 3 November 2017 and physically on 17 November . It features songs by Stevens , The Psychedelic Furs , Franco Battiato , Loredana Bertè , Bandolero , Giorgio Moroder , Joe Esposito , and F.R. David , with compositions by John Adams , Erik Satie , Ryuichi Sakamoto , Johann Sebastian Bach , and Maurice Ravel . Release ( edit ) From left to right : Armie Hammer , Timothee Chalamet , Vanda Capriolo , Amira Casar , André Aciman , Esther Garrel , Victoire du Bois , and Peter Spears at the screening of Call Me by Your Name at the 2017 Berlin International Film Festival Call Me by Your Name had its world premiere at the Sundance Film Festival on 22 January 2017 . Prior to its premiere , Sony Pictures Classics acquired US distribution rights to the film for $6 million . The deal was negotiated by WME Global and UTA Independent Film Group . International distribution rights were purchased by Memento Films International , a French company that showed the film promo reel at the American Film Market in November 2016 . It was also screened at the Berlin International Film Festival on 13 February 2017 , Toronto International Film Festival on 7 September 2017 , and New York Film Festival on 3 October 2017 . Call Me by Your Name began a limited release in the United Kingdom on 27 October 2017 , and United States on 24 November 2017 . It expanded from four to thirty locations in the United States on 15 December 2017 , and then to 114 theaters on 22 December . It hit 174 theaters on 12 January 2018 , before going into wide release , just days before the Oscar nomination announcement ceremony , on 19 January 2018 , reaching 815 theaters . In Italy , Warner Bros. Entertainment released the film on 25 January ; special screenings with Guadagnino and the cast took place in Crema on 27 -- 30 January . The film was opened in Brazil on 18 January , and was released in France on 28 February 2018 . Call Me by Your Name is scheduled for digital download on 27 February 2018 . It will be released on Blu - ray , DVD on 13 March 2018 . Disc format bonus features audio commentary from the cast and filmmakers , behind the scenes gallery , and a music video for `` Mystery of Love '' . Marketing ( edit ) Sony Pictures Classics debuted an official poster for Call Me by Your Name on 27 July 2017 . The first theatrical trailer was released on 1 August 2017 . On 11 October 2017 , Sony Pictures Classics released a teaser titled `` Dance Party '' to celebrate National Coming Out Day . The 42 - second clip , which consists of one continuous shot of Hammer and Chalamet dancing to `` Love My Way '' at a bar , became a meme on Twitter . Due to its placement in the snippet , `` Love My Way '' also gained streaming popularity , rose 13 % on on - demand streams in two months before the film release . In the week ending 30 November 2017 , the song collected 177,000 on - demand streams , its biggest streaming week in the country . Reaction to the advertisement on social media was somewhat negative , largely for Sony Pictures ' `` misleading '' use of a still of Chalamet and Garrel instead of focusing on the protagonist 's relationship . Daniel Megarry of Gay Times described it as `` an attempt to ' straight - wash ' the movie 's predominant same - sex romance '' , while Benjamin Lee of The Guardian called it a `` disastrous attempt to push Oscar - buzzed Call Me by Your Name as a straight love story , '' and said the advert `` belies an industry awkwardly denying queerness '' . Sony Pictures Classics later aired several commercial spots to promote the film during its nationwide expansion on 19 January 2018 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) As of February 19 , 2018 , Call Me by Your Name has grossed $15 million in the United States and Canada , and $12.5 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $27.5 million , against a production budget of $3.5 million . The film is Sony Pictures Classics third - highest grossing 2017 release . In the United States , the film began its limited run on 24 November 2017 at four theaters : The Paris Theater and Union Square Theatre in New York City , and the ArcLight Hollywood and Landmark Theater in Los Angeles . The film made $404,874 in its opening weekend -- a per - theater average of $101,219 . It was the highest average of 2017 , the biggest since that of La La Land the previous December , and had the best per - screen opening for a gay romance film since Brokeback Mountain ( 2005 ) . In its second weekend , the film grossed $281,288 , with an `` excellent '' per - screen average of $70,320 . The film expanded to nine theaters in its third weekend , grossing $291,101 for a `` solid '' $32,345 per - theater average . It earned $491,933 from 30 theaters in its fourth weekend , averaging $16,398 . The film expanded to 114 theaters in its fifth week and grossed $850,736 , averaging $7,463 per screen . It made $702,098 in 115 theaters in its sixth weekend , averaging $6,105 . The film crossed $6 million in its seventh weekend , earning $758,726 from 115 locations . It grossed $715,559 from 174 theaters in its eight weekend , averaging $4,185 per screen . In its nationwide release week , ninth weekend overall , the film grossed $1.4 million from 815 theaters , an underperformance compare to `` some of its competition with similar theater counts '' . The following weekend , following the announcement of its four Oscar nominations , the film dropped 6 % to $1.3 million . The film grossed $1,000,790 from 581 locations in its eleventh weekend , averaging $1,723 . In its twelfth weekend , it grossed $683,460 , averaging $1,439 from 475 theaters . It grossed $519,028 from 332 theaters in its thirteenth weekend , averaging $1,563 . It made $552,141 from 675 theaters in it fourteenth weekend , averaging $818 . In the United Kingdom , the film opened on 27 October 2017 and earned £ 231,995 ( $306,000 ) in its opening weekend , from 112 screens , including £ 4,000 from previews . After ten days , it had made a total of £ 568,000 ( $745,000 ) , before reaching the $1 million mark ( £ 767,000 ) in its third weekend . As of 21 February 2018 , the film has grossed $2,105,609 in the United Kingdom . Critical response ( edit ) After its premiere at the Sundance Film Festival , Call Me by Your Name was met with critical acclaim . It received a ten - minute standing ovation at its New York Film Festival screening at the Alice Tully Hall , the longest recorded in the festival 's history . On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 96 % based on 271 reviews , with an average rating of 8.7 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Call Me by Your Name offers a melancholy , powerfully affecting portrait of first love , empathetically acted by Timothée Chalamet and Armie Hammer . '' It was the best - reviewed limited release and second best - reviewed romance film of 2017 on the site . On Metacritic , the film has an average weighted score of 93 out of 100 , based on 51 critics , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . It was the year 's fifth - best rated film on Metacritic . Luca Guadagnino 's direction was praised by critics . Writing in The Hollywood Reporter , Boyd van Hoeij described Call Me by Your Name as an `` extremely sensual ( ... ) intimate and piercingly honest '' adaptation of Aciman 's novel . He further called Chalamet 's performance `` the true breakout of the film '' . Peter Debruge of Variety said the film `` advances the canon of gay cinema '' by portraying `` a story of first love ( ... ) that transcends the same - sex dynamic of its central couple . '' He compared Guadagnino 's `` sensual '' direction to the films of Pedro Almodóvar and François Ozon , while putting the film `` on par with the best of their work . '' David Ehrlich of IndieWire also praised his direction , which helps the film in `` match ( ing ) the artistry and empathy '' of Carol ( 2015 ) and Moonlight ( 2016 ) . Sam Adams of BBC stated that Stuhlbarg 's performance `` puts a frame around the movie 's painting and opens up avenues we may not have thought to explore , '' and called it `` one of his finest '' to date . He extolled the film as one of `` many movies that have so successfully appealed to both the intellectual and the erotic since the heydays of Patrice Chéreau and André Téchiné . '' Ty Burr of The Boston Globe gave the film three and a half stars , commended the director for `` broadens his embrace of humanity while hitting new heights of cinematic bliss , '' and wrote that the film `` may be a fantasy but it 's one that 's lovely and wise . '' David Morgan of CBS praised the cinematography , production design and costuming for `` making a summer in the 1980s palpably alive again . '' He also applauded Stuhlbarg 's character as `` the most forward - thinking parent in movie history . '' Richard Lawson felt that Guadagnino 's adaptation `` was made with real love , with good intentions , with a clarity of heart and purposeful , unpretentious intellect '' and hailed it as a `` modern gay classic '' in his Vanity Fair review . Chicago Tribune 's Michael Phillips was pleased by the `` wonderfully paradoxical '' visual interests from the director , and called Stevens ' songs `` work like magic on your sympathies regarding Elio 's emotional awakening . '' He praised Hammer 's performance as one of `` the most easy - breathing and relaxed best work of his career . '' The Economist noted the tension `` between pain and pleasure '' in the film , and praised Chalamet , specifying that he `` evokes so many shades of humanity , portraying a path of youthful self - discovery that is more raw , unhinged , and ultimately honest than many actors could manage . '' Kate Taylor of Globe and Mail , who gave the film two and a half stars , also enjoyed his effort in capturing `` first love and its inevitable heartbreak '' , but felt that the `` multilingual , almost - pre-AIDS idyll does not stretch credulity '' . Ken Eisner of The Georgia Straight questioned its central message , and said that the film can `` alternate wildly between the poetically incisive and the indulgently preposterous . '' In a negative review , Kyle Turner of Paste wrote `` The details of the film are too small for anyone , perhaps particularly a queer person , to see ( ... ) It never gets over that hesitation . '' Luke Y. Thompson of Forbes criticized its length and called it an `` excruciatingly boring travelogue . '' Response from filmmakers ( edit ) Call Me by Your Name has also received responses from other filmmakers . Barry Jenkins , the director and screenwriter of Moonlight , praised it as a `` supremely delicate and humane work '' from Guadagnino that is `` earnest , mature and endearing the whole way through . '' Canadian actor and director Xavier Dolan commended the film for `` go ( ing ) hand in hand with the cruel truth about our romantic failures , '' as well as the performances by Hammer and Stuhlbarg . Almodóvar named it the best film of 2017 . He applauded the filmmakers for `` mak ( ing ) a bet here for the passion of the senses and the embodiment of desire , '' while calling Lombardy and Chalamet as `` the biggest breakthroughs of this year . '' Justin Simien was impressed by its `` power of images '' and the point of view from Guadagnino and Mukdeeprom , while Max Winkler described the speech between Mr. Perlman and Elio at the end as `` one of the most beautiful moments between a father and son I 've ever witnessed . '' After its screening at the Toronto International Film Festival , actor James Woods criticized the age disparity between Elio and Oliver on Twitter , accusing the film of `` chip ( ping ) away the last barriers of decency , '' and equating it to the North American Man / Boy Love Association , a pedophilia advocacy organization . Hammer responded by criticizing Woods ' relationship with Kristen Bauguess -- who started dating Woods in 2013 when she was 20 years old and he was 66 years old -- saying , `` Did n't you date a 19 year old when you were 60 ? '' In an interview for The Hollywood Reporter , Hammer explained `` We were n't trying to make some salacious , predatory movie . The age of consent in Italy is 14 . So , to get technical , it 's not illegal there . '' He further said Woods `` had no moral high ground to stand on and was cheapening what we did . '' Accolades ( edit ) Main article : List of accolades received by Call Me by Your Name ( film ) Call Me by Your Name was selected by the National Board of Review and the American Film Institute as one of the top 10 films of the year . At the 90th Academy Awards , it was nominated for Best Picture , Best Actor ( Chalamet ) , Best Adapted Screenplay , and Best Original Song ( `` Mystery of Love '' ) . Chalamet became the youngest Best Actor nominee since 1939 , while Ivory became the oldest man to be nominated for a competitive award in history . The film received four nominations at the 71st British Academy Film Awards for Best Film , Best Director for Guadagnino , Best Leading Actor for Chalamet and Best Adapted Screenplay for Ivory . At the 75th Golden Globe Awards , it was nominated for Best Motion Picture -- Drama , Best Actor -- Motion Picture Drama for Chalamet , and Best Supporting Actor for Hammer . It received eight nominations at the 23rd Critics ' Choice Awards , with Ivory winning Best Adapted Screenplay . The film led the 33rd Independent Spirit Awards with most nominations , garnering six , among them Best Feature , Best Director , Best Male Lead , Best Supporting Male , Best Cinematography , and Best Editing . At the 23rd Screen Actors Guild Awards , Chalamet received a nomination for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role . The film garnered four nominations at the 71st British Academy Film Awards , including Best Film and Best Direction , winning Best Adapted Screenplay for Ivory . The National Board of Review , the Gotham Independent Film Awards and the Hollywood Film Awards awarded Chalamet with their Breakout Actor Awards . Potential sequel ( edit ) Guadagnino has deliberated over the idea of a sequel since the film 's premiere at Sundance , when he realized the characters `` could go beyond the boundaries of the film . '' In October 2017 , he stated that he hoped to make a sequel to the film in 2020 , suggesting it might be in the style of François Truffaut 's The Adventures of Antoine Doinel series , while telling the story of Oliver and Elio as they aged . `` If I paired the age of Elio in the film with the age of Timothée , in three years ' time , Timothée will be 25 , as would Elio by the time the second story was set , '' he said . In the novel , Elio and Oliver reunited 15 years later , when Oliver is married . Guadagnino specified that in the sequel , `` I do n't think Elio is necessarily going to become a gay man . He has n't found his place yet . I can tell you that I believe that he would start an intense relationship with Marzia again . '' Guadagnino is also interested in the politics of the 1990s , saying `` it would be the beginning of the Berlusconi era in Italy and it would mean dealing with the war of Iraq . '' In November 2017 , Guadagnino shared his intention to make a series of five films , where the audience could `` see those actors grow older , embodying those characters . '' A month later , he was reported to have begun writing a script for a sequel , one that would reveal more about Oliver and resembles Michael Apted 's Up series . Hammer and Chalamet have both expressed interest in participating in a sequel , while Ivory has no interest to the material , saying `` that 's fine , good . But I do n't know how they 're going to get a 40 - year - old ( Chalamet ) ! '' . In January 2018 , Guadagnino revealed the setting will be `` right after the fall of Berlin Wall and that great shift that was the end of ( ... ) the USSR , '' and what could be the first scene in the film , is where Elio watching Paul Vecchiali 's Once More ( 1988 ) , the first French film to deal with AIDS , in a movie theater . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Call Me by Your Name ( 2017 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . Archived from the original on 7 November 2017 . Retrieved 4 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Berlin Film Festival 2017 Program by Memento Films '' ( PDF ) . Memento Films International . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 8 December 2017 . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Grater , Tom ( 11 October 2017 ) . `` ' Call Me By Your Name ' director Luca Guadagnino : shooting on digital is ' laziness ' '' . Screendaily . Archived from the original on 11 October 2017 . Retrieved 11 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Call Me by Your Name ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on 27 August 2017 . Retrieved 26 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Mr. Perlman 's full name is mentioned in the film as Samuel `` Sammy '' Perlman . ^ Jump up to : Hicklin , Aaron ( 2 October 2017 ) . `` The Art of Seduction : Armie Hammer & the Hottest Movie of the Season '' . Out . Archived from the original on 29 December 2017 . Retrieved 17 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : McKittrick , Christopher ( 15 May 2017 ) . `` James Ivory on Screenwriting '' . Creative Screenwriting . CS Publications . Archived from the original on 9 August 2017 . Retrieved 15 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mongrel Presents : Call Me by Your Name '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . Toronto , Ontario . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 28 October 2017 . Retrieved 17 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Vivarelli , Nick ( 6 October 2017 ) . `` James Ivory on ' Call Me by Your Name ' and Why American Male Actors Wo n't Do Nude Scenes ( Exclusive ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on 7 October 2017 . Retrieved 6 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Santoni , Simona ( 26 January 2018 ) . `` Chiamami col tuo nome : perché Luca Guadagnino piace agli americani '' ( Call me with your name : because Luca Guadagnino likes Americans ) . Panorama ( in Italian ) . Arnoldo Mondadori Editore . Archived from the original on 27 January 2018 . Retrieved 26 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Gray , Tim ( 8 November 2017 ) . `` ' Call Me by Your Name ' : A Global Effort to Create a Simple , Well - Told Tale '' . Variety . Archived from the original on 1 December 2017 . Retrieved 8 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Brady , Tara ( 19 October 2017 ) . `` ' Why do people want to see other people 's penises ? ' '' . The Irish Times . Archived from the original on 22 October 2017 . Retrieved 19 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Sharf , Jack ( 6 October 2017 ) . `` ' Call Me By Your Name ' Screenwriter is Disappointed There 's No Male Full Frontal Nudity '' . IndieWire . Archived from the original on 18 October 2017 . Retrieved 17 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Blessing , Joe ( 24 January 2017 ) . `` ' Call Me By Your Name ' : Luca Guadagnino Discusses Avoiding Cliches , Costumes & Narration ( NYFF ) '' . The Playlist . Archived from the original on 31 October 2017 . Retrieved 17 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Vivarelli , Nick ( 13 February 2017 ) . `` Berlinale : Luca Guadagnino on Why ' Call Me by Your Name ' Strikes Such Deep Chords '' . Variety . Archived from the original on 18 August 2017 . Retrieved 6 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Roxborough , Scott ( 19 January 2018 ) . `` James Ivory on His Film Legacy and Adapting ' Call Me by Your Name ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 19 January 2018 . Retrieved 19 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Gilligan , Meghan ( 11 October 2017 ) . `` Luca Guadagnino Discusses ' Call Me By Your Name ' at the 55th New York Film Festival '' . Screenprism . 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Jump up ^ Brunamonti , Filippo ( 11 September 2017 ) . `` Toronto , ' Call me by your name ' : Guadagnino racconta l'estate di Elio e Oliver '' ( Toronto , ' Call me by your name ' : Guadagnino tells the story of Elio and Oliver ) . la Repubblica ( in Italian ) . GEDI Gruppo Editoriale . Archived from the original on 22 December 2017 . Retrieved 20 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erbland , Kate ( 23 November 2017 ) . `` ' Call Me by Your Name ' Screenwriter James Ivory Loves the Story Too Much to Think About Sequels '' . IndieWire . Archived from the original on 23 November 2017 . Retrieved 23 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Emma ( 24 October 2017 ) . `` Call Me By Your Name producer gives beautiful reason why the film is dedicated to Bill Paxton '' . Metro . Archived from the original on 24 December 2017 . Retrieved 24 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan , Patrick ( 24 January 2017 ) . `` Sundance : Critics fall for Armie Hammer gay romance ' Call Me By Your Name ' '' . USA Today . Park City , Utah . Archived from the original on 23 October 2017 . Retrieved 17 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Olivier , Martine ( 15 October 2017 ) . `` Luca Guadagnino Talks ' Call Me By Your Name ' And ' Suspiria ' '' . The Playlist . Archived from the original on 2 November 2017 . Retrieved 17 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kellaway , Kate ( 24 January 2017 ) . `` Call Me By Your Name 's Oscar - tipped double act on their summer of love '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 17 October 2017 . Retrieved 17 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Encinias , Joshua ( 11 October 2017 ) . `` ' Call Me by Your Name ' Team on Romance , Sufjan Stevens , Maurice Pialat , and Sequel Potential '' . The Film Stage . Archived from the original on 19 January 2018 . Retrieved 11 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ashley Lee ( 8 February 2017 ) . `` Why Luca Guadagnino Did n't Include Gay Actors or Explicit Sex Scenes in ' Call Me by Your Name ' ( Q&A ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 6 March 2017 . Retrieved 6 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Call Me by Your Name ' Author Opens Up About the Film Adaptation '' . Graduate Center . City University of New York . 10 November 2017 . Retrieved 18 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Garrett , Stephen ( 13 October 2017 ) . `` Director Luca Guadagnino on Why ' Call Me by Your Name ' Is Making Everyone Cry '' . The New York Observer . Archived from the original on 13 October 2017 . Retrieved 13 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Buchanan , Kyle ( 17 November 2017 ) . `` Call Me by Your Name Director Luca Guadagnino on Armie Hammer , Sequels , and Screen Intimacy '' . Vulture . Archived from the original on 18 November 2017 . Retrieved 17 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Setoodeh , Ramin ( 4 October 2017 ) . `` Timothee Chalamet on His Racy Sex Scene in ' Call Me By Your Name ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on 4 October 2017 . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Miller , Mike ( 4 October 2017 ) . `` Armie Hammer 's Call Me By Your Name Director Breaks Down the Film 's Intimate Peach Scene '' . People . Archived from the original on 5 October 2017 . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Munzenrieder , Kyle ( 12 October 2017 ) . `` Armie Hammer 's Call Me By Your Name Dance Scene Has Been Meme 'd '' . W. Archived from the original on 17 October 2017 . Retrieved 17 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( 5 December 2017 ) . `` Oscars : How Scene - Stealing Speeches in ' Call Me by Your Name , ' ' The Post ' Came to Be '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 23 January 2018 . Retrieved 22 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Ellwood , Gregory ( 16 November 2017 ) . `` Coming - of - Age Dramas Make Mad Dash for Awards Season Glory '' . Variety . Archived from the original on 22 November 2017 . Retrieved 16 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Hass , Nancy ( 11 September 2015 ) . `` James Ivory 's Home Befits His Extraordinary Life '' . The New York Times Style Magazine ( T ) ( published 13 September 2015 ) . p . M2191 . Archived from the original on 7 April 2017 . Retrieved 8 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Teodorczuk , Tom ( 23 September 2016 ) . `` James Ivory on ' Howards End ' , Not Being Able to Work with Shia LaBeouf and Tom Hiddleston '' . Heat Street . Archived from the original on 4 July 2017 . Retrieved 8 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hirschberg , Lynn ( 7 August 2017 ) . `` Armie Hammer and Timothée Chalamet on Call Me By Your Name , the Year 's Most Sensual Love Story '' . W. Archived from the original on 7 August 2017 . Retrieved 7 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Vlessing , Etan ( 9 August 2017 ) . `` Toronto : Armie Hammer Says He Almost Turned Down Gay Romance Role '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 8 September 2017 . Retrieved 9 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Abramovitch , Seth ( 20 November 2017 ) . `` Armie Hammer on His Steamy New Movie , a Charmed Upbringing and Oscar 's ' Double Standards ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 20 November 2017 . Retrieved 20 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Gilbey , Ryan ( 28 September 2017 ) . `` Armie Hammer on gay romance Call Me By Your Name : ' There were fetishes I did n't understand ' '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 28 September 2017 . Retrieved 9 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : McConaughey , Matthew ( 2 June 2017 ) . `` Timothee Chalamet '' . Interview . Archived from the original on 19 September 2017 . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Berlinale : Archive : Annual Archives : 2017 : Programme -- Call Me by Your Name '' . Berlin International Film Festival . Archived from the original on 6 August 2017 . Retrieved 17 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Utichi , Joe ( 16 November 2017 ) . `` Michael Stuhlbarg Plays The Parent Everyone Wishes They Had In ' Call Me By Your Name ' '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on 30 November 2017 . Retrieved 16 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ford , Rebecca ; Galupp , Mia ; Lee , Ashley ( 15 November 2017 ) . `` What This Year 's Awards Contenders Can Teach About Parenthood '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 15 November 2017 . Retrieved 16 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gray , Tim ( 6 December 2017 ) . `` Luca Guadagnino Shares How His ' Call Me by Your Name ' Crew Created ' 80s Love Story Look '' . Variety . Archived from the original on 20 December 2017 . Retrieved 6 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( 10 November 2017 ) . `` Oscars : Best Picture Contenders on Staging Car Chases and How to Pivot When Plans Go Awry '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 10 November 2017 . Retrieved 16 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : O'Falt , Chris ( 15 November 2017 ) . `` ' Call Me by Your Name ' Looks So Incredible You 'd Never Guess It Was Shot During a Historic Rainstorm '' . IndieWire . Archived from the original on 16 November 2017 . Retrieved 15 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Maleszka , Jamie ( 4 May 2016 ) . `` Interview : Luca Guadagnino Talks ' A Bigger Splash , ' Stanley Kubrick , Leaving Room For The Audience , And More '' . The Playlist . p. 2 . Archived from the original on 22 October 2017 . Retrieved 8 May 2017 . We start shooting on May 9th . I am doing a movie from the novel by André Aciman called ' Call Me By Your Name . ' ^ Jump up to : Ellwood , Gregory ( 8 September 2017 ) . `` ' Call Me By Your Name ' Steals TIFF 2017 Opening Night Buzz '' . The Playlist . Archived from the original on 14 September 2017 . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Jagernauth , Kevin ( 5 December 2016 ) . `` Sundance First Look : Jason Segel In ' The Discovery ' & Armie Hammer In Luca Guadagnino 's ' Call Me By Your Name ' '' . The Playlist . Archived from the original on 22 October 2017 . Retrieved 5 December 2016 . Luca Guadagnino ( ... ) quietly shot ' Call Me By Your Name ' over the summer ( ... ) with the film keeping its secrets close to the vest . Jump up ^ Jagernauth , Kevin ( 31 May 2016 ) . `` Luca Guadagnino Now Filming ' Call Me By Your Name ' Starring Michael Stuhlbarg & Armie Hammer '' . The Playlist . Archived from the original on 22 October 2017 . Retrieved 8 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Raup , Jordan ( 23 May 2016 ) . `` Michael Stuhlbarg , Armie Hammer & More Leading Luca Guadagnino 's ' Call Me By Your Name ' '' . The Film Stage . Archived from the original on 24 June 2016 . Retrieved 5 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Weintraub , Steve `` Frosty '' ( 18 September 2017 ) . `` Director Luca Guadagnino Reveals His First Cut of ' Call Me by Your Name ' Was 4 Hours Long '' . Collider . Archived from the original on 18 September 2017 . Retrieved 18 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Girato alle cascate del Serio il film in pista per 7 Oscar '' ( The film on track for 7 Oscars was shot at the Serio Falls ) . Bergamo News ( in Italian ) . 15 December 2017 . Archived from the original on 8 February 2018 . Retrieved 15 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Film girato alle cascate del Serio e in Città Alta : 4 nomination agli Oscar '' ( Film shot at the Serio Falls and in the Upper Town : 4 Oscar nominations ) . Bergamo News ( in Italian ) . 23 January 2018 . Archived from the original on 8 February 2018 . Retrieved 23 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Casting per un ' ciak ' in città a Crema a marzo '' ( Casting for a ' ciak ' in town in Crema in March ) . La Provincia di Cremona ( in Italian ) . Crema : Soc . Editoriale Cremonese S.P.A. 24 February 2016 . Archived from the original on 7 November 2017 . Retrieved 28 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Film di Guadagnino : Nuovo casting giovedì 7 aprile a Crema '' ( Guadagnino 's movie : New casting Thursday , 7 April in Crema ) . La Provincia di Cremona ( in Italian ) . Soc . Editoriale Cremonese S.P.A. Archived from the original on 7 November 2017 . Retrieved 28 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Set cinematografico , centro chiuso due giorni '' ( Cinematography set , the center closed for two days ) . La Provincia di Cremona ( in Italian ) . Pandino : Soc . Editoriale Cremonese S.P.A ( published 11 May 2016 ) . 10 May 2016 . Archived from the original on 7 November 2017 . Retrieved 8 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Tozzi , Silvia ( 12 May 2016 ) . `` Call me by your name , Guadagnino gira anche a Pandino . Le reazioni '' ( Call Me by Your Name , Guadagnino also turns to Pandino . The reactions ) . Crema Online ( in Italian ) . Archived from the original on 9 August 2017 . Retrieved 8 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Crema , ciak si gira '' ( Crema , ciak turns ) . La Provincia di Cremona ( in Italian ) . Pandino : Soc . Editoriale Cremonese S.P.A ( published 1 June 2016 ) . 31 May 2016 . Archived from the original on 2 February 2017 . Retrieved 8 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Riprese a Villa Albergoni , ancora ciak ma ' niente compensi ' '' ( He resumed at Palazzo Albergoni , still silent but ' no compensation ' ) . La Provincia di Cremona ( in Italian ) . Moscazzano : Soc . Editoriale Cremonese S.P.A ( published 8 December 2016 ) . 7 December 2016 . Archived from the original on 9 December 2016 . Retrieved 7 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Film di Guadagnino , saldati i conti '' ( Guadagnino 's film , sold out ) . La Provincia di Cremona ( in Italian ) . Crema : Soc . Editoriale Cremonese S.P.A ( published 20 January 2017 ) . 19 January 2017 . Archived from the original on 7 November 2017 . Retrieved 19 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Spagnuolo , Eugenio ( 26 January 2018 ) . `` Chiamami col tuo nome : i luoghi dove è stato girato il film di Guadagnino '' ( Call me with your name : the places where the film by Guadagnino was filmed ) . Panorama ( in Italian ) . Arnoldo Mondadori Editore . Archived from the original on 27 January 2018 . Retrieved 26 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Piazza Duomo diventa un set , i commercianti vogliono un indennizzo '' ( Piazza Duomo becomes a set , traders want a compensation ) . La Provincia di Cremona ( in Italian ) . Crema : Soc . Editoriale Cremonese S.P.A ( published 8 May 2016 ) . 7 May 2016 . Archived from the original on 8 May 2016 . Retrieved 28 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` La pioggia ferma il set cinematografico '' ( The rain stops the movie set ) . La Provincia di Cremona ( in Italian ) . Crema : Soc . Editoriale Cremonese S.P.A ( published 28 May 2016 ) . 27 May 2016 . Archived from the original on 29 May 2016 . Retrieved 28 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Crema set cinematografico : ' Ma ci costa 18mila euro ' '' ( Movie Set in Crema : ' But it costs us 18,000 euros ' ) . La Provincia di Cremona ( in Italian ) . Crema : Soc . Editoriale Cremonese S.P.A. 29 May 2016 . Archived from the original on 31 May 2016 . Retrieved 29 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Il lancio è negli Usa e Crema resta in attesa della ' prima ' '' ( The launch is in the US and Crema is waiting for the ' first ' ) . La Provincia di Cremona ( in Italian ) . Crema : Soc . Editoriale Cremonese S.P.A ( published 23 October 2016 ) . 23 January 2017 . Archived from the original on 7 November 2017 . Retrieved 23 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Sirmione il set cinematografico del regista Guadagnino '' ( In Sirmione the film set by the director Guadagnino ) . Gardanotizie ( in Italian ) . Sirmione. 15 June 2017 . Archived from the original on 20 December 2017 . Retrieved 20 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Mancini , Carolina ( 2 February 2017 ) . `` Berlinale : Call me by your name made in Lombardia '' . Cinema & Video International . Archived from the original on 20 December 2017 . Retrieved 20 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Setoodeh , Ramin ( 23 January 2017 ) . `` ' Call Me by Your Name ' Director Blasts Mike Pence for Anti-Gay Policies '' . Variety . Archived from the original on 26 January 2017 . Retrieved 23 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Kohn , Eric ( 9 October 2017 ) . `` Armie Hammer on Getting Naked in ' Call Me By Your Name , ' Playing Hunks , and His James Woods Feud '' . IndieWire . Archived from the original on 9 October 2017 . Retrieved 11 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Trey ( 20 December 2017 ) . `` The Untold Story Of Michael Stuhlbarg 's Emotional Call Me By Your Name Speech '' . Archived from the original on 22 December 2017 . Retrieved 20 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Desowitz , Bill ( 1 December 2017 ) . `` ' Call Me by Your Name ' : Editing Was Crucial to the Year 's Best Love Story '' . IndieWire . Archived from the original on 4 December 2017 . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Matt ( 16 January 2018 ) . `` Director Luca Guadagnino on ' Call Me by Your Name ' and the Possibility of Sequels '' . Collider . Archived from the original on 16 January 2018 . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( 12 December 2017 ) . `` How ' Call Me by Your Name ' Captured a Pivotal Love Confession in One Take '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 31 December 2017 . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Utichi , Joe ( 13 December 2017 ) . `` Sufjan Stevens Nearly Played The Narrator In Luca Guadagnino 's ' Call Me By Your Name ' '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on 21 January 2018 . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Pritchard , Tiffany ( 10 September 2017 ) . `` Armie Hammer , Timothee Chalamet , Luca Guadagnino talk ' Call Me By Your Name ' in Toronto '' . Screendaily . Archived from the original on 26 December 2017 . Retrieved 25 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` In erotic ' Call Me By Your Name , ' sunshine and summer love '' . New York : ABC News . Associated Press . 21 December 2017 . Archived from the original on 7 January 2018 . Retrieved 21 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Grobar , Matt ( 10 January 2018 ) . `` Cinematographer Sayombhu Mukdeeprom On The Decision To Shoot ' Call Me By Your Name ' With Only One Lens '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on 10 January 2018 . Retrieved 10 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Wrigley , Tish ( 1 November 2017 ) . `` A Closer Look at the Sets of New Film Call Me By Your Name '' . Another . Archived from the original on 1 November 2017 . Retrieved 1 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Moss , Hilary ( 20 November 2017 ) . `` The Making of a Family Home in ' Call Me by Your Name ' '' . The New York Times Style Magazine . Archived from the original on 21 November 2017 . Retrieved 20 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Laffly , Tomris ( 23 November 2017 ) . `` Luca Guadagnino Relied on a Pair of Longtime Friends for ' Call Me by Your Name ' Decor , Costumes '' . Variety . Archived from the original on 23 November 2017 . Retrieved 23 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Finos , Arianna ( 14 February 2017 ) . `` Luca Guadagnino : ' Vi racconto l'amore gay nell'Italia di Craxi ' '' ( Luca Guadagnino : ' I 'll tell you about gay love in Craxi 's Italy ' ) . la Repubblica ( in Italian ) . Berlin : GEDI Gruppo Editoriale . Archived from the original on 22 December 2017 . Retrieved 20 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ; Atkinson , Katie ( 12 December 2017 ) . `` Pop Shop Podcast : Director Luca Guadagnino on Music 's Vital Role in ' Call Me by Your Name ' '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on 8 February 2018 . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Eisinger , Dale ( 8 January 2017 ) . `` Sufjan Stevens Soundtracks Upcoming Film Call Me By Your Name '' . Spin . Archived from the original on 22 October 2017 . Retrieved 8 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Nordine , Michael ( 3 November 2017 ) . `` ' Call Me by Your Name ' Soundtrack : Sufjan Stevens , the Psychedelic Furs , and More Lend Their Musical Stylings -- Listen '' . IndieWire . Archived from the original on 20 December 2017 . Retrieved 3 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Call Me by Your Name Original Motion Picture Soundtrack - CD Available November 17 '' ( Press release ) . Sony Classical . PR Newswire. 6 November 2017 . Archived from the original on 7 November 2017 . Retrieved 6 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Raup , Jordan ( 3 November 2017 ) . `` Listen : Full Soundtrack for ' Call Me by Your Name ' Featuring New Songs by Sufjan Stevens '' . The Film Stage . Archived from the original on 7 November 2017 . Retrieved 3 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( 5 December 2016 ) . `` Sundance 2017 : Robert Redford , New Rashida Jones Netflix Series , ' Rebel In The Rye ' & More On Premiere , Docu , Midnight & Kids Slates '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on 18 January 2017 . Retrieved 17 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Debruge , Peter ( 23 January 2017 ) . `` Sundance Film Review : ' Call Me by Your Name ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on 22 October 2017 . Retrieved 17 October 2017 . Reviewed at Sundance Film Festival ( Premieres ) , Jan. 22 , 2017 Jump up ^ Seetodeh , Ramin ( 6 January 2017 ) . `` Sundance : Gay Love Story ' Call Me By Your Name ' Sells to Sony Pictures Classics ( Exclusive ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on 7 January 2017 . Retrieved 6 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( 6 January 2017 ) . `` Sundance : Sony Classics Takes Gay Love Story ' Call Me by Your Name ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 8 January 2017 . Retrieved 6 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AFM 2016 '' ( PDF ) . Memento Films International . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2 August 2017 . Retrieved 8 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hammond , Pete ( 7 September 2017 ) . `` Opening - Night Premieres ' Borg / McEnroe ' And ' Call Me By Your Name ' Are A Love Match As Toronto Gets Underway '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on 25 October 2017 . Retrieved 20 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Call Me by Your Name '' . New York Film Festival . Archived from the original on 25 October 2017 . Retrieved 8 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Brooks , Brian ( 17 December 2017 ) . `` ' I , Tonya ' Ices Robust Weekend ; ' Disaster Artist ' , ' Shape of Water ' & ' Call Me By Your Name ' Expand -- Specialty Box Office '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on 18 December 2017 . Retrieved 18 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Brooks , Brian ( 24 December 2017 ) . `` ' The Post ' Scoops Into Top Ten In Best 3 - Day Averages of 2017 ; Holdovers Solid -- Specialty Box Office '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on 25 December 2017 . Retrieved 24 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Brooks , Brian ( 14 January 2018 ) . `` Golden Globes Winners ' Three Billboards ' & ' Lady Bird ' Cash In ; ' Phantom Thread ' Expands Solid -- Specialty Box Office '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on 14 January 2018 . Retrieved 14 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Brooks , Brian ( 21 January 2018 ) . `` ' Darkest Hour ' Tops $41 M , ' The Shape of Water ' Crosses $30 M , ' Call Me By Your Name ' Expands -- Specialty Box Office '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on 22 January 2018 . Retrieved 21 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Brueggemann , Tom ( 21 January 2018 ) . `` With Oscar Nominations Ahead , Specialized Releases Hold Their Breath at the Box Office '' . IndieWire . Archived from the original on 23 January 2018 . Retrieved 21 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Chiamami col tuo Nome '' ( Call Me by Your Name ) ( in Italian ) . Warner Bros. Entertainment Italia . Archived from the original on 24 February 2018 . Retrieved 18 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Vivarelli , Nick ( 24 January 2018 ) . `` Luca Guadagnino , Timothée Chalamet , Armie Hammer Talk Oscar Noms in Italy '' . Variety . Rome , Italy . Archived from the original on 24 January 2018 . Retrieved 24 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Il film di Luca Guadagnino il 29 gennaio al Multisala '' ( The film by Luca Guadagnino on 29 January at the Multisala ) . La Provincia di Cremona ( in Italian ) . Crema : Soc . Editoriale Cremonese S.P.A ( published 19 January 2018 ) . 18 January 2018 . Archived from the original on 26 January 2018 . Retrieved 18 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Guadagnino , il 27 è la serata cremasca '' ( The film by Luca Guadagnino on 29 January at the Multisala ) . La Provincia di Cremona ( in Italian ) . Crema : Soc . Editoriale Cremonese S.P.A ( published 10 January 2018 ) . 9 January 2018 . Archived from the original on 10 January 2018 . Retrieved 9 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Read , Bridget ( January 31 , 2018 ) . `` Watch Timothée Chalamet and Armie Hammer Dance in the Streets Where Call Me by Your Name Was Filmed With Fans '' . Vogue . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Orozco , Beatriz ( 18 January 2018 ) . `` ' Me Chame Pelo Seu Nome ' , o filme para o qual o Oscar não está preparado '' ( Check out the mesmerizing trailer of Call Me by Your Name ) . El País ( in Portugues ) . Ediciones El País , S.L. Archived from the original on 30 January 2018 . Retrieved 18 January 2018 . CS1 maint : Unrecognized language ( link ) Jump up ^ Martínez , Edouard ( 28 November 2017 ) . `` Découvrez la bande - annonce envoûtante de Call Me by Your Name '' ( Check out the mesmerizing trailer of Call Me by Your Name ) . Premiere ( in French ) . Hildegarde . Archived from the original on 1 January 2018 . Retrieved 28 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Nigel ( 29 January 2018 ) . `` Exclusive : Timothée Chalamet on Seducing Armie Hammer with ' Piano Playing ' in Call Me By Your Name '' . People . Archived from the original on 29 January 2018 . Retrieved 29 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Tangcay , Jazz ( 27 July 2017 ) . `` First ' Call Me By Your Name ' Poster '' . Awards Daily . Retrieved 27 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Buchanan , Kyle ( 1 August 2017 ) . `` Watch the Call Me by Your Name Trailer '' . Vulture . Archived from the original on 1 August 2017 . Retrieved 1 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Nolfi , Joey ( 1 August 2017 ) . `` Armie Hammer , Timothée Chalamet spark passion in stunning Call Me by Your Name trailer '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on 1 August 2017 . Retrieved 1 August 2017 . Jump up ^ McAdams , Eric ( 11 October 2017 ) . `` Watch Armie Hammer Dance in New Clip From ' Call Me By Your Name ' '' . Paste . Archived from the original on 23 October 2017 . Retrieved 17 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Lang , Cady ( 13 October 2017 ) . `` Be Soothed By the Armie Hammer Viral Dance Bringing Delight to the Masses '' . Time ( magazine ) . Archived from the original on 16 October 2017 . Retrieved 17 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Shraf , Zack ( 12 October 2017 ) . `` Armie Hammer Will Dance to Any Song in the ' Call Me By Your Name ' Meme of Our Dreams -- Watch '' . IndieWire . Archived from the original on 23 October 2017 . Retrieved 17 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( 7 December 2017 ) . `` ' Call Me by Your Name ' Spurs Biggest Streaming Week Ever for The Psychedelic Furs ' ' Love My Way ' '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on 11 December 2017 . Retrieved 22 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Mikel , Ryan ( 7 November 2017 ) . `` Sony Pictures Straight Washes Call Me By Your Name '' . Out . Archived from the original on 8 November 2017 . Retrieved 18 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Mariah ( 9 November 2017 ) . `` Sony slammed for straight - washing ' Call Me By Your Name ' tweet '' . Washington Blade . Archived from the original on 10 November 2017 . Retrieved 18 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Megarry , Daniel ( 8 November 2017 ) . `` Sony slammed for ' straight - washing ' gay romance Call Me By Your Name '' . Gay Times . Archived from the original on 1 December 2017 . Retrieved 18 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Lee , Benjamin ( 8 November 2017 ) . `` Call me by the wrong name : how studios are still trying to straight - wash gay films '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 17 November 2017 . Retrieved 18 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office Performance for Sony Pictures Classics in 2017 '' . The Numbers . Archived from the original on 22 January 2018 . Retrieved 22 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Brian ( 22 November 2017 ) . `` ' Darkest Hour ' , ' Call Me By Your Name ' , ' Man Who Invented Christmas ' Usher Holiday -- Specialty B.O. Preview '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on 22 November 2017 . Retrieved 22 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Brooks , Brian ( 26 November 2017 ) . `` ' Call Me By Your Name ' Scores Year 's Best Average Opener At $101 K ; ' Darkest Hour ' Has Robust Start -- Specialty Box Office '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on 26 November 2017 . Retrieved 26 November 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( 26 November 2017 ) . `` Thanksgiving B.O. At $268 M , + 3 % Over 2016 Spurred By ' Coco ' & Holdovers '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on 26 November 2017 . Retrieved 26 November 2017 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( 26 November 2017 ) . `` Thanksgiving Box Office : ' Coco ' Gobbles Up ' Justice League ' With $71.2 M '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 26 November 2017 . Retrieved 26 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Brueggemann , Tom ( 26 November 2017 ) . `` ' Call Me by Your Name ' Is Best Opener of 2017 ; ' Darkest Hour ' Launches Well '' . IndieWire . Archived from the original on 7 December 2017 . Retrieved 7 December 2017 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( 3 December 2017 ) . `` Weekend Box Office : ' Coco ' Stays No. 1 With $26.1 M ; ' The Disaster Artist ' Impresses '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 3 December 2017 . Retrieved 4 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Brueggemann , Tom ( 3 December 2017 ) . `` Record Opener ' Disaster Artist ' and ' The Shape of Water ' Lead Specialty Box Office Surge '' . IndieWire . Archived from the original on 4 December 2017 . Retrieved 4 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Hayes , Dade ( 3 December 2017 ) . `` Guillermo del Toro 's ' The Shape of Water ' Bows with 4th Best PTA of 2017 ; ' The Disaster Artist ' Sizzles : Specialty Box Office '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on 4 December 2017 . Retrieved 4 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Coyle , Jack ( 3 December 2017 ) . `` Coco Tops Box Office for 2nd Week with $26.1 M '' . Time ( magazine ) . Archived from the original on 4 December 2017 . Retrieved 4 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Brian ( 3 December 2017 ) . `` ' I , Tonya ' Blades To Robust Bow ; ' The Shape Of Water ' & ' Call Me By Your Name ' Expand Solidly -- Specialty Box Office '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on 10 December 2017 . Retrieved 10 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Brian ( 31 December 2017 ) . `` ' Phantom Thread ' Haute in 1st Full Weekend ; ' Darkest Hour ' & ' The Shape of Water ' Strong with Added Runs -- Specialty Box Office '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on 1 January 2018 . Retrieved 31 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Brian ( 7 January 2018 ) . `` ' I , Tonya ' Expands Strong , ' Call Me By Your Name ' Crosses $6 M As Golden Globe Noms Score -- Specialty Box Office '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on 7 January 2018 . Retrieved 7 January 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( 28 January 2018 ) . `` Fox Controls Close To 40 % Of Weekend B.O. Led By ' Maze Runner ' & Oscar Holdovers ; ' Hostiles ' Gallops Past $10 M '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on 27 January 2018 . Retrieved 28 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Brueggemann , Tom ( 28 January 2018 ) . `` ' The Shape of Water ' Gets Oscar Boost as ' Hostiles ' Lures Crowds '' . IndieWire . Archived from the original on 28 January 2018 . Retrieved 28 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Brian ( 4 February 2018 ) . `` Oscar Nominee ' A Fantastic Woman ' Solid In Debut , ' Padmaavat ' Climbs , But Holdovers Dominate : Specialty Box Office '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on 4 February 2018 . Retrieved 4 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Brian ( February 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' 2018 Oscar Shorts ' Take $615 K ; ' Golden Exits ' Has Solid Bow ; ' Darkest Hour ' Crosses $50 M : Specialty Box Office '' . Deadline . Retrieved February 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Brian ( February 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Party ' Has Lively Bow ; ' Detective Chinatown 2 ' Wins Chinese New Year Race : Specialty Box Office '' . Deadline . Retrieved February 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Brian ( February 25 , 2018 ) . `` ' Operation Red Sea ' Tops Newcomers ; ' The Shape of Water ' Crosses $55 M -- Specialty Box Office '' . Deadline . Retrieved February 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sandwell , Ian ( 30 October 2017 ) . `` UK box office : ' Thor : Ragnarok ' scores biggest non-Bond October debut '' . Screendaily . Archived from the original on 30 October 2017 . Retrieved 30 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Gant , Charles ( 30 October 2017 ) . `` Thor : Ragnarok hammers the opposition at the UK box office '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 1 November 2017 . Retrieved 30 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Sandwell , Ian ( 6 November 2017 ) . `` UK box office : ' Murder On The Orient Express ' derails ' Thor : Ragnarok ' '' . Screendaily . Archived from the original on 6 November 2017 . Retrieved 6 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Sandwell , Ian ( 13 November 2017 ) . `` UK box office : ' Paddington 2 ' scores record - breaking bow '' . Screendaily . Archived from the original on 21 November 2017 . Retrieved 13 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Gant , Charles ( 14 November 2017 ) . `` Paddington 2 makes marmalade of the UK box office competition '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 14 November 2017 . Retrieved 14 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Call Me by Your Name ( 2017 ) '' . The Numbers . Archived from the original on 14 June 2017 . Retrieved 28 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Buchanan , Kyle ( 23 January 2017 ) . `` Why Sundance Fell in Love With the Gay Romance Call Me by Your Name '' . Vulture . Archived from the original on 2 August 2017 . Retrieved 1 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Marotta , Jenna ( 17 November 2017 ) . `` ' Call Me by Your Name ' : Timothée Chalamet is Learning How to Be a Man , Onscreen and Off '' . IndieWire . Archived from the original on 20 November 2017 . Retrieved 17 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Call Me by Your Name ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on 19 January 2018 . Retrieved 25 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Tomato Awards : Best - reviewed Movies 2017 > Limited Releases '' . Rotten Tomatoes. 4 January 2018 . Archived from the original on 4 January 2018 . Retrieved 4 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Tomato Awards : Best - reviewed Romance Movies 2017 '' . Rotten Tomatoes. 4 January 2018 . Archived from the original on 4 January 2018 . Retrieved 4 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Call Me By Your Name ( 2017 ) '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on 4 October 2017 . Retrieved 4 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Dietz , Jason ( 4 January 2018 ) . `` Best Movies of 2017 '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on 7 January 2018 . Retrieved 4 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Hoeij , Boyd van ( 23 January 2017 ) . `` ' Call Me by Your Name ' : Film Review Sundance 2017 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 24 January 2017 . Retrieved 23 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Ehrlich , David ( 23 January 2017 ) . `` ' Call Me By Your Name ' Review : Luca Guadagnino Delivers A Queer Masterpiece -- Sundance 2017 '' . IndieWire . Archived from the original on 24 January 2017 . Retrieved 23 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Adams , Sam ( 25 January 2017 ) . `` Film review : Call Me By Your Name will make you swoon '' . BBC . Archived from the original on 25 January 2017 . Retrieved 25 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Burr , Ty ( 20 December 2017 ) . `` ' Call Me by Your Name ' is full of light and landscape and unstoppable beauty '' . The Boston Globe . Archived from the original on 27 December 2017 . Retrieved 25 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Morgan , David ( 3 October 2017 ) . `` Review : Armie Hammer in the coming - of - age film `` Call Me By Your Name '' `` . CBS . Archived from the original on 8 October 2017 . Retrieved 3 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Lawson , Richard ( 23 January 2017 ) . `` The Gorgeous Call Me by Your Name Makes Sundance Swoon '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on 26 November 2017 . Retrieved 3 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Michael ( 13 December 2017 ) . `` ' Call Me by Your Name ' review : At long last , first love '' . Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original on 9 February 2018 . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ N.E.G. ( 8 September 2017 ) . `` '' Call Me By Your Name '' is a work of beauty `` . The Economist . Archived from the original on 12 September 2017 . Retrieved 12 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Kate ( 9 September 2017 ) . `` The Globe 's Guide to TIFF 2017 Movies '' . The Globe and Mail . Archived from the original on 26 November 2017 . Retrieved 17 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Eisner , Ken ( December 13 , 2017 ) . `` Call Me By Your Name suffers from an excess of beauty '' . The Georgia Straight . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Turner , Kyle ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` Call Me By Your Name : 2017 New York Film Festival Review '' . Paste . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Luke Y. ( December 31 , 2017 ) . `` The Most Overrated Films Of 2017 '' . Forbes . Retrieved December 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nordine , Michael ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` Barry Jenkins Loves ' Call Me by Your Name ' , a ' Supremely Delicate and Humane Work ' '' . IndieWire . Retrieved December 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ O'Falt , Chris ( December 30 , 2017 ) . `` Xavier Dolan 's Personal Look at the Best Films of 2017 and How ' Call Me by Your Name ' ' Paralyzed ' Him With Truth '' . IndieWire . Retrieved December 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` # Top2017 : Las mejores películas de 2017 según los directores y directoras del cine español '' ( # Top2017 : The best films of 2017 according to the directors and directors of Spanish cinema ) . Otros Cines Europa ( in Spanish ) . December 19 , 2017 . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sharf , Zack ( November 19 , 2017 ) . `` Pedro Almodóvar Names ' Call Me by Your Name ' the Best Film of 2017 : ' Timothée Chalamet is the Revelation of the Year ' '' . IndieWire . Retrieved November 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : O'Falt , Chris ( December 29 , 2017 ) . `` 42 Directors Pick Their Favorite Movies of 2017 , Including Denis Villeneuve , Guillermo del Toro , and More '' . IndieWire . pp. 1 -- 9 . Retrieved December 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gardner , Chris ( 12 September 2017 ) . `` James Woods Responds to Armie Hammer , Amber Tamblyn Following Twitter Dustup '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 16 September 2017 . Retrieved 17 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Santiago , Amanda Luz Henning ( 12 September 2017 ) . `` James Woods is embroiled in a Twitter brawl over his criticism of Armie Hammer 's new film , and his habit of dating younger women '' . Business Insider . Archived from the original on 22 October 2017 . Retrieved 17 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` American Film Institute Announces AFI Awards 2017 Official Selections '' ( Press release ) . Los Angeles , CA : American Film Institute . 7 December 2017 . Archived from the original on 8 December 2017 . Retrieved 7 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` National Board Of Review Announces 2017 Award Winners '' ( Press release ) . New York , NY : National Board of Review . 28 November 2017 . Archived from the original on 29 November 2017 . Retrieved 28 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Coggan , Devan ( 23 January 2018 ) . `` Oscar nominations 2018 : See the full list '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on 23 January 2018 . Retrieved 23 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Harding , Laura ; Kaplan , Ilana ( 23 January 2018 ) . `` Oscars nominations 2018 : Rachel Morrison becomes first female cinematographer to receive a nod '' . The Independent . New York . Archived from the original on 24 January 2018 . Retrieved 23 January 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Zurilla , Christie ( 23 January 2018 ) . `` At 89 , James Ivory and Agnès Varda are the Oscars ' oldest nominees '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on 23 January 2018 . Retrieved 23 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nominations List for the EE British Academy Film Awards in 2018 ( Plain Text ) '' ( Press release ) . British Academy Film Award. 9 January 2018 . Archived from the original on 9 January 2018 . Retrieved 9 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Berg , Madeline ( 7 January 2018 ) . `` Golden Globes 2018 : The Full List Of Winners '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on 8 January 2018 . Retrieved 7 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Shape Of Water ' Named Best Picture , Takes Four Awards At 23rd Annual Critics ' Choice Awards '' ( Press release ) . Los Angeles , CA : Broadcast Film Critics Association / Broadcast Television Journalists Association . 11 January 2018 . Archived from the original on 12 January 2018 . Retrieved 11 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 33rd Film Independent Spirits Nominations Announced '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . Los Angeles : Independent Spirit Awards . 21 November 2017 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 7 December 2017 . Retrieved 21 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Rebecca ( 13 December 2017 ) . `` SAG Award Nominations : Complete List '' . Variety . Archived from the original on 24 January 2018 . Retrieved 25 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Ritman , Alex ( 8 January 2018 ) . `` BAFTA Awards : ' Shape of Water , ' ' Three Billboards , ' ' Darkest Hour ' Lead Pack of Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 9 January 2018 . Retrieved 8 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Gettell , Oliver ( 27 November 2017 ) . `` Call Me By Your Name takes top prize at 2017 Gotham Awards '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on 7 December 2017 . Retrieved 27 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Honorees '' . Hollywood Film Awards . Archived from the original on 22 October 2017 . Retrieved 19 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Aftab , Kaleem ( 13 October 2017 ) . `` Luca Guadagnino plots ' Call Me By Your Name ' sequel ( exclusive ) '' . Screendaily . Archived from the original on 13 October 2017 . Retrieved 16 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Harris , Hunter ( 16 October 2017 ) . `` Luca Guadagnino Is Planning Call Me by Your Name Sequels , Before Sunrise Style '' . Vulture . Archived from the original on 16 October 2017 . Retrieved 16 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Desta , Yohana ( 16 October 2017 ) . `` Call Me By Your Name 's Director Would Like to Do a Sequel , Please '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on 16 October 2017 . Retrieved 16 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Shraf , Zack ( 16 October 2017 ) . `` Luca Guadagnino Planning ' Call Me By Your Name ' Sequel For 2020 '' . IndieWire . Archived from the original on 16 October 2017 . Retrieved 16 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Friend , David ( 12 December 2017 ) . `` Reflections on ' Call Me By Your Name ' spur Armie Hammer to consider a sequel '' . Times Colonist . The Canadian Press . Archived from the original on 23 January 2018 . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Mumford , Gwilym ( 22 December 2017 ) . `` Luca Guadagnino on Call Me By Your Name : ' It 's a step inside my teenage dreams ' '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 22 December 2017 . Retrieved 22 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Wakeman , Gregory ( 18 December 2017 ) . `` Will Armie Hammer , Timothée Chalamet return for a ' Call Me By Your Name ' sequel ? '' . Metro New York . Archived from the original on 22 December 2017 . Retrieved 18 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Malkin , Marc ( 25 January 2018 ) . `` ' Call Me by Your Name ' Director Reveals Details of the Planned Sequel '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 25 January 2018 . Retrieved 25 January 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Call Me by Your Name . Official website Call Me by Your Name on IMDb Call Me by Your Name at Rotten Tomatoes Call Me by Your Name at Metacritic ( hide ) Films directed by Luca Guadagnino The Protagonists ( 1999 ) Melissa P. ( 2005 ) I Am Love ( 2009 ) A Bigger Splash ( 2015 ) Call Me by Your Name ( 2017 ) Suspiria ( 2018 ) Italy portal Film portal LGBT portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Call_Me_by_Your_Name_(film)&oldid=828320500 '' Categories : 2017 films 2010s coming - of - age films 2010s independent films 2010s LGBT - related films 2010s romantic drama films American coming - of - age films American erotic films American films American independent films American romantic drama films American teen LGBT - related films Brazilian coming - of - age films Brazilian erotic films Brazilian films Brazilian independent films Brazilian LGBT - related films Brazilian romantic drama films Coming - of - age drama films Coming - of - age romance films English - language films Erotic romance films Films based on American novels Films directed by Luca Guadagnino Films set in 1983 Films set in Italy Films shot in Italy French coming - of - age films French erotic films French films French independent films French LGBT - related films French romantic drama films French - language films Gay - related films Italian coming - of - age films Italian erotic films Italian films Italian independent films Italian LGBT - related films Italian romantic drama films Italian - language films LGBT romance films LGBT - related coming - of - age films LGBT - related drama films LGBT - related films about Jews and Judaism Male bisexuality in film Screenplays by James Ivory Sony Pictures Classics films Hidden categories : CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 maint : Unrecognized language CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Use dmy dates from January 2016 Articles containing potentially dated statements from February 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 23 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 March 2018 , at 21 : 38 . 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"\n\nCall Me by Your Name\n\n\n\nTheatrical release poster\n\n\n\nDirected by\nLuca Guadagnino\n\n\nProduced by\n\n\n\nPeter Spears\nLuca Guadagnino\nEmilie Georges\nRodrigo Teixeira\nMarco Morabito\nJames Ivory\nHoward Rosenman\n\n\n\n\n\nScreenplay by\nJames Ivory\n\n\nBased on\nCall Me by Your Name\nby André Aciman\n\n\nStarring\n\n\n\nArmie Hammer\nTimothée Chalamet\nMichael Stuhlbarg\nAmira Casar\nEsther Garrel\nVictoire Du Bois\n\n\n\n\n\nCinematography\nSayombhu Mukdeeprom\n\n\nEdited by\nWalter Fasano\n\n\n\nProduction\ncompany\n\n\n\n\n\nFrenesy Film Company\nLa Cinéfacture\nRT Features\nM.Y.R.A. Entertainment\nWater's End Productions\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDistributed by\nSony Pictures Classics\nWarner Bros. Pictures (Italy)\n\n\n\nRelease date\n\n\n\n\n22 January 2017 (2017-01-22) (Sundance)\n24 November 2017 (2017-11-24) (United States)\n18 January 2018 (2018-01-18) (Brazil)\n25 January 2018 (2018-01-25) (Italy)\n28 February 2018 (2018-02-28) (France)\n\n\n\n\n\n\nRunning time\n\n132 minutes[1]\n\n\nCountry\n\n\n\nItaly\nUnited States\nBrazil\nFrance\n\n\n\n\n\nLanguage\n\n\n\nEnglish\nItalian\nFrench[2]\n\n\n\n\n\nBudget\n$3.5 million[3]\n\n\nBox office\n$29.1 million[4]\n\n",
"\n\nCall Me by Your Name\n\n\n\nTheatrical release poster\n\n\n\nDirected by\nLuca Guadagnino\n\n\nProduced by\n\n\n\nPeter Spears\nLuca Guadagnino\nEmilie Georges\nRodrigo Teixeira\nMarco Morabito\nJames Ivory\nHoward Rosenman\n\n\n\n\n\nScreenplay by\nJames Ivory\n\n\nBased on\nCall Me by Your Name\nby André Aciman\n\n\nStarring\n\n\n\nArmie Hammer\nTimothée Chalamet\nMichael Stuhlbarg\nAmira Casar\nEsther Garrel\nVictoire Du Bois\n\n\n\n\n\nCinematography\nSayombhu Mukdeeprom\n\n\nEdited by\nWalter Fasano\n\n\n\nProduction\ncompany\n\n\n\n\n\nFrenesy Film Company\nLa Cinéfacture\nRT Features\nM.Y.R.A. Entertainment\nWater's End Productions\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDistributed by\nSony Pictures Classics\nWarner Bros. Pictures (Italy)\n\n\n\nRelease date\n\n\n\n\n22 January 2017 (2017-01-22) (Sundance)\n24 November 2017 (2017-11-24) (United States)\n18 January 2018 (2018-01-18) (Brazil)\n25 January 2018 (2018-01-25) (Italy)\n28 February 2018 (2018-02-28) (France)\n\n\n\n\n\n\nRunning time\n\n132 minutes[1]\n\n\nCountry\n\n\n\nItaly\nUnited States\nBrazil\nFrance\n\n\n\n\n\nLanguage\n\n\n\nEnglish\nItalian\nFrench[2]\n\n\n\n\n\nBudget\n$3.5 million[3]\n\n\nBox office\n$29.1 million[4]\n\n",
"\n\nCall Me by Your Name\n\n\n\nTheatrical release poster\n\n\n\nDirected by\nLuca Guadagnino\n\n\nProduced by\n\n\n\nPeter Spears\nLuca Guadagnino\nEmilie Georges\nRodrigo Teixeira\nMarco Morabito\nJames Ivory\nHoward Rosenman\n\n\n\n\n\nScreenplay by\nJames Ivory\n\n\nBased on\nCall Me by Your Name\nby André Aciman\n\n\nStarring\n\n\n\nArmie Hammer\nTimothée Chalamet\nMichael Stuhlbarg\nAmira Casar\nEsther Garrel\nVictoire Du Bois\n\n\n\n\n\nCinematography\nSayombhu Mukdeeprom\n\n\nEdited by\nWalter Fasano\n\n\n\nProduction\ncompany\n\n\n\n\n\nFrenesy Film Company\nLa Cinéfacture\nRT Features\nM.Y.R.A. Entertainment\nWater's End Productions\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDistributed by\nSony Pictures Classics\nWarner Bros. Pictures (Italy)\n\n\n\nRelease date\n\n\n\n\n22 January 2017 (2017-01-22) (Sundance)\n24 November 2017 (2017-11-24) (United States)\n18 January 2018 (2018-01-18) (Brazil)\n25 January 2018 (2018-01-25) (Italy)\n28 February 2018 (2018-02-28) (France)\n\n\n\n\n\n\nRunning time\n\n132 minutes[1]\n\n\nCountry\n\n\n\nItaly\nUnited States\nBrazil\nFrance\n\n\n\n\n\nLanguage\n\n\n\nEnglish\nItalian\nFrench[2]\n\n\n\n\n\nBudget\n$3.5 million[3]\n\n\nBox office\n$29.1 million[4]\n\n",
"\n\nCall Me by Your Name\n\n\n\nTheatrical release poster\n\n\n\nDirected by\nLuca Guadagnino\n\n\nProduced by\n\n\n\nPeter Spears\nLuca Guadagnino\nEmilie Georges\nRodrigo Teixeira\nMarco Morabito\nJames Ivory\nHoward Rosenman\n\n\n\n\n\nScreenplay by\nJames Ivory\n\n\nBased on\nCall Me by Your Name\nby André Aciman\n\n\nStarring\n\n\n\nArmie Hammer\nTimothée Chalamet\nMichael Stuhlbarg\nAmira Casar\nEsther Garrel\nVictoire Du Bois\n\n\n\n\n\nCinematography\nSayombhu Mukdeeprom\n\n\nEdited by\nWalter Fasano\n\n\n\nProduction\ncompany\n\n\n\n\n\nFrenesy Film Company\nLa Cinéfacture\nRT Features\nM.Y.R.A. Entertainment\nWater's End Productions\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDistributed by\nSony Pictures Classics\nWarner Bros. Pictures (Italy)\n\n\n\nRelease date\n\n\n\n\n22 January 2017 (2017-01-22) (Sundance)\n24 November 2017 (2017-11-24) (United States)\n18 January 2018 (2018-01-18) (Brazil)\n25 January 2018 (2018-01-25) (Italy)\n28 February 2018 (2018-02-28) (France)\n\n\n\n\n\n\nRunning time\n\n132 minutes[1]\n\n\nCountry\n\n\n\nItaly\nUnited States\nBrazil\nFrance\n\n\n\n\n\nLanguage\n\n\n\nEnglish\nItalian\nFrench[2]\n\n\n\n\n\nBudget\n$3.5 million[3]\n\n\nBox office\n$29.1 million[4]\n\n",
"\n\nCall Me by Your Name\n\n\n\nTheatrical release poster\n\n\n\nDirected by\nLuca Guadagnino\n\n\nProduced by\n\n\n\nPeter Spears\nLuca Guadagnino\nEmilie Georges\nRodrigo Teixeira\nMarco Morabito\nJames Ivory\nHoward Rosenman\n\n\n\n\n\nScreenplay by\nJames Ivory\n\n\nBased on\nCall Me by Your Name\nby André Aciman\n\n\nStarring\n\n\n\nArmie Hammer\nTimothée Chalamet\nMichael Stuhlbarg\nAmira Casar\nEsther Garrel\nVictoire Du Bois\n\n\n\n\n\nCinematography\nSayombhu Mukdeeprom\n\n\nEdited by\nWalter Fasano\n\n\n\nProduction\ncompany\n\n\n\n\n\nFrenesy Film Company\nLa Cinéfacture\nRT Features\nM.Y.R.A. Entertainment\nWater's End Productions\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDistributed by\nSony Pictures Classics\nWarner Bros. Pictures (Italy)\n\n\n\nRelease date\n\n\n\n\n22 January 2017 (2017-01-22) (Sundance)\n24 November 2017 (2017-11-24) (United States)\n18 January 2018 (2018-01-18) (Brazil)\n25 January 2018 (2018-01-25) (Italy)\n28 February 2018 (2018-02-28) (France)\n\n\n\n\n\n\nRunning time\n\n132 minutes[1]\n\n\nCountry\n\n\n\nItaly\nUnited States\nBrazil\nFrance\n\n\n\n\n\nLanguage\n\n\n\nEnglish\nItalian\nFrench[2]\n\n\n\n\n\nBudget\n$3.5 million[3]\n\n\nBox office\n$29.1 million[4]\n\n",
"\n\nCall Me by Your Name\n\n\n\nTheatrical release poster\n\n\n\nDirected by\nLuca Guadagnino\n\n\nProduced by\n\n\n\nPeter Spears\nLuca Guadagnino\nEmilie Georges\nRodrigo Teixeira\nMarco Morabito\nJames Ivory\nHoward Rosenman\n\n\n\n\n\nScreenplay by\nJames Ivory\n\n\nBased on\nCall Me by Your Name\nby André Aciman\n\n\nStarring\n\n\n\nArmie Hammer\nTimothée Chalamet\nMichael Stuhlbarg\nAmira Casar\nEsther Garrel\nVictoire Du Bois\n\n\n\n\n\nCinematography\nSayombhu Mukdeeprom\n\n\nEdited by\nWalter Fasano\n\n\n\nProduction\ncompany\n\n\n\n\n\nFrenesy Film Company\nLa Cinéfacture\nRT Features\nM.Y.R.A. Entertainment\nWater's End Productions\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDistributed by\nSony Pictures Classics\nWarner Bros. Pictures (Italy)\n\n\n\nRelease date\n\n\n\n\n22 January 2017 (2017-01-22) (Sundance)\n24 November 2017 (2017-11-24) (United States)\n18 January 2018 (2018-01-18) (Brazil)\n25 January 2018 (2018-01-25) (Italy)\n28 February 2018 (2018-02-28) (France)\n\n\n\n\n\n\nRunning time\n\n132 minutes[1]\n\n\nCountry\n\n\n\nItaly\nUnited States\nBrazil\nFrance\n\n\n\n\n\nLanguage\n\n\n\nEnglish\nItalian\nFrench[2]\n\n\n\n\n\nBudget\n$3.5 million[3]\n\n\nBox office\n$29.1 million[4]\n\n"
] | [
"Armie Hammer",
"Timothée Chalamet",
"Michael Stuhlbarg",
"Amira Casar",
"Esther Garrel",
"Victoire Du Bois"
] |
633236391431821262 | Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea | Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea - wikipedia Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the original film . For the spin - off TV series , see Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea ( TV series ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea Theatrical release poster Directed by Irwin Allen Produced by Irwin Allen Written by Irwin Allen and Charles Bennett Starring Walter Pidgeon Joan Fontaine Barbara Eden Peter Lorre Robert Sterling Michael Ansara Frankie Avalon Music by Paul Sawtell and Bert Shefter Cinematography Winton Hoch Edited by George Boemler Production company Windsor Productions Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date July 12 , 1961 ( 1961 - 07 - 12 ) Running time 105 min . Country United States Language English Budget $1,580,000 Box office $7 million ( US / Canada ) Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea is a 1961 American science fiction disaster film from 20th Century Fox , produced and directed by Irwin Allen , that stars Walter Pidgeon as Admiral Harriman Nelson , and Robert Sterling as Captain Lee Crane . The supporting cast includes Peter Lorre , Joan Fontaine , Barbara Eden , Michael Ansara , and Frankie Avalon . The story was written by Irwin Allen and Charles Bennett . The opening title credits theme song was sung by Frankie Avalon . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Historical and technical background 4 The submarine Seaview 5 Production 6 Reception 7 Impact 8 Other media 8.1 Television 8.2 Novels 8.3 Comics 8.4 Other 9 See also 10 References 11 Other sources 12 External links Plot ( edit ) The new , state of the art nuclear submarine Seaview is on diving trials in the Arctic Ocean . The Seaview is designed and built by scientist and engineering genius Admiral Harriman Nelson ( USN - Ret ) ( Walter Pidgeon ) . Captain Lee Crane ( Robert Sterling ) is the Seaview 's Commanding Officer . One of the on - board observers is Dr. Susan Hiller ( Joan Fontaine ) , studying crew - related stress . The mission includes being out of radio contact for 96 hours while under the Arctic ice cap , but the ice begins to crack and melt , with boulder - size pieces crashing into the ocean around the submarine . Surfacing , they discover fire burning in the sky . After the rescue of scientist Miguel Alvarez ( Michael Ansara ) and his dog at Ice Floe Delta , the sub receives radio contact from Mission Director Inspector Bergan at the Bureau of Marine Exploration . He advises that a meteor shower pierced the Van Allen radiation belt causing it to catch fire , resulting in a world - threatening increase in heat all across the Earth . Nelson 's on - board friend and scientist , retired Commodore Lucius Emery ( Peter Lorre ) concurs that it is possible . Bergan informs Nelson that the President wants him at a UN Emergency Scientific Meeting as soon as possible . Nelson and Commodore Emery calculate a plan to end the catastrophe . The USOS Seaview arrives in New York Harbor in two days . At the meeting Nelson informs the UN that according to their calculations , if the heat increase is not stopped , it will become irreversible and Earth has `` a life expectancy of about three weeks . '' The Admiral and the Commander have come up with a plan to extinguish the Skyfire . He proposes firing a nuclear missile at the burning belt from the best calculated location , the Marianas . Nelson posits that when fired at the right place and time , 1600 hours on August 29 , the nuclear explosion should overwhelm and extinguish the flames , away into space , essentially `` amputating '' the belt from the Earth . The Seaview has the capability to fire the missile . However , the Admiral 's plan is rejected by the chief scientist and head delegate , Emilio Zucco ( Henry Daniell ) of Vienna . His reasons are that he knows the composition of gases in the belt and he believes the Skyfire will burn itself out at 173 degrees . Zucco 's plan is to let the Skyfire do just that and he feels the Admiral 's plan is too risky . Nelson claims that Zucco 's burn - out point , however , is beyond that date and time if the current rise rate is maintained . But at Zucco 's urging , Nelson and Emery are shouted down and the plan is rejected . Despite the rejection , the Admiral and the Commodore quickly leave the proceedings , advising that his only authorization will be from the President himself . It is a race against the clock as the Seaview speeds to reach the proper firing position , above the trench in the Marianas in the Pacific . During this time Nelson and Crane agree on tapping the Rio - to - London telephone cable to try to eventually reach the President . However , an unsuccessful attempt on the Admiral 's life makes it clear that there is a saboteur on board . But the confusion over who the saboteur might be revolves around rescued scientist Miguel Alvarez , who has become a religious zealot regarding the catastrophe , and Dr. Hiller , who secretly admires Dr Zucco 's plan . Other obstacles present themselves : a minefield and a near - mutiny . And Crane himself begins to doubt the Admiral 's tactics and reasoning . During the telephone cable attempt , Crane and Alvarez battle a giant squid . Although the London cable connection is made , Nelson is told there 's been no contact with the States for 35 hours . Also , a hostile submarine follows the Seaview deep into the Mariana Trench , but implodes before it can destroy the Seaview . Near the end of the film the saboteur is revealed to be Dr. Hiller . Captain Crane happens by as she exits the ship 's `` Off Limits '' Nuclear Reactor core , looking rather ill . She has been exposed to a fatal dose of radiation : her detector badge is deep red . Walking over the submarine 's shark tank , she falls in during a struggle with the Captain , and is killed by a shark . The Admiral learns that temperatures are rising faster than expected . He realizes that Zucco 's belief that the Skyfire will burn itself out is in error . At the end , Seaview reaches the Marianas . There , in spite of the threats and objections of Alvarez , Seaview launches a missile toward the belt and it explodes the burning flames outward , saving the world . Cast ( edit ) Walter Pidgeon as Admiral Harriman Nelson Joan Fontaine as Dr. Susan Hiller Barbara Eden as Lieutenant ( JG ) Cathy Connors Peter Lorre as Commodore Lucius Emery Robert Sterling as Captain Lee Crane Michael Ansara as Miguel Alvarez Frankie Avalon as Lieutenant ( JG ) Danny Romano Regis Toomey as Dr. Jamieson John Litel as Vice-Admiral B.J. Crawford Howard McNear as Congressman Llewellyn Parker Henry Daniell as Dr. Emilio Zucco Robert Easton as ' Sparks ' Mark Slade as Seaman Jimmy ' Red ' Smith Charles Tannen as Chief Gleason Del Monroe as Seaman Kowski Jonathan Gilmore as Seaman George Young Skip Ward as Crew Member Historical and technical background ( edit ) This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The name of the film is an inversion of a phrase popular at the time , concerning the exploration of the Arctic Ocean by nuclear submarines , namely , `` a voyage to the top of the world . '' From August 1 , 1958 , through August 5 , 1958 , USS Nautilus ( SSN - 571 ) ( the first nuclear - powered submarine , and the first nuclear - powered ship of any kind ) , under the command of Commander ( later Captain ) William R. Anderson , steamed under the Arctic ice cap to make the first crossing from the Pacific to the Atlantic via the North Pole . On August 3 , 1958 , she became the first ship to reach the North Pole . For this accomplishment , Nautilus and her crew were awarded the Presidential Unit Citation , the first Presidential Unit Citation awarded in peacetime . The citation began with the words , `` For outstanding achievement in completing the first voyage in history across the top of the world , by cruising under the Arctic ice cap from the Bering Strait to the Greenland Sea . '' Nautilus 90 North ( 1959 , with Clay Blair ) was the first book Anderson wrote about the Arctic missions of USS Nautilus . It was named for the radio message he sent to the Chief of Naval Operations to announce that Nautilus had reached the pole . His second book about these missions , The Ice Diaries : The Untold Story of the Cold War 's Most Daring Mission ( with Don Keith ) , was completed shortly before Anderson 's death . This second book includes many previously classified details . On March 17 , 1959 , the nuclear submarine USS Skate , under the command of Commander ( later Vice Admiral ) James F. Calvert , became the first submarine to surface at the North Pole . While at the Pole , her crew scattered the ashes of Arctic explorer Sir Hubert Wilkins . Calvert wrote the book Surface at the Pole about this and the other Arctic missions of USS Skate . The film Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea begins with Seaview in the Arctic for the final phase of her sea trials , including a dive under the ice cap . Two milestones in underwater exploration were achieved in 1960 , the year before Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea was released . On January 23 , 1960 , Jacques Piccard and Lieutenant Don Walsh ( USN ) , in the bathyscaphe Trieste , made the first descent to the bottom of the Challenger Deep . The Challenger Deep is the deepest surveyed spot in the world 's oceans , and is located in the Mariana Trench , southwest of Guam . From February 16 , 1960 , to May 10 , 1960 , the submarine USS Triton , under the command of Captain Edward L. Beach , Jr. , made the first submerged circumnavigation of the world . Triton observed and photographed Guam extensively through her periscope during this mission , without being detected by the U.S. Navy on Guam . In the film , Seaview fires a missile from a position northwest of Guam to extinguish the `` skyfire . '' At the time that Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea was made , the Van Allen radiation belts had only recently been discovered , and much of what the film says about them is made up for the film . Discoveries since then clearly invalidate what the film says : the Van Allen belts ( actually somewhat more radiation - dense portions of the magnetosphere ) are made up of sub-atomic particles trapped by the Earth 's magnetic field in the vacuum of space and can not catch fire , as fire requires oxygen , fuel and an ignition source , all of which are insufficient in the Van Allen Belts . Unburned hydrocarbon emissions have never reached concentrations that could support a `` skyfire . '' The submarine Seaview ( edit ) Main article : USOS Seaview The film 's submarine design is unique in that it features an eight - window bow viewport that provides panoramic undersea views . In the novel of the film by Theodore Sturgeon , the windows are described as `` ... oversized hull plates which happen to be transparent . '' They are made of `` X-tempered herculite '' , a process developed by Nelson . In the film , Seaview 's bow has eight windows in the exterior shots , but only four windows appear to be seen in the interior shots of the Observation Room ( the four upper windows were implied to be out of frame , at the top of the observation room ) . The bow also has a shark - like bottom flare , and the stern has 1961 Cadillac tail - fins , the `` Cadillac '' of submarines . In the film , the USOS Seaview ( United States Oceanographic Survey ) is under the authority of Nelson and the Bureau of Marine Exploration rather than the U.S. Navy . The novel mentions the bureau as being part of the U.S. Department of Science . Production ( edit ) The film was part of a upswing in science fiction and fantasy films at the time , notably adaptations of the works of Jules Verne . The film marked Walter Pidgeon 's return to filmmaking after some years doing theatre . Set designer Herman Blumenthal did not approach the Navy to do research . He relied on pictures of naval vessels in the media . Reception ( edit ) Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea was released to movie theaters in early July 1961 and had run its course by late fall ( September / October ) . The film played to mixed reviews from critics , but audiences made it a success . Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea was made for US $2 million and brought in US $7 million in box office revenue . Impact ( edit ) For the filming of Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea , a number of detailed sets , props and scale models were created to realize the Seaview submarine . After the film was finished the sets were placed in storage . When Irwin Allen decided to make a Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea television series , all he had to do was pull the sets out of storage . This was done at a fraction of the cost that he might have had if he had begun from scratch . The film reduced the cost of setting up the show and was the template for the type of stories that were done . The studios , having made the film , helped make the television series easier to produce . The success of the television series encouraged Irwin Allen to produce other science fiction television shows . The most notable of these shows were Lost in Space , The Time Tunnel , and Land of the Giants . Other media ( edit ) Television ( edit ) The success of the feature film led to the 1964 -- 1968 television series on ABC , Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea . During the series run , the film 's storyline was remade as a one - hour episode . That episode was written by Willam Welch and was titled `` The Sky 's on Fire '' . Other scenes in the film were also rewritten and incorporated into the television series . Novels ( edit ) In June 1961 , Pyramid Books published a novelization of the feature film by Theodore Sturgeon . The book was reprinted several times during the 1960s . One of those reprintings has Richard Basehart and David Hedison pictured on the cover , but the book is still based on the Walter Pidgeon film . Collectors who want a novelization of the television series should find City Under the Sea . That book uses the television characters , but should not be confused with either the television episode or the later Irwin Allen film of the same name . Sturgeon 's book is based on an early version of the film 's script and has the same basic story as the film . The book also has a few characters that were not shown in the film and some additional technical explanation . Some scenes are different from the film . Some scenes in the book are wholly absent from the film , and likewise some scenes from the film are entirely missing from the book . The original 1961 cover of Sturgeon 's book shows a submarine meeting a fanged sea serpent . This scene appears in neither the novel nor the film . The design of the submarine on the 1961 cover matches neither the Seaview shown in the film nor the Seaview described in the novel . The cover submarine 's bow is opaque , and her `` Observation Room '' is a rearward projection from the base of the conning tower . The basic shape of her hull resembles that of USS Skipjack ( SSN - 585 ) , the first American nuclear - powered submarine with an `` Albacore hull '' , including the cruciform stern and single propeller . Comics ( edit ) A submarine design very similar to the craft on the 1961 cover , and its mission to save the world , shows up in a Dell Comics series called Voyage to the Deep in 1962 to capitalize on the movie 's popularity . Its mission also took it to the Mariana Trench to stop the Earth from wobbling out of orbit . It stopped publishing by issue # 4 . That ship was named Proteus , later the name of the ' submarine ' in Fantastic Voyage . In 1961 Dell Comics created a full color adaptation of the Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea movie . The comic was Four Color Comics # 1230 and drawn by Sam Glanzman . It has a few publicity stills of the movie plus a section on the history of submarines . In the comic book the Admiral 's first name is Farragut instead of Harriman . There was also a Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea coloring book released in the mid-1960s . MAD Magazine published a parody based on the TV series in one of their monthly issues entitled , `` Voyage to See What 's on the Bottom '' . The movie poster shown at the top of this article is one of four posters that were made to promote the film . Each has different wording and slightly different drawings . Each poster promotes the movie from a different perspective . The poster shown also promotes Sturgeon 's book . Other ( edit ) There is also a board game , manufactured by a company called GemColor , that is tied to the movie and not the television show . The box has a photo of a diver with an eight - foot miniature of the Seaview . The film has been released on VHS , DVD and Blu - ray . See also ( edit ) List of maritime science fiction media References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Solomon , Aubrey ( 1989 ) . Twentieth Century Fox : A Corporate and Financial History . The Scarecrow Filmmakers Series . Lanham , Maryland : Scarecrow Press . p. 253 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 4244 - 1 . Jump up ^ Solomon ( 1989 ) , p. 228 Please note figures are rentals accruing to distributors . Jump up ^ Anderson , Captain William R. ; Keith , Don ( 2008 ) . The Ice Diaries : The Untold Story of the Cold War 's Most Daring Mission . Nashville : Thomas Nelson . pp. 268 -- 292 . Jump up ^ Anderson & Keith ( 2008 ) , pp. 303 -- 304 . Jump up ^ Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships Jump up ^ `` Navy 's Bathyscaphe Dives 7 Miles in Pacific Trench '' ; The New York Times ; January 24 , 1960 ; page 1 Jump up ^ Beach , Captain Edward L. ; Around the World Submerged : The Voyage of the Triton ; Annapolis , Bluejacket Books , Naval Institute Press , 1962 ( Bluejacket Books edition 2001 ) ; pp. 292 , 197 -- 201 Jump up ^ Sturgeon , Theodore ( 1961 ) . Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea . Pyramid Books . p. 10 . Jump up ^ By , G.H. ( 1961 , Mar 26 ) . HOLLYWOOD CYCLE . New York Times ( 1923 - Current File ) Retrieved from https://search-proquest-com.ezproxy.sl.nsw.gov.au/docview/115380422?accountid=13902 Jump up ^ Hopper , H. ( 1961 , Jan 06 ) . Walter pidgeon returns to films . Los Angeles Times ( 1923 - Current File ) Retrieved from https://search-proquest-com.ezproxy.sl.nsw.gov.au/docview/167860258?accountid=13902 Jump up ^ By MURRAY SCHUMACH Special to The New York Times . ( 1961 , Feb 24 ) . SUBMARINE FILM POSES DEEP STUDY . New York Times ( 1923 - Current File ) Retrieved from https://search-proquest-com.ezproxy.sl.nsw.gov.au/docview/115355235?accountid=13902 Jump up ^ Sturgeon ( 1961 ) , 1st printing : June 1961 , front cover painting , credited to Jim Mitchell on back cover Jump up ^ https://www.lambiek.net/artists/g/glanzman_sam.htm Other sources ( edit ) Tim Colliver , Seaview : The Making of Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea , 1992 , Alpha Control press . Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea ( VHS ) External links ( edit ) Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea on IMDb Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea at AllMovie Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea at the TCM Movie Database Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea at the American Film Institute Catalog Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea at Box Office Mojo David Merriman 's radio controlled model of the Seaview on YouTube Mike 's Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea Zone -- the movie . ( hide ) Irwin Allen productions Films The Sea Around Us ( 1953 ) Dangerous Mission ( 1954 ) The Animal World ( 1956 ) The Story of Mankind ( 1957 ) The Big Circus ( 1959 ) The Lost World ( 1960 ) Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea ( 1961 ) Five Weeks in a Balloon ( 1962 ) City Beneath the Sea ( 1971 ) The Poseidon Adventure ( 1972 ) The Towering Inferno ( 1974 ) The Swarm ( 1978 ) The Return of Captain Nemo ( 1978 TV film ) Beyond the Poseidon Adventure ( 1979 ) When Time Ran Out ( 1980 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1985 TV film ) Television Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea Lost in Space The Time Tunnel Land of the Giants The Swiss Family Robinson Code Red Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Voyage_to_the_Bottom_of_the_Sea&oldid=818419945 '' Categories : 1961 films English - language films 1960s science fiction films 1960s adventure films American films American disaster films American science fiction films Films directed by Irwin Allen 20th Century Fox films Adventure drama films Seafaring films Sea adventure films Science fiction submarine films Films produced by Irwin Allen Films adapted into novels Films adapted into television programs Films adapted into comics Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from January 2014 All articles needing additional references Articles that may contain original research from May 2016 All articles that may contain original research All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی Français Italiano Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 Português Română Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Edit links This page was last edited on 3 January 2018 , at 12 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played in voyage to the bottom of the sea | [
"Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea is a 1961 American science fiction disaster film from 20th Century Fox, produced and directed by Irwin Allen, that stars Walter Pidgeon as Admiral Harriman Nelson, and Robert Sterling as Captain Lee Crane. The supporting cast includes Peter Lorre, Joan Fontaine, Barbara Eden, Michael Ansara, and Frankie Avalon. The story was written by Irwin Allen and Charles Bennett. The opening title credits theme song was sung by Frankie Avalon.",
"Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea is a 1961 American science fiction disaster film from 20th Century Fox, produced and directed by Irwin Allen, that stars Walter Pidgeon as Admiral Harriman Nelson, and Robert Sterling as Captain Lee Crane. The supporting cast includes Peter Lorre, Joan Fontaine, Barbara Eden, Michael Ansara, and Frankie Avalon. The story was written by Irwin Allen and Charles Bennett. The opening title credits theme song was sung by Frankie Avalon.",
"Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea is a 1961 American science fiction disaster film from 20th Century Fox, produced and directed by Irwin Allen, that stars Walter Pidgeon as Admiral Harriman Nelson, and Robert Sterling as Captain Lee Crane. The supporting cast includes Peter Lorre, Joan Fontaine, Barbara Eden, Michael Ansara, and Frankie Avalon. The story was written by Irwin Allen and Charles Bennett. The opening title credits theme song was sung by Frankie Avalon.",
"Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea is a 1961 American science fiction disaster film from 20th Century Fox, produced and directed by Irwin Allen, that stars Walter Pidgeon as Admiral Harriman Nelson, and Robert Sterling as Captain Lee Crane. The supporting cast includes Peter Lorre, Joan Fontaine, Barbara Eden, Michael Ansara, and Frankie Avalon. The story was written by Irwin Allen and Charles Bennett. The opening title credits theme song was sung by Frankie Avalon.",
"Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea is a 1961 American science fiction disaster film from 20th Century Fox, produced and directed by Irwin Allen, that stars Walter Pidgeon as Admiral Harriman Nelson, and Robert Sterling as Captain Lee Crane. The supporting cast includes Peter Lorre, Joan Fontaine, Barbara Eden, Michael Ansara, and Frankie Avalon. The story was written by Irwin Allen and Charles Bennett. The opening title credits theme song was sung by Frankie Avalon.",
"Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea is a 1961 American science fiction disaster film from 20th Century Fox, produced and directed by Irwin Allen, that stars Walter Pidgeon as Admiral Harriman Nelson, and Robert Sterling as Captain Lee Crane. The supporting cast includes Peter Lorre, Joan Fontaine, Barbara Eden, Michael Ansara, and Frankie Avalon. The story was written by Irwin Allen and Charles Bennett. The opening title credits theme song was sung by Frankie Avalon.",
"Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea is a 1961 American science fiction disaster film from 20th Century Fox, produced and directed by Irwin Allen, that stars Walter Pidgeon as Admiral Harriman Nelson, and Robert Sterling as Captain Lee Crane. The supporting cast includes Peter Lorre, Joan Fontaine, Barbara Eden, Michael Ansara, and Frankie Avalon. The story was written by Irwin Allen and Charles Bennett. The opening title credits theme song was sung by Frankie Avalon."
] | [
"Walter Pidgeon",
"Robert Sterling",
"Peter Lorre",
"Joan Fontaine",
"Barbara Eden",
"Michael Ansara",
"Frankie Avalon"
] |
-4296034869402506783 | When in Rome (2010 film) | When in Rome ( 2010 film ) - wikipedia When in Rome ( 2010 film ) Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with When in Rome ( 2002 film ) . When in Rome Theatrical release poster Directed by Mark Steven Johnson Produced by Mark Steven Johnson Gary Foster Andrew Panay Written by Mark Steven Johnson David Diamond David Weissman Starring Kristen Bell Josh Duhamel Will Arnett Jon Heder Dax Shepard Danny DeVito Anjelica Huston Music by Christopher Young Cinematography John Bailey Edited by Ryan Folsey Production company Touchstone Pictures Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date January 29 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 29 ) Running time 91 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $28 million Box office $43 million When in Rome is a 2010 American romantic comedy film directed by Mark Steven Johnson , co-written by Johnson , David Diamond and David Weissman . It stars Kristen Bell and Josh Duhamel . It was released by Touchstone Pictures in the United States on January 29 , 2010 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Music 4 Production 5 Popular references 6 Reception 6.1 Critical response 6.2 Box office 7 Home media 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Successful and single Beth ( Kristen Bell ) , an art curator at the Guggenheim , is at a point in her life where love seems like a luxury she ca n't afford . Waiting for the `` perfect '' romance has embittered her . After flying to Rome to attend her younger sister Joan 's ( Alexis Dziena ) impulsive wedding , she meets Nicholas Beamon ( Josh Duhamel ) . He rescues her in a couple of difficult situations but they are both clumsy . Still , they hit it off . As Beth comes to believe in love again , she sees Nick kissing another woman , who turns out to be the groom 's ( Luca Calvani ) `` crazy cousin . '' Slightly drunk and jealous at seeing Nick with another woman , she picks up coins ( a poker chip , a rare coin , a penny , a trick quarter and a Euro ) from the `` fountain of love '' ( probably based on the Trevi Fountain ) . Joan tells her that legend says if you take coins from the fountain , the owner of the coin will fall in love with you . Beth is pursued back in New York City by a band of aggressive suitors whose coins she gathered , including a diminutive sausage magnate Al ( Danny DeVito ) , lanky street illusionist Lance ( Jon Heder ) , a doting painter Antonio ( Will Arnett ) , and a narcissistic male model Gale ( Dax Shepard ) . She must return the coins to the fountain to break the spell . As she falls in love with Nick , she realizes that the poker chip belongs to him and is convinced that he is under a spell , not truly in love with her . Joan calls Beth on the day of a gala and tells her that the spell can also be broken by returning the coins to the original owner . Stacey ( Kate Micucci ) , Beth 's secretary , concerned about her , overhears the conversation and steals the coins . She believes that Beth would lead a better life with people loving her , regardless of the spell . When Beth 's suitors all show up together at her apartment , she tells them she does not love them and plans to return their coins . She also tells them of her love for Nick , but realizes that Stacey has stolen the coins . She sets off to retrieve the coins , aided by her suitors . All pile into a yellow Vespa 400 microcar ( featured on the movie poster ) , which careens through city traffic , into the Guggenheim and up an elevator . Stacey returns the coins and Beth gives them back to their respective owners . Left with the poker chip , she calls Nick and thanks him for making her believe in love again . Nick makes his way to the gala to search for Beth in a sudden lightning storm that hits New York . There he happens to pick up his poker chip , dropped by Beth , and convinces her his love was true . On Beth and Nick 's wedding day in Rome , Lance tells her he had several poker chips , and Nick did not break out of the spell . While exchanging wedding vows , Beth hesitates and dashes out of the church . She revisits the fountain and wades in again . Nick appears and joins her in the fountain . He said he had never thrown a chip in . He drops a poker chip in the water , and the priest is heard yelling , `` Free of temptation ! '' Beth finally believes Nick and kisses him . The Priest had earlier won the poker chip from Nick and had dropped it in the fountain . Which would explain why the Priest was tying himself in knots while trying to marry Beth to Nick Cast ( edit ) Kristen Bell as Elizabeth `` Beth '' Martin , a successful but single curator at the Guggenheim Museum in New York City . She eventually falls in love with Nick . Josh Duhamel as Nick Beamon , a semi-confident and nervous man who is in love with Beth and is her primary love interest . Alexis Dziena as Joan Martin , Beth 's younger sister Peggy Lipton as Priscilla Martin , Beth and Joan 's mother . Luca Calvani as Umberto , Joan 's groom , whom she met on a business flight . Jon Heder as Lance , a street magician who uses his talents to try to get Beth Dax Shepard as Gale , a self - absorbed suitor who falls under the spell of the coins and chases Beth Will Arnett as Antonio , a.k.a. Anthony or Tony , a `` wannabe '' Italian artist who follows Beth to New York Anjelica Huston as Celeste , Beth 's boss and director of the Guggenheim Kate Micucci as Stacey , Beth 's co-worker and friend Danny DeVito as Al Russo , another one of Beth 's suitors and a sausage king . Don Johnson as Beth 's father ( uncredited ) Bobby Moynihan as Puck Kristen Schaal as Alona Lee Pace as Brady Sacks , Beth 's ex-boyfriend Alexa Havins as Lacey Francesco De Vito as Taxi Driver . Shaquille O'Neal , Lawrence Taylor and David Lee appear as themselves . Efren Ramirez as Juan Music ( edit ) When in Rome : Music Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Soundtrack album Digital download / Audio CD by Various Released January 12 , 2010 Label Atlantic Records `` Starstrukk '' by 3OH ! 3 featuring Katy Perry `` Stupid Love Letter '' by The Friday Night Boys `` Heart Bling '' by Sofi Bonde `` Kickin ' with You '' by Jason Mraz `` Something Beautiful '' by Needtobreathe `` How Far We 've Come '' by Matchbox Twenty `` I Am Changing '' by Mafia Bianca `` Shine '' by Laura Izibor `` Honey , Let Me Sing You a Song '' by Matt Hires `` Hold On to Your Heart '' by Tina Parol `` Fox on the Run '' by The Academy Is ... `` Pencil Full of Lead '' by Paolo Nutini Songs from film , but not on soundtrack `` Make You Feel My Love '' by Adele `` Ave Maria '' by the City of Prague Philharmonic Orchestra `` If You Can Afford Me '' by Katy Perry `` Cherry Pie '' by Warrant The telephone call scene features the song `` I Am Changing '' by the Los Angeles band Mafia Bianca LLC , written and produced by Simone Sello and Steven Heinstein . Production ( edit ) Filming took place in Trafford , PA To promote the film , Don Johnson and Jon Heder co-hosted WWE 's Monday Night RAW on January 18 , 2010 . The 3OH ! 3 music video for `` Starstrukk Remix '' featuring Katy Perry was set around motifs seen in and clips around When in Rome , and the song was on the film 's soundtrack . The Friday Night Boys used clips from the movie in their music video for `` Stupid Love Letter '' , which was featured on the movie soundtrack and in some of the previews for the movie . Popular references ( edit ) When Beth hands back the coins to Antonio , Lance , Gale , and Al , it is a parody of The Wizard of Oz , and Beth represents the Wizard giving each one something . Beth tells Gale that she will miss him `` least of all '' . The line is a reversal of what Dorothy Gale says to the Scarecrow ( `` I 'll miss you most of all '' ) when she bids goodbye to him near the end of the film . The plot of the film is the reverse of the 1954 film Three Coins in the Fountain about women in Rome who throw coins in a fountain and find love . It is one of the films most shown by the Brazilian film program Sessão da Tarde since 2012 , with its re-release airing between one and two months . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The film has received negative reviews from critics . Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reported that 16 % of critics gave the film positive reviews based on 109 reviews with an average score of 3.4 / 10 . The consensus states that `` A pair of young , attractive leads ca n't overcome When in Rome 's reliance on unfunny gags and threadbare rom - com clichés . '' Review aggregator , Metacritic , which assigns a weighted average of 0 -- 100 of the top reviews from mainstream critics , gave the film a `` generally unfavorable '' score of 25 % from 24 reviews . Despite negative reviews , James Berardinelli of ReelViews gave the film a fair review of 2.5 / 4 stars , claiming , `` The saving grace of the otherwise generic product is that Bell 's vivacity and Duhamel 's rakish charm allow the viewer to root for them , even if sometimes that rooting goes so far as to wish the script would serve the couple better than it does . '' Box Office ( edit ) The film was released on January 29 , 2010 , and opened at # 3 with $12,350,041 in United States and Canada behind Avatar and Edge of Darkness . It opened in 2456 theaters , with an average of $5,029 per theater . The film grossed $32,680,633 domestically , $10,362,202 foreign and $43,042,835 worldwide . Home media ( edit ) When in Rome was released June 15 , 2010 , on DVD and Blu - ray Disc . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` When in Rome ( 2010 ) '' . The Wrap . Retrieved December 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` When in Rome ( 2010 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved December 26 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Michael ( 2008 - 03 - 23 ) . `` Duo set for ' Rome ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Borys Kit ( 2008 - 03 - 27 ) . `` Will Arnett joins ' Rome ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ Bryon Perry ( 2008 - 04 - 23 ) . `` Alexis Dziena '' . Variety . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ Borys Kit , Carolyn Giardina ( 2008 - 04 - 13 ) . `` Danny DeVito jumps into ' Rome ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 2008 - 04 - 20 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 23 . , Jump up ^ `` Don Johnson 's road leads to `` Rome '' `` . Reuters. 2008 - 08 - 10 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` When in Rome Movie Reviews , Pictures '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` When in Rome ( 2010 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . CNET Networks . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ Berardinelli , James ( 2010 - 01 - 29 ) . `` When in Rome -- A movie review by James Berardinelli '' . ReelViews . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Daily Box Office for Friday , January 29 , 2010 '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . January 29 , 2010 . Retrieved January 29 , 2010 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : When in Rome ( 2010 film ) Official website When in Rome on IMDb When in Rome at the TCM Movie Database ( hide ) Films directed by Mark Steven Johnson Simon Birch ( 1998 ) Daredevil ( 2003 ) Ghost Rider ( 2007 ) When in Rome ( 2010 ) Killing Season ( 2013 ) Finding Steve McQueen ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=When_in_Rome_(2010_film)&oldid=826348359 '' Categories : 2010 films English - language films American films 2010s romantic comedy films American romantic comedy films Films scored by Christopher Young Films set in New York City Films set in Rome Films shot in New York City Films shot in Rome Touchstone Pictures films Films directed by Mark Steven Johnson Screenplays by Mark Steven Johnson Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Svenska Українська 中文 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 February 2018 , at 17 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who stars in the movie when in rome | [
"When in Rome is a 2010 American romantic comedy film directed by Mark Steven Johnson, co-written by Johnson, David Diamond and David Weissman. It stars Kristen Bell and Josh Duhamel. It was released by Touchstone Pictures in the United States on January 29, 2010."
] | [
"Kristen Bell and Josh Duhamel"
] |
1762865778632012403 | Robert Conrad | Robert Conrad - wikipedia Robert Conrad Jump to : navigation , search For other people named Robert Conrad , see Robert Conrad ( disambiguation ) . Robert Conrad Conrad in 1965 Conrad Robert Falk ( 1935 - 03 - 01 ) March 1 , 1935 ( age 82 ) Chicago , Illinois , U.S. Occupation Actor Years active 1957 -- 2002 Spouse ( s ) Joan Kenlay ( February 23 , 1952 -- 1977 ; divorced ) ; 5 children LaVelda Ione Fann ( March 28 , 1983 -- 2010 ; divorced ) ; 3 children Robert Conrad Falk ( born Conrad Robert Falk ; March 1 , 1935 ) is an American film and television actor , singer , and stuntman . He may be best known for his role in the 1965 -- 69 television series The Wild Wild West , playing the sophisticated Secret Service agent James T. West . He portrayed World War II ace Pappy Boyington in the television series Baa Baa Black Sheep ( later syndicated as Black Sheep Squadron ) . He was a recording artist of pop / rock songs in the early 1960s as Bob Conrad before he began his acting career . He has hosted a weekly two - hour national radio show ( The PM Show with Robert Conrad ) on CRN Digital Talk Radio since 2008 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Selected filmography 5 References 6 External links Early life ( edit ) Conrad was born Conrad Robert Falk in Chicago , Illinois . His father , born Leonard Henry Falkowski ( born November 3 , 1918 ) , was then 16 years old ; Leonard was of Polish ancestry . His mother , Alice Jacqueline Hartman ( born May 15 , 1919 , daughter of Conrad and Hazel Hartman ) , was 15 years old when she gave birth , and named her son after her own father . She would go on to become first publicity director of Mercury Records , known as Jackie Smith . She would marry several times , including once to Chicago radio personality Eddie Hubbard in 1948 . Eddie Hubbard and Jackie Smith reportedly had a child together ( born circa 1949 ) before splitting up in 1958 . Career ( edit ) This section about a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( October 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Conrad was signed to Warner Bros. as an actor . He later released several recordings with Warner Bros on a variety of LPs , EPs , and SPs 33 - 1 / 3 and 45 rpm records during the late 1950s and early 1960s . He had a minor Billboard hit song in `` Bye Bye Baby '' which reached # 113 . In 1959 , he played Billy the Kid in the episode `` Amnesty '' of Colt . 45 . In 1958 , he appeared in the second season of the James Garner series Maverick ( episode : `` Yellow River '' ) . Before The Wild Wild West , Conrad played Tom Lopaka on Hawaiian Eye . The show was a hit from 1959 - 63 , both in the U.S. and overseas . In Mexico , he signed a recording contract with the Orfeon label , where he released two albums , with a few singles sung in Spanish . He played `` Eric Dean '' in Palm Springs Weekend ( 1963 ) . In 1964 , he went to Spain and filmed La Nueva Cenicienta . Robert Conrad with co-star Connie Stevens on Hawaiian Eye , 1961 In 1965 , he garnered fame with his starring role in The Wild Wild West ( airing on CBS for four seasons until its cancellation in 1969 ) . He later starred in such roles as prosecuting attorney Paul Ryan in the short - lived 1971 NBC series , The D.A. , and as American spy Jake Webster in Assignment Vienna . He starred in a third - season episode of Mannix , called `` The Playground '' ; and as a murderous fitness franchise promoter in an episode of Columbo ( `` An Exercise in Fatality '' ) . He guest - starred as a killer for hire on an episode of Mission : Impossible . He found ratings success again from 1976 - 78 as legendary tough - guy World War II fighter ace Pappy Boyington in Baa Baa Black Sheep , retitled for its second season and in later syndication as Black Sheep Squadron . The show 's success led Conrad to win a People 's Choice Award for Favorite Male Actor and a Golden Globe nomination for his performance . In 1978 , he starred in the short - lived TV series The Duke , as Duke Ramsey , a boxer turned private eye . In 1980 , he played a paraplegic coach in Coach of the Year . In the late 1970s , he served as the captain of the NBC team for six editions of Battle of the Network Stars . He played a modern - day variation of James West in the short - lived series A Man Called Sloane in 1979 , which was around the same time that he reprised the role of West in a pair of made - for - TV films which reunited him with his West co-star , Ross Martin . He also starred in the 1978 TV miniseries Centennial , based on the novel by James Michener . Conrad was widely identified in the late 1970s for his television commercials for Eveready batteries , particularly his placing of the battery on his shoulder and prompting the viewer to challenge its long - lasting power : `` Come on , I dare ya '' . The commercial was frequently parodied on American television comedies such as Johnny Carson 's The Tonight Show and The Carol Burnett Show . In 1984 , along with Red West from the Black Sheep series , Conrad starred in Hard Knox , playing Marine Aviator Joe Knox , whose career was ending due to minor medical issues . That same year ( 1984 ) , he was awarded a star on the Walk of Western Stars in Newhall , California . In 1986 , he was a special guest referee for the main event at Wrestlemania 2 featuring Hulk Hogan vs King Kong Bundy inside a steel cage . In 2006 , Conrad recorded audio introductions for every episode of the first season of The Wild Wild West for its North American DVD release on June 6 . The DVD set also included one of Conrad 's Eveready battery commercials ; in his introduction , Conrad stated he was flattered to be parodied by Carson . He was inducted into the Stuntman 's Hall of Fame for his work on The Wild , Wild West series , and notably is the only actor to claim this honor . He appeared in the documentary film , Pappy Boyington Field , where he recounted his personal insights about the legendary Marine Corps aviator whom he portrayed in the television series . Personal life ( edit ) Conrad and his first wife , Joan , were married for 25 years until an amicable divorce . The couple had five children . His second marriage , to LaVelda Ione Fann , produced three children . Conrad and Fann divorced in 2010 . Conrad was joined on some television shows by his sons , Shane and Christian , and his daughter , Nancy . Another daughter , Joan , became a television producer . In a 2008 interview , Conrad described the late Chicago Outfit `` made man '' and burglar , Michael Spilotro , as his `` best friend '' . Spilotro 's slaying was featured in the movie Casino . Conrad was involved with a volunteer organization in Bear Valley known as Bear Valley Search and Rescue , which later formed the basis for High Mountain Rangers . On March 31 , 2003 , while on Highway 4 in the California Sierra foothills near his Alpine County home , Conrad drove his Jaguar over the center median and slammed head - on into a Subaru driven by 26 - year - old Kevin Burnett . Both men suffered serious injuries . Tried on felony charges , Conrad pleaded no contest , and he was convicted of drunk driving . He was sentenced to six months of house confinement , alcohol counseling , and five years probation . A civil suit filed by Kevin Burnett against Conrad was settled the following year for an undisclosed amount . In 2005 , Burnett died at age 28 from perforated ulcers , which his family attributed to his difficult recovery from the crash . Conrad himself suffered severe nerve injuries from the crash , which left his right side partially paralyzed . Selected filmography ( edit ) Palm Springs Weekend ( 1963 ) Young Dillinger ( 1965 ) The Bandits ( 1967 ) ( co-wrote and co-directed ) Weekend of Terror ( 1970 ) Live a Little , Steal a Lot ( 1975 ) Smash - Up on Interstate 5 ( 1976 ) Sudden Death ( 1977 ) The Lady in Red ( 1979 ) Coach of the Year ( 1980 ) Wrong Is Right ( 1982 ) The Fifth Missile ( 1986 ) Anything to Survive ( 1990 ) Samurai Cowboy ( 1993 ) Jingle All the Way ( 1996 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The PM Show with Robert Conrad , crntalk.com ; accessed January 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cook County Genealogy Certificate # 6053005 ( registration required ) Jump up ^ Cook Country Genealogy Certificate # 6016090 ( registration required ) Jump up ^ Marriage between Eddie Hubbard and Jackie Smith . 1948 - 06 - 12 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ Billboard . Google Books . 1949 - 05 - 28 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ Eddie Hubbard and wife Jackie split up . Google Books . October 20 , 1958 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ * 1940 CENSUS PROFILE : * Conrad Robert Falk * Age : 5 * Estimated Birth Year : abt 1935 * Gender : Male * Race : White * Birthplace : Illinois * Marital Status : Single * Relation to Head of House : Stepson * Home in 1940 : Chicago , Cook , Illinois * Street : Ada Street * House Number : 8957 * Inferred Residence in 1935 : Chicago , Cook , Illinois * Residence in 1935 : Same Place * Sheet Number : 1B * Household members : * Name : George Smith ( 26 ) * Name : Jacqueline Smith ( 20 ) * Name : Conrad Falk ( 5 ) * Birth Date : 1 Mar ( ch ) 1935 * Birth Location : Cook County , IL * File Number : 6008106 * Archive Collection Name : Cook County Genealogy Records ( Births ) * Archive repository location : Chicago , IL * Archive repository name : Cook County Clerk * Source Citation : Year : 1940 ; Census Place : Chicago , Cook , Illinois ; Roll : T627_959 ; Page : 1B ; Enumeration District : 103 - 1267 . Jump up ^ Source Information : Ancestry.com. 1940 United States Federal Census ( database on - line ) . Provo , UT , USA : Ancestry.com Operations , Inc. , 2012 . Original data : United States of America , Bureau of the Census . Sixteenth Census of the United States , 1940 . Washington , D.C. : National Archives and Records Administration , 1940 . T627 , 4,643 rolls . Jump up ^ `` Shadoe Steele 's Interview with Actor Robert Conrad '' . nctc.net . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 26 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel . Top Pop Singles , 12th ed . Jump up ^ `` Colt . 45 '' . ctva.biz . Retrieved December 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` An Exercise in Fatality '' , imdb.com ; accessed April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Robert Conrad biography '' . Tcm.com. 1935 - 03 - 01 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ Coach of the Year on IMDb Jump up ^ Centennial full credits `` , imdb.com ; accessed April 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Downtown Newhall Walk of Western Stars '' . Scvhistory.com. 2013 - 04 - 16 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Wrestlemania 2 : Caged Heat '' . Slam ! Sports . Retrieved September 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stuntmen 's Hall of Fame ( listed as Bob Conrad ) '' . Stuntmen.org . Retrieved April 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Shadoe Steele 's Interview with Actor Robert Conrad '' . Nctc.net . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ Hutchings , David ( March 28 , 1988 ) . `` Tough Guy Robert Conrad , with His Offspring in Tow , Heads for the Hills and High Mountain Rangers '' . Retrieved March 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` One on One with Robert Conrad '' . TonyMedley.com . August 17 , 1957 . Retrieved April 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Winslow , Harriet ( June 18 , 1995 ) . `` Robert Conrad involved with Bear Valley Search and Rescue '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved March 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Actor Robert Conrad to be tried on felony DUI charges '' . November 20 , 2003 . Retrieved December 3 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Robert Conrad sentenced for DUI accident '' . MSNBC.com . Associated Press . November 24 , 2004 . Retrieved February 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Newsbank info re 2003 car crash '' . Nl.newsbank.com . August 19 , 2005 . Retrieved April 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` '' Man injured in Conrad accident dies from perforated ulcers at 28 `` '' . News.google.com. 2005 - 08 - 09 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Robert Conrad Takes Wrong Turn '' . CBSnews.com. April 15 , 2003 . Retrieved April 26 , 2010 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Robert Conrad . Robert Conrad on IMDb Robert Conrad interview video at the Archive of American Television VIAF : 85987090 LCCN : n95038218 GND : 137805950 BNF : cb13892690r ( data ) IATH : w67b8bhb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Conrad&oldid=794536985 '' Categories : 1935 births Age controversies California Republicans Male actors from Chicago American male film actors American stunt performers American male television actors Living people People from Alpine County , California Male Western ( genre ) film actors 20th - century American male actors Warner Bros. contract players American people of Polish descent 21st - century American male actors Western ( genre ) television actors Hidden categories : Pages with login required references or sources Articles with hCards All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from June 2015 BLP articles lacking sources from October 2016 All BLP articles lacking sources All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from March 2016 Articles using Template : EmmyTVLegends name Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano 日本 語 Polski Português Română Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Edit links This page was last edited on 8 August 2017 , at 17 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played james west in the wild wild west | [
"Robert Conrad Falk (born Conrad Robert Falk; March 1, 1935) is an American film and television actor, singer, and stuntman. He may be best known for his role in the 1965–69 television series The Wild Wild West, playing the sophisticated Secret Service agent James T. West. He portrayed World War II ace Pappy Boyington in the television series Baa Baa Black Sheep (later syndicated as Black Sheep Squadron). He was a recording artist of pop/rock songs in the early 1960s as Bob Conrad before he began his acting career. He has hosted a weekly two-hour national radio show (The PM Show with Robert Conrad) on CRN Digital Talk Radio since 2008.[1]"
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"Robert Conrad"
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-5808635949903235328 | Yield to maturity | Yield to maturity - wikipedia Yield to maturity Jump to : navigation , search Financial markets Public market Exchange Securities Bond market Bond valuation Corporate bond Fixed income Government bond High - yield debt Municipal bond Securitization Stock market Common stock Preferred stock Registered share Stock Stock certificate Stock exchange Other markets Derivatives ( Credit derivative Futures exchange Hybrid security ) Foreign exchange ( Currency Exchange rate ) Commodity Money Real estate Reinsurance Over-the - counter ( off - exchange ) Forwards Options Spot market Swaps Trading Participants Regulation Clearing Related areas Banks and banking Finance corporate personal public The yield to maturity ( YTM ) , book yield or redemption yield of a bond or other fixed - interest security , such as gilts , is the ( theoretical ) internal rate of return ( IRR , overall interest rate ) earned by an investor who buys the bond today at the market price , assuming that the bond will be held until maturity , and that all coupon and principal payments will be made on schedule . Yield to maturity is the discount rate at which the sum of all future cash flows from the bond ( coupons and principal ) is equal to the current price of the bond . The YTM is often given in terms of Annual Percentage Rate ( A.P.R. ) , but more often market convention is followed . In a number of major markets ( such as gilts ) the convention is to quote annualised yields with semi-annual compounding ( see compound interest ) ; thus , for example , an annual effective yield of 10.25 % would be quoted as 10.00 % , because 1.05 × 1.05 = 1.1025 and 2 × 5 = 10 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Main assumptions 2 Coupon rate vs. YTM and parity 3 Variants of yield to maturity 4 Consequences 5 Calculations 5.1 Formula for yield to maturity for zero - coupon bonds 5.1. 1 Example 1 5.1. 2 Example 2 5.2 Coupon - bearing Bonds 5.3 Varying coupon 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Main assumptions ( edit ) The main underlying assumptions used concerning the traditional yield measures are : The bond will be held to maturity . All coupon and principal payments will be made on schedule . The yield to maturity is the single interest rate that equates the present value of a bonds cash flows to its price . A common misconception is that the coupons must be reinvested at the yield to maturity . However , the paper Yield - to - Maturity and the Reinvestment of Coupon Payments says making this assumption is a common mistake in financial literature and coupon reinvestment is not required for YTM formula to hold . And , as Fabozzi states : `` The implication is that the yield to maturity measure tells little about the potential yield that an investment may realize if held to maturity . '' The yield is usually quoted without making any allowance for tax paid by the investor on the return , and is then known as `` gross redemption yield '' . It also does not make any allowance for the dealing costs incurred by the purchaser ( or seller ) . Coupon rate vs. YTM and parity ( edit ) If a bond 's coupon rate is less than its YTM , then the bond is selling at a discount . If a bond 's coupon rate is more than its YTM , then the bond is selling at a premium . If a bond 's coupon rate is equal to its YTM , then the bond is selling at par . Variants of yield to maturity ( edit ) As some bonds have different characteristics , there are some variants of YTM : Yield to call ( YTC ) : when a bond is callable ( can be repurchased by the issuer before the maturity ) , the market looks also to the Yield to call , which is the same calculation of the YTM , but assumes that the bond will be called , so the cashflow is shortened . Yield to put ( YTP ) : same as yield to call , but when the bond holder has the option to sell the bond back to the issuer at a fixed price on specified date . Yield to worst ( YTW ) : when a bond is callable , puttable , exchangeable , or has other features , the yield to worst is the lowest yield of yield to maturity , yield to call , yield to put , and others . Consequences ( edit ) When the YTM is less than the ( expected ) yield of another investment , one might be tempted to swap the investments . Care should be taken to subtract any transaction costs , or taxes . Calculations ( edit ) Formula for yield to maturity for zero - coupon bonds ( edit ) Yield to maturity ( YTM ) = Face value Present value Time period − 1 ( \ displaystyle ( \ text ( Yield to maturity ( YTM ) ) ) = ( \ sqrt ( ( \ text ( Time period ) ) ) ( \ dfrac ( \ text ( Face value ) ) ( \ text ( Present value ) ) ) ) - 1 ) Example 1 ( edit ) Consider a 30 - year zero - coupon bond with a face value of $100 . If the bond is priced at an annual YTM of 10 % , it will cost $5.73 today ( the present value of this cash flow , 100 / ( 1.1 ) = 5.73 ) . Over the coming 30 years , the price will advance to $100 , and the annualized return will be 10 % . What happens in the meantime ? Suppose that over the first 10 years of the holding period , interest rates decline , and the yield - to - maturity on the bond falls to 7 % . With 20 years remaining to maturity , the price of the bond will be 100 / 1.07 , or $25.84 . Even though the yield - to - maturity for the remaining life of the bond is just 7 % , and the yield - to - maturity bargained for when the bond was purchased was only 10 % , the return earned over the first 10 years is 16.25 % . This can be found by evaluating ( 1 + i ) from the equation ( 1 + i ) = ( 25.882 / 5.7389 ) , giving 0.1625 . Over the remaining 20 years of the bond , the annual rate earned is not 16.25 % , but rather 7 % . This can be found by evaluating ( 1 + i ) from the equation ( 1 + i ) = 100 / 25.84 , giving 1.07 . Over the entire 30 year holding period , the original $5.73 invested increased to $100 , so 10 % per annum was earned , irrespective of any interest rate changes in between . Example 2 ( edit ) You buy ABCXYZ Company bond which matures in 1 year and has a 5 % interest rate ( coupon ) and has a par value of $100 . You pay $90 for the bond . The current yield is 5.56 % ( 5 / 90 ) . If you hold the bond until maturity , ABCXYZ Company will pay you $5 as interest and $100 par value for the matured bond . Now for your $90 investment , you get $105 , so your yield to maturity is 15 / 90 = 16.67 % ( = ( 105 / 90 ) - 1 ) or ( = ( 105 - 90 ) / 90 ) . Assume now that you had to pay $101 for the same bond with a 5 % interest rate . When the coupon is paid , you get $5 . But you had to pay an extra $1 when buying the bond compared to the par value , your real gain is $4 for an initial investment of $101 . Your yield to maturity is 4 / 101 = 3.96 % If you had paid $105 for the same bond , you would get $5 when the coupon is paid . However you had to compensate for the extra $5 of your initial investment . Your gain is 0 and so is your yield to maturity . Coupon - bearing bonds ( edit ) For bonds with multiple coupons , it is not generally possible to solve for yield in terms of price algebraically . A numerical root - finding technique such as Newton 's method must be employed to approximate the yield which renders the present value of future cash flows equal to the bond price . Varying coupon ( edit ) With varying coupons the general discounting rule should be applied . See also ( edit ) Bond valuation # Present value approach I - spread Dividend yield Bond duration Coupon rate Compound interest Yield to Maturity on Wikinvest References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Definition of ' Yield To Maturity ( YTM ) ' Jump up ^ Formulae for Calculating Gilt Prices from Yields Jump up ^ Fabozzi , Frank . The Handbook of Fixed Income Securities . McGraw - Hill , 2012 , p. 746 . Jump up ^ Fabozzi , Frank ( 2012 ) . The Handbook of Fixed Income Securities . McGraw - Hill . p. 105 . Mayle , Jan ( 1993 ) , Standard Securities Calculation Methods : Fixed Income Securities Formulas for Price , Yield and Accrued Interest , 1 ( 3rd ed . ) , Securities Industry and Financial Markets Association , ISBN 1 - 882936 - 01 - 9 . The standard reference for conventions applicable to US securities . External links ( edit ) Yield - to - Maturity and the Reinvestment of Coupon Payments ( hide ) Bond market Bond Debenture Fixed income Types of bonds by issuer Agency bond Corporate bond Senior debt Subordinated debt Distressed debt Emerging market debt Government bond Municipal bond Types of bonds by payout Accrual bond Auction rate security Callable bond Commercial paper Contingent convertible bond Convertible bond Exchangeable bond Extendible bond Fixed rate bond Floating rate note High - yield debt Inflation - indexed bond Inverse floating rate note Perpetual bond Puttable bond Reverse convertible securities Zero - coupon bond Bond valuation Clean price Convexity Coupon Credit spread Current yield Dirty price Duration I - spread Mortgage yield Nominal yield Option - adjusted spread Risk - free bond Weighted - average life Yield curve Yield spread Yield to maturity Z - spread Securitized products Asset - backed security Collateralized debt obligation Collateralized mortgage obligation Commercial mortgage - backed security Mortgage - backed security Bond options Callable bond Convertible bond Embedded option Exchangeable bond Extendible bond Puttable bond Institutions Commercial Mortgage Securities Association ( CMSA ) International Capital Market Association ( ICMA ) Securities Industry and Financial Markets Association ( SIFMA ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yield_to_maturity&oldid=824099659 '' Categories : Fixed income analysis Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Français Italiano עברית Nederlands Polski Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 February 2018 , at 09 : 14 . About Wikipedia | if the coupon rate is greater than the yield to maturity the bond will | [
"If a bond's coupon rate is more than its YTM, then the bond is selling at a premium."
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-5838115193460056078 | 2017 G20 Hamburg summit | 2017 G20 Hamburg summit - Wikipedia 2017 G20 Hamburg summit 2017 G20 Hamburg summit Host country Germany Date 7 -- 8 July 2017 Venue ( s ) Hamburg Messe Cities Hamburg , Germany Participants G20 members Guest invitees : Guinea , Netherlands , Norway , Senegal , Singapore , Spain , Switzerland and Vietnam Follows 2016 G20 Hangzhou summit Precedes 2018 G20 Buenos Aires summit The 2017 G20 Hamburg summit was the twelfth meeting of the Group of Twenty ( G20 ) , which was held on 7 -- 8 July 2017 , at Hamburg Messe , in the city of Hamburg , Germany . Contents 1 Agenda 2 Results 2.1 Trade 2.2 Sustainable development 2.3 More inclusive growth 2.3. 1 Indian - Norwegian cooperation 2.3. 2 Women 's Economic Empowerment 2.4 Refugee crisis and migration 2.5 Counter-terrorism and national security 3 Participants 3.1 Guest invitees 3.2 Brazil incertitude 3.3 Saudi Arabian delegation 3.4 International organizations 4 Security 5 Protests 5.1 Incidents 6 References 7 External links Agenda ( edit ) G20 leaders group photo during the summit . U.S. President Donald Trump , Russian President Vladimir Putin , Rex Tillerson , and Sergey Lavrov at the G20 Hamburg summit , 7 July 2017 The G20 Summit working lunch , 7 July 2017 Apart from the recurring themes relating to global economic growth , international trade and financial market regulation , the G20 Hamburg summit was expected to focus on the following `` issues of global significance '' : Migration , digitisation , occupation , health , Women 's Economic Empowerment and development aid . On 7 July terrorism , free trade and the United States ' withdrawal from the Paris Agreement were on the agenda , on 8 July Africa was supposed to be a topic . Results ( edit ) The 30 - page summary paper stayed vague in many sections . The communique of the 20 participants itself was seen as a success . The resolutions are not legally binding . Many additional documents were agreed upon , barely noticed by the public. ( Annex in Weblink - PDF ) Wolfgang Schäuble , German Federal Minister of Finance , insisted on the interconnected nature of many issues facing G20 nations and the need to reach effective , cross-cutting policy measures : `` Globalization has lifted hundreds of millions out of poverty , but there is also a growing rise in frustration in some quarters ( ... ) development , ( national ) security and migration are all interlinked '' Trade ( edit ) The disagreement in steel production and trade remained . The 45th President of the United States Donald J. Trump has accused steel producers in China and Europe of dumping and have been threatening with antidumping duty . The G20 demanded a report of overcapacities by November 2017 . Sustainable development ( edit ) There was no consensus with the USA regarding climate protection : a dissent with communalities in the deployment of renewable energy was formulated . The other 19 participants agreed to stick with the Paris agreement , to view it as irreversible and to swiftly put it into practice . After the summit finished , the Turkish president , Erdoğan said his country would not ratify the Paris agreement ; Turkey was no industrialized nation but a developing country like other neighboring countries of the region and that François Hollande as then President had assured international assistance funds . President Macron has now invited members for further negotiations at another climate summit in Paris on 12 December . In spite of the United States ' dissent , the German presidency wanted to make the most of the `` renewed public policy interest for environmental sustainability , gender equity and social inclusiveness , in the spirit of the UN 's Sustainable Development Goals ( SDGs ) '' -- notably by promoting renewable energy and further fossil fuel divestment in all nations . More Inclusive growth ( edit ) The G20 final communique placed a new emphasis on the need for trade deals to be reciprocal and non-discriminatory towards developing countries , reducing the previous emphasis on the primacy of liberalization and the promotion of free market economics across the board . Indian - Norwegian cooperation ( edit ) India 's Prime Minister Narendra Modi invited Norwegian pension funds to invest in his country 's National Infrastructure Investment platform as he met Norway 's Prime Minister Erna Solberg , who , in a gesture symbolising renewed cooperation towards the attainment of the Sustainable Development Goals , offered him a round leather football embroidered with the initials ' SDGs ' Women 's economic Empowerment ( edit ) The World Bank Group and the White House , represented by First Daughter Ivanka Trump , confirmed they would soon roll out a new fund that aims to help female entrepreneurs access capital , financing and managerial support in the developing world . World Bank Group President Jim Yong Kim said the Women Entrepreneurs Finance Initiative fund had so far raised $325 million from various governments , and that he hoped to leverage that into a multibillion - dollar investment framework . President Trump lent his personal support by pledging $50 million from the United States to jump - start the fund : `` by investing in women around the world , we 're investing in families , we 're investing in prosperity and we 're investing in peace '' . Donald Trump and Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Refugee crisis and migration ( edit ) See also : European migrant crisis International migration effictively entered the G20 agenda only in 2015 when the final leader 's declaration of the Antalya Summit described the `` ongoing refugee crisis '' as a global concern . Nearly one year later at the Hangzhou Summit in September 2016 , G20 leaders reiterated their call for more burden sharing , humanitarian assistance and development funding . They also agreed to `` address forced displacement in 2017 with a view to developing concrete actions '' and to examine migration issues . However , although the Hamburg Declaration in July 2017 mentions both migration and forced displacement in general terms , it does not propose any `` concrete actions '' in either area . Counterterrorism and national security ( edit ) Leaders having chat at the photo - session All agreed to continue regulating financial markets and to combat financing terrorism and tax evasion . Trade was intensely discussed and participants agreed to keep markets open and combat protectionism and unfair trade practises . The USA took a special stand as Trump supports protectionism . Participants agreed to a G20 - Africa - Partnership and passed a special paper about the relationsships to the African nations . In a joint statement , G20 leaders vowed to take steps to prevent the internet from being used to spread propaganda . Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi indirectly targeted Pakistan ( which is not a member of G20 ) by naming terrorist organisations that operate from its soil and saying that the groups all share the same ideology and purpose -- of spreading hate and killing people . Indonesian President Joko Widodo urged member states to unite to fight against terrorism and emphasized on preventive as well as de-radicalization programs . Trump and Putin `` discussed forming an impenetrable cybersecurity unit so that election hacking , and many other negative things , will be guarded and safe . '' Trump later said he does not think this will happen . Trump and Putin reached a partial ceasefire agreement in Southwest Syria , starting Sunday , 10 July 12 o'clock local time the representatives of the two nuclear powers talked with each other . German Chancellor Angela Merkel told reporters at her closing press conference of the G20 summit : `` I was delighted that it was on the margins of G20 that the first meeting between Trump and Putin took place . It 's always better to talk one to the other , not one about the other . I was gratified to hear that they talked at a great length . '' The two had met in person there for the first time . Participants ( edit ) List of leaders who took part in the 2017 G20 Hamburg summit : Argentina Mauricio Macri , President Australia Malcolm Turnbull , Prime Minister Brazil Michel Temer , President Canada Justin Trudeau , Prime Minister China Xi Jinping , President France Emmanuel Macron , President Germany Angela Merkel , Chancellor ( Hostess ) India Narendra Modi , Prime Minister Indonesia Joko Widodo , President Italy Paolo Gentiloni , Prime Minister Japan Shinzō Abe , Prime Minister Mexico Enrique Peña Nieto , President Russia Vladimir Putin , President Saudi Arabia Ibrahim Abdulaziz Al - Assaf , State Minister South Africa Jacob Zuma , President South Korea Moon Jae - in , President Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdoğan , President United Kingdom Theresa May , Prime Minister United States Donald Trump , President European Union Donald Tusk , President of the European Council European Union Jean - Claude Juncker , President of the European Commission Guest invitees ( edit ) Guinea Alpha Condé , President , 2017 chairperson of the African Union Netherlands Mark Rutte , Prime Minister , guest invitee Norway Erna Solberg , Prime Minister , guest invitee Senegal Macky Sall , President , president of New Partnership for Africa 's Development Spain Mariano Rajoy , Prime Minister , permanent guest invitee Singapore Lee Hsien Loong , Prime Minister , guest invitee Switzerland Ueli Maurer , Member of the Swiss Federal Council ( Finance Minister ) , guest invitee Vietnam Nguyễn Xuân Phúc , Prime Minister , 2017 APEC host Brazil incertitude ( edit ) Brazilian President Michel Temer initially cancelled his trip to Hamburg without giving any reasons , facing corruption charges by General Prosecutor Rodrigo Janot , who has accused him of accepting bribes from meat company JBS S.A. On July 4 , Temer reversed his decision and announced he would attend . Saudi arabian delegation ( edit ) King Salman cancelled his plan to participate at the summit and sent State Minister Ibrahim Abdulaziz Al - Assaf on his behalf to lead the Kingdom 's delegation to the summit . No official reason was provided . International organizations ( edit ) World Bank Jim Yong Kim , President Financial Stability Board ( FSB ) Mark Carney , President International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) Christine Lagarde , director United Nations António Guterres , Secretary - General Food and Agriculture Organization ( FAO ) José Graziano da Silva , director International Labour Organization ( ILO ) Guy Ryder , director World Trade Organization ( WTO ) Roberto Azevêdo , director Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) José Ángel Gurría , Secretary - General World Health Organization ( WHO ) Tedros Adhanom , Director - General Security ( edit ) Security zones with limited access , and a significantly larger presence of Hamburg police assisted by police from other forces , were in place from 5 to 8 July ; further reinforcements from across the country were deployed as protests developed . Forty - five water cannons were available , and a no - fly zone was in place over portions of the city . Protests ( edit ) Riots on the Schulterblatt Peaceful demonstration in boats , Binnenalster in Hamburg near town hall ( 2 July ) A burnt BMW car after the first night of riots . In the weeks prior to the summit , sporadic car fires in remote places , such as the neighborhood of Blankenese , occurred regularly in the city . On the night of 18 June 2017 , unidentified individuals in Berlin , Hamburg , Cologne , Dortmund , Leipzig , and Bad Bevensen caused a total of 13 arson attacks on tracks of the German railways . A security expert was quoted by the German press agency DPA as saying that a connection to left - wing extremism related to the upcoming G20 Summit was `` conceivable '' . According to a German interior ministry spokesman , cable fires had been caused by `` unconventional explosive and incendiary devices '' . In spite of high temperatures ( 30C , 86F ) on 18 June , police discounted the possibility that the fires had been caused by hot weather . On 19 June , a group called `` Shutdown G20 -- Hamburg vom Netz nehmen ! '' claimed responsibility for the attacks in an internet post . On 2 July , Greenpeace activists forced a bulk freighter loaded with charcoal from Murmansk arriving in the city to stop . The police intervened and the vessel was allowed to pass through . During the G20 week a large variety of over 25 registered protest actions and marches were planned to take place in the city of Hamburg . They included an alternative Global Solidarity Summit from 5 to 6 July and a peaceful dance - protest - march Lieber tanz ich als g20 with between 11,000 and 20,000 people attending on 5 July . Around one thousand performance artists called 1000 Gestalten covered themselves in grey pigment and slowly walked through the streets like zombies . This performance was done to draw awareness of political apathy . After walking , they all removed their grey clothes . Underneath were colourful clothes that symbolized becoming engaged and awake . On 6 July , protests turned violent when over 160 police were injured in clashes with protestors and more than 75 people were arrested . As protestors attempted to storm into the `` red zone '' where the summit took place they were dispersed with water cannon . Some protestors stated their goal was to block the attendees route to the summit venue ; US First Lady Melania Trump was unable to attend a harbor cruise on account of the protests . On 7 July rioters set dozens of parked cars on fire . Several shops were destroyed and looted during 7 July night - time riots in the Schanzenviertel area . Masked rioters and militants from the `` black bloc '' went uncontrolled for a period of three hours , prompting the deployment of special armed police forces to end the violence . On 8 July 76,000 people attended the largest peaceful protest march `` Solidarity without Borders '' , organized by an alliance of 174 groups and organizations . On early Sunday morning , 9 July , riots continued in the Schanzenviertel though the G20 leaders had already departed ; 144 rioters were arrested . In total , more than 15,000 police were deployed from across the country , while 100,000 protesters attended . Local residents believed that authorities made a mistake by having the summit in a densely populated area . Police arrested 186 people overall : 132 Germans , 8 French , 7 Italians , 5 Swiss and citizens of Russia and Spain . An additional 225 people were taken into temporary custody . In the analysis by German police , it was estimated that the far - left protesters had committed more than 2000 crimes , among them vandalism ( 575 ) , bodily harm ( 330 ) , disturbing the peace ( 303 ) , arson ( 123 ) and resisting arrest ( 45 ) . Activists and media criticised controversial police reactions to the protests , accusing them of violence and intentional conflict escalation . Incidents ( edit ) On the eve of the G20 summit in Hamburg , China 's most famous political prisoner , democracy activist and Nobel laureate Liu Xiaobo , had been given medical parole after being diagnosed with terminal liver cancer . Turkey arrested 12 people in Istanbul on the eve of the G20 summit in Hamburg in July 2017 during the `` digital security and information management workshop '' . They included İdil Eser , the head of Amnesty International Turkey . Activists detained included İlknur Üstün of the Women 's Coalition , lawyer Günal Kurşun and Veli Acu of the Human Rights Agenda Association . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` G20 summit on 7 and 8 July 2017 in Hamburg '' . Federal Government of Germany . 27 June 2016 . Retrieved 5 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : The Federal Government , of Germany ( 1 December 2016 ) . `` The G20 Presidency 2017 at a Glance '' . G20.org . Berlin . Archived from the original on 6 July 2017 . Retrieved 6 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Firzli , M. Nicolas J. ( 7 July 2017 ) . `` G20 Nations Shifting the Trillions : Impact Investing , Green Infrastructure and Inclusive Growth '' ( PDF ) . Revue Analyse Financière . Paris . Retrieved 7 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Abschlusserklärung steht -- Dissens bleibt . tagesschau.de. 8 July 2017 , retrieved 12 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` G20 : Suche nach Kompromissen beginnt '' . heute.de. 7 July 2017 . Archived from the original on 7 July 2017 . Retrieved 8 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Merkel billigt US - Sonderweg zum Klima . In : Spiegel Online . 8 July 2017 , retrieved 12 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Julian Heißler : Ein bisschen mehr als nichts . In : tagesschau.de. 8 July 2017 , retrieved 12 July 2017. ( German : `` A little bit more than nothing '' ) Jump up ^ Anja Günther : `` Knapp an einer Pleite vorbei `` . In : ndr.de. 8 July 2017 , retrieved 12 July 2017 . Jump up ^ David Böcking : Handelsregister vertagt . In : Spiegel Online . 8 July 2017 , retrieved 12 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Christoph Seidler : Von oben herab . In : Spiegel Online . 8 July 2017 , retrieved 12 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : G20 - Teilnehmer einigen sich auf Abschlusserklärung . In : Zeit Online . 8 July 2017 , retrieved 12 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Trump Left in Cold over Paris Climate Agreement at End of G20 Summit '' . The Guardian . 8 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` G20 Summit : PM Invites Norway Pension Funds to Invest in India '' . News 18 . 8 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ivanka Trump , World Bank Launch Fund for Female Entrepreneurs '' . The New York Post . 8 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ivanka Trump Literally Takes President 's Seat Among World Leaders at G - 20 '' . USA TODAY. 8 July 2017 . Jump up ^ G20 Leaders ' Communiqué -- Antalya Summit , 15 - 16 November 2015 . Retrieved 4 September 2017 . Jump up ^ G20 Leaders ' Communique -- Hangzhou Summit , 4 - 5 September 2016 . Retrieved 4 September 2017 . Jump up ^ G20 Leaders ' Declaration -- Shaping an interconnected world , Hamburg , 7 / 8 July 2017 . Retrieved 4 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jokowi Discusses Counterterrorism in G20 Summit '' . Tempo . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ Donald Trump backtracks on Russia joint cybersecurity unit BBC News , 10 July 2017 , retrieved 12 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` US and Russia agree new Syria ceasefire deal '' . Al - Jazeera. 8 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Syria truce goes into effect after Trump - Putin talks '' . Deutsche Welle. 9 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` G20 Summit Closing News Conference With German Chancellor Merkel '' . 8 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Merkel Hopes First Trump - Putin Meeting Lays Ground for Steady Relationship '' . 8 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Bernd Riegert : G20 : USA kündigen Konsens beim Klimaschutz auf . In : Deutsche Welle online . 8 July 2017 , retrieved 12 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Chancellor Angela Merkel welcomes Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau '' . g20.org . Archived from the original on 9 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Chancellor Angela Merkel welcomes the State Minister of Saudi Arabia , Ibrahim bin Abdulaziz Al - Assaf '' . Retrieved 9 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Chancellor Angela Merkel welcomes the President of the Republic of Korea , Moon Jae - in '' . g20.org . Archived from the original on 9 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Members and participants '' . G20germany . Archived from the original on 3 December 2016 . Retrieved 2 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Germany invites the Netherlands to G20 summit '' . DutchNews.nl. 2 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Singapore accepts invitation to G20 Hamburg Summit '' . Channel NewsAsia. 3 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swiss Join Discussions on Financial Priorities at G20 '' . Swissinfo. 7 July 2017 . Retrieved 8 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ueli Maurer am G20 - Gipfel '' ( in German ) . Luzerner Zeitung. 2 July 2017 . Retrieved 8 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` '' Hier werden wir ernst genommen `` '' ( in German ) . Schweizer Radio und Fernsehen. 8 July 2017 . Retrieved 8 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sob pressão , Temer cancela ida ao G20 na Alemanha '' ( in Portuguese ) . CartaCapital. 29 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brasiliens Präsident sagt G20 - Teilnahme ab '' ( in German ) . Der Spiegel . 29 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil president confirms G20 trip '' . Yahoo !. 4 July 2017 . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Saudi King Cancels Plans To Attend G20 Summit in Germany '' . Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty . 3 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Saudi Arabia to Participate Tomorrow in G20 Summit in Hamburg '' . ( spa.gov.sa ) . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Chancellor Angela Merkel welcomes World Bank President Kim Jim Yong '' . g20.org . Archived from the original on 9 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Chancellor Angela Merkel welcomes WHO Director - General Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus '' . g20.org . Archived from the original on 9 July 2017 . Jump up ^ G20 Hamburg 7 -- 8 July 2017 -- General information : security provisions , public transport and more , Hamburg Web site Jump up ^ Isaac Stanley - Becker ( 7 July 2017 ) . `` Security forces in Hamburg call in reinforcements as clashes erupt during opening of G - 20 summit '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 14 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brand - Anschläge in Blankenese -- Vier Luxus - Autos am Falkensteiner Ufer angezündet '' ( Arson attacks in Blankenese , four luxury cars set on fire on Falkensteiner Ufer ) . mopo.de ( in German ) . 31 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Störungen nach Anschlägen auf Bahn weitgehend behoben '' . rundschau-online.de ( in German ) . 20 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Arson attacks hit German railway network '' . Sify News . 19 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Oltermann , Philip ( 18 June 2017 ) . `` Germany investigates possible political motive for rail arson attacks '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Puppe , Matthias ( 19 June 2017 ) . `` Brandanschläge auf Bahnstrecken -- Bekennerschreiben zum G20 - Gipfel '' . Indymedia . Jump up ^ Hanschke , Hannibal ( 2 July 2017 ) . `` Greenpeace activists ride along the Golden Opportunity ship carrying coal as part of protests ahead of the upcoming G20 summit in Hamburg '' . Reuters . Jump up ^ `` Streit ueber Demo - Verbot '' . Retrieved 12 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rund um den Gipfel in Hamburg sind fast 30 Demonstrationen angemeldet '' . Retrieved 12 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Global Solidarity Summit '' . Retrieved 12 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bunter Protestzug `` Lieber tanz ich als G20 '' `` . Retrieved 12 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Zombie - like protesters march through Hamburg ahead of G20 Summit : In photos '' . globalnews.ca . Retrieved 7 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Zombie March ' hits Hamburg ahead of G20 summit '' . euronews. 5 July 2017 . Retrieved 7 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Fox , Kara . `` G20 protesters attempt to disrupt summit '' . cnn.com . CNN . Retrieved 7 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Krawalle beim G20 - Gipfel Randalierer setzen Autos in Brand '' . Spiegel Online . 7 July 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` G20 : Anarchie im Schanzenviertel überschattet G20 - Gipfel '' . Die Zeit ( in German ) . 8 July 2017 . ISSN 0044 - 2070 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Scuffles , water cannon at final anti-G20 march in Hamburg '' . Reuters. 9 July 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` G20 Gipfel Hamburg Grenzenlose Solidaritaet '' . Zeit Online . 8 July 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` G20 - Demo Groups and Organisations '' . G20 - Demo . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ Press , Associated ( 9 July 2017 ) . `` G20 riots continue even after leaders leave Hamburg '' . New York Post . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Police gain upper hand after Hamburg 's day of G20 clashes '' . Reuters. 8 July 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Schweizer randalieren in der `` Hölle '' '' Neue Zürcher Zeitung vom 10 . Juli 2017 Jump up ^ `` G - 20 - Krawalle : Polizei ermittelt in mehr als 2000 Fällen - WELT '' . DIE WELT . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ Oltermann , Philip ( 5 July 2017 ) . `` Hamburg braces for G20 violence as tensions rise over police tactics '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` 35 investigations launched over police actions during G20 protests '' . The Local DE . 10 July 2017 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Liu Xiaobo , China 's most famous political prisoner , ' close to death ' '' . The Guardian . 6 July 2017 . Retrieved 6 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Amnesty says Turkey director and activists detained in Istanbul '' . The Guardian . 6 July 2017 . Retrieved 6 July 2017 . 63. seven civil society groups that are an integral part of the G20 process . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2017 G - 20 Hamburg summit . Official website with Summit Declaration of the Heads of State and Government , ' G20 leaders declaration ' ( PDF ; 339 kb ) G20 summits 2008 Washington 2009 London 2009 Pittsburgh 2010 Toronto 2010 Seoul 2011 Cannes 2012 Los Cabos 2013 St Petersburg 2014 Brisbane 2015 Antalya 2016 Hangzhou 2017 Hamburg 2018 Buenos Aires 2019 Osaka 2020 Riyadh International relations portal Politics portal 2010s portal Germany portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2017_G20_Hamburg_summit&oldid=850459398 '' Categories : 2017 conferences 2017 in Hamburg 2017 in international relations 21st - century diplomatic conferences Diplomatic conferences in Germany G20 summits July 2017 events in Germany Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) Use dmy dates from July 2017 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca भोजपुरी Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Lietuvių Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Português Русский Türkçe Українська 中文 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 July 2018 , at 00 : 49 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | the g20 summit 2017 will be held at | [
"The 2017 G20 Hamburg summit was the twelfth meeting of the Group of Twenty (G20), which was held on 7–8 July 2017, at Hamburg Messe, in the city of Hamburg, Germany.[1]\n"
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"Hamburg Messe, in the city of Hamburg, Germany"
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1432646400225875123 | Phineas and Ferb (soundtrack) | Phineas and Ferb ( soundtrack ) - Wikipedia Phineas and Ferb ( soundtrack ) Jump to : navigation , search Phineas and Ferb Soundtrack Soundtrack album by Various artists Released September 22 , 2009 Recorded 2007 - 2009 Genre Pop , dance - pop , rock , pop rock soundtrack Length 38 : 04 Label Disney Channel Records Walt Disney Records Hollywood Records Various artists chronology Phineas and Ferb ( 2009 ) Phineas and Ferb Christmas Vacation ! ( 2009 ) Phineas and Ferb Christmas Vacation ! 2009 Phineas and Ferb is the first soundtrack album for the Disney Channel television series , Phineas and Ferb , which was released September 22 , 2009 in the United States on compact disc by Walt Disney Records and Hollywood Records . The album contains 26 songs from season one . It also contains the bonus track `` The F - Games '' that can only be heard online . As of March 6 , 2010 , the soundtrack had sold about 122,600 copies in the United States . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Release 2 Track listing 3 Charts 4 Release dates 5 Other releases 6 References 7 External links Background ( edit ) The artists on the soundtrack all are in Phineas and Ferb except for Bowling for Soup who performs the theme tune for the series . The song `` Gitchee Gitchee Goo '' performed by Vincent Martella & Ashley Tisdale featured in the episode `` Flop Starz '' , was also included in the 2009 album Disney Channel Playlist . Release ( edit ) The original report cited that the initial February 10 , 2009 release date had been pushed back to August 4 . On June 26 , 2009 the release date was pushed back to September 22 , 2009 . Later this has been confirmed on the official website . The soundtrack album was released in the United Kingdom on October 10 , 2009 via EMI Music . Track listing ( edit ) No . Title Writer ( s ) Performer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Today is Gonna Be a Great Day '' Dan Povenmire , Jeff `` Swampy '' Marsh , Michael Culross , Michael Walker , Carl Williams Bowling for Soup 3 : 01 2 . `` Gitchee Gitchee Goo '' Dan Povenmire , Jeff `` Swampy '' Marsh , Jon Colton Barry Vincent Martella , Ashley Tisdale , Laura Dickinson , Danny Jacob 1 : 58 3 . `` Backyard Beach '' Dan Povenmire , Danny Jacob Danny Jacob 0 : 47 4 . `` Busted '' Dan Povenmire , Jeff `` Swampy '' Marsh , Martin Olson , Jon Colton Barry , Antoine Guilbaud , Danny Jacob Ashley Tisdale , Olivia Olson 1 : 38 5 . `` Perry the Platypus Theme '' Dan Povenmire , Jeff `` Swampy '' Marsh Randy Crenshaw , Laura Dickinson , Danny Jacob 0 : 47 6 . `` S.I.M.P. ( Squirrels in My Pants ) '' Dan Povenmire , Jeff `` Swampy '' Marsh , Martin Olson , Michael Culross Robbie Wyckoff , Danny Jacob , Ashley Tisdale 1 : 34 7 . `` I 'm Lindana and I Wanna Have Fun '' Dan Povenmire , Jeff `` Swampy '' Marsh , Jon Colton Barry , Chris Headrick Olivia Olson 0 : 51 8 . `` My Nemesis '' Dan Povenmire , Jeff `` Swampy '' Marsh , Bobby Gaylor , Kent Osborne Danny Jacob 1 : 02 9 . `` My Goody Two - Shoes Brother '' Dan Povenmire , Jeff `` Swampy '' Marsh , Martin Olson , Bobby Gaylor , Danny Jacob Dan Povenmire 1 : 15 10 . `` Disco Miniature Golfing Queen '' Dan Povenmire , Jeff `` Swampy '' Marsh , Martin Olson , Danny Jacob Laura Dickinson and Danny Jacob 1 : 15 11 . `` My Undead Mummy and Me '' Dan Povenmire , Jeff `` Swampy '' Marsh , Martin Olson , Bobby Gaylor , Danny Jacob Danny Jacob 1 : 06 12 . `` I Love You Mom '' Dan Povenmire , Jeff `` Swampy '' Marsh , Martin Olson Ashley Tisdale 1 : 03 13 . `` Ready for the Bettys '' Dan Povenmire , Jeff `` Swampy '' Marsh , Martin Olson , Danny Jacob , Aliki Theofilopoulos Olivia Olson 1 : 01 14 . `` When We Did n't Get Along '' Dan Povenmire , Jeff `` Swampy '' Marsh , Martin Olson , Bobby Gaylor , Jon Colton Barry , Danny Jacob Danny Jacob 1 : 40 15 . `` He 's a Bully '' Dan Povenmire , Jeff `` Swampy '' Marsh , Martin Olson , Bobby Gaylor , Danny Jacob Robbie Wyckoff 1 : 12 16 . `` Truck Drivin ' Girl '' Dan Povenmire , Jeff `` Swampy '' Marsh , Martin Olson , Bobby Gaylor , Michael Diederich , Danny Jacob Danny Jacob 1 : 15 17 . `` Do Nothing Day '' Jon Colton Barry Mitchel Musso , Ashley Tisdale 1 : 39 18 . `` E.V.I.L.B.O.Y.S. '' Dan Povenmire , Jeff `` Swampy '' Marsh , Martin Olson , Bobby Gaylor Dan Povenmire 1 : 51 19 . `` Fabulous '' Chris Headrick , Dan Povenmire , Jeff `` Swampy '' Marsh , Bobby Gaylor , Martin Olson Carlos Alazraqui , Vincent Martella 1 : 29 20 . `` Little Brothers '' Jon Colton Barry Laura Dickinson ( with Danny Jacob ) 1 : 15 21 . `` Let 's Take a Rocket Ship to Space '' Dan Povenmire , Jeff `` Swampy '' Marsh , Martin Olson , Bobby Gaylor , Danny Jacob Danny Jacob 1 : 05 22 . `` Queen of Mars '' Dan Povenmire , Jeff `` Swampy '' Marsh , Jon Colton Barry Ashley Tisdale 1 : 22 23 . `` Chains on Me '' Dan Povenmire , Jeff `` Swampy '' Marsh , Martin Olson Dan Povenmire 1 : 33 24 . `` Phinedroids and Ferbots '' Aliki Theofilopoulos , Dan Povenmire , Jeff `` Swampy '' Marsh , Bobby Gaylor , Martin Olson Danny Jacob 1 : 08 25 . `` Ai n't Got Rhythm '' Robert Hughes , Danny Jacob , Jeff `` Swampy '' Marsh , Martin Olson , Dan Povenmire Steve Zahn , Vincent Martella 2 : 16 26 . `` You Snuck Your Way Right into My Heart '' Chris Headrick , Dan Povenmire , Jon Colton Barry , Martin Olson Jaret Reddick 2 : 35 Total length : 37 : 37 Charts ( edit ) Chart Peak position Polish Albums Chart 6 Spanish Albums Chart U.S Billboard 200 59 Year End Chart Peak position Spanish Albums Chart 35 Certifications Certification Spanish Albums Chart Gold Release dates ( edit ) Country Date Label Format Catalog United States September 22 , 2009 Disney Channel Records Walt Disney Records Hollywood Records CD Canada & Australia United Kingdom October 10 , 2009 EMI 688 5232 Singapore & Malaysia September 30 , 2009 Warner Music Singapore Universal Music Singapore CD / VCD Argentina July 17 , 2010 Walt Disney Records Argentina CD Other releases ( edit ) Several other soundtracks for the series have been released . Phineas and Ferb 's Christmas Vacation : A soundtrack for the Christmas special , only released digitally in December 2009 . Disney Karaoke Series : Phineas and Ferb : A karaoke CD re-release of the series ' soundtrack , released on March 30 , 2010 . Phineas and Ferb : Summer Belongs To You ! : A soundtrack for the one - hour special , released on August 3 , 2010 . It was released on a CD on May 21 , 2012 . Phineas and Ferb Holiday Favorites : Contains 7 songs from Phineas and Ferb 's Christmas Vacation , 8 Christmas Carols sung by Phineas and Ferb Characters , and a song that was cut from the special for time ( `` What Does He Want ? '' ) , released on September 21 , 2010 . Phineas and Ferb : Across the 1st and 2nd Dimensions : Contains songs from Phineas and Ferb the Movie : Across the 2nd Dimension , and various episodes from Season 2 of the show , such as Rollercoaster : The Musical ! , released on August 2 , 2011 . Phineas and Ferb - Ulous : The Ultimate Album : A CD / DVD combo pack that was released in the UK , August 16 , 2011 . Also contains the songs from Summer Belongs to You ! . Phineas and Ferb the Movie : Across the 2nd Dimension Song Sampler : A digital soundtrack on the digital copy disc of Phineas and Ferb the Movie : Across the 2nd Dimension , included with the DVD release of the movie . It contains all songs from the movie , with the exception of `` Kick It Up a Notch . '' Phineas and Ferb : Rockin ' and Rollin ' : A digital album featuring songs mostly from seasons 3 and 4 with some songs from the first two seasons that were not released before . Phineas and Ferb : Star Wars : Contains 5 songs from the special of the same name . Phineas and Ferb : The Last Day of Summer : Features all songs from the last episode and some songs from the special Night of the Living Pharmacists . This album also features the intro theme song from the O.W.C.A Files Special . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Disney Orders Third Season of ' Phineas and Ferb , ' Announces Soundtrack on CD . '' . StitchKingdom.com . Retrieved August 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Channel Playlist by Various Artists '' . Walt Disney Records . Retrieved May 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Phineas & Ferb soundtrack was pushed from February 10th to August 4th as well . '' . Tommy2.net . Retrieved August 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Phineas & Ferb soundtrack was pushed again . '' . Tommy2.net . Retrieved August 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Phineas & Ferb soundtrack . '' . Dinsey Music . Retrieved August 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ EMI Music UK Jump up ^ `` Oficjalna lista sprzedaży : : OLiS - Official Retail Sales Chart '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Soundtrack - Disney : Phineas And Ferb , chart performance '' . ^ Jump up to : http://www.promusicae.org/files/listasanuales/albumes/Top%2050%20ALBUMES%202010%20(PUBLICAR).pdf Jump up ^ Editors of Publications Intern ... `` Phineas & Ferb - Ulous : Ultimate Album : Various Artists : Music '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2012 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) External links ( edit ) Phineas & Ferb at Walt Disney Records Phineas and Ferb Original TV Soundtrack at Allmusic ( hide ) Phineas and Ferb Characters Phineas Flynn Ferb Fletcher Candace Flynn Perry the Platypus Dr. Heinz Doofenshmirtz Guest stars Seasons Episodes `` Rollercoaster '' `` Lawn Gnome Beach Party of Terror '' `` Are You My Mummy ? '' `` Flop Starz '' `` Raging Bully '' `` It 's About Time ! '' `` Jerk De Soleil '' `` Dude , We 're Getting the Band Back Together '' `` Phineas and Ferb Get Busted ! '' `` The Monster of Phineas - n - Ferbenstein '' `` Phineas and Ferb 's Quantum Boogaloo '' `` Wizard of Odd '' Specials `` Phineas and Ferb Christmas Vacation '' `` Phineas and Ferb : Summer Belongs To You ! '' `` Phineas and Ferb : Mission Marvel '' `` Phineas and Ferb : Star Wars '' Video games Phineas and Ferb Ride Again Phineas and Ferb : Across the 2nd Dimension - The Video Game Disney Channel All Star Party Disney Universe Quest for Cool Stuff Disney Infinity Films Phineas and Ferb : Across the 2nd Dimension Other Songs Soundtrack Take Two with Phineas and Ferb episodes Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phineas_and_Ferb_(soundtrack)&oldid=799521472 '' Categories : Phineas and Ferb 2009 soundtracks Dance - pop soundtracks Teen pop albums Pop rock soundtracks Hollywood Records soundtracks Walt Disney Records soundtracks Television animation soundtracks Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Use mdy dates from July 2016 Use American English from July 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Track listings with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano Polski Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 8 September 2017 , at 06 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sings the opening theme song for phineas and ferb | [
"The artists on the soundtrack all are in Phineas and Ferb except for Bowling for Soup who performs the theme tune for the series. The song \"Gitchee Gitchee Goo\" performed by Vincent Martella & Ashley Tisdale featured in the episode \"Flop Starz\", was also included in the 2009 album Disney Channel Playlist.[2]"
] | [
"Bowling for Soup"
] |
-353411106042172537 | Semi-automatic pistol | Semi-automatic pistol - wikipedia Semi-automatic pistol Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) SIG Pro 2022 semi-automatic pistol chambered in 9 × 19 mm A semi-automatic pistol is a type of pistol that is semi-automatic , meaning it uses the energy of the fired cartridge to cycle the action of the firearm and advance the next available cartridge into position for firing . One cartridge is fired each time the trigger of a semi-automatic pistol is pulled ; the pistol 's `` disconnector '' ensures this behavior . Additional terms sometimes used as synonyms for a semi-automatic pistol are automatic pistol , self - loading pistol , autopistol , and autoloading pistol . A semi-automatic pistol harnesses the energy of one shot to reload the chamber for the next . After a round is fired , the spent casing is ejected and a new round from the magazine is loaded into the chamber , allowing another shot to be fired as soon as the trigger is pulled again . Most pistols use recoil operation to do this , but some pistols use blowback or gas operation . Most types of semi-automatic pistols rely on a removable magazine to store ammunition before it is fired , usually inserted inside the grip . Contents ( hide ) 1 Operation 1.1 Cocking modes 2 Terminology 3 Technology 4 Actions : blowback versus locked breech 5 History 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Operation ( edit ) Typically , the first round is manually loaded into the chamber by pulling back and releasing the slide mechanism . This is called racking the slide or racking the gun . After the trigger is pulled and the round is fired , the recoil operation of the handgun automatically extracts and ejects the shell casing and reloads the chamber . This mode of operation generally allows for faster reloading and storing a larger number of cartridges than a revolver . Diagram showing a simple blowback action Some modern semi-automatic pistols are double action only ( DA or DAO ) ; that is , once a round is chambered , each trigger pull cocks the hammer , striker , or firing pin , and additionally releases the same to fire a cartridge in one continuous motion . Each pull of the trigger on a DAO semi-automatic pistol requires the same amount of pressure . The Kel - Tec P - 32 is an example of a DAO action . DAO semi-automatic pistols are most generally recommended only in the smaller , self - defense , concealable pistols , rather than in target or hunting pistols . A notable exception is Glock - brand pistols which optimize preset triggers ( similar to DAO ) , but the striker is partially cocked back as the slide closes . This allows for significantly shorter trigger pulls than DAO . The trigger spring can be replaced with a lighter one and paired with a low - strength sear connector resulting in lightened trigger pulls to improve a shooter 's accuracy ( like models G34 and G35 ) . Smith & Wesson double - action . 45 ACP semi-automatic compact pistol Standard modern semi-automatic pistols are usually double action ( DA ) , also sometimes known as double - action / single - action ( DA / SA ) . In this design , the hammer or striker may be either thumb - cocked or activated by pulling the trigger when firing the first shot . The hammer or striker is recocked automatically during each firing cycle . In double - action pistols , the first pull of the trigger requires roughly twice as much pressure as subsequent firings , since the first pull of the trigger also cocks the hammer ( if not already cocked by hand ) . The Beretta 92F / FS , a full - sized , service , semi-automatic pistol is an example of this style of action . A common mode of carry for DA semi-automatic pistols is with the magazine full , a round chambered , and the gun holstered and uncocked with the external safety unengaged or off . The Taurus PT145 is an example of a ( DA / SA ) weapon , as it has no decocker and thus has its striker primed from the moment of chambering and only enters double - action mode if a round fails to fire upon the pin 's impact ; at other times , it operates as a single - action striker fired firearm . In contrast , a single - action ( SA ) semi-automatic pistol must be cocked by first operating the slide or bolt , or , if a round is already chambered , by cocking the hammer manually . The famed Colt M1911 is an example of this style of action . All SA semi-automatic pistols exhibit this feature , and automatically cock the hammer when the slide is first `` racked '' to chamber a round . A round can also be manually inserted in the chamber with the slide locked back . Then the safety can be applied . Cocking modes ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The normal mode of carrying an SA semi-automatic pistol is condition 1 , popularly known as cocked and locked . Condition 1 ( a term popularized by Colonel Jeff Cooper ) refers to having the magazine full , a round chambered , the hammer fully cocked , and the thumb safety engaged or on , at least for right - handed users . For many single - action , semi-automatic pistols , this procedure works well only for right - handed users , as the thumb safety is located on the left side of pistol and is easily accessible only for those who are holding the pistol in the right hand . Many SA semi-automatic pistols have a hammer position known as `` half - cocked '' . Squeezing the trigger will not fire the gun when it is in the half - cocked position , and neither will dropping the gun in this state cause an accidental discharge . During WWII in the Pacific Theater , an unofficial and unapproved carry mode for the SA M1911 by left - handed US soldiers in combat was carrying the gun with the magazine full , a round chambered , the action in half - cocked position , and the thumb safety ( accessible only to right - handed users ) positioned in the off ( or ready - to - fire ) mode . The primary advantage of the half - cocked position versus the uncocked position in that particular scenario was added sound suppression ( of the click of the weapon being cocked ) . A secondary advantage was the avoidance of accidental discharges if the gun were accidentally dropped . The half cock was revised by Colt in the 1970s and subsequently other manufacturers -- the hammer will fall from half cock if the trigger is pulled on most newer 1911 type guns . In general , single - action , semi-automatic pistols should never be carried cocked with the safety off , although many newer SA pistols have modified actions which allow the hammer to exert pressure against the firing pin only when the trigger is pulled . Many modern SA semi-automatic pistols have had their safety mechanisms redesigned to provide a thumb safety on both sides of the pistol ( ambidextrous ) , thereby better meeting the needs of left - handed , as well as right - handed users . Semi-automatic pistols with different traits have been designed , including those with a magazine fed with a stripper clip , and those with nonremovable magazines . These designs are rarely used in modern semi-automatic pistols . The Model C96 , or `` Broomhandle '' Mauser , in its original configuration , has a fixed , nonremovable magazine located in front of the trigger , which is loaded directly through the breech from the top of the pistol . Semi-automatic pistols use one firing chamber that remains fixed in a constant linear position relative to the gun barrel . In contrast , although double - action revolvers can also be fired semiautomatically , their rounds are not fired from a single chamber , but rather are fired from each of the chambers that are rotated into linear alignment with the barrel 's position in turn just prior for each shot fired . Terminology ( edit ) The language surrounding automatic , semi-automatic , self - loading , etc. , often causes confusion due to differences in technical usage between different countries and differences in popular usage . For example , the term `` automatic pistol '' technically refers to a machine pistol which is capable of firing multiple round bursts for a single pull of the trigger , although in popular US usage it is also used as a synonym for a semi-automatic pistol . In the case of pistols , an ' automatic pistol ' , a ' semi-automatic pistol ' , or a ' self - loading pistol ' , all usually imply a handgun that is semi-automatic , self - loading , and magazine - fed with a magazine that is removable , producing one shot fired for each trigger pull . The term pistol may refer to handguns in general , or may be used to differentiate ( semi-automatic ) pistols from revolvers . Technology ( edit ) A self - loading pistol reloads the chamber with a new round automatically each time the weapon is fired , without additional action being required by the user . For a semi-automatic pistol , this is typically accomplished by recoil operation . In a machine pistol , in contrast , this can be accomplished by blowback , or , less commonly , by gas operation , harnessing gases produced when the gun is fired . The Desert Eagle is a rare example of a semi-automatic pistol that siphons off some of the gases instead of relying on short recoil operation . A revolver , which uses multiple chambers and a single barrel , and a derringer , which uses multiple chambers and multiple barrels , also fire one round per trigger pull , but achieve this in different ways and as such are not classified as being semi-automatic . A semi-automatic pistol will fire only one shot per trigger pull , in contrast to a `` fully automatic '' or machine pistol , which continues to fire as long as the trigger is held or until all rounds have been fired . The Mauser M712 Schnellfeuer ( German for `` rapid fire '' ) , a modified Mauser C96 pistol , is a notable example of a true machine pistol . While both types of weapons operate on the same principles , fully automatic weapons must be built more ruggedly to accommodate the heat and stress caused by rapid firing , and it can be difficult ( and illegal in most countries ) to convert a semi-automatic pistol into a fully automatic mode of fire . A selective - fire action pistol , though , can be converted back and forth by means of a switch , and often includes a burst mode , typically for a three - round burst with each trigger pull . Selective - fire weapons are generally used by specialized law enforcement and security personnel such as SWAT teams , hostage rescue teams , antiterrorist units , or government bodyguards for heads of state . In the United States , selective - fire weapons are not available to civilians unless they live in a state that allows civilian ownership of National Firearms Act or Title II weapons . Actions : blowback versus locked breech ( edit ) Main articles : Blowback ( arms ) and Recoil operation Self - loading automatic pistols can be divided into `` blowback '' and `` locked breech '' categories according to their principle of operation . The blowback operating principle is suitable for smaller , lower - powered calibers , such as . 32 ACP and . 380 ACP , as the resistance of the recoil spring and mass of the slide are sufficient to retard the opening of the breech until the projectile has left the barrel , and breech pressure has dropped to a safe level . For more powerful calibers such as the 9 mm Parabellum ( 9 mm ) and . 45 ACP , some form of locked breech is needed to retard breech opening , as an unlocked blowback pistol in these calibers requires a very heavy slide and stiff spring , making them bulky , heavy , and difficult to operate . A somewhat commercially successful blowback pistol design in the more powerful calibers was produced ; the Spanish Astra 400 in 9 mm Largo and the similar Astra 600 in 9 mm Parabellum . U.S. manufacturer Hi - Point also produces a line of blowback - operated pistols in several calibers , including 9 mm and . 45 ACP . Virtually all other service - caliber pistols are locked - breech designs . History ( edit ) After Hiram Maxim introduced his recoil - powered machine gun in 1883 , several gunsmiths set out to apply the same principles to handguns , including Maxim . Maxim 's designs for smaller firearms using his recoil - powered ideas never went into production . In the 1880s , other designers worked on self - loading designs . The Schönberger - Laumann 1892 was the first semi-automatic pistol . The first model to gain any commercial success was the Hugo Borchardt - designed C - 93 , designed in 1893 and made its public debut in 1894 . Borchardt invented the C - 93 mechanism , based in large part upon Maxim 's toggle - lock principle . The C - 93 featured a clever locking mechanism , modeled after the human knee joint , in which the mechanical joint is called a knee , or in German Kniegelenk ( knee joint ) . The C - 93 proved mechanically reliable , but was too large and bulky to receive widespread acceptance . Equipped with a screw - on wooden stock , the C - 93 served well in small pistol carbines . Borchardt also developed the 7.65 mm Borchardt cartridge , around which the C - 93 was built . In 1896 , Paul Mauser introduced his first model of the famous Mauser `` Broomhandle '' semi-automatic pistol , the C96 . It was also the first mass - produced and commercially successful pistol to have a large - capacity , staggered - column magazine holding 10 or 20 rounds . Using a more powerful and nearly identical version of the 7.63 mm bottle necked cartridge of the Borchardt C - 93 Pistol , the Mauser was one of the first self - loading pistols used extensively in battle , notably the South African War of 1899 - 1902 . These pistols were made in 7.63 mm Mauser , or 9 × 25 mm Mauser , along with some models eventually being made in 9 mm Parabellum and a small number in . 45 ACP for China . In 1898 , The Schwarzlose Model 1898 was a semi-automatic pistol invented by Prussian firearm designer Andreas Wilhelm Schwarzlose . It was chambered for the 7.65 × 25mm Mauser. ( 1 ) It could also shoot the less powerful Borchardt ammunition . The Schwarzlose design was most advanced and far ahead of its time , but not widely adopted with less than 1000 pieces being manufactured. ( 2 ) ( 3 ) Small lots were sold to the Boers and used during the Boer War . Another lot was sold to members of the Russian Social - Democratic Party who were plotting insurrection , but were confiscated at the Russian border and issued to the Imperial Russian Frontier Guards. ( 3 ) ( 4 ) In Belgium in 1896 , the first American gun designer to develop self - loading semi-automatic pistols was John Browning , whose models were first manufactured by the Belgian firm of Fabrique Nationale ( FN ) in Europe and later by Colt in the U.S. Like Luger 's work conducted around the same time in Germany , Browning 's first successful design was in 7.65 mm , the Browning M1900 . Browning also devised a slightly different 7.65 mm Browning (. 32 Auto ) cartridge for his semi-automatic pistol that differed from Luger 's 7.65 mm Parabellum . Browning also designed . 25 , . 38 , . 380 , and . 45 ACP cartridges in addition to . 32 ACP for his semi-automatic pistol designs . Browning also created the locked - breech action now commonly used by nearly all heavy - caliber semi-automatic pistols , and designed the . 45 ACP Colt M1911 , adopted by the U.S. military as its service pistol in 1911 . The Model 1911 is still in active use with some U.S. Special Forces and Marine Corps units . Browning also co-designed the FN Browning Hi - Power , announced in 1922 , during the last years of his life , working on this design until his death in 1926 . It was a 9 mm Luger semi-automatic pistol capable of holding 13 rounds ( plus one chambered ) in the magazine . The Savage 1907 Pistol 32 ACP featured a 10 - round magazine which is of staggered - column design , and predates the Browning patent filing , ( 6 - 28 - 1923 , issued as U.S. patent # 1,618,510 , dated 22 Feb. 1927 ) for the large - capacity 9 mm pistol by some 18 years as the Savage was patented in 1905 , Whether the staggered magazine featured in the Savage 1905 was a focal point of the patent is unclear . In a review of the Browning patent dated 22 Feb. 1927 , it is equally unclear as to the staggered magazine being either a primary or a dependent claim of the patent as issued . However , the existence of a staggered magazine in 1905 is indisputable , as many of these Savage pistols were produced and survive to this day . Browning could well have come into contact with this concept during the military trials of 1911 , as a version of the Savage design in . 45 cal was also under consideration alongside the Browning / Colt design . ) The earlier , single - column magazine design is still used today , however , especially for deep - concealment semi-automatic pistols such as the Kel - Tec P - 32 . The next notable design was the 7.65 mm Luger by Georg Luger , which although successful in its function , nonetheless failed to have adequate stopping power and failed to win widespread acceptance . In 1902 , Luger 's subsequent and similar P08 in 9 mm Parabellum overcame the problem of inadequate stopping power and featured a greatly improved Borchardt - type Kniegelenk ( `` knee - joint '' ) locking mechanism . Unlike Browning 's locked - breech design , the barrel in a Kniegelenk design does not tip up and down while the gun is fired , thereby theoretically improving shooting accuracy . Luger 's P. 08 was adopted by the German military and served as their standard sidearm in World War I. During World War II , Germany was the first nation to adopt a double - action pistol , the Walther P38 , which could be carried loaded ( with a cartridge chambered ) and ready to fire without the risk of an accidental discharge if dropped . The P38 also used Luger 's 9 mm Parabellum cartridge . During World War II , revolvers were still issued by various major powers , but their use was decreasing . Though the British firm Webley & Scott had developed several adequate self - loading pistols , one of which was adopted by the ( normally unarmed ) British police in 1911 and by the Royal Navy and Royal Marines before the First World War , revolvers were generally preferred by most British military . In the Soviet Union , the TT pistol replaced the Nagant M1895 revolver during the war . In the United States , the M1911A1 was adopted as the standard military sidearm . Both Colt and Smith & Wesson produced revolvers chambered for the same . 45 ACP ammunition used in the M1911A1 , because of the great demand for handguns and the need to adopt a common cartridge for use in both semi-automatic pistols and revolvers . After World War II , most nations eventually adopted 9 mm Parabellum caliber pistols employing Browning 's locked - breech design for their standard - issue military pistols . The most popular early choice was the FN Browning Hi - Power , which was the first high - capacity pistol ; another popular model was the locked - breech Walther P38 because of its many safety features . As of 2011 , the U.S. military sidearm is a variant of the Beretta 92F / FS . M9 pistol used by the US military ; a variant of the Beretta 92FS In 1971 , Smith & Wesson offered a safe double - action , high - capacity pistol , the Model 59 . CZ launched its CZ - 75 in 1975 . Beretta introduced the Beretta 92 also in 1975 . Glock introduced the groundbreaking Glock 17 in 1982 , and SIG Sauer introduced its model P226 in 1983 . Walther introduced their high - capacity P88 in 1988 . In the early 1990s Heckler & Koch combined what they considered to be the most desirable attributes of semi-autos in the HK USP pistol . In 1995 Kel - Tec introduced their first compact 9 mm pistol , the Kel - Tec P11 , designed for concealed carry . In 1999 Kel - Tec introduced their . 32 ACP P - 32 for concealed carry . After the Second World War , the almost universal trend has been for semi-automatic pistols to replace revolvers for military use , although the transition has been slower in police and civilian use . As of 2011 , revolvers are mainly used in jurisdictions which permit their use for civilian self - defense , hunting , plinking , and target practice . Semi-automatic pistols are by far the most popular for concealed carry by civilians , primary handguns for police and military use , backup guns for police use , and where the usual five or six shots of a revolver are deemed inadequate . See also ( edit ) Assault weapon List of semi-automatic pistols Personal defense weapon Semi-automatic rifle Semi-automatic shotgun References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Small Arms Encyclopedia , Amber Books Ltd. , 2011 , p. 89 ^ Jump up to : Pistols of the World , Hogg , V. & Weeks , J. , 1982 . Jump up ^ Kinard , Jeff ( 2004 ) . Pistols : An Illustrated History of Their Impact . ABC - CLIO . p. 167 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85109 - 470 - 7 . Soon after World War II the major powers all but abandoned the revolver for standard issue Jump up ^ Hogg , Ian ( 2003 ) . Handguns & Rifles : The Finest Weapons from Around the World . The Lyons Press . p. 18 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85648 - 701 - 6 . World War II saw no advance in revolver design or ammunition ; indeed , it began the move away from revolvers in major armies External links ( edit ) M1911.org -- What happens when a handgun is fired Ballistics By The Inch showing relationship between barrel length and bullet velocity for handguns . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Semi-automatic_pistol&oldid=808848840 '' Categories : Semi-automatic pistols Firearm actions Handguns Firearm terminology Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2010 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional references from February 2015 All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from June 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2012 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2011 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano Português Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Svenska Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 November 2017 , at 15 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was the first semi automatic pistol invented | [
"After Hiram Maxim introduced his recoil-powered machine gun in 1883, several gunsmiths set out to apply the same principles to handguns, including Maxim. Maxim's designs for smaller firearms using his recoil-powered ideas never went into production. In the 1880s, other designers worked on self-loading designs. The Schönberger-Laumann 1892 was the first semi-automatic pistol. The first model to gain any commercial success was the Hugo Borchardt-designed C-93, designed in 1893 and made its public debut in 1894. Borchardt invented the C-93 mechanism, based in large part upon Maxim's toggle-lock principle.[dubious – discuss] The C-93 featured a clever locking mechanism, modeled after the human knee joint, in which the mechanical joint is called a knee, or in German Kniegelenk (knee joint)."
] | [
"1892"
] |
5325446446289991061 | Confederate States of America | Confederate States of America - Wikipedia Confederate States of America Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the historical state . For the 2004 film , see C.S.A. : The Confederate States of America . `` Confederate States '' redirects here . For the type of nation , see Confederate state . For a list of confederate nation states , see List of confederations . Confederate States of America Unrecognized state 1861 -- 1865 Flag ( 1861 -- 63 ) Great Seal ( 1863 -- 65 ) Motto `` Deo Vindice '' ( Latin ) `` Under God , our Vindicator '' Anthem None official `` God Save the South '' ( unofficial ) `` The Bonnie Blue Flag '' ( popular ) `` Dixie '' ( traditional ) The Confederate States in 1862 . Light green denotes claims made by the Confederacy . Medium green denotes western counties of Virginia that separated from that State and were admitted to the Union as West Virginia . Teal denotes the still contested Indian Territory . Capital Montgomery ( until May 29 , 1861 ) Richmond ( until April 3 , 1865 ) Languages English ( de facto ) Government Federal / Confederal presidential non-partisan republic President Jefferson Davis Vice President Alexander H. Stephens Legislature Congress Upper house Senate Lower house House of Representatives Historical era American Civil War / International relations of the Great Powers ( 1814 -- 1919 ) Provisional constitution February 8 , 1861 Permanent constitution February 22 , 1862 Battle of Fort Sumter April 12 , 1861 Siege of Vicksburg May 18 , 1863 Military collapse April 9 , 1865 Dissolution May 5 , 1865 Area 1860 1,995,392 km ( 770,425 sq mi ) Population 1860 est . 9,103,332 Density 5 / km ( 12 / sq mi ) Slaves est . 3,521,110 Currency Confederate States dollar State currencies Preceded by Succeeded by South Carolina Mississippi Florida Alabama Georgia Louisiana Texas Virginia Arkansas Tennessee North Carolina United States Today part of United States Area and population values do not include Missouri and Kentucky nor the Confederate Territory of Arizona . Water area : 5.7 % . Slaves included in above population count ( 1860 Census ) . The Confederate States of America ( CSA or C.S. ) , commonly referred to as the Confederacy , was an unrecognized country in North America that existed from 1861 to 1865 . The Confederacy was originally formed by seven secessionist slave - holding states -- South Carolina , Mississippi , Florida , Alabama , Georgia , Louisiana , and Texas -- in the Lower South region of the United States whose regional economy was mostly dependent upon agriculture , particularly cotton , and a plantation system that relied upon the labor of African - American slaves . Each state declared its secession from the United States following the November 1860 election of Republican candidate Abraham Lincoln to the U.S. presidency on a platform which opposed the expansion of slavery into the western territories . Before Lincoln took office in March , a new Confederate government was established in February 1861 , which was considered illegal by the government of the United States . After the Civil War began in April , four slave states of the Upper South -- Virginia , Arkansas , Tennessee , and North Carolina -- also declared their secession and joined the Confederacy . The Confederacy later accepted Missouri and Kentucky as members , although neither officially declared secession nor were they ever largely controlled by Confederate forces ; Confederate shadow governments attempted to control the two states but were later exiled from them . The government of the United States ( the Union ) rejected the claims of secession and considered the Confederacy illegitimate . The American Civil War began with the Confederate attack upon Fort Sumter on April 12 , 1861 , a Union fort in the harbor of Charleston , South Carolina . No foreign government officially recognized the Confederacy as an independent country , although the United Kingdom and France granted it belligerent status , which allowed Confederate agents to contract with private concerns for arms and other supplies . In early 1865 , after four years of heavy fighting which led to an estimated 620,000 military deaths , all the Confederate forces surrendered and the Confederacy was dissolved . The war lacked a formal end ; nearly all Confederate forces had been forced into surrender or deliberately disbanded by the end of 1865 , by which point the dwindling manpower and resources of the Confederacy were facing overwhelming odds . By 1865 , Jefferson Davis lamented that the Confederacy had `` disappeared '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Span of control 1.1 Post-war history 2 History 2.1 A revolution in disunion 2.1. 1 Causes of secession 2.1. 2 Secessionists and conventions 2.1. 3 Inauguration and response 2.2 Secession 2.2. 1 States 2.2. 2 Territories 2.2. 3 Capitals 2.3 Unionism 2.4 Diplomacy 2.4. 1 United States , a foreign power 2.4. 2 International diplomacy 2.5 Confederacy at war 2.5. 1 Motivations of soldiers 2.5. 2 Military strategy 2.5. 3 Armed forces 2.5. 3.1 Raising troops 2.5. 3.2 Conscription 2.5. 4 Victories : 1861 2.5. 5 Incursions : 1862 2.5. 6 Anaconda : 1863 -- 64 2.5. 7 Collapse : 1865 2.6 Postwar history 2.6. 1 Amnesty and treason issue 2.6. 2 Texas v. White 2.7 Theories regarding the Confederacy 's demise 2.7. 1 `` Died of states ' rights '' 2.7. 2 `` Died of Davis '' 3 Government and politics 3.1 Constitution 3.1. 1 Executive 3.1. 2 Administration and cabinet 3.1. 3 Legislative 3.1. 4 Judicial 3.1. 5 Post Office 3.2 Civil liberties 4 Economy 4.1 Slaves 4.2 Political economy 4.2. 1 National production 4.3 Transportation systems 4.3. 1 Horses and mules 4.4 Financial instruments 4.5 Food shortages and riots 4.6 Devastation by 1865 4.7 Effect on women and families 5 Flags 5.1 National flags 5.2 States and flags 6 Geography 6.1 Region and climate 6.2 Demographics 7 Military leaders 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Further reading 11.1 Overviews and reference 11.2 Historiography 11.3 State studies 11.3. 1 Border states 11.3. 2 Alabama and Mississippi 11.3. 3 Georgia and Florida 11.3. 4 Louisiana , Texas , Arkansas , and West 11.3. 5 North and South Carolina 11.3. 6 Virginia 11.4 Social history , blacks , women 11.5 Intellectual history 11.6 Political history 11.7 Foreign affairs 11.8 Economic history 11.9 Primary sources 12 External links Span of control On March 11 , 1861 , the Confederate Constitution of seven state signatories -- South Carolina , Mississippi , Florida , Alabama , Georgia , Louisiana , and Texas -- replaced the February 7 Provisional Confederate States Constitution with one stating in its preamble a desire for a `` permanent federal government '' . Four additional slave - holding states -- Virginia , Arkansas , Tennessee , and North Carolina -- declared their secession and joined the Confederacy following a call by U.S. President Abraham Lincoln for troops from each state to recapture Sumter and other seized federal properties in the South . Missouri and Kentucky were represented by partisan factions from those states , while the legitimate governments of those two states retained formal adherence to the Union . Also fighting for the Confederacy were two of the `` Five Civilized Tribes '' -- the Chocktaw and the Chickasaw -- located in Indian Territory and a new , but uncontrolled , Confederate Territory of Arizona . Efforts by certain factions in Maryland to secede were halted by federal imposition of martial law ; Delaware , though of divided loyalty , did not attempt it . A Unionist government in western parts of Virginia organized the new state of West Virginia , which was admitted to the Union during the war on June 20 , 1863 . Confederate control over its claimed territory and population in congressional districts steadily shrank from 73 % to 34 % during the course of the Civil War due to the Union 's successful overland campaigns , its control of the inland waterways into the South , and its blockade of the southern coast . With the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1 , 1863 , the Union made abolition of slavery a war goal ( in addition to reunion ) . As Union forces moved southward , large numbers of plantation slaves were freed . Many joined the Union lines , enrolling in service as soldiers , teamsters and laborers . The most notable advance was Sherman 's `` March to the Sea '' in late 1864 . Much of the Confederacy 's infrastructure was destroyed , including telegraphs , railroads and bridges . Plantations in the path of Sherman 's forces were severely damaged . Internal movement became increasingly difficult for Southerners , weakening the economy and limiting army mobility . These losses created an insurmountable disadvantage in men , materiel , and finance . Public support for Confederate President Jefferson Davis 's administration eroded over time due to repeated military reverses , economic hardships , and allegations of autocratic government . After four years of campaigning , Richmond was captured by Union forces in April 1865 . Shortly afterward , Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrendered to Union General Ulysses S. Grant , effectively signalling the collapse of the Confederacy . President Davis was captured on May 10 , 1865 , and jailed in preparation for a treason trial that was ultimately never held . Postwar History The U.S. government began a decade - long process known as Reconstruction which attempted to resolve the political and constitutional issues of the Civil War . The priorities were : to guarantee that Confederate nationalism and slavery were ended , to ratify and enforce the Thirteenth Amendment which outlawed slavery ; the Fourteenth which guaranteed dual U.S. and state citizenship to all native - born residents , regardless of race ; and the Fifteenth , which guaranteed the right of freedmen to vote . By 1877 , the Compromise of 1877 ended Reconstruction in the former Confederate states . Federal troops were withdrawn from the South , where conservative white Southern Democrats had already regained political control of state governments , often through extreme violence and fraud to suppress black voting . Confederate veterans had been temporarily disenfranchised by Reconstruction policy . The prewar South had many rich areas ; the war left the entire region economically devastated by military action , ruined infrastructure , and exhausted resources . Continuing to be dependent on an agricultural economy and resisting investment in infrastructure , the region remained dominated by the planter elite into the 20th century . After a brief period in which a Republican - Populist coalition took power in several southern states in the late 19th century , the Democratic - dominated legislatures worked to secure their control by passing new constitutions and amendments at the turn of the 20th century that disenfranchised most blacks and many poor whites . This exclusion of blacks from the political system , and great weakening of the Republican Party , was generally maintained until after passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 . The Solid South of the early 20th century was built on white Democratic control of politics . The region did not achieve national levels of prosperity until long after World War II . History Evolution of the Confederate States , December 20 , 1860 -- July 15 , 1870 The Confederacy was established in the Montgomery Convention in February 1861 ( before Lincoln 's inauguration in March ) and was disintegrated in April and May 1865 . It was formed by delegations from seven Southern slave states that had proclaimed their secession from the Union . After the fighting began in April , four additional slave states seceded and were admitted . Later , two states ( Missouri and Kentucky ) and two territories were given seats in the Confederate Congress . Many southern whites had considered themselves more Southern than American and were prepared to fight for their state and their region to be independent of the larger nation . That regionalism became a Southern nationalism , or the `` Cause '' . For the duration of its existence , the Confederacy underwent trial by war . The `` Southern Cause '' transcended the ideology of states ' rights , tariff policy , or internal improvements . This `` Cause '' supported , or descended from , cultural and financial dependence on the South 's slavery - based economy . The convergence of race and slavery , politics , and economics raised almost all South - related policy questions to the status of moral questions over way of life , commingling love of things Southern and hatred of things Yankee ( the North ) . Not only did national political parties split , but national churches and interstate families as well divided along sectional lines as the war approached . According to historian John M. Coski , `` The statesmen who led the secession movement were unashamed to explicitly cite the defense of slavery as their prime motive ... Acknowledging the centrality of slavery to the Confederacy is essential for understanding the Confederate . '' Southern Democrats chose John Breckinridge as their candidate during the presidential election of 1860 , but in no Southern state ( other than South Carolina , where the legislature chose the electors ) was support for him unanimous ; all of the other states recorded at least some popular votes for one or more of the other three candidates ( Abraham Lincoln , Stephen A. Douglas and John Bell ) . Support for these candidates , collectively , ranged from significant to an outright majority , with extremes running from 25 % in Texas to 81 % in Missouri . There were minority views everywhere , especially in the upland and plateau areas of the South , with western Virginia and eastern Tennessee of particular concentration . Following South Carolina 's unanimous 1860 secession vote , no other Southern states considered the question until 1861 , and when they did none had a unanimous vote . All had residents who cast significant numbers of Unionist votes in either the legislature , conventions , popular referendums , or in all three . Voting to remain in the Union did not necessarily mean that individuals were northern sympathizers . Once hostilities began , many of these who voted to remain in the Union , particularly in the Deep South , accepted the majority decision , and supported the Confederacy . The American Civil War became an American tragedy , what some scholars termed the `` Brothers ' War '' , pitting `` brother against brother , father against son , kith against kin of every degree '' . A Revolution in disunion Main article : Origins of the American Civil War See also : Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War According to historian Avery O. Craven in 1950 , the Confederate States of America was created by secessionists in Southern slave states who believed that the federal government was making them second - class citizens and refused to honor their belief that slavery was beneficial to the Negro . They judged the agent of change to be abolitionists and anti-slavery elements in the Republican Party , whom they believed used repeated insult and injury to subject them to intolerable `` humiliation and degradation '' . The `` Black Republicans '' ( as the Southerners called them ) and their allies soon dominated the U.S. House , Senate , and Presidency . On the U.S. Supreme Court , Chief Justice Roger B. Taney ( a presumed supporter of slavery ) was 83 years old , and ailing . During the campaign for president in 1860 , some secessionists threatened disunion should Lincoln ( who opposed the expansion of slavery into the territories ) be elected , most notably William L. Yancey . Yancey toured the North calling for secession as Stephen A. Douglas toured the South calling for union in the event of Lincoln 's election . To the Secessionists the Republican intent was clear : to contain slavery within its present bounds , and , eventually , to eliminate it entirely . A Lincoln victory presented them with a momentous choice ( as they saw it ) , even before his inauguration -- `` the Union without slavery , or slavery without the Union '' . Causes of secession The immediate catalyst for secession was the victory of the Republican Party and the election of Abraham Lincoln as president in the 1860 elections . American Civil War historian James M. McPherson suggested that , for the Southerners , the most ominous feature of the Republican victories in the Congressional and Presidential elections of 1860 was the magnitude of those victories . Republicans captured over 60 percent of the Northern vote , and won three - fourths of its Congressional delegations . The Southern press said that such Republicans represented the anti-slavery portion of the North , `` a party founded on the single sentiment ... of hatred of African slavery '' , and now the controlling power in national affairs . The `` Black Republican party '' could overwhelm conservative Yankees . The New Orleans Delta said of the Republicans , `` It is in fact , essentially , a revolutionary party '' to overthrow slavery . By 1860 , sectional disagreements between North and South relate primarily to the maintenance or expansion of slavery in the United States . Historian Drew Gilpin Faust observed that `` leaders of the secession movement across the South cited slavery as the most compelling reason for southern independence '' . Although most white Southerners did not own slaves , the majority supported the institution of slavery and benefited in indirect ways from the slave society . For struggling yeomen and subsistence farmers , the slave society provided a large class of people ranked lower in the social scale than they . Secondary differences related to issues of free speech , runaway slaves , expansion into Cuba , and states ' rights . Historian Emory Thomas assessed the Confederacy 's self - image by studying the correspondence sent by the Confederate government in 1861 -- 62 to foreign governments . He found that Confederate diplomacy projected multiple contradictory self - images : The Southern nation was by turns a guileless people attacked by a voracious neighbor , an ' established ' nation in some temporary difficulty , a collection of bucolic aristocrats making a romantic stand against the banalities of industrial democracy , a cabal of commercial farmers seeking to make a pawn of King Cotton , an apotheosis of nineteenth - century nationalism and revolutionary liberalism , or the ultimate statement of social and economic reaction . Alexander H. Stephens . CSA Vice President ; author of ' Cornerstone Speech ' In what later became known as the Cornerstone Speech , C.S. Vice President Alexander H. Stephens declared that the `` cornerstone '' of the new government `` rest ( ed ) upon the great truth that the negro is not equal to the white man ; that slavery -- subordination to the superior race -- is his natural and normal condition . This , our new government , is the first , in the history of the world , based upon this great physical , philosophical , and moral truth '' . After the war Stephens made efforts to qualify his remarks , claiming they were extemporaneous , metaphorical , and intended to refer to public sentiment rather than `` the principles of the new Government on this subject '' . Four of the seceding states , the Deep South states of South Carolina , Mississippi , Georgia , and Texas , issued formal declarations of causes , each of which identified the threat to slaveholders ' rights as the cause of , or a major cause of , secession . Georgia also claimed a general Federal policy of favoring Northern over Southern economic interests . Texas mentioned slavery 21 times , but also listed the failure of the federal government to live up to its obligations , in the original annexation agreement , to protect settlers along the exposed western frontier . Texas resolutions further stated that governments of the states and the nation were established `` exclusively by the white race , for themselves and their posterity '' . They also stated that although equal civil and political rights applied to all white men , they did not apply to those of the `` African race '' , further opining that the end of racial enslavement would `` bring inevitable calamities upon both ( races ) and desolation upon the fifteen slave - holding states '' . Alabama did not provide a separate declaration of causes . Instead the Alabama ordinance stated `` the election of Abraham Lincoln ... by a sectional party , avowedly hostile to the domestic institutions and to the peace and security of the people of the State of Alabama , preceded by many and dangerous infractions of the Constitution of the United States by many of the States and people of the northern section , is a political wrong of so insulting and menacing a character as to justify the people of the State of Alabama in the adoption of prompt and decided measures for their future peace and security . '' The ordinance invited `` the slaveholding States of the South , who may approve such purpose , in order to frame a provisional as well as a permanent Government upon the principles of the Constitution of the United States '' to participate in a February 4 , 1861 convention in Montgomery , Alabama . The secession ordinances of the remaining two states , Florida and Louisiana , simply declared their severing of ties with the federal Union , without stating any causes . Afterward , the Florida secession convention formed a committee to draft a declaration of causes , but the committee was discharged before completion of the task . Only an undated , untitled draft remains . Four of the Upper South states initially rejected secession until after the clash at Ft . Sumter ( Virginia , Arkansas , Tennessee , and North Carolina ) . Virginia 's ordinance stated a kinship with the slave - holding states of the Lower South , but did not name the institution itself as a primary reason for its course Arkansas 's secession ordinance primarily revolved around strong objection to the use of military force to maintain the Union as its motivating factor . Prior to the outbreak of war , the Arkansas Convention had on March 20 given as their first resolution : `` The people of the Northern States have organized a political party , purely sectional in its character , the central and controlling idea of which is hostility to the institution of African slavery , as it exists in the Southern States ; and that party has elected a President ... pledged to administer the Government upon principles inconsistent with the rights and subversive of the interests of the Southern States . '' North Carolina and Tennessee limited their ordinances to simply withdrawing , although Tennessee went so far as to make clear they wished to make no comment at all on the `` abstract doctrine of secession '' . In a message to the Confederate Congress on April 29 , 1861 Jefferson Davis cited both the tariff and slavery for the South 's secession . Secessionists and conventions The Fire - Eaters , calling for immediate secession , were opposed by two factions . `` Cooperationists '' in the Deep South would delay secession until several states went together , maybe in a Southern Convention . Under the influence of men such as Texas Governor Sam Houston , delay would have had the effect of sustaining the Union . `` Unionists '' , especially in the Border South , often former Whigs , appealed to sentimental attachment to the United States . Southern Unionists ' favorite presidential candidate was John Bell of Tennessee , sometimes running under an `` Opposition Party '' banner . William L. Yancey , Alabama Fire - Eater , `` The Orator of Secession '' . William Henry Gist , Governor of South Carolina , called the Secessionist Convention . Many secessionists were active politically . Governor William Henry Gist of South Carolina corresponded secretly with other Deep South governors , and most southern governors exchanged clandestine commissioners . Charleston 's secessionist `` 1860 Association '' published over 200,000 pamphlets to persuade the youth of the South . The most influential were : `` The Doom of Slavery '' and `` The South Alone Should Govern the South '' , both by John Townsend of South Carolina ; and James D.B. De Bow 's `` The Interest of Slavery of the Southern Non-slaveholder '' . Developments in South Carolina started a chain of events . The foreman of a jury refused the legitimacy of federal courts , so Federal Judge Andrew Magrath ruled that U.S. judicial authority in South Carolina was vacated . A mass meeting in Charleston celebrating the Charleston and Savannah railroad and state cooperation led to the South Carolina legislature to call for a Secession Convention . U.S. Senator James Chesnut , Jr. resigned , as did Senator James Henry Hammond . Elections for Secessionist conventions were heated to `` an almost raving pitch , no one dared dissent '' , said Freehling . Even once -- respected voices , including the Chief Justice of South Carolina , John Belton O'Neall , lost election to the Secession Convention on a Cooperationist ticket . Across the South mobs expelled Yankees and ( in Texas ) killed Germans suspected of loyalty to the United States . Generally , seceding conventions which followed did not call for a referendum to ratify , although Texas , Arkansas , and Tennessee did , as well as Virginia 's second convention . Missouri and Kentucky declared neutrality . Inauguration and response The inauguration of Jefferson Davis in Montgomery , Alabama . The first secession state conventions from the Deep South sent representatives to meet at the Montgomery Convention in Montgomery , Alabama , on February 4 , 1861 . There the fundamental documents of government were promulgated , a provisional government was established , and a representative Congress met for the Confederate States of America . The new ' provisional ' Confederate President Jefferson Davis issued a call for 100,000 men from the various states ' militias to defend the newly formed Confederacy . All Federal property was seized , along with gold bullion and coining dies at the U.S. mints in Charlotte , North Carolina ; Dahlonega , Georgia ; and New Orleans . The Confederate capital was moved from Montgomery to Richmond , Virginia , in May 1861 . On February 22 , 1862 , Davis was inaugurated as president with a term of six years . The newly inaugurated Confederate administration pursued a policy of national territorial integrity , continuing earlier state efforts in 1860 and early 1861 to remove U.S. government presence from within their boundaries . These efforts included taking possession of U.S. courts , custom houses , post offices , and most notably , arsenals and forts . But after the Confederate attack and capture of Fort Sumter in April 1861 , Lincoln called up 75,000 of the states ' militia to muster under his command . The stated purpose was to re-occupy U.S. properties throughout the South , as the U.S. Congress had not authorized their abandonment . The resistance at Fort Sumter signaled his change of policy from that of the Buchanan Administration . Lincoln 's response ignited a firestorm of emotion . The people of both North and South demanded war , and young men rushed to their colors in the hundreds of thousands . Four more states ( Virginia , North Carolina , Tennessee , and Arkansas ) refused Lincoln 's call for troops and declared secession , while Kentucky maintained an uneasy `` neutrality '' . Secession Secessionists argued that the United States Constitution was a contract among sovereign states that could be abandoned at any time without consultation and that each state had a right to secede . After intense debates and statewide votes , seven Deep South cotton states passed secession ordinances by February 1861 ( before Abraham Lincoln took office as president ) , while secession efforts failed in the other eight slave states . Delegates from those seven formed the CSA in February 1861 , selecting Jefferson Davis as the provisional president . Unionist talk of reunion failed and Davis began raising a 100,000 man army . States Initially , some secessionists may have hoped for a peaceful departure . Moderates in the Confederate Constitutional Convention included a provision against importation of slaves from Africa to appeal to the Upper South . Non-slave states might join , but the radicals secured a two - thirds hurdle for them . Seven states declared their secession from the United States before Lincoln took office on March 4 , 1861 . After the Confederate attack on Fort Sumter April 12 , 1861 , and Lincoln 's subsequent call for troops on April 15 , four more states declared their secession : 10 - cent U.S. 1861 20 - cent C.S. 1863 Both sides honored George Washington as a Founding Father ( and used the same Gilbert Stuart portrait ) Kentucky declared neutrality but after Confederate troops moved in , the state government asked for Union troops to drive them out . The splinter Confederate state government relocated to accompany western Confederate armies and never controlled the state population . By the end of the war , 90,000 Kentuckians had fought on the side of the Union , compared to 35,000 for the Confederate States . In Missouri , a constitutional convention was approved and delegates elected by voters . The convention rejected secession 89 -- 1 on March 19 , 1861 . The governor maneuvered to take control of the St. Louis Arsenal and restrict Federal movements . This led to confrontation and in June Federal forces drove him and the General Assembly from Jefferson City . The executive committee of the constitutional convention called the members together in July . The convention declared the state offices vacant , and appointed a Unionist interim state government . The exiled governor called a rump session of the former General Assembly together in Neosho and , on October 31 , 1861 , passed an ordinance of secession . It is still a matter of debate as to whether a quorum existed for this vote . The Confederate state government was unable to control very much Missouri territory . It had its capital first at Neosho , then at Cassville , before being driven out of the state . For the remainder of the war , it operated as a government in exile at Marshall , Texas . Neither Kentucky nor Missouri was declared in rebellion in Lincoln 's Emancipation Proclamation . The Confederacy recognized the pro-Confederate claimants in both Kentucky and Missouri and laid claim to those states , granting them Congressional representation and adding two stars to the Confederate flag . Voting for the representatives was mostly done by Confederate soldiers from Kentucky and Missouri . The order of secession resolutions and dates are : 1 . South Carolina ( December 20 , 1860 ) 2 . Mississippi ( January 9 , 1861 ) 3 . Florida ( January 10 ) 4 . Alabama ( January 11 ) 5 . Georgia ( January 19 ) 6 . Louisiana ( January 26 ) 7 . Texas ( February 1 ; referendum February 23 ) Ft . Sumter ( April 12 ) and Lincoln 's call up ( April 15 ) 8 . Virginia ( April 17 ; referendum May 23 , 1861 ) 9 . Arkansas ( May 6 ) 10 . Tennessee ( May 7 ; referendum June 8 ) 11 . North Carolina ( May 20 ) In Virginia the populous counties along the Ohio and Pennsylvania borders rejected the Confederacy . Unionists held a Convention in Wheeling in June 1861 , establishing a `` restored government '' with a rump legislature , but sentiment in the region remained deeply divided . In the 50 counties that would make up the state of West Virginia , voters from 24 counties had voted for disunion in Virginia 's May 23 referendum on the ordinance of secession . In the 1860 Presidential election `` Constitutional Democrat '' Breckenridge had outpolled `` Constitutional Unionist '' Bell in the 50 counties by 1,900 votes , 44 % to 42 % . Regardless of scholarly disputes over election procedures and results county by county , altogether they simultaneously supplied over 20,000 soldiers to each side of the conflict . Representatives for most of the counties were seated in both state legislatures at Wheeling and at Richmond for the duration of the war . Attempts to secede from the Confederacy by some counties in East Tennessee were checked by martial law . Although slave - holding Delaware and Maryland did not secede , citizens from those states exhibited divided loyalties . Regiments of Marylanders fought in Lee 's Army of Northern Virginia . But overall , 24,000 men from Maryland joined the Confederate armed forces , compared to 63,000 who joined Union forces . Delaware never produced a full regiment for the Confederacy , but neither did it emancipate slaves as did Missouri and West Virginia . District of Columbia citizens made no attempts to secede and through the war years , referendums sponsored by President Lincoln approved systems of compensated emancipation and slave confiscation from `` disloyal citizens '' . Territories Elias Boudinot secessionist , Rep. Indian Territory , Cherokee Main articles : Confederate Arizona , New Mexico Territory in the American Civil War , and Indian Territory in the American Civil War Citizens at Mesilla and Tucson in the southern part of New Mexico Territory formed a secession convention , which voted to join the Confederacy on March 16 , 1861 , and appointed Lewis Owings as the new territorial governor . They won the Battle of Mesilla and established a territorial government with Mesilla serving as its capital . The Confederacy proclaimed the Confederate Arizona Territory on February 14 , 1862 , north to the 34th parallel . Marcus H. MacWillie served in both Confederate Congresses as Arizona 's delegate . In 1862 the Confederate New Mexico Campaign to take the northern half of the U.S. territory failed and the Confederate territorial government in exile relocated to San Antonio , Texas . Confederate supporters in the trans - Mississippi west also claimed portions of United States Indian Territory after the United States evacuated the federal forts and installations . Over half of the American Indian troops participating in the Civil War from the Indian Territory supported the Confederacy ; troops and one general were enlisted from each tribe . On July 12 , 1861 , the Confederate government signed a treaty with both the Choctaw and Chickasaw Indian nations . After several battles Northern armies moved back into the territory . Indian Territory was never formally ceded into the Confederacy by American Indian councils , but like Missouri and Kentucky , the Five Civilized Nations received representation in the Confederate Congress and their citizens were integrated into regular Confederate Army units . After 1863 the tribal governments sent representatives to the Confederate Congress : Elias Cornelius Boudinot representing the Cherokee and Samuel Benton Callahan representing the Seminole and Creek people . The Cherokee Nation , aligning with the Confederacy , alleged northern violations of the Constitution , waging war against slavery commercial and political interests , abolishing slavery in the Indian Territory , and that the North intended to seize additional Indian lands . Capitals Montgomery , Alabama served as the capital of the Confederate States of America from February 4 until May 29 , 1861 , in the Alabama State Capitol . Six states created the Confederate States of America there on February 8 , 1861 . The Texas delegation was seated at the time , so it is counted in the `` original seven '' states of the Confederacy ; it had no roll call vote until after its referendum made secession `` operative '' . Two sessions of the Provisional Congress were held in Montgomery , adjourning May 21 . The Permanent Constitution was adopted there on March 12 , 1861 . First Capitol , Montgomery , Alabama Second Capitol , Richmond , Virginia The permanent capital provided for in the Confederate Constitution called for a state cession of a ten - miles square ( 100 square mile ) district to the central government . Atlanta , which had not yet supplanted Milledgeville , Georgia as its state capital , put in a bid noting its central location and rail connections , as did Opelika , Alabama , noting its strategically interior situation , rail connections and nearby deposits of coal and iron . Richmond , Virginia was chosen for the interim capital at the Virginia State Capitol . The move was used by Vice President Stephens and others to encourage other border states to follow Virginia into the Confederacy . In the political moment it was a show of `` defiance and strength '' . The war for southern independence was surely to be fought in Virginia , but it also had the largest Southern military - aged white population , with infrastructure , resources and supplies required to sustain a war . The Davis Administration 's policy was that , `` It must be held at all hazards . '' The naming of Richmond as the new capital took place on May 30 , 1861 , and the last two sessions of the Provisional Congress were held in the new capital . The Permanent Confederate Congress and President were elected in the states and army camps on November 6 , 1861 . The First Congress met in four sessions in Richmond from February 18 , 1862 , to February 17 , 1864 . The Second Congress met there in two sessions , from May 2 , 1864 , to March 18 , 1865 . As war dragged on , Richmond became crowded with training and transfers , logistics and hospitals . Prices rose dramatically despite government efforts at price regulation . A movement in Congress led by Henry S. Foote of Tennessee argued for moving the capital from Richmond . At the approach of Federal armies in mid-1862 , the government 's archives were readied for removal . As the Wilderness Campaign progressed , Congress authorized Davis to remove the executive department and call Congress to session elsewhere in 1864 and again in 1865 . Shortly before the end of the war , the Confederate government evacuated Richmond , planning to relocate farther south . Little came of these plans before Lee 's surrender at Appomattox Court House , Virginia on April 9 , 1865 . Davis and most of his cabinet fled to Danville , Virginia , which served as their headquarters for about a week . Unionism Unionism was widespread in the Confederacy , especially in the mountain regions of Appalachia and the Ozarks . Unionists , led by Parson Brownlow and Senator Andrew Johnson , took control of eastern Tennessee in 1863 . Unionists also attempted control over western Virginia but never effectively held more than half the counties that formed the new state of West Virginia . Map of the county secession votes of 1860 -- 1861 in Appalachia within the ARC definition . Virginia and Tennessee show the public votes , while the other states show the vote by county delegates to the conventions . Union forces captured parts of coastal North Carolina , and at first were welcomed by local unionists . That changed as the occupiers became perceived as oppressive , callous , radical and favorable to the Freedmen . Occupiers engaged in pillaging , freeing of slaves , and eviction of those refusing to take or reneging on the loyalty oaths , as ex-Unionists began to support the Confederate cause . Support for the Confederacy was perhaps weakest in Texas ; Claude Elliott estimates that only a third of the population actively supported the Confederacy . Many unionists supported the Confederacy after the war began , but many others clung to their unionism throughout the war , especially in the northern counties , the German districts , and the Mexican areas . According to Ernest Wallace : `` This account of a dissatisfied Unionist minority , although historically essential , must be kept in its proper perspective , for throughout the war the overwhelming majority of the people zealously supported the Confederacy ... '' Randolph B. Campbell states `` In spite of terrible losses and hardships , most Texans continued throughout the war to support the Confederacy as they had supported secession '' . Dale Baum in his analysis of Texas politics in the era counters : `` This idea of a Confederate Texas united politically against northern adversaries was shaped more by nostalgic fantasies than by wartime realities . '' He characterizes Texas Civil War history as `` a morose story of intragovernmental rivalries coupled with wide - ranging disaffection that prevented effective implementation of state wartime policies . '' In Texas local officials harassed unionists and engaged in large - scale massacres against unionists and Germans . In Cooke County 150 suspected unionists were arrested ; 25 were lynched without trial and 40 more were hanged after a summary trial . Draft resistance was widespread especially among Texans of German or Mexican descent ; many of the latter went to Mexico . Potential draftees went into hiding , Confederate officials hunted them down , and many were shot . Civil liberties were of small concern in North and South . Lincoln and Davis both took a hard line against dissent . Neely explores how the Confederacy became a virtual police state with guards and patrols all about , and a domestic passport system whereby everyone needed official permission each time they wanted to travel . Over 4,000 suspected unionists were imprisoned without trial . Diplomacy United States , a foreign power During the four years of its existence under trial by war , the Confederate States of America asserted its independence and appointed dozens of diplomatic agents abroad . None were ever officially recognized by a foreign government . The United States government regarded the southern states in rebellion and so refused any formal recognition of their status . Even before Fort Sumter , U.S. Secretary of State William H. Seward issued formal instructions to the American minister to Britain , Charles Francis Adams : Make `` no expressions of harshness or disrespect , or even impatience concerning the seceding States , their agents , or their people , ( those States ) must always continue to be , equal and honored members of this Federal Union , ( their citizens ) still are and always must be our kindred and countrymen . '' Seward instructed Adams that if the British government seemed inclined to recognize the Confederacy , or even waver in that regard , it was to receive a sharp warning , with a strong hint of war : ( if Britain is ) tolerating the application of the so - called seceding States , or wavering about it , ( they can not ) remain friends with the United States ... if they determine to recognize ( the Confederacy ) , ( Britain ) may at the same time prepare to enter into alliance with the enemies of this republic . The United States government never declared war on those `` kindred and countrymen '' in the Confederacy , but conducted its military efforts beginning with a presidential proclamation issued April 15 , 1861 . It called for troops to recapture forts and suppress what Lincoln later called an `` insurrection and rebellion '' . Mid-war parlays between the two sides occurred without formal political recognition , though the laws of war predominantly governed military relationships on both sides of uniformed conflict . On the part of the Confederacy , immediately following Fort Sumter the Confederate Congress proclaimed `` ... war exists between the Confederate States and the Government of the United States , and the States and Territories thereof ... '' A state of war was not to formally exist between the Confederacy and those states and territories in the United States allowing slavery , although Confederate Rangers were compensated for destruction they could effect there throughout the war . Concerning the international status and nationhood of the Confederate States of America , in 1869 the United States Supreme Court in Texas v. White ruled Texas ' declaration of secession was legally null and void . Jefferson Davis , former President of the Confederacy , and Alexander H. Stephens , its former Vice-President , both wrote postwar arguments in favor of secession 's legality and the international legitimacy of the Government of the Confederate States of America , most notably Davis ' The Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government . International diplomacy Once the war with the United States began , the Confederacy pinned its hopes for survival on military intervention by Great Britain and France . The Confederates who had believed that `` cotton is king '' -- that is , Britain had to support the Confederacy to obtain cotton -- proved mistaken . The British had stocks to last over a year and had been developing alternative sources of cotton , most notably India and Egypt . They were not about to go to war with the U.S. to acquire more cotton at the risk of losing the large quantities of food imported from the North . The Confederate government sent repeated delegations to Europe but historians give them low marks for their poor diplomacy . James M. Mason went to London and John Slidell traveled to Paris . They were unofficially interviewed , but neither secured official recognition for the Confederacy . In late 1861 the seizure of a British ship by the U.S. navy outraged Britain and led to a war scare in the Trent Affair . Recognition of the Confederacy seemed at hand , but Lincoln released the two detained Confederate diplomats , tensions cooled , and the Confederacy gained no advantage . Lord John Russell , British P.M. considered mediation in the ' American War ' . French Emperor Napoleon III sought joint French - U.K. recognition of CSA . Throughout the early years of the war , British foreign secretary Lord John Russell , Emperor Napoleon III of France , and , to a lesser extent , British Prime Minister Lord Palmerston , showed interest in recognition of the Confederacy or at least mediation of the war . William Ewart Gladstone , the British finance minister whose family wealth was based on slavery , was the key advocate calling for intervention to help the Confederacy achieve independence . He failed to convince prime minister Palmerston . By September 1862 the Union victory at the Battle of Antietam , Lincoln 's preliminary Emancipation Proclamation and abolitionist opposition in Britain put an end to these possibilities . The cost to Britain of a war with the U.S. would have been high : the immediate loss of American grain shipments , the end of exports to the U.S. , and the seizure of billions of pounds invested in American securities . War would have meant higher taxes , another invasion of Canada , and full - scale worldwide attacks on the British merchant fleet . Outright recognition would have meant certain war with the United States ; in mid-1862 fears of race war as had transpired in Haiti led to the British considering intervention for humanitarian reasons . Lincoln 's Emancipation Proclamation did not lead to interracial violence let alone a bloodbath , but it did give the friends of the Union strong talking points in the arguments that raged across Britain . John Slidell , emissary to France , did succeed in negotiating a loan of $15,000,000 from Erlanger and other French capitalists . The money was used to buy ironclad warships , as well as military supplies that came in by blockade runners . The British government did allow blockade runners to be built in Britain ; they were owned and operated by British financiers and sailors ; a few were owned and operated by the Confederacy . The British investors ' goal was to get highly profitable cotton . Several European nations maintained diplomats in place who had been appointed to the U.S. , but no country appointed any diplomat to the Confederacy . Those nations recognized the Union and Confederate sides as belligerents . In 1863 , the Confederacy expelled the European diplomatic missions for advising their resident subjects to refuse to serve in the Confederate army . Both Confederate and Union agents were allowed to work openly in British territories . Some state governments in northern Mexico negotiated local agreements to cover trade on the Texas border . Pope Pius IX wrote a letter to Jefferson Davis in which he addressed Davis as the `` Honorable President of the Confederate States of America '' . The Confederacy appointed Ambrose Dudley Mann as special agent to the Holy See on September 24 , 1863 . But the Holy See never released a formal statement supporting or recognizing the Confederacy . Nevertheless , the Confederacy was seen internationally as a serious attempt at nationhood , and European governments sent military observers , both official and unofficial , to assess whether there had been a de facto establishment of independence . These included Arthur Lyon Fremantle of the British Coldstream Guards , Fitzgerald Ross of the Austrian Hussars and Justus Scheibert of the Prussian Army . European travelers visited and wrote accounts for publication . Importantly in 1862 , the Frenchman Charles Girard 's Seven months in the rebel states during the North American War testified `` this government ... is no longer a trial government ... but really a normal government , the expression of popular will '' . Fremantle went on to write in his book `` Three Months in the Southern States '' that he had `` not attempted to conceal any of the peculiarities or defects of the Southern people . Many persons will doubtless highly disapprove of some of their customs and habits in the wilder portion of the country ; but I think no generous man , whatever may be his political opinions , can do otherwise than admire the courage , energy , and patriotism of the whole population , and the skill of its leaders , in this struggle against great odds . And I am also of opinion that many will agree with me in thinking that a people in which all ranks and both sexes display a unanimity and a heroism which can never have been surpassed in the history of the world , is destined , sooner or later , to become a great and independent nation . '' French Emperor Napoleon III assured Confederate diplomat John Slidell that he would make `` direct proposition '' to Britain for joint recognition . The Emperor made the same assurance to Members of Parliament John A. Roebuck and John A. Lindsay . Roebuck in turn publicly prepared a bill to submit to Parliament June 30 supporting joint Anglo - French recognition of the Confederacy . `` Southerners had a right to be optimistic , or at least hopeful , that their revolution would prevail , or at least endure '' . The result was a defeat at Gettysburg and Lee barely escaped to Virginia , withdrawing into an interior defensive position . Following the dual reverses at Vicksburg and Gettysburg , the Confederates `` suffered a severe loss of confidence in themselves '' . There would be no help from the Europeans . By December 1864 , Davis considered sacrificing slavery in order to enlist recognition and aid from Paris and London ; he secretly sent Duncan F. Kenner to Europe with a message that the war was fought solely for `` the vindication of our rights to self - government and independence '' and that `` no sacrifice is too great , save that of honor . '' The message stated that if the French or British governments made their recognition conditional on anything at all , the Confederacy would consent to such terms . Davis 's message could not explicitly acknowledge that slavery was on the bargaining table due to still - strong domestic support for slavery among the wealthy and politically influential . Europe and its military advisors could see that the Confederacy was on the verge of total defeat ; a military collapse which , following years of brutal warfare , would be unrecoverable . Confederacy at War Motivations of soldiers Main article : Confederate States Army § Morale and motivations The great majority of young white men voluntarily joined Confederate national or state military units . Perman ( 2010 ) says historians are of two minds on why millions of men seemed so eager to fight , suffer and die over four years : Some historians emphasize that Civil War soldiers were driven by political ideology , holding firm beliefs about the importance of liberty , Union , or state rights , or about the need to protect or to destroy slavery . Others point to less overtly political reasons to fight , such as the defense of one 's home and family , or the honor and brotherhood to be preserved when fighting alongside other men . Most historians agree that , no matter what he thought about when he went into the war , the experience of combat affected him profoundly and sometimes affected his reasons for continuing to fight . Military strategy Civil War historian E. Merton Coulter noted that for those who would secure its independence , `` The Confederacy was unfortunate in its failure to work out a general strategy for the whole war '' . Aggressive strategy called for offensive force concentration . Defensive strategy sought dispersal to meet demands of locally minded governors . The controlling philosophy evolved into a combination `` dispersal with a defensive concentration around Richmond '' . The Davis administration considered the war purely defensive , a `` simple demand that the people of the United States would cease to war upon us '' . Historian James M. McPherson is a critic of Lee 's Offensive Strategy : `` Lee pursued a faulty military strategy that ensured Confederate defeat '' . As the Confederate government lost control of territory in campaign after campaign , it was said that `` the vast size of the Confederacy would make its conquest impossible '' . The enemy would be struck down by the same elements which so often debilitated or destroyed visitors and transplants in the South . Heat exhaustion , sunstroke , endemic diseases such as malaria and typhoid would match the destructive effectiveness of the Moscow winter on the invading armies of Napoleon . The Great Seal symbols of an independent agricultural Confederacy surrounding an equestrian Washington , sword encased Early in the war both sides believed that one great battle would decide the conflict ; the Confederate won a great victory at the First Battle of Bull Run , also known as First Manassas ( the name used by Confederate forces ) . It drove the Confederate people `` insane with joy '' ; the public demanded a forward movement to capture Washington relocate the Confederate capital there , and admit Maryland to the Confederacy . A council of war by the victorious Confederate generals decided not to advance against larger numbers of fresh Federal troops in defensive positions . Davis did not countermand it . Following the Confederate incursion halted at the Battle of Antietam in October 1862 , generals proposed concentrating forces from state commands to re-invade the north . Nothing came of it . Again in early 1863 at his incursion into Pennsylvania , Lee requested of Davis that Beauregard simultaneously attack Washington with troops taken from the Carolinas . But the troops there remained in place during the Gettysburg Campaign . The eleven states of the Confederacy were outnumbered by the North about four to one in white men of military age . It was overmatched far more in military equipment , industrial facilities , railroads for transport , and wagons supplying the front . Confederate military policy innovated to slow the invaders , but at heavy cost to the Southern infrastructure . The Confederates burned bridges , laid land mines in the roads , and made harbors inlets and inland waterways unusable with sunken mines ( called `` torpedos '' at the time ) . Coulter reports : Rangers in twenty to fifty - man units were awarded 50 % valuation for property destroyed behind Union lines , regardless of location or loyalty . As Federals occupied the South , objections by loyal Confederate concerning Ranger horse - stealing and indiscriminate scorched earth tactics behind Union lines led to Congress abolishing the Ranger service two years later . The Confederacy relied on external sources for war materials . The first came from trade with the enemy . `` Vast amounts of war supplies '' came through Kentucky , and thereafter , western armies were `` to a very considerable extent '' provisioned with illicit trade via Federal agents and northern private traders . But that trade was interrupted in the first year of war by Admiral Porter 's river gunboats as they gained dominance along navigable rivers north -- south and east -- west . Overseas blockade running then came to be of `` outstanding importance '' . On April 17 , President Davis called on privateer raiders , the `` militia of the sea '' , to make war on U.S. seaborne commerce . Despite noteworthy effort , over the course of the war the Confederacy was found unable to match the Union in ships and seamanship , materials and marine construction . Perhaps the greatest obstacle to success in the 19th century warfare of mass armies was the Confederacy 's lack of manpower , and sufficient numbers of disciplined , equipped troops in the field at the point of contact with the enemy . During the winter of 1862 -- 63 , Lee observed that none of his famous victories had resulted in the destruction of the opposing army . He lacked reserve troops to exploit an advantage on the battlefield as Napoleon had done . Lee explained , `` More than once have most promising opportunities been lost for want of men to take advantage of them , and victory itself had been made to put on the appearance of defeat , because our diminished and exhausted troops have been unable to renew a successful struggle against fresh numbers of the enemy . '' Armed forces Main article : Military of the Confederate States of America The military armed forces of the Confederacy comprised three branches : Army , Navy and Marine Corps . The Confederate military leadership included many veterans from the United States Army and United States Navy who had resigned their Federal commissions and had won appointment to senior positions in the Confederate armed forces . Many had served in the Mexican -- American War ( including Robert E. Lee and Jefferson Davis ) , but some such as Leonidas Polk ( who graduated from West Point but did not serve in the Army ) had little or no experience . Navy Jack -- light blue cross also square canton , white fly Battle Flag -- square also without center star The Confederate officer corps consisted of men from both slave - owning and non-slave - owning families . The Confederacy appointed junior and field grade officers by election from the enlisted ranks . Although no Army service academy was established for the Confederacy , some colleges ( such as The Citadel and Virginia Military Institute ) maintained cadet corps that trained Confederate military leadership . A naval academy was established at Drewry 's Bluff , Virginia in 1863 , but no midshipmen graduated before the Confederacy 's end . The soldiers of the Confederate armed forces consisted mainly of white males aged between 16 and 28 . The median year of birth was 1838 , so half the soldiers were 23 or older by 1861 . In early 1862 , the Confederate Army was allowed to disintegrate for two months following expiration of short - term enlistments . A majority of those in uniform would not re-enlist following their one - year commitment , so on April 16 , 1862 , the Confederate Congress enacted the first mass conscription on the North American continent . ( The U.S. Congress followed a year later on March 3 , 1863 , with the Enrollment Act . ) Rather than a universal draft , the initial program was a selective service with physical , religious , professional and industrial exemptions . These were narrowed as the war progressed . Initially substitutes were permitted , but by December 1863 these were disallowed . In September 1862 the age limit was increased from 35 to 45 and by February 1864 , all men under 18 and over 45 were conscripted to form a reserve for state defense inside state borders . By March 1864 , the Superintendent of Conscription reported that all across the Confederacy , every officer in constituted authority , man and woman , `` engaged in opposing the enrolling officer in the execution of his duties '' . Although challenged in the state courts , the Confederate State Supreme Courts routinely rejected legal challenges to conscription . Many thousands of slaves served as laborers , cooks , and pioneers . Some freed blacks and men of color served in local state militia units of the Confederacy , primarily in Louisiana and South Carolina , but their officers deployed them for `` local defense , not combat '' . Depleted by casualties and desertions , the military suffered chronic manpower shortages . In early 1865 , the Confederate Congress , influenced by the public support by General Lee , approved the recruitment of black infantry units . Contrary to Lee 's and Davis 's recommendations , the Congress refused `` to guarantee the freedom of black volunteers '' . No more than two hundred black combat troops were ever raised . Raising troops `` Do not wait to be drafted '' under half re-enlisted The immediate onset of war meant that it was fought by the `` Provisional '' or `` Volunteer Army '' . State governors resisted concentrating a national effort . Several wanted a strong state army for self - defense . Others feared large `` Provisional '' armies answering only to Davis . When filling the Confederate government 's call for 100,000 men , another 200,000 were turned away by accepting only those enlisted `` for the duration '' or twelve - month volunteers who brought their own arms or horses . It was important to raise troops ; it was just as important to provide capable officers to command them . With few exceptions the Confederacy secured excellent general officers . Efficiency in the lower officers was `` greater than could have been reasonably expected '' . As with the Federals , political appointees could be indifferent . Otherwise , the officer corps was governor - appointed or elected by unit enlisted . Promotion to fill vacancies was made internally regardless of merit , even if better officers were immediately available . Anticipating the need for more `` duration '' men , in January 1862 Congress provided for company level recruiters to return home for two months , but their efforts met little success on the heels of Confederate battlefield defeats in February . Congress allowed for Davis to require numbers of recruits from each governor to supply the volunteer shortfall . States responded by passing their own draft laws . The veteran Confederate army of early 1862 was mostly twelve - month volunteers with terms about to expire . Enlisted reorganization elections disintegrated the army for two months . Officers pleaded with the ranks to re-enlist , but a majority did not . Those remaining elected majors and colonels whose performance led to officer review boards in October . The boards caused a `` rapid and widespread '' thinning out of 1700 incompetent officers . Troops thereafter would elect only second lieutenants . In early 1862 , the popular press suggested the Confederacy required a million men under arms . But veteran soldiers were not re-enlisting , and earlier secessionist volunteers did not reappear to serve in war . One Macon , Georgia , newspaper asked how two million brave fighting men of the South were about to be overcome by four million northerners who were said to be cowards . Conscription Unionists throughout the Confederate States , resisted the 1862 conscription The Confederacy passed the first American law of national conscription on April 16 , 1862 . The white males of the Confederate States from 18 to 35 were declared members of the Confederate army for three years , and all men then enlisted were extended to a three - year term . They would serve only in units and under officers of their state . Those under 18 and over 35 could substitute for conscripts , in September those from 35 to 45 became conscripts . The cry of `` rich man 's war and a poor man 's fight '' led Congress to abolish the substitute system altogether in December 1863 . All principals benefiting earlier were made eligible for service . By February 1864 , the age bracket was made 17 to 50 , those under eighteen and over forty - five to be limited to in - state duty . Confederate conscription was not universal ; it was a selective service . The First Conscription Act of April 1862 exempted occupations related to transportation , communication , industry , ministers , teaching and physical fitness . The Second Conscription Act of October 1862 expanded exemptions in industry , agriculture and conscientious objection . Exemption fraud proliferated in medical examinations , army furloughs , churches , schools , apothecaries and newspapers . Rich men 's sons were appointed to the socially outcast `` overseer '' occupation , but the measure was received in the country with `` universal odium '' . The legislative vehicle was the controversial Twenty Negro Law that specifically exempted one white overseer or owner for every plantation with at least 20 slaves . Backpedalling six months later , Congress provided overseers under 45 could be exempted only if they held the occupation before the first Conscription Act . The number of officials under state exemptions appointed by state Governor patronage expanded significantly . By law , substitutes could not be subject to conscription , but instead of adding to Confederate manpower , unit officers in the field reported that over-50 and under - 17 - year - old substitutes made up to 90 % of the desertions . Gen. Gabriel J. Rains Conscription Bureau chief April 1862 -- May 1863 Gen. Gideon J. Pillow military recruiter under Bragg , then J.E. Johnston The Conscription Act of February 1864 `` radically changed the whole system '' of selection . It abolished industrial exemptions , placing detail authority in President Davis . As the shame of conscription was greater than a felony conviction , the system brought in `` about as many volunteers as it did conscripts . '' Many men in otherwise `` bombproof '' positions were enlisted in one way or another , nearly 160,000 additional volunteers and conscripts in uniform . Still there was shirking . To administer the draft , a Bureau of Conscription was set up to use state officers , as state Governors would allow . It had a checkered career of `` contention , opposition and futility . '' Armies appointed alternative military `` recruiters '' to bring in the out - of - uniform 17 -- 50 - year - old conscripts and deserters . Nearly 3000 officers were tasked with the job . By late 1864 , Lee was calling for more troops . `` Our ranks are constantly diminishing by battle and disease , and few recruits are received ; the consequences are inevitable . '' By March 1865 conscription was to be administered by generals of the state reserves calling out men over 45 and under 18 years old . All exemptions were abolished . These regiments were assigned to recruit conscripts ages 17 -- 50 , recover deserters , and repel enemy cavalry raids . The service retained men who had lost but one arm or a leg in home guards . April 1865 Lee surrendered an army of 50,000 . Conscription had been a failure . The survival of the Confederacy depended on a strong base of civilians and soldiers devoted to victory . The soldiers performed well , though increasing numbers deserted in the last year of fighting , and the Confederacy never succeeded in replacing casualties as the Union could . The civilians , although enthusiastic in 1861 -- 62 , seem to have lost faith in the future of the Confederacy by 1864 , and instead looked to protect their homes and communities . As Rable explains , `` This contraction of civic vision was more than a crabbed libertarianism ; it represented an increasingly widespread disillusionment with the Confederate experiment . '' Victories : 1861 The American Civil War broke out in April 1861 with a Confederate victory at the Battle of Fort Sumter in Charleston . Bombardment of Fort Sumter Charleston , South Carolina First Bull Run , ( First Manassas ) the North 's `` Big Skedaddle '' In January , President James Buchanan had attempted to resupply the garrison with the steamship , Star of the West , but Confederate artillery drove it away . In March , President Lincoln notified South Carolina Governor Pickens that without Confederate resistance to the resupply there would be no military reinforcement without further notice , but Lincoln prepared to force resupply if it were not allowed . Confederate President Davis , in cabinet , decided to seize Fort Sumter before the relief fleet arrived , and on April 12 , 1861 , General Beauregard forced its surrender . Following Sumter , Lincoln directed states to provide 75,000 troops for three months to recapture the Charleston Harbor forts and all other federal property . This emboldened secessionists in Virginia , Arkansas , Tennessee and North Carolina to secede rather than provide troops to march into neighboring Southern states . In May , Federal troops crossed into Confederate territory along the entire border from the Chesapeake Bay to New Mexico . The first battles were Confederate victories at Big Bethel ( Bethel Church , Virginia ) , First Bull Run ( First Manassas ) in Virginia July and in August , Wilson 's Creek ( Oak Hills ) in Missouri . At all three , Confederate forces could not follow up their victory due to inadequate supply and shortages of fresh troops to exploit their successes . Following each battle , Federals maintained a military presence and occupied Washington , DC ; Fort Monroe , VA ; and Springfield , MO . Both North and South began training up armies for major fighting the next year . Union General George B. McClellan 's forces gained possession of much of northwestern Virginia in mid-1861 , concentrating on towns and roads ; the interior was too large to control and became the center of guerrilla activity . General Robert E. Lee was defeated at Cheat Mountain in September and no serious Confederate advance in western Virginia occurred until the next year . Meanwhile , the Union Navy seized control of much of the Confederate coastline from Virginia to South Carolina . It took over plantations and the abandoned slaves . Federals there began a war - long policy of burning grain supplies up rivers into the interior wherever they could not occupy . The Union Navy began a blockade of the major southern ports and prepared an invasion of Louisiana to capture New Orleans in early 1862 . Incursions : 1862 The victories of 1861 were followed by a series of defeats east and west in early 1862 . To restore the Union by military force , the Federal strategy was to ( 1 ) secure the Mississippi River , ( 2 ) seize or close Confederate ports , and ( 3 ) march on Richmond . To secure independence , the Confederate intent was to ( 1 ) repel the invader on all fronts , costing him blood and treasure , and ( 2 ) carry the war into the North by two offensives in time to affect the mid-term elections . General Burnside halted at the bridge Battle of Antietam , ( Sharpsburg ) Burying Union dead Antietam , Maryland Much of northwestern Virginia was under Federal control . In February and March , most of Missouri and Kentucky were Union `` occupied , consolidated , and used as staging areas for advances further South '' . Following the repulse of Confederate counter-attack at the Battle of Shiloh , Tennessee , permanent Federal occupation expanded west , south and east . Confederate forces repositioned south along the Mississippi River to Memphis , where at the naval Battle of Memphis , its River Defense Fleet was sunk . Confederates withdrew from northern Mississippi and northern Alabama . New Orleans was captured April 29 by a combined Army - Navy force under U.S. Admiral David Farragut , and the Confederacy lost control of the mouth of the Mississippi River . It had to concede extensive agricultural resources that had supported the Union 's sea - supplied logistics base . Although Confederates had suffered major reverses everywhere , as of the end of April the Confederacy still controlled territory holding 72 % of its population . Federal forces disrupted Missouri and Arkansas ; they had broken through in western Virginia , Kentucky , Tennessee and Louisiana . Along the Confederacy 's shores , Union forces had closed ports and made garrisoned lodgments on every coastal Confederate state except Alabama and Texas . Although scholars sometimes assess the Union blockade as ineffectual under international law until the last few months of the war , from the first months it disrupted Confederate privateers , making it `` almost impossible to bring their prizes into Confederate ports '' . British firms developed small fleets of blockade running companies , such as John Fraser and Company , and the Ordnance Department secured its own blockade runners for dedicated munitions cargoes . CSS Virginia at Hampton Roads , ( Monitor and Merrimac ) nearby destroyed Union warship CSS Alabama off Cherbourg only cruiser engagement During the Civil War fleets of armored warships were deployed for the first time in sustained blockades at sea . After some success against the Union blockade , in March the ironclad CSS Virginia was forced into port and burned by Confederates at their retreat . Despite several attempts mounted from their port cities , CSA naval forces were unable to break the Union blockade . Attempts were made by Commodore Josiah Tattnall 's ironclads from Savannah in 1862 with the CSS Atlanta . Secretary of the Navy Stephen Mallory placed his hopes in a European - built ironclad fleet , but they were never realized . On the other hand , four new English - built commerce raiders served the Confederacy , and several fast blockade runners were sold in Confederate ports . They were converted into commerce - raiding cruisers , and manned by their British crews . In the east , Union forces could not close on Richmond . General McClellan landed his army on the Lower Peninsula of Virginia . Lee subsequently ended that threat from the east , then Union General John Pope attacked overland from the north only to be repulsed at Second Bull Run ( Second Manassas ) . Lee 's strike north was turned back at Antietam MD , then Union Major General Ambrose Burnside 's offensive was disastrously ended at Fredericksburg VA in December . Both armies then turned to winter quarters to recruit and train for the coming spring . In an attempt to seize the initiative , reprovision , protect farms in mid-growing season and influence U.S. Congressional elections , two major Confederate incursions into Union territory had been launched in August and September 1862 . Both Braxton Bragg 's invasion of Kentucky and Lee 's invasion of Maryland were decisively repulsed , leaving Confederates in control of but 63 % of its population . Civil War scholar Allan Nevins argues that 1862 was the strategic high - water mark of the Confederacy . The failures of the two invasions were attributed to the same irrecoverable shortcomings : lack of manpower at the front , lack of supplies including serviceable shoes , and exhaustion after long marches without adequate food . Also in September Confederate Gen. William W. Loring pushed Federal forces from Charleston , Virginia , and the Kanawha Valley in western Virginia , but lacking re-inforcements Loring abandoned his position and by November the region was back in Federal control . Anaconda : 1863 -- 64 The failed Middle Tennessee campaign was ended January 2 , 1863 , at the inconclusive Battle of Stones River , ( Murfreesboro ) , both sides losing the largest percentage of casualties suffered during the war . It was followed by another strategic withdrawal by Confederate forces . The Confederacy won a significant victory April 1863 , repulsing the Federal advance on Richmond at Chancellorsville , but the Union consolidated positions along the Virginia coast and the Chesapeake Bay . Bombardment of Vicksburg MS Federal gunboats controlled rivers Closing of Mobile Bay , Alabama Union blockade ended trade Without an effective answer to Federal gunboats , river transport and supply , the Confederacy lost the Mississippi River following the capture of Vicksburg , Mississippi , and Port Hudson in July , ending Southern access to the trans - Mississippi West . July brought short - lived counters , Morgan 's Raid into Ohio and the New York City draft riots . Robert E. Lee 's strike into Pennsylvania was repulsed at Gettysburg , Pennsylvania despite Pickett 's famous charge and other acts of valor . Southern newspapers assessed the campaign as `` The Confederates did not gain a victory , neither did the enemy . '' September and November left Confederates yielding Chattanooga , Tennessee , the gateway to the lower south . For the remainder of the war fighting was restricted inside the South , resulting in a slow but continuous loss of territory . In early 1864 , the Confederacy still controlled 53 % of its population , but it withdrew further to reestablish defensive positions . Union offensives continued with Sherman 's March to the Sea to take Savannah and Grant 's Wilderness Campaign to encircle Richmond and besiege Lee 's army at Petersburg . In April 1863 , the C.S. Congress authorized a uniformed Volunteer Navy , many of whom were British . Wilmington and Charleston had more shipping while `` blockaded '' than before the beginning of hostilities . The Confederacy had altogether eighteen commerce destroying cruisers , which seriously disrupted Federal commerce at sea and increased shipping insurance rates 900 percent . Commodore Tattnall unsuccessfully attempted to break the Union blockade on the Savannah River in Georgia with an ironclad again in 1863 . Beginning in April 1864 the ironclad CSS Albemarle engaged Union gunboats and sank or cleared them for six months on the Roanoke River North Carolina . The Federals closed Mobile Bay by sea - based amphibious assault in August , ending Gulf coast trade east of the Mississippi River . In December , the Battle of Nashville ended Confederate operations in the western theater . Large numbers of families relocated to safer places , usually remote rural areas , bringing along household slaves if they had any . Mary Massey argues these elite exiles introduced an element of defeatism into the southern outlook . Collapse : 1865 The first three months of 1865 saw the Federal Carolinas Campaign , devastating a wide swath of the remaining Confederate heartland . The `` breadbasket of the Confederacy '' in the Great Valley of Virginia was occupied by Philip Sheridan . The Union Blockade captured Fort Fisher NC , and Sherman finally took Charleston SC by land attack . Armory , Richmond , Virginia fires denied advancing Federals McLean house , Appomattox C.H. site of `` the Surrender '' The Confederacy controlled no ports , harbors or navigable rivers . Railroads were captured or had ceased operating . Its major food producing regions had been war - ravaged or occupied . Its administration survived in only three pockets of territory holding one - third its population . Its armies were defeated or disbanding . At the February 1865 Hampton Roads Conference with Lincoln , senior Confederate officials rejected his invitation to restore the Union with compensation for emancipated slaves . The three pockets of unoccupied Confederacy were southern Virginia - North Carolina , central Alabama - Florida , and Texas , the latter two areas less from any notion of resistance than from the disinterest of Federal forces to occupy them . The Davis policy was independence or nothing , while Lee 's army was wracked by disease and desertion , barely holding the trenches defending Jefferson Davis ' capital . The Confederacy 's last remaining blockade - running port , Wilmington , North Carolina , was lost . When the Union broke through Lee 's lines at Petersburg , Richmond fell immediately . Lee surrendered the Army of Northern Virginia at Appomattox Court House , Virginia , on April 9 , 1865 . `` The Surrender '' marked the end of the Confederacy . The CSS Stonewall sailed from Europe to break the Union blockade in March ; on making Havana , Cuba it surrendered . Some high officials escaped to Europe , but President Davis was captured May 10 ; all remaining Confederate land forces surrendered by June 1865 . The U.S. Army took control of the Confederate areas without post-surrender insurgency or guerrilla warfare against them , but peace was subsequently marred by a great deal of local violence , feuding and revenge killings . Historian Gary Gallagher concluded that the Confederacy capitulated in early 1865 because northern armies crushed `` organized southern military resistance . '' The Confederacy 's population , soldier and civilian , had suffered material hardship and social disruption . They had expended and extracted a profusion of blood and treasure until collapse ; `` the end had come '' . Jefferson Davis ' assessment in 1890 determined , `` With the capture of the capital , the dispersion of the civil authorities , the surrender of the armies in the field , and the arrest of the President , the Confederate States of America disappeared ... their history henceforth became a part of the history of the United States . '' Postwar History Amnesty and treason Issue Main article : Pardons for ex-Confederates When the war ended over 14,000 Confederates petitioned President Johnson for a pardon ; he was generous in giving them out . He issued a general amnesty to all Confederate participants in the `` late Civil War '' in 1868 . Congress passed additional Amnesty Acts in May 1866 with restrictions on office holding , and the Amnesty Act in May 1872 lifting those restrictions . There was a great deal of discussion in 1865 about bringing treason trials , especially against Jefferson Davis . There was no consensus in President Johnson 's cabinet and there were no treason trials against anyone . In the case of Davis there was a strong possibility of acquittal which would have been humiliating for the government . Davis was indicted for treason but never tried ; he was released from prison on bail in May 1867 . The amnesty of December 25 , 1868 , by President Johnson eliminated any possibility of Jefferson Davis ( or anyone else associated with the Confederacy ) standing trial for treason . Henry Wirz , the commandant of a notorious prisoner - of - war camp near Andersonville , Georgia was tried and convicted by a military court , and executed on November 10 , 1865 . The charges against him involved conspiracy and cruelty , not treason . Texas v. white In Texas v. White , 74 U.S. 700 ( 1869 ) the United States Supreme Court ruled -- by a 5 -- 3 majority -- that Texas had remained a state ever since it first joined the Union , despite claims that it joined the Confederate States of America . In this case , the court held that the Constitution did not permit a state to unilaterally secede from the United States . Further , that the ordinances of secession , and all the acts of the legislatures within seceding states intended to give effect to such ordinances , were `` absolutely null '' , under the Constitution . This case settled the law that applied to all questions regarding state legislation during the war . Furthermore , it decided one of the `` central constitutional questions '' of the Civil War : The Union is perpetual and indestructible , as a matter of constitutional law . In declaring that no state could leave the Union , `` except through revolution or through consent of the States '' , it was `` explicitly repudiating the position of the Confederate states that the United States was a voluntary compact between sovereign states '' . Theories regarding the Confederacy 's demise `` Died of States ' rights '' Historian Frank Lawrence Owsley argued that the Confederacy `` died of states ' rights . '' The central government was denied requisitioned soldiers and money by governors and state legislatures because they feared that Richmond would encroach on the rights of the states . Georgia 's governor Joseph Brown warned of a secret conspiracy by Jefferson Davis to destroy states ' rights and individual liberty . The first conscription act in North America authorizing Davis to draft soldiers was said to be the `` essence of military despotism . '' Joseph E. Brown Georgia Governor Pendleton Murrah Texas Governor Vice President Alexander H. Stephens feared losing the very form of republican government . Allowing President Davis to threaten `` arbitrary arrests '' to draft hundreds of governor - appointed `` bomb - proof '' bureaucrats conferred `` more power than the English Parliament had ever bestowed on the king . History proved the dangers of such unchecked authority . '' The abolishment of draft exemptions for newspaper editors was interpreted as an attempt by the Confederate government to muzzle presses , such as the Raleigh NC Standard , to control elections and to suppress the peace meetings there . As Rable concludes , `` For Stephens , the essence of patriotism , the heart of the Confederate cause , rested on an unyielding commitment to traditional rights '' without considerations of military necessity , pragmatism or compromise . In 1863 governor Pendleton Murrah of Texas determined that state troops were required for defense against Plains Indians and Union forces that might attack from Kansas . He refused to send his soldiers to the East . Governor Zebulon Vance of North Carolina showed intense opposition to conscription , limiting recruitment success . Vance 's faith in states ' rights drove him into repeated , stubborn opposition to the Davis administration . Despite political differences within the Confederacy , no national political parties were formed because they were seen as illegitimate . `` Anti-partyism became an article of political faith . '' Without a two - party system building alternative sets of national leaders , electoral protests tended to be narrowly state - based , `` negative , carping and petty . '' The 1863 mid-term elections became mere expressions of futile and frustrated dissatisfaction . According to historian David M. Potter , this lack of a functioning two - party system caused `` real and direct damage '' to the Confederate war effort since it prevented the formulation of any effective alternatives to the conduct of the war by the Davis administration . `` Died of Davis '' The enemies of President Davis proposed that the Confederacy `` died of Davis . '' He was unfavorably compared to George Washington by critics such as Edward Alfred Pollard , editor of the most influential newspaper the Richmond Examiner . Coulter summarizes , `` The American Revolution had its Washington ; the Southern Revolution had its Davis ... one succeeded and the other failed . '' Beyond the early honeymoon period , Davis was never popular . He unwittingly caused much internal dissension from early on . His ill health and temporary bouts of blindness disabled him for days at a time . Coulter says Davis was heroic and his will was indomitable . But his `` tenacity , determination , and will power '' stirred up lasting opposition of enemies Davis could not shake . He failed to overcome `` petty leaders of the states '' who made the term `` Confederacy '' into a label for tyranny and oppression , denying the `` Stars and Bars '' from becoming a symbol of larger patriotic service and sacrifice . Instead of campaigning to develop nationalism and gain support for his administration , he rarely courted public opinion , assuming an aloofness , `` almost like an Adams . '' Escott argues that Davis was unable to mobilize Confederate nationalism in support of his government effectively , and especially failed to appeal to the small farmers who comprised the bulk of the population . In addition to the problems caused by states rights , Escott also emphasizes that the widespread opposition to any strong central government combined with the vast difference in wealth between the slave - owning class and the small farmers created insolvable dilemmas when the Confederate survival presupposed a strong central government backed by a united populace . The prewar claim that white solidarity was necessary to provide a unified Southern voice in Washington no longer held . Davis failed to build a network of supporters who would speak up when he came under criticism , and he repeatedly alienated governors and other state - based leaders by demanding centralized control of the war effort . Davis was not an efficient administrator . He attended to too many details . He protected his friends after their failures were obvious . He spent too much time on military affairs versus his civic responsibilities . Coulter concludes he was not the ideal leader for the Southern Revolution , but he showed `` fewer weaknesses than any other '' contemporary character available for the role . Robert E. Lee 's assessment of Davis as President was , `` I knew of none that could have done as well . '' Government and politics Constitution Main article : Confederate States Constitution Wikisource has original text related to this article : Constitution of the Confederate States of America The Southern leaders met in Montgomery , Alabama , to write their constitution . Much of the Confederate States Constitution replicated the United States Constitution verbatim , but it contained several explicit protections of the institution of slavery including provisions for the recognition and protection of slavery in any territory of the Confederacy . It maintained the existing ban on international slave - trading while protecting the existing internal trade of slaves among slaveholding states . In certain areas , the Confederate Constitution gave greater powers to the states ( or curtailed the powers of the central government more ) than the U.S. Constitution of the time did , but in other areas , the states lost rights they had under the U.S. Constitution . Although the Confederate Constitution , like the U.S. Constitution , contained a commerce clause , the Confederate version prohibited the central government from using revenues collected in one state for funding internal improvements in another state . The Confederate Constitution 's equivalent to the U.S. Constitution 's general welfare clause prohibited protective tariffs ( but allowed tariffs for providing domestic revenue ) , and spoke of `` carry ( ing ) on the Government of the Confederate States '' rather than providing for the `` general welfare '' . State legislatures had the power to impeach officials of the Confederate government in some cases . On the other hand , the Confederate Constitution contained a Necessary and Proper Clause and a Supremacy Clause that essentially duplicated the respective clauses of the U.S. Constitution . The Confederate Constitution also incorporated each of the 12 amendments to the U.S. Constitution that had been ratified up to that point . The Confederate Constitution did not specifically include a provision allowing states to secede ; the Preamble spoke of each state `` acting in its sovereign and independent character '' but also of the formation of a `` permanent federal government '' . During the debates on drafting the Confederate Constitution , one proposal would have allowed states to secede from the Confederacy . The proposal was tabled with only the South Carolina delegates voting in favor of considering the motion . The Confederate Constitution also explicitly denied States the power to bar slaveholders from other parts of the Confederacy from bringing their slaves into any state of the Confederacy or to interfere with the property rights of slave owners traveling between different parts of the Confederacy . In contrast with the language of the United States Constitution , the Confederate Constitution overtly asked God 's blessing ( `` ... invoking the favor and guidance of Almighty God ... '' ) . Executive Main article : President of the Confederate States of America Jefferson Davis President 1861 -- 65 The Montgomery Convention to establish the Confederacy and its executive met on February 4 , 1861 . Each state as a sovereignty had one vote , with the same delegation size as it held in the U.S. Congress , and generally 41 to 50 members attended . Offices were `` provisional '' , limited to a term not to exceed one year . One name was placed in nomination for president , one for vice president . Both were elected unanimously , 6 -- 0 . Jefferson Davis was elected provisional president . His U.S. Senate resignation speech greatly impressed with its clear rationale for secession and his pleading for a peaceful departure from the Union to independence . Although he had made it known that he wanted to be commander - in - chief of the Confederate armies , when elected , he assumed the office of Provisional President . Three candidates for provisional Vice President were under consideration the night before the February 9 election . All were from Georgia , and the various delegations meeting in different places determined two would not do , so Alexander H. Stephens was elected unanimously provisional Vice President , though with some privately held reservations . Stephens was inaugurated February 11 , Davis February 18 . Davis and Stephens were elected President and Vice President , unopposed on November 6 , 1861 . They were inaugurated on February 22 , 1862 . Historian E.M. Coulter observed , `` No president of the U.S. ever had a more difficult task . '' Washington was inaugurated in peacetime . Lincoln inherited an established government of long standing . The creation of the Confederacy was accomplished by men who saw themselves as fundamentally conservative . Although they referred to their `` Revolution '' , it was in their eyes more a counter-revolution against changes away from their understanding of U.S. founding documents . In Davis ' inauguration speech , he explained the Confederacy was not a French - like revolution , but a transfer of rule . The Montgomery Convention had assumed all the laws of the United States until superseded by the Confederate Congress . The Permanent Constitution provided for a President of the Confederate States of America , elected to serve a six - year term but without the possibility of re-election . Unlike the United States Constitution , the Confederate Constitution gave the president the ability to subject a bill to a line item veto , a power also held by some state governors . The Confederate Congress could overturn either the general or the line item vetoes with the same two - thirds votes required in the U.S. Congress . In addition , appropriations not specifically requested by the executive branch required passage by a two - thirds vote in both houses of Congress . The only person to serve as president was Jefferson Davis , due to the Confederacy being defeated before the completion of his term . Administration and cabinet The Davis Cabinet OFFICE NAME TERM President Jefferson Davis 1861 -- 65 Vice President Alexander H. Stephens 1861 -- 65 Secretary of State Robert Toombs 1861 Robert M.T. Hunter 1861 -- 62 Judah P. Benjamin 1862 -- 65 Secretary of the Treasury Christopher Memminger 1861 -- 64 George Trenholm 1864 -- 65 John H. Reagan 1865 Secretary of War Leroy Pope Walker 1861 Judah P. Benjamin 1861 -- 62 George W. Randolph 1862 James Seddon 1862 -- 65 John C. Breckinridge 1865 Secretary of the Navy Stephen Mallory 1861 -- 65 Postmaster General John H. Reagan 1861 -- 65 Attorney General Judah P. Benjamin 1861 Thomas Bragg 1861 -- 62 Thomas H. Watts 1862 -- 63 George Davis 1864 -- 65 Davis 's cabinet in 1861 , Montgomery , Alabama Front row , left to right : Judah P. Benjamin , Stephen Mallory , Alexander H. Stephens , Jefferson Davis , John Henninger Reagan , and Robert Toombs Back row , standing left to right : Christopher Memminger and LeRoy Pope Walker Illustration printed in Harper 's Weekly Legislative Main articles : Provisional Confederate States Congress and Congress of the Confederate States Provisional Congress , Montgomery , Alabama The only two `` formal , national , functioning , civilian administrative bodies '' in the Civil War South were the Jefferson Davis administration and the Confederate Congresses . The Confederacy was begun by the Provisional Congress in Convention at Montgomery , Alabama on February 28 , 1861 . It had one vote per state in a unicameral assembly . The Permanent Confederate Congress was elected and began its first session February 18 , 1862 . The Permanent Congress for the Confederacy followed the United States forms with a bicameral legislature . The Senate had two per state , twenty - six Senators . The House numbered 106 representatives apportioned by free and slave populations within each state . Two Congresses sat in six sessions until March 18 , 1865 . The political influences of the civilian , soldier vote and appointed representatives reflected divisions of political geography of a diverse South . These in turn changed over time relative to Union occupation and disruption , the war impact on local economy , and the course of the war . Without political parties , key candidate identification related to adopting secession before or after Lincoln 's call for volunteers to retake Federal property . Previous party affiliation played a part in voter selection , predominantly secessionist Democrat or unionist Whig . The absence of political parties made individual roll call voting all the more important , as the Confederate `` freedom of roll - call voting ( was ) unprecedented in American legislative history . Key issues throughout the life of the Confederacy related to ( 1 ) suspension of habeas corpus , ( 2 ) military concerns such as control of state militia , conscription and exemption , ( 3 ) economic and fiscal policy including impressment of slaves , goods and scorched earth , and ( 4 ) support of the Jefferson Davis administration in its foreign affairs and negotiating peace . Provisional Congress For the first year , the unicameral Provisional Confederate Congress functioned as the Confederacy 's legislative branch . President of the Provisional Congress Howell Cobb , Sr. of Georgia , February 4 , 1861 -- February 17 , 1862 Presidents pro tempore of the Provisional Congress Robert Woodward Barnwell of South Carolina , February 4 , 1861 Thomas Stanhope Bocock of Virginia , December 10 -- 21 , 1861 and January 7 -- 8 , 1862 Josiah Abigail Patterson Campbell of Mississippi , December 23 -- 24 , 1861 and January 6 , 1862 Sessions of the Confederate Congress Provisional Confederate Congress First Confederate Congress Second Confederate Congress Tribal Representatives to Confederate Congress Elias Cornelius Boudinot 1862 -- 65 , Cherokee Samuel Benton Callahan Unknown years , Creek , Seminole Burton Allen Holder 1864 -- 65 , Chickasaw Robert McDonald Jones 1863 -- 65 , Choctaw Judicial Jesse J. Finley Florida District Henry R. Jackson Georgia District Asa Biggs North Carolina District Andrew Magrath South Carolina District The Confederate Constitution outlined a judicial branch of the government , but the ongoing war and resistance from states - rights advocates , particularly on the question of whether it would have appellate jurisdiction over the state courts , prevented the creation or seating of the `` Supreme Court of the Confederate States ; '' the state courts generally continued to operate as they had done , simply recognizing the Confederate States as the national government . Confederate district courts were authorized by Article III , Section 1 , of the Confederate Constitution , and President Davis appointed judges within the individual states of the Confederate States of America . In many cases , the same US Federal District Judges were appointed as Confederate States District Judges . Confederate district courts began reopening in early 1861 , handling many of the same type cases as had been done before . Prize cases , in which Union ships were captured by the Confederate Navy or raiders and sold through court proceedings , were heard until the blockade of southern ports made this impossible . After a Sequestration Act was passed by the Confederate Congress , the Confederate district courts heard many cases in which enemy aliens ( typically Northern absentee landlords owning property in the South ) had their property sequestered ( seized ) by Confederate Receivers . When the matter came before the Confederate court , the property owner could not appear because he was unable to travel across the front lines between Union and Confederate forces . Thus , the District Attorney won the case by default , the property was typically sold , and the money used to further the Southern war effort . Eventually , because there was no Confederate Supreme Court , sharp attorneys like South Carolina 's Edward McCrady began filing appeals . This prevented their clients ' property from being sold until a supreme court could be constituted to hear the appeal , which never occurred . Where Federal troops gained control over parts of the Confederacy and re-established civilian government , US district courts sometimes resumed jurisdiction . Supreme Court -- not established . District Courts -- judges Alabama William G. Jones 1861 -- 65 Arkansas Daniel Ringo 1861 -- 65 Florida Jesse J. Finley 1861 -- 62 Georgia Henry R. Jackson 1861 , Edward J. Harden 1861 -- 65 Louisiana Edwin Warren Moise 1861 -- 65 Mississippi Alexander Mosby Clayton 1861 -- 65 North Carolina Asa Biggs 1861 -- 65 South Carolina Andrew G. Magrath 1861 -- 64 , Benjamin F. Perry 1865 Tennessee West H. Humphreys 1861 -- 65 Texas - East William Pinckney Hill 1861 -- 65 Texas - West Thomas J. Devine 1861 -- 65 Virginia - East James D. Halyburton 1861 -- 65 Virginia - West John W. Brockenbrough 1861 -- 65 Post office Further information : Postage stamps and postal history of the Confederate States John H. Reagan Postmaster General Jefferson Davis , 5 cent The 1st stamp , 1861 Andrew Jackson 2 cent , 1862 George Washington 20 cent , 1863 When the Confederacy was formed and its seceding states broke from the Union , it was at once confronted with the arduous task of providing its citizens with a mail delivery system , and , in the midst of the American Civil War , the newly formed Confederacy created and established the Confederate Post Office . One of the first undertakings in establishing the Post Office was the appointment of John H. Reagan to the position of Postmaster General , by Jefferson Davis in 1861 , making him the first Postmaster General of the Confederate Post Office as well as a member of Davis ' presidential cabinet . Through Reagan 's resourcefulness and remarkable industry , he had his department assembled , organized and in operation before the other Presidential cabinet members had their departments fully operational . When the war began , the US Post Office still delivered mail from the secessionist states for a brief period of time . Mail that was postmarked after the date of a state 's admission into the Confederacy through May 31 , 1861 , and bearing US postage was still delivered . After this time , private express companies still managed to carry some of the mail across enemy lines . Later , mail that crossed lines had to be sent by ' Flag of Truce ' and was allowed to pass at only two specific points . Mail sent from the South to the North states was received , opened and inspected at Fortress Monroe on the Virginia coast before being passed on into the U.S. mail stream . Mail sent from the North to the South passed at City Point , also in Virginia , where it was also inspected before being sent on . With the chaos of the war , a working postal system was more important than ever for the Confederacy . The Civil War had divided family members and friends and consequently letter writing increased dramatically across the entire divided nation , especially to and from the men who were away serving in an army . Mail delivery was also important for the Confederacy for a myriad of business and military reasons . Because of the Union blockade , basic supplies were always in demand and so getting mailed correspondence out of the country to suppliers was imperative to the successful operation of the Confederacy . Volumes of material have been written about the Blockade runners who evaded Union ships on blockade patrol , usually at night , and who moved cargo and mail in and out of the Confederate States throughout the course of the war . Of particular interest to students and historians of the American Civil War is Prisoner of War mail and Blockade mail as these items were often involved with a variety of military and other war time activities . The postal history of the Confederacy along with surviving Confederate mail has helped historians document the various people , places and events that were involved in the American Civil War as it unfolded . Civil liberties The Confederacy actively used the army to arrest people suspected of loyalty to the United States . Historian Mark Neely found 4,108 names of men arrested and estimated a much larger total . The Confederacy arrested pro-Union civilians in the South at about the same rate as the Union arrested pro-Confederate civilians in the North . Neely argues : The Confederate citizen was not any freer than the Union citizen -- and perhaps no less likely to be arrested by military authorities . In fact , the Confederate citizen may have been in some ways less free than his Northern counterpart . For example , freedom to travel within the Confederate states was severely limited by a domestic passport system . Economy Main article : Economy of the Confederate States of America Slaves Across the South , widespread rumors alarmed the whites by predicting the slaves were planning some sort of insurrection . Patrols were stepped up . The slaves did become increasingly independent , and resistant to punishment , but historians agree there were no insurrections . In the invaded areas , insubordination was more the norm than loyalty to the old master ; Bell Wiley says , `` It was not disloyalty , but the lure of freedom . '' Many slaves became spies for the North , and large numbers ran away to federal lines . Lincoln 's Emancipation Proclamation , an executive order of the U.S. government on January 1 , 1863 , changed the legal status of 3 million slaves in designated areas of the Confederacy from `` slave '' to `` free '' . The long - term effect was that the Confederacy could not preserve the institution of slavery , and lost the use of the core element of its plantation labor force . Slaves were legally freed by the Proclamation , and became free by escaping to federal lines , or by advances of federal troops . Many freed slaves served as volunteers in the federal army as teamsters , cooks , laundresses and laborers , and eventually as soldiers . Plantation owners , realizing that emancipation would destroy their economic system , sometimes moved their slaves as far as possible out of reach of the Union army . By `` Juneteenth '' ( June 19 , 1865 , in Texas ) , the Union Army controlled all of the Confederacy and had liberated all its slaves . Their owners never received compensation . Political economy Most whites were subsistence farmers who traded their surpluses locally . The plantations of the South , with white ownership and an enslaved labor force , produced substantial wealth from cash crops . It supplied two - thirds of the world 's cotton , which was in high demand for textiles , along with tobacco , sugar , and naval stores ( such as turpentine ) . These raw materials were exported to factories in Europe and the Northeast . Planters reinvested their profits in more slaves and fresh land , for cotton and tobacco depleted the soil . There was little manufacturing or mining ; shipping was controlled by outsiders . New Orleans . South 's largest port city , only pre-war population over 100,000 . Port and region 's agriculture lost to Union April 1862 Tredegar Iron Works , Richmond VA . South 's largest factory . Ended locomotive production in 1860 to make arms and munitions The plantations that enslaved over three million black people were the principal source of wealth . Most were concentrated in `` black belt '' plantation areas ( because few white families in the poor regions owned slaves . ) For decades there had been widespread fear of slave revolts . During the war extra men were assigned to `` home guard '' patrol duty and governors sought to keep militia units at home for protection . Historian William Barney reports , `` no major slave revolts erupted during the Civil War . '' Nevertheless , slaves took the opportunity to enlarge their sphere of independence , and when union forces were nearby , many ran off to join them . Slave labor was applied in industry in a limited way in the Upper South and in a few port cities . One reason for the regional lag in industrial development was top - heavy income distribution . Mass production requires mass markets , and slaves living in small cabins , using self - made tools and outfitted with one suit of work clothes each year of inferior fabric , did not generate consumer demand to sustain local manufactures of any description in the same way a mechanized family farm of free labor did in the North . The Southern economy was `` pre-capitalist '' in that slaves were put to work in the largest revenue - producing enterprises , not free labor market . That labor system as practiced in the American South encompassed paternalism , whether abusive or indulgent , and that meant labor management considerations apart from productivity . Approximately 85 % of both North and South white populations lived on family farms , both regions were predominantly agricultural , and mid-century industry in both was mostly domestic . But the Southern economy was pre-capitalist in its overwhelming reliance on the agriculture of cash crops to produce wealth , while the great majority of farmers fed themselves and supplied a small local market . Southern cities and industries grew faster than ever before , but the thrust of the rest of the country 's exponential growth elsewhere was toward urban industrial development along transportation systems of canals and railroads . The South was following the dominant currents of the American economic mainstream , but at a `` great distance '' as it lagged in the all - weather modes of transportation that brought cheaper , speedier freight shipment and forged new , expanding inter-regional markets . A third count of southern pre-capitalist economy relates to the cultural setting . The South and southerners did not adopt a work ethic , nor the habits of thrift that marked the rest of the country . It had access to the tools of capitalism , but it did not adopt its culture . The Southern Cause as a national economy in the Confederacy was grounded in `` slavery and race , planters and patricians , plain folk and folk culture , cotton and plantations '' . National production The Union had large advantages in men and resources at the start of the war ; the ratio grew steadily in favor of the Union The Confederacy started its existence as an agrarian economy with exports , to a world market , of cotton , and , to a lesser extent , tobacco and sugarcane . Local food production included grains , hogs , cattle , and gardens . The cash came from exports but the Southern people spontaneously stopped exports in early 1861 to hasten the impact of `` King Cotton '' . When the blockade was announced , commercial shipping practically ended ( the ships could not get insurance ) , and only a trickle of supplies came via blockade runners . The cutoff of exports was an economic disaster for the South , rendering useless its most valuable properties , its plantations and their enslaved workers . Many planters kept growing cotton , which piled up everywhere , but most turned to food production . All across the region , the lack of repair and maintenance wasted away the physical assets . The eleven states had produced $155 million in manufactured goods in 1860 , chiefly from local grist - mills , and lumber , processed tobacco , cotton goods and naval stores such as turpentine . The main industrial areas were border cities such as Baltimore , Wheeling , Louisville and St. Louis , that were never under Confederate control . The government did set up munitions factories in the Deep South . Combined with captured munitions and those coming via blockade runners , the armies were kept minimally supplied with weapons . The soldiers suffered from reduced rations , lack of medicines , and the growing shortages of uniforms , shoes and boots . Shortages were much worse for civilians , and the prices of necessities steadily rose . The Confederacy adopted a tariff or tax on imports of 15 per cent , and imposed it on all imports from other countries , including the United States . The tariff mattered little ; the Union blockade minimized commercial traffic through the Confederacy 's ports , and very few people paid taxes on goods smuggled from the North . The Confederate government in its entire history collected only $3.5 million in tariff revenue . The lack of adequate financial resources led the Confederacy to finance the war through printing money , which led to high inflation . The Confederacy underwent an economic revolution by centralization and standardization , but it was too little too late as its economy was systematically strangled by blockade and raids . Transportation systems Main article : Confederate railroads in the American Civil War Main railroads of Confederacy , 1861 ; colors show the different gauges ( track width ) ; the top railroad shown in the upper right is the Baltimore and Ohio , which was at all times a Union railroad In peacetime , the South 's extensive and connected systems of navigable rivers and coastal access allowed for cheap and easy transportation of agricultural products . The railroad system in the South had developed as a supplement to the navigable rivers to enhance the all - weather shipment of cash crops to market . Railroads tied plantation areas to the nearest river or seaport and so made supply more dependable , lowered costs and increased profits . In the event of invasion , the vast geography of the Confederacy made logistics difficult for the Union . Wherever Union armies invaded , they assigned many of their soldiers to garrison captured areas and to protect rail lines . At the onset of the Civil War the South had a rail network disjointed and plagued by changes in track gauge as well as lack of interchange . Locomotives and freight cars had fixed axles and could not use tracks of different gauges ( widths ) . Railroads of different gauges leading to the same city required all freight to be off - loaded onto wagons for transport to the connecting railroad station , where it had to await freight cars and a locomotive before proceeding . Centers requiring off - loading included Vicksburg , New Orleans , Montgomery , Wilmington and Richmond . In addition , most rail lines led from coastal or river ports to inland cities , with few lateral railroads . Due to this design limitation , the relatively primitive railroads of the Confederacy were unable to overcome the Union naval blockade of the South 's crucial intra-coastal and river routes . The Confederacy had no plan to expand , protect or encourage its railroads . Southerners ' refusal to export the cotton crop in 1861 left railroads bereft of their main source of income . Many lines had to lay off employees ; many critical skilled technicians and engineers were permanently lost to military service . In the early years of the war the Confederate government had a hands - off approach to the railroads . Only in mid-1863 did the Confederate government initiate a national policy , and it was confined solely to aiding the war effort . Railroads came under the de facto control of the military . In contrast , the U.S. Congress had authorized military administration of Union - controlled railroad and telegraph systems in January 1862 , imposed a standard gauge , and built railroads into the South using that gauge . Confederate armies successfully reoccupying territory could not be resupplied directly by rail as they advanced . The C.S. Congress formally authorized military administration of railroads in February 1865 . In the last year before the end of the war , the Confederate railroad system stood permanently on the verge of collapse . There was no new equipment and raids on both sides systematically destroyed key bridges , as well as locomotives and freight cars . Spare parts were cannibalized ; feeder lines were torn up to get replacement rails for trunk lines , and rolling stock wore out through heavy use . Horses and mules The Confederate army experienced a persistent shortage of horses and mules , and requisitioned them with dubious promissory notes given to local farmers and breeders . Union forces paid in real money and found ready sellers in the South . Both armies needed horses for cavalry and for artillery . Mules pulled the wagons . The supply was undermined by an unprecedented epidemic of glanders , a fatal disease that baffled veterinarians . After 1863 the invading Union forces had a policy of shooting all the local horses and mules they did not need - in order to keep them out of Confederate hands . The Confederate armies and farmers experienced a growing shortage of horses and mules , which hurt the Southern economy and the war effort . The South lost half of its 2.5 million horses and mules ; many farmers ended the war with none left . Army horses were used up by hard work , malnourishment , disease and battle wounds ; they had a life expectancy of about seven months . Financial instruments Both the individual Confederate states and later the Confederate government printed Confederate States of America dollars as paper currency in various denominations , with a total face value of $1.5 billion . Much of it was signed by Treasurer Edward C. Elmore . Inflation became rampant as the paper money depreciated and eventually became worthless . The state governments and some localities printed their own paper money , adding to the runaway inflation . Many bills still exist , although in recent years counterfeit copies have proliferated . 1862 $10 CSA note depicting a vignette of Hope flanked by R.M.T. Hunter ( left ) and C.G. Memminger ( right ) . The Confederate government initially wanted to finance its war mostly through tariffs on imports , export taxes , and voluntary donations of gold . After the spontaneous imposition of an embargo on cotton sales to Europe in 1861 , these sources of revenue dried up and the Confederacy increasingly turned to issuing debt and printing money to pay for war expenses . The Confederate States politicians were worried about angering the general population with hard taxes . A tax increase might disillusion many Southerners , so the Confederacy resorted to printing more money . As a result , inflation increased and remained a problem for the southern states throughout the rest of the war . By April 1863 , for example , the cost of flour in Richmond had risen to $100 a barrel and housewives were rioting . The Confederate government took over the three national mints : the Charlotte Mint in North Carolina , the Dahlonega Mint in Georgia , and the New Orleans Mint in Louisiana . During 1861 , the first two produced small amounts of gold coinage , the latter half dollars . Since the mints used the current dies on hand , these issues remain indistinguishable from those minted by the Union . In New Orleans the Confederacy used its own reverse design to strike four half dollars . US coinage was hoarded and did not have any general circulation . U.S. coinage was admitted as legal tender up to $10 , as were British sovereigns , French Napoleons and Spanish and Mexican doubloons at a fixed rate of exchange . Confederate money was paper and postage stamps . Food shortages and riots Main article : Southern bread riots Richmond bread riot , 1863 By mid-1861 , the Union naval blockade virtually shut down the export of cotton and the import of manufactured goods . Food that formerly came overland was cut off . Women had charge of making do . They cut back on purchases , brought out old spinning wheels and enlarged their gardens with flax and peas to provide clothing and food . They used ersatz substitutes when possible , but there was no real coffee and it was hard to develop a taste for the okra or chicory substitutes used . The households were severely hurt by inflation in the cost of everyday items like flour and the shortages of food , fodder for the animals , and medical supplies for the wounded . State governments pleaded with planters to grow less cotton and more food . Most refused . When cotton prices soared in Europe , expectations were that Europe would soon intervene to break the blockade and make them rich . The myth of omnipotent `` King Cotton '' died hard . The Georgia legislature imposed cotton quotas , making it a crime to grow an excess . But food shortages only worsened , especially in the towns . The overall decline in food supplies , made worse by the inadequate transportation system , led to serious shortages and high prices in urban areas . When bacon reached a dollar a pound in 1863 , the poor women of Richmond , Atlanta and many other cities began to riot ; they broke into shops and warehouses to seize food . The women expressed their anger at ineffective state relief efforts , speculators , and merchants . As wives and widows of soldiers they were hurt by the inadequate welfare system . Devastation by 1865 By the end of the war deterioration of the Southern infrastructure was widespread . The number of civilian deaths is unknown . Every Confederate state was affected , but most of the war was fought in Virginia and Tennessee , while Texas and Florida saw the least military action . Much of the damage was caused by direct military action , but most was caused by lack of repairs and upkeep , and by deliberately using up resources . Historians have recently estimated how much of the devastation was caused by military action . Paul Paskoff calculates that Union military operations were conducted in 56 % of 645 counties in nine Confederate states ( excluding Texas and Florida ) . These counties contained 63 % of the 1860 white population and 64 % of the slaves . By the time the fighting took place , undoubtedly some people had fled to safer areas , so the exact population exposed to war is unknown . Potters House , Atlanta Ga Downtown Charleston SC Navy Yard , Norfolk Va Rail bridge , Petersburg Va The eleven Confederate States in the 1860 United States Census had 297 towns and cities with 835,000 people ; of these 162 with 681,000 people were at one point occupied by Union forces . Eleven were destroyed or severely damaged by war action , including Atlanta ( with an 1860 population of 9,600 ) , Charleston , Columbia , and Richmond ( with prewar populations of 40,500 , 8,100 , and 37,900 , respectively ) ; the eleven contained 115,900 people in the 1860 census , or 14 % of the urban South . Historians have not estimated what their actual population was when Union forces arrived . The number of people ( as of 1860 ) who lived in the destroyed towns represented just over 1 % of the Confederacy 's 1860 population . In addition , 45 court houses were burned ( out of 830 ) . The South 's agriculture was not highly mechanized . The value of farm implements and machinery in the 1860 Census was $81 million ; by 1870 , there was 40 % less , worth just $48 million . Many old tools had broken through heavy use ; new tools were rarely available ; even repairs were difficult . The economic losses affected everyone . Banks and insurance companies were mostly bankrupt . Confederate currency and bonds were worthless . The billions of dollars invested in slaves vanished . Most debts were also left behind . Most farms were intact but most had lost their horses , mules and cattle ; fences and barns were in disrepair . Paskoff shows the loss of farm infrastructure was about the same whether or not fighting took place nearby . The loss of infrastructure and productive capacity meant that rural widows throughout the region faced not only the absence of able - bodied men , but a depleted stock of material resources that they could manage and operate themselves . During four years of warfare , disruption , and blockades , the South used up about half its capital stock . The North , by contrast , absorbed its material losses so effortlessly that it appeared richer at the end of the war than at the beginning . The rebuilding took years and was hindered by the low price of cotton after the war . Outside investment was essential , especially in railroads . One historian has summarized the collapse of the transportation infrastructure needed for economic recovery : `` One of the greatest calamities which confronted Southerners was the havoc wrought on the transportation system . Roads were impassable or nonexistent , and bridges were destroyed or washed away . The important river traffic was at a standstill : levees were broken , channels were blocked , the few steamboats which had not been captured or destroyed were in a state of disrepair , wharves had decayed or were missing , and trained personnel were dead or dispersed . Horses , mules , oxen , carriages , wagons , and carts had nearly all fallen prey at one time or another to the contending armies . The railroads were paralyzed , with most of the companies bankrupt . These lines had been the special target of the enemy . On one stretch of 114 miles in Alabama , every bridge and trestle was destroyed , cross-ties rotten , buildings burned , water - tanks gone , ditches filled up , and tracks grown up in weeds and bushes ... Communication centers like Columbia and Atlanta were in ruins ; shops and foundries were wrecked or in disrepair . Even those areas bypassed by battle had been pirated for equipment needed on the battlefront , and the wear and tear of wartime usage without adequate repairs or replacements reduced all to a state of disintegration . '' Effect on Women and families Confederate memorial tombstone at Natchez City Cemetery in Natchez , Mississippi About 250,000 men never came home , some 30 percent of all white men aged 18 to 40 , in 1860 . Widows who were overwhelmed often abandoned the farm and merged into the households of relatives , or even became refugees living in camps with high rates of disease and death . In the Old South , being an `` old maid '' was something of an embarrassment to the woman and her family . Now it became almost a norm . Some women welcomed the freedom of not having to marry . Divorce , while never fully accepted , became more common . The concept of the `` New Woman '' emerged -- she was self - sufficient and independent , and stood in sharp contrast to the `` Southern Belle '' of antebellum lore . Flags National Flags Main article : Flags of the Confederate States of America Flags of the Confederate States of America 1st National Flag ( 7 - , 9 , 11 - , 13 - stars ) `` Stars and Bars '' 2nd National Flag ( Richmond Capitol ) `` Stainless Banner '' 3rd National Flag ( never flown ) `` Blood Stained Banner '' CSA Naval Jack 1861 -- 63 CSA Naval Jack 1863 -- 65 Battle Flag `` Southern Cross '' Bonnie Blue Flag Unofficial Southern Flag This Confederate Flag pattern is the one most often thought of as the Confederate Flag today ; it was one of many used by the Confederate armed forces . Variations of this design served as the Battle Flag of the Armies of Northern Virginia and Tennessee , and as the Confederate Naval Jack . The first official flag of the Confederate States of America -- called the `` Stars and Bars '' -- originally had seven stars , representing the first seven states that initially formed the Confederacy . As more states joined , more stars were added , until the total was 13 ( two stars were added for the divided states of Kentucky and Missouri ) . During the First Battle of Bull Run , ( First Manassas ) it sometimes proved difficult to distinguish the Stars and Bars from the Union flag . To rectify the situation , a separate `` Battle Flag '' was designed for use by troops in the field . Also known as the `` Southern Cross '' , many variations sprang from the original square configuration . Although it was never officially adopted by the Confederate government , the popularity of the Southern Cross among both soldiers and the civilian population was a primary reason why it was made the main color feature when a new national flag was adopted in 1863 . This new standard -- known as the `` Stainless Banner '' -- consisted of a lengthened white field area with a Battle Flag canton . This flag too had its problems when used in military operations as , on a windless day , it could easily be mistaken for a flag of truce or surrender . Thus , in 1865 , a modified version of the Stainless Banner was adopted . This final national flag of the Confederacy kept the Battle Flag canton , but shortened the white field and added a vertical red bar to the fly end . Because of its depiction in the 20th - century and popular media , many people consider the rectangular battle flag with the dark blue bars as being synonymous with `` the Confederate Flag '' , but this flag was never adopted as a Confederate national flag . The `` Confederate Flag '' has a color scheme similar to the official Battle Flag , but is rectangular , not square . ( Its design and shape matches the Naval Jack , but the blue bars are darker . ) The `` Confederate Flag '' is a highly recognizable symbol of the South in the United States today , and continues to be a controversial icon . States and flags Member State Secessionist and Confederate State flags Ordinance of Secession Admission to Confederacy Predominant Union control Readmitted to representation in U.S. Congress South Carolina December 20 , 1860 February 4 , 1861 1865 July 9 , 1868 Mississippi January 9 , 1861 February 4 , 1861 1863 February 23 , 1870 Florida January 10 , 1861 February 4 , 1861 1865 June 25 , 1868 Alabama January 11 , 1861 February 4 , 1861 1865 July 13 , 1868 Georgia January 19 , 1861 February 4 , 1861 1865 1st date July 21 , 1868 ; 2nd date July 15 , 1870 Louisiana January 26 , 1861 February 4 , 1861 1863 July 9 , 1868 Texas February 1 , 1861 March 2 , 1861 1865 March 30 , 1870 Virginia April 17 , 1861 May 7 , 1861 1865 West Virginia : 1862 January 26 , 1870 West Virginia : June 20 , 1863 Arkansas no state flag May 6 , 1861 May 18 , 1861 1864 June 22 , 1868 North Carolina May 20 , 1861 May 21 , 1861 1865 July 4 , 1868 Tennessee June 8 , 1861 July 2 , 1861 1863 July 24 , 1866 Missouri ( exiled government ) October 31 , 1861 November 28 , 1861 1861 Missouri remained seated in U.S. Congress Kentucky ( Russellville Convention ) November 20 , 1861 December 10 , 1861 1861 Kentucky remained seated in U.S. Congress Geography Region and climate The Confederate States of America claimed a total of 2,919 miles ( 4,698 km ) of coastline , thus a large part of its territory lay on the seacoast with level and often sandy or marshy ground . Most of the interior portion consisted of arable farmland , though much was also hilly and mountainous , and the far western territories were deserts . The lower reaches of the Mississippi River bisected the country , with the western half often referred to as the Trans - Mississippi . The highest point ( excluding Arizona and New Mexico ) was Guadalupe Peak in Texas at 8,750 feet ( 2,670 m ) . Map of the states and territories claimed by the Confederate States of America Climate Much of the area claimed by the Confederate States of America had a humid subtropical climate with mild winters and long , hot , humid summers . The climate and terrain varied from vast swamps ( such as those in Florida and Louisiana ) to semi-arid steppes and arid deserts west of longitude 100 degrees west . The subtropical climate made winters mild but allowed infectious diseases to flourish . Consequently , on both sides more soldiers died from disease than were killed in combat , a fact hardly atypical of pre -- World War I conflicts . Demographics Population The United States Census of 1860 gives a picture of the overall 1860 population of the areas that joined the Confederacy . Note that population - numbers exclude non-assimilated Indian tribes . State Total population Total number of slaves Total number of households Total free population Total number slaveholders % of Free population owning slaves Slaves as % of population Total free colored Alabama 964,201 435,080 96,603 529,121 33,730 6 % 45 % 2,690 Arkansas 435,450 111,115 57,244 324,335 11,481 4 % 26 % 144 Florida 140,424 61,745 15,090 78,679 5,152 7 % 44 % 932 Georgia 1,057,286 462,198 109,919 595,088 41,084 7 % 44 % 3,500 Louisiana 708,002 331,726 74,725 376,276 22,033 6 % 47 % 18,647 Mississippi 791,305 436,631 63,015 354,674 30,943 9 % 55 % 773 North Carolina 992,622 331,059 125,090 661,563 34,658 5 % 33 % 30,463 South Carolina 703,708 402,406 58,642 301,302 26,701 9 % 57 % 9,914 Tennessee 1,109,801 275,719 149,335 834,082 36,844 4 % 25 % 7,300 Texas 604,215 182,566 76,781 421,649 21,878 5 % 30 % 355 Virginia 1,596,318 490,865 201,523 1,105,453 52,128 5 % 31 % 58,042 Total 9,103,332 3,521,110 1,027,967 5,582,222 316,632 6 % 39 % 132,760 ( Figures for Virginia include the future West Virginia . ) Age structure 0 -- 14 years 15 -- 59 years 60 years and over White males 43 % 52 % 4 % White females 44 % 52 % 4 % Male slaves 44 % 51 % 4 % Female slaves 45 % 51 % 3 % Free black males 45 % 50 % 5 % Free black females 40 % 54 % 6 % Total population 44 % 52 % 4 % ( Rows may not total to 100 % due to rounding ) In 1860 the areas that later formed the eleven Confederate States ( and including the future West Virginia ) had 132,760 ( 1.46 % ) free blacks . Males made up 49.2 % of the total population and females 50.8 % ( whites : 48.60 % male , 51.40 % female ; slaves : 50.15 % male , 49.85 % female ; free blacks : 47.43 % male , 52.57 % female ) . Rural / urban configuration The area claimed by the Confederate States of America consisted overwhelmingly of rural land . Few urban areas had populations of more than 1,000 -- the typical county seat had a population of fewer than 500 people . Cities were rare . Of the twenty largest U.S. cities in the 1860 census , only New Orleans lay in Confederate territory -- and the Union captured New Orleans in 1862 . Only 13 Confederate - controlled cities ranked among the top 100 U.S. cities in 1860 , most of them ports whose economic activities vanished or suffered severely in the Union blockade . The population of Richmond swelled after it became the Confederate capital , reaching an estimated 128,000 in 1864 . Other Southern cities in the Border slave - holding states such as Baltimore MD , Washington DC , Wheeling VA / WV and Alexandria VA , Louisville KY , and St. Louis MO , never came under the control of the Confederate government . The cities of the Confederacy included most prominently in order of size of population : # City 1860 population 1860 U.S. rank Return to U.S. control 1 . New Orleans , Louisiana 168,675 6 1862 2 . Charleston , South Carolina 40,522 22 1865 3 . Richmond , Virginia 37,910 25 1865 4 . Mobile , Alabama 29,258 27 1865 5 . Memphis , Tennessee 22,623 38 1862 6 . Savannah , Georgia 22,619 41 1864 7 . Petersburg , Virginia 18,266 50 1865 8 . Nashville , Tennessee 16,988 54 1862 9 . Norfolk , Virginia 14,620 61 1862 10 . Augusta , Georgia 12,493 77 1865 11 . Columbus , Georgia 9,621 97 1865 12 . Atlanta , Georgia 9,554 99 1864 13 . Wilmington , North Carolina 9,553 100 1865 ( See also Atlanta in the Civil War , Charleston , South Carolina , in the Civil War , Nashville in the Civil War , New Orleans in the Civil War , Wilmington , North Carolina , in the American Civil War , and Richmond in the Civil War ) . Military leaders For more details on this topic , see General officers in the Confederate States Army . General Robert E. Lee : for many , the face of the Confederate army Military leaders of the Confederacy ( with their state or country of birth and highest rank ) included : Robert E. Lee ( Virginia ) -- General - in - Chief of the Armies of the Confederate States P.G.T. Beauregard ( Louisiana ) -- General Braxton Bragg ( North Carolina ) -- General Samuel Cooper ( New York ) -- General Albert Sidney Johnston ( Kentucky ) -- General Joseph E. Johnston ( Virginia ) -- General Edmund Kirby Smith ( Florida ) -- General Simon Bolivar Buckner , Sr. ( Kentucky ) -- Lieutenant General Jubal Early ( Virginia ) -- Lieutenant General Richard S. Ewell ( Virginia ) -- Lieutenant General Nathan Bedford Forrest ( Tennessee ) -- Lieutenant General Wade Hampton III ( South Carolina ) -- Lieutenant General William J. Hardee ( Georgia ) -- Lieutenant General A.P. Hill ( Virginia ) -- Lieutenant General Theophilus H. Holmes ( North Carolina ) -- Lieutenant General John Bell Hood ( Kentucky ) -- Lieutenant General ( temporary General ) Thomas J. `` Stonewall '' Jackson ( Virginia now West Virginia ) -- Lieutenant General Stephen D. Lee ( South Carolina ) -- Lieutenant General James Longstreet ( South Carolina ) -- Lieutenant General John C. Pemberton ( Pennsylvania ) -- Lieutenant General Leonidas Polk ( North Carolina ) -- Lieutenant General Alexander P. Stewart ( North Carolina ) -- Lieutenant General Richard Taylor ( Kentucky ) -- Lieutenant General ( son of U.S. President Zachary Taylor ) Joseph Wheeler ( Georgia ) -- Lieutenant General Richard H. Anderson ( South Carolina ) -- Major General ( temporary Lieutenant General ) John C. Breckinridge ( Kentucky ) -- Major General , former Vice President of the United States , last Confederate States Secretary of War Patrick Cleburne ( Ireland ) -- Major General John Brown Gordon ( Georgia ) -- Major General Henry Heth ( Virginia ) -- Major General Daniel Harvey Hill ( South Carolina ) -- Major General Edward Johnson ( Virginia ) -- Major General Joseph B. Kershaw ( South Carolina ) -- Major General Fitzhugh Lee ( Virginia ) -- Major General George Washington Custis Lee ( Virginia ) -- Major General William Henry Fitzhugh Lee ( Virginia ) -- Major General William Mahone ( Virginia ) -- Major General George Pickett ( Virginia ) -- Major General Camille Armand Jules Marie , Prince de Polignac ( France ) -- Major General Sterling Price ( Missouri ) -- Major General Stephen Dodson Ramseur ( North Carolina ) -- Major General Thomas L. Rosser ( Virginia ) -- Major General J.E.B. Stuart ( Virginia ) -- Major General Earl Van Dorn ( Mississippi ) -- Major General John A. Wharton ( Tennessee ) -- Major General Edward Porter Alexander ( Georgia ) -- Brigadier General Francis Marion Cockrell ( Missouri ) -- Brigadier General Clement A. Evans ( Georgia ) -- Brigadier General John Hunt Morgan ( Kentucky ) -- Brigadier General William N. Pendleton ( Virginia ) -- Brigadier General Stand Watie ( Georgia ) -- Brigadier General ( last to surrender ) Lawrence Sullivan Ross ( Texas ) -- Brigadier General John S. Mosby , the `` Grey Ghost of the Confederacy '' ( Virginia ) -- Colonel Franklin Buchanan ( Maryland ) -- Admiral Raphael Semmes ( Maryland ) -- Rear Admiral See also American Civil War portal History of the Southern United States Congress of the Confederate States of America President of the Confederate States of America Cabinet of the Confederate States of America Confederate war finance Confederate Patent Office Confederate postage stamps and postal history Confederate Seal Confederate Flag List of treaties of the Confederate States of America Prisoner of war camps List of Confederate arms manufacturers List of Confederate arsenals and armories Confederados Confederate colonies Golden Circle ( proposed country ) C.S.A. : The Confederate States of America 2004 film Commemoration of the American Civil War Commemoration of the American Civil War on postage stamps List of Confederate monuments National Civil War Naval Museum Notes ^ Jump up to : `` Preventing Diplomatic Recognition of the Confederacy , 1861 -- 65 '' . U.S. Department of State . ^ Jump up to : Arrington , Benjamin P. `` Industry and Economy during the Civil War '' . National Park Service . Retrieved 27 April 2017 . Jump up ^ McPherson , James M. ( 2007 ) . This mighty scourge : perspectives on the Civil War . Oxford University Press US . p. 65 . ISBN 9780198042761 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Emory M. The Confederate Nation , 1861 -- 1865 ( 1979 ) pp. 256 -- 257 . Jump up ^ `` Learn - Civil War Trust '' ( PDF ) . www.civilwar.org . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Davis , Jefferson ( 1890 ) . Short History of the Confederate States of America . p. 503 . Retrieved February 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Martis , Kenneth C. , op . cit. , 1994 , p. 43 - 53 . Jump up ^ Weigley ( 2000 ) , p. 453 . Jump up ^ Cooper , William J. ; Terrill , Tom E. ( 2009 ) . The American South : a history . Rowman & Littlefield Publishers . p. xix . ISBN 0 - 7425 - 6095 - 3 . Jump up ^ Laurence F. Jones ; Edward C. Olson ( 1996 ) . Political Science Research : A Handbook of Scope and Methods . HarperCollins College Publishers . p. 143 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 501637 - 6 . Then , in the buildup to the Civil War , large numbers of Americans began thinking of themselves as something other than American , for example , southerners . Jump up ^ Emory M. Thomas ( 1 February 2011 ) . The Confederate Nation : 1861 to 1865 . HarperCollins . p. 44 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 206946 - 7 . Jump up ^ Thomas The Confederate Nation pp. 3 -- 4 Jump up ^ Thomas The Confederate Nation pp. 4 -- 5 and notes . Jump up ^ Coski , John M. ( 2005 ) . The Confederate Battle Flag : America 's Most Embattled Emblem . pp. 23 -- 27 . ISBN 9780674029866 . Jump up ^ `` 1860 Presidential General Election Results '' . Retrieved September 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ The first six signatory states establishing the Confederacy counted about one - fourth its population . They voted 43 % for pro-Union candidates . The four states which entered after the attack on Fort Sumter held almost half the population of the Confederacy and voted 53 % for pro-Union candidates . The three big turnout states voted extremes . Texas , with 5 % of the population , voted 20 % for pro-Union candidates . Kentucky and Missouri , with one - fourth the Confederate population , voted a combined 68 % for the pro-Union Lincoln , Douglas and Bell . See Table of election returns at United States presidential election , 1860 . ^ Jump up to : `` Reluctant Confederates '' . Personal.tcu.edu . Retrieved April 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Coulter , E. Merton ( 1950 ) . The Confederate States of America 1861 -- 1865 . p. 61 . Jump up ^ Craven , Avery O . The Growth of Southern Nationalism 1848 -- 1861 . p. 390 . ^ Jump up to : Craven , Avery O. , The Growth of Southern Nationalism. 1848 -- 1861 ( 1953 ) p. 350 Jump up ^ Freehling , William W. ( 1990 ) . The Road to Disunion : Volume II , Secessionists Triumphant . New York : Oxford University Press . p. 398 Jump up ^ Craven , `` The Growth of Southern Nationalism '' , p. 366 Jump up ^ McPherson pp. 232 -- 233 . Jump up ^ Faust , Drew Gilpin ( 1988 ) . The Creation of Confederate Nationalism : Ideology and Identity in the Civil War South . Baton Rouge : Louisiana State University Press . Jump up ^ Murrin , John ( 2001 ) . Liberty , Equality , Power . p. 1000 . Jump up ^ Emory M. Thomas , The Confederate Nation : 1861 -- 1865 ( 1979 ) , pp. 83 -- 84 . Jump up ^ McPherson pg. 244 . The text of Alexander H. Stephens ' `` Cornerstone Speech '' . Jump up ^ Davis , William C. ( 1994 ) . A Government of Our Own : The Making of the Confederacy . New York : Free Press . pp. 294 -- 295 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 02 - 907735 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` What I Really Said in the Cornerstone Speech '' Stephens , Alexander Hamilton ; Avary , Myrta Lockett ( 1998 ) . Recollections of Alexander H. Stephens : his diary kept when a prisoner at Fort Warren , Boston Harbor , 1865 , giving incidents and reflections of his prison life and some letters and reminiscence . Baton Rouge : Louisiana State University Press . p. 172 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8071 - 2268 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Declaration of the Immediate Causes Which Induce and Justify the Secession of South Carolina from the Federal Union '' . Avalon Project . Yale Law School . Retrieved October 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A Declaration of the Immediate Causes which Induce and Justify the Secession of the State of Mississippi from the Federal Union '' . Avalon Project . Yale Law School . Retrieved October 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Georgia 's secession declaration '' . Avalon Project . Yale Law School . Retrieved October 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Declaration of the Causes which Impel the State of Texas to Secede from the Federal Union '' . Avalon Project . Yale Law School . Retrieved October 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of 1861 , Ordinances 1 -- 20 '' . Legislature.state.al.us . Retrieved April 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ordinance of secession '' . Ufdc.ufl.edu . Retrieved April 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Young Sanders Center '' . Youngsanders.org . Retrieved April 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` More details on Florida 's ' declaration of causes ' '' Jump up ^ `` Florida Declaration of Causes '' Jump up ^ `` Library of Virginia : Civil War Research Guide -- Secession '' . Lva.virginia.gov . Retrieved April 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A Nation Divided : Arkansas in the Civil War -- History '' . Butlercenter.org . Retrieved April 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Civil War Era NC North Carolina voters rejected a secession convention , February 28 , 1861 '' . History.ncsu.edu . Retrieved April 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Whiteaker , Larry H. `` Civil War Entries '' . Tennessee Encyclopedia . Retrieved April 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Virginia Ordinance of Secession '' . Wvculture.org . Retrieved April 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ordinances of Secession '' . Constitution.org . Retrieved April 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Journal of Both Sessions of the Conventions of the State of Arkansas : Which Were Begun and Held in the Capitol , in the City of Little Rock , 1861 , pp. 51 -- 54 Jump up ^ `` Ordinances of Secession '' . Constitution.org . Retrieved April 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ordinances of Secession '' . Constitution.org . Retrieved April 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Annual Register ... for 1861 ( 1862 ) pp. 233 - 239 ^ Jump up to : Freehling , pp. 448 + Jump up ^ Freehling , p. 445 Jump up ^ Freehling , pp. 391 -- 394 Jump up ^ Freehling , p. 416 Jump up ^ Freehling , pp. 418 + ^ Jump up to : Freehling , p. 503 Jump up ^ February 28 , 1861 , Congress authorized Davis to accept state militias into national service . Confederate Act of Congress for `` provisionals '' on March 6 , 1861 , authorized 100,000 militia and volunteers under Davis ' command . May 6 , Congress empowered Davis to accept volunteers directly without state intermediaries . Keegan , John . The American Civil War : a military history 2009 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 26343 - 8 , p. 49 Jump up ^ Thomas , Emory T. , `` The Confederate Nation : 1861 -- 1865 '' 1979 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 090703 - 7 Chapter 3 . `` Foundations of the Southern Nation '' . pp. 59 , 81 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Emory T. , `` The Confederate Nation : 1861 -- 1865 '' 1979 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 090703 - 7 Chapter 3 . `` Foundations of the Southern Nation '' . Jump up ^ Some southern unionists blamed Lincoln 's call for troops as the precipitating event for the second wave of secessions . Historian James McPherson argues that such claims have `` a self - serving quality '' and regards them as misleading . He wrote : As the telegraph chattered reports of the attack on Sumter April 12 and its surrender next day , huge crowds poured into the streets of Richmond , Raleigh , Nashville , and other upper South cities to celebrate this victory over the Yankees . These crowds waved Confederate flags and cheered the glorious cause of southern independence . They demanded that their own states join the cause . Scores of demonstrations took place from April 12 to 14 , before Lincoln issued his call for troops . Many conditional unionists were swept along by this powerful tide of southern nationalism ; others were cowed into silence . -- McPherson p. 278 Historian Daniel W. Crofts disagrees with McPherson . Crofts wrote : The bombardment of Fort Sumter , by itself , did not destroy Unionist majorities in the upper South . Because only three days elapsed before Lincoln issued the proclamation , the two events viewed retrospectively , appear almost simultaneous . Nevertheless , close examination of contemporary evidence ... shows that the proclamation had a far more decisive impact . -- Crofts p. 336 Crofts further noted that , Many concluded ... that Lincoln had deliberately chosen ' to drive off all the Slave states , in order to make war on them and annihilate slavery . ' -- Crofts pp. 337 -- 338 , quoting the North Carolina politician Jonathan Worth ( 1802 -- 1869 ) . ^ Jump up to : James W. Loewen ( July 1 , 2015 ) . `` Why do people believe myths about the Confederacy ? Because our textbooks and monuments are wrong . '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ Journal and Proceedings of the Missouri State Convention Held at Jefferson City and St. Louis , March 1861 , George Knapp & Co. , 1861 , p. 47 Jump up ^ Eugene Morrow Violette , A History of Missouri ( 1918 ) . pp. 393 -- 395 Jump up ^ `` Secession Acts of the Thirteen Confederate States '' . Retrieved September 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Weigley ( 2000 ) p. 43 See also , Missouri 's Ordinance of Secession . Jump up ^ The text of South Carolina 's Ordinance of Secession . Also , `` South Carolina documents including signatories '' . Docsouth.unc.edu . Retrieved August 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ The text of Mississippi 's Ordinance of Secession . Jump up ^ The text of Florida 's Ordinance of Secession . Jump up ^ The text of Alabama 's Ordinance of Secession . Jump up ^ The text of Georgia 's Ordinance of Secession . Jump up ^ The text of Louisiana 's Ordinance of Secession . Jump up ^ The text of Texas ' Ordinance of Secession . Jump up ^ The text of Lincoln 's calling - up of the militia of the several States Jump up ^ The text of Virginia 's Ordinance of Secession . Virginia took two steps toward secession , first by secession convention vote on April 17 , 1861 , and then by ratification of this by a popular vote conducted on May 23 , 1861 . A Unionist Restored government of Virginia also operated . Virginia did not turn over its military to the Confederate States until June 8 , 1861 . The Commonwealth of Virginia ratified the Constitution of the Confederate States on June 19 , 1861 . Jump up ^ The text of Arkansas ' Ordinance of Secession . Jump up ^ The text of Tennessee 's Ordinance of Secession . The Tennessee legislature ratified an agreement to enter a military league with the Confederate States on May 7 , 1861 . Tennessee voters approved the agreement on June 8 , 1861 . Jump up ^ The text of North Carolina 's Ordinance of Secession . Jump up ^ Curry , Richard Orr , A House Divided , A Study of Statehood Politics and the Copperhead Movement in West Virginia , Univ. of Pittsburgh Press , 1964 , pg. 49 Jump up ^ Rice , Otis K. and Stephen W. Brown , West Virginia , A History , Univ. of Kentucky Press , 1993 , 2nd edition , pg. 112 . Another way of looking at the results would note the pro-union candidates winning 56 % with Bell 20,997 , Douglas 5,742 , and Lincoln 1,402 versus Breckenridge 21,908 . But the `` deeply divided sentiment '' point remains . Jump up ^ The Civil War in West Virginia Archived 2004 - 10 - 15 at the Wayback Machine . `` No other state serves as a better example of this than West Virginia , where there was relatively equal support for the northern and southern causes . '' Jump up ^ Snell , Mark A. , West Virginia and the Civil War , Mountaineers Are Always Free , History Press , Charleston , South Carolina , 2011 , pg. 28 Jump up ^ Leonard , Cynthia Miller , The General Assembly of Virginia , July 30 , 1619 -- January 11 , 1978 : A Bicentennial Register of Members , Virginia State Library , Richmond , VA , 1978 , pgs. 478 -- 493 Jump up ^ `` Marx and Engels on the American Civil War '' . Army of the Cumberland and George H. Thomas . and `` Background of the Confederate States Constitution '' . Civilwarhome.com . Jump up ^ Glatthaar , Joseph T. , `` General Lee 's Army : from victory to collapse '' 2008 ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 82787 - 2 Jump up ^ Freedmen & Southern Society Project , Chronology of Emancipation during the Civil War , University of Maryland . Retrieved January 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bowman , p. 48 . Jump up ^ Farish , Thomas Edwin ( 1915 ) . History of Arizona ,. 2 . Jump up ^ Declaration by the People of the Cherokee Nation of the Causes Which Have Impelled Them to Unite Their Fortunes With Those of the Confederate States of America . Jump up ^ The Texas delegation was seated with full voting rights after its statewide referendum of secession on March 2 , 1861 . It is generally counted as an `` original state '' of the Confederacy . Four upper south states declared secession following Lincoln 's call for volunteers : Virginia , Arkansas , Tennessee and North Carolina . `` The founders of the Confederacy desired and ideally envisioned a peaceful creation of a new union of all slave - holding states , including the border states of Delaware , Maryland , Kentucky and Missouri . '' Kentucky and Missouri were seated in December 1861 . Kenneth C. Martis , The Historical Atlas of the Congresses of the Confederate States of America 1861 -- 1865 ( 1994 ) p. 8 Jump up ^ The sessions of the Provisional Congress were in Montgomery , Alabama , ( 1 ) First Session February 4 -- March 10 , and ( 2 ) Second Session April 29 -- May 21 , 1861 . The Capital was moved to Richmond May 30 . The ( 3 ) Third Session was held July 20 -- August 31 . The ( 4 ) Fourth Session called for September 3 was never held . The ( 5 ) Fifth Session was held November 18 , 1861 -- February 17 , 1862 . Jump up ^ Martis , Historical Atlas , pp. 7 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Coulter , The Confederate States of America p. 100 Jump up ^ Coulter , The Confederate States of America p. 101 . Virginia was practically promised as a condition of secession by Vice President Stephens . It had rail connections south along the east coast and into the interior , and laterally west into Tennessee , parallel the U.S. border , a navigable river to the Hampton Roads to menace ocean approaches to Washington DC , trade via the Atlantic Ocean , an interior canal to North Carolina sounds . It was a great storehouse of supplies , food , feed , raw materials , and infrastructure of ports , drydocks , armories and the established Tredegar Iron Works . Nevertheless , Virginia never permanently ceded land for the capital district . A local homeowner donated his home to the City of Richmond for use as the Confederate White House , which was in turn rented to the Confederate government for the Jefferson Davis presidential home and administration offices . Jump up ^ Martis , Historical Atlas , pp. 2 . Jump up ^ Coulter , `` Confederate States of America '' , p. 102 . Jump up ^ Noe , Kenneth W. ; Wilson , Shannon H. , eds. ( 1997 ) . Civil War in Appalachia . Jump up ^ McKenzie , Robert Tracy ( 2002 ) . `` Contesting Secession : Parson Brownlow and the Rhetoric of Proslavery Unionism , 1860 -- 1861 '' . Civil War History . 48 ( 4 ) : 294 -- 312 . doi : 10.1353 / cwh. 2002.0060 . Jump up ^ Curry , Richard O. ( 1964 ) . A House Divided , Statehood Politics and the Copperhead Movement in West Virginia . Univ. of Pittsburgh . p. 8 . ISBN 9780822977513 . Jump up ^ McGregor , James C. ( 1922 ) . The Disruption of Virginia . Jump up ^ Zimring , David R. ( 2009 ) . `` ' Secession in Favor of the Constitution ' : How West Virginia Justified Separate Statehood during the Civil War '' . West Virginia History . 3 ( 2 ) : 23 -- 51 . doi : 10.1353 / wvh. 0.0060 . Jump up ^ Browning , Judkin ( 2005 ) . `` Removing the Mask of Nationality : Unionism , Racism , and Federal Military Occupation in North Carolina , 1862 -- 1865 '' . Journal of Southern History . 71 ( 3 ) : 589 -- 620 . JSTOR 27648821 . ^ Jump up to : Elliott , Claude ( 1947 ) . `` Union Sentiment in Texas 1861 -- 1865 '' . Southwestern Historical Quarterly . 50 ( 4 ) : 449 -- 477 . JSTOR 30237490 . Jump up ^ Wallace , Ernest . Texas in Turmoil . p. 138 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Randolph B. Gone to Texas . p. 264 . Jump up ^ Baum , Dale ( 1998 ) . The Shattering of Texas Unionism : Politics in the Lone Star State during the Civil War Era . LSU Press . p. 83 . ISBN 0 - 8071 - 2245 - 9 . Jump up ^ Neely , Mark E. Jr. ( 1999 ) . Southern Rights : Political Prisoners and the Myth of Confederate Constitutionalism . University Press of Virginia . ISBN 0 - 8139 - 1894 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : William Seward to Charles Francis Adams , April 10 , 1861 in Marion Mills Miller , ( ed . ) Life And Works Of Abraham Lincoln ( 1907 ) Vol 6 . Jump up ^ Carl Sandburg ( 1940 ) . Abraham Lincoln : The Prairie Years and the War Years . p. 151 . ISBN 9781402742880 . Jump up ^ Abraham Lincoln ( 1920 ) . Abraham Lincoln ; Complete Works , Comprising His Speeches , State Papers , and Miscellaneous Writings . Century . p. 542 . Jump up ^ Violations of the rules of law were precipitated on both sides and can be found in historical accounts of guerilla war , units in cross-racial combat and captives held in prisoner of war camps , brutal , tragic accounts against both soldiers and civilian populations . Jump up ^ Moore , Frank ( 1861 ) . The Rebellion Record . I. G.P. Putnam . pp. 195 -- 197 . ISBN 0 - 405 - 10877 - X . Doc . 140 . The places excepted in the Confederate States proclamation that `` a war exists '' were the places where slavery was allowed : States of Maryland , North Carolina , Tennessee , Kentucky , Arkansas , Missouri , and Delaware , and the Territories of Arizona , and New Mexico , and the Indian Territory south of Kansas . Jump up ^ Texas v. White , 74 U.S. 700 ( 1868 ) at Cornell University Law School Supreme Court collection . Jump up ^ Blumenthal ( 1966 ) Jump up ^ Lebergott , Stanley ( 1983 ) . `` Why the South Lost : Commercial Purpose in the Confederacy , 1861 -- 1865 '' . Journal of American History . 70 ( 1 ) : 61 . JSTOR 1890521 . Jump up ^ Blumenthal ( 1966 ) ; Jones ( 2009 ) ; Owsley ( 1959 ) Jump up ^ Richard Shannon ( 2008 ) . Gladstone : God and Politics . p. 144 . ISBN 9781847252036 . Jump up ^ Thomas Paterson , et al. American foreign relations : A history , to 1920 : Volume 1 ( 2009 ) pp. 149 -- 55 . Jump up ^ Howard Jones , Abraham Lincoln and a New Birth of Freedom : The Union and Slavery in the Diplomacy of the Civil War ( 2002 ) p 48 Jump up ^ Judith Fenner Gentry , `` A Confederate Success in Europe : The Erlanger Loan '' , Journal of Southern History ( 1970 ) 36 # 2 pp. 157 -- 188 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Stanley Lebergott , `` Through the blockade : the profitability and extent of cotton smuggling , 1861 -- 1865 . '' Journal of Economic History 41 # 4 ( 1981 ) : 867 - 888 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Alexander DeConde , ed . Encyclopedia of American foreign policy ( 2001 ) vol 1 p 202 and Stephen R. Wise , Lifeline of the Confederacy : Blockade Running During the Civil War , ( 1991 ) , p. 86 . Jump up ^ Wise , Stephen R. , Lifeline of the Confederacy : Blockade Running During the Civil War , University of South Carolina Press , 1991 ISBN 0 - 87249 - 799 - 2 ISBN 978 - 0 - 87249 - 799 - 3 , p. 86 . An example of agents working openly can be found in Hamilton Bermuda where a Confederate agent openly worked to help blockade runners . Jump up ^ `` Jefferson Davis and Pope Pius IX American Civil War Forums '' . Civilwartalk.com . Retrieved December 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ In November 1863 , Confederate diplomat A. Dudley Mann met Pope Pius IX in Rome and received a letter addressed `` to the Illustrious and Honorable Jefferson Davis , President of the Confederate States of America '' . Mann , in his dispatch to Richmond , interpreted the letter as `` a positive recognition of our Government '' . Confederate Secretary of State Judah P. Benjamin interpreted it as `` a mere inferential recognition , unconnected with political action or the regular establishment of diplomatic relations '' and thus did not assign it the weight of formal recognition . See Official Records of the Union and Confederate Navies in the War of the Rebellion , p. 1015 . Jump up ^ Thomas , The Confederate Nation pp. 219 -- 220 Jump up ^ Scholars such as Emory M. Thomas have characterized Girard 's book as `` more propaganda than anything else , but Girard caught one essential truth '' , the quote referenced . ( Thomas , The Confederate Nation , p. 220 ) . Jump up ^ Fremantle , Arthur ( 1864 ) . Three Months in the Southern States . United Kingdom : University of Nebraska Press . p. 124 . ISBN 9781429016667 . Jump up ^ Thomas , The Confederate Nation p. 220 Jump up ^ Thomas , The Confederate Nation pp. 219 , 220 , 221 . Jump up ^ Thomas , The Confederate Nation pp. 243 . Jump up ^ Richardson , James D. ( ed . ) ( 1905 ) . A compilation of the messages and papers of the Confederacy : including the diplomatic correspondence , 1861 -- 1865 . Volume II . Nashville : United States Publishing Company . p. 697 . Retrieved March 18 , 2013 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Levine , Bruce ( 2013 ) . The Fall of the House of Dixie . Random House . p. 248 . Jump up ^ Michael Perman and Amy Murrell Taylor , eds. ( 2010 ) . Major Problems in the Civil War and Reconstruction . Cengage . p. 178 . ISBN 0618875204 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ James McPherson , For Cause and Comrades : Why Men Fought in the Civil War ( 1998 ) Jump up ^ Coulter , The Confederate States of America , pp. 342 -- 343 Jump up ^ James M. McPherson Professor of American History Princeton University ( 1996 ) . Drawn with the Sword : Reflections on the American Civil War : Reflections on the American Civil War . Oxford U.P. p. 152 . ISBN 9780199727834 . Jump up ^ Coulter , The Confederate States of America , p. 348 . The enemy could not hold territory , a hostile people would close in behind . The Confederacy still existed wherever there was an army under her unfurled banners . Jump up ^ The cash crops circling the Great Seal are wheat , corn , tobacco , cotton , rice and sugar cane . Like Washington 's equestrian statue honoring him at Union Square NYC 1856 , slaveholding Washington is pictured in his uniform of the Revolution securing American independence . While armed , he does not have his sword drawn as he is depicted in the equestrian statue at the Virginia Capitol , Richmond , Virginia . The plates for the Great Seal were engraved in England but never received due to the Union Blockade . Jump up ^ Coulter , The Confederate States of America , p. 343 Jump up ^ Coulter , The Confederate States of America , p. 346 Jump up ^ Coulter , The Confederate States of America , pp. 333 -- 338 . Jump up ^ Coulter , The Confederate States of America , p. 286 . After capture by Federals , Memphis , TN became a major source of supply for Confederate armies , comparable to Nassau and its blockade runners . Jump up ^ Coulter , The Confederate States of America , p. 306 . Confederate units harassed them throughout the war years by laying torpedo mines and loosing barrages from shoreline batteries . Jump up ^ Coulter , The Confederate States of America , pp. 287 -- 8 . The principal ports on the Atlantic were Wilmington , North Carolina , Charleston , South Carolina , and Savannah , Georgia for supplies from Europe via Bermuda and Nassau . On the Gulf were Galveston , Texas and New Orleans , Louisiana for those from Havana , Cuba and Mexican ports of Tampico and Vera Cruz . Jump up ^ Coulter , The Confederate States of America , pp. 296 , 304 . Two days later Lincoln proclaimed a blockade , declaring them pirates . Davis responded with letters of marque to protect privateers from outlaw status . Some of the early raiders were converted merchantmen seized in Southern ports at the outbreak of the war Jump up ^ Coulter , The Confederate States of America , pp. 299 -- 302 . The Torpedo Bureau seeded defensive water - borne mines in principal harbors and rivers to compromise the Union naval superiority . These `` torpedoes '' were said to have caused more loss in U.S. naval ships and transports than by any other cause . Despite a rage for Congressional appropriations and public `` subscription ironclads '' , armored platforms constructed in blockaded ports lacked the requisite marine engines to become ironclad warships . The armored platforms intended to become ironclads were employed instead as floating batteries for port city defense . Jump up ^ Coulter , The Confederate States of America , p. 321 Jump up ^ `` 1862blackCSN '' . Jump up ^ Joseph T. Glatthaar , Soldiering in the Army of Northern Virginia : A Statistical Portrait of the Troops Who Served under Robert E. Lee ( 2011 ) p. 3 , ch 9 Jump up ^ Coulter , E. Merton , `` The Confederate States of America : 1861 -- 1865 '' , op . cit. , p. 313 - 315 , 318 . Jump up ^ Alfred L. Brophy , `` Necessity Knows No Law : '' Vested Rights and the Styles of Reasoning in the Confederate Conscription Cases , Mississippi Law Journal ( 2000 ) 69 : 1123 -- 80 . Jump up ^ Rubin p. 104 . Jump up ^ Levine pp. 146 -- 147 . Jump up ^ Coulter , The Confederate States of America pp. 308 -- 311 . The patchwork recruitment was ( a ) with and without state militia enrolment , ( b ) state Governor sponsorship and direct service under Davis , ( c ) for under six months , one year , three years and the duration of the war . Davis proposed recruitment for some period of years or the duration . Congress and the states equivocated . Governor Brown of Georgia became `` the first and most persistent critic '' of Confederate centralized military and civil power . Jump up ^ Coulter , The Confederate States of America pp. 310 -- 311 Jump up ^ Coulter , The Confederate States of America pp. 328 , 330 -- 332 . About 90 % of West Pointers in the U.S. Army resigned to join the Confederacy . Notably , of Virginia 's West Pointers , not 90 % but 70 % resigned for the Confederacy . Exemplary officers without military training included John B. Gordon , Nathan B. Forrest , James J. Pettigrew , John H. Morgan , Turner Ashby and John S. Mosby . Most preliminary officer training was had from Hardee 's `` Tactics '' , and thereafter by observation and experience in battle . The Confederacy had no officers training camps or military academies , although early on , cadets of the Virginia Military Institute and other military schools drilled enlisted troops in battlefield evolutions . Jump up ^ Coulter , The Confederate States of America pp. 310 -- 311 . Early 1862 `` dried up the enthusiasm to volunteer '' due to the impact of victory 's battle casualties , the humiliation of defeats and the dislike of camp life with its monotony , confinement and mortal diseases . Immediately following the great victory at the Battle of Manassas , many believed the war was won and there was no need for more troops . Then the new year brought defeat over February 6 -- 23 : Fort Henry , Roanoke Island , Fort Donelson , Nashville -- the first capital to fall . Among some not yet in uniform , the less victorious `` Cause '' seemed less glorious . Jump up ^ Coulter , The Confederate States of America p. 312 . The government funded parades and newspaper ad campaigns , $2,000,000 for recruitment in Kentucky alone . With a state - enacted draft , Governor Brown with a quota of 12,000 raised 22,000 Georgia militia . Jump up ^ Coulter , The Confederate States of America pp. 313 , 332 . Officially dropping 425 officers by board review in October was followed immediately by 1,300 `` resignations '' . Some officers who resigned then served honorably as enlisted for the duration or until they were made casualties , others resigned and returned home until conscription . Jump up ^ Coulter , The Confederate States of America p. 313 Jump up ^ Coulter , The Confederate States of America pp. 313 -- 314 . Military officers including Joseph E. Johnston and Robert E. Lee , advocated conscription . In the circumstances they persuaded Congressmen and newspaper editors . Some editors advocating conscription in early 1862 later became `` savage critics of conscription and of Davis for his enforcement of it : Yancey of Alabama , Rhett of the Charleston ' Mercury ' , Pollard of the Richmond ' Examiner ' , and Senator Wigfall of Texas . '' Jump up ^ Coulter , The Confederate States of America pp. 313 -- 314 , 319 . Apart from their respective system exemptions , populations under Federal administration were subject to a `` wheel of fortune '' draft by aggregate number from each state in each draft , rather than the Confederate 's universal selection by age . Overrun areas such as Kentucky and Missouri were not subject to the draft , these areas expanded as the war progressed . The act abolishing the substitute system and nullifying the principal 's exemption was challenged in court as a violation of contract , but `` no court of importance so held . '' Jump up ^ Coulter , The Confederate States of America pp. 315 -- 317 . Jump up ^ Coulter , The Confederate States of America p. 320 . One such exemption was allowed for every 20 slaves on a plantation , the May 1863 reform required previous occupation and that the plantation of 20 slaves ( or group of plantations within a five - mile area ) had not been subdivided after the first exemption of April 1862 . Jump up ^ Coulter , The Confederate States of America pp. 317 -- 318 . There were no organized political parties , but elective offices were also exempted . Virtually every position was contested with as many as twenty candidates for each office . Some scholars such as Martis interpret this as robust democratic society in wartime . Coulter attributes the widely new found enthusiasm for political careers as a means to `` get out of the army or keep from getting into it . '' State Governor patronage expanded most notably in the tens of thousands in Georgia and North Carolina . In Greene County , Georgia , two dozen men ran for three offices ; in protest , the women of the county ran a ticket of three men older than the 45 years conscription age . Jump up ^ Coulter , The Confederate States of America p. 319 . Jump up ^ Coulter , `` The Confederates States of America '' , p. 324 . Jump up ^ Coulter , The Confederate States of America pp. 322 -- 324 , 326 . The Conscription Bureau was run by Brigadier General Gabriel J. Rains until May 1863 , Brigadier General Charles W. Field until July 1864 , Colonel John S. Preston until `` the bitter end '' . The `` odium and disgrace '' of conscription led many to volunteer . The Bureau was `` undoubtedly very inefficient '' as officers were culled from those unwanted for field service . Virginia had 26,000 volunteers to 9,000 conscripts . Governor Vance NC `` vigorously supported conscription '' , uncharacteristically netting 21,343 conscripts to 8,000 volunteers . Necessary railroad positions once demeaned as `` blacks only '' were in 1864 taken by whites of military age . Jump up ^ Coulter , The Confederate States of America pp. 323 -- 325 , 327 . Those governors with constitutional reservations refused to participate in conscription . In Fall 1864 , Lee required of Davis a total number of 150,000 to match Grant 's numbers , `` else I fear a great calamity will befall us . '' This led to Davis appointing officers such as General Pillow to recruiting positions . As a military recruiting officer , Gideon J. Pillow for whom Fort Pillow , was named , brought in 25,000 for Braxton Bragg and Joseph E. Johnston . Jump up ^ Rable ( 1994 ) p. 265 . Jump up ^ Margaret Leech , Reveille in Washington ( 1942 ) Jump up ^ Stephens , Alexander H. ( 1870 ) . A Constitutional View of the Late War Between the States ( PDF ) . 2 . p. 36 . I maintain that it was inaugurated and begun , though no blow had been struck , when the hostile fleet , styled the ' Relief Squadron , ' with eleven ships , carrying two hundred and eighty - five guns and two thousand four hundred men , was sent out from New York and Norfolk , with orders from the authorities at Washington , to reinforce Fort Sumter peaceably , if permitted ' but forcibly if they must ' ... After the war , Confederate Vice President Alexander H. Stephens maintained that Lincoln 's attempt to resupply Sumter was a disguised reinforcement and had provoked the war . Jump up ^ Lincoln 's proclamation calling for troops from the remaining states ( bottom of page ) ; Department of War details to States ( top ) . Jump up ^ Coulter , The Confederate States of America , pp. 352 -- 353 . Jump up ^ The War of the Rebellion : a Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies ; Series 1 . 5 . p. 56 . 4 Jump up ^ Rice , Otis K. and Stephen W. Brown , West Virginia , A History , Univ. of Kentucky Press , 1993 , 2nd edition , pg. 130 Jump up ^ Coulter , The Confederate States of America , p. 353 . Jump up ^ Glatthaar , Joseph T. , General Lee 's Army : From Victory to Collapse , Free Press 2008 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 82787 - 2 , p. xiv . Inflicting intolerable casualties on invading Federal armies was a Confederate strategy to make the northern Unionists relent in their pursuit of restoring the Union . Jump up ^ Ambler , Charles , Francis H. Pierpont : Union War Governor of Virginia and Father of West Virginia , Univ. of North Carolina , 1937 , pg. 419 , note 36 . Letter of Adjutant General Henry L. Samuels , August 22 , 1862 , to Gov. Francis Pierpont listing 22 of 48 counties under sufficient control for soldier recruitment . Congressional Globe , 37th Congress , 3rd Session , Senate Bill S. 531 , February 14 , 1863 `` A bill supplemental to the act entitled ' An act for the Admission of the State of ' West Virginia ' into the Union , and for other purposes ' which would include the counties of `` Boone , Logan , Wyoming , Mercer , McDowell , Pocahontas , Raleigh , Greenbrier , Monroe , Pendleton , Fayette , Nicholas , and Clay , now in the possession of the so - called confederate government . '' Jump up ^ Martis , Historical Atlas , pp. 27 . In the Mississippi River Valley , during the first half of February , central Tennessee 's Fort Henry was lost and Fort Donelson fell with a small army . By the end of the month , Nashville , Tennessee was the first conquered Confederate state capital . On April 6 -- 7 Federals turned back the Confederate offensive at the Battle of Shiloh , and three days later Island Number 10 , controlling the upper Mississippi River , fell to a combined Army and Naval gunboat siege of three weeks . Federal occupation of Confederate territory expanded to include northwestern Arkansas , south down the Mississippi River and east up the Tennessee River . The Confederate River Defense fleet sank two Union ships at Plum Point Bend ( naval Fort Pillow ) , but they withdrew and Fort Pillow was captured downriver . ^ Jump up to : Martis , Historical Atlas , pp. 28 . ^ Jump up to : Martis , Historical Atlas , pp. 27 . Federal occupation expanded into northern Virginia , and their control of the Mississippi extended south to Nashville , Tennessee . Jump up ^ Coulter , The Confederate States of America , p. 354 . Federal sea - based amphibious forces captured Roanoke Island , North Carolina along with a large garrison in February . In March , Confederates abandoned forts at Fernandia and St. Augustine Florida , and lost New Berne , North Carolina . In April , New Orleans fell and Savannah , Georgia was closed by the Battle of Fort Pulaski . In May retreating Confederates burned their two pre-war Navy yards at Norfolk and Pensacola . See Coulter , The Confederate States of America , pp. 287 , 306 , 302 Jump up ^ Coulter , The Confederate States of America , pp. 294 , 296 -- 7 . Europeans refused to allow captured U.S. shipping to be sold for the privateers 95 % share , so through 1862 , Confederate privateering disappeared . The CSA Congress authorized a Volunteer Navy to man cruisers the following year . Jump up ^ Coulter , The Confederate States of America , pp. 288 -- 291 . As many as half the Confederate blockade runners had British nationals serving as officers and crew . Confederate regulations required one - third , then one - half of the cargoes to be munitions , food and medicine . Jump up ^ Coulter , The Confederate States of America , pp. 287 , 306 , 302 , 306 and CSS Atlanta , USS Atlanta . Navy Heritage . In both events , as with the CSS Virginia , the Navy 's bravery and fighting skill was compromised in combat by mechanical failure in the engines or steering . The joint combined Army - Navy defense by General Robert E. Lee , and his successor and Commodore Josiah Tattnall , repelled amphibious assault of Savannah for the duration of the war . Union General Tecumseh Sherman captured Savannah from the land side in December 1864 . The British blockade runner Fingal was purchased and converted to the ironclad CSS Atlanta . It made two sorties , was captured by Union forces , repaired , and returned to service as the ironclad USS Atlanta supporting Grant 's Siege of Petersburg . Jump up ^ Coulter , The Confederate States of America , p. 303 . French shipyards built four corvettes , and two ironclad rams for the Confederacy , but the American minister prevented their delivery . British firms contracted to build two additional ironclad rams , but under threat from the U.S. , the British government bought them for their own navy . Two of the converted blockade runners effectively raided up and down the Atlantic coast until the end of the war . Jump up ^ Coulter , The Confederate States of America , pp. 354 -- 356 . McClellan 's Peninsula Campaign caused the surprised Confederates to destroy their winter camp to mobilize against the threat to their Capital . They burned `` a vast amount of supplies '' to keep them from falling into enemy hands . Jump up ^ Nevin 's analysis of the strategic highpoint of Confederate military scope and effectiveness is in contra - distinction to the conventional `` last chance '' battlefield imagery of the High - water mark of the Confederacy found at `` The Angle '' of the Battle of Gettysburg . Jump up ^ Allan Nevins , War for the Union ( 1960 ) pp 289 -- 90 . Weak national leadership led to disorganized overall direction in contrast to improved organization in Washington . With another 10,000 men Lee and Bragg might have prevailed in the border states , but the local populations did not respond to their pleas to recruit additional soldiers . Jump up ^ Rice , Otis K. ; Brown , Stephen W. ( 1993 ) . West Virginia , A History ( 2nd ed . ) . Univ. of Kentucky Press . pp. 134 -- 135 . ISBN 0 - 8131 - 1854 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` The Civil War Comes to Charleston '' . Jump up ^ Coulter , The Confederate States of America , p. 357 Jump up ^ Coulter , The Confederate States of America , p. 356 Jump up ^ Martis ( 1994 ) pp. 28 . Jump up ^ Coulter , The Confederate States of America , pp. 297 -- 8 . They were required to supply their own ships and equipment , but they received 90 % of their captures at auction , 25 % of any U.S. warships or transports captured or destroyed . Confederate cruisers raided merchant ship commerce but for one exception in 1864 . Jump up ^ Coulter , The Confederate States of America , p. 294 . Confederates estimated that the Union Blockade interdicted no more than 10 % of the cotton exported , but the Lincoln administration claimed one of every three blockade runners were being captured . Jump up ^ Coulter , The Confederate States of America , pp. 305 -- 306 . The most successful Confederate merchant raider 1863 -- 1864 , CSS Alabama had ranged the Atlantic for two years , sinking 58 vessels worth $6 , 54,000 , but she was trapped and sunk in June by the chain - clad USS Kearsarge off Cherbourg , France . Jump up ^ Coulter , The Confederate States of America , in 1862 , CSS Atlanta , USS Atlanta . Navy Heritage , in 1863 the ironclad CSS Savannah Jump up ^ Coulter , The Confederate States of America , p. 305 Jump up ^ Mary Elizabeth Massey , Refugee Life in the Confederacy ( 1964 ) Jump up ^ Foote , Shelby ( 1974 ) . The Civil War , a narrative : Vol III . p. 967 . ISBN 0 394 74622 8 . Sherman was closing in on Raleigh , whose occupation tomorrow would make it the ninth of the eleven seceded state capitals to feel the tread of the invader ; all , that is , but Austin and Tallahassee , whose survival was less the result of their ability to resist than it was of Federal oversight or disinterest . Jump up ^ Coulter , The Confederate States of America , p. 287 Jump up ^ The French - built ironclad CSS Stonewall had been purchased from Denmark and set sail from Spain in March . The crew of the CSS Shenandoah hauled down the last Confederate flag at Liverpool in the UK on November 5 , 1865 . John Baldwin ( Author ) , Ron Powers ( Author ) . Last Flag Down : The Epic Journey of the Last Confederate Warship ( May 6 , 2008 ed . ) . Three Rivers Press . p. 368 . ISBN 0 - 307 - 23656 - 0 . Jump up ^ Gallagher p. 157 Jump up ^ Davis , Jefferson . A Short History of the Confederate States of America , 1890 , 2010 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 175 - 82358 - 8 . available free online as an ebook . Chapter LXXXVIII , `` Re-establishment of the Union by force '' , p. 503 . Retrieved March 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dorris , J.T. ( 1928 ) . `` Pardoning the Leaders of the Confederacy '' . Mississippi Valley Historical Review . 15 ( 1 ) : 3 -- 21 . JSTOR 1891664 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Andrew . Proclamation 179 -- Granting full pardon and amnesty for the offense of treason against the United States during the late Civil War December 25 , 1868 . viewed July 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nichols , Roy Franklin ( 1926 ) . `` United States vs. Jefferson Davis , 1865 -- 1869 '' . American Historical Review . 31 ( 2 ) : 266 -- 284 . JSTOR 1838262 . Jump up ^ Jefferson Davis ( 2008 ) . The Papers of Jefferson Davis : June 1865 -- December 1870 . Louisiana State UP . p. 96 . ISBN 9780807133415 . Jump up ^ Nichols , `` United States vs. Jefferson Davis , 1865 -- 1869 '' . Jump up ^ Eberhard P. Deutsch , `` United States v. Jefferson Davis : Constitutional Issues in the Trial for Treason '' . American Bar Association Journal ( 1966 ) : 139 -- 145 . in JSTOR and Vol. 52 , No. 3 ( MARCH 1966 ) , pp. 263 -- 268 part 2 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Murray , Robert Bruce ( 2003 ) . Legal Cases of the Civil War . Stackpole Books . pp. 155 -- 159 . ISBN 0 - 8117 - 0059 - 3 . Jump up ^ Zuczek , Richard . `` Texas v. White ( 1869 ) '' . Encyclopedia of the Reconstruction Era . p. 649 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 33073 - 5 . Jump up ^ Owsley , Frank L. ( 1925 ) . State Rights in the Confederacy . Chicago . Jump up ^ Thomas . The Confederate Nation . p. 155 . Jump up ^ Owsley ( 1925 ) . `` Local Defense and the Overthrow of the Confederacy '' . Mississippi Valley Historical Review . 11 : 492 -- 525 . JSTOR 1895910 . Jump up ^ Rable ( 1994 ) 257 . For a detailed criticism of Owsley 's argument see Beringer , Richard E. ; Still , William N. Jr. ; Jones , Archer ; Hattaway , Herman ( 1986 ) . Why the South Lost the Civil War . University of Georgia Press . pp. 443 -- 57 . Brown declaimed against Davis Administration policies : `` Almost every act of usurpation of power , or of bad faith , has been conceived , brought forth and nurtured in secret session . '' Jump up ^ See also Beringer , Richard ; et al. ( 1986 ) . Why the South Lost the Civil War . University of Georgia Press . pp. 64 -- 83 , 424 -- 57 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Rable ( 1994 ) . The Confederate Republic : A Revolution Against Politics . pp. 258 , 259 . ISBN 9780807821442 . Jump up ^ Moretta , John ( 1999 ) . `` Pendleton Murrah and States Rights in Civil War Texas '' . Civil War History . 45 ( 2 ) : 126 -- 46 . doi : 10.1353 / cwh. 1999.0101 . Jump up ^ Moore , Albert Burton ( 1924 ) . Conscription and Conflict in the Confederacy . p. 295 . Jump up ^ Cooper ( 2000 ) p. 462 . Rable ( 1994 ) pp. 2 -- 3 . Rable wrote , `` But despite heated arguments and no little friction between the competing political cultures of unity and liberty , antiparty and broader fears about politics in general shaped civic life . These beliefs could obviously not eliminate partisanship or prevent Confederates from holding on to and exploiting old political prejudices ... Even the most bitter foes of the Confederate government , however , refused to form an opposition party , and the Georgia dissidents , to cite the most prominent example , avoided many traditional political activities . Only in North Carolina did there develop anything resembling a party system , and there the central values of the Confederacy 's two political cultures had a far more powerful influence on political debate than did organizational maneuvering . '' Jump up ^ Donald , David Herbert , ed. ( 1996 ) . Why the North Won the Civil War . pp. 112 -- 113 . Potter wrote in his contribution to this book , `` Where parties do not exist , criticism of the administration is likely to remain purely an individual matter ; therefore the tone of the criticism is likely to be negative , carping , and petty , as it certainly was in the Confederacy . But where there are parties , the opposition group is strongly impelled to formulate real alternative policies and to press for the adoption of these policies on a constructive basis ... But the absence of a two - party system meant the absence of any available alternative leadership , and the protest votes which were cast in the ( 1863 Confederate mid-term ) election became more expressions of futile and frustrated dissatisfaction rather than implements of a decision to adopt new and different policies for the Confederacy . '' ^ Jump up to : Coulter . Confederate States of America . pp. 105 -- 106 . Jump up ^ Escott , Paul ( 1992 ) . After Secession : Jefferson Davis and the Failure of Confederate Nationalism . Louisiana State University Press . ISBN 0 - 8071 - 1807 - 9 . Jump up ^ Coulter . Confederate States of America . pp. 108 , 113 , 103 . Jump up ^ `` Jefferson Davis ( 1808 -- 1889 ) '' . Encyclopedia Virginia . Retrieved March 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Davis p. 248 . Jump up ^ Coulter , `` Confederate States of America '' , p. 22 . The Texas delegation had four in the U.S. Congress , seven in the Montgomery Convention . Jump up ^ Coulter , `` Confederate States of America '' , p. 23 . While the Texas delegation was seated , and is counted in the `` original seven '' states of the Confederacy , its referendum to ratify secession had not taken place , so its delegates did not yet vote on instructions from their state legislature . Jump up ^ Coulter , `` Confederate States of America '' , pp. 23 -- 26 . Jump up ^ Coulter , `` Confederate States of America '' , pp. 25 , 27 Jump up ^ Martis , Kenneth C. ( 1994 ) . The Historical Atlas of the Congresses of the Confederate States of America : 1861 -- 1865 . Simon & Schuster . p. 1 . ISBN 0 - 13 - 389115 - 1 . Jump up ^ Martis , Historical Atlas , pp. 1 Jump up ^ Martis , Historical Atlas , pp. 72 -- 73 Jump up ^ Martis , Historical Atlas , pp. 3 Jump up ^ Martis , Historical Atlas , pp. 90 -- 91 Jump up ^ `` '' Legal Materials on the Confederate States of America in the Schaffer Law Library `` , Albany Law School '' . Albanylaw.edu . Retrieved August 29 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : ( Moise , E. Warren , Rebellion in the Temple of Justice ( iUniverse 2003 ) ) Jump up ^ `` Records of District Courts of the United States , National Archives '' . Archives.gov . Retrieved August 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` JOHN H. REAGAN -- The Old Roman '' . John H. Reagan Camp # 2156 ; Sons of Confederate Veterans . Retrieved November 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` REAGAN , John Henninger , ( 1818 -- 1905 ) '' . Biographical Directory of the United States . Retrieved February 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Postal Issue Used in the Confederacy ( 1893 ) '' . Smithsonian National Postal Museum . Retrieved January 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Walter Flavius McCaleb , `` The Organization of the Post-Office Department of the Confederacy '' , American Historical Review Vol. 12 , No. 1 ( Oct. 1906 ) , pp. 66 -- 74 in JSTOR Jump up ^ L.R. Garrison , `` Administrative Problems of the Confederate Post Office Department I '' , Southwestern Historical Quarterly Vol. 19 , No. 2 ( Oct. 1915 ) , pp. 111 -- 141 and Vol. 19 , No. 3 ( Jan. 1916 ) , pp. 232 -- 250 in JSTOR and in JSTOR Jump up ^ `` Confederate States Post Office '' . Smithsonian National Postal Museum . Retrieved November 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Neely ( 1999 ) p. 1 Jump up ^ Neely ( 1999 ) p. 172 . Neely notes that . `` Most surprising of all , the Confederacy at a greater rate than the North arrested persons who held opposition political views at least in part because they held them , despite the Confederacy 's vaunted lack of political parties . Such arrests were more common before 1863 while memories of the votes on secession remained fresh . '' Jump up ^ Neely ( 1993 ) pp. 11 , 16 . Jump up ^ Wiley , Bell Irvin ( 1938 ) . Southern Negroes , 1861 -- 1865 . pp. 21 , 66 -- 69 . Jump up ^ `` African Americans In The Civil War '' . History Net : Where History Comes Alive - World & US History Online . Jump up ^ Litwack , Leon F. ( 1979 ) . Been in the Storm So Long : The Aftermath of Slavery . New York : Knopf . pp. 30 -- 36 , 105 -- 66 . ISBN 0 - 394 - 50099 - 7 . Jump up ^ Vorenberg , Michael , ed. ( 2010 ) . The Emancipation Proclamation : A Brief History with Documents . Jump up ^ Kolchin , Peter ( 2015 ) . `` Reexamining Southern Emancipation in Comparative Perspective '' . Journal of Southern History . 81 ( 1 ) : 7 -- 40 . Jump up ^ Thomas , The Confederate Nation pp. 13 -- 14 Jump up ^ R. Douglas Hurt , Agriculture and the Confederacy : Policy , Productivity , and Power in the Civil War South ( 2015 ) Jump up ^ William L. Barney ( 2011 ) . The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Civil War . Oxford Up . p. 291 . ISBN 9780199878147 . Jump up ^ Leslie Alexander ( 2010 ) . Encyclopedia of African American History . ABC - CLIO . p. 351 . ISBN 9781851097746 . Jump up ^ Thomas The Confederate Nation pp. 12 -- 15 Jump up ^ Thomas The Confederate Nation pp. 15 -- 16 Jump up ^ Thomas The Confederate Nation p. 16 Jump up ^ Thomas Conn Bryan ( 2009 ) . Confederate Georgia . U. of Georgia Press . pp. 105 -- 9 . ISBN 9780820334998 . Jump up ^ Tariff of the Confederate States of America , May 21 , 1861 . Jump up ^ Ian Drury , ed . American Civil War : Naval & Economic Warfare ( 2003 ) p. 138 . ISBN 0 - 00 - 716458 - 0 . `` The Confederacy underwent a government - led industrial revolution during the war , but its economy was slowly strangled . '' Jump up ^ Hankey , John P. ( 2011 ) . `` The Railroad War '' . Trains . Kalmbach Publishing Company . 71 ( 3 ) : 24 -- 35 . Jump up ^ Charles W. Ramsdell , `` The Confederate Government and the Railroads , American Historical Review , ( 1917 ) 22 # 4 pp. 794 -- 810 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Mary Elizabeth Massey . Ersatz in the Confederacy ( 1952 ) p. 128 . Jump up ^ Ramsdell , `` The Confederate Government and the Railroads '' , pp. 809 -- 810 . Jump up ^ Spencer Jones , `` The Influence of Horse Supply Upon Field Artillery in the American Civil War '' , Journal of Military History , ( April 2010 ) , 74 # 2 pp 357 -- 377 , Jump up ^ G. Terry Sharrer , `` The great glanders epizootic , 1861 -- 1866 '' , Agricultural History , ( 1995 ) 69 # 1 pp 79 -- 97 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Keith Miller , `` Southern Horse '' , Civil War Times , ( February 2006 ) 45 # 1 pp 30 -- 36 online Jump up ^ Cooper , William J. ( 2010 ) . Jefferson Davis , American . Knopf Doubleday . p. 378 . ISBN 9780307772640 . Jump up ^ Burdekin , Richard ; Langdana , Farrokh ( 1993 ) . `` War Finance in the Southern Confederacy , 1861 -- 1865 '' . Explorations in Economic History . 30 ( 3 ) : 352 -- 376 . doi : 10.1006 / exeh. 1993.1015 . Jump up ^ Wright , John D. ( 2001 ) . The Language of the Civil War . p. 41 . ISBN 9781573561358 . Jump up ^ Coulter . Confederate States of America . pp. 151 -- 153 , 127 . Jump up ^ Kidd , Jessica Fordham ( 2006 ) . `` Privation and Pride : Life in Blockaded Alabama '' . Alabama Heritage Magazine . 82 : 8 -- 15 . Jump up ^ Massey , Mary Elizabeth ( 1952 ) . Ersatz in the Confederacy : Shortages and Substitutes on the Southern Homefront . pp. 71 -- 73 . Jump up ^ Coulter , E. Merton ( 1927 ) . `` The Movement for Agricultural Reorganization in the Cotton South during the Civil War '' . Agricultural History . 1 ( 1 ) : 3 -- 17 . JSTOR 3739261 . Jump up ^ Thompson , C. Mildred ( 1915 ) . Reconstruction In Georgia : Economic , Social , Political 1865 -- 1872 . pp. 14 -- 17 , 22 . Jump up ^ McCurry , Stephanie ( 2011 ) . `` ' Bread or Blood ! ' '' . Civil War Times . 50 ( 3 ) : 36 -- 41 . Jump up ^ Williams , Teresa Crisp ; Williams , David ( 2002 ) . `` ' The Women Rising ' : Cotton , Class , and Confederate Georgia 's Rioting Women '' . Georgia Historical Quarterly . 86 ( 1 ) : 49 -- 83 . JSTOR 40584640 . Jump up ^ Chesson , Michael B. ( 1984 ) . `` Harlots or Heroines ? A New Look at the Richmond Bread Riot '' . Virginia Magazine of History and Biography. 92 ( 2 ) : 131 -- 175 . JSTOR 4248710 . Jump up ^ Titus , Katherine R. ( 2011 ) . `` The Richmond Bread Riot of 1863 : Class , Race , and Gender in the Urban Confederacy '' . The Gettysburg College Journal of the Civil War Era . 2 ( 6 ) : 86 -- 146 . Jump up ^ Paskoff , Paul F. ( 2008 ) . `` Measures of War : A Quantitative Examination of the Civil War 's Destructiveness in the Confederacy '' . Civil War History . 54 ( 1 ) : 35 -- 62 . doi : 10.1353 / cwh. 2008.0007 . ^ Jump up to : Paskoff , `` Measures of War '' Jump up ^ Ezell , John Samuel ( 1963 ) . The South since 1865 . pp. 27 -- 28 . Jump up ^ Frank , Lisa Tendrich , ed. ( 2008 ) . Women in the American Civil War . Jump up ^ Faust , Drew Gilpin ( 1996 ) . Mothers of Invention : Women of the Slaveholding South in the American Civil War . pp. 139 -- 152 . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 2255 - 8 . Jump up ^ Jabour , Anya ( 2007 ) . Scarlett 's Sisters : Young Women in the Old South . U of North Carolina Press . pp. 273 -- 280 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 3101 - 4 . Jump up ^ Coulter , Ellis Merton . The Confederate States of America , 1861 -- 1865 Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 13 , published in LSU 's History of the South series , on page 118 notes that beginning in March 1861 , the Stars - and - Bars was used `` all over the Confederacy '' . Jump up ^ Sansing , David . Brief History of the Confederate Flags at `` Mississippi History Now '' online Mississippi Historical Society . Second National Flag , `` the stainless banner '' references , Devereaux D. Cannon , Jr. , The Flags of the Confederacy , An Illustrated History ( St. Lukes Press , 1988 ) , 22 -- 24 . Section Heading `` Second and Third National Flags '' . Retrieved October 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sansing , David , Brief History of the Confederate Flags at `` Mississippi History Now '' online Mississippi Historical Society . Third National Flag , `` the bloodstained banner '' references 19 . Southern Historical Society Papers ( cited hereafter as SHSP , volume number , date for the first entry , and page number ) , 24 , 118 . Section Heading `` Second and Third National Flags '' . Retrieved October 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The Unionist state government was appointed by Missouri Constitutional Convention 1861 Jump up ^ Kentucky has both elected Union and unelected Confederate governments from 1861 Jump up ^ Two - thirds of soldiers ' deaths occurred due to disease . Nofi , Al ( June 13 , 2001 ) . `` Statistics on the War 's Costs '' . Louisiana State University . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2007 . Retrieved September 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1860 Census of Population and Housing '' . Census.gov . January 7 , 2009 . Retrieved August 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Form available for viewing atshows how data on slave ownership was collected '' ( PDF ) . C.ancestry.com . Jump up ^ Calculated by dividing the number of owners ( obtained via the census ) by the number of free persons . Jump up ^ All data for this section taken from the University of Virginia Library , Historical Census Browser , Census Data for Year 1860 Archived October 11 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ `` U.S. Bureau of the Census , Population of the 100 Largest Urban Places : 1860 , Internet Release date : June 15 , 1998 '' . Retrieved August 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Dabney 1990 p. 182 Jump up ^ Eicher , Civil War High Commands . References Bowman , John S. ( ed ) , The Civil War Almanac , New York : Bison Books , 1983 Eicher , John H. , & Eicher , David J. , Civil War High Commands , Stanford University Press , 2001 , ISBN 0 - 8047 - 3641 - 3 Martis , Kenneth C. The Historical Atlas of the Congresses of the Confederate States of America 1861 -- 1865 ( 1994 ) ISBN 0 - 13 - 389115 - 1 Further reading Main article : American Civil War bibliography Overviews and reference American Annual Cyclopaedia for 1861 ( N.Y. : Appleton 's , 1864 ) , an encyclopedia of events in the U.S. and CSA ( and other countries ) ; covers each state in detail Appletons ' annual cyclopedia and register of important events : Embracing political , military , and ecclesiastical affairs ; public documents ; biography , statistics , commerce , finance , literature , science , agriculture , and mechanical industry , Volume 3 1863 ( 1864 ) , thorough coverage of the events of 1863 Beringer , Richard E. , Herman Hattaway , Archer Jones , and William N. Still , Jr . Why the South Lost the Civil War . Athens : University of Georgia Press , 1986 . ISBN 0 - 8203 - 0815 - 3 . Boritt , Gabor S. , and others. , Why the Confederacy Lost , ( 1992 ) Coulter , E. Merton The Confederate States of America , 1861 -- 1865 , 1950 Current , Richard N. , ed . Encyclopedia of the Confederacy ( 4 vol ) , 1993 . 1900 pages , articles by scholars . William C. Davis ( 2003 ) . Look Away ! A History of the Confederate States of America . New York : Free Press . ISBN 0 - 684 - 86585 - 8 . Eaton , Clement A History of the Southern Confederacy , 1954 Faust , Patricia L. , ed . Historical Times Illustrated History of the Civil War . New York : Harper & Row , 1986 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 273116 - 6 . Gallagher , Gary W . The Confederate War . Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press , 1997 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 16056 - 9 . Heidler , David S. , and Jeanne T. Heidler , eds . Encyclopedia of the American Civil War : A Political , Social , and Military History . New York : W.W. Norton & Company , 2000 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 04758 - 5 . 2400 pages . McPherson , James M. Battle Cry of Freedom : The Civil War Era . Oxford History of the United States . New York : Oxford University Press , 1988 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 503863 - 7 . standard military history of the war ; Pulitzer Prize Nevins , Allan . The War for the Union . Vol. 1 , The Improvised War 1861 -- 1862 . New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons , 1959 . ISBN 0 - 684 - 10426 - 1 ; The War for the Union . Vol. 2 , War Becomes Revolution 1862 -- 1863 . New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons , 1960 . ISBN 1 - 56852 - 297 - 5 ; The War for the Union . Vol. 3 , The Organized War 1863 -- 1864 . New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons , 1971 . ISBN 0 - 684 - 10428 - 8 ; The War for the Union . Vol. 4 , The Organized War to Victory 1864 -- 1865 . New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons , 1971 . ISBN 1 - 56852 - 299 - 1 . The most detailed history of the war . Roland , Charles P . The Confederacy , ( 1960 ) brief survey Rubin , Sarah Anne A Shattered Nation : The Rise & Fall of the Confederacy 1861 -- 1868 ( 2005 ) Thomas , Emory M. The Confederate Nation , 1861 -- 1865 . New York : Harper & Row , 1979 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 014252 - 0 . Standard political - economic - social history Wakelyn , Jon L. Biographical Dictionary of the Confederacy Greenwood Press ISBN 0 - 8371 - 6124 - X Weigley , Russell F. A Great Civil War : A Military and Political History , 1861 -- 1865 . Bloomington and Indianapolis : Indiana University Press , 2000 . ISBN 0 - 253 - 33738 - 0 . Historiography DeCredio , Mary . `` The Confederate Home Front '' , in Lacy Ford , ed. , A Companion to the Civil War and Reconstruction ( Wiley - Blackwell , 2011 ) , pp 258 -- 76 Gallagher , Gary W. , `` Disaffection , Persistence , and Nation : Some Directions in Recent Scholarship on the Confederacy '' , Civil War History , 55 ( September 2009 ) , 329 -- 53 . Woodworth , Steven E. ed . The American Civil War : A Handbook of Literature and Research , 1996 750 pages of historiography and bibliography State studies Tucker , Spencer , ed . American Civil War : A State - by - State Encyclopedia ( 2 vol 2015 ) 1019pp Border States Ash , Stephen V. Middle Tennessee society transformed , 1860 -- 1870 : war and peace in the Upper South ( 2006 ) Cooling , Benjamin Franklin . Fort Donelson 's Legacy : War and Society in Kentucky and Tennessee , 1862 -- 1863 ( 1997 ) Cottrell , Steve . Civil War in Tennessee ( 2001 ) 142pp Crofts , Daniel W. Reluctant Confederates : Upper South Unionists in the Secession Crisis. ( 1989 ) ISBN 0 - 8078 - 1809 - 7 . Dollar , Kent , and others . Sister States , Enemy States : The Civil War in Kentucky and Tennessee ( 2009 ) Durham , Walter T. Nashville : The Occupied City , 1862 -- 1863 ( 1985 ) ; Reluctant Partners : Nashville and the Union , 1863 -- 1865 ( 1987 ) Mackey , Robert R . The Uncivil War : Irregular Warfare in the Upper South , 1861 -- 1865 ( University of Oklahoma Press , 2014 ) Temple , Oliver P. East Tennessee and the civil war ( 1899 ) 588pp online edition Alabama and Mississippi Fleming , Walter L. Civil War and Reconstruction in Alabama ( 1905 ) . the most detailed study ; Dunning School full text online from Project Gutenberg Rainwater , Percy Lee . Mississippi : storm center of secession , 1856 -- 1861 ( 1938 ) Rigdon , John . A Guide to Alabama Civil War Research ( 2011 ) Smith , Timothy B. Mississippi in the Civil War : The Home Front University Press of Mississippi , ( 2010 ) 265 pages ; Examines the declining morale of Mississippians as they witnessed extensive destruction and came to see victory as increasingly improbable Sterkx , H.E. Partners in Rebellion : Alabama Women in the Civil War ( Fairleigh Dickinson University Press , 1970 ) Storey , Margaret M. `` Civil War Unionists and the Political Culture of Loyalty in Alabama , 1860 -- 1861 '' . Journal of Southern History ( 2003 ) : 71 - 106 . in JSTOR Storey , Margaret M. , Loyalty and Loss : Alabama 's Unionists in the Civil War and Reconstruction . Baton Rouge : Louisiana State University Press , 2004 . Towns , Peggy Allen . Duty Driven : The Plight of North Alabama 's African Americans During the Civil War ( 2012 ) Georgia and Florida See also : Georgia in the American Civil War § Further reading DeCredico , Mary A. Patriotism for Profit : Georgia 's Urban Entrepreneurs and the Confederate War Effort ( 1990 ) Fowler , John D. and David B. Parker , eds . Breaking the Heartland : The Civil War in Georgia ( 2011 ) Hill , Louise Biles . Joseph E. Brown and the Confederacy . ( 1972 ) ; He was the governor Inscoe , John C. ( 2011 ) . The Civil War in Georgia : A New Georgia Encyclopedia Companion . University of Georgia Press . ISBN 9780820341828 . Johns , John Edwin . Florida During the Civil War ( University of Florida Press , 1963 ) Johnson , Michael P. Toward A Patriarchal Republic : The Secession of Georgia ( 1977 ) Mohr , Clarence L. On the Threshold of Freedom : Masters and Slaves in Civil War Georgia ( 1986 ) Nulty , William H. Confederate Florida : The Road to Olustee ( University of Alabama Press , 1994 ) Parks , Joseph H. Joseph E. Brown of Georgia ( LSU Press , 1977 ) 612 pages ; Governor Wetherington , Mark V. Plain Folk 's Fight : The Civil War and Reconstruction in Piney Woods Georgia ( 2009 ) Louisiana , Texas , Arkansas , and West Bailey , Anne J. , and Daniel E. Sutherland , eds . Civil War Arkansas : beyond battles and leaders ( Univ of Arkansas Pr , 2000 ) Ferguson , John Lewis , ed . Arkansas and the Civil War ( Pioneer Press , 1965 ) Ripley , C. Peter . Slaves and Freedmen in Civil War Louisiana ( LSU Press , 1976 ) Snyder , Perry Anderson . Shreveport , Louisiana , during the Civil War and Reconstruction ( 1979 ) Underwood , Rodman L. Waters of Discord : The Union Blockade of Texas During the Civil War ( McFarland , 2003 ) Winters , John D . The Civil War in Louisiana ( LSU Press , 1991 ) Woods , James M. Rebellion and Realignment : Arkansas 's Road to Secession. ( 1987 ) Wooster , Ralph A. Civil War Texas ( Texas A&M University Press , 2014 ) North and South Carolina Barrett , John G . The Civil War in North Carolina ( 1995 ) Carbone , John S . The Civil War in Coastal North Carolina ( 2001 ) Cauthen , Charles Edward ; Power , J. Tracy . South Carolina goes to war , 1860 -- 1865 ( 1950 ) Hardy , Michael C. North Carolina in the Civil War ( 2011 ) Inscoe , John C. The Heart of Confederate Appalachia : Western North Carolina in the Civil War ( 2003 ) Lee , Edward J. and Ron Chepesiuk , eds . South Carolina in the Civil War : The Confederate Experience in Letters and Diaries ( 2004 ) , primary sources Virginia Ayers , Edward L. and others . Crucible of the Civil War : Virginia from Secession to Commemoration ( 2008 ) Bryan , T. Conn . Confederate Georgia ( 1953 ) , the standard scholarly survey Davis , William C. and James I. Robertson , Jr. , eds . Virginia at War 1861 . Lexington , KY : University of Kentucky Press , 2005 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8131 - 2372 - 1 ; Virginia at War 1862 ( 2007 ) ; Virginia at War 1863 ( 2009 ) ; Virginia at War 1864 ( 2009 ) ; Virginia at War 1865 ( 2012 ) Snell , Mark A. West Virginia and the Civil War , Mountaineers Are Always Free , ( 2011 ) ISBN 978 - 1 - 59629 - 888 - 0 . Wallenstein , Peter , and Bertram Wyatt - Brown , eds . Virginia 's Civil War ( 2008 ) Furgurson , Ernest B. Ashes of Glory : Richmond at War ( 1997 ) ISBN 978 - 0679746607 Social History , blacks , Women Ash , Stephen V . The Black Experience in the Civil War South ( 2010 ) online Bartek , James M. `` The Rhetoric of Destruction : Racial Identity and Noncombatant Immunity in the Civil War Era . '' ( PhD Dissertation , University of Kentucky , 2010 ) . online ; Bibliography pp 515 -- 52 . Brown , Alexis Girardin . `` The Women Left Behind : Transformation of the Southern Belle , 1840 -- 1880 '' ( 2000 ) Historian 62 # 4 pp 759 -- 778 . Cashin , Joan E. `` Torn Bonnets and Stolen Silks : Fashion , Gender , Race , and Danger in the Wartime South . '' Civil War History 61 # 4 ( 2015 ) : 338 - 361 . online Chesson , Michael B. `` Harlots or Heroines ? A New Look at the Richmond Bread Riot . '' Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 92 # 2 ( 1984 ) : 131 - 175 . in JSTOR Clinton , Catherine , and Silber , Nina , eds . Divided Houses : Gender and the Civil War ( 1992 ) Davis , William C. and James I. Robertson Jr. , eds . Virginia at War , 1865 ( 2012 ) online Elliot , Jane Evans . Diary of Mrs. Jane Evans Elliot , 1837 -- 1882 ( 1908 ) Faust , Drew Gilpin . Mothers of Invention : Women of the Slaveholding South in the American Civil War ( 1996 ) Faust , Drew Gilpin . This Republic of Suffering : Death and the American Civil War ( 2008 ) Frank , Lisa Tendrich , ed . Women in the American Civil War ( 2008 ) Frankel , Noralee . Freedom 's Women : Black Women and Families in Civil War Era Mississippi ( 1999 ) Gleeson . David T . The Green and the Gray : The Irish in the Confederate States of America ( U of North Carolina Press , 2013 ) ; online review Levine , Bruce . The Fall of the House of Dixie : The Civil War and the Social Revolution That Transformed the South ( 2013 ) Lowry , Thomas P . The Story the Soldiers Would n't Tell : Sex in the Civil War ( Stackpole Books , 1994 ) . Lowry , Thomas P. Sexual Misbehavior in the Civil War : A Compendium ( Xlibris Corporation , 2006 ) . Litwack , Leon F. Been in the Storm So Long : The Aftermath of Slavery ( 1979 ) , on freed slaves Massey , Mary Elizabeth Bonnet Brigades : American Women and the Civil War ( 1966 ) Massey , Mary Elizabeth Refugee Life in the Confederacy , ( 1964 ) Mobley , Joe A. ( 2008 ) . Weary of war : life on the Confederate home front . Praeger . ISBN 9780275992026 . Rable , George C. Civil Wars : Women and the Crisis of Southern Nationalism ( 1989 ) Slap , Andrew L. and Frank Towers , eds . Confederate Cities : The Urban South during the Civil War Era ( U of Chicago Press , 2015 ) . 302 pp . * Stokes , Karen . South Carolina Civilians in Sherman 's Path : Stories of Courage Amid Civil War Destruction ( The History Press , 2012 ) . Whites , LeeAnn . The Civil War as a Crisis in Gender : Augusta , Georgia , 1860 -- 1890 ( 1995 ) Wiley , Bell Irwin Southern Negroes : 1861 -- 1865 ( 1938 ) Wiley , Bell Irwin Confederate Women ( 1975 ) Wiley , Bell Irwin The Plain People of the Confederacy ( 1944 ) Woodward , C. Vann , ed . Mary Chesnut 's Civil War , 1981 , detailed diary ; primary source Intellectual History Bernath , Michael T. Confederate Minds : The Struggle for Intellectual Independence in the Civil War South ( University of North Carolina Press ; 2010 ) 412 pages . Examines the efforts of writers , editors , and other `` cultural nationalists '' to free the South from the dependence on Northern print culture and educational systems . Bonner , Robert E. , `` Proslavery Extremism Goes to War : The Counterrevolutionary Confederacy and Reactionary Militarism '' , Modern Intellectual History , 6 ( August 2009 ) , 261 -- 85 . Downing , David C. A South Divided : Portraits of Dissent in the Confederacy . ( 2007 ) . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58182 - 587 - 9 Faust , Drew Gilpin . The Creation of Confederate Nationalism : Ideology and Identity in the Civil War South . ( 1988 ) Hutchinson , Coleman . Apples and Ashes : Literature , Nationalism , and the Confederate States of America . Athens , Georgia : University of Georgia Press , 2012 . Lentz , Perry Carlton Our Missing Epic : A Study in the Novels about the American Civil War , 1970 Rubin , Anne Sarah . A Shattered Nation : The Rise and Fall of the Confederacy , 1861 -- 1868 , 2005 A cultural study of Confederates ' self images Political History Alexander , Thomas B. , and Beringer , Richard E. The Anatomy of the Confederate Congress : A Study of the Influences of Member Characteristics on Legislative Voting Behavior , 1861 -- 1865 , ( 1972 ) Cooper , William J , Jefferson Davis , American ( 2000 ) , standard biography Davis , William C. A Government of Our Own : The Making of the Confederacy . New York : The Free Press , a division of Macmillan , Inc. , 1994 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 02 - 907735 - 1 . Eckenrode , H.J. , Jefferson Davis : President of the South , 1923 Levine , Bruce . Confederate Emancipation : Southern Plans to Free and Arm Slaves during the Civil War . ( 2006 ) Martis , Kenneth C. , `` The Historical Atlas of the Congresses of the Confederate States of America 1861 -- 1865 '' ( 1994 ) ISBN 0 - 13 - 389115 - 1 Neely , Mark E. , Jr. , Confederate Bastille : Jefferson Davis and Civil Liberties ( 1993 ) Neely , Mark E. Jr . Southern Rights : Political Prisoners and the Myth of Confederate Constitutionalism. ( 1999 ) ISBN 0 - 8139 - 1894 - 4 George C. Rable The Confederate Republic : A Revolution against Politics , 1994 Rembert , W. Patrick Jefferson Davis and His Cabinet ( 1944 ) . Williams , William M. Justice in Grey : A History of the Judicial System of the Confederate States of America ( 1941 ) Yearns , Wilfred Buck The Confederate Congress ( 1960 ) Foreign affairs Blumenthal , Henry . `` Confederate Diplomacy : Popular Notions and International Realities '' , Journal of Southern History , Vol. 32 , No. 2 ( May 1966 ) , pp. 151 -- 171 in JSTOR Daddysman , James W . The Matamoros Trade : Confederate Commerce , Diplomacy , and Intrigue. ( 1984 ) Foreman , Amanda . A World on Fire : Britain 's Crucial Role in the American Civil War ( 2011 ) especially on Brits inside the Confederacy ; Hubbard , Charles M. The Burden of Confederate Diplomacy ( 1998 ) Jones , Howard . Blue and Gray Diplomacy : A History of Union and Confederate Foreign Relations ( 2009 ) Jones , Howard . Union in Peril : The Crisis Over British Intervention in the Civil War . Lincoln , NE : University of Nebraska Press , Bison Books , 1997 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 7597 - 3 . Originally published : Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press , 1992 . Mahin , Dean B. One War at a Time : The International Dimensions of the American Civil War . Washington , DC : Brassey 's , 2000 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57488 - 301 - 5 . Originally published : Washington , DC : Brassey 's , 1999 . Merli , Frank J. The Alabama , British Neutrality , and the American Civil War ( 2004 ) . 225 pp . Owsley , Frank . King Cotton Diplomacy : Foreign Relations of the Confederate States of America ( 2nd ed. 1959 ) Sainlaude , Steve . La France et la Confédération sudiste ( 2011 ) Sainlaude , Steve . Le gouvernement impérial et la guerre de Sécession ( 2011 ) Economic History Black , III , Robert C. The Railroads of the Confederacy . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press , 1952 , 1988 . OCLC 445590 . Bonner , Michael Brem . `` Expedient Corporatism and Confederate Political Economy '' , Civil War History , 56 ( March 2010 ) , 33 -- 65 . Dabney , Virginius Richmond : The Story of a City . Charlottesville : The University of Virginia Press , 1990 ISBN 0 - 8139 - 1274 - 1 Grimsley , Mark The Hard Hand of War : Union Military Policy toward Southern Civilians , 1861 -- 1865 , 1995 Hurt , R. Douglas . Agriculture and the Confederacy : Policy , Productivity , and Power in the Civil War South ( 2015 ) Massey , Mary Elizabeth Ersatz in the Confederacy : Shortages and Substitutes on the Southern Homefront ( 1952 ) Paskoff , Paul F. `` Measures of War : A Quantitative Examination of the Civil War 's Destructiveness in the Confederacy '' , Civil War History ( 2008 ) 54 # 1 pp 35 -- 62 in Project MUSE Ramsdell , Charles . Behind the Lines in the Southern Confederacy , 1994 . Roark , James L. Masters without Slaves : Southern Planters in the Civil War and Reconstruction , 1977 . Thomas , Emory M. The Confederacy as a Revolutionary Experience , 1992 Primary sources Carter , Susan B. , ed . The Historical Statistics of the United States : Millennial Edition ( 5 vols ) , 2006 Commager , Henry Steele . The Blue and the Gray : The Story of the Civil War As Told by Participants . 2 vols . Indianapolis and New York : The Bobbs - Merrill Company , Inc. , 1950 . OCLC 633931399 . Many reprints . Davis , Jefferson . The Rise of the Confederate Government . New York : Barnes & Noble , 2010 . Original edition : 1881 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4351 - 2066 - 2 . Davis , Jefferson . The Fall of the Confederate Government . New York : Barnes & Noble , 2010 . Original edition : 1881 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4351 - 2067 - 9 . Harwell , Richard B. , The Confederate Reader ( 1957 ) Jones , John B. A Rebel War Clerk 's Diary at the Confederate States Capital , edited by Howard Swiggert , ( 1935 ) 1993 . 2 vols . Richardson , James D. , ed . A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Confederacy , Including the Diplomatic Correspondence 1861 -- 1865 , 2 volumes , 1906 . Yearns , W. Buck and Barret , John G. , eds . North Carolina Civil War Documentary , 1980 . Confederate official government documents major online collection of complete texts in HTML format , from University of North Carolina Journal of the Congress of the Confederate States of America , 1861 -- 1865 ( 7 vols ) , 1904 . Available online at the Library of Congress The Boston Athenæum has over 4000 Confederate imprints , including rare books , pamphlets , government documents , manuscripts , serials , broadsides , maps , and sheet music that have been conserved and digitized . External links Find more aboutConfederate Statesat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Data from Wikidata Confederate offices Index of Politicians by Office Held or Sought Civil War Research & Discussion Group - * Confederate States of Am. Army and Navy Uniforms , 1861 The Countryman , 1862 -- 1866 , published weekly by Turnwold , Ga. , edited by J.A. Turner The Federal and the Confederate Constitution Compared Confederate Currency at the Wayback Machine ( archived July 19 , 2011 ) Confederate Postage Stamps Photographs of the original Confederate Constitution and other Civil War documents owned by the Hargrett Rare Book and Manuscript Library at the University of Georgia Libraries . Photographic History of the Civil War , 10 vols. , 1912 . DocSouth : Documenting the American South -- numerous online text , image , and audio collections . Civil War records at the National Archives at Atlanta - includes Confederate records , such as Confederate court documents , Confederate records collected by the U.S. War Department during the Civil War and Confederate records collected by the Treasury Department during Civil War Oklahoma Digital Maps : Digital Collections of Oklahoma and Indian Territory Confederate States of America Collection at the Library of Congress Works by or about Confederate States of America at Internet Archive Works by Confederate States of America at LibriVox ( public domain audiobooks ) Works by Confederate States of America at LibriVox ( public domain audiobooks ) Articles related to the Confederate States of America American Civil War Origins Origins Issues Timeline leading to the War Antebellum era Bleeding Kansas Border states Compromise of 1850 Dred Scott v. Sandford Lincoln - Douglas debates Missouri Compromise Popular sovereignty Secession States ' rights President Lincoln 's 75,000 volunteers Slavery African Americans Cornerstone Speech Emancipation Proclamation Fugitive slave laws Plantations in the American South Slave Power Slavery in the United States Treatment of slaves in the United States Uncle Tom 's Cabin Abolitionism Susan B. Anthony John Brown Frederick Douglass William Lloyd Garrison Elijah Parish Lovejoy J. Sella Martin Lysander Spooner George Luther Stearns Thaddeus Stevens Charles Sumner Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Combatants Theaters Campaigns Battles States Combatants Union ( USA ) Army Navy Marine Corps Revenue Cutter Service Confederacy ( CSA ) Army Navy Marine Corps Theaters Eastern Western Lower Seaboard Trans - Mississippi Pacific Coast Union naval blockade Major Campaigns Anaconda Plan Blockade runners New Mexico Jackson 's Valley Peninsula Northern Virginia Maryland Stones River Vicksburg Tullahoma Gettysburg Morgan 's Raid Bristoe Knoxville Red River Overland Atlanta Valley 1864 Bermuda Hundred Richmond - Petersburg Franklin -- Nashville Price 's Raid Sherman 's March Carolinas Appomattox Major battles Fort Sumter 1st Bull Run Wilson 's Creek Fort Donelson Pea Ridge Hampton Roads Shiloh New Orleans Corinth Seven Pines Seven Days 2nd Bull Run Antietam Perryville Fredericksburg Stones River Chancellorsville Gettysburg Vicksburg Chickamauga Chattanooga Wilderness Spotsylvania Cold Harbor Atlanta Mobile Bay Franklin Nashville Five Forks Involvement ( by state or territory ) AL AK AR AZ CA CO CT DC DE FL GA HI ID IL IN IA KS KY LA ME MD MA MI MN MS MO MT NE NV NH NJ NM NY NC ND OH OK OR PA RI SC SD TN TX UT VT VA WA WV WI WY Leaders Confederate Military R.H. Anderson Beauregard Bragg Buchanan Cooper Early Ewell Forrest Gorgas Hill Hood Jackson A.S. Johnston J.E. Johnston Lee Longstreet Morgan Mosby Price Semmes E.K. Smith Stuart Taylor Wheeler Civilian Benjamin Bocock Breckinridge Davis Hunter Mallory Memminger Seddon Stephens Union Military Anderson Buell Burnside Butler Du Pont Farragut Foote Frémont Grant Halleck Hooker Hunt McClellan McDowell Meade Meigs Ord Pope D.D. Porter Rosecrans Scott Sheridan Sherman Thomas Civilian Adams Chase Ericsson Hamlin Lincoln Pinkerton Seward Stanton Stevens Wade Welles Aftermath U.S. Constitution Reconstruction amendments 13th Amendment 14th Amendment 15th Amendment Reconstruction Alabama Claims Brooks -- Baxter War Carpetbaggers Colfax Riot of 1873 Eufaula Riot of 1874 Freedmen 's Bureau Freedman 's Savings Bank Impeachment of Andrew Johnson Kirk - Holden War Knights of the White Camelia Ku Klux Klan Memphis Riot of 1866 Meridian Riot of 1871 New Orleans Riot of 1866 Pulaski ( Tennessee ) Riot of 1867 Reconstruction acts Habeas Corpus Act 1867 Enforcement Act of 1870 Enforcement Act of February 1871 Enforcement Act of April 1871 Reconstruction treaties Indian Council at Fort Smith Red Shirts Redeemers Confederate refugees Confederados Scalawags South Carolina riots of 1876 Southern Claims Commission Homestead acts Southern Homestead Act of 1866 Timber Culture Act of 1873 White League post-Reconstruction Commemoration Centennial Civil War Discovery Trail Civil War Roundtables Civil War Trails Program Civil War Trust Confederate History Month Confederate monuments and memorials Removal of public symbols of the Confederacy Historical reenactment Robert E. Lee Day Disenfranchisement Black Codes Jim Crow Lost Cause mythology Modern display of the Confederate flag Sons of Confederate Veterans Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War Southern Historical Society United Daughters of the Confederacy Monuments and memorials Union List of Union Civil War monuments and memorials List of memorials to the Grand Army of the Republic Memorials to Abraham Lincoln Confederate List of monuments and memorials of the Confederate States of America Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials List of memorials to Robert E. Lee List of memorials to Jefferson Davis Annapolis Roger B. Taney Monument Baltimore Confederate Soldiers and Sailors Monument Confederate Women 's Monument Roger B. Taney Monument Robert E. Lee and Stonewall Jackson Monument Durham , North Carolina Robert E. Lee Monument New Orleans Battle of Liberty Place Monument Jefferson Davis Monument General Beauregard Equestrian Statue Robert E. Lee Monument Cemeteries Confederate Memorial Day Ladies ' memorial associations U.S. Memorial Day U.S. national cemeteries Veterans 1913 Gettysburg Reunion Confederate Veteran Grand Army of the Republic Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S. Old soldiers ' homes Southern Cross of Honor United Confederate Veterans Related topics Related topics Military Arms Campaign Medal Cavalry Confederate Home Guard Confederate railroads Confederate Revolving Cannon Field artillery Medal of Honor recipients Medicine Leadership Naval battles Official Records Partisan rangers POW camps Rations Signal Corps Turning point Union corps badges U.S. Balloon Corps U.S. Home Guard U.S. Military Railroad Political Committee on the Conduct of the War Confederate States Presidential Election of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1862 Copperheads Emancipation Proclamation Habeas Corpus Act of 1863 Hampton Roads Conference National Union Party Radical Republicans Trent Affair Union leagues U.S. Presidential Election of 1864 War Democrats Other topics Bibliography Confederate war finance Confederate States dollar Espionage Confederate Secret Service Great Revival of 1863 Music Naming the war Native Americans Cherokee Choctaw New York City Gold Hoax of 1864 New York City Riot of 1863 Photographers Richmond Riot of 1863 Sexuality Supreme Court cases Tokens U.S. Sanitary Commission Political divisions of the Confederate States ( 1861 -- 65 ) States Alabama Arkansas Florida Georgia Louisiana Mississippi North Carolina South Carolina Tennessee Texas Virginia West Virginia States in exile Kentucky Missouri Territory Arizona Admitted to the Union June 20 , 1863 . Organized January 18 , 1862 . Cabinet of President Jefferson Davis ( 1861 -- 65 ) Vice President Alexander H. Stephens ( 1861 -- 65 ) Secretary of State Robert Toombs ( 1861 ) Robert M.T. Hunter ( 1861 -- 62 ) Judah P. Benjamin ( 1862 -- 65 ) Secretary of the Treasury C.G. Memminger ( 1861 -- 64 ) G.A. Trenholm ( 1864 -- 65 ) John H. Reagan ( 1865 ) Secretary of War Leroy P. Walker ( 1861 ) Judah P. Benjamin ( 1861 -- 62 ) George W. Randolph ( 1862 ) James A. Seddon ( 1862 -- 65 ) John C. Breckinridge ( 1865 ) Secretary of the Navy Stephen R. Mallory ( 1861 -- 65 ) Postmaster General John H. Reagan ( 1861 -- 65 ) Attorney General Judah P. Benjamin ( 1861 ) Thomas Bragg ( 1861 -- 62 ) Thomas H. Watts ( 1862 -- 63 ) George Davis ( 1864 -- 65 ) Confederate States Senators Class 1 Baker ( FL ) Clark ( MO ) Clay ( AL ) Davis ( NC ) Graham ( NC ) H. Johnson ( GA ) R. Johnson ( AR ) Lewis ( GA ) Phelan ( MS ) Reade ( NC ) Simms ( KY ) Toombs ( GA ) Vest ( MO ) Walker ( AL ) Watson ( MS ) Class 2 Barnwell ( SC ) Brown ( MS ) Caperton ( VA ) Dortch ( NC ) Henry ( TN ) W. Johnson ( MO ) Maxwell ( FL ) Peyton ( MO ) Preston ( VA ) Semmes ( LA ) Wigfall ( TX ) Class 3 Burnett ( KY ) Garland ( AR ) Haynes ( TN ) Hill ( GA ) Hunter ( VA ) Jemison ( AL ) Mitchel ( AR ) Oldham ( TX ) Orr ( SC ) Sparrow ( LA ) Yancey ( AL ) Commons VIAF : 149514026 LCCN : n79063906 GND : 4078674 - 2 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Confederate_States_of_America&oldid=804320699 '' Categories : Former countries in North America States and territories established in 1861 States and territories disestablished in 1865 1861 establishments in North America 1865 disestablishments in North America Confederate States of America Economic history of the United States Former confederations Former political entities in North America Former republics Former unrecognized countries History of the Southern United States Politics of the American Civil War Separatism in the United States Social history of the American Civil War Social history of the United States Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al . 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"The Confederate States of America (CSA or C.S.), commonly referred to as the Confederacy, was an unrecognized country in North America that existed from 1861 to 1865. The Confederacy was originally formed by seven secessionist slave-holding states – South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas – in the Lower South region of the United States whose regional economy was mostly dependent upon agriculture, particularly cotton, and a plantation system that relied upon the labor of African-American slaves.[2]"
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"seven"
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5277658648787196288 | Super Bowl LIII | Super Bowl LIII - Wikipedia Super Bowl LIII Jump to : navigation , search Super Bowl LIII Date February 3 , 2019 Stadium Mercedes - Benz Stadium , Atlanta , Georgia TV in the United States Network CBS Radio in the United States Network Westwood One ← LII Super Bowl LIV → Super Bowl LIII , the 53rd Super Bowl and the 49th modern - era National Football League ( NFL ) championship game , will decide the league champion for the 2018 NFL season . The game is scheduled to be played on Sunday , February 3 , 2019 , at Mercedes - Benz Stadium in Atlanta , Georgia . This will be the third Super Bowl in Atlanta , having previously hosted Super Bowl XXVIII in 1994 and Super Bowl XXXIV in 2000 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Host - selection process 2 Broadcasting 2.1 United States 3 Entertainment 4 References 5 External links Background ( edit ) Host - selection process ( edit ) Atlanta will be the host of Super Bowl LIII in 2019 . On May 19 , 2015 , the league announced the four finalists that will compete to host Super Bowl LIII in 2019 , LIV in 2020 , and LV in 2021 . NFL owners voted on these cities on May 24 , 2016 , with the first round of voting determining the host for Super Bowl LIII , the second round deciding a different site for Super Bowl LIV , and the third round deciding the site for Super Bowl LV . The four finalists for Super Bowl LIII , all in the Southeastern United States , were : Mercedes - Benz Stadium , Atlanta , Georgia : This will be the first Super Bowl played at Mercedes - Benz Stadium after it opened in 2017 . The city has previously hosted two Super Bowls , with the last being Super Bowl XXXIV in 2000 . Hard Rock Stadium , Miami Gardens , Florida : South Florida has previously hosted 10 Super Bowls , with the last being Super Bowl XLIV in 2010 . Mercedes - Benz Superdome , New Orleans , Louisiana : New Orleans has previously hosted 10 Super Bowls , with the last being Super Bowl XLVII in 2013 . Raymond James Stadium , Tampa , Florida : Tampa has hosted four Super Bowls , with the last being Super Bowl XLIII in 2009 . After three votes , Atlanta was awarded Super Bowl LIII at the NFL owners ' meeting on May 24 , 2016 . The losing candidates , except for New Orleans which removed itself from the voting for all games except Super Bowl LIII due to event conflicts in 2020 and 2021 , were then pitted against Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park in Inglewood , California for Super Bowl LIV and Super Bowl LV hosting rights . Miami eventually won the rights to host Super Bowl LIV , and Los Angeles won the rights to host Super Bowl LV . However , on May 23 , 2017 , NFL owners opted to award Super Bowl LV to Tampa and give Super Bowl LVI to Los Angeles after it was announced that Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park would open in 2020 due to construction delays . The NFL unveiled the official logo for Super Bowl LIII in February 2018 ; it is a navy blue - tinted version of the design introduced at Super Bowl LI , and the overall branding of the game will feature use of blue and red . The host committee logo features a stylized overhead rendition of Mercedes - Benz Stadium 's roof . Broadcasting ( edit ) United States ( edit ) CBS will broadcast Super Bowl LIII , as part of an annual cycle between the three main broadcast television partners of the NFL . Entertainment ( edit ) In February 2018 , Bruno Mars , who had headlined the halftime show at Super Bowl XLVIII , made a widely - discussed proposal that the NFL should pick a hip hop artist to headline the Super Bowl LIII halftime show , noting the hip hop culture of the host city , and suggesting Atlanta - based artists including Outkast , T.I. , Gucci Mane , Jeezy , Jermaine Dupri , and Lil Jon . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wagner - McGough , Sean ( May 19 , 2015 ) . `` Finalists for 2019 , 2020 Super Bowls : Atlanta , Miami , New Orleans , Tampa '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Triplett , Mike ( May 19 , 2015 ) . `` Atlanta , Miami , New Orleans , Tampa eye 2019 , 2020 Super Bowls '' . ESPN . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rosenthal , Gregg . `` Atlanta , South Florida , L.A. chosen to host Super Bowls '' . NFL.com . Retrieved May 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ NFL awards future Super Bowls to Atlanta , South Florida and Los Angeles , CBS Sports Jump up ^ `` LEADOFF : Atlanta 's Super Bowl gets a second logo from NFL '' . Atlanta Journal Constitution . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ Marzovilla , Julia ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Bruno Mars Calls on NFL to Pick a Hip - Hop Artist for 2019 Atlanta Super Bowl Halftime '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Chavez , Chris ( February 6 , 2018 ) . `` Bruno Mars Wants NFL To Pick Hip - Hop Artist For 2019 Super Bowl Halftime In Atlanta '' . Sports Illustrated . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Super Bowl LIII . 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You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . This article related to sports in the US state of Georgia is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Super_Bowl_LIII&oldid=826736863 '' Categories : Super Bowl 2018 National Football League season 2019 in American football 2019 in sports in Georgia ( U.S. state ) 2010s in Atlanta American football in Georgia ( U.S. state ) Scheduled sports events Sports in Atlanta 2019 in American television February 2019 sports events in the United States American football stubs Georgia ( U.S. state ) sport stubs Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from January 2018 Commons category without a link on Wikidata All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano 日本 語 Norsk Português Edit links This page was last edited on 20 February 2018 , at 19 : 02 . About Wikipedia | where is super bowl 53 going to be played | [
"Super Bowl LIII, the 53rd Super Bowl and the 49th modern-era National Football League (NFL) championship game, will decide the league champion for the 2018 NFL season. The game is scheduled to be played on Sunday, February 3, 2019, at Mercedes-Benz Stadium in Atlanta, Georgia. This will be the third Super Bowl in Atlanta, having previously hosted Super Bowl XXVIII in 1994 and Super Bowl XXXIV in 2000."
] | [
"Mercedes-Benz Stadium in Atlanta, Georgia"
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-5095501855701946340 | Tom Brady | Tom Brady - wikipedia Tom Brady Jump to : navigation , search For other people named Tom Brady , see Tom Brady ( disambiguation ) . Tom Brady Brady in 2016 No. 12 -- New England Patriots Position : Quarterback Date of birth : ( 1977 - 08 - 03 ) August 3 , 1977 ( age 40 ) Place of birth : San Mateo , California Height : 6 ft 4 in ( 1.93 m ) Weight : 225 lb ( 102 kg ) Career information High school : San Mateo ( CA ) Junípero Serra College : Michigan NFL Draft : 2000 / Round : 6 / Pick : 199 Career history New England Patriots ( 2000 -- present ) Roster status : Active Career highlights and awards 5 × Super Bowl champion ( XXXVI , XXXVIII , XXXIX , XLIX , LI ) 4 × Super Bowl MVP ( XXXVI , XXXVIII , XLIX , LI ) 12 × Pro Bowl ( 2001 , 2004 , 2005 , 2007 , 2009 -- 2016 ) 2 × First - team All - Pro ( 2007 , 2010 ) 2 × Second - team All - Pro ( 2005 , 2016 ) 2 × NFL Most Valuable Player ( 2007 , 2010 ) 2 × NFL Offensive Player of the Year ( 2007 , 2010 ) NFL Comeback Player of the Year ( 2009 ) Bert Bell Award ( 2007 ) Associated Press Male Athlete of the Year ( 2007 ) Sports Illustrated Sportsman of the Year ( 2005 ) 2 × NFL passing yards leader ( 2005 , 2007 ) 4 × NFL passing touchdowns leader ( 2002 , 2007 , 2010 , 2015 ) 2 × NFL passer rating leader ( 2007 , 2010 ) NFL 2000s All - Decade Team National champion ( 1997 ) Career NFL statistics as of Week 5 , 2017 Completions : 5,377 Attempts : 8,419 Percentage : 63.9 TD -- INT : 467 -- 153 Passing yards : 63,284 Passer rating : 97.5 Player stats at NFL.com Thomas Edward Patrick Brady Jr. ( born August 3 , 1977 ) is an American football quarterback for the New England Patriots of the National Football League ( NFL ) . He is one of only two players to win five Super Bowls ( the other being defensive player Charles Haley ) and the only player to win them all playing for one team . After playing college football for the University of Michigan , Brady was drafted by the Patriots in the sixth round of the 2000 NFL Draft . In Brady 's 15 seasons as a starter , he has quarterbacked the Patriots to seven Super Bowl appearances , the most for any player in history . Brady has been honored with four Super Bowl MVP awards ( Super Bowl XXXVI , XXXVIII , XLIX , and LI ) , the most ever by a single player , has won two league MVP awards ( 2007 and 2010 ) , has been selected to 12 Pro Bowls , and has led his team to more division titles ( 14 ) than any other quarterback in NFL history . As of the end of the 2016 season , Brady is fourth all - time in career passing yards , fourth in career touchdown passes , and third in career passer rating . His career postseason record is 25 -- 9 , winning more playoff games than any other quarterback , and he has appeared in more playoff games than any player at any position . Brady has never had a losing season as a starting quarterback in the NFL . His 208 combined regular - season and postseason wins are also the most of any quarterback in NFL history . Because of his accomplishments and accolades , many analysts and sportswriters consider Brady to be among the greatest quarterbacks of all time . Due to his late draft selection , Brady is considered to be the biggest `` steal '' in the history of the NFL Draft . For his alleged involvement in the highly publicized Deflategate football tampering scandal , Brady was suspended for the first four games of the 2016 NFL season . Subsequently , Brady went on to win Super Bowl LI and Super Bowl MVP that season . Brady has been married to Brazilian supermodel Gisele Bündchen since 2009 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 College career 2.1 Statistics 3 Professional career 3.1 Overview 3.2 2000 season 3.3 2001 season 3.3. 1 2001 postseason 3.4 2002 season 3.5 2003 season 3.5. 1 2003 postseason 3.6 2004 season 3.6. 1 2004 postseason 3.7 2005 season 3.7. 1 2005 postseason 3.8 2006 season 3.8. 1 2006 postseason 3.9 2007 season 3.9. 1 2007 postseason 3.10 2008 season 3.11 2009 season 3.11. 1 2009 postseason 3.12 2010 season 3.12. 1 2010 postseason 3.13 2011 season 3.13. 1 2011 postseason 3.14 2012 season 3.14. 1 2012 postseason 3.15 2013 season 3.15. 1 2013 postseason 3.16 2014 season 3.16. 1 2014 postseason 3.17 2015 season 3.17. 1 2015 offseason 3.17. 2 2015 regular season 3.17. 3 2015 postseason 3.18 2016 season 3.18. 1 2016 offseason 3.18. 2 2016 regular season 3.18. 3 2016 postseason 3.19 2017 season 3.19. 1 2017 offseason 3.19. 1.1 Concussion reports 3.19. 2 2017 regular season 4 NFL career statistics 4.1 Regular season 4.2 Playoffs 4.3 Super Bowl 5 NFL records 5.1 Regular season ( career ) 5.2 Playoffs ( career ) 5.3 Super Bowl ( career ) 6 Other endeavors 7 Personal life 7.1 Politics 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Early life Brady was born in San Mateo , California , the only son and fourth child of Galynn Patricia ( née Johnson ) and Thomas Brady , Sr. He has three older sisters named Nancy , Julie , and Maureen . He was raised Catholic . His father is of Irish descent , while his mother has Norwegian , Polish , and Swedish ancestry and whose great - great - grandparents , John and Bridget Brady , were Irish refugees from the Great Famine who moved to San Francisco from Boston prior to the American Civil War with Bridget 's sister Ann and her husband Lawrence Meegan , who were the parents of the 19th Century American Major League Baseball player `` Steady '' Pete Meegan . Brady 's great uncle , Michael Buckley Jr. was , also , the first American prisoner of war during World War II . In the 1980s , Brady regularly attended San Francisco 49ers games at Candlestick Park , where he was a fan of quarterback Joe Montana ; since then , Brady has mentioned Montana as his idol and one of his inspirations . At the age of four , Brady attended the 1981 NFC Championship against the Dallas Cowboys , in which Montana threw The Catch to Dwight Clark . As a child , Brady attended football camp at the College of San Mateo where he learned to throw the football from camp counselor and future NFL / AFL quarterback Tony Graziani . He grew up as a Los Angeles Lakers and Boston Celtics fan . Brady attended Junípero Serra High School in San Mateo , where he graduated in 1995 ; the ceremony was held at St. Mary 's Cathedral . He played football , basketball , and baseball in high school . He played against Bellarmine College Preparatory rival Pat Burrell in both football and baseball . Brady 's football career started as the backup quarterback on the Padres junior varsity team . At first , Brady was not good enough to start on the 0 -- 8 JV team that had not scored a touchdown all year . However , when the starting quarterback went down with an injury , he ascended to the starting position . He became the varsity starter his junior year and held the position until he graduated . By Brady 's senior year , he struggled getting on the radar of college coaches . He created highlight tapes and sent them out to schools he would consider attending . This led to strong interest from many football programs around the nation . The process of recruiting was much different during Brady 's time , and athletes ' rankings were not as prominent . In terms of recruiting in the 2000s , Brady would have been considered a Four - star quarterback . In essence , he was a highly rated prospect . Brady was also on Blue Chip Illustrated as well as a Prep Football Report All - American selection . Following his recruiting process he narrowed down his list to five main schools . `` Probably the ones that we did hear from and ultimately pared the list to were Cal - Berkeley , UCLA , USC , Michigan , and Illinois , '' his father said . Brady was also known as a great baseball player in high school . He was a left handed hitting catcher with power . His skill set impressed MLB scouts , and he was drafted in the 18th round of the 1995 MLB Draft by the Montreal Expos . The Expos projected Brady as a potential All - Star , and offered him money typical of a late second - round or early third - round pick . Nevertheless , Brady was determined to play football at the next level . He was always more passionate about football , and when he found that there was significant interest in him , he decided to take the road of football . Brady was recruited by Michigan assistant Bill Harris , and he signed to play for the University of Michigan in 1995 . He finished his high school football career completing 236 of 447 passes for 3,702 yards and 31 touchdowns . He also won All - State and All - Far West honors as well as the team 's Most Valuable Player Award . During the summers of 1998 and 1999 , Brady was an intern at Merrill Lynch . He was inducted into the Junipero Serra High School Hall of Fame in 2003 , joining fellow Serra High graduates Barry Bonds , Lynn Swann , Gregg Jefferies , Jim Fregosi , and his older sister Maureen , among many others . When Brady revisited two weeks after Super Bowl XLVI in 2012 , school administrators announced that they had named the football stadium Brady Family Stadium . College career Brady played college football for the University of Michigan from 1995 to 1999 . He was a backup quarterback for his first two years , while teammate and future NFL quarterback Brian Griese led the 1997 Wolverines to an undefeated season , which was capped by a victory in the Rose Bowl and a share of the national championship . When he enrolled at Michigan , Brady was seventh on the depth chart , and he had an intense struggle to get some playing time . At one point , Brady hired a sports psychologist to help him cope with frustration and anxiety , and even considered transferring to California . He worked closely with assistant athletic director Greg Harden , who met with Brady every week to build his confidence and to maximize his performance on the field . Brady told 60 Minutes in 2014 : `` He will always be somebody I rely on for sound advice and mentorship . He has helped me with my own personal struggles in both athletics and in life . Greg really pushed me in a direction that I was n't sure I could go . '' Under Michigan head coach Lloyd Carr , Brady battled for the starting job with Drew Henson and ultimately started every game in the 1998 and 1999 seasons . During his first full year as starter , he set new Michigan records for most pass attempts and completions in a season , for a total of 214 . Brady was All - Big Ten honorable mention both seasons , and was the team captain in his senior year . The Wolverines won 20 of 25 games when he started , and he set a school record for completions in a 31 -- 16 loss against Ohio State in 1998 , a season in which Michigan shared the Big Ten Conference title . Brady capped that season with a win over Arkansas in the Citrus Bowl . In the 1999 season , Brady had to once again hold off Henson for the starting job . The two players platooned during the season 's first seven games , with Brady playing the first quarter , Henson the second and Carr then deciding upon a quarterback for the second half . The 1999 Michigan Wolverines started off with a 5 -- 0 record , including a 26 -- 22 win over Notre Dame , and a road win against eventual powerhouse Wisconsin . Against Michigan State , Brady was not chosen to play the second half ; however , he was reinserted into the game with Michigan down by 17 points , and he nearly led Michigan all the way back before losing 34 -- 31 . After a 300 - yard passing game the following week , Carr went exclusively with Brady for the remainder of the season . Brady went on to lead Michigan to multiple 4th - quarter comebacks , including a remarkable 31 -- 27 win against Penn State , and leading them out of a close game against Indiana , 34 -- 31 , heading into the regular season 's final game , winners of three straight , earning him the moniker of `` Comeback Kid '' . Michigan concluded the regular season against Ohio State ; this was a dramatic game with a trip to the Orange Bowl on the line . With five minutes left , tied 17 -- 17 , Brady led Michigan to the winning score . He led Michigan to an overtime win in the Orange Bowl over Alabama , throwing for 369 yards , four touchdowns , leading the team back from a pair of 14 - point deficits in regulation ( 14 -- 0 in the first half , and 28 -- 14 in the second ) . He threw the game - winning score on a bootleg to tight end Shawn Thompson . Michigan won the game when Alabama missed an extra point following its own touchdown . In the two seasons that Brady started at Michigan , he posted a 20 -- 5 record , including his two largest victories at the Citrus Bowl ( 1999 ) and the Orange Bowl ( 2000 ) . Brady finished his career ranking third in Michigan history with 710 attempts and 442 completions , fourth with 5,351 yards and 62.3 completion percentage , and fifth with 35 touchdown passes . Statistics Year Team Passing Rushing Cmp Att Pct Yds Y / A TD Int Rtg Att Yds Avg TD Michigan 5 60.0 % 26 5.2 0 63.7 -- -- -- -- 1997 Michigan 12 15 80.0 % 103 6.9 0 0 137.7 − 14 − 7.0 0 1998 Michigan 200 323 61.9 % 2,427 7.5 14 10 133.1 54 − 105 − 1.9 1999 Michigan 180 295 61.0 % 2,217 7.5 16 6 138.0 34 − 31 − 0.9 Career 395 638 61.9 % 4,773 7.5 30 17 134.9 90 − 150 − 1.7 Source : Professional career Pre-draft measurables Ht Wt 40 ‐ yd dash 10 - yd split 20 - yd split 20 ‐ ss 3 ‐ cone Vert jump Broad Wonderlic 6 ft 4 in ( 1.93 m ) 211 lb ( 96 kg ) 5.24 s 1.75 s 2.99 s 4.38 s 7.20 s 24 ⁄ in ( 0.62 m ) 8 ft 3 in ( 2.51 m ) 33 All values from NFL Combine Overview This section about a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Brady was a lightly regarded prospect coming out of college , and was selected by the New England Patriots with the 199th overall pick in the sixth round of 2000 NFL Draft . He has subsequently played his entire professional career with the Patriots and has enjoyed a distinguished and decorated career that includes five Super Bowl wins , four Super Bowl MVPs , and two League MVPs . As a result of his highly successful career , Brady is rated among the greatest quarterbacks of all time . In addition to his other accolades , he has been named to the Pro Bowl twelve times and led the league in passing three times . He holds numerous NFL post-season passing records , and has more post-season wins than any other quarterback . Since Brady became their starting quarterback , the Patriots have never had a losing season and have won 14 division titles . The Patriots played in eleven AFC Championship Games from 2001 to 2016 -- including six in a row from 2011 to 2016 -- and won seven of them . In his second season , Brady took over as the starting quarterback after Drew Bledsoe was injured ; he eventually led the Patriots to victory in Super Bowl XXXVI . The Patriots would miss the playoffs the following season , but would then win back - to - back titles in 2003 and 2004 . Although Brady and the Patriots continued to be highly successful , he did not return to the Super Bowl until the 2007 season . In that season , Brady set an NFL record for touchdown passes , won his first League MVP , and led the Patriots to a 16 -- 0 regular season record . However , the Patriots were upset by the New York Giants in spectacular fashion in Super Bowl XLII . Brady missed virtually the entire following season due to a catastrophic knee injury in his first game . Brady won the National Football League Comeback Player of the Year Award in the 2009 season , and he and the Patriots continued in that and subsequent seasons to turn in strong performances , winning his second League MVP in 2010 . Brady returned to the Super Bowl in the 2011 season where once again Brady and the Patriots were upset by the New York Giants . Brady then made his sixth trip to the Super Bowl after the 2014 season ( his 15th as a professional ) where he led a memorable fourth quarter comeback over the defending champion Seattle Seahawks for his fourth Super Bowl win , and was named Super Bowl MVP for the third time . Brady missed the first four games of the 2016 season due to a suspension resulting from the Deflategate controversy , but then won 11 out of the 12 remaining regular season games and two postseason games to make his seventh and most recent Super Bowl appearance , earning his fifth Super Bowl win and fourth Super Bowl MVP title in epic fashion , coming back from a 25 - point deficit against the Atlanta Falcons midway through the third quarter to win in overtime , by far the biggest comeback in Super Bowl history . Brady led the Patriots when they set the NFL record for the longest consecutive winning streak -- that included the playoffs -- with 21 straight wins in the 2003 and 2004 seasons . He set the record for most consecutive playoff wins with 10 , and in 2007 , he led the Patriots to the first undefeated regular season since the season was expanded to 16 games . He has thrown for more passing yards and touchdowns than any quarterback in NFL postseason history , and has the sixth highest career passer rating of all time ( 96.6 ) among quarterbacks with at least 1,500 career passing attempts . Brady and Joe Montana are the only players in NFL history to win multiple NFL MVP and Super Bowl MVP awards . In 2007 , he was named NFL Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) , and the Associated Press named him Male Athlete of the Year , the first NFL player so honored since Montana in 1990 . He became the first quarterback to throw for 50 touchdowns in a season . In 2010 , he was unanimously chosen as the NFL MVP , becoming the first player since 1986 to be unanimously chosen as MVP , and was ranked as the top player in the NFL Top 100 , a poll of league players . He set the NFL record for consecutive passes without an interception ( 358 ) , and broke his own record for the highest season touchdown to interception ratio , among players who have started a full season , at 9 : 1 ( this is currently the third best TD : INT ratio for a single season by a quarterback ) . Brady and Patriots head coach Bill Belichick have combined to form the most successful quarterback - coach tandem in NFL history , winning 183 regular season games and 25 postseason games together , as well as appearing in seven Super Bowls together . All of these events set new NFL records . 2000 season Brady was selected with pick # 199 , a compensatory pick , in the sixth round of the 2000 NFL Draft . He and his family had believed that Brady would be drafted in the second or third round ; they watched the draft on television , stunned as six other quarterbacks were drafted before him . Brady was so embarrassed that he briefly left the family home during the sixth round , and cried when recalling the experience for an interview 11 years later . When the Patriots notified him that he would be drafted Brady was grateful that , he later said , he would not `` have to be an insurance salesman '' . According to Michael Holley 's book Patriot Reign , the Patriots were considering Brady and Tim Rattay , both of whom had received positive reviews from then - quarterbacks coach Dick Rehbein . Ultimately , the Patriots front office chose Brady . Considering his subsequent success , many analysts have called Brady the best NFL draft pick of all time . Brady started the season as the fourth string quarterback , behind starter Drew Bledsoe and backups John Friesz and Michael Bishop ; by season 's end , he was number two on the depth chart behind Bledsoe . During his rookie season , he was 1 - of - 3 passing , for six yards . Tight end Rod Rutledge caught Brady 's first and only pass of the season in a 34 - 9 loss to the Detroit Lions on November 23 . 2001 season With Bledsoe as the starting quarterback , the Patriots opened the season with a 23 -- 17 loss at Cincinnati . In their second game and home opener on September 23 , the Patriots squared off against their AFC East rivals , the New York Jets . Bledsoe was again the starter ; in the fourth quarter , he suffered internal bleeding after a hit from Jets linebacker Mo Lewis . Bledsoe returned for the next series , but was replaced with Brady for the Patriots ' final series of the game . New York would hold on to win , 10 -- 3 , and the Patriots fell to 0 -- 2 on the season . Brady was named the starter for the season 's third game , against the Indianapolis Colts . In his first two games as starter , Brady posted unspectacular passer ratings of 79.6 and 58.7 , respectively , in a 44 -- 13 victory over the Colts ( in their last season in the AFC East ) and a 30 -- 10 loss to the Miami Dolphins . In the Patriots ' fifth game , Brady began to find his stride . Trailing the visiting San Diego Chargers 26 -- 16 in the fourth quarter , he led the Patriots on two scoring drives to force overtime , and another in overtime to set up a winning field goal . Brady finished the game with 33 pass completions on 54 attempts , for 364 yards , and two touchdowns . The following week , Brady again played well during the rematch at Indianapolis , with a passer rating of 148.3 in a 38 -- 17 win . The Patriots went on to win eleven of the fourteen games Brady started , and six straight to finish the regular season , winning the AFC East and entering the 2001 -- 02 NFL playoffs with a first - round bye . Brady finished the 2001 season with 2,843 passing yards and 18 touchdowns and earned an invitation to the 2002 Pro Bowl . 2001 postseason In Brady 's first playoff game , he threw for 312 yards against the Oakland Raiders and led the Patriots back from a ten - point fourth - quarter deficit to send the game to overtime , where they won on an Adam Vinatieri field goal . A controversial play occurred in that game . Trailing by three points in the fourth quarter , Brady lost control of the ball after being hit by Raiders ' cornerback Charles Woodson . Oakland initially recovered the ball , but , citing the `` tuck rule , '' which states that any forward throwing motion by a quarterback begins a pass even if the quarterback loses possession of the ball as he is attempting to tuck it back toward his body , referee Walt Coleman overturned the call on instant replay , ruling it an incomplete pass rather than a fumble . In the AFC Championship Game against the Pittsburgh Steelers , Brady injured his knee , and was relieved by Bledsoe . The Patriots won the game and were immediately instituted by Las Vegas oddsmakers as 14 - point underdogs against the NFC champion St. Louis Rams in Super Bowl XXXVI . Brady returned from his knee injury in the AFC Championship Game to start in Super Bowl XXXVI a week later in New Orleans . Despite being heavy underdogs , the Patriots played well , holding the Rams ' high powered offense in check through the first three quarters . The Rams rallied from a 17 -- 3 deficit to tie the game with 1 : 30 left in regulation . The Patriots then got the ball back at their own 17 - yard line with no timeouts remaining . Sportscaster and former Super Bowl - winning coach John Madden said he thought the Patriots should run out the clock and try to win the game in overtime . Instead , Brady drove the Patriots ' offense down the field to the Rams ' 31 - yard line before spiking the ball with seven seconds left . Then kicker Adam Vinatieri converted a 48 - yard field goal as time expired to give the Patriots a 20 -- 17 win and their first ever league championship . Brady was named MVP of Super Bowl XXXVI while throwing for 145 yards , one touchdown , and no interceptions . At the age of 24 years and six months , Brady surpassed Joe Namath in Super Bowl III and Joe Montana in Super Bowl XVI , who were both 25 years , seven months , and 13 days old at the time of their victories , to earn the title of youngest quarterback to win a Super Bowl . A possible quarterback controversy was averted when Bledsoe was traded to the Buffalo Bills during the offseason ; this event cemented Brady 's status as the starting quarterback . 2002 season Brady and the Patriots finished the year at 9 -- 7 , tied with the New York Jets and Miami Dolphins for the best record in the division ; however , the Jets won the division on the third tiebreaker , and the Patriots missed the playoffs . Though Brady posted a career - low single - season passer rating of 85.7 and a career - high of 14 interceptions , he threw for a league - leading 28 touchdown passes and 921 more yards than in the 2001 season . However , Brady played much of the second half of the season with a shoulder injury , and New England head coach Bill Belichick later indicated that Brady would not have been able to play in their first playoff game if the Patriots had made the playoffs . 2003 season After opening the 2003 NFL season with a 2 -- 2 start , Brady led the Patriots to twelve consecutive victories to finish the regular season in winning the AFC East . Statistically , Brady 's strongest game of the season was against the division rival Buffalo Bills , when he achieved a season - high quarterback rating of 122.9 . Brady finished with 3,620 passing yards and 23 touchdowns , and was third in NFL MVP voting to co-winners Peyton Manning and Steve McNair . 2003 postseason In the first two rounds of the playoffs , the Patriots defeated the Tennessee Titans and Indianapolis Colts . On February 1 , 2004 , Brady led the Patriots to a 32 -- 29 victory over the NFC champion Carolina Panthers in Super Bowl XXXVIII and was named Super Bowl MVP for the second time . During the game , Brady threw for 354 yards with three touchdowns and set the record for most completions by a quarterback in a Super Bowl with 32 . With 1 : 08 left in the fourth quarter and the score tied 29 -- 29 , Brady engineered a drive to put the Patriots in position for the game - winning field goal by Vinatieri . 2004 season Brady during Super Bowl XXXIX During the 2004 season , Brady helped the Patriots set an NFL record with 21 straight wins dating from the previous year , an accomplishment honored in the Pro Football Hall of Fame ( though for official records , the NFL considers it an 18 - game regular season winning streak ; it does not count playoff games ) . New England finished with a 14 -- 2 record , equaling their 2003 record and the best regular - season record ever for a defending champion . The Patriots also won the AFC East divisional title for the third time in four years . Brady threw for 3,692 yards and 28 touchdowns , with a 92.6 passer rating , and was voted to his second Pro Bowl . 2004 postseason In the AFC playoffs , Brady led the Patriots to victories over the Indianapolis Colts and the Pittsburgh Steelers . Brady played his best game of the year in Pittsburgh despite requiring intravenous treatment the previous night when he ran a temperature of 103 ° . Against the NFL 's best defense , he recorded a quarterback passer rating of 130.5 , his highest of the season . On February 6 , 2005 , the Patriots narrowly defeated the Philadelphia Eagles , 24 -- 21 , to win Super Bowl XXXIX . Brady threw for 236 yards and two touchdowns while capturing the Patriots ' third championship in four years . 2005 season During the 2005 season , injuries suffered by running backs Corey Dillon , Patrick Pass , and Kevin Faulk forced the Patriots to rely more on Brady 's passing . Brady also had to adjust to new center Russ Hochstein and running back Heath Evans . Brady finished first in the league with 4,110 passing yards and third in the league with 26 touchdowns . At 92.3 , his 2005 passer rating was the second - highest of his career at the time , although he equaled his career high for interceptions with 14 . He rushed for 89 yards and fumbled a career - low four times . He and the Patriots finished with a 10 -- 6 record , winning their third straight AFC East title . 2005 postseason In the playoffs , Brady led the Patriots to a 28 -- 3 victory over the Jacksonville Jaguars in the Wild Card Round ; however , on January 14 , 2006 , the Patriots lost 27 -- 13 to the Denver Broncos at INVESCO Field . Brady threw for 341 yards in the game with one touchdown and two interceptions , in the first playoff loss of his career after ten playoff victories . After the season 's end , it was revealed that Brady had been playing with a sports hernia since December . Linebacker Willie McGinest commented on it and said he knew , but Brady continued playing . Brady on the sideline at Giants Stadium with teammates Randy Moss and Jabar Gaffney , after throwing for his record - breaking 50th passing touchdown of the 2007 season 2006 season Brady led the Patriots to a 12 -- 4 record and the fourth seed in the AFC playoffs . In the regular season , Brady threw for 3,529 yards and 24 touchdowns . He was not among the players initially selected to the Pro Bowl , although he was offered an injury - replacement selection when San Diego Chargers Philip Rivers was forced to withdraw ( which he declined ) . 2006 postseason In the postseason , the Patriots first hosted their division rivals , the New York Jets , in the Wild Card Round . The Patriots defeated the Jets 37 -- 16 , as Brady went 22 -- 34 for 212 yards and two touchdowns . In the Divisional Round , the Patriots traveled to San Diego to take on the Chargers . This was Brady 's first playoff game in his home state of California . Brady and the Patriots struggled against the Chargers , whom many had picked as favorites to win Super Bowl XLI . With eight minutes left in the fourth quarter and the Patriots down by eight points , Brady and the Patriots started a key drive that would ultimately decide the game . After a 49 - yard pass play to wide receiver Reche Caldwell , a Stephen Gostkowski field goal gave the Patriots a 24 -- 21 win . In the AFC Championship , the Patriots faced the Indianapolis Colts . The Patriots and Colts had faced each other twice in the previous three postseasons at Foxborough ; this game , however , was played at Indianapolis . The Patriots led at halftime , 21 -- 6 ; however , the Colts and Peyton Manning staged a comeback , culminating in a last minute interception thrown by Brady , and the Patriots lost the game to the Colts , 34 -- 38 . 2007 season Playing with a dramatically overhauled receiver corps -- in the 2007 offseason , the Patriots acquired wide receivers Donté Stallworth , Wes Welker , Kelley Washington , and Randy Moss ; tight end Kyle Brady ; and running back Sammy Morris -- Brady enjoyed what some sportswriters described as the one of the best seasons by a quarterback . The average score of a 2007 Patriots regular season game would be 37 -- 17 by the end of the year . Brady led the Patriots to the first 16 -- 0 regular season record in league history , outscoring opponents by more than a 2 - to - 1 margin , but also attained numerous career , franchise , and NFL records and milestones in the process . While away at Dallas , he had a career - high five passing touchdowns in a 48 -- 27 win . The win tied him with Cowboys Hall of Fame quarterback Roger Staubach for the most wins ever by a starting quarterback in his first 100 regular - season games , with 76 . The next week , in part of a 49 -- 28 win at Miami , he had yet another record day , with six passing touchdowns , setting a franchise record . He also had the first perfect passer rating of his career . Two weeks later , as part of a come - from - behind 24 -- 20 victory at Indianapolis , he threw for another three touchdowns , the ninth consecutive game in which he had done so , breaking Peyton Manning 's NFL record of eight . During the last game of the year , Brady threw two touchdown passes ; his second touchdown was his 50th , breaking Peyton Manning 's 2004 record of 49 . Brady in December 2007 Brady finished the season with 4,806 passing yards , 50 touchdown passes , and only eight interceptions . It was unanimously voted the greatest passing season of all time by ESPN in 2013 . His 50 : 8 touchdown to interception ratio was , at the time , an NFL record . He became the first quarterback to pass for 50 touchdowns in a season and his 117.2 passer rating is the fourth highest in a single season . His 8.7 % touchdown passing percentage is the third highest ever in a season . He led the Patriots to becoming the first team to ever go undefeated in the regular season since the 16 game schedule was enforced and directed an offense that scored a then NFL record 589 points and 75 total touchdowns . Those records stood until they were eclipsed by the 2013 Denver Broncos . The team 's 50 total touchdown passes is the fourth most ever in a season . For his efforts , Brady was named the Most Valuable Player of this season , as well as Offensive Player of the Year . He was also honored by the Associated Press as their Male Athlete of the Year , the first time an NFL player has been so honored since Joe Montana won the award in 1990 . 2007 postseason In the Patriots ' first playoff game , an AFC Divisional Round game against Jacksonville , Brady began the game with an NFL postseason record 16 consecutive completed passes , and finished the game with 26 completions in 28 attempts , a completion rate of 92.9 % . That mark is the highest single - game completion percentage ( for passers with at least 20 attempts ) in NFL history , regular season or postseason . With the win , the Patriots matched the undefeated 1972 Miami Dolphins as the only team to win 17 consecutive games in one season . Statistically , Brady did not fare as well in the AFC Championship Game against the San Diego Chargers , throwing three interceptions ( including his first interception in the red zone since the playoff loss to Denver in the 2005 postseason ) . Nevertheless , the Patriots won their 18th game of the season , 21 -- 12 , to advance to the Super Bowl for the fourth time in seven seasons . Brady , with the 100th win of his career , also set an NFL record for the fewest games needed by a starting quarterback to do so : his 100 -- 26 record is sixteen games better than Joe Montana 's . In Super Bowl XLII , Brady was pressured heavily and sacked five times . The Patriots did manage to take the lead with a Brady touchdown to Moss with less than three minutes remaining in the fourth quarter , but the Giants were able to score a last - minute touchdown to upset the Patriots 17 -- 14 , taking away what would have been the first perfect season since the NFL expanded its regular season to 16 games . Brady in action against the Washington Redskins on August 28 , 2009 . 2008 season Brady did not play in any games during the 2008 preseason or in the 2008 Pro Bowl due to two different foot injuries . In the Patriots ' 2008 season opener against the Kansas City Chiefs at Gillette Stadium , Brady 's left knee was seriously injured midway through the first quarter on a hit by Chiefs safety Bernard Pollard ; he left the game and did not return . The team later confirmed that Brady would require surgery , and it would prematurely end his 2008 season . Brady tore both his anterior cruciate ligament and medial collateral ligament . The injury ended Brady 's streak of 111 consecutive starts ( seventh in the list of most consecutive starts by an NFL quarterback , behind Brett Favre , Peyton Manning , Ron Jaworski , and Joe Flacco ) . Dr. Neal ElAttrache performed the anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction at the Los Angeles Kerlan - Jobe Orthopaedic Clinic October 6 , using Brady 's patellar tendon graft to replace the torn ligament , and also repaired his medial collateral ligament , through a separate incision in his left knee . An infection in the wound resulted in further debridement surgery several times since the original procedure . Brady received IV antibiotics for this infection which , at the time , threatened to delay his rehab . Despite Brady 's absence , the Patriots managed to finish the 2008 season with an 11 -- 5 record ; however , due to tiebreakers , the Patriots not only failed to win the AFC East division title , but missed the playoffs altogether for the first time since the 2002 season . 2009 season Tom Brady in Landover , Maryland , on August 28 , 2009 , during warmups in a preseason game against the Washington Redskins . In his first game in nearly a year , Brady threw for 378 yards and two touchdowns in the 2009 season opener against the Buffalo Bills . In the final minutes of the game , the Patriots were down 24 -- 13 before Brady and tight end Benjamin Watson connected on two straight touchdowns to lead the Patriots to a 25 -- 24 win . Brady was named the AFC Offensive Player of the Week for the 13th time in his career for his performance . On October 18 , 2009 , in an early season snowstorm , Brady set an NFL record against the Tennessee Titans for most touchdowns in a single quarter , throwing five in the second quarter . Brady finished the game with six touchdowns , tying his career best , and 380 yards , completing 29 - of - 34 attempts , finishing with a nearly perfect passer rating of 152.8 . The Patriots ' 59 -- 0 victory over the Titans tied the record for the largest margin of victory since the 1970 AFL - NFL merger , and set a record for largest halftime lead in NFL history , which was 45 -- 0 . Brady would finish the 2009 regular season with 4,398 yards passing and 28 touchdowns for a 96.2 rating , despite a broken right ring finger and three fractured ribs , all which were suffered over the course of the season . He was selected as a reserve to the 2010 Pro Bowl and named the 2009 NFL Comeback Player of the Year . 2009 postseason Brady ended the 2009 season throwing three interceptions in a Wild Card Round loss to the Baltimore Ravens , 33 -- 14 , his first career home playoff loss , and the first playoff loss at home by a New England Patriots quarterback since 1978 ( Andy Johnson ) . 2010 season On September 10 , 2010 , Brady signed a four - year , $72 million contract extension , making him the highest - paid player in the NFL . The extension included $48.5 million in guaranteed money . Brady became the quickest quarterback to achieve 100 regular season wins by helping his team defeat the Miami Dolphins 41 -- 14 on October 4 , 2010 . In a 31 -- 28 win over the Indianapolis Colts on November 21 , 2010 , Brady tied Brett Favre 's record of winning 25 consecutive regular - season home starts . Brady 's last regular - season defeat at home was a 17 -- 14 loss to the New York Jets on November 12 , 2006 . On December 6 , 2010 , Brady engineered a 45 -- 3 victory over the New York Jets and set an NFL record by winning 26 consecutive regular - season home starts . Brady threw for 3,900 yards with 36 touchdowns and only four interceptions on the season . He had a 111.0 passer rating ; this gave him -- at the time -- two of the top five season ratings in NFL history and made him the first player to finish with a rating above 110 in two different seasons . Brady was selected as a starter to the 2011 Pro Bowl . However , he pulled out of the game ( and was replaced by former backup Matt Cassel of the Kansas City Chiefs ) after undergoing surgery for a stress fracture in his right foot dating back to 2008 . Brady was also the only unanimous selection for the AP All - Pro Team and was named the 2010 Associated Press NFL Offensive Player of the Year . By unanimous decision , he won the MVP award for the second time in his career . 2010 postseason After earning the # 1 seed and a bye week , the Patriots lost to the New York Jets in the Divisional Round by a score of 28 -- 21 . Brady finished the game 29 of 45 for 299 yards and two touchdowns , with one interception . His one pick ended his NFL record of consecutive passes without an interception at 340 . 2011 season In Week 1 of the 2011 NFL season , Brady threw for 517 yards , four touchdowns , and one interception in a game against the Miami Dolphins . This was the second time that he had thrown for 400 or more yards in a single game . In the regular season finale against the Buffalo Bills , Brady became the fourth quarterback to throw for 5,000 yards in a single season , finishing with 5,235 ; although Brady surpassed Dan Marino 's longstanding record of 5,084 passing yards , he finished the season second in passing yards behind only Drew Brees 's 5,476 . In the end , the Patriots finished the season 13 -- 3 and clinched the AFC 's # 1 seed . 2011 postseason There 's no quarterback I 'd rather have than Tom Brady . He 's the best . He does so much for us in so many ways on so many different levels . I 'm very fortunate that he 's our quarterback and what he 's able to do for this team . It 's good to win with him and all the rest of our players . If that 's more than somebody else did , I do n't really care about that . -- Bill Belichick In the Patriots ' 45 -- 10 rout of the Denver Broncos in the Divisional Round , Brady set a personal postseason best with 363 passing yards , and tied an NFL playoff record shared by Daryle Lamonica and Steve Young , throwing for six touchdown passes . The win , his first postseason win since January 2008 , gave Brady and Patriots head coach Bill Belichick sole possession of the NFL record for postseason wins by a quarterback - head coach combo with 15 . In the AFC Championship game against the Baltimore Ravens , Brady failed to throw a touchdown pass for the first time in 36 games , though he did pass for 239 yards and scored a one - yard rushing touchdown late in the game . A missed field goal from Ravens kicker Billy Cundiff gave Brady and the Patriots a 23 - 20 victory , sending the Patriots to the Super Bowl for the fifth time since Brady joined the team . In Super Bowl XLVI , Brady and the Patriots met the New York Giants in a rematch of their Super Bowl XLII meeting four years earlier . Brady played well , leading a Super Bowl record - tying 96 - yard touchdown drive to close the first half and at one point completing 16 passes in a row to give him a 20 - of - 23 mark partway into the third quarter , another Super Bowl record . Brady threw two touchdowns against one interception , and was penalized for intentional grounding in the end zone , giving up a crucial safety to the Giants . A final score of 21 -- 17 for the Giants prevented Brady from winning his fourth Super Bowl . 2012 season Brady started all 16 regular season games of the 2012 NFL season and led the Patriots to a 12 -- 4 record . The Patriots scored 557 total points , the third highest in league history and Brady became the first quarterback to lead his team to ten division titles . With that point total , the Patriots became the first team to score at least 500 points in a season four different times , with Brady leading all four squads , which was a record as well . He finished the season with 4,827 passing yards , 34 touchdowns , only eight interceptions , and a passer rating of 98.7 . It was Brady 's third straight season throwing for over 30 touchdowns . 2012 postseason Brady started both Patriots playoff games , winning against the Houston Texans . With the victory , Brady surpassed Joe Montana for most career playoff wins , with 17 . The Patriots were then upset by the eventual Super Bowl XLVII champion Baltimore Ravens , 28 -- 13 in the AFC Championship . On February 25 , 2013 , Brady and the Patriots agreed on a three - year contract extension , which kept him with the team through 2017 . Peter King called it an `` amazing '' deal , as Brady took just $27 million in new money over the 2015 , 2016 , and 2017 seasons , and also noted that it reflected Patriots owner Robert Kraft 's desire to make sure that Brady retired as a Patriot . 2013 season Brady and the Patriots began the season with much upheaval on the offensive side of the ball . Tight end Rob Gronkowski was injured and Aaron Hernandez was arrested . Wes Welker departed to the Denver Broncos , Danny Woodhead left in free agency for the San Diego Chargers , and Brandon Lloyd was released from the team . In order to replace the five players , the Patriots signed Danny Amendola in free agency from the Rams , drafted rookie wide receivers Aaron Dobson and Josh Boyce , and signed undrafted rookie free agent wide receiver Kenbrell Thompkins . In the first two games of the season , Brady completed 52 % of his passes and had three touchdowns and one interception . Brady during the 2013 season Brady was in pursuit of Drew Brees 's record of at least one touchdown in 54 consecutive regular season games and saw the streak end at 52 games in a Week 5 loss against the Cincinnati Bengals . In a Week 6 game against the Saints , the Patriots struggled in the first half and bounced back in the second with Brady passing for 269 yards with a touchdown to Kenbrell Thompkins as time expired to pull out the win over the Saints . In Week 11 , Brady faced - off against Peyton Manning for the fourteenth time in his career . After going to the half trailing by 24 points , Brady and the Patriots scored 31 unanswered points . The Patriots won after a muffed punt in overtime when Stephen Gostkowski scored a field goal . With a Week 16 win over the Ravens , Brady collected his 147th win as a starting quarterback to tie Dan Marino for fourth place all time , and the following week he defeated the Bills to tie John Elway for third place . 2013 postseason Brady 's Patriots finished the season 12 -- 4 , to earn the second seed in the AFC and a first - round bye . In the Divisional Round matchup against the Indianapolis Colts , Brady made his 25th playoff appearance , breaking Brett Favre 's career record for playoff appearances by a quarterback ( Jerry Rice appeared in 29 playoff games ) . The following week , the Patriots lost to the Denver Broncos in the AFC Championship , eliminating Brady and the Patriots from the playoffs . 2014 season Brady in September 2014 against the Vikings . Brady started the 2014 season with a 33 -- 20 loss to the Miami Dolphins . It was Brady 's first opening day loss since the 2003 season . Brady recorded 241 yards and a touchdown in the loss . New England rebounded against the Minnesota Vikings , but Brady struggled , throwing for 149 yards and a touchdown in a 30 -- 7 win . Against the Oakland Raiders Brady was pressured all day , but threw for 234 yards and a touchdown in 16 -- 9 win . After a humiliating 41 -- 14 loss to the Kansas City Chiefs , Brady led New England to back - to - back wins against the Cincinnati Bengals and the Buffalo Bills . Brady then defeated the New York Jets with a 261 - yard performance that included three touchdowns . The following week , a 51 -- 23 embarrassment of the Chicago Bears saw Brady throw for 354 yards and a season - high five touchdowns . After passing for 333 yards , and 257 yards in his next two games against the Denver Broncos and Indianapolis Colts respectively , Brady defeated the Detroit Lions 34 -- 9 with 349 passing yards and two touchdowns against only one interception . The Patriots winning streak was put to the test against the Green Bay Packers in Week 13 . Down 13 -- 0 early , Brady threw for 245 yards and two touchdowns . Still down 26 -- 21 , Brady was unable to give the Patriots their eighth consecutive victory . After trailing 14 -- 3 at the San Diego Chargers , Brady rallied his team with 317 passing yards , two touchdowns , and one interception , to a 23 -- 14 comeback win . Brady clinched his NFL record 12th AFC East division title with 287 passing yards , two touchdowns , and an interception . Brady struggled in his final two games , throwing for only 182 yards , a touchdown , and an interception in 17 -- 16 victory against the Jets , and 80 yards in one half of the final regular season game against the Buffalo Bills , a 17 -- 9 loss , though Julian Edelman , Rob Gronkowski , and three starting offensive linemen did not play either the entirety or the majority of the final game , and Brady only played in the first half . 2014 postseason In a 35 -- 31 Divisional Round win over the Ravens , Brady threw for three touchdowns and ran in a fourth , breaking Curtis Martin 's club record for rushing touchdowns in the playoffs ; Brady also broke Joe Montana 's record for playoff touchdowns with 46 . After the Ravens scored on their first two possessions , the Patriots were quickly down 14 -- 0 . Brady led New England on an eight - play , 78 - yard drive , and ran for a score to cut the Ravens lead to 14 -- 7 . In the second quarter , Brady 's 15 yard touchdown pass to Danny Amendola tied the score at 14 -- 14 . After getting the ball back , Brady threw an interception at the end of the first half . Joe Flacco capitalized on it by throwing an 11 - yard touchdown strike to tight end Owen Daniels to give Baltimore a 21 -- 14 halftime lead . Down 28 -- 14 , Brady engineered an 80 - yard drive , culminating in a touchdown to Rob Gronkowski to cut the lead to 28 -- 21 . The Patriots tied the game once again at 28 off of a trick play where Brady passed laterally to Julian Edelman who then threw a 51 - yard touchdown to Danny Amendola . Ravens kicker Justin Tucker drilled a 25 - yard field goal to give Baltimore a 31 -- 28 4th quarter lead . Brady got the ball back , and threw a 23 - yard touchdown to wide receiver Brandon LaFell to give the Patriots their first lead , up 35 -- 31 . After a Duron Harmon interception and a Joe Flacco Hail Mary attempt failed , Brady clinched his record ninth AFC Championship Game , fourth straight , and the third championship game against the Indianapolis Colts . After a 45 -- 7 blowout , Brady advanced to play in his sixth Super Bowl , breaking a tie with John Elway for most career Super Bowl appearances by a quarterback . In Super Bowl XLIX , Brady completed 37 - of - 50 passes for 328 yards , four touchdowns , and two interceptions . He guided a then - record ten - point fourth quarter comeback as the Patriots defeated the Seattle Seahawks 28 -- 24 to give Brady his fourth Super Bowl ring , tying him with Joe Montana and Terry Bradshaw for most Super Bowl victories by a starting quarterback . He was named Super Bowl MVP for the third time , tying Montana 's record . Brady 's 37 completed passes in the game set a Super Bowl record at the time , which Brady himself would break in Super Bowl LI two years later . 2015 season 2015 offseason Further information : Deflategate On May 6 , 2015 , the NFL published a 243 - page report regarding the deflation of footballs used in the previous season 's AFC Championship Game . The report concluded that , more likely than not , Brady was at least generally aware of the intentional deflation . On May 11 , Brady was suspended for four games by the NFL for his involvement based on `` substantial and credible evidence '' that Brady knew Patriots employees were deflating footballs and that he failed to cooperate with the investigators . On May 11 , Troy Vincent -- NFL Executive Vice President of Football Operations -- penned a letter to Brady that stated in part : `` Your actions as set forth in the report clearly constitute conduct detrimental to the integrity of and public confidence in the game of professional football . '' Vincent 's letter further stated : `` With respect to your particular involvement , the report established that there is substantial and credible evidence to conclude you were at least generally aware of the actions of the Patriots ' employees involved in the deflation of the footballs and that it was unlikely that their actions were done without your knowledge . Moreover , the report documents your failure to cooperate fully and candidly with the investigation , including by refusing to produce any relevant electronic evidence ( emails , texts , etc . ) , despite being offered extraordinary safeguards by the investigators to protect unrelated personal information , and by providing testimony that the report concludes was not plausible and contradicted by other evidence . '' Brady , through the NFL Players Association , officially appealed the suspension on May 14 . On July 28 , NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell announced the upholding of Brady 's four game suspension . Brady gave permission to the NFLPA to appeal the suspension in federal court . Goodell cited Brady 's destruction of his cell phone as a critical factor in his decision to uphold Brady 's suspension . The NFL also filed papers in federal court seeking to confirm Roger Goodell 's decision . On July 29 Brady released a statement on his Facebook page that criticized Goodell 's decision to uphold the suspension , saying in part `` I am very disappointed by the NFL 's decision to uphold the 4 game suspension against me . I did nothing wrong , and no one in the Patriots organization did either ... I will not allow my unfair discipline to become a precedent for other NFL players without a fight . '' Brady in 2015 Commentary on the initial punishment was mixed . Bleacher Report writer Mike Freeman made a statement agreeing with Goodell 's decision , saying the penalties were `` brutal , but it deserved to be . '' Various commentators also implied that the prior reputation of the Patriots organization as a team that bends rules appeared to factor into the harshness of the punishment . Others described the punishment as `` firm but fair '' . On September 3 , 2015 , Judge Richard M. Berman of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York vacated Brady 's suspension ; this ruling allowed Brady to play in the first four games of the 2015 NFL season . In his decision , Judge Berman cited the NFL 's failure to provide proper notice to Brady of the charges against him and the potential for a suspension . Post-appeal commentary also criticized Goodell for `` manipulating Brady 's testimony '' at the appeal hearing in his decision . 2015 regular season In the NFL Kickoff Game , Brady led the Patriots to a 28 -- 21 win over the Pittsburgh Steelers . He threw for 288 yards and four touchdowns , three of them to Rob Gronkowski . The Patriots ' victory was the 161st victory of Brady 's career , all with the Patriots , which surpassed the record held by former Green Bay Packers quarterback Brett Favre for most regular season wins by a starting quarterback with a single team . In Week 2 , Brady followed up his Week 1 performance by throwing for 466 yards and three touchdowns against the Bills . Through the first five games of the season , Brady threw a total of 14 touchdowns with one interception and had a quarterback rating of 118.4 . Despite Brady 's success , the Patriots were hit by many injuries to key players on offense , including wide receiver Julian Edelman , and the Patriots eventually lost their first game against the Broncos , who were without Peyton Manning , in Denver on the Sunday after Thanksgiving following a 10 -- 0 start . The Patriots then lost three of their remaining five games to finish 12 -- 4 for a fourth straight season , tied with the Cincinnati Bengals and Denver Broncos for the AFC 's best record . Denver clinched the No. 1 seed due to their victories over both the Patriots and the Bengals , while the Patriots finished with the AFC 's No. 2 seed due to having a better record against common opponents than Cincinnati . Brady finished the regular season with a league - leading 36 touchdown passes and seven interceptions . He was named to his 11th Pro Bowl ( seventh straight ) , and was ranked as the second best player on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2016 behind only league MVP Cam Newton . 2015 postseason With a healthy Julian Edelman returning from a foot injury , the Patriots defeated the Kansas City Chiefs in the divisional round by a score of 27 -- 20 after advancing with a first round bye . The Patriots advanced to the AFC Championship at Mile High Stadium to face Peyton Manning and the Denver Broncos . It was the 17th and final meeting between Brady and his rival Peyton Manning , as Manning would announce his retirement after the season ended . The Broncos ' top - ranked defense harassed Brady , who completed 27 - of - 56 passes with two interceptions and a touchdown , all day , and the Patriots eventually lost the game 20 -- 18 after a potential game - tying two - point conversion attempt failed with 17 seconds left in regulation . 2016 season 2016 offseason Brady at Michigan Stadium in September 2016 On February 29 , 2016 , Brady signed a two - year contract extension covering the 2018 and 2019 seasons . Three days later , the NFL appealed Judge Richard M. Berman 's 2015 decision to vacate Brady 's four - game suspension as punishment for his alleged role in the Deflategate scandal . At the March 3 , 2016 , hearing in New York City , the three - judge panel of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit questioned Players Association lawyer Jeffrey L. Kessler more intensely than NFL lawyer Paul Clement , with Circuit Judge Denny Chin even stating that `` the evidence of ball tampering is compelling , if not overwhelming . '' On April 25 , 2016 , Judge Richard M. Berman 's decision to block Brady 's four - game suspension was overturned by the U.S. Appeals Court . Circuit Judge Barrington Daniels Parker Jr. , joined by Circuit Judge Chin , wrote that they could not `` second - guess '' the arbitration but were merely determining it `` met the minimum legal standards established by the Labor Management Relations Act of 1947 '' . Circuit Chief Judge Robert Katzmann dissented , writing that the NFL 's fines for using stickum was `` highly analogous '' and that here `` the Commissioner was doling out his own brand of industrial justice . '' On May 23 , 2016 , Brady appealed for his case to be reheard by the full U.S. 2nd Circuit Court . The 2nd Circuit Court denied Brady 's request for an en banc hearing on July 13 . Two days later , on Friday , July 15 , 2016 , Brady announced on his Facebook page that he would give up his Deflategate fight and accept his suspension for the first four regular season games of the 2016 season . Prior to Brady 's suspension , he had not missed a single regular season or postseason game since the start of the 2009 season . 2016 regular season After serving his four - game suspension , Brady made his 2016 season debut on October 9 on the road against the Cleveland Browns ; he completed 28 - of - 40 passes for 406 yards and three touchdowns in a 33 -- 13 Patriots victory . In his home debut the following week , Brady completed 29 - of - 35 passes for 376 yards and three touchdowns in a 35 -- 17 Patriots victory over the Cincinnati Bengals . In Week 7 , Brady completed 19 of 26 passes for 222 yards and two touchdowns as New England defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers 27 -- 16 . The next week , the Patriots defeated the Buffalo Bills 41 -- 25 , with Brady completing 22 - of - 33 passes for 315 yards and four touchdowns . Brady 's outstanding numbers during his first four games following the suspension earned him the AFC Offensive Player of the Month award for October . Following a bye week , Brady and the Patriots faced the Seattle Seahawks in a Week 10 rematch of Super Bowl XLIX . Brady completed 23 - of - 32 passes for 316 yards , one interception , and no touchdowns in a 31 -- 24 loss that saw the two teams trade leads seven times . In Week 11 , Brady completed 24 - of - 40 passes for 280 yards , four touchdowns , and no interceptions in a 30 -- 17 road win against his childhood team , the San Francisco 49ers . Brady 's performance against San Francisco earned him AFC Offensive Player of the Week honors for Week 11 . Those four touchdown passes also gave him 444 career regular season touchdown passes with one team , breaking Brett Favre 's record . The following week , Tom Brady completed 30 - of - 50 passes for 286 yards and two touchdowns in a 22 -- 17 road victory against the New York Jets . The win was also the Patriots ' 500th victory ( including playoffs ) in franchise history . During this victory , Brady also became the fifth quarterback to record 60,000 career regular season passing yards , joining Peyton Manning , Brett Favre , Drew Brees , and Dan Marino . The following week , Brady completed 33 - of - 46 passes for 269 yards and one touchdown as the Patriots defeated the Los Angeles Rams by a score of 26 -- 10 . The Patriots ' win against the Rams gave Brady his 201st career victory , including playoff games , breaking Peyton Manning 's record of 200 . In Week 14 , Brady completed 25 of 38 passes for 406 yards , three touchdowns , and one interception during a 30 -- 23 victory against the Baltimore Ravens on Monday Night Football . The next week , Brady completed 16 - of - 32 passes for 188 yards in a 16 -- 3 victory in Denver . With this victory , the Patriots clinched an eighth consecutive AFC East title and a seventh consecutive first - round bye in the playoffs , both NFL records . On December 20 , 2016 , Brady was named to the Pro Bowl for the eighth straight season and 12th time overall . In Week 16 , Brady threw for 17 of 27 passes for 214 yards , three touchdowns , and no interceptions as he led the Patriots to a 41 -- 3 win over the Jets . In Week 17 , Brady completed 25 - of - 33 passes for 276 yards , three touchdowns , and no interceptions in a 35 -- 14 victory over the Miami Dolphins in the regular season finale that gave the Patriots home field advantage throughout the AFC playoffs . Brady 's 276 yards against Miami moved him ahead of former Miami quarterback Dan Marino into fourth place on the NFL 's all - time passing yards list . Brady 's three touchdowns against Miami also gave him 28 passing touchdowns against two interceptions for the regular season . This broke the previous record of Nick Foles 's 27 : 2 TD : INT ratio which was set in 2013 with the Philadelphia Eagles . Brady was named to the AP All - Pro Second Team , behind Matt Ryan of the Atlanta Falcons , who was named to the AP All - Pro First Team . He was also named to the pro bowl , and was ranked 1st on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2017 . 2016 postseason Brady hoisting the Vince Lombardi Trophy for the fifth time in his career after winning Super Bowl LI Brady and the Patriots began their postseason run in the Divisional Round , hosting the Houston Texans , who had the league 's No. 1 total defense . Brady completed 18 - of - 38 passes for 287 yards , two touchdowns , and two interceptions as the Patriots won 34 -- 16 , clinching a record sixth consecutive trip to the AFC Championship Game . The Patriots then defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers , 36 -- 17 . Against the Steelers , Brady completed 32 - of - 42 passes for 384 yards , three touchdowns , and no interceptions . The win gave Brady and Patriots head coach Bill Belichick their record seventh conference title as a quarterback -- head coach tandem , and the Patriots an NFL record ninth Super Bowl appearance . Brady and the Patriots faced the NFC champion Atlanta Falcons -- who boasted the league 's highest scoring offense -- in Super Bowl LI at NRG Stadium in Houston , Texas on Sunday , February 5 , 2017 . Brady threw for 43 completions on 62 attempts for 466 passing yards -- all Super Bowl records . Brady also threw for two touchdowns and an interception . After trailing 28 -- 3 midway through the third quarter , Brady and the Patriots scored 25 unanswered points to tie the game at the end of regulation . This resulted in the first overtime in Super Bowl history . After winning the overtime coin toss , Brady marched the Patriots down the field to score a touchdown and win the game by a score of 34 -- 28 , completing the largest comeback win in both team history and Super Bowl history . With the victory , Brady won his fifth Super Bowl , which set a record for most Super Bowl victories of any quarterback in history and tied defensive player Charles Haley for the most Super Bowl victories for any player . In addition , Brady set another record by winning his fourth Super Bowl MVP award for his clutch performance . After the game , it was discovered that Brady 's jersey had gone missing from the Patriots ' locker room at NRG Stadium . The FBI , in collaboration with Mexican authorities , found the jersey in the home of Martin Mauricio Ortega , a Mexican tabloid writer , along with Brady 's jersey from Super Bowl XLIX . 2017 season 2017 offseason On May 12 , 2017 , Brady was announced as the cover athlete for Madden NFL 18 . Concussion reports In a CBS interview on May 17 , 2017 , Charlie Rose asked Brady 's wife , Gisele Bündchen , if she wanted Brady to retire , despite the fact that he was playing at a high level . Bündchen mentioned that Brady suffered from a concussion in the 2016 season , saying , `` I mean he has concussions pretty much every -- I mean we do n't talk about -- but he does have concussions . I do n't really think it 's a healthy thing for anybody to go through '' . Following the Bündchen interview , the NFL released a statement : `` We have reviewed all reports relating to Tom Brady from the unaffiliated neurotrauma consultants and certified athletic trainer spotters who worked at Patriots ' home and away 2016 season games as well as club injury reports that were sent to the league office . There are no records that indicate that Mr. Brady suffered a head injury or concussion , or exhibited or complained of concussion symptoms . Today we have been in contact with the NFLPA and will work together to gather more information from the club 's medical staff and Mr. Brady '' . Brady 's agent , Don Yee , said that Brady was not diagnosed with a concussion during the 2016 season . 2017 regular season The Patriots opened up their 2017 season in the NFL Kickoff Game on September 7 at home against the Kansas City Chiefs . Brady had 267 passing yards in the game , which the Patriots lost 42 -- 27 . In Week 2 , Brady threw three touchdown passes in the first quarter of a game for the first time in his career in a 36 - 20 win over the New Orleans Saints . He finished the game with 447 passing yards and three touchdowns , earning him his 28th AFC Offensive Player of the Week award . This broke the record previously held by Peyton Manning for the most AFC Offensive Player of the Week awards in a career . In Week 3 , Brady threw for 378 passing yards and five touchdowns as he led the Patriots to a 36 - 33 comeback win against the Houston Texans , a performance that earned him AFC Offensive Player of the Week honors for the second straight week , and the 29th for his career . In Week 4 , Brady played well again , throwing for 307 yards , two touchdowns , and no interceptions , but the Panthers upset the Patriots 33 - 30 on a last second field goal as time expired . In the Patriots ' next game , a narrow 19 - 14 win against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers on Thursday Night Football , Brady completed 30 out of 40 passes for 303 yards , one touchdown , and one interception . With this victory , Brady became the third quarterback in NFL history to record 186 career regular season victories , tying Peyton Manning and Brett Favre for the most such wins of any quarterback in NFL history . On October 10 , it was unveiled that Brady was diagnosed with an AC joint sprain in his left ( non-throwing ) shoulder . NFL career Statistics ( show ) Legend Led the league NFL record Won the Super Bowl AP NFL MVP & OPOTY Bold Career high Regular season New England Patriots Year Team Games Passing Rushing Sacked Fumbles Record GS Cmp Att Pct Yds Y / A TD Int Rtg Att Yds Avg TD Sck Yds Fum Lost W -- L 2000 NE 0 33.3 6 2.0 0 0 42.4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -- 0 2001 NE 15 14 264 413 63.9 2,843 6.9 18 12 86.5 36 43 0 41 216 12 11 -- 3 2002 NE 16 16 373 601 62.1 3,764 6.3 28 14 85.7 42 110 2.6 31 190 11 5 9 -- 7 2003 NE 16 16 317 527 60.2 3,620 6.9 23 12 85.9 42 63 1.5 32 219 13 5 14 -- 2 NE 16 16 288 474 60.8 3,692 7.8 28 14 92.6 43 28 0.7 0 26 162 7 5 14 -- 2 2005 NE 16 16 334 530 63.0 4,110 7.8 26 14 92.3 27 89 3.3 26 188 10 -- 6 2006 NE 16 16 319 516 61.8 3,529 6.8 24 12 87.9 49 102 2.1 0 26 175 12 12 -- 4 2007 NE 16 16 398 578 68.9 4,806 8.3 50 8 117.2 37 98 2.6 21 128 6 16 -- 0 2008 NE 7 11 63.6 76 6.9 0 0 83.9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 -- 0 2009 NE 16 16 371 565 65.7 4,398 7.8 28 13 96.2 29 44 1.5 16 86 10 -- 6 NE 16 16 324 492 65.9 3,900 7.9 36 111.0 31 30 1.0 25 175 14 -- 2 2011 NE 16 16 401 611 65.6 5,235 8.6 39 12 105.6 43 109 2.5 32 173 6 13 -- 3 2012 NE 16 16 401 637 63.0 4,827 7.6 34 8 98.7 23 32 1.4 27 182 0 12 -- 4 2013 NE 16 16 380 628 60.5 4,343 6.9 25 11 87.3 32 18 0.6 0 40 256 9 12 -- 4 2014 NE 16 16 373 582 64.1 4,109 7.1 33 9 97.4 36 57 1.6 0 21 134 6 12 -- 4 2015 NE 16 16 402 624 64.4 4,770 7.6 36 7 102.2 34 53 1.6 38 225 6 12 -- 4 2016 NE 12 12 291 432 67.4 3,554 8.2 28 112.2 28 64 2.3 0 15 87 5 0 11 -- 1 2017 NE 5 5 133 195 68.2 1,702 8.7 11 112.0 8 22 2.8 0 16 100 3 -- 2 Total ‡ 242 240 5,377 8,419 63.9 63,284 7.5 467 153 97.5 540 962 1.8 17 433 2,696 110 44 186 -- 54 ‡ Career totals accurate as of Week 5 of the 2017 regular season . Playoffs New England Patriots Passing Rushing Sacks Fumbles Record Year Team GS Cmp Att Pct Yds Y / A TD Int Rtg Att Yds Avg TD Sck Yds Fum Lost W -- L 2001 NE 60 97 61.9 572 5.9 77.3 8 22 2.8 5 36 0 3 -- 0 2003 NE 75 126 59.5 792 6.3 5 84.5 12 18 1.5 0 0 0 0 0 3 -- 0 NE 55 81 67.9 587 7.2 5 0 109.4 7 0.4 0 0 3 -- 0 2005 NE 35 63 55.6 542 8.6 92.2 8 2.7 0 12 0 1 -- 1 2006 NE 70 119 58.8 724 6.1 5 76.5 8 18 0 22 0 2 -- 1 2007 NE 77 109 70.6 737 6.8 6 96.0 − 1 − 0.2 0 8 52 2 -- 1 2009 NE 23 42 54.8 154 3.7 49.1 0 0 0 0 22 0 -- 1 NE 29 45 64.4 299 6.6 89.0 1.0 0 5 40 0 0 -- 1 2011 NE 75 111 67.6 878 7.9 8 100.4 9 10 15 0 0 2 -- 1 2012 NE 54 94 57.4 664 7.1 84.7 1.3 0 9 0 0 1 -- 1 2013 NE 37 63 58.7 475 7.5 0 87.7 6 2.0 34 0 1 -- 1 2014 NE 93 135 68.9 921 6.8 10 100.3 9 13 1.4 16 0 0 3 -- 0 2015 NE 55 98 56.1 612 6.2 76.6 9 19 2.1 18 0 0 1 -- 1 2016 NE 93 142 65.5 1,137 8.0 7 97.7 9 13 1.4 0 9 42 0 0 3 -- 0 Total ‡ 34 34 831 1,325 62.7 9,094 6.8 63 31 89.1 86 135 1.6 6 53 318 10 25 -- 9 ‡ Career totals accurate as of the end of Super Bowl LI . Super Bowl Super Bowl statistics Passing Rushing Result Record Year SB Team Opp Cmp Att Pct Yds Y / A TD Int Rtg Att Yds Avg TD Final Score W -- L 2001 XXXVI NE STL 16 27 59.3 145 5.4 0 86.2 3.0 0 W 20 -- 17 1 -- 0 2003 XXXVIII NE CAR 32 48 66.7 354 7.4 100.5 12 6.0 0 W 32 -- 29 1 -- 0 XXXIX NE PHI 23 33 69.7 236 7.2 0 110.2 − 1 − 1.0 0 W 24 -- 21 1 -- 0 2007 XLII NE NYG 29 48 60.4 266 5.5 0 82.5 0 0 0 0 L 17 -- 14 0 -- 1 2011 XLVI NE NYG 27 41 65.9 276 6.7 91.5 0 0 0 0 L 21 -- 17 0 -- 1 2014 XLIX NE SEA 37 50 74.0 328 6.6 101.1 − 3 − 1.5 0 W 28 -- 24 1 -- 0 2016 LI NE ATL 43 62 69.4 466 7.5 95.2 15 15.0 0 W 34 -- 28 ( OT ) 1 -- 0 Career 7 207 309 67.0 2,071 6.7 15 5 95.3 7 26 3.7 0 5 -- 2 NFL records Regular season ( career ) Most games won by a quarterback : 186 ( tied with Brett Favre and Peyton Manning ) Playoffs ( career ) Most games played : 34 Most games started by a quarterback : 34 Most games won by a starting quarterback : 25 Most consecutive wins , playoffs , by a starting quarterback : 10 ( 2001 , 2003 -- 2005 ) Most consecutive wins to start a career , post-season , by a starting quarterback : 10 ( 2001 , 2003 -- 2005 ) Most career home wins , post-season , by a starting quarterback : 15 ( 2001 -- 2016 ) Most consecutive home wins , post-season , by a starting quarterback : 8 ( 2001 -- 2007 ) , tied with Jim Kelly Most touchdown passes : 63 Most passing yards : 9,094 Most passes completed : 831 Most passes attempted : 1,325 Most division titles won by a starting quarterback : 14 Most NFL conference championship appearances by a starting quarterback : 11 Most NFL conference championship wins by a starting quarterback : 7 Most career 300 + passing yard games , post-season : 12 Super Bowl ( career ) Most touchdown passes : 15 Most passing yards : 2,071 Most passes completed : 207 Most passes attempted : 309 Most wins as starting QB : 5 Most passes completed in first half of a single Super Bowl : 20 ( XLIX ) Most passes completed in a single Super Bowl : 43 ( LI ) Most passes attempted in a single Super Bowl : 62 ( LI ) Most passing yards in a single Super Bowl : 466 ( LI ) Most Super Bowl appearances : 7 Other endeavors On January 20 , 2016 , Tom Brady announced the launch of his peak performance website TB12Sports.com . The site features information on Tom Brady 's training regimen and includes a store to purchase TB12 equipment and merchandise . Later in the year , on August 23 , 2016 , the TB12 brand then expanded to offer a snack line . The snacks contain raw , vegan , and organic ingredients that are also free of gluten and dairy . The following month , Brady , alongside Boston Private and Robert Paul Properties , announced the formation of the TB12 Foundation . The purpose of the nonprofit foundation is to provide free post-injury rehabilitation care and training to underprivileged , young athletes . In March of 2017 , Brady moved beyond his snack line and partnered with meal - kit startup Purple Carrot to offer his own line of TB12 Performance Meals . The meals utilize whole foods and focus on providing nutrients for workout recovery . On September 19 , 2017 , Simon & Schuster published Brady 's first book , The TB12 Method : How to Achieve a Lifetime of Sustained Peak Performance . Within 48 hours , it had become a number one best - seller on Amazon.com . The book also reached # 1 on the New York Times ' weekly Best Sellers list , to be featured in the October 8 , 2017 edition . Personal life Brady riding a bicycle for charity at the Best Buddies Ride in Hyannis , Massachusetts in May 2009 Brady dated actress Bridget Moynahan from 2004 until late 2006 . On February 18 , 2007 , Moynahan confirmed to People magazine that she was more than three months pregnant with Brady 's child . Brady and Moynahan ended their relationship sometime in early December 2006 , around the time Moynahan became pregnant . John Edward Thomas Moynahan , was born on August 22 , 2007 , at Saint John 's Health Center in Santa Monica , California , John 's middle names are Brady 's own first and middle names in reverse order , while Moynahan 's father 's first name is Edward . Brady began dating Brazilian supermodel Gisele Bündchen in December 2006 . In 2009 , Brady revealed they had been set up on a blind date by a mutual friend . Brady and Bündchen married on February 26 , 2009 , in an intimate Catholic ceremony in Santa Monica , California . Together , they have two children : a son named Benjamin Rein was born December 8 , 2009 , and a daughter named Vivian Lake was born December 5 , 2012 . Brady has been featured as a guest star on some popular television programs , hosting Saturday Night Live in 2005 and voicing himself on The Simpsons in 2005 ( `` Homer and Ned 's Hail Mary Pass '' ) and Family Guy in 2006 ( `` Patriot Games '' ) ; both football - themed episodes were broadcast within a week of that year 's Super Bowl . In 2009 , he appeared as himself in a sixth season episode of Entourage . In 2015 , he had cameo appearances as fictionalized versions of himself in the Entourage movie and Ted 2 . Brady and baseball player Kevin Youkilis became brothers - in - law in 2012 , when Youkilis married Brady 's sister Julie . In 2007 , Brady was a model for the Stetson cologne . Brady has endorsed brands including Uggs , Under Armour , Movado , Aston Martin and Glaceau Smartwater . According to Forbes , he earned about $7 million from endorsements alone in 2014 . In 2016 , he began appearing in a Beautyrest Black commercial campaign for Simmons Bedding Company . In 2016 , he launched his own line of vegan snacks . Brady and his family live in Brookline , a suburb of Boston . Politics Brady attended the 2004 State of the Union Address as a special guest of then - President George W. Bush . In 2004 , he told ESPN The Magazine that being a U.S. Senator would be his `` craziest ambition '' . Brady is a friend of President Donald Trump ; in 2017 , Brady indicated he had known Trump `` for 16 years '' . At a political event in New Hampshire on the day before the 2016 presidential election , Trump said he had received a call from Brady , and that Brady told him `` Donald , I support you , you 're my friend , and I voted for you . '' However , after Gisele Bündchen was asked directly on Instagram whether she and Brady backed Trump , Bündchen answered `` NO ! '' . After a Trump campaign `` Make America Great Again '' cap was photographed in Brady 's locker , Brady said that Bündchen told him not to discuss politics anymore , which he thought was a `` good decision '' . While there has been speculation that Brady would run for political office in the future , in a 2015 interview he stated he had no interest in doing so . See also Lists of Michigan Wolverines football passing leaders List of most wins by a National Football League starting quarterback NFL starting quarterback playoff records List of Saturday Night Live guests American football portal Biography portal College football portal Michigan portal New England portal Notes Jump up ^ He did not start as a rookie , and missed nearly all of 2008 with a torn ACL . References Jump up ^ `` Sources : Brady out with ACL tear '' . Yahoo Sports . Retrieved 29 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 29 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady greatest QB of all time ? It 's now safe to make that argument -- The Denver Post '' . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ Freeman , Mike . `` Brady Takes Throne as QB GOAT '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ Paine , Neil ( 2015 - 02 - 06 ) . `` Tom Brady 's ( Statistical ) Place In The Pantheon Of NFL QBs '' . FiveThirtyEight . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady , Joe Montana head top 10 quarterbacks in NFL history -- National Football League '' . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` 25 of the greatest NFL Draft picks ever '' . CBS . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 21 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Gaines , Cork . `` How the Patriots pulled off the biggest steal in NFL history '' . Business Insider . Business Insider . Retrieved 21 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Reineking , Jim . `` Top all - time NFL draft steals '' . NFL . NFL Enterprise LLC . Retrieved 21 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Reiss , Mike ( July 28 , 2015 ) . `` NFL 's statement on upholding Tom Brady 's suspension at four games '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved December 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Model Tom Brady & Gisele Bündchen : Married ! '' . People . 2008 - 02 - 27 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady bio at '' . TV Guide . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Little brother big shot - thepostgame '' . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 02 . 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Jump up ^ Hayes , Neil . `` Super Chargers top Super Bowl list '' . NBC Sports . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2012 . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Clayton , John . `` Patriots teach Chargers a lesson in playoff football '' . ESPN . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Pasquarelli , Len . ``. Manning shakes label of not being able to win big one '' . ESPN . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Byrne , Kerry J. ( 2009 - 06 - 03 ) . `` Best individual seasons of 2000s '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on 2012 - 11 - 03 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ Top 10 greatest quarterback seasons , NFL Nation Blog , espn.go.com ; accessed November 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 New England Patriots '' . Pro Football Reference . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ Banks , Don ( 2007 - 10 - 12 ) . `` Litmus test '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Brady 's six TDs give him 27 TDs after seven games '' . ESPN . Jump up ^ Young , Shalise Manza ( 2007 - 11 - 04 ) . `` Patriots 24 , Colts 20 : Tom 's got you , Babe '' . The Providence Journal . Archived from the original on 2007 - 11 - 07 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Patriots break scoring record , Brady and Moss set season marks '' . NFL.com . Associated Press . December 29 , 2007 . Retrieved 11 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brady an easy winner in AP Male Athlete of Year balloting '' . USA Today . Associated Press . December 21 , 2007 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ Mihoces , Gary ( January 13 , 2008 ) . `` Perfect Pats , Brady make short work of Jaguars '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Pats put away Chargers for fourth Super Bowl berth in seven years '' . ESPN . Associated Press . 2008 - 01 - 20 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Foot injury may sideline Tom Brady for another game '' . USA Today . Associated Press . August 2008 . Retrieved 28 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Brady to have season - ending knee surgery , will be placed on IR '' . NFL.com . Jump up ^ Reiss , Mike ( 2008 - 09 - 08 ) . `` Pats confirm Brady out for the year '' . The Boston Globe . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2012 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 08 . Jump up ^ Springer , Shira ( 2008 - 09 - 10 ) . `` Sources : Brady tore ACL and MCL '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Chronic right shoulder injury slows Brady '' . NBC Sports . Associated Press . 2007 - 09 - 06 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 09 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ Farmer , Sam ( 2009 - 06 - 02 ) . `` Tom Brady 's doctor says knee recovery exceeds expectations '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Brady Has More Procedures Done on Knee , Report Says '' . The New York Times . Associated Press . 2008 - 10 - 23 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ Springer , Shira ( 2008 - 10 - 24 ) . `` Brady 's recovery hits snag '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ Keefe , Neil . `` Brady Named AFC Offensive Player of the Week '' . NESN . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Brady throws six TD passes as Patriots ice winless Titans '' . Associated Press . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Brady sets a record for TDs in a quarter '' . The Washington Times . 2009 - 10 - 19 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ Breer , Albert R. ( 2010 - 01 - 04 ) . `` Brady dealing with broken finger on throwing hand '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Brady named Comeback Player of the Year '' . NBC Sports . Associated Press . 2010 - 01 - 06 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 08 - 18 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Ravens ' fast start puts Pats on heels , out of playoffs '' . ESPN . Associated Press . 2010 - 01 - 10 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ Battista , Judy ( 2010 - 09 - 10 ) . `` Patriots ' Brady Signs League 's Richest Deal , at the Moment '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ Matuszewski , Erik ( 2010 - 10 - 04 ) . `` Tom Brady Gets 100th Career Win in NFL as Patriots Rout Dolphins 41 -- 14 '' . Bloomberg . Archived from the original on 2010 - 10 - 08 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Woodhead keeps contributing as Pats withstand Colts comeback attempt '' . National Football League . Associated Press . 2010 - 11 - 21 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ Krasner , Steven ( 2010 - 11 - 21 ) . `` Brady ties mark with 25th straight home W '' . ESPNBoston.com . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Patriots destroy Jets '' . London Free Press . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Passer Rating Leaders '' . Jump up ^ Springer , Shira & Monique Walker ( 2011 - 01 - 20 ) . `` Brady to have foot surgery today '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady unanimous as NFL MVP '' . Associated Press . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jets back up talk as Sanchez throws three TDs , defense knocks down Brady '' . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady picks apart Dolphins as 517 - yard , 4 - TD opener fuels Pats '' . ESPN . September 12 , 2011 . Retrieved September 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady , Chad Henne Combine For Slew of NFL Records On Monday Night Football '' . September 13 , 2011 . Retrieved September 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Belichick : ' No quarterback I 'd rather have ' '' . weei.com . Jump up ^ `` Quinton Carter , David Bruton exit hurt '' . ESPN . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cannizzaro , Mark . `` Patriots redefine postseason success for coach - quarterback duo '' . New York Post . Retrieved August 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Patriots Beat Ravens 23 -- 20 in AFC Championship Game '' . Fox News . Associated Press . 2012 - 01 - 22 . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` For second time in five seasons , Giants top Brady , Patriots in Super Bowl '' . Associated Press . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Tom Brady . `` Tom Brady , QB for the New England Patriots at '' . Nfl.com . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ Wesseling , Chris ( 2013 - 02 - 25 ) . `` Tom Brady , New England Patriots agree to extension '' . National Football League . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 25 . Jump up ^ Peter King ( 2013 - 02 - 26 ) . `` More on Tom Brady 's amazing deal ; mail -- NFL -- Peter King -- SI.com '' . Sportsillustrated.cnn.com . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Orton , Bills beat Patriots 17 -- 9 '' . New England Patriots . Jump up ^ `` Patriots beat the Seahawks in dramatic finale '' . BBC Sport. 1 February 2015 . Retrieved 2 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` INVESTIGATIVE REPORT CONCERNING FOOTBALLS USED DURING THE AFC CHAMPIONSHIP GAME ON JANUARY 18 , 2015 '' ( PDF ) . nfl.com . National Football League . Retrieved 6 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Rosenthal , Gregg ( May 11 , 2015 ) . `` Patriots ' Tom Brady suspended 4 games '' . National Football League . Retrieved May 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` NFL releases statement on Patriots ' violations '' . National Football League . May 11 , 2015 . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin ( May 14 , 2015 ) . `` Tom Brady NFLPA appeal four game suspension '' . National Football League . Retrieved May 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL upholds four - game suspension of Tom Brady '' . cbsnews.com. 28 July 2015 . Retrieved 29 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Report : Tom Brady Authorizes NFLPA To Appeal His Case In Federal Court '' . NESN.com . Retrieved 29 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Rosenthal , Gregg ( July 28 , 2015 ) . `` Roger Goodell upholds Tom Brady suspension '' . National Football League . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gantt , Darin ( July 28 , 2015 ) . `` Goodell cites destroying phone in upholding Tom Brady 's suspension '' . NBC Sports . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Armstrong , Kevin ; et al. ( July 28 , 2015 ) . `` NFL hopes to have expected Tom Brady lawsuit in New York and not Minnesota '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady rips the NFL 's Deflategate decision on his Facebook page '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ `` Robert Kraft attacks the NFL , apologizes to Patriots fans '' . Yahoo Sports . 29 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Mike Freeman ( 11 May 2015 ) . `` NFL Deflategate Message : No Player Is Above the Rules , Not Even Tom Brady '' . Bleacher Report . Jump up ^ Eric Adelson ( 11 May 2015 ) . `` Tom Brady allowed the new NFL Way to smack Patriot Way in stunning fashion '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Somewhere along the line , the debate over what happened in the hours and minutes leading up to the AFC championship game in January went beyond air pressure and weather conditions , and became a referendum on the character of Tom Brady and his franchise . Jump up ^ Ian O'Connor . `` Tom Brady should skip appeal , tell truth now '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 12 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NYSD Decision and Order '' . Jump up ^ `` Roger Goodell Made Tom Brady Seem Dishonest In Deflategate Appeal Ruling '' . NESN.com . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` ' Very rare ' performance by Tom Brady reflects his greatness '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` ' Top 100 Players of 2016 ' : No. 2 Tom Brady '' . NFL.com . Jump up ^ `` New England at Denver -- 2016 - 01 - 24 -- National Football League -- Yahoo ! Sports '' . Yahoo Sports . Jump up ^ Mike Reiss . `` New deal links Tom Brady to Patriots through 2019 '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 29 . Jump up ^ Volin , Ben ( 3 March 2016 ) . `` Brady 's lawyer feels pressure from judges '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved 26 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Orr , Connor ( April 25 , 2016 ) . `` Tom Brady 's four - game suspension reinstated '' . NFL.com . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady 's four - game suspension upheld '' . ESPN . April 25 , 2016 . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Volin , Ben ( 25 April 2016 ) . `` Brady must serve ' Deflategate ' suspension , appeals court rules '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved 26 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Gershman , Jacob ( 25 April 2016 ) . `` Why the NFL Won its ' Deflategate ' Appeal '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 26 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Tom Brady keeps Deflategate battle going with another appeal of suspension May 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Brady 's Deflategate appeal denied by court '' . Jump up ^ Ortega , Mark E. ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` Tom Brady , David Johnson are Players of the Month '' . NFL.com . Jump up ^ Lam , Quang M. ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` Tom Brady , Kirk Cousins among Players of Week '' . NFL.com . Jump up ^ Reiss , Mike . `` Tom Brady wins NFL - record 201st game '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Howe , Jeff . `` Patriots , despite miscues , outlast Ravens to move to 11 -- 2 '' . The Boston Herald . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Patriots top Broncos , clinch AFC East , first - round bye '' . Jump up ^ `` NFL announces 2017 Pro Bowl rosters '' . NFL.com . December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2017 - 01 - 02 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Patriots clinch home - field advantage in AFC playoffs '' . Jump up ^ Hurley , Michael ( January 1 , 2017 ) . `` Tom Brady Sets NFL Record For Best TD - To - INT Ratio Of All Time '' . CBS Boston . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Three rookies , Matt Ryan among players named to All - Pro team '' . NFL.com . January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ NFL Top 100 Players of 2017 - No. 1 Tom Brady Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin ( January 15 , 2017 ) . `` Patriots Top Texans , Move on to AFC Championship '' . Around the NFL . National Football League . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wesseling , Chris ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` Patriots Shred Steelers , Advance to Ninth Super Bowl '' . Around the NFL . National Football League . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl LI - New England Patriots vs. Atlanta Falcons - February 5th , 2017 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 6 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady 's stolen Super Bowl jerseys returned to Patriots '' . Fox News . 2017 - 03 - 23 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady Super Bowl jersey thief investigation '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 11 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` GOAT edition : Brady on ' Madden NFL 18 ' cover '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ Press , Associated . `` Gisele Bundchen : Tom Brady had a concussion last year '' . Jump up ^ Igel , Lee . `` Gisele Bündchen Casts Doubt On Adequacy Of NFL Concussion Protocol '' . Jump up ^ `` NFL Investigating After Gisele Claims Tom Brady Suffered a Concussion '' . Jump up ^ `` NFL looking into Tom Brady concussion claim by Gisele Bundchen '' . Jump up ^ `` Agent : Tom Brady not diagnosed with concussion in ' 16 '' . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady : We did n't dig very deep on Thursday night '' . Pro Football Talk . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WATCH : In Year 18 , Tom Brady finally does something he 's never done before '' . CBSSports.com . September 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Maya , Adam ( September 20 , 2017 ) . `` Tom Brady , J.J. Nelson among Players of the Week '' . NFL.com . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady takes another title away from his nemesis Peyton Manning '' . Jump up ^ Lam , Quang M. ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` Tom Brady , Kirk Cousins among Players of the Week '' . NFL.com . Jump up ^ https://syndication.bleacherreport.com/amp/2735487-tom-brady-ties-brett-favre-peyton-manning-for-most-regular-season-wins-by-qb.amp.html Jump up ^ Orr , Conor . `` Tom Brady has sprain to non-throwing shoulder '' . NFL . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin . `` Brady is n't worried about his shoulder : ' I 'm good ' '' . NFL . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 7 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 29 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady 's Career Touchdown Plays '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 29 July 2015 . Jump up ^ https://syndication.bleacherreport.com/amp/2735487-tom-brady-ties-brett-favre-peyton-manning-for-most-regular-season-wins-by-qb.amp.html Jump up ^ `` NFL Playoff Records : Individual -- Passing '' . nfl.com . Retrieved 30 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Adamski , Chris . `` Brady , Big Ben meet again in AFC title game '' . TribLIVE.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl Records : Individual -- Passing '' . nfl.com . Retrieved 29 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady , Bill Belichick make NFL history with record 7th Super Bowl appearance '' . abcnews.com . Retrieved 23 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady Announces Launch Of ' TB12 ' Website , Online Store ( Photo ) '' . NESN.com. 2016 - 01 - 21 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady Launches Raw Snack Line Under His TB12 Brand '' . NCA . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady and TB12 Launch TB12 Foundation for Young Athletes - Physical Therapy Products '' . Physical Therapy Products . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` This New Meal Delivery Plan Will Help You Eat Like Tom Brady '' . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ Garcia , Ahiza . `` Tom Brady launches meal kit service '' . CNNMoney . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ O'Connor , Ian ( 4 : 48 PM - 20 Sep 2017 ) . `` Tom Brady has No. 1 book on Amazon , Hillary at No. 2 . As they said at Michigan , all he does is winpic.twitter.com/glGlzkGGRd '' . @ Ian_OConnor . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 21 . Check date values in : date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady 's `` TB12 Method '' Is a Best Seller `` . Boston Magazine . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Dagostino , Mark ( 2006 - 12 - 14 ) . `` Tom Brady , Bridget Moynahan Split Up '' . People . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ Smith , Liz ( 2007 - 02 - 18 ) . `` It 's Brady Baby For ' Sixy ' Star '' . New York Post . Archived from the original on 2007 - 02 - 20 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ Shanahan , Mark ( 2007 - 02 - 18 ) . `` Ex-Brady Girlfriend Says She 's Pregnant With His Child '' . The Boston Globe . Archived from the original on 2007 - 03 - 11 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ Boehm , Kristin ( 2007 - 08 - 28 ) . `` Bridget Moynahan ' Thankful ' for Healthy Baby '' . People . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Bridget Moynahan Welcomes a Baby Boy '' . People . 2007 - 08 - 23 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady & Gisele Bundchen : New Couple ? '' . People . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2015 . Retrieved December 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Patriots Quarterback Tom Brady on Football , Fatherhood , and Gisele Bündchen '' . Archived from the original on 2 October 2013 . Retrieved April 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Gisele Bündchen & Tom Brady Have a Boy '' . People . December 9 , 2009 . Retrieved 11 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gisele Bündchen and Tom Brady Welcome Daughter Vivian Lake '' . People . December 7 , 2015 . Retrieved 11 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Hanzus , Dan . `` Tom Brady is game for another ' SNL ' hosting gig '' . National Football League . Retrieved August 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bark , Ed ( February 6 , 2005 ) . `` Fox gets animated after the Super Bowl '' . Dallas Morning News . Retrieved August 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Patriots News and Notes '' . Patriots Insider . Fox Sports . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2013 . Retrieved August 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` '' Entourage '' Fore ( TV Episode 2009 ) - IMDb `` . IMDb . Retrieved 11 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Entourage : Tom Brady replaced Manning brothers in Season 6 cameo '' . Sports Illustrated . May 28 , 2015 . Retrieved 11 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady 's ' Ted 2 ' Cameo Features Deflategate Line From Mark Wahlberg '' . NESN . June 24 , 2015 . Retrieved 11 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Farrar , Doug . `` Boston ( in ) Common : Kevin Youkilis set to marry Tom Brady 's sister '' . Retrieved February 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Buttons NY -- Sound + Picture '' Vote for your favorite Stetson Cologne man , win a $10 gift card , and Listen to the latest Stetson Radio ad , with the original Stetson Jingle ! `` . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady '' . Forbes . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Peyton Manning vs. Tom Brady Endorsements : Who 's No. 1 In Commercial Appeal ? '' . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ Ember , Sydney Tom Brady Still a Key Part of Under Armour 's Broader Ad Push New York Times . August 25 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` Beautyrest Black and Tom Brady Score for Sleep -- BedTimes '' . Jump up ^ Alex Reimer , `` Tom Brady 's Vegan Snacks Only Add to His Bourgeois Profile , '' Forbes , 23 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Hua , Karen ( February 2 , 2017 ) . `` Inside The Multimillion - Dollar Homes Of Tom Brady '' . Forbes . Retrieved 11 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Best There Ever Was ? '' . GQ. 2005 - 08 - 05 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady vs. Peyton Manning For Republican Presidential Nomination ? Some Believe It 's Possible '' . WBZ - TV ( CBS Boston ) . 2017 - 06 - 07 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl QB Tom Brady 's No Patriot '' . The Smoking Gun . 2004 - 01 - 26 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ Leibovich , Mark ( February 1 , 2017 ) . `` The Uncomfortable Love Affair Between Donald Trump and the New England Patriots '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sports figures who support Donald Trump '' . Jump up ^ Boren , Cindy . `` ' It 's just a friendship ' : Tom Brady opens up a little about President Trump '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Rappeport , Alan . `` Did Tom Brady and Gisele Bündchen Back Donald Trump ? She Says No , and He 's Not Saying '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Chestang , Raphael . `` Tom Brady Says Wife Gisele Bundchen Does n't Want Him Talking Politics '' . ET Online . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Kamisar , Ben ( February 1 , 2015 ) . `` 5 NFL stars who could run for office '' . The Hill . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Klosterman , Chuck ( November 18 , 2015 ) . `` Tom Brady Talks to Chuck Klosterman About Deflategate ( Sort Of ... ) '' . GQ . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Durkee , Travis ( November 18 , 2015 ) . `` Sorry , America , Tom Brady will never run for president '' . Sporting News . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tack , Travis ( November 14 , 2016 ) . `` Tom Brady Wo n't Talk Politics , Does n't Want To Run For Office '' . Politicus Sports . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . Further reading Pierce , Charles ( 2006 ) , Moving the Chains : Tom Brady and the Pursuit of Everything , Farrar , Straus and Giroux , ISBN 0 - 374 - 21444 - 1 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tom Brady . New England Patriots profile Career statistics and player information from NFL.com ESPN Yahoo ! Sports SI.com Pro-Football - Reference Rotoworld Tom Brady on IMDb New England Patriots current roster Active roster 3 Stephen Gostkowski 6 Ryan Allen 10 Jimmy Garoppolo 12 Tom Brady 13 Phillip Dorsett 14 Brandin Cooks 15 Chris Hogan 18 Matthew Slater 21 Malcolm Butler 23 Patrick Chung 24 Stephon Gilmore 25 Eric Rowe 28 James White 29 Johnson Bademosi 30 Duron Harmon 31 Jonathan Jones 32 Devin McCourty 33 Dion Lewis 34 Rex Burkhead 35 Mike Gillislee 36 Brandon King 37 Jordan Richards 38 Brandon Bolden 43 Nate Ebner 45 David Harris 46 James Develin 47 Jacob Hollister 48 Harvey Langi 49 Joe Cardona 52 Elandon Roberts 53 Kyle Van Noy 54 Dont'a Hightower 55 Cassius Marsh 59 Marquis Flowers 60 David Andrews 61 Marcus Cannon 62 Joe Thuney 68 LaAdrian Waddle 69 Shaq Mason 70 Adam Butler 71 Cameron Fleming 74 Cole Croston 75 Ted Karras 77 Nate Solder 80 Danny Amendola 83 Dwayne Allen 87 Rob Gronkowski 90 Malcom Brown 91 Deatrich Wise Jr . 92 Geneo Grissom 93 Lawrence Guy 97 Alan Branch 98 Trey Flowers Reserve lists 11 Julian Edelman ( IR ) 19 Malcolm Mitchell ( IR ) 41 Cyrus Jones ( IR ) 51 Keionta Davis ( NF - Inj . ) 58 Shea McClellin ( IR ) 63 Antonio Garcia ( NF - Ill . ) 64 Caleb Kidder ( IR ) 66 Chase Farris ( NF - Inj . ) 76 Andrew Jelks ( NF - Inj . ) 95 Derek Rivers ( IR ) 99 Vincent Valentine ( IR ) Practice squad 26 David Jones 27 Ryan Lewis 39 Damarius Travis 42 Jomal Wiltz 64 James Ferentz 81 Cody Hollister 84 Riley McCarron 94 Angelo Blackson -- Alex Carter -- Cole Toner AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA List of starting quarterbacks in the National Football League ( as of Week 5 of the 2017 NFL season ) American Football Conference AFC East AFC North AFC South AFC West Tyrod Taylor ( Buffalo Bills ) Jay Cutler ( Miami Dolphins ) Tom Brady ( New England Patriots ) Josh McCown ( New York Jets ) Joe Flacco ( Baltimore Ravens ) Andy Dalton ( Cincinnati Bengals ) DeShone Kizer ( Cleveland Browns ) Ben Roethlisberger ( Pittsburgh Steelers ) Deshaun Watson ( Houston Texans ) Jacoby Brissett ( Indianapolis Colts ) Blake Bortles ( Jacksonville Jaguars ) Matt Cassel ( Tennessee Titans ) Trevor Siemian ( Denver Broncos ) Alex Smith ( Kansas City Chiefs ) EJ Manuel ( Oakland Raiders ) Philip Rivers ( Los Angeles Chargers ) National Football Conference NFC East NFC North NFC South NFC West Dak Prescott ( Dallas Cowboys ) Eli Manning ( New York Giants ) Carson Wentz ( Philadelphia Eagles ) Kirk Cousins ( Washington Redskins ) Mitchell Trubisky ( Chicago Bears ) Matthew Stafford ( Detroit Lions ) Aaron Rodgers ( Green Bay Packers ) Sam Bradford ( Minnesota Vikings ) Matt Ryan ( Atlanta Falcons ) Cam Newton ( Carolina Panthers ) Drew Brees ( New Orleans Saints ) Jameis Winston ( Tampa Bay Buccaneers ) Carson Palmer ( Arizona Cardinals ) Jared Goff ( Los Angeles Rams ) Brian Hoyer ( San Francisco 49ers ) Russell Wilson ( Seattle Seahawks ) Tom Brady -- championships , awards , and honors Awards and achievements Preceded by Peyton Manning Record for NFL passing touchdowns in a single season 2007 Succeeded by Peyton Manning 1997 Michigan Wolverines football -- AP national champions Jeff Backus Tom Brady David Brandt Mark Campbell Scott Dreisbach Jay Feely Chris Floyd Ian Gold Brian Griese James Hall Tommy Hendricks Chris Howard Steve Hutchinson Jon Jansen Dhani Jones Marcus Knight DeWayne Patmon Marcus Ray Rob Renes Russell Shaw Aaron Shea Glen Steele Tai Streets Sam Sword Anthony Thomas Jerame Tuman Jason Vinson Andre Weathers Clarence Williams Josh Williams Maurice Williams Charles Woodson Head coach : Lloyd Carr Assistant coaches : Vance Bedford Erik Campbell Mike DeBord Jim Herrmann Brady Hoke Fred Jackson Terry Malone Stan Parrish New England Patriots Super Bowl XXXVI champions 4 Adam Vinatierij 11 Drew Bledsoe 12 Tom Brady ( MVP ) 13 Ken Walter 14 Walter Williams 15 Jimmy Farris 16 Scott McCready 19 Damon Huard 21 J.R. Redmond 22 Terrance Shaw 23 Antwan Harris 24 Ty Law 25 Leonard Myers 26 Matt Stevens 27 Terrell Buckley 28 Brock Williams 29 Hakim Akbar 30 Je'Rod Cherry 31 Ben Kelly 32 Antowain Smith 33 Kevin Faulk 34 Tebucky Jones 35 Patrick Pass 36 Lawyer Milloy 38 Ray Hill 44 Marc Edwards 45 Otis Smith 48 Arther Love 49 Jabari Holloway 50 Mike Vrabel 51 Bryan Cox 52 Ted Johnson 53 Larry Izzo 54 Tedy Bruschi 55 Willie McGinest 58 Matt Chatham 59 Andy Katzenmoyer 60 Drew Inzer 61 Stephen Neal 62 Setema Gali 63 Joe Andruzzi 64 Greg Randall 65 Damien Woody 66 Lonie Paxton 67 Grey Ruegamer 68 Tom Ashworth 70 Adrian Klemm 71 Chris Sullivan 72 Matt Light 74 Kenyatta Jones 75 Maurice Anderson 76 Grant Williams 77 Mike Compton 80 Troy Brown 81 Charles Johnson 82 Curtis Jackson 83 Rod Rutledge 84 Fred Coleman 85 Jermaine Wiggins 86 David Patten 88 Terry Glenn 90 Marty Moore 91 Bobby Hamilton 92 David Nugent 93 Richard Seymour 94 Jace Sayler 95 Roman Phifer 96 Brandon Mitchell 97 Riddick Parker 98 Anthony Pleasant 99 Kole Ayi Head coach : Bill Belichick Coaches : Ned Burke Romeo Crennel Brian Daboll Jeff Davidson Ivan Fears Pepper Johnson Eric Mangini Josh McDaniels Randy Melvin Markus Paul Rob Ryan Dante Scarnecchia Brad Seely Charlie Weis Mike Woicik New England Patriots Super Bowl XXXVIII champions 4 Adam Vinatieri 6 Rohan Davey 10 Jamin Elliott 12 Tom Brady ( MVP ) 13 Ken Walter 16 Kliff Kingsbury 17 Dedric Ward 18 Chas Gessner 19 Damon Huard 21 Mike Cloud 22 Asante Samuel 23 Antwan Harris 24 Ty Law 26 Eugene Wilson 30 Je'Rod Cherry 31 Larry Centers 32 Antowain Smith 33 Kevin Faulk 34 Chris Akins 35 Patrick Pass 37 Rodney Harrison 38 Tyrone Poole 39 Shawn Mayer 44 Fred McCrary 46 Brian Kinchen 48 Tully Banta - Cain 49 Sean McDermott 50 Mike Vrabel 51 Don Davis 52 Ted Johnson 53 Larry Izzo 54 Tedy Bruschi 55 Willie McGinest 58 Matt Chatham 59 Rosevelt Colvin 60 Wilbert Brown 61 Stephen Neal 62 Tim Provost 63 Joe Andruzzi 64 Gene Mruczkowski 65 Damien Woody 66 Lonie Paxton 67 Dan Koppen 68 Tom Ashworth 70 Adrian Klemm 71 Russ Hochstein 72 Matt Light 75 Jamil Soriano 76 Brandon Gorin 77 Mike Compton 80 Troy Brown 81 Bethel Johnson 82 Daniel Graham 83 Deion Branch 84 Fred Baxter 85 J.J. Stokes 86 David Patten 87 David Givens 88 Christian Fauria 90 Dan Klecko 91 Bobby Hamilton 92 Ted Washington 93 Richard Seymour 94 Ty Warren 95 Roman Phifer 96 Rick Lyle 97 Jarvis Green 98 Anthony Pleasant 99 Ethan Kelley Head coach : Bill Belichick Coaches : Romeo Crennel Brian Daboll Jeff Davidson Ivan Fears Sean Gustus John Hufnagel Pepper Johnson Josh McDaniels Eric Mangini Markus Paul Rob Ryan Dante Scarnecchia Brad Seely Charlie Weis Mike Woicik New England Patriots Super Bowl XXXIX champions 4 Adam Vinatieri 6 Rohan Davey 8 Josh Miller 10 Kevin Kasper 12 Tom Brady 13 Jim Miller 14 P.K. Sam 18 Cedric James 19 Ricky Bryant 21 Randall Gay 22 Asante Samuel 23 Omare Lowe 24 Ty Law 26 Eugene Wilson 27 Rabih Abdullah 28 Corey Dillon 29 Earthwind Moreland 30 Je'Rod Cherry 31 Hank Poteat 32 Kory Chapman 33 Kevin Faulk 34 Cedric Cobbs 35 Patrick Pass 37 Rodney Harrison 38 Tyrone Poole 39 Guss Scott 42 Dexter Reid 46 Zeron Flemister 47 Justin Kurpeikis 48 Tully Banta - Cain 49 Eric Alexander 50 Mike Vrabel 51 Don Davis 52 Ted Johnson 53 Larry Izzo 54 Tedy Bruschi 55 Willie McGinest 58 Matt Chatham 59 Rosevelt Colvin 61 Stephen Neal 63 Joe Andruzzi 64 Gene Mruczkowski 65 Lance Nimmo 66 Lonie Paxton 67 Dan Koppen 68 Tom Ashworth 69 Buck Rasmussen 70 Adrian Klemm 71 Russ Hochstein 72 Matt Light 74 Billy Yates 75 Vince Wilfork 76 Brandon Gorin 80 Troy Brown 81 Bethel Johnson 82 Daniel Graham 83 Deion Branch ( MVP ) 84 Benjamin Watson 85 Jed Weaver 86 David Patten 87 David Givens 88 Christian Fauria 90 Dan Klecko 91 Marquise Hill 93 Richard Seymour 94 Ty Warren 95 Roman Phifer 96 Rodney Bailey 97 Jarvis Green 98 Keith Traylor 99 Ethan Kelley Head coach : Bill Belichick Coaches : Romeo Crennel Brian Daboll Jeff Davidson Ivan Fears Pepper Johnson Josh McDaniels Eric Mangini Matt Patricia Markus Paul Dean Pees Dante Scarnecchia Brad Seely Cory Undlin Charlie Weis Mike Woicik New England Patriots Super Bowl XLIX champions 3 Stephen Gostkowski 6 Ryan Allen 8 Garrett Gilbert 10 Jimmy Garoppolo 11 Julian Edelman 12 Tom Brady ( MVP ) 16 Jonathan Krause 17 Aaron Dobson 18 Matthew Slater 19 Brandon LaFell 21 Malcolm Butler 22 Stevan Ridley 23 Patrick Chung 24 Darrelle Revis 25 Kyle Arrington 26 Logan Ryan 27 Tavon Wilson 28 James White 29 LeGarrette Blount 30 Duron Harmon 31 Justin Green 32 Devin McCourty 34 Shane Vereen 35 Jonas Gray 36 Tyler Gaffney 37 Alfonzo Dennard 38 Brandon Bolden 39 Brandon Browner 41 Daxton Swanson 43 Nate Ebner 44 Deontae Skinner 45 Cameron Gordon 46 James Develin 47 Michael Hoomanawanui 48 Danny Aiken 50 Rob Ninkovich 51 Jerod Mayo 52 Jonathan Casillas 53 Eric Martin 54 Dont'a Hightower 55 Akeem Ayers 58 Darius Fleming 59 Chris White 61 Marcus Cannon 62 Ryan Wendell 63 Dan Connolly 64 Chris Barker 65 Jordan Devey 66 Bryan Stork 67 Josh Kline 68 Caylin Hauptmann 71 Cameron Fleming 72 Joe Vellano 74 Dominique Easley 75 Vince Wilfork 76 Sebastian Vollmer 77 Nate Solder 80 Danny Amendola 81 Tim Wright 82 Josh Boyce 84 Brian Tyms 87 Rob Gronkowski 90 Zach Moore 91 Jamie Collins 92 Jake Bequette 94 Chris Jones 95 Chandler Jones 96 Sealver Siliga 97 Alan Branch 99 Michael Buchanan -- James Morris -- Greg Orton Head coach : Bill Belichick Coaches : Stephen Belichick Josh Boyer Brian Daboll Brendan Daly Dave DeGuglielmo Ivan Fears Brian Flores Patrick Graham Joe Judge Josh McDaniels Harold Nash Scott O'Brien Chad O'Shea Matt Patricia New England Patriots Super Bowl LI champions 3 Stephen Gostkowski 6 Ryan Allen 7 Jacoby Brissett 10 Jimmy Garoppolo 11 Julian Edelman 12 Tom Brady ( MVP ) 14 Michael Floyd 15 Chris Hogan 16 Devin Lucien 17 DeAndrew White 18 Matthew Slater 19 Malcolm Mitchell 21 Malcolm Butler 22 Justin Coleman 23 Patrick Chung 24 Cyrus Jones 25 Eric Rowe 26 Logan Ryan 27 D.J. Foster 28 James White 29 LeGarrette Blount 30 Duron Harmon 31 Jonathan Jones 32 Devin McCourty 33 Dion Lewis 35 Tyler Gaffney 36 Brandon King 37 Jordan Richards 38 Brandon Bolden 43 Nate Ebner 44 Trevor Bates 46 James Develin 47 Glenn Gronkowski 49 Joe Cardona 50 Rob Ninkovich 51 Barkevious Mingo 52 Elandon Roberts 53 Kyle Van Noy 54 Dont'a Hightower 55 Jonathan Freeny 58 Shea McClellin 60 David Andrews 61 Marcus Cannon 62 Joe Thuney 63 Tre ' Jackson 64 Chris Barker 65 Jamil Douglas 66 Chase Farris 68 LaAdrian Waddle 69 Shaq Mason 71 Cameron Fleming 74 Woodrow Hamilton 75 Ted Karras 76 Sebastian Vollmer 77 Nate Solder 80 Danny Amendola 82 Matt Lengel 83 Greg Scruggs 85 Michael Williams 87 Rob Gronkowski 88 Martellus Bennett 90 Malcom Brown 92 Geneo Grissom 93 Jabaal Sheard 95 Chris Long 96 Darius Kilgo 97 Alan Branch 98 Trey Flowers 99 Vincent Valentine Head coach : Bill Belichick Coaches : Stephen Belichick Josh Boyer Nick Caley Brian Daboll Brendan Daly Ivan Fears Brian Flores Joe Judge Josh McDaniels Chad O'Shea Matt Patricia Dante Scarnecchia Jerry Schuplinski Raymond Ventrone James Hardy Super Bowl MVP Award I : Starr II : Starr III : Namath IV : Dawson V : Howley VI : Staubach VII : Scott VIII : Csonka IX : Harris X : Swann XI : Biletnikoff XII : Martin & White XIII : Bradshaw XIV : Bradshaw XV : Plunkett XVI : Montana XVII : Riggins XVIII : Allen XIX : Montana XX : Dent XXI : Simms XXII : Williams XXIII : Rice XXIV : Montana XXV : Anderson XXVI : Rypien XXVII : Aikman XXVIII : E. Smith XXIX : Young XXX : Brown XXXI : Howard XXXII : Davis XXXIII : Elway XXXIV : Warner XXXV : Lewis XXXVI : Brady XXXVII : Jackson XXXVIII : Brady XXXIX : Branch XL : Ward XLI : P. Manning XLII : E. Manning XLIII : Holmes XLIV : Brees XLV : Rodgers XLVI : E. Manning XLVII : Flacco XLVIII : M. Smith XLIX : Brady 50 : Miller LI : Brady Super Bowl champion starting quarterbacks I : Starr II : Starr III : Namath IV : Dawson V : Unitas VI : Staubach VII : Griese VIII : Griese IX : Bradshaw X : Bradshaw XI : Stabler XII : Staubach XIII : Bradshaw XIV : Bradshaw XV : Plunkett XVI : Montana XVII : Theismann XVIII : Plunkett XIX : Montana XX : McMahon XXI : Simms XXII : Williams XXIII : Montana XXIV : Montana XXV : Hostetler XXVI : Rypien XXVII : Aikman XXVIII : Aikman XXIX : Young XXX : Aikman XXXI : Favre XXXII : Elway XXXIII : Elway XXXIV : Warner XXXV : Dilfer XXXVI : Brady XXXVII : Johnson XXXVIII : Brady XXXIX : Brady XL : Roethlisberger XLI : P. Manning XLII : E. Manning XLIII : Roethlisberger XLIV : Brees XLV : Rodgers XLVI : E. Manning XLVII : Flacco XLVIII : Wilson XLIX : Brady 50 : P. Manning LI : Brady Michigan Wolverines starting quarterbacks Barmore ( 1880 ) Horton ( 1881 ) Beach ( 1882 ) McNeil ( 1883 -- 1885 ) Morrow ( 1886 ) Farrand ( 1887 ) F. Smith ( 1888 ) Abbott ( 1889 ) Holden ( 1890 ) Sherman ( 1891 ) Sanderson ( 1892 ) Greenleaf ( 1893 -- 1894 ) Baird ( 1893 -- 1895 ) Richards ( 1895 -- 1897 ) Drumheller ( 1896 ) Felver ( 1896 -- 1897 ) Talcott ( 1898 ) Street ( 1899 ) McGinnis ( 1900 ) Weeks ( 1901 -- 1902 ) James ( 1903 ) Norcross ( 1904 -- 1905 ) Barlow ( 1905 ) Workman ( 1906 ) Wasmund ( 1907 -- 1909 ) McMillan ( 1910 -- 1911 ) Huebel ( 1912 ) Hughitt ( 1913 -- 1914 ) Roehm ( 1915 ) Sparks ( 1916 , 1919 ) Weston ( 1917 ) Knode ( 1918 ) Bank ( 1920 -- 1921 ) Uteritz ( 1921 -- 1923 ) Rockwell ( 1924 ) Friedman ( 1925 -- 1926 ) Hoffman ( 1927 ) Rich ( 1928 ) Simrall ( 1929 ) Tessmer ( 1930 -- 1931 ) Newman ( 1930 -- 1932 ) Fay ( 1933 ) Jennings ( 1934 ) Renner ( 1935 ) Barclay ( 1936 ) Farmer ( 1937 ) Evashevski ( 1938 -- 1940 ) Ceithaml ( 1941 -- 1942 ) Wiese ( 1943 ) Ponsetto ( 1944 -- 1945 ) Yerges ( 1945 -- 1947 ) Elliott ( 1948 ) Ghindia ( 1949 ) Putich ( 1950 ) Topor ( 1951 -- 1952 ) Baldacci ( 1953 -- 1954 ) Maddock ( 1955 ) Van Pelt ( 1956 -- 1957 ) Ptacek ( 1958 ) Noskin ( 1959 ) Stamos ( 1960 -- 1961 ) Glinka ( 1960 -- 1961 ) Timberlake ( 1962 -- 1964 ) Gabler ( 1965 ) Vidmer ( 1965 -- 1967 ) Den . Brown ( 1967 -- 1968 ) Moorhead ( 1969 -- 1970 ) Slade ( 1971 ) Franklin ( 1972 -- 1974 ) Leach ( 1975 -- 1978 ) Dickey ( 1979 ) Wangler ( 1979 -- 1980 ) S. Smith ( 1981 -- 1983 ) Zurbrugg ( 1984 ) Harbaugh ( 1984 -- 1986 ) Dem . Brown ( 1987 -- 1988 ) Taylor ( 1987 -- 1989 ) Grbac ( 1989 -- 1992 ) Collins ( 1993 -- 1994 ) Dreisbach ( 1995 -- 1996 ) Griese ( 1995 -- 1997 ) Brady ( 1998 -- 1999 ) Henson ( 2000 ) Navarre ( 2000 -- 2003 ) Henne ( 2004 -- 2007 ) Mallett ( 2007 ) Sheridan ( 2008 ) Threet ( 2008 ) Forcier ( 2009 ) Robinson ( 2010 -- 2012 ) Gardner ( 2012 -- 2014 ) Morris ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Rudock ( 2015 ) Speight ( 2016 -- 2017 ) O'Korn ( 2016 -- 2017 ) New England Patriots 2000 NFL draft selections Adrian Klemm J.R. Redmond Greg Randall Dave Stachelski Jeff Marriott Antwan Harris Tom Brady David Nugent Casey Tisdale Patrick Pass Boston / New England Patriots starting quarterbacks Butch Songin ( 1960 -- 1961 ) Tom Greene ( 1960 ) Babe Parilli ( 1961 -- 1967 ) Tom Yewcic ( 1962 ) Eddie Wilson ( 1965 ) Don Trull ( 1967 ) Mike Taliaferro ( 1968 -- 1970 ) Tom Sherman ( 1968 ) Joe Kapp ( 1970 ) Jim Plunkett ( 1971 -- 1975 ) Steve Grogan ( 1975 -- 1990 ) Neil Graff ( 1975 ) Matt Cavanaugh ( 1980 -- 1982 ) Tom Owen ( 1981 ) Tony Eason ( 1983 -- 1989 ) Tom Ramsey ( 1987 -- 1988 ) Bob Bleier ( 1987 ) Doug Flutie ( 1987 -- 1989 ) Marc Wilson ( 1989 -- 1990 ) Tommy Hodson ( 1990 -- 1992 ) Hugh Millen ( 1991 -- 1992 ) Scott Zolak ( 1992 , 1995 , 1998 ) Jeff Carlson ( 1992 ) Drew Bledsoe ( 1993 -- 2001 ) Scott Secules ( 1993 ) Tom Brady ( 2001 -- present ) Matt Cassel ( 2008 ) Jimmy Garoppolo ( 2016 ) Jacoby Brissett ( 2016 ) NFL quarterbacks with a perfect passer rating game Ray Mallouf Sammy Baugh Len Dawson Y.A. Tittle Frank Ryan Sonny Jurgensen Joe Namath Johnny Unitas Don Meredith Craig Morton ( 2 ) Fran Tarkenton Daryle Lamonica Dick Shiner Bob Lee James Harris Ken Anderson Jim Hart Dan Fouts Scott Hunter Terry Bradshaw Steve Grogan Brian Sipe Bob Griese Vince Evans Dave Krieg ( 2 ) Steve Bartkowski Ken O'Brien ( 2 ) Steve Young Joe Montana Rich Gannon Bobby Hebert Mick Buck Drew Bledsoe Craig Erickson Chris Chandler Jeff Blake Kurt Warner ( 3 ) Peyton Manning ( 4 ) Doug Flutie Kerry Collins Chad Pennington Trent Green Ben Roethlisberger ( 3 ) Donovan McNabb Tom Brady ( 2 ) Eli Manning Drew Brees Robert Griffin III Nick Foles Alex Smith Geno Smith Marcus Mariota Ryan Tannehill Kirk Cousins Names in bold are still active Associated Press NFL Most Valuable Player Award winners 1957 : J. Brown 1958 : J. Brown 1959 : Unitas 1960 : Van Brocklin 1961 : Hornung 1962 : J. Taylor 1963 : Tittle 1964 : Unitas 1965 : J. Brown 1966 : Starr 1967 : Unitas 1968 : Morrall 1969 : Gabriel 1970 : Brodie 1971 : Page 1972 : L. Brown 1973 : Simpson 1974 : Stabler 1975 : Tarkenton 1976 : Jones 1977 : Payton 1978 : Bradshaw 1979 : Campbell 1980 : Sipe 1981 : Anderson 1982 : Moseley 1983 : Theismann 1984 : Marino 1985 : Allen 1986 : L. Taylor 1987 : Elway 1988 : Esiason 1989 : Montana 1990 : Montana 1991 : Thomas 1992 : Young 1993 : Smith 1994 : Young 1995 : Favre 1996 : Favre 1997 : Favre & Sanders 1998 : Davis 1999 : Warner 2000 : Faulk 2001 : Warner 2002 : Gannon 2003 : Manning & McNair 2004 : Manning 2005 : Alexander 2006 : Tomlinson 2007 : Brady 2008 : Manning 2009 : Manning 2010 : Brady 2011 : Rodgers 2012 : Peterson 2013 : Manning 2014 : Rodgers 2015 : Newton 2016 : Ryan Associated Press NFL Offensive Player of the Year Award winners 1972 : Brown 1973 : Simpson 1974 : Stabler 1975 : Tarkenton 1976 : Jones 1977 : Payton 1978 : Campbell 1979 : Campbell 1980 : Campbell 1981 : Anderson 1982 : Fouts 1983 : Theismann 1984 : Marino 1985 : Allen 1986 : Dickerson 1987 : Rice 1988 : Craig 1989 : Montana 1990 : Moon 1991 : Thomas 1992 : Young 1993 : Rice 1994 : Sanders 1995 : Favre 1996 : Davis 1997 : Sanders 1998 : Davis 1999 : Faulk 2000 : Faulk 2001 : Faulk 2002 : Holmes 2003 : Lewis 2004 : Manning 2005 : Alexander 2006 : Tomlinson 2007 : Brady 2008 : Brees 2009 : Johnson 2010 : Brady 2011 : Brees 2012 : Peterson 2013 : Manning 2014 : Murray 2015 : Newton 2016 : Ryan Bert Bell Award winners 1959 : Unitas 1960 : Van Brocklin 1961 : Hornung 1962 : Robustelli 1963 : J. Brown 1964 : Unitas 1965 : Retzlaff 1966 : Meredith 1967 : Unitas 1968 : Kelly 1969 : Gabriel 1970 : Blanda 1971 : Staubach 1972 : L. Brown 1973 : Simpson 1974 : Olsen 1975 : Tarkenton 1976 : Stabler 1977 : Griese 1978 : Bradshaw 1979 : Campbell 1980 : Jaworski 1981 : Anderson 1982 : Theismann 1983 : Riggins 1984 : Marino 1985 : Payton 1986 : Taylor 1987 : Rice 1988 : Cunningham 1989 : Montana 1990 : Cunningham 1991 : Sanders 1992 : Young 1993 : Smith 1994 : Young 1995 : Favre 1996 : Favre 1997 : Sanders 1998 : Cunningham 1999 : Warner 2000 : Gannon 2001 : Faulk 2002 : Gannon 2003 : Manning 2004 : Manning 2005 : Alexander 2006 : Tomlinson 2007 : Brady 2008 : Peterson 2009 : Brees 2010 : Vick 2011 : Rodgers 2012 : Peterson 2013 : Manning 2014 : Watt 2015 : Newton 2016 : Ryan Associated Press Male Athlete of the Year 1931 : Pepper Martin 1932 : Gene Sarazen 1933 : Carl Hubbell 1934 : Dizzy Dean 1935 : Joe Louis 1936 : Jesse Owens 1937 : Don Budge 1938 : Don Budge 1939 : Nile Kinnick 1940 : Tom Harmon 1941 : Joe DiMaggio 1942 : Frank Sinkwich 1943 : Gunder Hägg 1944 : Byron Nelson 1945 : Byron Nelson 1946 : Glenn Davis 1947 : Johnny Lujack 1948 : Lou Boudreau 1949 : Leon Hart 1950 : Jim Konstanty 1951 : Dick Kazmaier 1952 : Bob Mathias 1953 : Ben Hogan 1954 : Willie Mays 1955 : Howard Cassady 1956 : Mickey Mantle 1957 : Ted Williams 1958 : Herb Elliott 1959 : Ingemar Johansson 1960 : Rafer Johnson 1961 : Roger Maris 1962 : Maury Wills 1963 : Sandy Koufax 1964 : Don Schollander 1965 : Sandy Koufax 1966 : Frank Robinson 1967 : Carl Yastrzemski 1968 : Denny McLain 1969 : Tom Seaver 1970 : George Blanda 1971 : Lee Trevino 1972 : Mark Spitz 1973 : O.J. Simpson 1974 : Muhammad Ali 1975 : Fred Lynn 1976 : Bruce Jenner 1977 : Steve Cauthen 1978 : Ron Guidry 1979 : Willie Stargell 1980 : U.S. Olympic Hockey Team 1981 : John McEnroe 1982 : Wayne Gretzky 1983 : Carl Lewis 1984 : Carl Lewis 1985 : Dwight Gooden 1986 : Larry Bird 1987 : Ben Johnson 1988 : Orel Hershiser 1989 : Joe Montana 1990 : Joe Montana 1991 : Michael Jordan 1992 : Michael Jordan 1993 : Michael Jordan 1994 : George Foreman 1995 : Cal Ripken , Jr . 1996 : Michael Johnson 1997 : Tiger Woods 1998 : Mark McGwire 1999 : Tiger Woods 2000 : Tiger Woods 2001 : Barry Bonds 2002 : Lance Armstrong 2003 : Lance Armstrong 2004 : Lance Armstrong 2005 : Lance Armstrong 2006 : Tiger Woods 2007 : Tom Brady 2008 : Michael Phelps 2009 : Jimmie Johnson 2010 : Drew Brees 2011 : Aaron Rodgers 2012 : Michael Phelps 2013 : LeBron James 2014 : Madison Bumgarner 2015 : Stephen Curry 2016 : LeBron James Sports Illustrated Sportsperson of the Year 1954 : Roger Bannister 1955 : Johnny Podres 1956 : Bobby Morrow 1957 : Stan Musial 1958 : Rafer Johnson 1959 : Ingemar Johansson 1960 : Arnold Palmer 1961 : Jerry Lucas 1962 : Terry Baker 1963 : Pete Rozelle 1964 : Ken Venturi 1965 : Sandy Koufax 1966 : Jim Ryun 1967 : Carl Yastrzemski 1968 : Bill Russell 1969 : Tom Seaver 1970 : Bobby Orr 1971 : Lee Trevino 1972 : Billie Jean King & John Wooden 1973 : Jackie Stewart 1974 : Muhammad Ali 1975 : Pete Rose 1976 : Chris Evert 1977 : Steve Cauthen 1978 : Jack Nicklaus 1979 : Terry Bradshaw & Willie Stargell 1980 : U.S. Olympic Hockey Team 1981 : Sugar Ray Leonard 1982 : Wayne Gretzky 1983 : Mary Decker 1984 : Edwin Moses & Mary Lou Retton 1985 : Kareem Abdul - Jabbar 1986 : Joe Paterno 1987 : Bob Bourne , Judi Brown King , Kipchoge Keino , Dale Murphy , Chip Rives , Patty Sheehan , Rory Sparrow , & Reggie Williams 1988 : Orel Hershiser 1989 : Greg LeMond 1990 : Joe Montana 1991 : Michael Jordan 1992 : Arthur Ashe 1993 : Don Shula 1994 : Bonnie Blair & Johann Olav Koss 1995 : Cal Ripken Jr . 1996 : Tiger Woods 1997 : Dean Smith 1998 : Mark McGwire & Sammy Sosa 1999 : U.S. Women 's Soccer Team 2000 : Tiger Woods 2001 : Curt Schilling & Randy Johnson 2002 : Lance Armstrong 2003 : David Robinson & Tim Duncan 2004 : Boston Red Sox 2005 : Tom Brady 2006 : Dwyane Wade 2007 : Brett Favre 2008 : Michael Phelps 2009 : Derek Jeter 2010 : Drew Brees 2011 : Mike Krzyzewski & Pat Summitt 2012 : LeBron James 2013 : Peyton Manning 2014 : Madison Bumgarner 2015 : Serena Williams 2016 : LeBron James Sporting News Sportsman / Pro Athlete of the Year 1968 : Denny McLain 1969 : Tom Seaver 1970 : John Wooden 1971 : Lee Trevino 1972 : Charlie Finley 1973 : O.J. Simpson 1974 : Lou Brock 1975 : Archie Griffin 1976 : Larry O'Brien 1977 : Steve Cauthen 1978 : Ron Guidry 1979 : Willie Stargell 1980 : George Brett 1981 : Wayne Gretzky 1982 : Whitey Herzog 1983 : Bowie Kuhn 1984 : Peter Ueberroth 1985 : Pete Rose 1986 : Larry Bird 1987 : None 1988 : Jackie Joyner - Kersee 1989 : Joe Montana 1990 : Nolan Ryan 1991 : Michael Jordan 1992 : Mike Krzyzewski 1993 : Cito Gaston & Pat Gillick 1994 : Emmitt Smith 1995 : Cal Ripken , Jr . 1996 : Joe Torre 1997 : Mark McGwire 1998 : Mark McGwire & Sammy Sosa 1999 : New York Yankees 2000 : Marshall Faulk & Kurt Warner 2001 : Curt Schilling 2002 : Tyrone Willingham 2003 : Dick Vermeil & Jack McKeon 2004 : Tom Brady 2005 : Matt Leinart 2006 : Dwyane Wade 2007 : Tom Brady 2008 : Eli Manning 2009 : Mariano Rivera 2010 : Roy Halladay 2011 : Aaron Rodgers 2012 : LeBron James PFW / PFWA NFL Comeback Player of the Year Award 1972 : Morrall 1973 : Gabriel 1974 : Namath 1975 : Hampton 1976 : Landry 1977 : Morton 1978 : Riggins 1979 : Csonka 1980 : Plunkett 1981 : Anderson 1982 : Alzado 1983 : B. Johnson 1984 : Stallworth 1985 : No Selection 1986 : Montana & Kramer 1987 : White 1988 : Bell 1989 : Anderson 1990 : Word 1991 : McMahon 1992 : Cunningham 1993 : Allen 1994 : Marino 1995 : Harbaugh 1996 : Bettis 1997 : Brooks 1998 : Flutie 1999 : Young 2000 : J. Johnson 2001 : Hearst 2002 : Maddox 2003 : Kitna 2004 : McGahee 2005 : Smith 2006 : Pennington 2007 : Moss 2008 : Pennington 2009 : Brady 2010 : Vick 2011 : Stafford 2012 : Peterson 2013 : Rivers 2014 : Gronkowski 2015 : Berry 2016 : Nelson 2007 AP NFL All - Pro Team Offense : QB Tom Brady RB LaDainian Tomlinson RB Brian Westbrook FB Lorenzo Neal WR Randy Moss WR Terrell Owens TE Jason Witten OT Matt Light OT Walter Jones G Alan Faneca G Steve Hutchinson C Jeff Saturday Defense : DE Jared Allen DE Patrick Kerney DT Albert Haynesworth DT Kevin Williams OLB Mike Vrabel OLB DeMarcus Ware ILB Lofa Tatupu ILB Patrick Willis CB Antonio Cromartie CB Asante Samuel FS Ed Reed SS Bob Sanders Special teams : P Andy Lee PK Rob Bironas KR Devin Hester 2010 AP NFL All - Pro Team Offense : QB Tom Brady RB Arian Foster RB Jamaal Charles FB Vonta Leach WR Roddy White WR Reggie Wayne TE Jason Witten OT Joe Thomas OT Jake Long G Jahri Evans G Logan Mankins C Nick Mangold Defense : DE Julius Peppers DE John Abraham DT Haloti Ngata DT Ndamukong Suh OLB Clay Matthews OLB James Harrison ILB Jerod Mayo ILB Patrick Willis CB Darrelle Revis CB Nnamdi Asomugha FS Ed Reed SS Troy Polamalu Special teams : P Shane Lechler PK Billy Cundiff KR Devin Hester National Football League NFL 's 2000s All - Decade Team Tom Brady Peyton Manning LaDainian Tomlinson Edgerrin James Jamal Lewis Shaun Alexander Lorenzo Neal Tony Richardson Randy Moss Marvin Harrison Terrell Owens Torry Holt Tony Gonzalez Antonio Gates Walter Jones Jonathan Ogden Orlando Pace Willie Roaf Alan Faneca Steve Hutchinson Will Shields Larry Allen Kevin Mawae Olin Kreutz Dwight Freeney Michael Strahan Jason Taylor Julius Peppers Richard Seymour Warren Sapp Kevin Williams La'Roi Glover Ray Lewis Derrick Brooks Brian Urlacher Joey Porter Zach Thomas DeMarcus Ware Champ Bailey Charles Woodson Ty Law Ronde Barber Ed Reed Brian Dawkins Troy Polamalu Darren Sharper Adam Vinatieri David Akers Shane Lechler Brian Moorman Josh Cribbs Dante Hall Devin Hester Bill Belichick Tony Dungy New England Patriots 50th Anniversary Team ( 2009 ) Offense Brady ( QB ) Nance ( RB ) Cunningham ( RB ) Morgan ( WR ) Brown ( WR ) Fryar ( WR ) Coates ( TE ) Armstrong ( T ) Light ( T ) Hannah ( G ) Mankins ( G ) Morris ( C ) Defense Adams ( DE ) Seymour ( DE ) Antwine ( DT ) Wilfork ( DT ) Tippett ( OLB ) Vrabel ( OLB ) Nelson ( ILB ) Buoniconti ( ILB ) Haynes ( CB ) Law ( CB ) Marion ( S ) Harrison ( S ) Special Teams Faulk ( Ret . ) Vinatieri ( PK ) Camarillo ( P ) Tatupu ( ST ) Captains Cappelletti ( Offense ) Bruschi ( Defense ) Coach Belichick New England Patriots All - 2000s Team Offense Brady ( QB ) Dillon ( RB ) Moss ( WR ) Welker ( WR ) Brown ( WR ) Graham ( TE ) Light ( T ) Kaczur ( T ) Andruzzi ( G ) Mankins ( G ) Koppen ( C ) Defense Seymour ( DE ) Warren ( DE ) Wilfork ( NT ) McGinest ( OLB ) Vrabel ( OLB ) Bruschi ( ILB ) Phifer ( ILB ) Law ( CB ) Samuel ( CB ) Harrison ( S ) Milloy ( S ) Special Teams Faulk ( Ret . ) Vinatieri ( PK ) Miller ( P ) Izzo ( ST ) Coach Belichick NFL annual passing touchdowns leaders 1932 : Herber 1933 : Newman 1934 : Herber 1935 : Danowski 1936 : Herber 1937 : Masterson 1938 : Monnett 1939 : Filchock 1940 : Baugh 1941 : Isbell 1942 : Isbell 1943 : Luckman 1944 : Filchock 1945 : Luckman & Waterfield 1946 : Luckman & Waterfield 1947 : Baugh 1948 : Thompson 1949 : Lujack 1950 : Ratterman 1951 : Layne 1952 : Finks & Graham 1953 : Thomason 1954 : Burk 1955 : Tittle & Rote 1956 : Rote 1957 : Unitas 1958 : Unitas 1959 : Unitas 1960 : Unitas 1961 : Jurgensen 1962 : Tittle 1963 : Tittle 1964 : Ryan 1965 : Brodie 1966 : Ryan 1967 : Jurgensen 1968 : Morrall 1969 : Gabriel 1970 : Brodie 1971 : Hadl 1972 : Kilmer & Namath 1973 : Gabriel & Staubach 1974 : Stabler 1975 : Tarkenton & Ferguson 1976 : Stabler 1977 : Griese 1978 : Bradshaw 1979 : Grogan & Sipe 1980 : Bartkowski 1981 : Fouts 1982 : Fouts , Bradshaw , Montana 1983 : Dickey 1984 : Marino 1985 : Marino 1986 : Marino 1987 : Montana 1988 : Everett 1989 : Everett 1990 : Moon 1991 : Kelly 1992 : Young 1993 : Young 1994 : Young 1995 : Favre 1996 : Favre 1997 : Favre 1998 : Young 1999 : Warner 2000 : Manning & Culpepper 2001 : Warner 2002 : Brady 2003 : Favre 2004 : Manning 2005 : Palmer 2006 : Manning 2007 : Brady 2008 : Brees & Rivers 2009 : Brees 2010 : Brady 2011 : Brees 2012 : Brees 2013 : Manning 2014 : Luck 2015 : Brady 2016 : Rodgers NFL annual passing yards leaders 1932 : Herber 1933 : Newman 1934 : Herber 1935 : Danowski 1936 : Herber 1937 : Baugh 1938 : Parker 1939 : O'Brien 1940 : Baugh 1941 : Isbell 1942 : Isbell 1943 : Luckman 1944 : Comp 1945 : Luckman 1946 : Luckman 1947 : Baugh 1948 : Baugh 1949 : Lujack 1950 : Layne 1951 : Layne 1952 : Graham 1953 : Graham 1954 : Van Brocklin 1955 : Finks 1956 : Rote 1957 : Unitas 1958 : Wade 1959 : Unitas 1960 : Unitas 1961 : Jurgensen 1962 : Jurgensen 1963 : Unitas 1964 : Johnson 1965 : Brodie 1966 : Jurgensen 1967 : Jurgensen 1968 : Brodie 1969 : Jurgensen 1970 : Brodie 1971 : Hadl 1972 : Namath 1973 : Gabriel 1974 : Anderson 1975 : Anderson 1976 : Jones 1977 : Ferguson 1978 : Tarkenton 1979 : Fouts 1980 : Fouts 1981 : Fouts 1982 : Fouts 1983 : Dickey 1984 : Marino 1985 : Marino 1986 : Marino 1987 : Lomax 1988 : Marino 1989 : Majkowski 1990 : Moon 1991 : Moon 1992 : Marino 1993 : Elway 1994 : Bledsoe 1995 : Favre 1996 : Brunell 1997 : George 1998 : Favre 1999 : Beuerlein 2000 : Manning 2001 : Warner 2002 : Gannon 2003 : Manning 2004 : Culpepper 2005 : Brady 2006 : Brees 2007 : Brady 2008 : Brees 2009 : Schaub 2010 : Rivers 2011 : Brees 2012 : Brees 2013 : Manning 2014 : Brees & Roethlisberger 2015 : Brees 2016 : Brees NFL Top 100 No. 1 players Brady ( 2011 ) Rodgers ( 2012 ) Peterson ( 2013 ) Manning ( 2014 ) Watt ( 2015 ) Newton ( 2016 ) Brady ( 2017 ) Top 100 lists 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Related NFL Network Lindsay Rhodes VIAF : 48590636 LCCN : n2002091647 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tom_Brady&oldid=804930906 '' Categories : 1977 births Living people American Conference Pro Bowl players American football quarterbacks American people of Irish descent American people of Polish descent American people of Scandinavian descent American Roman Catholics Merrill Lynch people Michigan Wolverines football players New England Patriots players People from San Mateo , California Players of American football from California Sportspeople from the San Francisco Bay Area Super Bowl champions Super Bowl MVPs Unconferenced Pro Bowl players Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism New England Patriots currentteam parameter articles Infobox NFL biography articles missing alt text BLP articles lacking sources from November 2016 All BLP articles lacking sources All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from January 2015 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Bislama Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar Malagasy Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Winaray 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 October 2017 , at 00 : 28 . 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4239295805095466550 | The Super Bowl Shuffle | The Super Bowl Shuffle - wikipedia The Super Bowl Shuffle Jump to : navigation , search `` Super Bowl Shuffle '' Single by Chicago Bears Shufflin ' Crew Released 1985 Genre Rap Length 6 : 58 Label Red Label Music Publishing Songwriter ( s ) Lyrics : Richard E. Meyer and Melvin Owens . Music : Bobby Daniels and Lloyd Barry . Producer ( s ) Richard E. Meyer `` The Super Bowl Shuffle '' is a rap song performed by players of the Chicago Bears football team in 1985 . It was released December 3rd , 1985 and recorded the day after their only loss of the season at the hands of the Miami Dolphins , 2 months prior to their win in Super Bowl XX . It peaked at No. 41 in February 1986 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart . Contents ( hide ) 1 Song and video 2 Performers 2.1 Singers 2.2 `` Shufflin ' Crew '' Band 2.3 `` Shufflin ' Crew '' Chorus 3 Precedents 4 Imitators and influence 4.1 NFL teams 5 2010 reprise 6 2014 celebrity cover version 7 In Other Media 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Song and video ( edit ) The 1985 rap hit recorded by the players of the Chicago Bears known as the `` Super Bowl Shuffle '' instantly became a mainstream phenomenon . The single sold more than 500,000 copies and reached No. 41 on the US Billboard Hot 100 , making the Chicago Bears the only American professional team of any sport with a hit single . The Bears finished with a 15 -- 1 record for the 1985 season . Randy Weigand , a die - hard Bears fan and music lover , had the idea to write , produce , and choreograph a rap song for the Chicago Bears . Weigand 's girlfriend , cheerleader Courtney Larson , introduced them to Willie Gault who put them in touch with other Bears players and the `` Super Bowl Shuffle '' was born . The lyrics related to each player and his craft on the field , and fame in the community . `` The Super Bowl Shuffle '' fell in line with the Bears high - media attention as they completed their one - loss regular season . The Bears dominated their playoff opponents including the New England Patriots in the Super Bowl , 46 -- 10 . The 1985 Chicago Bears were the first sports team to have their own rap video . The song was nominated for a Grammy Award in 1985 for Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group , eventually losing to `` Kiss '' . The 20th Anniversary DVD was released in 2004 , including the making of the video , outtakes , and the music video itself . Julia Meyer has kept the copyright to the video . Over $300,000 in profits from the song and music video was donated to the Chicago Community Trust to help needy families in Chicago with clothing , shelter , and food . This was consistent with Walter Payton 's rap lyrics in the song : `` Now we 're not doing this because we 're greedy , the Bears are doing it to feed the needy . '' In 2014 , six of the performers : Richard Dent , Jim McMahon , Otis Wilson , Willie Gault , Mike Richardson and Steve Fuller , sued Julia Meyer and Renaissance Marketing Corporation , who licenses the song , stating the proceeds from the song should benefit charities ; the six players ' attorney stated , `` Among other things , the plaintiffs seek that a constructive trust be established for charitable purposes that they select in order to continue the Super Bowl Shuffle 's charitable objective . '' Performers ( edit ) Singers ( edit ) Player Position No . Walter Payton Running back 34 Willie Gault Wide receiver 83 Mike Singletary Linebacker 50 Jim McMahon Quarterback 9 Otis Wilson Linebacker 55 Steve Fuller Quarterback Mike Richardson Cornerback 27 Richard Dent Defensive lineman 95 Gary Fencik Safety 45 William Perry Defensive lineman 72 `` Shufflin ' Crew '' Band ( edit ) Player Position No . Instrument Maury Buford Punter 8 Cowbell Mike Tomczak Quarterback 18 Guitar Calvin Thomas Running back 33 Saxophone Reggie Phillips Defensive back 48 Congas Stefan Humphries Offensive lineman 75 Drums Tyrone Keys Defensive lineman 98 Keyboard `` Shufflin ' crew '' chorus ( edit ) Player Position No . Thomas Sanders Running back 20 Leslie Frazier Safety 21 Shaun Gayle Cornerback 23 Dennis Gentry Running back 29 Ken Taylor Defensive back 31 Jim Morrissey Linebacker 51 Dan Rains Linebacker 53 Keith Ortego Wide receiver 89 Lyrics written by Richard E. Meyer and Melvin Owens . Music composed by Bobby Daniels and Lloyd Barry . The `` Referee '' in the video was portrayed by Julia Kallish . Bears defensive end Dan Hampton declined involvement with the Shuffle , thinking it may have been too arrogant . Precedents ( edit ) The 1985 Bears were not the first pro football team with a group song . The 1984 San Francisco 49ers put out a record during that season , one in which they also went on to become Super Bowl champs . The song , `` We Are the 49ers , '' was in the vein of post-disco / 80 's dance - pop music . Later in the 1980s , the 49ers would put out another team song titled `` 49ers Rap . '' Neither of these songs , however , became a hit on the scale of the `` Super Bowl Shuffle '' . The 1977 Denver Broncos running back , Jon Keyworth sang `` Make Those Miracles Happen '' by L. Meeks and M. Weyand . However , the Broncos did not win the 1978 Super Bowl . The Cincinnati Red Stockings , the first professional baseball team ( 1869 -- 1870 ) , sang a song to the spectators prior to some of their games : `` We are a band of baseball players / From Cincinnati city ... '' - But no recording was ever made or distributed by a record label . Some English soccer teams celebrated qualifying for the FA Cup Final each year by recording a song for the occasion . The ' cup final record ' as it was known , became as tradition with many of the songs being top ten successes in the UK music charts . The songs were occasionally original recordings but more often reworkings of recent chart successes with lyrics edited for the occasion . They often included the original artist singing along , especially when they are a fan of the team involved . The Liverpool Football Club 's `` Anfield Rap '' , for the 1988 final , was broadcast on the Rick Dees Weekly Top 40 program , which at the time always played the top three successes in the UK during the show . In the days that followed many US radio stations were bemused by requests for the soccer song from England , as it was most commonly known . By the mid-1990s the tradition had begun to end , though it remains common for some qualifying nations for the FIFA World Cup to still release songs to mark the occasion . Imitators and influence ( edit ) No professional sports team has released a song that was an American hit on the scale of `` The Super Bowl Shuffle '' . The success of `` The Super Bowl Shuffle '' initiated the following imitations : In 1985 , the Kansas Wesleyan football team won a conference title in the NAIA . They made the `` KCAC shuffle '' and showed it on the local access channel for Salina , KS , Channel 6 . During the 1985 -- 86 season , the Boston College Men 's Ice Hockey team recorded the `` Beanpot Trot '' prior to their participation in the famed Beanpot Tournament . The Eagles placed second , losing 4 -- 1 to rival school Boston University in the championship game on February 10 , 1986 . On February 27 , 1986 , the Memphis Tigers Pom Squad performed the `` Pom - Pom Shuffle '' in their last home game of the season against New Orleans . The Houston Rockets , with the aid of Dynomite III , had a rap song in 1986 titled `` Rocket Strut '' . They made it all the way to the NBA Finals that year , but lost to Boston in 6 games . The eventual 1987 World Champion Minnesota Twins released a video called `` The Berenguer Boogie '' , gently teasing the relief pitcher they nicknamed `` El Gasolino '' for his victory celebration after striking out opposing batters . Soon after the 1986 - 87 NHL season , the Calgary Flames recorded a music video for the original song `` Red Hot '' for charity , which featured Flames players pretending to play instruments and lip - syncing to the song . Prior to the 1988 NCAA Division I-A football season , the preseason No. 1 Florida State Seminoles made a video known as the Seminole Rap , promising the school 's first national championship would result from the season . They lost their first game to the rival Miami Hurricanes ( the defending National Champions ) 31 -- 0 . The Noles would finish the season 11 -- 1 and ranked No. 3 in the nation , behind No. 1 Notre Dame and No. 2 Miami . Verne Gagne and his American Wrestling Association promoted a major event with a song known as `` The WrestleRock Rumble '' that featured the geriatric Gagne rapping . Gorgeous Ladies of Wrestling had a Super Bowl Shuffle - like song as part of its weekly program . Each wrestler 's recorded part preceded the match that she was involved in . Even the referees were part of the tune . Da Superfans , a Chicago Bears fangroup , performed a parody version in 2007 to celebrate the Bears ' return to the Super Bowl . Some of the cast of Late Night with Jimmy Fallon , Will Arnett and Horatio Sanz dressed as players of the Pro Bowl made a parody video called `` The Pro Bowl Shuffle '' about the Pro Bowl . On the 3rd Season premiere of the FX Television show The League one of the main characters did a parody of this with Maurice Jones - Drew , Brent Grimes and Sidney Rice entitled `` The Shiva Bowl Shuffle '' as a reference to their fantasy league 's Super Bowl . Key & Peele did a sketch called the `` East / West Bowl Rap '' . Saturday Night Live did a sketch called the `` Establishment Shuffle '' , using the Shuffle style to parody the GOP and the 2015 - 16 Republican Presidential Primary season . Scott Gairdner created a spoof entitled the `` Sex Offender Shuffle '' in 1988 , which parodies the Super Bowl Shuffle 's music video with actors portraying sex offenders who rap about the crimes they committed and how they 've changed their ways in a Super Bowl Shuffle - styled song . NFL teams ( edit ) During the 1985 season , the Seattle Seahawks released `` The Blue Wave Is On A Roll '' , a jazz - themed song with various vocal harmonies , a saxophone solo , as well as various blooper - style sound effects . However , the Seahawks would ultimately go 8 -- 8 and miss the playoffs . In early 1986 , before the Super Bowl as a response to the Bears , the New England Patriots recorded their own team song , `` New England , The Patriots , And We '' , whose lyrics recounted their success in the playoff brackets and predicted victory against the Bears in Super Bowl XX . Its music video featured appearances by several Patriots , Boston - area celebrities ( including Robert Urich ) and local media personalities , while the song itself received airplay on Boston radio stations . Despite the song 's optimistic predictions , the Patriots lost to the Bears at Super Bowl XX , 46 -- 10 . During the 1986 season , two teams tried to repeat the pattern . The Los Angeles Raiders released `` The Silver and Black Attack '' , based on `` The Yellow and Black Attack '' by Stryper , but the Raiders finished 8 -- 8 that season and were out of the playoffs . The Los Angeles Rams recorded `` Let 's Ram It '' ; however , the Rams lost the NFC Wild Card game to the Washington Redskins . After winning Super Bowl XXI the New York Giants released `` Walk Like A Giant '' , based on `` Walk Like an Egyptian '' by The Bangles . In 1988 , Cincinnati Bengals rookie Ickey Woods became famous for the `` Ickey Shuffle '' . His team lost in Super Bowl XXIII , though . Also in 1988 , the Philadelphia Eagles released a rap song called `` Buddy 's Watching You '' , referring to Eagles head coach and former Bears defensive coordinator Buddy Ryan . Eagles Hall of Famer Reggie White , an ordained minister , made a reference in the song to his faith with the line `` I hit quarterbacks like they committed sin . '' The Eagles would make the playoffs that year , but would ultimately lose in the Fog Bowl - ironically - to the Bears . In 1990 , the Miami Dolphins created a song spoofing the MC Hammer song `` U Ca n't Touch This called `` U Ca n't Touch Us '' . Miami would go 12 -- 4 and be eliminated in the divisional playoffs . During the 1994 season , the Pittsburgh Steelers reportedly were planning to create a similar song , likely with some help from backup quarterback Mike Tomczak , who was a member of the ' 85 Bears and participated in the original Super Bowl Shuffle . Reportedly , coach Bill Cowher vetoed the idea . The Steelers lost the 1994 AFC Championship game 17 -- 13 to San Diego . That same season , local Pittsburgh artist Roger Wood created the `` Here We Go '' song , which has since become the Steelers unofficial fight song and is updated almost annually to account for roster turnover . Spoofing the `` Macarena '' , the Green Bay Packers created the `` Packarena '' in 1996 , during their Super Bowl XXXI run . The song was later recreated in 2008 , replacing the players with the 2007 team . It was also played frequently during the team 's back - to - back Super Bowl runs in 1996 -- 97 on local radio station WMYX - FM `` 99.1 The Mix '' . In November 1999 , the confident Jacksonville Jaguars recorded their own version , `` Uh Oh , The Jaguars Super Bowl Song '' . However , the Jaguars lost 33 -- 14 to the Tennessee Titans in the AFC Championship game . Cincinnati funk music pioneer Bootsy Collins teamed with the 2005 Cincinnati Bengals for a playoff song known as `` Fear Da Tiger '' , but they , too , failed to qualify for the Super Bowl , with the rival Pittsburgh Steelers going on to win Super Bowl XL and defeating the Bengals in the playoffs along the way . In 2010 , Prince created a song for the Minnesota Vikings called `` Purple and Gold '' as the fight song for the team after the team 's victory over the Dallas Cowboys . Minnesota would eventually lose to the Super Bowl XLIV champion New Orleans Saints in the NFC Championship Game . 2010 reprise ( edit ) Seven of the surviving 1985 Bears ( Walter Payton had died in 1999 of liver cancer ) were reunited to film an updated version as a 30 - second commercial promoting Boost Mobile , which was aired during Super Bowl XLIV . The seven players featured were quarterback Jim McMahon , backup quarterback Steve Fuller , receiver Willie Gault , linebackers Mike Singletary and Otis Wilson , defensive lineman Richard Dent , and punter Maury Buford . All of the featured players wore # 50 jerseys as part of the company 's $50 deal . 2014 celebrity cover version ( edit ) On January 21 , 2014 , Misfire Records released a cover version of the song featuring acclaimed musicians ( Jim James of My Morning Jacket , John Roderick of The Long Winters , and Tim Harrington of Les Savy Fav ) , comedians ( Tom Scharpling of The Best Show on WFMU , Scott Aukerman of Comedy Bang ! Bang ! , David Wain of The State and Stella , Kyle Kinane , and Dave Hill ) , and other notables ( wrestler Colt Cabana and internet cat celebrity Lil Bub ) . Organized by radio host Sean Cannon with production from musician Alexander Smith , all proceeds from sales were to be donated to Reading Is Fundamental . In Other Media ( edit ) The song was briefly featured in the 2017 South Park episode Splatty Tomato See also ( edit ) 1985 Chicago Bears season References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Super Bowl Shuffle '' . Cmgww.com. 2010 - 01 - 15 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 04 - 04 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Throwback Thursday : 1985 Bears recorded ' The Super Bowl Shuffle ' on this date 30 years ago '' . Bears Wire. 2015 - 12 - 03 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ http://www.song-database.com/chhist.php?sid=20922&from=spu&type=ht ^ Jump up to : Jon GreenbergColumnist , ESPNChicago. comFollowArchive ( 2010 - 01 - 15 ) . `` Chicago Bears ' `` Super Bowl Shuffle '' an enduring , endearing sports moment -- ESPN Chicago `` . Sports.espn.go.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ The 800 - Pound Gorilla of Sales : How to Dominate Your Market -- Bill Guertin -- Google Books . Books.google.com. 2009 - 10 - 22 . ISBN 9780470553923 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ Smith , Michael David ( 2014 - 01 - 31 ) . `` Six ex-Bears file `` Super Bowl Shuffle '' lawsuit `` . Profootballtalk.com . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN.com : Page 3 -- Remembering the Super Bowl Shuffle '' . Sports.espn.go.com. 1999 - 02 - 22 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 06 - 09 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ America 's Game : The Super Bowl Champions , `` # 9 . 1984 San Francisco 49ers . '' Premiered on NFL Network , Jan. 30 , 2007 Jump up ^ `` Make Those Miracles Happen '' . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Anfield Rap -- This Is Anfield Lyrics '' . Leoslyrics.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Seminole Rap 20 years later : Was it the worst case of trash - talking in sports history ? -- Open Mike -- Orlando Sentinel '' . Blogs.orlandosentinel.com . Archived from the original on 2008 - 09 - 16 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ Rick Telander ( 1988 - 09 - 12 ) . `` Miami 's 31 -- 0 defeat of Florida State , the preseason No. -- 09.12. 88 -- SI Vault '' . Sportsillustrated.cnn.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ http://www.latenightwithjimmyfallon.com/blogs/2011/01/the-pro-bowl-shuffle/ . Retrieved January 9 , 2011 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Sharp , Andrew ( 2011 - 10 - 07 ) . `` Maurice Jones - Drew , Sidney Rice , And The ' Shiva Bowl Shuffle ' On FX -- From Our Editors '' . SBNation.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Seifert , Andy ( 2010 - 02 - 05 ) . `` '' Let 's Ram It ! '' and 25 years of other immortal NFL songs `` . Avclub.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Best pop culture moments in Chicago Bears ' history '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ Brady , Jonann ( 2006 - 02 - 04 ) . `` Will the Ickey Shuffle Rise Again ? -- ABC News '' . Abcnews.go.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 46 at NFL.com -- Official Site of the National Football League '' . Nfl.com. 1989 - 01 - 23 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Fog Bowl : ' A supernatural experience ' -- NFL -- ESPN '' . Sports.espn.go.com. 2008 - 09 - 26 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Here We Go Steelers -- Official Music Video '' . Steelers.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` ' Here We Go ' -- Steelers catchy fight song is in need of changes -- Pittsburgh Post-Gazette '' . Post-gazette.com. 2012 - 03 - 16 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ Michael Silver ( 2000 - 01 - 31 ) . `` Turning the Jaguar 's rap lyric against them , the upstart -- 01.31. 00 -- SI Vault '' . Sportsillustrated.cnn.com . Archived from the original on January 3 , 2014 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Game Center : Pittsburgh Steelers at Cincinnati Bengals -- 2005 Wild Card Weekend '' . Nfl.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Kyle ( 2010 - 01 - 22 ) . `` Prince Records ' Purple And Gold , ' Fight Song For Minnesota Vikings -- Music , Celebrity , Artist News '' . MTV.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Game Center : Minnesota Vikings at New Orleans Saints -- 2009 Conference Championships '' . Nfl.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` CNN / SI -- NFL Football -- Cancer claims NFL legend Walter Payton -- Tuesday November 02 , 1999 05 : 08 PM '' . Sportsillustrated.cnn.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` MediaPost Publications Boost Mobile ' Shuffles ' Into Its First Super Bowl 01 / 21 / 2010 '' . Mediapost.com . Archived from the original on 2010 - 01 - 23 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` The Super Bowl Shuffle from Misfire Records '' . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Listen : Jim James , Lil Bub , Tim Harrington , Comedians Cover `` The Super Bowl Shuffle '' `` . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 21 . External links ( edit ) ESPN 's Lyrics and Commentary An Oral History of ' The Super Bowl Shuffle ' ( hide ) Chicago Bears Founded in 1919 Formerly the Decatur Staleys ( 1919 -- 20 ) and the Chicago Staleys ( 1921 ) Based in Chicago , Illinois Headquartered in Lake Forest , Illinois Franchise History Coaches Seasons Current season Records Records and statistics Franchise records All - time record versus NFL Team awards and honors Players Head coaches Pro Football Hall of Famers First - round draft picks Starting quarterbacks Stadiums Staley Field Wrigley Field Soldier Field Memorial Stadium Soldier Field II Lore Staley Swindle 1932 Playoff Game First NFL Championship Game `` The Sneakers Game '' 73 -- 0 15 -- 1 46 defense Super Bowl XX Fog Bowl 75th Anniversary League Team NFL All - Time Team Cardiac Kids 2006 game vs. Arizona Cardinals Monsters of the Midway T formation George S. Halas Trophy Brian Piccolo Award Culture Brian 's Song 1971 2001 `` Bear Down , Chicago Bears '' `` The Super Bowl Shuffle '' Bill Swerski 's Superfans Chuck Swirsky Staley Da Bear Logos and uniforms Halas Hall A.E. Staley Jack Brickhouse Papa Bear Da Coach Roosevelt / Wabash 85386 Payton Chicago Honey Bears Jim Cornelison Rivalries Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Retired numbers 5 7 28 34 40 41 42 51 56 61 66 77 89 Key personnel Chairman : George McCaskey President / CEO : Ted Phillips General Manager : Ryan Pace Head Coach : John Fox Division championships ( 18 ) 1933 1934 1937 1940 1941 1942 1943 1946 1984 1985 1986 1988 1990 2001 2005 2006 Conference championships ( 4 ) 1956 1963 1985 2006 League championships ( 9 ) 1921 1932 1933 1940 1941 1943 1946 1963 1985 ( XX ) Media Broadcasters Radio : WBBM ( AM ) WCFS - FM ( FM simulcast of WBBM ) Personnel : Jeff Joniak ( play - by - play ) Tom Thayer ( analyst ) Zach Zaidman ( sideline reporter and radio coach 's show host ) Television : WFLD ( pre-season and most regular season games through Fox , official pre-game and post-game ) NBC Sports Chicago ( in - season team programming ) Personnel : Lou Canellis ( gameday television host , pre-season sideline reporter ) Sam Rosen ( pre-season play - by - play ) Jim Miller ( pre-season analyst ) Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : National Football Conference Division : North Division Seasons ( 98 ) 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1990 1991 1994 1995 2001 2017 Championship seasons in bold Book : Chicago Bears : Category : Chicago Bears WikiProject Chicago Bears Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Super_Bowl_Shuffle&oldid=814277072 '' Categories : 1985 National Football League season 1985 singles Chicago Bears postseason Novelty songs Songs about Chicago History of the Super Bowl Football songs and chants 1985 songs Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 7 December 2017 , at 21 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | which nfl team is responsible for the 1985 shuffle | [
"\"The Super Bowl Shuffle\" is a rap song performed by players of the Chicago Bears football team in 1985. It was released December 3rd, 1985 and recorded the day after their only loss of the season at the hands of the Miami Dolphins,[2] 2 months prior to their win in Super Bowl XX. It peaked at No. 41 in February 1986 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart.[3]"
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"Chicago Bears"
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-1961848838947072954 | MF Doom | MF Doom - wikipedia MF Doom Jump to : navigation , search MF Doom MF Doom performing in November 2011 Background information Birth name Daniel Dumile Also known as Zev Love X King Geedorah King Ghidra Viktor Vaughn Metal Fingers King Dumile DOOM ( 1971 - 01 - 09 ) 9 January 1971 ( age 46 ) London , England Origin Long Island , New York Genres Hip hop alternative hip hop jazz rap instrumental hip hop lo - fi hip hop Occupation ( s ) Rapper record producer Instruments Vocals sampler synthesizer drum machine programming Years active 1988 -- present Labels Fondle ' Em Metal Face Nature Sounds Stones Throw Lex Rhymesayers Elektra Sub Verse Big Dada Associated acts Bishop Nehru Count Bass D Danger Mouse Flying Lotus Ghostface Killah J Dilla Jneiro Jarel KMD Madlib Madvillain MF Grimm Monsta Island Czars Talib Kweli Thom Yorke Website www.gasdrawls.com Daniel Dumile ( pronounced / ˈduːmɪleɪ / doo - MIH - lay ; born 13 July 1971 ) is an English hip hop recording artist and record producer . Best known for his `` super villain '' stage persona and unique lyrics , Dumile has taken on several stage names in his career , most notably MF Doom , stylized as `` MF DOOM '' . He has appeared in several collaborative projects such as Madvillain ( with Madlib ) , Danger Doom ( with Danger Mouse ) , Doomstarks ( with Ghostface Killah ) , JJ Doom ( with Jneiro Jarel ) , and NehruvianDoom ( with Bishop Nehru ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Music career 2.1 1988 -- 1993 : Career beginnings with KMD 2.2 1997 -- 2001 : Operation Doomsday 2.3 2002 -- 2004 : Madvillain , King Geedorah and Viktor Vaughn 2.4 2005 -- 2009 : The Mouse and the Mask and Born Like This 2.5 2010 -- present : Key to the Kuffs , NehruvianDoom and DoomStarks 3 Use of stand - ins 4 Discography 4.1 Solo albums 4.2 Live albums 4.3 Compilation albums 4.4 Collaboration albums 4.5 EPs 4.6 Instrumental albums 5 References 6 External links Early life ( edit ) Dumile was born in 1971 , in London , England , the son of a Trinidadian mother and a Zimbabwean father . His family moved to Long Island , New York when he was a teenager ; Dumile remains a British citizen and has not gained American citizenship . Music career ( edit ) 1988 -- 1993 : career beginnings with KMD ( edit ) As Zev Love X he formed the group KMD in 1988 with his younger brother DJ Subroc and another MC called Rodan . When Rodan left the group , Zev found another MC , Onyx the Birthstone Kid , to replace Rodan . A&R rep Dante Ross learned of KMD through the hip hop group 3rd Bass , and signed the group to Elektra Records . Dumile and KMD 's recording debut came on 3rd Bass 's song `` The Gas Face '' from The Cactus Album , followed in 1991 with KMD 's album Mr. Hood , which became a minor hit through its singles `` Peachfuzz '' , `` Who Me ? '' and heavy video play on cable TV 's Yo ! MTV Raps and Rap City . In 1993 , just before the release of the second KMD album , Black Bastards , Subroc was struck by a car and killed while attempting to cross the Nassau Expressway . The group was subsequently dropped from Elektra Records that same week . Before the release , the album was shelved due to its controversial cover art , which featured a cartoon of a stereotypical pickaninny or sambo character being hanged from the gallows . After the death of his brother , Dumile retreated from the hip hop scene from 1994 to 1997 , living `` damn near homeless , walking the streets of Manhattan , sleeping on benches '' . In the late 1990s , he left New York City and settled in Atlanta . According to interviews with Dumile , he was also `` recovering from his wounds '' and swearing revenge `` against the industry that so badly deformed him '' . Black Bastards had become bootlegged at the time , leading to Doom 's rise in the underground hip hop scene . 1997 -- 2001 : Operation Doomsday ( edit ) In 1997 , Dumile began freestyling incognito at open - mic events at the Nuyorican Poets Café in Manhattan , obscuring his face by putting a woman 's stocking over his head . He meanwhile had taken on a new identity , MF Doom , patterned after and wearing a mask similar to that of Marvel Comics super-villain Doctor Doom , who is depicted rapping on the cover of the 1999 album Operation : Doomsday . The album , in an earlier incarnation , would have been called The Super M.F. Villains according to an interview published in 1998 by hip - hop music culture magazine Ego Trip . Later versions of the mask would be based on a prop mask obtained from the film Gladiator . He wore this mask while performing and is n't photographed without it , except for very short glimpses in videos such as Viktor Vaughn 's `` Mr. Clean '' , `` ? '' , and in earlier photos with KMD . Dumile released three singles on `` Bobbito '' García 's Fondle ' Em Records , `` Dead Bent '' , `` Greenbacks '' ( 1997 ) , and `` The M.I.C. '' ( 1998 ) . In 1999 Fondle ' Em released MF Doom 's first full - length LP , Operation : Doomsday , which included these singles and their b - sides , and additional tracks . Dumile had used the spelling variant `` M.F. Doom '' for the singles releases , but thereafter changed this to MF Doom . Among the collaborators on these tracks were fellow members of the Monsta Island Czars collective ( The M.I.C. ) , for which each artist took on the persona of a monster from the Godzilla mythos . Dumile went by the alias King Geedorah , a three - headed golden dragon space monster , modeled after King Ghidorah , the Toho movie monster who was a three - headed dragon that often battled Godzilla . Some of his appearances on the LP are as , and are credited to , this persona instead of that of MF Doom . Dumile would revisit this character later under various name - spellings . In 2001 , he began working with Prince Paul , co-producing MC Paul Barman 's `` Paullelujah ! '' with MikeTheMusicGuy and Phofo . In 2002 , he appeared on the Sound - Ink 's Colapsus collection , on a very hard to find track titled `` Monday Nite at Fluid '' , featuring Kurious with production by King Honey , who also produced some tracks for Dumile 's album Vaudeville Villain . Dumile has produced all the instrumentation tracks for his solo releases , with very few exceptions . Beginning in 2001 , under the `` Metal Fingers '' moniker , Dumile began releasing his Special Herbs instrumentals series . Many of these beats can be heard as the instrumentation tracks throughout his body of work . A separate website catalogs for which tracks each instrumental has been used . 2002 -- 2004 : Madvillain , King Geedorah and Viktor Vaughn ( edit ) In 2003 , Dumile released the King Geedorah album Take Me to Your Leader . Geedorah is credited as producer , but only appears as an MC on four tracks . The majority of vocal tracks feature guest MCs , and the album features several instrumental montages of sampled vocals from old movies and TV shows -- a technique employed on most of Dumile 's albums . Later in 2003 , Dumile released the LP Vaudeville Villain under the moniker Viktor Vaughn ( another play on Doctor Doom , whose `` real name '' is Victor von Doom ) . In 2004 he released a follow - up LP under the Viktor Vaughn moniker , Venomous Villain . Later in 2004 , the second MF Doom album MM ... Food was released by Minnesota - based label Rhymesayers Entertainment . Doom 's first commercial breakthrough came in 2004 , with the album Madvillainy , created with producer Madlib under the group name Madvillain . Released by Stones Throw Records , the album was a critical and commercial success . MF Doom was seen by mainstream audiences for the first time as Madvillain received publicity and acclaim in publications such as Rolling Stone , The Washington Post , The New York Times , The New Yorker , and Spin . A video for `` All Caps '' and a four - date U.S. tour followed the release of Madvillainy . Additional videos for `` Rhinestone Cowboy '' and `` Accordion '' , both directed by Andrew Gura , were released on the DVDs Stones Throw 101 and Stones Throw 102 : In Living the True Gods , respectively . 2005 -- 2009 : the Mouse and the mask and Born Like this ( edit ) Although still an independent artist , MF Doom took a bigger step towards the mainstream in 2005 with The Mouse and the Mask , a collaboration with producer DJ Danger Mouse under the group name Danger Doom . The album , released on 11 October 2005 by Epitaph and Lex , was done in collaboration with Cartoon Network 's Adult Swim and featured voice - actors and characters from its programs ( mostly Aqua Teen Hunger Force ) . Danger Doom reached # 41 on the Billboard 200 . In 2005 , Doom made an appearance on `` November Has Come '' , a track on Gorillaz 's 2005 album Demon Days , which reached # 6 on the Billboard 200 . Doom produced tracks for both of Ghostface Killah 's 2006 albums Fishscale and More Fish , it was also announced that the two were working on a collaboration album together as ' DOOMStarks ' - then titled Swift & Changeable . Three tracks have been released since the album was announced , `` Angels '' , which appeared on a Nature Sounds compilation in late 2006 ( another version appears on Doom 's 2009 album Born Like This ) , `` Victory Laps '' and `` Lively Hood '' ( a 2015 Adult Swim single ) . The Madvillain song , `` Monkey Suite '' , first appeared on the Adult Swim / Stones Throw Records compilation Chrome Children , later it appeared on Madvillainy 2 - The Madlib Remix . On May 30 , 2006 , Adult Swim released the Danger Doom Occult Hymn EP , a digital EP and on July 6 the same year Lex released Danger DOOM Old School EP . The latter includes previously unreleased remixes by Madlib and Danger Mouse . Kidrobot and Stones Throw released an 8 '' tall Madvillain toy available to coincide with the release of the Chrome Children CD / DVD which featured a clip of a live performance of Madvillain . He continued to work with Adult Swim , doing voice - over work as Sherman the Giraffe on Perfect Hair Forever , being the voice for The Boondocks ads and previews and hosting their Christmas Eve 2006 programming . Following the success of Danger Doom , he signed a long term agreement with Lex in 2006 . With the exception of a handful of guest appearances , there were no Doom releases between mid-2006 and the release of Born Like This . Doom 's Born Like This was released on Lex on March 24 , 2009 . The album was Doom 's first solo album to chart in the USA . 2010 -- present : Key to the Kuffs , NehruvianDoom and Doomstarks ( edit ) In early 2010 , he released the Gazzillion Ear EP on Lex which included the Thom Yorke Remix and two mixes by Jneiro Jarel . A further remix by Madvillainz featuring a voice - mail message from Kanye West was released online . The release of the Gazzillion Ear EP coincided with Doom 's first ever live performances outside North America . On 5 March 2010 , Lex and Sónar presented the first Doom show in London , at The Roundhouse in Camden . The event was the first of many Doom live performances around the world between early 2010 and the present . These shows included the Lex 10th Anniversary show at The Roundhouse with Ghostface Killah and Jneiro Jarel , performances in Europe with Gorillaz , support for Portishead and performances with Jneiro Jarel at Bestival 2012 . During this period Doom released some material on labels other than Lex . On 26 May 2010 , part of the track Madvillain `` Paper Mill '' was released a digital single through Adult Swim . Expektoration , a live Doom album , was released on 14 September 2010 through Gold Dust Media . Upon completing his European tour , Doom was refused entry into the United States . Regarding the case , he stated that `` there 's a lot of legalities '' and that he was `` done with the United States . '' Doom settled in the UK and began recording an album with fellow Lex artist Jneiro Jarel , under the moniker JJ Doom . Doom contributed two exclusive JJ Doom tracks to the Lex 10th Anniversary compilation album Complex Volume 1 . The tracks were the Doom / Thom Yorke / Jonny Greenwood version of `` Retarded Fren '' and the Dave Sitek remix of `` Rhymin Slang '' . They were released digitally in December 2011 , and were subsequently released on vinyl on Record Store Day 2012 . The JJ Doom album Key to the Kuffs was released on August 20 , 2012 , and included guest features from Damon Albarn , Beth Gibbons of Portishead , Khujo Goodie of Goodie Mob and Dungeon Family , and Boston Fielder . On August 19 , 2013 , an extended version , titled Key to the Kuffs ( Butter Edition ) was released , containing a bonus 9 - track EP composed of new tracks and remixes . In February 2013 , Ghostface Killah revealed that he and Doom were in the process of choosing tracks for a collaborative album . In August 2013 , Doom appeared on the Captain Murphy track `` Between Villains '' from the Adult Swim Singles Program 2013 as his alter - ego Viktor Vaughn . The track also featured Earl Sweatshirt and Thundercat . The project was revealed to be an album , titled NehruvianDoom , and was released on October 7 , 2014 . Doom collaborated with Flying Lotus in November 2014 on the track `` Masquatch '' , which appeared on the FlyLo FM radio station from the reissued Grand Theft Auto V. In December 2014 , Ghostface Killah announced that his and Doom 's long - announced collaborative album Swift & Changeable would be released in 2015 . The date would later be changed to February 2016 , although it has not been released . Doom was featured on The Avalanches ' single `` Frankie Sinatra '' in 2016 . In 2017 , Doom released a track under his DANGERDOOM alias , entitled `` Mad Nice '' with features from Black Thought & Vinny Price . In August 2017 , a compilation album , The Missing Notebook Rhymes , was announced , consisting of music from his upcoming projects , as well as songs from other artists that he is featured on . Each track will be released digitally on the Adult Swim website per week , over the course of fifteen weeks . On 27 September 2017 , this arrangement was canceled . Use of stand - ins ( edit ) Dumile has used stand - ins to perform on his behalf . He claimed that he had lost weight and thus looked and sounded different , before his road manager admitted the use of imposters was an intentional choice by Dumile . At one show , an imposter Doom was booed off stage , before being replaced by the real artist . In an interview with The New Yorker , Dumile said that he is both the writer and director , and that he `` might send a white dude next '' , adding `` whoever plays the character plays the character '' . Discography ( edit ) Main article : MF Doom discography Solo albums ( edit ) 1999 : Operation : Doomsday 2003 : Take Me to Your Leader ( as King Geedorah ) 2003 : Vaudeville Villain ( as Viktor Vaughn ) 2004 : Venomous Villain ( as Viktor Vaughn ) 2004 : Mm ... Food 2009 : Born Like This ( as DOOM ) Live albums ( edit ) 2005 : Live from Planet X 2010 : Expektoration Compilation albums ( edit ) 2004 : Special Blends 1 + 2 2006 : Special Herbs : The Box Set Vol. 0 - 9 2009 : Unexpected Guests 2017 : The Missing Notebook Rhymes Collaboration albums ( edit ) 1991 : Mr. Hood ( as Zev Love X with KMD ) 1993 : Black Bastards ( as Zev Love X with KMD ) 2003 : Escape from Monsta Island ! ( as King Geedorah with Monsta Island Czars ) 2004 : Special Herbs and Spices Volume 1 ( with MF Grimm ) 2004 : Madvillainy ( with Madlib as Madvillain ) 2005 : The Mouse and the Mask ( with Danger Mouse as Danger Doom ) 2008 : Madvillainy 2 : The Madlib Remix ( with Madlib as Madvillain ) 2012 : Key to the Kuffs ( with Jneiro Jarel as JJ Doom ) 2014 : NehruvianDoom ( with Bishop Nehru as NehruvianDOOM ) 2017 : WestsideDOOM ( with Westside Gunn as WESTSIDEDOOM ) EPs ( edit ) 2000 : MF EP ( with MF Grimm ) 2006 : Occult Hymn ( with Danger Mouse as Danger Doom ) 2008 : MF Doom & Trunks Presents Unicron ( with Trunks ) 2014 : Bookhead EP ( with Jneiro Jarel as JJ Doom ) Instrumental albums ( edit ) 2001 : Special Herbs , Vol. 1 2002 : Special Herbs , Vol. 2 2002 : Special Herbs , Vol. 3 2003 : Special Herbs , Vol. 4 2003 : Special Herbs , Vols. 4 , 5 & 6 2004 : Special Herbs , Vols. 7 & 8 2005 : Special Herbs , Vols. 9 & 0 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Maryland Judiciary Case Search Disclaimer '' . casesearch.courts.state.md.us . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Dan LeRoy . `` Allmusic profile '' . Allmusic.com . Retrieved 28 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Jenkins , Craig ( 11 May 2012 ) . `` MF DOOM Says He 's Done With The United States '' . Potholes In My Blog . ^ Jump up to : Wax Poetics # 9 , Interview with Dante Ross Jump up ^ Hsu , Hua ( 1 March 2005 ) . `` Mask of Sorrow '' . The Wire . Jump up ^ http://www.egotripland.com/egotrip-interview-mf-doom-noah-callahan-bever/2/ Jump up ^ Ryon , Sean ( 27 July 2012 ) . `` Graffiti Writer KEO Discusses Origin And Creation Of MF DOOM 's Mask '' . HipHopDX . Archived from the original on 27 January 2016 . Retrieved 14 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MF DOOM Discography '' . Official Doom Discography . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Metal Face Doom Special Herbs etc. series discography '' . metalfacedoom.com . Jump up ^ Nick Sylvester ( 2004 - 11 - 15 ) . `` MF DOOM : Mm ... Food ? Album Review '' . Pitchfork . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` The Mouse and the Mask '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Demon Days '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ Martens , Todd ( 19 October 2005 ) . `` Danger DOOM Hopes to Make Second CD '' . Billboard.com . Jump up ^ Nicola Slade , `` Life Blood : Lex Records , '' ( Record Of The Day , 11 June 2009 ) Jump up ^ Paine , Jake ( 1 April 2009 ) . `` Hip Hop Album Sales : The Week Ending 3 / 29 / 2009 '' . Hiphopdx.com . Retrieved 31 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Patrin , Nate ( January 7 , 2010 ) . `` Reviews : DOOM Gazzillion Ear EP '' . Pitchfork.com . Jump up ^ Rees , Thomas ( December 17 , 2009 ) . `` DOOM `` Gazillion - Ear ( Madvillainz Remix feat . Kanye West as Khan ) '' `` . Xlr8R . Jump up ^ Davies , Rodrigo ( March 6 , 2010 ) . `` Review : Doom , Enigmatic rapper lifts Sonar curtain '' . BBC 6Music . Jump up ^ `` Adult Swim Presents 8 Singles 8 Weeks '' . Adultswim.com . Retrieved 28 September 2010 . Jump up ^ MF DOOM Says He 's Done With The United States . Potholes In My Blog ( 2013 - 11 - 07 ) . Retrieved on 2014 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ Courtney Brown , Interview with Doom , ( Frank151 , Issue 48 2012 ) Jump up ^ Pellyon , Jenn ( November 1 , 2011 ) . `` Hear Thom Yorke , Jonny Greenwood , and Doom : `` Retarded Fren '' `` . Pitchfork Media . Jump up ^ Fitzmaurice , Larry ( December 16 , 2011 ) . `` JJ DOOM : `` Rhymin ' Slang ( Dave Sitek Remix ) '' `` . Pitchfork Media . Jump up ^ Martin , Andrew ( July 5 , 2012 ) . `` JJ DOOM Reveal `` Key To The Kuffs '' Release Date , Tracklist `` . Complex . Jump up ^ Harling , Danielle. ( 2013 - 02 - 14 ) Ghostface Killah Offers An Update On His Project With MF Doom , Tells Fans To `` Prepare '' Themselves Get The Latest Hip Hop News , Rap News & Hip Hop Album Sales . HipHop DX . Retrieved on 2014 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ Breihan , Tom ( 16 August 2013 ) . `` Captain Murphy -- `` Between Villains '' ( Feat . Viktor Vaughn , Earl Sweatshirt , & Thundercat ) - Stereogum `` . Stereogum . Retrieved 24 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Bishop Nehru & DOOM -- Lex Projects Archived 2014 - 02 - 26 at the Wayback Machine ... Lexprojects.com ( 2013 - 08 - 08 ) . Retrieved on 2014 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ Bishop Nehru and Doom are now releasing an album , NehruvianDOOM -- FACT Magazine : Music News , New Music . Factmag.com ( 2014 - 04 - 04 ) . Retrieved on 2014 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ Helman , Peter ( 20 November 2014 ) . `` Flying Lotus -- `` Masquatch '' ( Feat . Doom ) - Stereogum `` . Stereogum . Retrieved 24 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hip Hop Heads '' . Reddit . December 6 , 2014 . Retrieved December 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ghostface Killah Says Joint Project With Doom Could Be Dropping In February '' . HotNewHipHop . Retrieved 30 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Evershed , Nick ; Harmon , Steph ; Harmon , Steph ( 2016 - 06 - 02 ) . `` The Avalanches ' Frankie Sinatra : first new music in 16 years airs on Triple J '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ DANGERDOOM - Mad Nice ( ft . Black Thought & Vinny Price ) , retrieved 2017 - 04 - 10 Jump up ^ `` ADULT SWIM PRESENTS DOOM 'S `` THE MISSING NOTEBOOK RHYMES '' `` . GasDrawls.com MF DOOM . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` MF DOOM to Drop 15 New Songs With Adult Swim - XXL '' . XXL Mag . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` DOOM AND ADULT SWIM END THEIR RELATIONSHIP '' `` . MassAppeal.com . Jump up ^ Update , Redux : Chicago gets a fake MF DOOM show too . Consequence of Sound ( 2010 - 02 - 16 ) . Retrieved on 2012 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ Ortiz , Edwin . ( 2008 - 10 - 21 ) MF DOOM Addresses Rumors Of Fake Performances Get The Latest Hip Hop News , Rap News & Hip Hop Album Sales . HipHop DX . Retrieved on 2012 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ Vasquez , Andres. ( 2010 - 03 - 09 ) Promoter Says Doom Impostors Are `` Intentional '' Get The Latest Hip Hop News , Rap News & Hip Hop Album Sales . HipHop DX . Retrieved on 2012 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ IsocelesKramer ( 2010 - 02 - 27 ) , Imposter DOOM booed , real DOOM shows up at Kool Haus , retrieved 2017 - 03 - 03 Jump up ^ `` The Mask of Metal Face Doom '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 03 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to MF Doom . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Daniel Dumile MF Doom at AllMusic MF Doom discography at Discogs MF Doom on Facebook Biography portal Music portal London portal New York City portal Georgia ( U.S. state ) portal MF Doom Discography MF Doom Operation : Doomsday Mm ... Food Live from Planet X Expektoration Viktor Vaughn Vaudeville Villain Venomous Villain King Geedorah Take Me to Your Leader Metal Fingers Special Herbs , Vol. 1 Special Herbs , Vol. 2 Special Herbs , Vol. 3 Special Herbs , Vol. 4 Special Herbs , Vols. 4 , 5 & 6 Special Herbs , Vols. 5 & 6 Special Herbs , Vols. 7 & 8 Special Herbs , Vols. 9 & 0 Special Herbs : The Box Set Vol. 0 - 9 DOOM Born Like This Unexpected Guests Madvillain ( with Madlib ) Madvillainy Madvillainy 2 Danger Doom ( with Danger Mouse ) The Mouse and the Mask Occult Hymn with MF Grimm Special Herbs and Spices Volume 1 MF EP Best of MF with the Monsta Island Czars Escape from Monsta Island ! with Trunks MF Doom & Trunks Presents Unicron KMD Mr. Hood Black Bastards Black Bastards Ruffs + Rares Best of KMD JJ DOOM ( with Jneiro Jarel ) Key to the Kuffs NehruvianDoom ( with Bishop Nehru ) NehruvianDoom Featured singles `` Frankie Sinatra '' Rhymesayers Entertainment Founders Slug Ant Beyond Siddiq Musicians Abstract Rude Aesop Rock Atmosphere BK - One Blueprint Boom Bap Project Brother Ali Budo Dem Atlas Dynospectrum Evidence Eyedea & Abilities Face Candy Felt Freeway Grayskul Grieves Hail Mary Mallon I Self Devine Jake One Los Nativos Mac Lethal MF Doom Micranots Mr. Dibbs Musab P.O.S Prof Psalm One Semi. Official Soul Position Step Brothers Toki Wright See also Discography Soundset Music Festival Stones Throw Records Madlib Jaylib Lootpack Madvillain Quasimoto Other Members Aloe Blacc Anika Baron Zen Breakestra Charizma CX KiDTRONiK Dam - Funk Dudley Perkins Gary Wilson Georgia Anne Muldrow Guilty Simpson Homeboy Sandman J Dilla J Rocc James Pants Jonwayne Knxwledge Koushik Mayer Hawthorne M.E.D. Oh No Omar Rodríguez - López Peanut Butter Wolf Percee P Savath y Savalas Strong Arm Steady The Stepkids The Turntablist Wildchild See also Madlib discography J Dilla discography MF Doom discography VIAF : 14527167 LCCN : no2006070816 GND : 1088793029 MusicBrainz : 188711ed - c99b - 439c - 844a - ca831f63a727 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MF_Doom&oldid=806860908 '' Categories : 1971 births East Coast hip hop musicians British emigrants to the United States British people of Trinidad and Tobago descent British people of Zimbabwean descent Masked musicians Rhymesayers Entertainment artists Five percenters Underground rappers Black British rappers Living people Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Български Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 24 October 2017 , at 16 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what does the mf in mf doom stand for | [
"Dumile has produced all the instrumentation tracks for his solo releases, with very few exceptions.[8] Beginning in 2001, under the \"Metal Fingers\" moniker, Dumile began releasing his Special Herbs instrumentals series. Many of these beats can be heard as the instrumentation tracks throughout his body of work. A separate website catalogs for which tracks each instrumental has been used.[9]"
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"Metal Fingers"
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5435497366486848854 | Rebecca Mader | Rebecca Mader - wikipedia Rebecca Mader Jump to : navigation , search Rebecca Mader Rebecca Mader , May 2017 Rebecca Leigh Mader ( 1977 - 04 - 24 ) 24 April 1977 ( age 40 ) Cambridge , England Occupation Actress , producer Years active 2000 -- present Spouse ( s ) Marcus Kayne ( m . 2016 ) Rebecca Leigh Mader ( born 24 April 1977 ) is an English actress , best known for her roles as Charlotte Lewis in the ABC series Lost , and as Zelena , the Wicked Witch of the West , on ABC 's Once Upon a Time . Contents ( hide ) 1 Life and career 2 Personal life 3 Filmography 3.1 Film 3.2 Television 3.3 Web 4 References 5 External links Life and career ( edit ) Mader was born in 1977 in Cambridge , England . She worked as a model in New York City for a year , appearing in adverts for L'Oréal , Colgate and Wella Hair . She began her television career on the ABC daytime soap operas All My Children as Morgan Gordon , and One Life to Live as Margaret Cochran . She also appeared on the soap opera Guiding Light in 2003 . Mader has made number of guest appearances on television shows . In 2006 , she had a series regular role of the short - lived Fox legal drama , Justice . In 2008 , Mader began starring as anthropologist Charlotte Lewis on ABC series Lost . She appeared in the show from 2008 to 2009 and in two episodes in 2010 . In 2011 she had a recurring role on No Ordinary Family , and in 2012 she made a guest starring appearance on the FOX science - fiction series Fringe , as Jessica Holt . Also in 2012 , Mader starred in the short - lived ABC comedy series Work It . In June 2013 , Mader made her stage debut in the role of Barrie in the one - act comedy The Third Date at the Hollywood Fringe Festival . In December 2013 , Mader was cast as Wicked Witch of the West , the new antagonist for the second half of the third season of Once Upon a Time ( where her fellow Lost star Emilie De Ravin also stars in the series ) . She also made guest appearances during the second half of season four and was later promoted to a series regular for season five . Mader announced that she would not be returning for the seventh season of the show , stating that it was a creative decision on behalf of the writers and , despite not wanting to leave , that she completely understood . Personal Life ( edit ) She announced her engagement to Marcus Kayne on 29 December 2014 via her Twitter account . The two were married on 23 November 2016 . Filmography ( edit ) Mader in January 2015 Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2003 Mimic 3 : Sentinel Carmen Direct - to - video Replay Belinda Brown 2005 Hitch Uncredited Cameo 2006 Devil Wears Prada , The The Devil Wears Prada Jocelyn 2007 Great World of Sound Pam 2008 Rainbow Tribe , The The Rainbow Tribe Mrs. Murray 2009 Men Who Stare at Goats , The The Men Who Stare at Goats Debora Wilton Ceremony Esme Ball Big Bang , The The Big Bang Zooey Wigner 2011 Cougars , Inc . Mary 2013 Iron Man 3 Sweat shop agent 2014 It 's Gawd ! Holly Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2000 Madigan Men Kim Episode : `` Bachelors '' Third Watch Mandy Episode : `` Exposing Faith '' 2003 All My Children Morgan Gordon Series regular , 17 episodes Fastlane Nicole Martin Episode : `` Monster '' Guiding Light Tony 's Mystery Woman 2 episodes American Girl Holiday , An An American Girl Holiday Aunt Cornelia TV film One Life to Live Margaret Cochran Series regular 2005 Law & Order : Trial by Jury Melanie Ferris Episode : `` The Abominable Showman '' Stella Pretty Girl Episode : `` Meeting Girls '' Starved Puma Girl / Heather Episodes : `` Pilot '' , `` 3D '' 2006 Conviction Hannah Episode : `` Breakup '' Love Monkey Grace 3 episodes 2006 -- 07 Justice Alden Tuller Series regular , 13 episodes 2007 Mr. and Mrs. Smith Jordan TV pilot Private Practice Leslie Episodes : `` In Which We Meet Addison , a Nice Girl from Somewhere Else '' 2008 -- 09 ; 2010 Lost Charlotte Lewis Series regular , 17 episodes 2009 Ring of Deceit Madison Byrne TV film Law & Order : LA Rebecca Townley Episode : `` Pasadena '' 2011 Second City This Week Celebrity Guest Episode : `` Pilot '' No Ordinary Family Victoria Morrow 5 episodes Covert Affairs Franka Episode : `` Half a World Away '' Friends with Benefits Ariel Episode : `` The Benefit of Avoiding the Mindbanger '' Alphas Griffin Episode : `` Blind Spot '' 2012 Work It Grace Hudson Series regular , 13 episodes Fringe Jessica Holt Episodes : `` Brave New World : Part 1 '' , `` Brave New World : Part 2 '' White Collar Abigail Kincaid Episode : `` Honour Among Thieves '' 30 Rock Super Hot Lady Episode : `` My Whole Life Is Thunder '' 2013 Drop Dead Diva Mistress Robin Episode : `` Jane 's Secret Revealed '' 2014 Warehouse 13 Lisa Da Vinci Episode : `` Endless Terror '' Blue Bloods Tori Parsons Episode : `` Most Wanted '' 2014 -- present Once Upon a Time Zelena / Wicked Witch of the West Recurring Role ( Seasons 3 - 4 , 7 ) Series Regular ( Seasons 5 - 6 ) 53 Episodes 2015 Hawaii Five - 0 Nicole Booth Episode : `` Ua'aihue '' Web ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2011 Aim High Miss Walker 4 episodes References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` England & Wales Births 1837 -- 2006 '' . FindMyPast.com . Archived from the original on 6 March 2016 . Retrieved 13 July 2011 . Birth year : 1977 Jump up ^ Rebecca Mader ( @ bexmader ) ( 24 April 2015 ) . `` IT 'S MY BIRTHDAY ! '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on 13 September 2016 . Retrieved 12 September 2016 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Rebecca Mader '' . TVGuide.com . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( 10 September 2008 ) . `` Rebecca Mader joins ' Goats ' herd '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Associated Press . Jump up ^ `` Fringe Nabs Rebecca Mader , Jersey Housewives Season 4 Premiere Date and More '' . TVLine.com . Retrieved 27 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Work It canceled canceled + renewed TV shows '' . TV Series Finale . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` The Third Date '' . Hollywood Fringe Festival . Archived from the original on 11 June 2013 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ Valby , Karen ( 16 December 2013 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' reveals Wicked Witch '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Once Upon a Time promotes Sean Maguire , Rebecca Mader to series regulars '' . Entertainment Weekly . 9 June 2015 . Retrieved 9 June 2015 . Jump up ^ http://deadline.com/2017/05/once-upon-a-time-rebecca-mader-wont-return-season-7-1202091645/ Jump up ^ `` It 's Official '' . Rebecca Mader . Archived from the original on 29 December 2014 . Retrieved 29 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Rebecca Mader ( @ bexmader ) ( December 12 , 2016 ) . `` We are thrilled to announce that on the 23rd of Nov , Marc and I became Husband and Wife ! We 're Married ! @ marcuskayne '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 -- via Twitter . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rebecca Mader . Rebecca Mader on IMDb VIAF : 78926312 LCCN : no2009017580 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rebecca_Mader&oldid=801914210 '' Categories : English female models English film actresses English television actresses English soap opera actresses Living people English expatriates in the United States People from Cambridge Actresses from Cambridgeshire 1977 births Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from January 2015 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Български Català Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Suomi ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 September 2017 , at 18 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who plays selina on once upon a time | [
"Rebecca Leigh Mader (born 24 April 1977)[1][2] is an English actress, best known for her roles as Charlotte Lewis in the ABC series Lost, and as Zelena, the Wicked Witch of the West, on ABC's Once Upon a Time."
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"Rebecca Leigh Mader"
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1470627488685036442 | His Dark Materials | His Dark Materials - wikipedia His Dark Materials Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see His Dark Materials ( disambiguation ) . His Dark Materials Cover of Scholastic collected edition , 2008 Northern Lights The Subtle Knife The Amber Spyglass Author Philip Pullman Country United Kingdom Language English Genre Science Fantasy High fantasy Publisher Scholastic Published 1995 -- 2000 Media type Print ( hardback & paperback ) His Dark Materials is an epic trilogy of fantasy novels by Philip Pullman consisting of Northern Lights ( 1995 , published as The Golden Compass in North America ) , The Subtle Knife ( 1997 ) , and The Amber Spyglass ( 2000 ) . It follows the coming of age of two children , Lyra Belacqua and Will Parry , as they wander through a series of parallel universes . The novels have won a number of awards , including the Carnegie Medal in 1995 for Northern Lights and the 2001 Whitbread Book of the Year for The Amber Spyglass . His Dark Materials has been marketed to young adults , though Pullman wrote with no target audience in mind . The fantasy elements include witches and armoured polar bears ; the trilogy also alludes to concepts from physics , philosophy and theology . It functions in part as a retelling and inversion of John Milton 's epic Paradise Lost , with Pullman commending humanity for what Milton saw as its most tragic failing , original sin . The series has attracted controversy for its criticism of religion . The London Royal National Theatre staged a two - part adaptation of the series in 2003 -- 2004 . New Line Cinema released a film adaptation of Northern Lights , The Golden Compass , in 2007 . Pullman followed the trilogy with two shorter books set in the same universe , Lyra 's Oxford ( 2003 ) and Once Upon a Time in the North ( 2008 ) . La Belle Sauvage , the first book in a new trilogy , The Book of Dust , was published on 19 October 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Settings 2 Titles 3 Plot 3.1 Northern Lights ( or The Golden Compass ) 3.2 The Subtle Knife 3.3 The Amber Spyglass 4 Characters 5 Dæmons 6 Influences 7 Awards and recognition 8 Controversies 9 Terminology 10 Pronunciation 11 Other works 11.1 Lyra 's Oxford 11.2 Once Upon a Time in the North 11.3 `` The Collectors '' 11.4 The Book of Dust 11.5 Future books 12 Adaptations 12.1 Radio 12.2 Theatre 12.3 Film 12.4 Television 12.5 Audiobooks 13 See also 14 Further reading 15 References 16 External links Settings ( edit ) Main article : Locations in His Dark Materials The trilogy takes place across a multiverse , moving between many parallel worlds . In Northern Lights , the story takes place in a world with some similarities to our own ; dress - style resembles that of the UK 's Victorian era , and technology has not evolved to include automobiles or fixed - wing aircraft , while zeppelins feature as a notable mode of transport . The dominant religion has parallels with Christianity , and is at certain points in the series ( especially in the later books ) explicitly named so ; while Adam and Eve are referenced in the text ( particularly in The Subtle Knife , in which Dust tells Mary Malone that Lyra Belacqua is a new Eve to whom she is to be the serpent ) , Jesus is not . The Church ( called the `` Magisterium '' , the same name as the Catholic body ) exerts a strong control over society and has some of the appearance and organisation of the Catholic Church , but one in which the centre of power had moved from Rome to Geneva , moved there by Pullman 's fictional `` Pope John Calvin '' ( Geneva was the home of the historical John Calvin ) . In The Subtle Knife , the story moves between the world of the first novel , our own world , and in another world , the city of Cittàgazze . In The Amber Spyglass the story crosses through an array of diverse worlds . Titles ( edit ) Satan struggles through hell in a Gustave Doré illustration of Paradise Lost . The title of the series comes from 17th - century poet John Milton 's Paradise Lost , Book 2 : Into this wilde Abyss , The Womb of nature and perhaps her Grave , Of neither Sea , nor Shore , nor Air , nor Fire , But all these in their pregnant causes mixt Confus'dly , and which thus must ever fight , Unless th ' Almighty Maker them ordain His dark materials to create more Worlds , Into this wilde Abyss the warie fiend Stood on the brink of Hell and look 'd a while , Pondering his Voyage ; for no narrow frith He had to cross . -- Paradise Lost , Book 2 , lines 910 -- 920 Pullman earlier proposed to name the series The Golden Compasses , also a reference to Paradise Lost , where they denote God 's circle - drawing instrument used to establish and set the bounds of all creation : God as architect , wielding the golden compasses , by William Blake ( left ) and Jesus as geometer in a 13th - century medieval illuminated manuscript . Then staid the fervid wheels , and in his hand He took the golden compasses , prepared In God 's eternal store , to circumscribe This universe , and all created things : One foot he centered , and the other turned Round through the vast profundity obscure -- Paradise Lost , Book 7 , lines 224 -- 229 Despite the confusion with the other common meaning of compass ( the navigational instrument ) The Golden Compass became the title of the American edition of Northern Lights ( the book features an `` alethiometer '' , a rare truth - telling device that one might describe as a `` golden compass '' ) . Plot ( edit ) Northern Lights ( or the Golden Compass ) ( edit ) Main article : Northern Lights ( novel ) In Jordan College , Oxford , 12 - year - old Lyra Belacqua and her dæmon Pantalaimon witness the Master attempt to poison Lord Asriel , Lyra 's rebellious and adventuring ' uncle ' . She warns Asriel , then spies on his lecture about Dust , mysterious elementary particles . Lyra 's friend Roger is kidnapped by child abductors known as the `` Gobblers '' . Lyra is adopted by a charming socialite , Mrs Coulter . The Master secretly entrusts her with an alethiometer , a truth - telling device . Lyra discovers that Coulter is the leader of the Gobblers , a secret Church - funded project , which is abducting children . Lyra flees to the Gyptians , canal - faring nomads , whose children have also been abducted . They reveal to Lyra that Asriel and Coulter are her parents . The Gyptians form an expedition to the Arctic with Lyra to rescue the children . Lyra recruits Iorek Byrnison , an armoured bear , and his human aeronaut friend , Lee Scoresby . She also learns that Lord Asriel has been exiled , guarded by the bears on Svalbard . Near Bolvangar , the Gobbler research station , Lyra discovers an abandoned child who has been cut from his dæmon ; the Gobblers are experimenting on children by severing the bond between human and dæmon . Lyra is captured and taken to Bolvangar , where she is reunited with Roger . Coulter tells Lyra that the intercision prevents the onset of troubling adult emotions . Lyra and the children are rescued by Scoresby , Iorek , the Gyptians , and Serafina Pekkala 's flying witch clan . Lyra falls out of Scoresby 's balloon and is taken by the panserbjørne to the castle of their usurping king , Iofur Raknison . She tricks Iofur into fighting Iorek , who arrives with the others to rescue Lyra . Iorek kills Iofur and takes his place as the rightful king . Lyra , Iorek , and Roger travel to Svalbard , where Asriel has continued his Dust research in exile . He tells Lyra that the Church believes Dust is the basis of sin , and plans to visit the other universes and destroy its source . He severs Roger from his dæmon , killing him and releasing enough energy to create an opening to a parallel universe . Lyra determines to stop Asriel and follows him through the opening . The Subtle Knife ( edit ) Main article : The Subtle Knife Lyra journeys through the Aurora to Cittàgazze , an otherworldly city whose denizens have discovered a clean path between worlds at a far earlier point in time than others in the storyline . Cittàgazze 's reckless use of the technology has released soul - eating Spectres , to which children are immune , rendering much of the world incapable of transit by adults . Here Lyra meets Will Parry , a twelve - year - old boy from our world . Will , who recently killed a man to protect his ailing mother , has stumbled into Cittàgazze in an effort to locate his long - lost father . Will becomes the bearer of the eponymous Subtle Knife , a tool forged 300 years ago by Cittàgazze 's scientists from the same materials used to make Bolvangar 's silver guillotine . One edge of the knife can divide even subatomic particles and form subtle divisions in space , creating portals between worlds ; the other edge easily cuts through any form of matter . After meeting with witches from Lyra 's world , they journey on . Will finds his father , who had gone missing in Lyra 's world under the assumed name of Stanislaus Grumman , only to watch him murdered almost immediately by a witch who loved him but was turned down , and Lyra is kidnapped . The Amber Spyglass ( edit ) Main article : The Amber Spyglass The Amber Spyglass tells of Lyra 's kidnapping by her mother , Mrs. Coulter , an agent of the Magisterium who has learned of the prophecy identifying Lyra as the next Eve . A pair of angels , Balthamos and Baruch , inform Will that he must travel with them to give the Subtle Knife to Lyra 's father , Lord Asriel , as a weapon against The Authority . Will ignores the angels ; with the help of a local girl named Ama , the Bear King Iorek Byrnison , and Lord Asriel 's Gallivespian spies , the Chevalier Tialys and the Lady Salmakia , he rescues Lyra from the cave where her mother has hidden her from the Magisterium , which has become determined to kill her before she yields to temptation and sin like the original Eve . Will , Lyra , Tialys and Salmakia journey to the Land of the Dead , temporarily parting with their dæmons to release the ghosts from their captivity . Mary Malone , a scientist from Will 's world interested in `` shadows '' ( or Dust in Lyra 's world ) , travels to a land populated by strange sentient creatures called Mulefa . There she comes to understand the true nature of Dust , which is both created by and nourishes life which has become self - aware . Lord Asriel and the reformed Mrs. Coulter work to destroy the Authority 's Regent Metatron . They succeed , but themselves suffer annihilation in the process by pulling Metatron into the abyss . The Authority himself dies of his own frailty when Will and Lyra free him from the crystal prison wherein Metatron had trapped him , able to do so because an attack by cliff - ghasts kills or drives away the prison 's protectors . When Will and Lyra emerge from the land of the dead , they find their dæmons . The book ends with Will and Lyra falling in love but realising they can not live together in the same world , because all windows -- except one from the underworld to the world of the Mulefa -- must be closed to prevent the loss of Dust , and because each of them can only live full lives in their native worlds . This is the temptation that Mary was meant to give them ; to help them fall in love and then choose whether they should stay together or not . During the return , Mary learns how to see her own dæmon , who takes the form of a black Alpine chough . Lyra loses her ability to intuitively read the alethiometer and determines to learn how to use her conscious mind to achieve the same effect . Characters ( edit ) Main article : Characters of His Dark Materials All humans in Lyra 's world , including witches , have a dæmon . It is the physical manifestation of a person 's ' inner being ' , soul or spirit . It takes the form of a creature ( moth , bird , dog , monkey , snake , etc . ) and is usually the opposite sex to its human counterpart . The dæmons of children have the ability to change form - from one creature to another - but towards the end of a child 's puberty , their dæmon `` settles '' into a permanent form , which reflects the person 's personality . When a person dies , the dæmon dies too . Armoured bears , cliff ghasts and other creatures do not have dæmons . An armoured bear 's armour is his soul . Lyra Belacqua , a wild 12 - year - old girl , has grown up in the fictional Jordan College , Oxford . She is skinny with dark blonde hair and blue eyes . She prides herself on her capacity for mischief , especially her ability to lie , earning her the epithet `` Silvertongue '' from Iorek Byrnison . Lyra has a natural ability to use the alethiometer , which is capable of answering any question when properly manipulated and read . Pantalaimon is Lyra 's dæmon . Like all dæmons of children , he changes from one creature to another constantly . When Lyra reaches puberty he assumes the permanent form of a pine marten . Pantalaimon and Lyra follow her father , Lord Asriel , when he travels to the newly discovered world of Cittagazze . Will Parry , a sensible , morally conscious , assertive 12 - year - old boy from our world . He becomes the bearer of the subtle knife . Will is independent and responsible for his age , having looked after his mentally ill mother for several years . Kirjava is Will 's dæmon , so named by Serafina Pekkala . She takes the permanent form of a large , shadow - colored cat . The Authority is the first angel to have emerged from Dust . He controls the Church , an oppressive religious institution . He told the later - arriving angels that he created them and the universe , but this is a lie . Although he is one of the two primary adversaries in the trilogy -- Lord Asriel is his primary opponent -- he remains in the background ; he makes his only appearance late in The Amber Spyglass . The Authority has grown weak and transferred most of his powers to his regent , Metatron . He is extremely aged , fragile and naive . Lord Asriel , ostensibly Lyra 's uncle , is later revealed to be her father . He opens a rift between the worlds in his pursuit of Dust . His dream of establishing a Republic of Heaven to rival the Authority 's Kingdom leads him to use his power to raise a grand army from across the multiverse to rise up in rebellion against the forces of the Church . Marisa Coulter is the coldly beautiful , manipulative mother of Lyra and former lover of Lord Asriel . She serves the Church by kidnapping children for research into the nature of Dust . She has black hair , a slim build , and looks younger than she is . Initially hostile to Lyra , she realises that she loves her daughter and seeks to protect her from agents of the Church , who want to kill Lyra . Her dæmon is a golden monkey with a cruel streak . Metatron , Asriel 's principal adversary , was a human in biblical times Enoch and was later transfigured into an angel . The Authority has displayed his declining health by appointing Metatron his Regent . As Regent , Metatron has implanted the monotheistic religions across the universes . He becomes vulnerable to the seductive advances of Marisa Coulter , who betrays him by luring him into the underworld to his death . He is the series ' main antagonist . Lord Carlo Boreal , or Sir Charles Latrom , CBE as he is known as in Will Parry 's world , serves as a minor character in Northern Lights , but is a main antagonist in The Subtle Knife . He is an old Englishman , appearing to be in his sixties . He normally wears pale suits and is described as smelling sweetly . He is ultimately poisoned by Mrs. Coulter , to whom he has previously been a lover . Mary Malone , is a physicist and former nun from Will 's world . She meets Lyra during Lyra 's first visit to Will 's world . Lyra provides Mary with insight into the nature of Dust . Agents of the Church force Mary to flee to the world of the mulefa . There she constructs the amber spyglass , which enables her to see the otherwise invisible Dust . Her purpose is to learn why Dust , which mulefa civilization depends on , is flowing out of the universe . Mary relates a story of a lost love to Will and Lyra , and later packs for them a lunch containing `` little red fruits '' , which her computer , `` the Cave , '' had instructed her to do . Iorek Byrnison is a massive armoured bear . An armoured bear 's armour is his soul . Iorek 's armour is stolen , so he becomes despondent . With Lyra 's help he regains his armour , his dignity , and his kingship over the armoured bears . In gratitude , and impressed by her cunning , he dubs her `` Lyra Silvertongue '' . A powerful warrior and armoursmith , Iorek repairs the Subtle Knife when it shatters . He later goes to war against The Authority and Metatron . Lee Scoresby , a rangy Texan , is a balloonist . He helps Lyra in an early quest to reach Asriel 's residence in the North , and he later helps John Parry reunite with his son Will . Serafina Pekkala is the beautiful queen of a clan of Northern witches . Her snow - goose dæmon Kaisa , like all witches ' dæmons , can travel much farther apart from her than the dæmons of humans . The Master of Jordan heads Jordan College , part of Oxford University in Lyra 's world . Helped by other Jordan College employees , he is raising the supposedly orphaned Lyra . Faced with difficult choices that only later become apparent , he tries unsuccessfully to poison Lord Asriel . Roger Parslow is the kitchen boy at Jordan College and Lyra 's best friend . John Parry is Will 's father . He is an explorer from our world who discovered a portal to Lyra 's world and became the shaman known as Stanislaus Grumman or Jopari , a corruption of his original name . The Four Gallivespians : Lord Roke , Madame Oxentiel , Chevalier Tialys and Lady Salmakia -- are tiny people ( a hand - span tall ) with poisonous heel spurs . Ma Costa : A Gyptian woman whose son , Billy Costa is abducted by the `` Gobblers '' . She rescues Lyra from Mrs Coulter and takes her to John Faa . We later discover that Ma Costa nursed Lyra , when she was a baby . John Faa : The King of all the Gyptians . He journeys with Lyra to the North with his companion Farder Coram . Faa and Costa rescue Lyra when she runs away from Mrs. Coulter . Then they take her to Iorek Byrnison . Father Gomez is a priest sent by the Church to assassinate Lyra . The angel Balthamos , kills Gomez before he can reach her . Fra Pavel Rašek is a representative and alethiometrist of the Consistorial Court of Discipline . He is said to be a sluggish reader of the device , his dæmon is a frog . Balthamos is a rebel angel who , with his lover Baruch , join in Will 's journey to find the captured Lyra . Near the end of the story , he saves both Lyra 's and Will 's lives by killing Father Gomez . Upon ensuring their safety , Balthamos calls out Baruch 's name and dies . Tony Makarios is a naive boy who is lured into captivity by Mrs. Coulter . Mulefa are four - legged wheeled animals ; they have one leg in front , one in back , and one on each side . The `` wheels '' are huge , round , hard seed - pods from seed - pod trees ; an axle - like claw at the end of each leg grips a seed - pod . The Mulefa society is primitive . Dæmons ( edit ) Leonardo da Vinci 's Lady with an Ermine ( 1489 -- 90 ) , along with two portraits by Giovanni Battista Tiepolo and Hans Holbein the Younger , helped inspire Pullman 's `` dæmon '' concept . Main article : Dæmon ( His Dark Materials ) One distinctive aspect of Pullman 's story is the presence of `` dæmons '' ( pronounced `` demon '' ) . In the birth - universe of the story 's protagonist Lyra Belacqua , a human individual 's inner - self manifests itself throughout life as an animal - shaped `` dæmon '' , that almost always stays near its human counterpart . Dæmons usually only talk to their own associated humans , but they can communicate with other humans and with other dæmons autonomously . During the childhood of its associated human , a dæmon can change its shape at will , but with the onset of adolescence it settles into a fixed , final form that reveals the person 's true nature and personality . In Lyra 's world , it is considered to be `` the grossest breach of etiquette imaginable '' for one person to touch another 's dæmon -- this violates the strictest of taboos . `` A human being with no dæmon is like someone without a face , or with their ribs laid open and their heart torn out : something unnatural and uncanny that belonged to the world of night - ghasts , not the waking world of sense '' . Dæmons and their humans can become separated through intercision , a process involving cutting the link between the dæmon and the human . This process can take place in a medical setting , as with the guillotine used at Bolvangar , or as a form of torture used by the Skraelings . This separation entails a high mortality rate and changes both human and dæmon into a zombie - like state . Severing the link using the silver guillotine method releases tremendous amounts of unnamed energy , convertible to anbaric ( electric ) power . Influences ( edit ) Pullman has identified three major literary influences on His Dark Materials : the essay On the Marionette Theatre by Heinrich von Kleist , the works of William Blake , and , most important , John Milton 's Paradise Lost , from which the trilogy derives its title . In his introduction , he adapts a famous description of Milton by Blake to quip that he ( Pullman ) `` is of the Devil 's party and does know it '' . Critics have compared the trilogy with The Chronicles of Narnia , by C.S. Lewis . Pullman however has characterised the Narnia series as `` blatantly racist '' , `` monumentally disparaging of women '' , `` immoral '' , and `` evil '' . The trilogy has also been compared with such fantasy books as Bridge to Terabithia by Katherine Paterson and A Wrinkle in Time by Madeleine L'Engle . Awards and recognition ( edit ) The Amber Spyglass won the 2001 Whitbread Book of the Year award , a prestigious British literary award . This is the first time that such an award has been bestowed on a book from their `` children 's literature '' category . The first volume , Northern Lights , won the Carnegie Medal for children 's fiction in the UK in 1995 . In 2007 , the judges of the CILIP Carnegie Medal for children 's literature selected it as one of the ten most important children 's novels of the previous 70 years . In June 2007 it was voted , in an online poll , as the best Carnegie Medal winner in the seventy - year history of the award , the Carnegie of Carnegies . The Observer cites Northern Lights as one of the 100 best novels . On 19 May 2005 , Pullman attended the British Library in London to receive formal congratulations for his work from culture secretary Tessa Jowell `` on behalf of the government '' . On 25 May 2005 , Pullman received the Swedish government 's Astrid Lindgren Memorial Award for children 's and youth literature ( sharing it with Japanese illustrator Ryōji Arai ) . Swedes regard this prize as second only to the Nobel Prize in Literature ; it has a value of 5 million Swedish Kronor or approximately £ 385,000 . The trilogy came third in the 2003 BBC 's Big Read , a national poll of viewers ' favourite books , after The Lord of the Rings and Pride and Prejudice . At the time , only His Dark Materials and Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire amongst the top five works lacked a screen - adaptation ( the film version of Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire , which came fifth , was released in 2005 ) . Controversies ( edit ) A traditional depiction of the Fall of Man Doctrine by Thomas Cole ( Expulsion from the Garden of Eden , 1828 ) . His Dark Materials presents the Fall as a positive act of maturation . His Dark Materials has occasioned controversy , primarily amongst some Christian groups . While sales in the United States equalled those of the Harry Potter series , Pullman 's series received conservative media backlash for its perceived anti-religious content from the USA 's Catholic League . Pullman has expressed surprise over what he perceives as a low level of criticism for His Dark Materials on religious grounds , saying `` I 've been surprised by how little criticism I 've got . Harry Potter 's been taking all the flak ... Meanwhile , I 've been flying under the radar , saying things that are far more subversive than anything poor old Harry has said . My books are about killing God '' . Others support this interpretation , arguing that the series , while clearly anticlerical , is also anti-theological because the death of god is represented as a fundamentally unimportant question . Some of the characters criticise institutional religion . Ruta Skadi , a witch and friend of Lyra 's calling for war against the Magisterium in Lyra 's world , says that `` For all of ( the Church 's ) history ... it 's tried to suppress and control every natural impulse . And when it ca n't control them , it cuts them out '' . Skadi later extends her criticism to all organised religion : `` That 's what the Church does , and every church is the same : control , destroy , obliterate every good feeling '' . By this part of the book , the witches have made reference to how they are treated criminally by the church in their worlds . Mary Malone , one of Pullman 's main characters , states that `` the Christian religion ... is a very powerful and convincing mistake , that 's all '' . Formerly a Catholic nun , she gave up her vows when the experience of falling in love caused her to doubt her faith . Pullman has warned , however , against equating these views with his own , saying of Malone : `` Mary is a character in a book . Mary 's not me . It 's a story , not a treatise , not a sermon or a work of philosophy '' . In another inversion , the tenet that the Church can absolve a penitent of sin is subverted when the priest selected to assassinate Lyra has built up sufficient penitential credit before attempting to carry out this sin for the Church . Pullman portrays life after death very differently from the Christian concept of heaven : In the third book , the afterlife plays out in a bleak underworld , similar to the Greek vision of the afterlife , wherein harpies torment people until Lyra and Will descend into the land of the dead . At their intercession , the harpies agree to stop tormenting the dead souls , and instead receive the true stories of the dead in exchange for leading them again to the upper world . When the dead souls emerge , they dissolve into atoms and merge with the environment . One medical historian has compared Pullman 's concept of `` intercision '' with circumcision and female genital mutilation . In The Subtle Knife , Ruta Skadi says , `` Some of you have seen what they did at Bolvangar . And that was horrible , but it is not the only such place , not the only practice . Sisters , you know only the north : I have travelled in the south lands . There are churches there , believe me , that cut their children too , as the people of Bolvangar did -- not in the same way , but just as horribly -- they cut their sexual organs , yes , both boys and girls -- they cut them with knives so that they sha n't feel '' . Pullman 's `` Authority '' , though worshipped on Lyra 's earth as God , emerges as the first conscious creature to evolve . Pullman makes it explicit that the Authority did not create worlds , and his trilogy does not speculate on who or what ( if anything ) might have done so . Members of the Church are typically displayed as zealots . Cynthia Grenier , in the Catholic Culture , said : `` In the world of Pullman , God Himself ( the Authority ) is a merciless tyrant . His Church is an instrument of oppression , and true heroism consists of overthrowing both '' . William A. Donohue of the Catholic League has described Pullman 's trilogy as `` atheism for kids '' . Pullman has said of Donohue 's call for a boycott , `` Why do n't we trust readers ? ( ... ) Oh , it causes me to shake my head with sorrow that such nitwits could be loose in the world '' . Pullman has , however , found support from some other Christians , most notably from Rowan Williams , the former Archbishop of Canterbury ( spiritual head of the Anglican church ) , who argues that Pullman 's attacks focus on the constraints and dangers of dogmatism and the use of religion to oppress , not on Christianity itself . Williams has also recommended the His Dark Materials series of books for inclusion and discussion in Religious Education classes , and stated that `` To see large school - parties in the audience of the Pullman plays at the National Theatre is vastly encouraging '' . Pullman and Williams took part in a National Theatre platform debate a few days later to discuss myth , religious experience and its representation in the arts . Pullman has singled out certain elements of Christianity for criticism , as in the following : `` I suppose technically , you 'd have to put me down as an agnostic . But if there is a God , and he is as the Christians describe him , then he deserves to be put down and rebelled against '' . However , Pullman has also said in interviews and appearances that his argument can extend to all religions . In a November 2002 interview Pullman was asked to respond to the fact that the Catholic Herald had called his books `` the stuff of nightmares '' and `` worthy of the bonfire '' . He replied : `` My response to that was to ask the publishers to print it in the next book , which they did ! I think it 's comical , it 's just laughable '' . The original remark in Catholic Herald ( which was `` there are numerous candidates that seem to me to be far more worthy of the bonfire than Harry Potter '' ) was written in the context of parents in South Carolina pressing their Board of Education to ban the Harry Potter books . Terminology ( edit ) Pullman renames various common objects or ideas of our world with archaic terms or new words of his own . Below are some of these renamings and new words . ( show ) List of terms Aerodock : Airport . Airships are the dominant form of air travel in Lyra 's world , which need to dock at a tower rather than on the land . Æsahættr : ( literally `` God - destroyer '' in Old Norse ) The formal name of the `` Subtle Knife '' ; also deemed the `` last knife of all '' . Alethiometer : A `` truth teller '' , a rare device in Lyra 's world which resembles a four - handed pocket watch , it can truthfully answer any possible question asked by a skilled user . From aletheia ( Ancient Greek : ἀλήθεια ) , meaning ' Truth ' . Anbaric , and the prefix anbaro - : Electric or electrical . From anbar , Arabic for amber ; the English word `` electric '' is based on the Greek ήλεκτρον ( élektron ) , meaning `` amber '' . Both words derive from the electrostatic properties of amber . Atomcraft : Research into particle physics . Brantwijn : Brandywine . Byanroping or roping : in the Gyptian dialect , a formal meeting of all Gyptian families to discuss important matters . Cauchuc : Rubber and possibly also plastic , from the Quechuan word cauchuc or caoutchouc , meaning the sap of the rubber tree . Celestial geography : Celestial navigation . Chapel : A scientific laboratory . All scientific enquiry derives from the church and so the language that describes it has religious overtones ( a chapel is ordinarily a place of religious worship ) . Chaplain : The head of a scientific laboratory . Chocolatl : Chocolate . Sometimes hot chocolate ; other times `` a bar of chocolatl '' ( a chocolate bar ) . From chocolatl , the Nahuatl word for chocolate . Chthonic Railway Station : An underground railway station . `` Chthonic '' is from Greek χθόνιος ( chthonios ) , meaning pertaining to the earth ; earthy . Cloud - pine : A type of wood used by witches for flying ( akin to broomsticks in other literature ) . Coal - silk : A synthetic fibre made from coal , was invented as a substitute for natural silk , akin to Nylon . Coal spirit : Petroleum or other hydrocarbon fuels derived from it . Dæmon : The animal embodiment of a human 's inner - life . It is pronounced ' demon ' . Dust : Mysterious cosmic particles that are integral to the plot . Dust is invisible to the human eye , and , unlike ordinary particles , Dust is conscious . Experimental theology : Science , especially Physics . Electrum : An occasionally used Latin word for amber ; see `` anbaric '' above . Fire - mine : A geothermal vent in which the panserbjorne work in metallurgy ; supposedly impenetrable to humans and witches . Gyropter : A helicopter , both words could be translated as `` rotating wing '' ( Greek gyros / helikos + pteron = circle / spiral + wing ) . Marchpane : Marzipan , `` marchpane '' is an archaic word for `` marzipan '' . Naphtha : Oil or petroleum ( as in oil - lamp , rather than naphtha - lamp ) . A petrochemical like kerosene . Night - ghast : restless spirits , they are reminiscent of the spirits which - in some mythologies - were thought to be the cause of nightmares . Oratory : A church building . Ordinator : A computer ( from the same root as ordinateur ( French ) and ordenador ( Spanish ) ) . Philosophical : Having to do with the study of the physical laws of the universe ( i.e. what we would call physics ) . In our own world , science and physics grew out of - and were , until the 19th century usually referred to as - natural philosophy . Photogram : A photograph ; more primitive than those in our own world but able to be developed in multiple ways . Projecting lantern : A magic lantern used for photograms . ( Pullman noted in Northern Lights 's Lantern Slides addendum that he based the projector in the book on one his grandfather owned . ) Shadow ( capitalised ) : The name , in our universe , of Dust . Smokeleaf : Tobacco ( Experimental ) Theologian : A physicist . From `` Natural Theology '' meaning `` science '' . Tokay : A highly prized wine in Lyra 's world , the name may be an archaic , Anglicised form of tokaji ( a wine of the Tokaj - Hegyalja region in Hungary ) Pullman also uses archaic or adapted names for otherwise familiar peoples , regions and places . ( show ) List of renamings of peoples and places Unless stated otherwise , these words are all capitalised . Beringland : Northwest America , specifically Alaska and the Yukon Territories of Canada . Named after the explorer who first set out in the region , Vitus Bering . Brytain : A phonetically identical re-spelling of Britain . It has echoes of `` Brython '' , a word for ancient British people and the lands they inhabited . byanplats ( lowercase ) : in the Gyptian dialect , the prominent area of raised land in the Fens . Cathay : China , taken from the medieval European name for China . Corea : A phonetically identical respelling of the country Korea ( used both in Cittàgazze and Lyra 's world ) . This is an old spelling , used prior to the current one , with a `` K '' . Eastern Anglia : East Anglia , the region where John Faa 's gyptians live ; in Lyra 's Brytain it has remained fenland with the Dutch influence remaining strong . Eireland : Ireland , as referred to in the Cittàgazze universe . A mixture of the Irish ( Éire ) and English name . Fireland : Iceland , named in the Peril of the Pole game in Once Upon a Time in the North . This name refers to Iceland 's volcanoes rather than to its glaciers . Gebraltarik : Gibraltar , from its Arabic name Jabal Tāriq . German Ocean : The North Sea Groenland : Greenland Gyptians : A boat - dwelling , transient social group in Lyra 's world . They live according to their own customs and traditions , outside mainstream society . They are reminiscent of `` Gypsies '' ( Roma ) . Our word `` Gypsy '' is derived from the ( mistaken ) belief that Gypsies were Egyptian in origin . Lake Enara : Lake Inari , a lake in Northern Finland . From Enare , the Swedish - language name for the lake . Lapland : The region corresponding in our world to Swedish Lapland and Northern Norway . Lascar : An East Indian . This is an archaic , English word for a sailor or militiaman from the Indian Subcontinent or thereabouts . Mejico : Mexico , from the Mexican pronunciation . Muscovy and Muscovites : A reference to the Grand Duchy of Moscow . Territory approximates to our Russia ( see ' Russia ' below ) . New Denmark : A region occupied by the United States of America , west of New France . Lee Scoresby is described as a ' New Dane ' , specifically from the ' country of Texas ' ( see ' Texas ' below ) . New France : Includes the regions ( in our world ) of Quebec , much of eastern Canada , and the areas bought by the United States in the Louisiana Purchase . In the 17th and 18th century , the area around the St - Lawrence River and much of the North American Interior was called New France . Lee Scoresby recalls the Battle of the Alamo , in his world , as being between French and Danish settlers . Nippon and Nipponese : Japan and the Japanese language and / or people . From Nippon ( `` land of the rising sun '' ) , a Japanese - language name for Japan . ( Great ) North Ocean : The North Atlantic Ocean combined with the European region of the Arctic Ocean . Norroway : Norway . Nova Zembla : Novaya Zemlya , a Russian archipelago in the Arctic Panserbjørne ( generally italicized and lowercase ) : Armoured bears ( as a whole race or as individuals ) ; a warrior clan of sapient , talking polar bears based on the islands of Svalbard , known for crafting powerful armour from meteoric iron . The word `` panserbjørne '' literally means `` armour - bears '' in Danish . The singular is panserbjørn . Peaceable Ocean : The Pacific Ocean , calqued from the Latin . Roman : The Latin language . Russia : Is mentioned in shipping entries at the end of Once Upon a Time in the North , and includes Finnish territory of the Russian Empire As Muscovy is also mentioned on the same book page , ' Russia ' might be separate from Muscovy . Skraeling : A Native American ( specifically Inuit ) person , particularly one from Greenland . Natives of Greenland were once named similarly by the Viking settlers of our world . Tartar : A Tatar ; Nomadic Turkic , warrior people of northern Asia , known for the practice of unusual spiritual rituals , including trepanning . Texas : The homeland of Lee Scoresby and a sovereign nation within the region called New Denmark . The Republic of Texas was briefly an independent nation in our own world . Pronunciation ( edit ) The pronunciations given here are those used in the radio plays and the audio book readings of the trilogy ( narrated by Pullman himself ) . ( show ) List of pronunciations Alethiometer : / æˌliːθiˈɒmɪtər / a-LEE - thi - OM - it - ər Æsahættr : / ɛsəˈhɛtr / , with a trilled R sound ( `` God - destroyer '' in Old Norse ) Asriel : / ˈæzriəl / AZ - ree - əl Chthonic ( see above ) : / kəˈθɒnɪk / kə - THON - ick Cittàgazze : ( tʃittaˈɡaddze ) ( in Italian ) Dæmon : / ˈdiːmən / DEE - mən ( pronounced as `` demon '' ) Iorek : / ˈjɔːrɪk / YOR - ik Iofur : / ˈjoʊfər / YOH - fər Kirjava : / ˈkɪərjɑːvə / KEER - yah - və Lyra : / ˈlaɪrə / LY - rə Mulefa : / muːˈleɪfə / moo - LAY - fə Panserbjørne : / ˈpænsərbjɜːrnə / PAN-sər - byur - nə ( written `` Panserbørne '' in early UK editions : `` Armoured Bears '' ) Pantalaimon : / ˌpæntəˈlaɪmən / pan-tə - LY - mən ( in Greek `` all - merciful '' ) Salmakia : / sælˈmækiə / sal - MAK - ee - ə Serafina Pekkala : / ˈsɛrəfiːnə ˈpɛkələ / SERR - ə - fee - nə PEK - ə - lə Tialys : / tiˈɑːlɪs / ti - AH - lis Torre degli Angeli : ( ˈtɔrre deʎi ˈandʒeli ) ( in Italian : `` Tower of the Angels '' ) Xaphania : / zəˈfeɪniə / zə - FAY - ni - ə Other works ( edit ) Lyra 's Oxford ( edit ) Main article : Lyra 's Oxford The first of two short novels , Lyra 's Oxford takes place two years after the timeline of The Amber Spyglass . A witch who seeks revenge for her son 's death in the war against the Authority draws Lyra , now 15 , into a trap . Birds mysteriously rescue her and Pan , and she makes the acquaintance of an alchemist , formerly the witch 's lover . Once Upon a time in the North ( edit ) Main article : Once Upon a Time in the North This short novel serves as a prequel to His Dark Materials and focuses on the Texan aeronaut Lee Scoresby as a young man . After winning his hot - air balloon , Scoresby heads to the North , landing on the Arctic island Novy Odense , where he is pulled into a conflict between the oil tycoon Larsen Manganese , the corrupt mayoral candidate Ivan Poliakov , and his longtime enemy from the Dakota Country , Pierre McConville . The story tells of Lee and Iorek 's first meeting and of how they overcame these enemies . `` The collectors '' ( edit ) A short story originally released exclusively as an audiobook by Audible in December 2014 , narrated by actor Bill Nighy . The story alludes to the early life of Mrs Coulter and is set in the senior common room of an Oxford college . The book of Dust ( edit ) Main article : The Book of Dust The Book of Dust is a second trilogy of novels set before , during and after His Dark Materials . The first book , La Belle Sauvage , was published on 19 October 2017 . Future books ( edit ) In August 2007 , Pullman said : `` Lyra 's Oxford was a dark red book . Once Upon a Time in the North will be a dark blue book . There still remains a green book . And that will be Will 's book . Eventually . '' Adaptations ( edit ) Radio ( edit ) BBC Radio 4 broadcast a radio play adaptation of His Dark Materials in 3 episodes , each lasting 2.5 hours . It was first broadcast in 2003 , and re-broadcast in both 2008 - 9 and in 2017 , and was and released by the BBC on CD and cassette . Cast included Terence Stamp as Lord Asriel and Lulu Popplewell as Lyra . Also in 2003 , a radio drama of Northern Lights was made by RTÉ , ( Irish public radio ) . Theatre ( edit ) Main article : His Dark Materials ( play ) Nicholas Hytner directed a theatrical version of the books as a two - part , six - hour performance for London 's Royal National Theatre in December 2003 , running until March 2004 . It starred Anna Maxwell - Martin as Lyra , Dominic Cooper as Will , Timothy Dalton as Lord Asriel and Patricia Hodge as Mrs Coulter with dæmon puppets designed by Michael Curry . The play was enormously successful and was revived ( with a different cast and a revised script ) for a second run between November 2004 and April 2005 . It has since been staged by several other theatres in the UK and elsewhere . A new production was staged at Birmingham Repertory Theatre in March and April 2009 , directed by Rachel Kavanaugh and Sarah Esdaile and starring Amy McAllister as Lyra . This version toured the UK and included a performance in Pullman 's hometown of Oxford . Pullman made a cameo appearance much to the delight of the audience and Oxford media . The production finished up at West Yorkshire Playhouse in June 2009 . Film ( edit ) Main article : The Golden Compass ( film ) New Line Cinema released a film adaptation , titled The Golden Compass , on 7 December 2007 . Directed by Chris Weitz , the production had a mixed reception , and though worldwide sales were strong , its U.S. earnings were not as high as the studio had hoped . The filmmakers obscured the explicitly Biblical character of the Authority to avoid offending viewers . Weitz declared that he would not do the same for the planned sequels . `` Whereas The Golden Compass had to be introduced to the public carefully '' , he said , `` the religious themes in the second and third books ca n't be minimised without destroying the spirit of these books ... I will not be involved with any ' watering down ' of books two and three , since what I have been working towards the whole time in the first film is to be able to deliver on the second and third '' . In May 2006 , Pullman said of a version of the script that `` all the important scenes are there and will have their full value '' ; in March 2008 , he said of the finished film that `` a lot of things about it were good ... Nothing can bring out all that 's in the book . There are always compromises '' . The Golden Compass film stars Dakota Blue Richards as Lyra , Nicole Kidman as Mrs. Coulter , and Daniel Craig as Lord Asriel . Eva Green plays Serafina Pekkala , Ian McKellen voices Iorek Byrnison , and Freddie Highmore voices Pantalaimon . No sequels are planned . Compass actor Sam Elliott blamed the Catholic Church 's opposition for forcing their cancellation , but UK Guardian film critic Stuart Heritage thought that critical `` disappointment '' with the first film may have been the real reason . Television ( edit ) In November 2015 , the BBC announced that it had commissioned a television adaptation of His Dark Materials , to be produced by Bad Wolf and New Line Cinema . The eight - part adaptation had a planned premiere date in 2017 , however in April 2017 , writer Jack Thorne said to the RadioTimes that the series was still in pre-production . He said , `` It 's at an exciting point where we 're just throwing things at the page and trying to work out what works and what does n't , '' and that he wanted to ensure that they were being loyal to the books . Audiobooks ( edit ) There are unabridged audiobooks of each His Dark Materials novel , read by Pullman , with parts read by actors including Jo Wyatt , Steven Webb , Peter England , Stephen Thorne and Douglas Blackwell . See also ( edit ) List of His Dark Materials characters Races and creatures in His Dark Materials Locations in His Dark Materials Northern Lights The Subtle Knife The Amber Spyglass Lyra 's Oxford Once Upon a Time in the North Further reading ( edit ) Frost , Laurie ; et al. ( 2006 ) . The Elements of His Dark Materials : A Guide to Philip Pullman 's trilogy . Buffalo Grove , IL : Fell Press . ISBN 0 - 9759430 - 1 - 4 . OCLC 73312820 . Gribbin , John and Mary ( 2005 ) . The Science of Philip Pullman 's His Dark Materials . Knopf Books for Young Readers . ISBN 0 - 375 - 83144 - 4 . Lenz , Millicent and Carole Scott ( 2005 ) . His Dark Materials Illuminated : Critical Essays on Phillip Pullman 's Trilogy . Detroit : Wayne State University Press . ISBN 0 - 8143 - 3207 - 2 . Raymond - Pickard , Hugh ( 2004 ) . The Devil 's Account : Philip Pullman and Christianity . London : Darton , Longman & Todd . ISBN 978 - 0 - 232 - 52563 - 2 . Squires , Claire ( 2003 ) . Philip Pullman 's His Dark Materials Trilogy : A Reader 's Guide . New York , N.Y. : Continuum . ISBN 0 - 8264 - 1479 - 6 . Squires , Claire ( 2006 ) . Philip Pullman , Master Storyteller : A Guide to the Worlds of His Dark Materials . New York , N.Y. : Continuum . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8264 - 1716 - 9 . OCLC 70158423 . Tucker , Nicholas ( 2003 ) . Darkness Visible : Inside the World of Philip Pullman . Cambridge : Wizard Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84046 - 482 - 5 . OCLC 52876221 . Wheat , Leonard F. ( 2008 ) . Philip Pullman 's His Dark Materials : A Multiple Allegory : Attacking Religious Superstition in The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe and Paradise Lost . Amherst , N.Y. : Prometheus Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59102 - 589 - 4 . OCLC 152580912 . Yeffeth , Glenn ( 2005 ) . Navigating the Golden Compass : Religion , Science and Daemonology in His Dark Materials . Dallas : Benbella Books . ISBN 1 - 932100 - 52 - 0 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Robert Butler ( 3 December 2007 ) . `` An Interview with Philip Pullman '' . The Economist . Intelligent Life . Archived from the original on 5 March 2008 . Retrieved 10 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Freitas , Donna ; King , Jason Edward ( 2007 ) . Killing the imposter God : Philip Pullman 's spiritual imagination in His Dark Materials . San Francisco , CA : Wiley . pp. 68 -- 9 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7879 - 8237 - 9 . Jump up ^ Squires ( 2003 : 61 ) : `` Religion in Lyra 's world ... has similarities to the Christianity of ' our own universe ' , but also crucial differences ... ( it ) is based not in the Catholic centre of Rome , but in Geneva , Switzerland , where the centre of religious power , narrates Pullman , moved in the Middle Ages under the aegis of John Calvin '' . Jump up ^ Miller , Laura ( 26 December 2005 ) . `` Far From Narnia '' . The New Yorker . 2011 Condé Nast Digital . Retrieved 10 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Northern Lights p. 31 : `` Ever since Pope John Calvin had moved the seat of the papacy to Geneva ... the Church 's power over every aspect of life had been absolute . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions '' . BridgeToTheStars.net . Retrieved 20 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Robert Butler ( 3 December 2007 ) . `` An Interview with Philip Pullman '' . The Economist . Intelligent Life . Archived from the original on 5 March 2008 . Retrieved 10 July 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Pullman 's Jungian concept of the soul '' : Lenz ( 2005 : 163 ) Jump up ^ Pullman , Philip ( 2007 ) ( 1995 ) . The Northern Lights . His Dark Materials . London : Scholastic UK Ltd. p. 126 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4071 - 0405 - 8 . Jump up ^ Pullman , Philip ( 2007 ) ( 1995 ) . The Northern Lights . His Dark Materials . London : Scholastic UK Ltd. p. 214 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4071 - 0405 - 8 . Chapter 13 Jump up ^ Parry , Idris . `` Online Traduction '' . Southern Cross Review . Retrieved 6 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Fried , Kerry . `` Darkness Visible : An Interview with Philip Pullman '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 13 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Ezard , John ( 3 June 2002 ) . `` Narnia books attacked as racist and sexist '' . The Guardian . UK . Retrieved 4 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Abley , Mark ( 4 December 2007 ) . `` Writing the book on intolerance '' . The Star . Toronto . Retrieved 4 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Crosby , Vanessa . `` Innocence and Experience : The Subversion of the Child Hero Archetype in Philip Pullman 's Speculative Soteriology '' ( PDF ) . University of Sydney . Retrieved 12 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Miller , Laura ( 26 December 2005 ) . `` Far From Narnia : Philip Pullman 's secular fantasy for children '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved 12 April 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Children 's novel triumphs in 2001 Whitbread Book Of The Year '' ( Press release ) . 23 January 2002 . Archived from the original on 8 July 2011 . Retrieved 8 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Living Archive : Celebrating the Carnegie and Greenaway Winners '' . CarnegieGreenaway.org.uk . Retrieved 5 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Pauli , Michelle ( 21 June 2007 ) . `` Pullman wins ' Carnegie of Carnegies ' '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 4 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 70 years celebration the publics favourite winners of all time '' . Jump up ^ `` The best novels ever ( version 1.2 ) '' . The Guardian . London . 19 August 2008 . Retrieved 4 May 2010 . Jump up ^ SLA -- Philip Pullman receives the Astrid Lindgren Award Jump up ^ Overstreet , Jeffrey ( 20 February 2006 ) . `` Reviews : His Dark Materials '' . Christianity Today . Archived from the original on 18 March 2007 . Retrieved 12 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Thomas , John ( 2006 ) . `` Opinion '' . Librarians ' Christian Fellowship . Retrieved 12 April 2007 . Jump up ^ BBC News 29 November 2007 Jump up ^ Meacham , Steve ( 13 December 2003 ) . `` The shed where God died '' . Sydney Morning Herald Online . Retrieved 13 December 2003 . Jump up ^ Schweizer , Bernard ( 2005 ) . `` '' And he 's a-going to destroy him `` : religious subversion in Pullman 's His Dark Materials '' . In Lenz , Millicent ; Scott , Carole . His Dark Materials Illuminated : Critical Essays on Philip Pullman 's Trilogy . Wayne State University Press . pp. 160 -- 173 . ISBN 0814332072 . Jump up ^ `` A dark agenda ? Interview with Philip Pullman '' . surefish.co.uk . November 2002 . Retrieved 4 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Lenz ; Scott ( 2005 : 97 ) Jump up ^ `` His Dark Materials a disturbing allegory of genital mutilation '' . Jump up ^ Greene , Mark . `` Pullman 's Purpose '' . The London Institute for Contemporary Christianity . Archived from the original on 27 September 2007 . Retrieved 14 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Grenier , Cynthia ( October 2001 ) . `` Philip Pullman 's Dark Materials '' . The Morley Institute Inc . Retrieved 5 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Donohue , Bill ( 9 October 2007 ) . `` '' The Golden Compass '' Sparks Protest `` . The Catholic League for Religious and Civil Rights . Archived from the original on 4 January 2008 . Retrieved 4 January 2008 . Jump up ^ David Byers ( 27 November 2007 ) . `` Philip Pullman : Catholic boycotters are ' nitwits ' '' . The Times . UK . Retrieved 28 November 2007 . Jump up ^ Petre , Jonathan ( 10 March 2004 ) . `` Williams backs Pullman '' . Daily Telegraph . UK . Retrieved 12 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Rowan , Williams ( 10 March 2004 ) . `` Archbishop wants Pullman in class '' . BBC News Online . Retrieved 10 March 2004 . Jump up ^ Oborne , Peter ( 17 March 2004 ) . `` The Dark Materials debate : life , God , the universe ... '' Daily Telegraph . UK . Retrieved 1 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Sympathy for the Devil by Adam R. Holz '' . Plugged In Online . Archived from the original on 21 February 2014 . Retrieved 14 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Spanner , Huw ( 13 February 2002 ) . `` Heat and Dust '' . ThirdWay.org.uk . Archived from the original on 10 April 2004 . Retrieved 3 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Bakewell , Joan ( 2001 ) . `` Belief '' . BBC News Online . Archived from the original on 11 September 2004 . Retrieved 5 April 2007 . Jump up ^ `` A dark agenda ? '' Jump up ^ Catholic Herald - The stuff of nightmares - Leonie Caldecott ( 29th October 1999 ) ( 1 ) Jump up ^ pg. 294 `` I think it was my grandfather 's magic lantern that Lord Asriel used ... `` . Pullman , Philip ( 1995 ) . Northern Lights . scholastic Point . ISBN 0 - 590 - 66054 - 3 . Jump up ^ pg. 5 `` ... a decanter containing a rich golden wine ... `` . Pullman , Philip ( 1995 ) . Northern Lights . scholastic Point . ISBN 0 - 590 - 66054 - 3 . Jump up ^ pg. 517 ; `` How often he and his companions had played that heroic battle ... taking turns to be Danes and French ! '' Pullman , Philip ( 1997 ) . The Subtle Knife . Scholastic Point . ISBN 0 - 590 - 11289 - 9 . Jump up ^ Quiller - Couch , Arthur ( Ed ) ( 1919 ) . The Oxford Book of English Verse : Sir Patrick Spens . Oxford University Press . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Pullman , Philip ( 2008 ) . Once Upon A Time In The North . Great Britain : David Fickling Books . p. 100 . ISBN 9780385614320 . Book contains fictionalized extract from `` The ' Shipping World ' Year Book '' which contains coordinates for the port of `` Novorossisk , Russia '' , located in Finland in our world ( 60 ° 47 ′ N 21 ° 24 ′ E / 60.783 ° N 21.400 ° E / 60.783 ; 21.400 ) . Jump up ^ `` Bridge to the Stars - Pronunciation '' . Retrieved 2 February 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Once upon a time ... in Oxford '' . Cittàgazze . Retrieved 29 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Flood , Alison ( 17 December 2014 ) . `` Baddies in books : Mrs Coulter , the mother of all evil '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 10 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Saner , Emine ( 2017 - 02 - 17 ) . `` The Book of Dust : after 17 years , Pullman 's latest work has new relevance '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 02 . Jump up ^ Dawtrey , Adam ( 13 March 2008 ) . `` ' Compass ' spins foreign frenzy '' . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved 13 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` ' Golden Compass ' Director Chris Weitz Answers Your Questions : Part I by Brian Jacks '' . MTV Movies Blog . Archived from the original on 15 November 2007 . Retrieved 14 November 2007 . Jump up ^ Pullman , Philip ( May 2006 ) . `` May message '' . Archived from the original on 12 October 2007 . Retrieved 24 September 2008 . And the latest script , from Chris Weitz , is truly excellent ; I know , because I ` ve just this morning read it . I think it 's a model of how to condense a story of 400 pages into a script of 110 or so . All the important scenes are there and will have their full value . Jump up ^ Silverman , Rosa ( 22 March 2008 ) . `` Exclusive interview with Philip Pullman '' . The Times . UK . Retrieved 1 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Heritage , Stuart ( 15 December 2009 ) . `` Who killed off The Golden Compass ? '' . The Guardian . UK . Retrieved 16 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` BBC One commissions adaptation of Philip Pullman 's His Dark Materials '' . 3 November 2015 . Retrieved 3 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jack Thorne opens up about His Dark Materials TV Series '' . External links ( edit ) Philip Pullman Author 's website HisDarkMaterials.com Publisher Random House 's His Dark Materials website Scholastic : His Dark Materials UK publisher 's website Randomhouse : His Dark Materials U.S. publisher 's website BBC Radio 4 's His Dark Materials site inc . Dictionary of His Dark Materials and web Q&A with Philip Pullman The Republic of Heaven Lecture by Philip Pullman , 2000 The then Archbishop of Canterbury and Philip Pullman in conversation at the National Theatre , from `` The Daily Telegraph '' BridgetotheStars.net Fansite for His Dark Materials and Philip Pullman HisDarkMaterials.org His Dark Materials fansite Cittagazze.com French His Dark Materials fansite Works by Philip Pullman His Dark Materials Original novels Northern Lights The Subtle Knife The Amber Spyglass Companion books Lyra 's Oxford Once Upon a Time in the North The Book of Dust La Belle Sauvage Sally Lockhart The Ruby in the Smoke ( 1985 ) The Shadow in the North ( 1986 ) The Tiger in the Well ( 1990 ) The Tin Princess ( 1994 ) Other The Haunted Storm ( 1972 ) Count Karlstein ( 1982 ) How to be Cool ( 1987 ) The Broken Bridge ( 1990 ) The White Mercedes ( 1992 ) Clockwork ( 1999 ) The Firework - Maker 's Daughter ( 1995 ) The Butterfly Tattoo ( 1998 ) I Was a Rat ! or The Scarlet Slippers ( 1999 ) The Scarecrow and his Servant ( 2004 ) The Good Man Jesus and the Scoundrel Christ ( 2010 ) Philip Pullman 's His Dark Materials Original novels Northern Lights The Subtle Knife The Amber Spyglass Companion books Lyra 's Oxford Once Upon a Time in the North The Book of Dust La Belle Sauvage Characters Lyra Belacqua Will Parry Lord Asriel Marisa Coulter Adaptations His Dark Materials ( stage play ) The Golden Compass ( film ) The Golden Compass ( video game ) Other Locations Races Dust Dæmons BNF : cb145546576 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=His_Dark_Materials&oldid=815094788 '' Categories : Books critical of Christianity Fantasy books by series His Dark Materials Novels by Philip Pullman Religious themed fiction Fantasy novel trilogies 1990s fantasy novels 2000s fantasy novels English fantasy novels Children 's fantasy novels High fantasy novels British alternative history novels British novels adapted into plays Witchcraft in written fiction Parallel universes in fiction Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Use British English from May 2011 Use dmy dates from October 2012 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from October 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 December 2017 , at 19 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did the golden compass book come out | [
"His Dark Materials is an epic trilogy of fantasy novels by Philip Pullman consisting of Northern Lights (1995, published as The Golden Compass in North America), The Subtle Knife (1997), and The Amber Spyglass (2000). It follows the coming of age of two children, Lyra Belacqua and Will Parry, as they wander through a series of parallel universes. The novels have won a number of awards, including the Carnegie Medal in 1995 for Northern Lights and the 2001 Whitbread Book of the Year for The Amber Spyglass."
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"1995"
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2350001747596192094 | NFL win–loss records | NFL win -- loss records - wikipedia NFL win -- loss records Jump to : navigation , search The following is a list of win -- loss records for each of the 32 active National Football League ( NFL ) teams . Contents ( hide ) 1 Regular season 2 Playoffs 3 Notes 4 References Regular season ( edit ) George Halas ( right ) of the Chicago Bears , who have recorded the most regular season wins . The following is a listing of all 32 current National Football League ( NFL ) teams ranked by their regular season win -- loss record percentage , accurate as of the end of the 2017 NFL regular season . For teams that previously played in the All - America Football Conference ( AAFC ) , their AAFC win - loss records are not included as the NFL does not officially count AAFC statistics despite the 1950 NFL -- AAFC merger . However , for teams that played in the American Football League ( AFL ) , their AFL win - loss records are included and officially counted by the NFL . Ties are registered as a half win and a half loss when calculating the win - loss record . Best win -- loss record in division Rank Team Won Lost Tied Pct . First NFL Season Total Games Division Dallas Cowboys 502 374 6 . 573 1960 882 NFC East Green Bay Packers 737 562 37 . 565 1921 1,336 NFC North Chicago Bears 749 579 42 . 562 1920 1,370 NFC North Miami Dolphins 445 351 . 559 1966 800 AFC East 5 New England Patriots 489 386 9 . 558 1960 884 AFC East 6 Minnesota Vikings 470 390 10 . 546 1961 870 NFC North 7 Baltimore Ravens 190 161 . 541 352 AFC North 8 New York Giants 687 585 33 . 539 1925 1,305 NFC East 9 Denver Broncos 470 404 10 . 537 1960 884 AFC West 10 San Francisco 49ers 528 460 14 . 534 1950 1,002 NFC West 11 Pittsburgh Steelers 614 538 20 . 532 1933 1,172 AFC North 12 Oakland Raiders 462 411 11 . 529 1960 884 AFC West 13 Indianapolis Colts 506 453 7 . 527 1953 966 AFC South 14 Kansas City Chiefs 457 415 12 . 524 1960 884 AFC West 15 Seattle Seahawks 334 325 . 507 1976 660 NFC West 16 Washington Redskins 595 581 28 . 506 1932 1,202 NFC East 17 Carolina Panthers 183 184 . 499 1995 368 NFC South 18 Los Angeles Chargers 435 438 11 . 498 1960 884 AFC West 19 Los Angeles Rams 555 559 21 . 498 1937 1,135 NFC West 20 Cleveland Browns 462 482 10 . 490 1950 954 AFC North 21 Philadelphia Eagles 568 594 26 . 489 1933 1,188 NFC East 22 Tennessee Titans 422 456 6 . 481 1960 884 AFC South 23 Buffalo Bills 409 467 8 . 467 1960 884 AFC East 24 Detroit Lions 553 648 32 . 461 1930 1,233 NFC North 25 Cincinnati Bengals 351 417 . 457 1968 772 AFC North 26 New York Jets 397 479 8 . 454 1960 884 AFC East 27 Jacksonville Jaguars 165 203 0 . 448 1995 368 AFC South 28 New Orleans Saints 349 432 5 . 447 1967 786 NFC South 29 Atlanta Falcons 351 443 6 . 443 1966 790 NFC South 30 Houston Texans 110 146 0 . 430 2002 256 AFC South 31 Arizona Cardinals 550 740 40 . 429 1920 1,330 NFC West 32 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 255 404 . 387 1976 660 NFC South Playoffs ( edit ) Members of the Baltimore Ravens franchise , the team with the highest playoff win -- loss percentage , during the Lombardi Trophy presentation following their Super Bowl XLVII victory Marvin Lewis , head coach of the Cincinnati Bengals , who have registered the lowest playoff win - loss percentage of all time The following is a listing of all 32 current National Football League ( NFL ) teams ranked by their playoff win - loss record percentage , accurate as of the end of Super Bowl LII . Best win -- loss record in division Team active in playoffs Rank Team Games Won Lost Pct . Last playoff appearance Division Baltimore Ravens 23 15 8 . 652 2014 AFC North New England Patriots 54 34 20 . 630 2017 AFC East Green Bay Packers 56 34 22 . 607 2016 NFC North San Francisco 49ers 50 30 20 . 600 2013 NFC West 5 Pittsburgh Steelers 61 36 25 . 590 2017 AFC North 6 Oakland Raiders 44 25 19 . 568 2016 AFC West 7 Dallas Cowboys 61 34 27 . 557 2016 NFC East 8 ( tie ) Denver Broncos 42 23 19 . 548 2015 AFC West 8 ( tie ) Washington Redskins 42 23 19 . 548 2015 NFC East 10 Carolina Panthers 17 9 8 . 529 2017 NFC South 11 Seattle Seahawks 31 16 15 . 516 2016 NFC West 12 Philadelphia Eagles 43 22 21 . 512 2017 NFC East 13 Jacksonville Jaguars 14 7 7 . 500 2017 AFC South 14 New York Giants 49 24 25 . 490 2016 NFC East 15 Indianapolis Colts 45 22 23 . 489 2014 AFC South 16 Miami Dolphins 41 20 21 . 488 2016 AFC East 17 Chicago Bears 35 17 18 . 486 NFC North 18 New York Jets 25 12 13 . 480 AFC East 19 Buffalo Bills 30 14 16 . 467 2017 AFC East 20 New Orleans Saints 18 8 10 . 444 2017 NFC South 21 Arizona Cardinals 16 7 9 . 438 2015 NFC West 22 Los Angeles Rams 44 19 25 . 432 2017 NFC West 23 ( tie ) Tennessee Titans 35 15 20 . 429 2017 AFC South 23 ( tie ) Houston Texans 7 . 429 2016 AFC South 25 Atlanta Falcons 24 10 14 . 417 2017 NFC South 26 Minnesota Vikings 49 20 29 . 408 2017 NFC North 27 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 15 6 9 . 400 2007 NFC South 28 Los Angeles Chargers 28 11 17 . 393 2013 AFC West 29 Cleveland Browns 31 11 20 . 355 2002 AFC North 30 Detroit Lions 20 7 13 . 350 2016 NFC North 31 Kansas City Chiefs 27 9 18 . 333 2017 AFC West 32 Cincinnati Bengals 19 5 14 . 263 2015 AFC North Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ For example , the Browns ' regular season win -- loss record does not include a 47 -- 4 -- 3 record compiled in the All - America Football Conference from 1946 to 1949 , nor does their playoff record include the 5 -- 0 record compiled during the same period . Likewise , the 49ers ' AAFC regular season win -- loss record of 38 -- 14 -- 2 , nor their 1 - 1 AAFC playoff record are officially counted Jump up ^ The Patriots played as the `` Boston Patriots '' from 1960 -- 1970 , before adopting the `` New England Patriots '' name , which they have played under since the 1971 season . The team was also briefly known as the `` Bay State Patriots '' prior to the 1971 season . Jump up ^ The Colts played under the `` Baltimore Colts '' name from 1953 -- 1983 , before relocating to Indianapolis and adpoting their current `` Indianapolis Colts '' name , which they have played under since the 1984 season . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Franchise Encyclopedias '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports - Reference . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brown , Daniel ; Emmons , Mark ( November 8 , 2011 ) . `` 49ers great Joe Perry and the stats that do n't count '' . San Jose Mercury News . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New England Patriots -- Team History '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dewdney , Mike ( February 21 , 2012 ) . `` The Rise and Fall of the Bay State Patriots '' . Chris Creamer 's Sports Logos . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hensley , Jamison ( March 28 , 2014 ) . `` 30 years on , Baltimore better without Colts '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . National Football League ( 2018 ) AFC East North South West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders NFC East North South West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Seasons Seasons ( by team ) Preseason Hall of Fame Game American Bowl Regular season Kickoff game Monday Night Football International Series London Toronto Bills Series List of games played outside the U.S. Thanksgiving games Christmas games Playoffs Streaks Droughts AFC Championship NFC Championship Super Bowl champions quarterbacks Pro Bowl History League history Executive history Championship history Timeline Defunct franchises Franchise moves and mergers Los Angeles team history Proposed stadiums 1995 -- 2016 American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Playoffs Merger NFL Championship ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Playoff Bowl Records individual team Super Bowl All time win -- loss Last undefeated Tied games Canceled games Controversies Business Owners Properties Management Council Competition Committee Collective Bargaining Agreement National Football League Players Association Lockouts Media TV NFL Network Radio Other Officials Stadiums Chronology Awards All - Pro Hall of Fame Foreign players Player conduct Suspensions Player misconduct Combine Draft Training camp Rivalries NFL Foundation Culture Cheerleading Mascots Lore Nicknames Numbers Retired Color Rush Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NFL_win -- loss_records&oldid = 825498710 '' Categories : National Football League lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 13 February 2018 , at 19 : 02 . About Wikipedia | who has the best record in the nfl football league | [
"\n\nRank\nTeam\nWon\nLost\nTied\nPct.\nFirst NFL Season\nTotal Games\nDivision\n\n\n1\nDallas Cowboys\n502\n374\n6\n.573\n1960\n882\nNFC East\n\n\n2\nGreen Bay Packers\n737\n562\n37\n.565\n1921\n1,336\nNFC North\n\n\n3\nChicago Bears\n749\n579\n42\n.562\n1920\n1,370\nNFC North\n\n\n4\nMiami Dolphins\n445\n351\n4\n.559\n1966\n800\nAFC East\n\n\n5\nNew England Patriots[b]\n489\n386\n9\n.558\n1960\n884\nAFC East\n\n\n6\nMinnesota Vikings\n470\n390\n10\n.546\n1961\n870\nNFC North\n\n\n7\nBaltimore Ravens\n190\n161\n1\n.541\n1996\n352\nAFC North\n\n\n8\nNew York Giants\n687\n585\n33\n.539\n1925\n1,305\nNFC East\n\n\n9\nDenver Broncos\n470\n404\n10\n.537\n1960\n884\nAFC West\n\n\n10\nSan Francisco 49ers\n528\n460\n14\n.534\n1950\n1,002\nNFC West\n\n\n11\nPittsburgh Steelers\n614\n538\n20\n.532\n1933\n1,172\nAFC North\n\n\n12\nOakland Raiders\n462\n411\n11\n.529\n1960\n884\nAFC West\n\n\n13\nIndianapolis Colts[c]\n506\n453\n7\n.527\n1953\n966\nAFC South\n\n\n14\nKansas City Chiefs\n457\n415\n12\n.524\n1960\n884\nAFC West\n\n\n15\nSeattle Seahawks\n334\n325\n1\n.507\n1976\n660\nNFC West\n\n\n16\nWashington Redskins\n595\n581\n28\n.506\n1932\n1,202\nNFC East\n\n\n17\nCarolina Panthers\n183\n184\n1\n.499\n1995\n368\nNFC South\n\n\n18\nLos Angeles Chargers\n435\n438\n11\n.498\n1960\n884\nAFC West\n\n\n19\nLos Angeles Rams\n555\n559\n21\n.498\n1937\n1,135\nNFC West\n\n\n20\nCleveland Browns\n462\n482\n10\n.490\n1950\n954\nAFC North\n\n\n21\nPhiladelphia Eagles\n568\n594\n26\n.489\n1933\n1,188\nNFC East\n\n\n22\nTennessee Titans\n422\n456\n6\n.481\n1960\n884\nAFC South\n\n\n23\nBuffalo Bills\n409\n467\n8\n.467\n1960\n884\nAFC East\n\n\n24\nDetroit Lions\n553\n648\n32\n.461\n1930\n1,233\nNFC North\n\n\n25\nCincinnati Bengals\n351\n417\n4\n.457\n1968\n772\nAFC North\n\n\n26\nNew York Jets\n397\n479\n8\n.454\n1960\n884\nAFC East\n\n\n27\nJacksonville Jaguars\n165\n203\n0\n.448\n1995\n368\nAFC South\n\n\n28\nNew Orleans Saints\n349\n432\n5\n.447\n1967\n786\nNFC South\n\n\n29\nAtlanta Falcons\n351\n443\n6\n.443\n1966\n790\nNFC South\n\n\n30\nHouston Texans\n110\n146\n0\n.430\n2002\n256\nAFC South\n\n\n31\nArizona Cardinals\n550\n740\n40\n.429\n1920\n1,330\nNFC West\n\n\n32\nTampa Bay Buccaneers\n255\n404\n1\n.387\n1976\n660\nNFC South\n\n"
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"Dallas Cowboys"
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816127626187636000 | Breaking Benjamin | Breaking Benjamin - Wikipedia Breaking Benjamin Breaking Benjamin Breaking Benjamin performing in 2015 . From left to right , Keith Wallen , Shaun Foist , Benjamin Burnley , Aaron Bruch , and Jasen Rauch . Background information Also known as Plan 9 Origin Wilkes - Barre , Pennsylvania , U.S. Genres Hard rock post-grunge alternative metal Years active 1999 -- 2010 2014 -- present Labels Hollywood Associated acts Lifer Website breakingbenjamin.com Members Benjamin Burnley Aaron Bruch Shaun Foist Jasen Rauch Keith Wallen Past members Jeremy Hummel Aaron Fink Mark Klepaski Chad Szeliga See § Members for others Breaking Benjamin is an American rock band from Wilkes - Barre , Pennsylvania , founded in 1999 by lead singer and guitarist Benjamin Burnley and drummer Jeremy Hummel . The first lineup of the band also included guitarist Aaron Fink and bassist Mark Klepaski . This lineup released two albums , Saturate ( 2002 ) and We Are Not Alone ( 2004 ) , before Hummel was replaced by Chad Szeliga in 2005 . The band released two more studio albums , Phobia ( 2006 ) and Dear Agony ( 2009 ) , before entering an extended hiatus in early 2010 due to Burnley 's recurring illnesses . The release of a compilation album amid the hiatus , Shallow Bay : The Best of Breaking Benjamin ( 2011 ) , unauthorized by Burnley , brought about legal trouble within the band resulting in the dismissal of Fink and Klepaski . Szeliga later announced his departure in 2013 citing creative differences . Burnley remained the sole member of the band until late 2014 , when the current lineup was announced , including bassist and backing vocalist Aaron Bruch , guitarist and backing vocalist Keith Wallen , guitarist Jasen Rauch , and drummer Shaun Foist . The band afterward released Dark Before Dawn ( 2015 ) and Ember ( 2018 ) . Despite significant lineup changes , the band 's musical style and lyrical content have remained consistent , with Burnley serving as the primary composer and lead vocalist since the band 's inception . The band has commonly been noted for its formulaic hard rock tendencies with angst - heavy lyrics , swelling choruses , and `` crunching '' guitars . In the United States alone , the band has sold more than 7 million units and yielded three RIAA - certified platinum records , two gold records , and several certified singles , including two multi-platinum , two platinum , and five gold . The band has also produced one number one record on the Billboard 200 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Formation and Saturate ( 1998 -- 2003 ) 1.2 We Are Not Alone ( 2003 -- 2005 ) 1.3 Phobia ( 2005 -- 2007 ) 1.4 Dear Agony ( 2009 -- 2010 ) 1.5 Hiatus and Shallow Bay ( 2010 -- 2013 ) 1.6 Return and Dark Before Dawn ( 2014 -- 2016 ) 1.7 Ember ( 2017 -- present ) 2 Characteristics 2.1 Musical style 2.2 Composition 2.3 Live performance 3 Members 4 Discography 4.1 Studio albums 5 References 5.1 Notes 5.2 Citations 5.3 Sources 6 External links History Formation and Saturate ( 1998 -- 2003 ) Benjamin Burnley was originally in a band named Breaking Benjamin in 1998 that played `` softer music '' such as Weezer and The Beatles covers , and was `` nothing like '' subsequent lineups . The name originates from an incident in which Burnley broke a borrowed microphone , prompting its owner to retort , `` Thanks to Benjamin for breaking my fucking mic . '' This band included guitarist Aaron Fink , bassist Nick Hoover , and drummer Chris Lightcap , but soon broke up when Burnley moved to California . After returning to Pennsylvania with drummer Jeremy Hummel , Burnley formed Plan 9 , which also included bassist Jason Davoli . Plan 9 , a reference to Plan 9 from Outer Space , was continually misnamed as `` Planet 9 '' , therefore the group reclaimed the name Breaking Benjamin from the previous band , as Burnley still had promotional stickers with that name . `` Polyamorous '' ( EP version ) Sample of the EP version of `` Polyamorous '' , as first heard on Fabbri 's radio station in 2001 . Problems playing this file ? See media help . The three - piece first gained attention when Freddie Fabbri , a DJ for active rock radio station WBSX , put the group 's track `` Polyamorous '' in rotation . After it became the number one requested track on the station , Fabbri financed the recording of the group 's eponymous EP , which sold all 2,000 copies that were printed in 2001 . Jonathan `` Bug '' Price was credited on bass , replacing Davoli . After growing dissatisfied with their previous band , former bandmate Aaron Fink and bassist Mark Klepaski joined Breaking Benjamin . In early 2002 , over a dozen record companies visited a two - night showcase where Breaking Benjamin was playing , and the group subsequently signed with Hollywood Records . Shortly afterward , Breaking Benjamin began recording their first full - length major - label record , Saturate , which was released on August 7 , 2002 and produced by Ulrich Wild . It peaked at No. 136 on the Billboard 200 , and was later certified gold on September 25 , 2015 . In early 2003 , Breaking Benjamin participated in the Jägermeister Music Tour , then toured as a supporting act for Godsmack . Of the little media coverage received , Saturate garnered positive reception , with Jason Taylor from AllMusic stating that the album `` has serious potential to become one of 2002 's most successful debuts , '' feeling that `` although it is repetitive and generic , it is undeniably addictive '' , ultimately scoring the album 2.5 out of 5 . The disc received a favorable review from Schwegweb 's Vin Cherubino , who noted , `` The music has just as much quality as any popular artist in the same genre . Influences from bands such as Tool can be heard , making the music seem all so familiar and palatable . '' We Are not Alone ( 2003 -- 2005 ) Breaking Benjamin returned to the studio in October 2003 with producer David Bendeth for their second album We Are Not Alone . Burnley also worked with The Smashing Pumpkins front man Billy Corgan over the course of six days in December 2003 to write the songs `` Rain '' , `` Forget It '' , and `` Follow '' . Despite initially being nervous , Burnley felt it was one of the highlights of his career . Breaking Benjamin performing at the Minnesota State Fair on August 25 , 2005 . The album was released on June 29 , 2004 and sold 48,000 copies in its first week , peaking at No. 20 on the Billboard 200 . It was later certified gold on October 21 , 2004 , then platinum on June 13 , 2005 . It was also certified gold in New Zealand on August 29 , 2005 . The record features singles such as `` So Cold '' and `` Sooner or Later '' , both of which peaked at No. 2 on the Mainstream Rock Songs chart . `` So Cold '' became a platinum single on September 25 , 2015 . MTV writer Jon Wiederhorn writes that the initial commercial success of the album can be attributed to a tour two weeks prior to the album 's debut which `` generated prerelease buzz '' . They later co-headlined a tour with Evanescence , Seether , and Three Days Grace . We Are Not Alone garnered mixed reviews . It was met with high acclaim from IGN 's Colin Moriarty , who felt `` extremely satisfied , '' saying `` safely and confidently '' that it `` might be my personal favorite album of the year , '' giving it a score of 9.3 out of 10 . Conversely , Exclaim ! writer Amber Authier felt that , `` On first listen its simply generic sound did nothing for me , '' though later admitted , `` I listened to Breaking Benjamin several times over a week and several elements of the disc started to grow on me , even appeal to me . '' The writer concluded , `` Breaking Benjamin created a standard of quality for themselves that they simply could n't meet on the entire disc . '' On November 3 , 2004 , a non-album single named `` Blow Me Away '' was released , to commercial success , ultimately going gold on November 24 , 2015 . On November 23 , 2004 , Breaking Benjamin released the So Cold EP , which features live versions of the songs `` Away '' and `` Breakdown '' , a live acoustic version of `` So Cold '' , and studio acoustic recordings of `` Blow Me Away '' and `` Lady Bug '' . In late 2005 , drummer Hummel filed a federal lawsuit against Breaking Benjamin . According to the lawsuit , Hummel requested earlier that year to take a paternity leave to be with his wife during the birth of their first child , to which all members of the band agreed and hired Kevin Soffera as a temporary substitute on drums . However , Burnley later called Hummel and terminated him , citing chemistry issues . In the lawsuit , Hummel contended wrongful termination and lack of compensation for profits accrued by We Are Not Alone and other non-album tracks that appeared in Halo 2 and National Treasure : Book of Secrets . The band 's manager , Larry Mazer ( who was also named in the lawsuit ) , asserted that the lawsuit was `` totally frivolous '' and his termination had `` nothing to do with the paternity leave . '' Mazer said the band received no payment for the Halo 2 appearance , adding that the song was included for promotional reasons and Burnley was happy to have it in the video game . The band received minimal payment for the National Treasure 2 appearance , and Mazer stated that otherwise , `` ( Hummel ) is 100 per cent current . '' Ben `` B.C. '' Vaught served as a sit - in drummer for the band , and they later toured with 3 Doors Down and Staind in November 2005 . The lawsuit was settled for an undisclosed amount in April 2006 . Phobia ( 2005 -- 2007 ) After the departure of Jeremy Hummel , Breaking Benjamin auditioned fifteen drummers , of whom Chad Szeliga stood out for his ability as a stage performer and the fact that he had `` serious problem - solving skills '' , according to Burnley . The group 's next album , Phobia , was again produced by Bendeth and was the first to be recorded with Szeliga . The concept of the album is dedicated to Burnley 's various phobias . The cover of the album depicts a winged man suspended over a runway , which represents the singer 's fear of flying . Burnley also suffers from death anxiety , a fear of the dark , driving anxiety , and hypochondriasis . Burnley cites his fear of flying as for why he did not perform overseas , saying , `` I 'll go as far as a boat will take me '' , though at the time the band 's record label had not facilitated travel by boat . Phobia 's `` Intro '' and `` Outro '' tracks feature sound effects of an airport intercom , airplane turbulance , car doors , and crowd panic . Phobia was released on August 8 , 2006 to commercial success . The album sold more than 131,000 copies in its first week of sales and peaked at No. 2 on the Billboard 200 . It went gold on November 8 , 2006 , then platinum on May 21 , 2009 . Its lead single , `` The Diary of Jane '' , peaked at No. 2 on the Mainstream Rock Songs chart and was the fastest single added to radio playlists in the history of Hollywood Records , later receiving a double platinum certification on November 24 , 2015 . `` Breath '' , the record 's second single , spent seven weeks at No. 1 on the Mainstream Rock Songs chart , and went platinum on November 24 , 2015 . The third single , `` Until the End '' , peaked at No. 6 on the same chart , and became a gold single on February 11 , 2014 . In February 2007 in support of Phobia , AXS TV ( then known as HDNet ) aired a one - hour Breaking Benjamin concert from Stabler Arena in Bethlehem , Pennsylvania . The broadcast recording was included on the re-released Phobia DVD in April , billed as `` The Homecoming '' . A music video was created for `` Breath '' which was made from footage of the song 's performance at the show . Breaking Benjamin followed with Spring and Fall tours alongside Three Days Grace , accompanied by Puddle of Mudd during the Spring tour , and Seether , Skillet , and Red during the Fall tour . Phobia received mixed critical reception . It received praise for general composition and musicianship but received criticism for a lack of originality . AllMusic 's Corey Apar found the album `` nothing if not consistent , '' and while generally regarding the disc with positive sentiments , noted a lack of distinction from the `` rest of the post-grunge / alt - metal pack '' aside from `` a certain charm '' . IGN 's Spence D. gave the disc a negative review , citing tedium and lack of vocal distinction , feeling that the group 's `` intersection of hard rock and emo - oriented introspection '' is `` not a bad thing , but also not a terribly memorable or earth - shattering one , either . '' However , the writer praised the musicianship of Fink , Klepaski , and Szeliga , ultimately giving the album a score of 5.7 out of 10 . Entertainment Weekly graded the album C+ and noted its angst - ridden themes , saying , `` as pathological angst goes , it 's expertly done , with expansive choruses and epic riffs -- not that that matters , when , like , we 're all going to die cold and alone anyway . '' Dear Agony ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Breaking Benjamin performing in Fort Wayne , Indiana in January 2010 . Breaking Benjamin began working on a fourth album , titled Dear Agony , in 2009 . It was the first album Burnley wrote while completely sober . In 2007 , Burnley experienced fatigue and phosphenes following three consecutive days of no sleep and heavy drinking , after which he decided to remain sober . Burnley acknowledged an improved clarity and coherence within Dear Agony due to his sobriety . The album cover features Burnley 's brain scan , representing the recurrent themes on Dear Agony related to the singer 's chronic illnesses caused by alcohol consumption . Burnley collaborated with then - Red guitarist Jasen Rauch on various tracks for Dear Agony : The two equally wrote together the songs `` Without You '' and `` Hopeless '' , and Rauch wrote the outro for `` I Will Not Bow '' , also helping write `` Lights Out '' . Burnley said of the collaboration , `` I love writing with him because he does stuff exactly like I would 've done , '' adding , `` writing-wise , we 're like the same person . '' Dear Agony was released on September 9 , 2009 , and peaked at No. 4 on the Billboard 200 . The disc initially outsold its predecessor in its first week , moving more than 134,000 copies . It ultimately achieved gold certification on February 16 , 2010 . The album 's lead single `` I Will Not Bow '' reached No. 1 on the Mainstream Rock Songs chart , and went platinum on November 24 , 2015 . The other two singles , `` Lights Out '' and `` Give Me a Sign '' , peaked at No. 9 and No. 6 on the Mainstream Rock Songs chart , respectively ( the latter of which also receiving a gold certification on November 24 , 2015 ) . Breaking Benjamin toured in support of the album in January and February 2010 with Three Days Grace and Flyleaf , then with Red , Chevelle , and Thousand Foot Krutch in March 2010 . In April , Breaking Benjamin began touring with Nickelback , Shinedown , and Sick Puppies on their Dark Horse Tour . Prior to the last show of the Dark Horse Tour , Burnley stated he was ill and therefore no longer able to tour in support of the album , placing the band on hiatus . After internet rumors began to circulate that the band had broken up , Burnley released a statement `` officially letting everyone know that Breaking Benjamin has not broken up . '' Dear Agony received mixed critical reception . AllMusic 's James Monger gave the album a positive review , stating it `` feels a lot like their first three '' , noting a consistency that `` feels like a well - oiled machine . '' The disc received a negative review from Consequence of Sound 's Alex Young , who complained of over-production and the disc 's sell - out nature at the hands of three - time Breaking Benjamin producer David Bendeth : `` Dear Agony is the unfortunate side effect of a trend in ' producer ' David Bendeth 's world , training wild chimpanzees to be more tasteful whilst handling silverware '' , ultimately giving the record a half - star `` for teaching Breaking Benjamin 's peers who not to hire for production credit . '' About Entertainment gave the record a mixed review , feeling that `` Though it lacks the breakthrough singles of Phobia , Dear Agony does have its moments , '' adding , `` frustratingly , Dear Agony never reaches greatness , settling for an admirable competency that 's still the envy of many of their contemporaries . '' Hiatus and Shallow Bay ( 2010 -- 2013 ) `` Blow Me Away '' ( feat . Valora ) Sample of the remixed version of `` Blow Me Away '' featuring Sydnee Duran of Valora . Problems playing this file ? See media help . In March 2010 , Hollywood Records requested that the band produce two new master recordings and a greatest hits album , and sought permission to release a new version of the hit song `` Blow Me Away '' featuring Sydnee Duran of Valora . In May 2011 , Fink and Klepaski granted the record company 's requests after they were offered a $100,000 payment . Burnley , alleging that Fink and Klepaski acted unilaterally on both the song remix and the compilation album , not informing him or the band 's management , fired the two via email , demanding at least $250,000 in punitive fees and compensatory damages , as well as the exclusive right to the name Breaking Benjamin . Fink and Klepaski 's attorneys stated the two `` dispute and strictly deny '' Burnley 's allegations , instead asserting that a January 2009 agreement ( allowing Burnley to dismiss them for `` just cause '' ) was no longer valid because of the singer 's status of indefinite hiatus . The case was ordered by a judge to arbitration . Burnley 's attorney , Brian Caplan , told the Associated Press , `` The relationship between Mr. Burnley and the two other members of the band has ended ... Mr. Burnley intends on moving forward using the name Breaking Benjamin and the band will continue . It just wo n't continue in its prior configuration . He 's not retiring . '' In August 2011 , Hollywood Records scheduled the release of the Shallow Bay : The Best of Breaking Benjamin compilation album , featuring every single from the band 's catalog , including the remix of `` Blow Me Away '' . A two - disc deluxe edition was released alongside it , with the second disc containing altered versions of b - sides and rarities . Burnley publicly opposed the album 's release , saying content had been altered without his consent and did not meet his standards . Burnley later elaborated , saying that the rarities were taken off of his laptop without his consent , and were intended for in - studio reference and not public release , but that he was otherwise content with previously - released tracks on Shallow Bay . The album was released on August 16 , 2011 and peaked at No. 22 on the Billboard 200 , also topping the Hard Rock Albums chart in 2011 , 2012 , and 2013 . The disc received positive critical reception . The Daily Trojan 's Krishna Jetti praised it for balance and a progressive retrospective history . AllMusic 's Gregory Heaney felt similarly , saying , `` Shallow Bay is a great jumping - on point for new fans , capturing the band at their height delivering some of their best moments in one convenient package . For older fans , this collection may just serve as a reminder of a crucial turning point in Breaking Benjamin 's career . '' In April 2013 , Burnley announced that the dispute involving Fink and Klepaski was resolved and that he would retain the right to continue the band under the name Breaking Benjamin . Three days later , Szeliga announced his departure , citing creative differences . Return and Dark Before Dawn ( 2014 -- 2016 ) In August 2014 , Breaking Benjamin announced via Facebook that the band reformed as a quintet with , except for Burnley , all new members , including : Dear Agony co-writer Jasen Rauch ( guitar , originally from Red ) ; Keith Wallen ( guitar and backing vocals , originally from Adelitas Way ) ; Aaron Bruch ( bass and backing vocals ) ; and Shaun Foist ( drums , originally from Picture Me Broken ) . Burnley said of the lineup : `` Everybody that 's in the band now is deliberately handpicked , '' noting that `` Keith ( Wallen ) and Aaron ( Bruch ) are really , really amazing singers . That 's kind of what the band always needed . '' On March 18 , 2015 , a new single entitled `` Failure '' as well as a new album , Dark Before Dawn , were announced for release on March 23 and June 23 , respectively . Breaking Benjamin performing at Rock am Ring in Germany 2016 . The new lineup debuted with acoustic shows in late 2014 , then went on a four - venue winter tour in the north - eastern United States . The band afterward announced 2015 spring , summer , and fall tour dates , supported by bands such as Young Guns and Starset . In July 2015 , the band announced their first overseas performance , in which they headlined a four - day cruise venue in February 2016 along with Yngwie Malmsteen , Zakk Wylde , Flyleaf , et al . The band also performed on a joint U.S. tour with Shinedown in October and November along with Sevendust , and proceeded to play further outside of the United States in June 2016 at venues such as the Download Festival in the United Kingdom , Rock am Ring in Germany , and Nova Rock in Austria . Burnley explained that writing for Dark Before Dawn was intermittent and fragmentary , taking place throughout the hiatus , though it was toward the end of the hiatus in 2013 when it became cohesive . After growing frustrated with the lack of answers regarding his health condition , Burnley decided to abandon searching for a diagnosis and focus on the album . Recorded and produced at a personal studio of Burnley 's , Dark Before Dawn is the first album with the front man credited as the producer . The singer stated that `` I would say that I did the same amount of producing on this album as I 've done on other albums , just never had my name ( on it ) '' , adding , `` You know , I 'm not doing anything different here than I have done in the past . Why should n't I be known to be doing it ? '' Within an hour of pre-order availability , Dark Before Dawn reached No. 1 on the rock albums chart on iTunes and No. 3 on the overall album chart . It sold 135,000 pure album units and 141,000 equivalent album units in its first week , debuting at No. 1 on the Billboard 200 , making the album the group 's heretofore most successful sales effort . It achieved gold certification on August 18 , 2016 . The disc 's lead single `` Failure '' spent nine weeks at No. 1 on the Mainstream Rock Songs chart as well . Billboard 's Jason Lipshutz felt the album 's success was `` eyebrow - raising '' , noting that , in addition to the band 's lineup change , `` 135,000 in pure album sales is a hefty number in 2015 -- it 's a bigger number than the respective bows of recent Madonna , ASAP Rocky , and Kelly Clarkson albums '' . Joe DeTomaso , program director of active rock station WAQX - FM , added that , `` They 've always been a top - level band for the format , but not quite on the level of Disturbed or Shinedown or bands like that . They always seem to put out hit records without getting the kind of recognition that they deserved . '' Forbes ' Hugh McIntyre writes that runner - up Tori Kelly 's 75,000 copies `` puts Breaking Benjamin 's figures into perspective '' and that despite `` a pretty extensive lineup change , it looks like fans were awaiting their return with open arms . '' The album was met with mostly positive critical reception , many critics praising the album for staying true to the group 's sound , though others criticized it for sounding too similar to previous material . Dan Marsicano from About Entertainment stated , `` Burnley could have made his creation just another dose of the glitzy , overproduced crap that is heard on every rock radio station in the world . Instead , Breaking Benjamin hardly deviate from the hooky jams that were present on Dear Agony . '' Conversely , AllMusic 's James Monger felt that `` it 's hard to conceal the fact that most of these songs are nearly interchangeable with the band 's older material . '' Revolver 's Jeremy Borjon felt that `` the music 's true force only becomes apparent through deeper and repeated listenings , as the songs , on the surface , have a tendency to blend into one another . '' Ember ( 2017 -- present ) The group 's sixth studio album was first revealed to be completed in August 2017 . The band toured with Avenged Sevenfold and Bullet For My Valentine on their North American tour , following with a U.S. mini-tour with 10 Years , and then a tour with Five Finger Death Punch beginning in the second quarter of 2018 . In December 2017 , Ember and its lead single `` Red Cold River '' were announced for release in the second quarter of 2018 and January 5 , 2018 , respectively . On January 26 , `` Feed the Wolf '' was released as a pre-order bonus , along with a release date for the album of April 13 , 2018 . Three subsequent songs -- `` Blood '' , `` Psycho '' , and `` Save Yourself '' -- were released ahead of the album as promotional releases . It sold 88,000 units in its first week of sales , debuting at No. 3 on the Billboard 200 . `` Red Cold River '' peaked at No. 2 on the Mainstream Rock Songs chart , and No. 5 on the Hot Rock Songs chart . Writing for the album began in 2016 , with recording primarily happening in 2017 . While Burnley remained the primary composer for the album , he stated that around half of it was written by the rest of the band . Burnley returned to producing for the album , along with the rest of the band , a first for the group . Rauch commented that the album pushes the boundaries with heavier material than the band 's done in the past . He said `` playing-wise , it 's the most difficult album '' , and that they took advantage of the three - guitar player dynamic , but that the album nonetheless does not depart from Breaking Benjamin 's established sound . Burnley explained that there was demand for heavier material from fans , and that the group was happy to reflect that . He later explained that he believed fans gravitated to the heavier side of the band , but that `` we also make sure to explore our melodic and softer side too '' , saying that the album seeks to give both sides to the furthest degree . Burnley stated that he chose Ember as the album title as something that could be the end of something or the start of it , but emphasized an intentional ambiguity to leave it open to interpretation . Official music videos were released for `` Red Cold River '' and `` Torn in Two '' on January 18 and April 12 , respectively , with Burnley explaining that they are part of a planned three - part continuity . The music video for `` Torn in Two '' is a continuation of a narrative started by `` Red Cold River '' , and features references to all of Breaking Benjamin 's past music videos . Dancer and actor Derek Hough ( who had previously covered `` Ashes of Eden '' in a choreographed music video ) has an appearance on the album , saying that the opportunity was `` a dream come true '' . Burnley later explained that he reached out to Hough after seeing his cover of `` Ashes of Eden '' , and that the song he is featured on is `` The Dark of You '' . Ember received mostly positive critical reception , and was noted both for its familiarity and its heavier stylistic shift . AllMusic 's Neil Yeung gave a generally favorable review but emphasized its familiarity , saying , `` As far as variety goes , this is a fairly standard collection of tunes from a band that is mainly concerned with giving fans what they want and expect . '' Conversely , Loudwire 's Chad Childers called Ember `` a heavy record -- not just in terms of sound where you could argue that they 've never sounded heavier , but also in terms of lyrical content '' , saying the group is `` proving that they 're better ( and yes , heavier ) than ever with plenty still left to say . '' Luke Nuttall of The Soundboard gave the album a mixed review , saying , `` Even the most dedicated diehard has to admit that this is far from groundbreaking or any sort of departure from their past material , and such an unashamed recycling of work seldom leads to positive results '' , but adding that , `` Ember manages to elevate above radio - rock 's most uninspired efforts , but this is purely for those who 've been there all the way through ; for everyone else , it 's there to embrace or avoid as per want . '' Leon TK felt similarly , concluding that `` Ember is a decent alt - metal album . It just adheres tightly to a well - established formula -- and that makes it either unremarkable , or just what you 're after , depending on your perspective . Whether you loved or hated Breaking Benjamin before Ember , you wo n't change your mind this time either . '' Characteristics Musical style `` Into the Nothing '' `` Into the Nothing '' ( Dear Agony ) is an example of the band 's recurrent formula involving `` crunchy '' guitars , swelling choruses , angst - heavy vocals , and tight construction . Problems playing this file ? See media help . Breaking Benjamin 's musical style is primarily classified as hard rock and alternative rock , more specifically post-grunge and alternative metal , and has commonly been noted for its consistency . Corey Apar felt that `` Breaking Benjamin are nothing if not consistent '' , and Alex Young felt that `` Breaking Benjamin is one of the few modern rock bands on the radio that , if you have heard any song in its catalog prior , could be immediately recognized . '' Despite a complete lineup change prior to the release of Dark Before Dawn , Dan Marsicano stated , `` Breaking Benjamin hardly deviate from the hooky jams that were present on Dear Agony . They have had an established sound since their breakout We Are Not Alone -- hard - edged riffs with emotional upheaval -- and that is n't tampered with on Dark Before Dawn . '' Their style is described by Apar as `` mixing heavy hard rock dynamics with a moody demeanor that never slips into full - on dejection . '' Spence D. characterizes the band as `` ( persisting ) in delivering crunching guitars topped off with somewhat generic , angst - ridden ( lyrics ) that waffle between being plaintive and aggressive '' with vocals that `` ( deliver ) just the right amount of emotion , fluctuating between contemplative subjectivity and growling anger . '' Young felt that Breaking Benjamin is `` indicative of early ' 00s modern rock , while also now and then being more Filter-esque or technically proficient , primarily on guitar during 2002 's Saturate , and from then on with bass and drums . '' Composition Burnley is the primary songwriter in the band . Music industry attorney and author Martin Frascogna writes that `` it 's unmistakably clear that Burnley started the group , is the creative force behind the group and essentially dictates the group 's decisions . '' Bands such as Nirvana , Live , Bush , Pearl Jam , Stone Temple Pilots , and The Beatles have been cited as influences . Burnley remarked in 2009 that while the other band members did contribute , it was `` always left up to me to put all the pieces together and make it so that it 's even anything at all . '' However , Burnley expressed how he considered Rauch to be his `` writing partner '' during Dear Agony , and that he looked forward to writing with him in the future . After joining the band in 2014 as part of the new lineup , Rauch provided writing contributions on Dark Before Dawn , writing the intro and outro tracks as well as riffs on two other tracks . Burnley revealed in 2015 that the whole band would write songs for Breaking Benjamin in the future , and that `` It just so happens that when they came on board for this album , I was already 95 percent done '' , adding , `` I 'm really looking forward to writing the next one all together . '' 2018 's Ember represents the band 's first effort with full composition credit given to members other than Burnley . Breaking Benjamin 's lyrical content evolved as a product of Burnley 's sobriety , the front man noting that the lyricism in Dear Agony is more thought out . Rito Asilo of the Inquirer writes that Burnley `` owes the improved clarity and coherence in Breaking Benjamin 's music to sobriety . '' Burnley has said that before sobriety , anything that made sense thematically was a coincidence , and that he would take shots if he were dissatisfied with a lyric . Breaking Benjamin 's lyrics have been noted for their vague , angst - heavy themes , Burnley saying that `` I try to keep my writing vague so people can draw their own conclusions . '' Live performance Rhythm guitarist and vocalist Keith Wallen performing in 2016 . Breaking Benjamin 's live sound has corresponded with lineup arrangements . The band originally lacked backing vocalists and tertiary instrumentation , requiring them to rely on pre-recorded tracks during live performances . However , the band was noted for a change in such respects with the second iteration of the band assembled in 2014 . Bruch and Wallen were selected in part for their ability as singers , providing all backing vocals on both new studio recordings and during live shows . Burnley noted that it was important to add two new singers in order to replicate vocal techniques such as three - part harmonies , octave range , and layered vocals . Rauch , acting as a third guitarist , provides the band with `` more freedom while simultaneously thickening up their live sound '' , as some songs feature three guitar parts , layered guitars , or are meant to feature Burnley only performing vocals , such as `` I Will Not Bow '' and `` Lights Out '' . Foist utilizes Roland V - Kit electronic drums during live performances and triggers certain sounds as heard in studio recordings , such as the piano notes in `` Breakdown '' . Additionally , Rauch is equipped with a Roland GR - 55 guitar synthesizer allowing him to play orchestral strings and choir sound effects , further eliminating any reliance on pre-recorded tracks . Members Current members Benjamin Burnley -- lead vocals , rhythm guitar ( 1999 -- present ) Jasen Rauch -- lead guitar , strings , programming ( 2014 -- present ) Keith Wallen -- rhythm guitar , backing vocals ( 2014 -- present ) Aaron Bruch -- bass , backing vocals ( 2014 -- present ) Shaun Foist -- drums , percussion , programming ( 2014 -- present ) Former members Chad Szeliga -- drums , percussion ( 2005 -- 2013 ) Aaron Fink -- lead guitar ( 2002 -- 2011 ) Mark Klepaski -- bass guitar ( 2002 -- 2011 ) Jeremy Hummel -- drums , percussion ( 1999 -- 2004 ) Jonathan `` Bug '' Price -- bass guitar ( 2001 ) Jason Davoli -- bass guitar ( 1999 ) Touring musicians Kevin Soffera -- drums , percussion ( 2004 ) Ben `` BC '' Vaught -- drums , percussion ( 2004 -- 2005 ) Timeline Discography Main article : Breaking Benjamin discography Studio albums Saturate ( 2002 ) We Are Not Alone ( 2004 ) Phobia ( 2006 ) Dear Agony ( 2009 ) Dark Before Dawn ( 2015 ) Ember ( 2018 ) References Notes Jump up ^ However , the band 's recurrent online biography written by AllMusic 's Alex Henderson states of the alternative metal label , `` Korn and Tool have also been cited as influences , but unlike Korn , Breaking Benjamin does n't have strong hip - hop leanings and is n't quite alternative metal -- hard alternative rock , certainly , but not quite alternative metal . '' Citations Jump up ^ Monacelli 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Book 2015 . Jump up ^ Craft 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Sisak 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Said 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Duff 2002 . ^ Jump up to : Henderson & n.d . Jump up ^ Breaking Benjamin 2001 . Jump up ^ St. James 2003 . ^ Jump up to : Billboard 200 . ^ Jump up to : RIAA . Jump up ^ Zeiler 2003 . Jump up ^ MTV News 2003 . Jump up ^ Taylor 2002 . Jump up ^ Cherubino 2002 . ^ Jump up to : Loftus 2004a . ^ Jump up to : Wiederhorn 2004 . Jump up ^ Billboard 2004 , p. 49 . Jump up ^ RIANZ . Jump up ^ Billboard Mainstream Rock Songs , pp. 1 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Moss 2004 . Jump up ^ Moriarty 2004 . Jump up ^ Authier 2004 . Jump up ^ Loftus 2004b . Jump up ^ Amerman 2005 , p. 1a . Jump up ^ Business Wire 2005 . Jump up ^ Modern Drummer 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Apar 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Miranda & Holmquest 2004 . ^ Jump up to : Lello 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bishop 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Billboard Mainstream Rock Songs . Jump up ^ AXS TV 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Kelly 2007 . Jump up ^ Blair 2007 . Jump up ^ IGN Music 2007 . ^ Jump up to : D. 2006 . Jump up ^ Greenblatt 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Lipshutz 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Wiederhorn 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Florino 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Lello 2009 . Jump up ^ Billboard Mainstream Rock Songs 100904 . Jump up ^ Billboard Mainstream Rock Songs 100417 . Jump up ^ Ultimate Guitar 2010 . Jump up ^ Tunelab 2010 . Jump up ^ Morentin 2010 . Jump up ^ Monger 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Young 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Grierson 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Sisak & Gaydos 2011 . Jump up ^ Rubinkam 2011 . ^ Jump up to : KPNT 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Rosen 2015b . ^ Jump up to : Heaney 2011 . Jump up ^ Jetti 2011 . Jump up ^ Childers 2013 . Jump up ^ Frederick 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hargis 2014 . Jump up ^ KSHE 2015 . Jump up ^ Schoof 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Zadrozny 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hoyle 2015 . ^ Jump up to : MPJ 2015 . Jump up ^ Titus 2015 . Jump up ^ Childers 2015 . Jump up ^ James 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking Benjamin - Rock am Ring 2016 '' . Archived from the original on 7 January 2016 . Retrieved 22 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NOVAROCK - HOME '' . Novarock.at . Retrieved 22 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Trunk 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Marsicano 2015 . Jump up ^ Trunk 2015 , event occurs at 19 : 03 . Jump up ^ Blabbermouth 2015 . Jump up ^ Caulfield 2015 . Jump up ^ Screamer Magazine 2016 . Jump up ^ Billboard Mainstream Rock Songs , p. 1 . ^ Jump up to : Lipshutz 2015 . Jump up ^ McIntyre 2015 . Jump up ^ Monger 2015 . Jump up ^ Borjon 2015 . Jump up ^ Hartmann 2017 . Jump up ^ Childers 2017 . Jump up ^ Payne 2018 . Jump up ^ Blabbermouth 2017 . Jump up ^ Divita 2018 . Jump up ^ Divita 2018b . Jump up ^ Divita 2018c . Jump up ^ Hartmann 2018 . Jump up ^ Caulfield 2018 . Jump up ^ Billboard Mainstream Rock Songs 1061958 . Jump up ^ Billboard Hot Rock Songs 1061958 . Jump up ^ Mitchell 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Wendowski 2018 . Jump up ^ Davis 2018 . Jump up ^ Anderson 2017 , event occurs at 01 : 43 . Jump up ^ Burnley 2017 , event occurs at 03 : 25 . Jump up ^ Blabbermouth 2018 . Jump up ^ Ganz 2017 . Jump up ^ Stubblebine 2017 . Jump up ^ Childers 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Yeung 2018 . Jump up ^ Childers 2018b . Jump up ^ Nuttall 2018 . Jump up ^ TK 2018 . Jump up ^ Henderson & n.d ; Wiederhorn 2015 ; Lipshutz 2015 ; Mansfield 2015 ; D. 2006 ; Greenblatt 2006 ; Marsicano 2015 ; Titus 2015 . Jump up ^ Henderson & n.d ; Sisak & Gaydos 2011 ; Miller 2004 ; Lipshutz 2009 ; Cox 2014 ; Floyd 2015 ; Walden 2015 ; Davis - Young 2015 . Jump up ^ Henderson & n.d ; Young 2009 ; Lipshutz 2009 ; Greene 2006 ; Apar 2006 . Jump up ^ Grierson 2009 ; Leroy 2004 ; Apar 2006 ; Saincome 2015 ; Marsicano 2015 . Jump up ^ Frederick 2015b . Jump up ^ Frascogna 2011 . Jump up ^ Henderson & n.d ; Miranda & Holmquest 2004 . ^ Jump up to : Bowar 2015 . Jump up ^ Asilo 2015 . Jump up ^ Brayton 2009 . Jump up ^ Grierson 2009 ; Greenblatt 2006 ; D. 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Trunk 2015 ; Axton 2015 ; Rosen 2015a ; Rosen 2015b ; Kielich 2015 ; Hahn 2014 Jump up ^ Axton 2015 . Sources Amerman , Kevin ( September 29 , 2005 ) . `` Band sees no basis for lawsuit / The drummer was fired justly and was properly paid , says Breaking Benjamin 's manager '' . Times Leader . Civitas Media . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2015 . Anderson , Rockwell ( April 25 , 2017 ) . Rockwell Unscene Interview : Breaking Benjamin - Las Rageous ( interview video ) . Las Vegas : Tattoo.com . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Apar , Corey ( 2006 ) . `` Phobia '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2013 . Asilo , Rito ( July 4 , 2015 ) . `` Breaking Benjamin finds clarity in sobriety '' . Philippine Daily Inquirer . Raul C. Pangalanan . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2015 . Authier , Amber ( September 1 , 2004 ) . `` Breaking Benjamin We Are Not Alone '' . Exclaim ! . Ian Danzig . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2015 . Axton , Gene ( July 14 , 2015 ) . `` Breaking Benjamin stops home for show at Montage Mountain in September '' . Times Leader . Civitas Media . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2015 . `` HDNet Schedule for Mon . October 3 , 2011 to Sun . October 9 , 2011 '' ( PDF ) . AXS TV . CBS Corporation . October 3 , 2011 . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . `` Breaking Benjamin -- Chart history ( Billboard 200 ) '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved August 26 , 2015 . `` Breaking Benjamin -- Chart history ( Mainstream Rock Songs ) '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved July 9 , 2015 . `` Rock Music : Top Mainstream Rock Songs Chart for the Week of September 4 , 2010 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . September 4 , 2010 . Retrieved September 4 , 2010 . `` Rock Music : Top Mainstream Rock Songs Chart for the Week of April 17 , 2010 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . April 17 , 2010 . Retrieved April 17 , 2010 . `` Breaking Benjamin Red Cold River Chart History - Billboard Mainstream Rock Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . March 31 , 2018 . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . `` Breaking Benjamin Red Cold River Chart History - Billboard Hot Rock Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . January 20 , 2018 . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . Billboard ( June 17 , 2004 ) . Billboard. 116 . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . pp. 5 -- 63 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved July 9 , 2015 . Bishop , Matt ( April 20 , 2014 ) . `` Breaking Benjamin announce their return '' . The Rock Revival . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2013 . `` Breaking Benjamin to release ' Dark Before Dawn ' album in June '' . Blabbermouth . March 23 , 2015 . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . `` Breaking Benjamin To Release ' Red Cold River ' Single In January '' . Blabbermouth . December 19 , 2017 . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . `` BREAKING BENJAMIN 's ' Ember ' Gets Official Release Date ; Listen To New Song ' Feed The Wolf ' '' . Blabbermouth.net . January 25 , 2018 . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Blair , Kevin , ed. ( April 3 , 2007 ) . `` Three Days Grace Announce US Spring Tour with Breaking Benjamin , Puddle of Mudd '' . Starpulse Radio . Media Holdings LLC . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2007 . Brayton , Rebecca ( 2009 ) . `` Interview with Breaking Benjamin on Writing Sober '' . WatchMojo.com . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2015 . Book , Ryan ( May 18 , 2015 ) . `` Breaking Benjamin Talks `` Failure , '' Leeches and Covering Weezer `` . Music Times . Emily Wittmann . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2015 . Borjon , Jeremy ( June 16 , 2015 ) . `` Review : Breaking Benjamin -- Dark Before Dawn '' . Revolver . NewBay Media . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2015 . Bowar , Chad ( June 17 , 2015 ) . `` Breaking Benjamin Interview -- A Conversation with Vocalist Benjamin Burnley '' . About Entertainment . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2015 . Breaking Benjamin ( 2001 ) . Breaking Benjamin EP ( liner notes ) . Danville , Pennsylvania : Independent . Burnley , Benjamin ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` Breaking Benjamin Frontman Ben Burnley '' ( Interview ) . Interviewed by Colfax . Denver , Colorado : KBPI . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . `` 3 Doors Down to Headline All Star Summer Tour ; Staind and Breaking Benjamin to Open '' . Business Wire . Berkshire Hathaway . May 9 , 2005 . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2015 . Caulfield , Keith ( July 1 , 2015 ) . `` Breaking Benjamin Earns Its First No. 1 Album on the Billboard 200 Chart '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2015 . Caulfield , Keith ( April 22 , 2018 ) . `` Jason Aldean Scores Fourth No. 1 on Billboard 200 Albums Chart With ' Rearview Town ' '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . Cherubino , Vin ( 2002 ) . `` CD Review of Breaking Benjamin Saturate '' . Schwegweb . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2015 . Childers , Chad ( April 20 , 2013 ) . `` Breaking Benjamin Front man Benjamin Burnley Retains Rights to Band 's Name '' . Loudwire . Diffuser Network . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2015 . Childers , Chad ( August 10 , 2015 ) . `` Shinedown + Breaking Benjamin Team Up for Fall 2015 U.S. Tour '' . Loudwire . Diffuser Network . Retrieved August 10 , 2015 . Childers , Chad ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Avenged Sevenfold Announce Winter 2018 North American Tour Dates With Breaking Benjamin + Bullet For My Valentine '' . Loudwire . Diffuser Network . Retrieved January 21 , 2018 . Childers , Chad ( January 18 , 2018 ) . `` Breaking Benjamin Welcome `` Dancing With the Stars '' Derek Hough For New Song `` The Dark of You '' `` . Loudwire . Diffuser Network . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . Childers , Chad ( April 12 , 2018 ) . `` Breaking Benjamin Explore Their Dark Side With Fiery `` Ember '' `` . Loudwire . Diffuser Network . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . Cox , Danny ( June 17 , 2014 ) . `` Breaking Benjamin 's hits keep coming as they own the stage '' . AXS TV . CBS Corporation . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2015 . Craft , Dan ( July 16 , 2015 ) . `` Breaking good : A smashing comeback for Ben & Co '' . The Pantagraph . Julie Bechtel . Retrieved August 23 , 2015 . D. , Spence ( September 11 , 2006 ) . `` Breaking Benjamin -- Phobia -- More of the same from the Pennsylvania quartet '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 19 . Davis , Heather ( January 2018 ) . `` Breaking Benjamin Bio -- 2018 '' . Hollywood Records . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2018 . Davis - Young , Katherine ( July 2 , 2015 ) . `` Alt - rockers Breaking Benjamin top Billboard 200 for first time '' ( Press release ) . Reuters . Retrieved December 26 , 2015 . Divita , Joe ( January 26 , 2018 ) . `` Breaking Benjamin ' Feed the Wolf ' + Reveal ' Ember ' Release Date '' . Loudwire . Diffuser Network . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Divita , Joe ( February 23 , 2018 ) . `` Breaking Benjamin 's `` Blood '' is a Storm of Heaviness and Atmospheric Beauty `` . Loudwire . Diffuser Network . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Divita , Joe ( March 23 , 2018 ) . `` Breaking Benjamin Deal Out Brutality on `` Psycho '' `` . Loudwire . Diffuser Network . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . Duff , Michael , ed . ( November 28 , 2002 ) . `` November Ticket Mania -- Who is Breaking Benjamin '' . KCBD . NBC . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2015 . Florino , Rick ( February 3 , 2010 ) . `` Interview : Breaking Benjamin '' . Artist Direct . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2015 . Floyd , Marcus ( July 3 , 2015 ) . `` Album Review : Breaking Benjamin -- Dark Before Dawn '' . Renowned for Sound . Retrieved December 26 , 2015 . Frascogna , Martin ( August 19 , 2011 ) . `` Breaking Benjamin Dispute Lays Bare Dirty Laundry Behind The Scenes Of Record Label Deals '' . Techdirt . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2013 . Frederick , Brittany ( March 24 , 2015 ) . `` Breaking Benjamin returns with new single ' Failure , ' new album on the way '' . AXS TV . CBS Corporation . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2015 . Frederick , Brittany ( June 25 , 2015 ) . `` Breaking Benjamin make strong , if different , comeback with ' Dark Before Dawn ' '' . AXS TV . CBS Corporation . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2015 . Ganz , Jami ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` Derek Hough debuts new music video , talks World of Dance $1 million prize '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Greenblatt , Leah ( August 25 , 2006 ) . `` Phobia ( Music -- Breaking Benjamin ) '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2015 . Greene , Andy ( August 16 , 2006 ) . `` Chart Roundup : Rick Ross , Breaking Benjamin , Slayer '' . Rolling Stone . Jann Wenner . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2013 . Grierson , Tim ( September 14 , 2009 ) . `` Breaking Benjamin -- ' Dear Agony ' Review '' . About Entertainment . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2014 . Hahn , Gary ( October 17 , 2014 ) . `` Breaking Benjamin return with a vengeance '' . Times Union . Hearst Corporation . Retrieved July 18 , 2015 . Hargis , Trudy ( October 16 , 2014 ) . `` Q&A with Breaking Benjamin 's Benjamin Burnley '' . Times Union . Hearst Corporation . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Hartmann , Graham ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` Breaking Benjamin Complete Recording Sixth Studio Album '' . Loudwire . Diffuser Network . Retrieved October 1 , 2017 . Hartmann , Graham ( April 6 , 2018 ) . `` Breaking Benjamin Keep the Heavy Coming With New Track ' Save Yourself ' '' . Loudwire . Diffuser Network . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . Heaney , Gregory ( 2011 ) . `` Shallow Bay : The Best of Breaking Benjamin '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2015 . Henderson , Alex . `` Breaking Benjamin '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2014 . Hoyle , Hayley ( June 24 , 2015 ) . `` Breaking Benjamin Announces New Tour Dates '' . Infectious Magazine . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . `` Breaking Benjamin Fall Tour Schedule -- Phobia support continues as band saddles up and hits the road '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . July 13 , 2007 . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2012 . St. James , Adam , ed. ( 2003 ) . `` If It 's Broke -- Aaron Fink of Breaking Benjamin '' . Guitar.com . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2015 . James ( December 6 , 2015 ) . `` Download Festival Confirm 33 Bands in New Announcement '' . Kerrang ! . Bauer Consumer Media . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . Jetti , Krishna ( September 18 , 2011 ) . `` Breaking Benjamin releases greatest hits album '' . The Daily Trojan . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2014 . Kelly , Amy ( June 12 , 2007 ) . `` Breaking Benjamin Guitarist : ' The Hands And The Passion ' '' . Ultimate Guitar Archive . Eugeny Naidenov . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2015 . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Breaking Benjamin Title Release at FallBall 2017 ( interview video ) . Kino Veterans Memorial Stadium , Tucson , Arizona : KFMA . October 21 , 2017 . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Kielich , Kris ( February 16 , 2015 ) . `` Concert Review : Breaking Benjamin at Main Street Armory '' . City Newspaper . Retrieved July 18 , 2015 . `` Breaking Benjamin front man disowns upcoming ' Hits ' collection '' . KPNT . Emmis Communications . August 2 , 2011 . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2015 . `` New Breaking Benjamin album out in June ; single coming next week '' . K - SHE 95 . Emmis Communications . March 18 , 2015 . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2015 . Lello , Michael ( November 18 , 2009 ) . `` Exclusive Ben Burnley interview transcript '' . The Weekender . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2011 . Lello , Michael ( June 9 , 2015 ) . `` Breaking Benjamin 's Ben Burnley On New Lineup : ' The Band Is Better Than It Ever Was ' '' . Headlines & Global News . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2015 . Leroy , Dan ( November 28 , 2004 ) . `` Combat Rock By Way Of R&B '' . The New York Times . A.O. Sulzberger , Jr . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2015 . Lipshutz , Jason ( October 9 , 2009 ) . `` Breaking Benjamin Takes ' Agony ' To Top 10 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2014 . Lipshutz , Jason ( July 2 , 2015 ) . `` How Did Breaking Benjamin Sell So Many Albums Last Week ? '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2015 . Loftus , Johnny ( 2004 ) . `` We Are Not Alone '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2013 . Loftus , Johnny ( 2004 ) . `` So Cold ( EP ) '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2014 . Marsicano , Dan ( June 23 , 2015 ) . `` Breaking Benjamin -- Dark Before Dawn Review '' . About Entertainment . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2015 . Mansfield , Brian ( July 1 , 2015 ) . `` Breaking Benjamin takes No. 1 album spot '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2015 . McIntyre , Hugh ( July 1 , 2015 ) . `` Rock Band Breaking Benjamin Hit Number One On The Albums Chart For The First Time '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2015 . Miller , Kirk ( August 12 , 2004 ) . `` Breaking Benjamin Break '' . Rolling Stone . Jann Wenner . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2013 . Miranda , Robert ; Holmquest , Kevin ( November 22 , 2004 ) . `` Ben Burnley Breaking Flight with Breaking Benjamin '' . Talk It Out . Jodi Leib . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2013 . Mitchell , Tiffany ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` Breaking Benjamin - Interview with Benjamin Burnley , Aaron Bruch , Jasen Rauch , and Keith Wallen '' . Shockwave Magazine . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . `` Chad Szeliga : Props from Peers '' . Modern Drummer . Isabel Spagnardi . August 24 , 2010 . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2014 . Monacelli , Emily ( July 13 , 2015 ) . `` Godsmack , Breaking Benjamin coming to Kellogg Arena in September '' . Kalamazoo Gazette . Advance Publications . Retrieved July 16 , 2015 . Monger , James ( 2009 ) . `` Dear Agony '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2013 . Monger , James ( 2015 ) . `` Dark Before Dawn '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2015 . Morentin , Elizabeth ( January 6 , 2010 ) . `` Nickelback extends 2010 Dark Horse Tour with Breaking Benjamin , Shinedown , and Sick Puppies with second leg of arena dates '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . Los Angeles , California : Live Nation Entertainment . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on June 26 , 2015 . Moriarty , Colin ( June 29 , 2004 ) . `` We Are Not Alone -- Breaking Benjamin shatter the sophomore slump '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2015 . Moss , Corey ( May 18 , 2004 ) . `` Your Bus or Mine ? Evanescence and Seether to Tour U.S. in July '' . MTV News . Viacom . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2015 . `` Breaking Benjamin & Starset -- Tag 's Summerstage '' . Musician Photo Journal . July 23 , 2015 . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . MTV News ( April 8 , 2003 ) . `` Godsmack Not Into Doing Hoity - Toity Summer Sanitarium Tour , Announce Own Dates '' . MTV News . Viacom . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2015 . Nuttall , Luke ( April 16 , 2018 ) . `` Album Review : ' Ember ' by Breaking Benjamin '' . The Soundboard . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . Payne , Chris ( March 12 , 2018 ) . `` Breaking Benjamin Announces New U.S. Tour Dates With 10 Years '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . RIAA . `` Gold & Platinum -- RIAA '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved August 30 , 2016 . RIANZ . `` NZ Top 40 Albums Chart - The Official New Zealand Music Chart '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Rosen , Craig ( May 20 , 2015 ) . `` Breaking Benjamin Fights Through the Pain With ' Dark Before Dawn ' '' . Yahoo ! Music . Live Nation Entertainment . Retrieved September 29 , 2015 . Rosen , Steve ( June 17 , 2015 ) . `` Breaking Benjamin 's Ben Burnley : ' I Like Having a Staple Sound That People Recognize and I 'm Not Interested in Changing It ' '' . Ultimate Guitar Archive . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2015 . Rubinkam , Michael ( August 2 , 2011 ) . `` Lead singer of Breaking Benjamin fires bandmates '' . Associated Press . Yahoo ! News . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2014 . Said , Sammy , ed . ( January 2012 ) . `` Benjamin Burnley Net Worth '' . The Richest . Valnet Inc . Archived from the original on 2015 - 04 - 02 . Saincome , Matt ( June 17 , 2015 ) . `` Stuck in Traffic with Breaking Benjamin '' . SF Weekly . San Francisco Newspaper Company . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2015 . Schoof , Dustin ( October 27 , 2014 ) . `` Breaking Benjamin returns to the area with triumphant performance in Stroudsburg -- Review '' . Lehigh Valley Live . 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Titus , Christa ( July 7 , 2015 ) . `` Breaking Benjamin to Headline Inaugural Axes & Anchors Cruise '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2015 . TK , Leon ( April 13 , 2018 ) . `` Breaking Benjamin - Ember ( Album Review ) '' . Leon TK . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . Trunk , Eddie ( June 23 , 2015 ) . Breaking Benjamin LIVE Chat on YouTube Space NY featuring host Eddie Trunk from `` That Metal Show '' ( interview video ) . YouTube Space , New York City : YouTube . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2015 . `` Breaking Benjamin Announce Tour with Chevelle '' . Tunelab . January 14 , 2010 . Retrieved September 4 , 2015 . `` Three Days Grace Announce Additional Dates '' . Ultimate Guitar Archive . Eugeny Naidenov . January 12 , 2010 . Retrieved September 4 , 2015 . Walden , Eric ( October 29 , 2015 ) . `` Concert preview : Breaking Benjamin becoming less broken these days '' . The Salt Lake Tribune . Retrieved December 26 , 2015 . 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Diffuser Network . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2015 . Zeiler , Sarah ( March 4 , 2003 ) . `` The Jägermeister Music Tour Is Back ! Saliva and ( hed ) Planet Earth to Headline NYC Date : March 7th @ Roseland '' . PR Newswire . UBM . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2015 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Breaking Benjamin . Official website hide Breaking Benjamin Benjamin Burnley Aaron Bruch Keith Wallen Jasen Rauch Shaun Foist Chris Lightcap Nicholaus Hoover Jonathan Price Jeremy Hummel Aaron Fink Mark Klepaski Chad Szeliga Studio albums Saturate We Are Not Alone Phobia Dear Agony Dark Before Dawn Ember Compilation albums Shallow Bay : The Best of Breaking Benjamin EPs Breaking Benjamin Live EP So Cold EP Singles `` Polyamorous '' `` Skin '' `` So Cold '' `` Sooner or Later '' `` Rain '' `` The Diary of Jane '' `` Breath '' `` Until the End '' `` I Will Not Bow '' `` Give Me a Sign '' `` Lights Out '' `` Blow Me Away '' `` Failure '' `` Angels Fall '' `` Ashes of Eden '' `` Defeated '' `` Never Again '' `` Red Cold River '' Tours Jägermeister Music Tour 2003 Dark Horse Tour Related articles Discography MusicBrainz : 854a1807 - 025b - 42a8 - ba8c - 2a39717f1d25 VIAF : 168731050 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Breaking_Benjamin&oldid=839319290 '' Categories : Breaking Benjamin 1999 establishments in Pennsylvania Alternative rock groups from Pennsylvania American alternative metal musical groups American post-grunge musical groups Hard rock musical groups from Pennsylvania Hollywood Records artists Musical groups established in 1999 Musical quintets Wilkes - Barre , Pennsylvania Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Good articles Use American English from March 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Articles with hCards Articles with hAudio microformats Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Lietuvių Magyar မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina کوردی Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська 27 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 May 2018 , at 17 : 36 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when does breaking benjamin's new album release | [
"The group's sixth studio album was first revealed to be completed in August 2017.[81] The band toured with Avenged Sevenfold and Bullet For My Valentine on their North American tour,[82] following with a U.S. mini-tour with 10 Years, and then a tour with Five Finger Death Punch beginning in the second quarter of 2018.[83] In December 2017, Ember and its lead single \"Red Cold River\" were announced for release in the second quarter of 2018 and January 5, 2018, respectively.[84] On January 26, \"Feed the Wolf\" was released as a pre-order bonus, along with a release date for the album of April 13, 2018.[85] Three subsequent songs—\"Blood\",[86] \"Psycho\",[87] and \"Save Yourself\"[88]—were released ahead of the album as promotional releases. It sold 88,000 units in its first week of sales, debuting at No. 3 on the Billboard 200.[89] \"Red Cold River\" peaked at No. 2 on the Mainstream Rock Songs chart,[90] and No. 5 on the Hot Rock Songs chart.[91]"
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"January 5, 2018"
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7265121535534038054 | Star formation | Star formation - wikipedia Star formation Jump to : navigation , search Star formation Object classes Interstellar medium Molecular cloud Bok globule Dark nebula Young stellar object Protostar T Tauri star Pre-main - sequence star Herbig Ae / Be star Herbig -- Haro object Theoretical concepts Accretion Initial mass function Jeans instability Kelvin -- Helmholtz mechanism Nebular hypothesis Planetary migration Star portal Star formation is the process by which dense regions within molecular clouds in interstellar space , sometimes referred to as `` stellar nurseries '' or `` star - forming regions '' , collapse and form stars . As a branch of astronomy , star formation includes the study of the interstellar medium ( ISM ) and giant molecular clouds ( GMC ) as precursors to the star formation process , and the study of protostars and young stellar objects as its immediate products . It is closely related to planet formation , another branch of astronomy . Star formation theory , as well as accounting for the formation of a single star , must also account for the statistics of binary stars and the initial mass function . Contents ( hide ) 1 Stellar nurseries 1.1 Interstellar clouds 1.2 Cloud collapse 2 Protostar 3 Observations 3.1 Notable pathfinder objects 4 Low mass and high mass star formation 5 See also 6 References Stellar nurseries ( edit ) Hubble telescope image known as Pillars of Creation , where stars are forming in the Eagle Nebula . Interstellar clouds ( edit ) A spiral galaxy like the Milky Way contains stars , stellar remnants , and a diffuse interstellar medium ( ISM ) of gas and dust . The interstellar medium consists of 10 to 10 particles per cm and is typically composed of roughly 70 % hydrogen by mass , with most of the remaining gas consisting of helium . This medium has been chemically enriched by trace amounts of heavier elements that were ejected from stars as they passed beyond the end of their main sequence lifetime . Higher density regions of the interstellar medium form clouds , or diffuse nebulae , where star formation takes place . In contrast to spirals , an elliptical galaxy loses the cold component of its interstellar medium within roughly a billion years , which hinders the galaxy from forming diffuse nebulae except through mergers with other galaxies . In the dense nebulae where stars are produced , much of the hydrogen is in the molecular ( H ) form , so these nebulae are called molecular clouds . Observations indicate that the coldest clouds tend to form low - mass stars , observed first in the infrared inside the clouds , then in visible light at their surface when the clouds dissipate , while giant molecular clouds , which are generally warmer , produce stars of all masses . These giant molecular clouds have typical densities of 100 particles per cm , diameters of 100 light - years ( 9.5 × 10 km ) , masses of up to 6 million solar masses ( M ) , and an average interior temperature of 10 K . About half the total mass of the galactic ISM is found in molecular clouds and in the Milky Way there are an estimated 6,000 molecular clouds , each with more than 100,000 M. The nearest nebula to the Sun where massive stars are being formed is the Orion nebula , 1,300 ly ( 1.2 × 10 km ) away . However , lower mass star formation is occurring about 400 -- 450 light years distant in the ρ Ophiuchi cloud complex . A more compact site of star formation is the opaque clouds of dense gas and dust known as Bok globules ; so named after the astronomer Bart Bok . These can form in association with collapsing molecular clouds or possibly independently . The Bok globules are typically up to a light year across and contain a few solar masses . They can be observed as dark clouds silhouetted against bright emission nebulae or background stars . Over half the known Bok globules have been found to contain newly forming stars . Assembly of galaxy in early Universe . Cloud collapse ( edit ) An interstellar cloud of gas will remain in hydrostatic equilibrium as long as the kinetic energy of the gas pressure is in balance with the potential energy of the internal gravitational force . Mathematically this is expressed using the virial theorem , which states that , to maintain equilibrium , the gravitational potential energy must equal twice the internal thermal energy . If a cloud is massive enough that the gas pressure is insufficient to support it , the cloud will undergo gravitational collapse . The mass above which a cloud will undergo such collapse is called the Jeans mass . The Jeans mass depends on the temperature and density of the cloud , but is typically thousands to tens of thousands of solar masses . This coincides with the typical mass of an open cluster of stars , which is the end product of a collapsing cloud . ALMA observations of the Orion Nebula complex provide insights into explosions at star birth . In triggered star formation , one of several events might occur to compress a molecular cloud and initiate its gravitational collapse . Molecular clouds may collide with each other , or a nearby supernova explosion can be a trigger , sending shocked matter into the cloud at very high speeds . Alternatively , galactic collisions can trigger massive starbursts of star formation as the gas clouds in each galaxy are compressed and agitated by tidal forces . The latter mechanism may be responsible for the formation of globular clusters . A supermassive black hole at the core of a galaxy may serve to regulate the rate of star formation in a galactic nucleus . A black hole that is accreting infalling matter can become active , emitting a strong wind through a collimated relativistic jet . This can limit further star formation . Massive black holes ejecting radio - frequency - emitting particles at near - light speed can also block the formation of new stars in aging galaxies . However , the radio emissions around the jets may also trigger star formation . Likewise , a weaker jet may trigger star formation when it collides with a cloud . Dwarf galaxy ESO 553 - 46 has one of the highest rates of star formation of the 1000 or so galaxies nearest to the Milky Way . As it collapses , a molecular cloud breaks into smaller and smaller pieces in a hierarchical manner , until the fragments reach stellar mass . In each of these fragments , the collapsing gas radiates away the energy gained by the release of gravitational potential energy . As the density increases , the fragments become opaque and are thus less efficient at radiating away their energy . This raises the temperature of the cloud and inhibits further fragmentation . The fragments now condense into rotating spheres of gas that serve as stellar embryos . Complicating this picture of a collapsing cloud are the effects of turbulence , macroscopic flows , rotation , magnetic fields and the cloud geometry . Both rotation and magnetic fields can hinder the collapse of a cloud . Turbulence is instrumental in causing fragmentation of the cloud , and on the smallest scales it promotes collapse . Protostar ( edit ) Main article : Protostar LH 95 stellar nursery in Large Magellanic Cloud . A protostellar cloud will continue to collapse as long as the gravitational binding energy can be eliminated . This excess energy is primarily lost through radiation . However , the collapsing cloud will eventually become opaque to its own radiation , and the energy must be removed through some other means . The dust within the cloud becomes heated to temperatures of 60 -- 100 K , and these particles radiate at wavelengths in the far infrared where the cloud is transparent . Thus the dust mediates the further collapse of the cloud . During the collapse , the density of the cloud increases towards the center and thus the middle region becomes optically opaque first . This occurs when the density is about 10 g / cm . A core region , called the First Hydrostatic Core , forms where the collapse is essentially halted . It continues to increase in temperature as determined by the virial theorem . The gas falling toward this opaque region collides with it and creates shock waves that further heat the core . Composite image showing young stars in and around molecular cloud Cepheus B . When the core temperature reaches about 2000 K , the thermal energy dissociates the H molecules . This is followed by the ionization of the hydrogen and helium atoms . These processes absorb the energy of the contraction , allowing it to continue on timescales comparable to the period of collapse at free fall velocities . After the density of infalling material has reached about 10 g / cm , that material is sufficiently transparent to allow energy radiated by the protostar to escape . The combination of convection within the protostar and radiation from its exterior allow the star to contract further . This continues until the gas is hot enough for the internal pressure to support the protostar against further gravitational collapse -- a state called hydrostatic equilibrium . When this accretion phase is nearly complete , the resulting object is known as a protostar . N11 , part of a complex network of gas clouds and star clusters within our neighbouring galaxy , the Large Magellanic Cloud . Accretion of material onto the protostar continues partially from the newly formed circumstellar disc . When the density and temperature are high enough , deuterium fusion begins , and the outward pressure of the resultant radiation slows ( but does not stop ) the collapse . Material comprising the cloud continues to `` rain '' onto the protostar . In this stage bipolar jets are produced called Herbig - Haro objects . This is probably the means by which excess angular momentum of the infalling material is expelled , allowing the star to continue to form . When the surrounding gas and dust envelope disperses and accretion process stops , the star is considered a pre -- main sequence star ( PMS star ) . The energy source of these objects is gravitational contraction , as opposed to hydrogen burning in main sequence stars . The PMS star follows a Hayashi track on the Hertzsprung -- Russell ( H -- R ) diagram . The contraction will proceed until the Hayashi limit is reached , and thereafter contraction will continue on a Kelvin -- Helmholtz timescale with the temperature remaining stable . Stars with less than 0.5 M thereafter join the main sequence . For more massive PMS stars , at the end of the Hayashi track they will slowly collapse in near hydrostatic equilibrium , following the Henyey track . Finally , hydrogen begins to fuse in the core of the star , and the rest of the enveloping material is cleared away . This ends the protostellar phase and begins the star 's main sequence phase on the H -- R diagram . The stages of the process are well defined in stars with masses around 1 M or less . In high mass stars , the length of the star formation process is comparable to the other timescales of their evolution , much shorter , and the process is not so well defined . The later evolution of stars are studied in stellar evolution . Protostar Protostar outburst - HOPS 383 ( 2015 ) . Observations ( edit ) The Orion Nebula is an archetypical example of star formation , from the massive , young stars that are shaping the nebula to the pillars of dense gas that may be the homes of budding stars . Key elements of star formation are only available by observing in wavelengths other than the optical . The protostellar stage of stellar existence is almost invariably hidden away deep inside dense clouds of gas and dust left over from the GMC . Often , these star - forming cocoons known as Bok globules , can be seen in silhouette against bright emission from surrounding gas . Early stages of a star 's life can be seen in infrared light , which penetrates the dust more easily than visible light . Observations from the Wide - field Infrared Survey Explorer ( WISE ) have thus been especially important for unveiling numerous Galactic protostars and their parent star clusters . Examples of such embedded star clusters are FSR 1184 , FSR 1190 , Camargo 14 , Camargo 74 , Majaess 64 , and Majaess 98 . Star - forming region S106 . The structure of the molecular cloud and the effects of the protostar can be observed in near - IR extinction maps ( where the number of stars are counted per unit area and compared to a nearby zero extinction area of sky ) , continuum dust emission and rotational transitions of CO and other molecules ; these last two are observed in the millimeter and submillimeter range . The radiation from the protostar and early star has to be observed in infrared astronomy wavelengths , as the extinction caused by the rest of the cloud in which the star is forming is usually too big to allow us to observe it in the visual part of the spectrum . This presents considerable difficulties as the Earth 's atmosphere is almost entirely opaque from 20μm to 850μm , with narrow windows at 200μm and 450μm . Even outside this range , atmospheric subtraction techniques must be used . Young stars ( purple ) revealed by X-ray inside the NGC 2024 star - forming region . X-ray observations have proven useful for studying young stars , since X-ray emission from these objects is 100 -- 100,000 times stronger than X-ray emission from main - sequence stars . The earliest detections of X-rays from T Tauri stars were made by the Einstein X-ray Observatory . For low - mass stars X-rays are generated by the heating of the stellar corona through magnetic reconnection , while for high - mass O and early B - type stars X-rays are generated through supersonic shocks in the stellar winds . Photons in the soft X-ray energy range covered by the Chandra X-ray Observatory and XMM Newton may penetrate the interstellar medium with only moderate absorption due to gas , making the X-ray a useful wavelength for seeing the stellar populations within molecular clouds . X-ray emission as evidence of stellar youth makes this band particularly useful for performing censuses of stars in star - forming regions , given that not all young stars have infrared excesses . X-ray observations have provided near - complete censuses of all stellar - mass objects in the Orion Nebula Cluster and Taurus Molecular Cloud . The formation of individual stars can only be directly observed in the Milky Way Galaxy , but in distant galaxies star formation has been detected through its unique spectral signature . Initial research indicates star - forming clumps start as giant , dense areas in turbulent gas - rich matter in young galaxies , live about 500 million years , and may migrate to the center of a galaxy , creating the central bulge of a galaxy . On February 21 , 2014 , NASA announced a greatly upgraded database for tracking polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ( PAHs ) in the universe . According to scientists , more than 20 % of the carbon in the universe may be associated with PAHs , possible starting materials for the formation of life . PAHs seem to have been formed shortly after the Big Bang , are widespread throughout the universe , and are associated with new stars and exoplanets . Notable pathfinder objects ( edit ) MWC 349 was first discovered in 1978 , and is estimated to be only 1,000 years old . VLA 1623 -- The first exemplar Class 0 protostar , a type of embedded protostar that has yet to accrete the majority of its mass . Found in 1993 , is possibly younger than 10,000 years ( 1 ) . L1014 -- An incredibly faint embedded object representative of a new class of sources that are only now being detected with the newest telescopes . Their status is still undetermined , they could be the youngest low - mass Class 0 protostars yet seen or even very low - mass evolved objects ( like a brown dwarf or even an interstellar planet ) . ( 2 ) IRS 8 * -- The youngest known main sequence star in the Galactic Center region , discovered in August 2006 . It is estimated to be 3.5 million years old ( 3 ) . Low mass and high mass star formation ( edit ) Star - forming region Westerhout 40 and the Serpens - Aquila Rift - cloud filaments containing new stars fill the region . Stars of different masses are thought to form by slightly different mechanisms . The theory of low - mass star formation , which is well - supported by a plethora of observations , suggests that low - mass stars form by the gravitational collapse of rotating density enhancements within molecular clouds . As described above , the collapse of a rotating cloud of gas and dust leads to the formation of an accretion disk through which matter is channeled onto a central protostar . For stars with masses higher than about 8 M , however , the mechanism of star formation is not well understood . Massive stars emit copious quantities of radiation which pushes against infalling material . In the past , it was thought that this radiation pressure might be substantial enough to halt accretion onto the massive protostar and prevent the formation of stars with masses more than a few tens of solar masses . Recent theoretical work has shown that the production of a jet and outflow clears a cavity through which much of the radiation from a massive protostar can escape without hindering accretion through the disk and onto the protostar . Present thinking is that massive stars may therefore be able to form by a mechanism similar to that by which low mass stars form . There is mounting evidence that at least some massive protostars are indeed surrounded by accretion disks . Several other theories of massive star formation remain to be tested observationally . Of these , perhaps the most prominent is the theory of competitive accretion , which suggests that massive protostars are `` seeded '' by low - mass protostars which compete with other protostars to draw in matter from the entire parent molecular cloud , instead of simply from a small local region . Another theory of massive star formation suggests that massive stars may form by the coalescence of two or more stars of lower mass . See also ( edit ) Accretion Champagne flow model Chronology of the universe Formation and evolution of the Solar System Galaxy formation and evolution List of star - forming regions in the Local Group References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Stahler , S.W. & Palla , F. ( 2004 ) . The Formation of Stars . Weinheim : Wiley - VCH . ISBN 3 - 527 - 40559 - 3 . Jump up ^ O'Dell , C.R. `` Nebula '' . World Book at NASA . World Book , Inc . Archived from the original on 2005 - 04 - 29 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Prialnik , Dina ( 2000 ) . An Introduction to the Theory of Stellar Structure and Evolution . Cambridge University Press . 195 -- 212 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 65065 - 8 . Jump up ^ Dupraz , C. ; Casoli , F. ( June 4 -- 9 , 1990 ) . `` The Fate of the Molecular Gas from Mergers to Ellipticals '' . Dynamics of Galaxies and Their Molecular Cloud Distributions : Proceedings of the 146th Symposium of the International Astronomical Union . Paris , France : Kluwer Academic Publishers . 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Star Formation Accretion Molecular cloud Bok globule Young stellar object Protostar Pre-main - sequence star Herbig Ae / Be Orion T Tauri FU Orionis Herbig -- Haro object Hayashi track Henyey track Evolution Main sequence Red giant branch Horizontal branch Red clump Asymptotic giant branch Protoplanetary nebula Planetary nebula PG1159 star Dredge - up Instability strip Luminous blue variable Blue straggler Stellar population Supernova Supernova impostor Hypernova Hertzsprung -- Russell diagram Color -- color diagram Luminosity class Subdwarf Dwarf Blue Red White Yellow Brown Subgiant Giant Blue Red Yellow Bright giant Supergiant Blue Red Yellow Hypergiant Yellow Spectral classification O WR Be OB Subdwarf O Subdwarf B Late - type Chemically peculiar Am Ap / Bp Barium Carbon CH CN Extreme helium Lambda Boötis Lead HgMn Technetium Shell Remnants White dwarf Helium planet Neutron star Radio - quiet Pulsar Binary X-ray Magnetar Stellar black hole X-ray binary Burster Theoretical stars Black dwarf Exotic Quark Strange Preon Planck Electroweak star Dark - matter star Dark - energy star Black star Gravastar Frozen star Q star Quasi-star Thorne -- Żytkow object Iron star Blitzar Nucleosynthesis Deuterium burning Lithium burning Proton -- proton chain CNO cycle Helium flash Triple - alpha process Alpha process Carbon burning Neon burning Oxygen burning Silicon burning S - process R - process Fusor Nova Symbiotic Remnant Luminous red nova Structure Core Convection zone Microturbulence Oscillations Radiation zone Atmosphere Photosphere Starspot Chromosphere Corona Stellar wind Bubble Bipolar outflow Accretion disk Asteroseismology Helioseismology Eddington luminosity Kelvin -- Helmholtz mechanism Properties Designation Dynamics Effective temperature Kinematics Magnetic field Absolute magnitude Mass Metallicity Rotation UBV color Variable star Mira variable Star systems Binary Contact Common envelope Eclipsing Multiple Star cluster Open cluster Globular cluster Super star cluster Planetary system Earth 's Solar System Earth - centric observation of Pole star Circumpolar star Constellation Asterism Magnitude Apparent Extinction Photographic Radial velocity Proper motion Parallax Photometric - standard star Lists Star names Arabic Chinese Extremes Most massive Highest temperature Largest volume Smallest volume Brightest Historical Most luminous Nearest Nearest bright Stars with exoplanets Brown dwarfs White dwarfs Milky Way novae Notable supernovae Supernova candidates Supernova remnants Planetary nebulae Timeline of stellar astronomy Related articles Substellar object Brown dwarf Sub-brown dwarf Planet Galactic year Galaxy Supercluster Guest star Gravity Intergalactic star Infrared dark cloud Starfield Category : Stars Star portal GND : 4057364 - 3 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Star_formation&oldid=818788025 '' Categories : Star formation Stellar astronomy Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Italiano ქართული Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 January 2018 , at 15 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where do stars form in the milky way | [
"Star formation is the process by which dense regions within molecular clouds in interstellar space, sometimes referred to as \"stellar nurseries\" or \"star-forming regions\", collapse and form stars.[1] As a branch of astronomy, star formation includes the study of the interstellar medium (ISM) and giant molecular clouds (GMC) as precursors to the star formation process, and the study of protostars and young stellar objects as its immediate products. It is closely related to planet formation, another branch of astronomy. Star formation theory, as well as accounting for the formation of a single star, must also account for the statistics of binary stars and the initial mass function."
] | [
"within molecular clouds in interstellar space"
] |
-7194512475620654822 | Henry Danger | Henry Danger - wikipedia Henry Danger Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Nickelodeon television series . For the writer , see Henry Darger . For the explorer , see Henry Dangar . Henry Danger Genre Sitcom Created by Dan Schneider & Dana Olsen Starring Jace Norman Cooper Barnes Riele Downs Sean Ryan Fox Ella Anderson Theme music composer Zack Hexum Composer ( s ) Michael Corcoran Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 60 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Dan Schneider Producer ( s ) Christopher J. Nowak ( season 1 ) Jeffrey Goldstein Kim Sherwood Running time 21 -- 27 minutes Production company ( s ) Schneider 's Bakery Nickelodeon Productions Release Original network Nickelodeon Original release July 26 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 26 ) -- present External links Website www.nick.com/henry-danger/ Henry Danger is an American sitcom created by Dan Schneider and Dana Olsen that premiered on Nickelodeon on July 26 , 2014 . The series stars Jace Norman , Cooper Barnes , Riele Downs , Sean Ryan Fox , and Ella Anderson . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Episodes 3 Cast and characters 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Animated spin - off 4.3 Film 5 Ratings 6 Broadcast 7 Awards and nominations 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Henry Hart is a 13 - year - old boy who lives in the town of Swellview . He lands a part - time job as Kid Danger , a sidekick of Captain Man who 's a well - known superhero in Swellview . Captain Man tells Henry not to tell anybody about his job , so he attempts to keep it a secret from his best friends , Charlotte and Jasper , his younger sister , Piper , and his parents . Henry goes to a shop called `` Junk ' n ' Stuff '' which has a secret lair called the Man Cave hidden underneath where Captain Man does his work . Captain Man says he will not be around for long and needs help ; soon enough , he will need someone to take his place when he is gone . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Henry Danger episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 25 July 26 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 26 ) May 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 16 ) 18 September 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 12 ) July 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 17 ) TBA September 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 17 ) TBA Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Henry Danger characters Jace Norman as Henry Hart / Kid Danger Cooper Barnes as Ray Manchester / Captain Man Riele Downs as Charlotte Sean Ryan Fox as Jasper Dunlop Ella Anderson as Piper Hart Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) The series was picked up with an initial production order of 20 episodes on March 13 , 2014 , later expanding to 26 episodes . On July 26 , 2014 , the series started airing with a one - hour special as the first episode . Series creator Dan Schneider stated on Twitter that a character from one of his previous series will make a guest appearance on the series . On November 18 , 2014 , the series was renewed for a second season . The second season premiered on September 12 , 2015 . On March 2 , 2016 , the series was renewed for a third season . The third season premiered on September 17 , 2016 . The series was renewed for a fourth season on November 16 , 2016 . Animated spin - off ( edit ) On March 2 , 2017 , Nickelodeon announced that a new animated series , under the working title of The Adventures of Kid Danger and Captain Man , is in development with 10 episodes announced . Film ( edit ) On May 5 , 2017 , the president of Viacom 's Nickelodeon group announced a movie based on the series in development . Ratings ( edit ) Season Episodes First aired Last aired Avg . viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) 25 July 26 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 26 ) 1.94 May 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 16 ) 1.55 1.75 18 September 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 12 ) 2.13 July 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 17 ) 2.60 1.80 17 September 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 17 ) 1.82 TBA TBD 1.95 Broadcast ( edit ) In Canada , the series premiered on October 8 , 2014 , on YTV . In Australia and New Zealand , the series began airing on January 17 , 2015 on Nickelodeon . In the United Kingdom and Ireland , the series premiered on Nickelodeon on February 13 , 2015 . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Result Refs 2015 Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite TV Show Nominated 2016 Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite TV Show Nominated 2017 Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite TV Show -- Kids ' Show Won References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Dan Schneider . `` Henry Hart - Kid Danger '' . DanWarp . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dan Schneider . `` Ray Manchester - Captain Man '' . DanWarp . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dan Schneider . `` Jasper Dunlop '' . DanWarp . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dan Schneider . `` Piper Hart '' . DanWarp . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dan Schneider ( @ DanWarp ) ( September 13 , 2014 ) . `` Dan Warp Twitter '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved September 17 , 2014 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva ( December 2 , 2014 ) . `` Henry Danger and Nicky , Ricky , Dicky & Dawn Renewed by Nickelodeon '' . Deadline . Retrieved December 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Brian Steinberg ( March 2 , 2016 ) . `` Nickelodeon Unveils Four Live - Action Series , Animated Movie at Upfront '' . Variety . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Denise Petski ( November 16 , 2016 ) . `` Henry Danger & Game Shakers Renewed by Nickelodeon '' . Deadline . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brian Steinberg ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` Nickelodeon Rouses SpongeBob , Green Slime , Lip Sync Battle and Gwen Stefani to Lure Upfront Dollars '' . Variety . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nickelodeon Unveils 2017 Upfront Lineup '' . Kidscreen . March 2 , 2017 . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://movieweb.com/spongebob-3-henry-danger-loud-house-movies-paramount/ Jump up ^ `` Henry Danger Is Getting a Theatrical Movie '' . Twist . May 8 , 2017 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Douglas Pucci ( July 29 , 2014 ) . `` Saturday Final Ratings '' . TV Media Insights . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2015 . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( May 19 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Saturday Cable Originals : 5.16. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( September 15 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Saturday Cable Originals : 9.12. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals : 7.17. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( September 20 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals : 9.17. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Outrageous Fun This Fall on YTV ! Weeknights at 7 PM ET / PT Beginning October 6 '' . Corus Entertainment . September 30 , 2014 . Retrieved January 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ D Higgins ( January 2 , 2015 ) . `` January : 200 + New and Returning Foxtel Shows '' . Foxtel . Retrieved January 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Save the Day the Superhero Way with Nickelodeon This February '' . Viacom . January 15 , 2015 . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stephanie Webber ( March 28 , 2015 ) . `` Kids ' Choice Awards 2015 : Complete List of Winners ! '' . Us Weekly . Retrieved February 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nicholas Hautman ( March 12 , 2016 ) . `` Kids ' Choice Awards 2016 : Complete List of Winners '' . Us Weekly . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Joi - Marie McKenzie ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` Kids ' Choice Awards 2017 : The Complete Winners List '' . ABC News . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Nickelodeon portal Television portal Comedy portal Official website Henry Danger on IMDb Henry Danger on Twitter Nickelodeon original programming Former 1970s debuts Pinwheel ( 1977 -- 90 ) America Goes Bananaz ( 1979 -- 80 ) Nickel Flicks ( 1979 -- 80 ) Hocus Focus ( 1979 -- 80 ) 1980s debuts First Row Features ( 1980 -- 82 ) Special Delivery ( 1980 -- 93 ) Standby ... Lights ! Camera ! Action ! 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is the actor that plays henry danger | [
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] | [
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-2773791729483270692 | Temperance songs | Temperance songs - wikipedia Temperance songs Jump to : navigation , search Temperance songs are those musical compositions that were sung and performed to promote the American Temperance Movement from the 1840s to the 1920s . It was a distinct genre of American music . In 1830 the US per capita consumption of alcohol was 9.5 gallons yearly , almost four times the rate of consumption in 2008 . In response , many temperance organizations formed over the next eighty years . Some temperance song lyrics were sung with already well - known songs of the period , for example , `` Oh ! Susanna '' . This Stephen Foster melody was used with lyrics in support of temperance and the title changed to `` There 's A Good Time Coming , '' in 1857 , ten years after the publication of the original lyrics of `` Oh ! Susanna '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Development and genre history 1.1 Listing of Temperance songs 2 Stephen Foster 2.1 Comrades , Fill No Glass for Me 2.2 A License Party Trick ( sung to the tune of Oh ! Susanna ) 3 Other songwriters 4 Songs of Temperance organizations 5 References 6 External links Development and genre history ( edit ) A recording of `` Molly and the Baby '' , a temperance song from 1916 A consistent theme within temperance songs of 19th and 20th century society was that drinking negatively impacted a stable family life and that it was at the center of much suffering . `` Molly and the Baby Do n't You Know '' is about a father promising not to drink for the sake of his young child and suffering wife . Some temperance songs were intended to produce guilt about the consequences of alcohol consumption . Themes including abuse were common , such as `` The Drunkard 's Child , '' by Mrs. Parkhurst , 1870 . In this song , a mother hears her child decry that her father 's drinking and their poverty leads to her being ignored by her peers . An archived field - recording of this song , sung by John McCready , relates the song of a dying child of an alcoholic . The child fears he or she will not be allowed to enter heaven . Stephen Foster was considered to be the best - known of the Temperance songwriters . Listing of temperance songs ( edit ) Many of the songs in support of temperance are not completely documented , but a partial listing follows : Temperance songs Title Year Composer Lyricist Known vocalists / recording References `` The Drunkard 's Child '' 1870 Mrs Parkhurst John McCready `` The Lips That Touch Liquor Will Never Touch Mine '' 1874 George T. Evans Sam Booth `` Molly and the Baby Do n't You Know '' 1916 J.B. Herbert H.S. Taylor Homer Rodeheaver `` Alcoholic blues '' 1919 Albert Von Tilzer Edward Laska Edward Laska , All Star Trio I 'll see you in C-U-B-A 1920 Irving Berlin , Cecil Arnold Rudy Wiedoeft 's Palace Trio What - cha gon na do when there ai n't no jazz ? 1920 Pete Wendling Edgar Leslie Ester Walker How are you goin ' to wet your whistle 1920 Percy Wenrich Francis Barry Byrne Bill Murray De brewer 's big hosses 1913 J.B. Herbert H.S. Taylor Wilfred Glenn , Harry Macdonough , Lambert Murphy The moon shines on the moonshine 1920 Robert Hood Bowers Francis De Witt Sidney Phillips Stephen Foster ( edit ) Comrades , fill no glass for me ( edit ) Foster 's Temperance song , `` Comrades , Fill No Glass for Me '' ( 1855 ) , is thought to be a narrative of his own drinking struggle . The melody to these lyrics are unknown : Oh , comrades , fill no glass for me , To drown my soul in liquid flame , For if I drank , the toast should be To blighted fortune , health and fame . Yet , though I long to quell the strife , That passion holds against my life , Oh ! comrades , fill no glass for me . A license party Trick ( sung to the tune of Oh ! Susanna ) ( edit ) There was a great election once , ( We need not name the date , ) Out in Ohio , and it lost Republicans the State . That party runs the Government With still house revenue , And boasts much of its temperance , From its `` high license '' view . ( chorus ) Oh , high license , How is that for high ? You 'll make your party very sick and It will surely die . etc , etc They 'll vote with us , we think . This temperance song was sung to the tune of `` Oh ! Susanna '' , and was written in response to abolitionist and legislative developments of the times . In 1851 , the state of Maine established statewide prohibition . Other states subsequently adopted similar legislation . `` A License Party Trick '' specifically refers to legislation passed in 1883 in Ohio when Republicans lost the governorship and the majority in the state House and senate . The ousted legislators and Governor Charles Foster 's ( no relation ) attempt to tax and regulate alcohol sales resulted in the loss of support of temperance supporters . Voters found the politician 's attempts at legislation as too liberal . The legislative defeat was also attributed to the lack of support of German and Irish voters who believed the proposed liquor policies to be overly restrictive . Other songwriters ( edit ) This is the songbook used at the Womens Temperance Organization from Wilkinsburg , PA From the 1840s to 1920 , the American Temperance Movement produced a large number of songs . Some of the more notable composers were Stephen Foster , Mrs. E.A. Parkhurst , M. Evans , George F. Root , and Henry Work . Another specific example of a popular song of the times is `` The Drunkard 's Child , '' by Mrs. Parkhurst written in 1870 . In the song a child complains to her mother that she is ignored by others because she is poor and her father drinks . The temperance songwriters tended to write songs sympathetic to the Union cause . This is in contrast to Stephen Foster who wrote minstrel songs . This genre is seen as racist today , and his own family opposed the abolition of slavery . Foster differed from the other temperance composers in that he also wrote drinking songs . Some historians believe that Foster drank heavily . James Lord Pierpont , composer of `` Jingle Bells , '' created temperance songs with the melody of this still popular holiday tune . Songs of temperance organizations ( edit ) Some locally organized temperance organizations printed and published their own temperance songs , some of which were derived from hymns . For example , the doxology has been modified with the following lyrics : Praise God from Whom all blessings flow , Praise him who saves from deepest woe , Praise him who leads the temperance host , Praise Father , Son and Holy Ghost . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Gray , M. ; Evans , M. ( 1874 ) . `` The Lips that touch liquor , shall never touch mine '' . San Francisco , California : M. Gray . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Songs of the Temperance Movement and Prohibition '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : `` Songs of the Temperance Movement and Prohibition '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Alcoholic blues , Take 3 ( 1919 - 01 - 27 ) - National Jukebox LOC.gov '' . loc.gov . Jump up ^ `` I 'll see you in C-U-B-A , Take 3 ( 1920 - 02 - 26 ) - National Jukebox LOC.gov '' . loc.gov . Jump up ^ `` What - cha gon na do when there ai n't no jazz ? , Take 3 ( 1920 - 05 - 12 ) - National Jukebox LOC.gov '' . loc.gov . Jump up ^ How are you goin ' to wet your whistle ? , Library of Congress , Retrieved 30 October 2015 Jump up ^ http://www.loc.gov/jukebox/recordings/detail/id/3457 Jump up ^ http://www.loc.gov/jukebox/recordings/detail/id/7544 ^ Jump up to : Sanders , Paul ( Fall 2008 ) . `` Comrades , Fill No Glass For Me : Stephen Foster 's Medlodies As Borrowed by the American Temperance Movement '' ( PDF ) . Social History of Alcohol and Drugs . 23 ( 1 ) : 24 -- 40 . Retrieved 13 October 2015 . Jump up ^ ( PDF ) http://digital.library.pitt.edu/u/ulsmanuscripts/pdf/31735047449933.pdf . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 29 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) External links ( edit ) Playlist of Temperance Songs from the Library of Congress Archives . Accessed October 19 , 2015 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Temperance_songs&oldid=800605925 '' Categories : 19th - century music genres 20th - century music genres Music history Music genres Stephen Foster History of Pittsburgh Alcohol Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 14 September 2017 , at 15 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | lips that touch liquor shall never touch mine is a song about | [
"\nTemperance songs\n\nTitle\nYear\nComposer\nLyricist\nKnown vocalists/recording\nReferences\n\n\n\"The Drunkard's Child\"\n1870\nMrs Parkhurst\n\nJohn McCready\n[3]\n\n\n\"The Lips That Touch Liquor Will Never Touch Mine\"\n1874\nGeorge T. Evans\nSam Booth\n\n[1]\n\n\n\"Molly and the Baby Don't You Know\"\n1916\nJ. B. Herbert\nH. S. Taylor\nHomer Rodeheaver\n\n\n\n\"Alcoholic blues\"\n1919\nAlbert Von Tilzer\nEdward Laska\nEdward Laska, All Star Trio\n[4]\n\n\nI'll see you in C-U-B-A\n1920\n\nIrving Berlin, Cecil Arnold\nRudy Wiedoeft's Palace Trio\n[5]\n\n\nWhat-cha gonna do when there ain't no jazz?\n1920\nPete Wendling\nEdgar Leslie\nEster Walker\n[6]\n\n\nHow are you goin' to wet your whistle\n1920\nPercy Wenrich\nFrancis Barry Byrne\nBill Murray\n[7]\n\n\nDe brewer's big hosses\n1913\nJ.B. Herbert\nH.S. Taylor\nWilfred Glenn, Harry Macdonough, Lambert Murphy\n[8]\n\n\nThe moon shines on the moonshine\n1920\nRobert Hood Bowers\nFrancis De Witt\nSidney Phillips\n[9]\n\n"
] | [
"Temperance"
] |
2801669796843510095 | The Emperor: Owner of the Mask | The Emperor : Owner of the Mask - wikipedia The Emperor : Owner of the Mask Jump to : navigation , search The Emperor : Owner of the Mask Promotional poster Original title 군주 - 가면 의 주인 Genre Historical Political Melodrama Romance Created by Kim Kyung - hee Written by Park Hye - jin Directed by Noh Do - chul Park Won - gook Starring Yoo Seung - ho Kim So - hyun Kim Myung - soo Yoon So - hee Heo Joon - ho Park Chul - min Opening theme `` Emperor Opening Title '' by V.A Ending theme `` For A While '' by Hwang Chi - yeul Country of origin South Korea Original language ( s ) Korean No. of episodes 40 Production Executive producer ( s ) Kim Kyung - hee Producer ( s ) Jung Chan - hee Sim Jung - woon Bae Jung - hoon Camera setup Single - camera Running time 30 minutes Production company ( s ) People Story Company Huayi Brothers Distributor MBC Release Original network MBC Picture format 1080i ( HDTV ) Audio format Dolby Digital Original release May 10 ( 2017 - 05 - 10 ) -- July 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 13 ) External links Website www.imbc.com/broad/tv/drama/gunju The Emperor : Owner of the Mask ( Hangul : 군주 - 가면 의 주인 ; RR : Gunju -- Gamyeonui juin ; lit . Ruler -- Master of the Mask ) is a South Korean television series starring Yoo Seung - ho , Kim So - hyun , Kim Myung - soo , Yoon So - hee , Heo Joon - ho and Park Chul - min . It aired on MBC every Wednesday and Thursday at 22 : 00 ( KST ) from May 10 , 2017 for 40 episodes . Emperor was expected to be a hit like the popular series Love in the Moonlight ( 2016 ) , but it only performed modestly with average rating of 12.4 % even after extensive promotions . HanCinema also described the production as `` irredeemably stupid '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 2 Cast 2.1 Main 2.2 Supporting 2.2. 1 People around Crown Prince Lee Sun 2.2. 2 Family of commoner Lee Sun 2.2. 3 Royal palace 2.3 Extended 3 Production 4 Original soundtrack 4.1 OST Part 1 4.2 OST Part 2 4.3 OST Part 3 4.4 OST Part 4 4.5 OST Part 5 4.6 OST Part 6 4.7 OST Part 7 4.8 OST Part 8 4.9 OST Part 9 4.10 OST Part 10 4.11 OST Part 11 4.12 OST Part 12 4.13 OST Part 13 4.14 OST Part 14 4.15 OST Part 15 4.16 OST Part 16 4.17 Chart performance 5 Reception 6 Ratings 7 Awards and nominations 8 International broadcast 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Synopsis ( edit ) Set in 18th - century Joseon , it tells the fictional story of Crown Prince Lee Sun ( Yoo Seung - ho ) and his fight against the powerful and wealthy organization , Pyunsoo - hwe that controls the country behind the scenes due to its monopoly of the nation 's water supply . With the help of the woman he loves named Han Ga - eun ( Kim So - hyun ) , Lee Sun overcomes adversity and grow as a just ruler . Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Yoo Seung - ho as Crown Prince Lee Sun Kim So - hyun as Han Ga - eun Kim Myung - soo as Commoner Lee Sun Yoon So - hee as Kim Hwa - gun Heo Joon - ho as Kim Dae - mok Park Chul - min as Woo Bo Supporting ( edit ) Kim Byung - cheol as Kim Woo - jae Kim Jong - soo as Joo Jin - myung Do Yong - goo as Choi Sung - gi Jung Kyu - soo as Heo Yoo - gun Kim Young - woong as Jo Tae - ho Kim Seo - kyung as Gon Park Ki - ryung as Mr. Jang Kim Ho - jin Lee Ki - young Um Hyo - sup People around Crown Prince Lee Sun ( edit ) Shin Hyun - soo as Lee Chung - woon Bae Yoo - ram as Park Moo - ha Lee Chae - young as Mae Chang Family of commoner Lee Sun ( edit ) Park Hyun - suk as Yoo Sun - daek , commoner Lee Sun 's mother . Jung Hae - gyun as commoner Lee Sun 's father Go Na - hee as Kko - mool , commoner Lee Sun 's younger sister Royal palace ( edit ) Kim Myung - soo as King Lee Yoon , Crown Prince Lee Sun 's father Kim Sun - kyung as the Queen , Crown Prince Lee Sun 's legal mother Choi Ji - na as Lady Lee Young - bin , Crown Prince Lee Sun 's biological mother Jung Doo - hong as Lee Bum - woo Song In - guk as Hyun - suk Jung Ah - mi as Court Lady Han Lee Dae - ro as Chief Eunuch Extended ( edit ) Jeon No - min as Han Kyu - ho Jin Ki - joo as Choi Kang - seo Gong Jung - hwan Min Pil - joon as Park Cheon - soo Production ( edit ) Despite differences in tone , the media noted the drama 's similarities with KBS2 's hit series Love in the Moonlight ( 2016 ) as both are set in Joseon era with young lead actors born in 1993 ( Moonlight 's Park Bo - gum , Emperor 's Yoo ) and 1999 ( Moonlight 's Kim Yoo - jung , Emperor 's Kim ) . Emperor also co-stars Park Chul - min who had a supporting role in Moonlight . The first script reading took place on December 23 , 2016 at MBC Broadcasting Station in Sangam , Seoul , South Korea . The series was pre-produced with filming commencing in December 2016 , and lasted six months . The series reunited Kim So - hyun and Yoo Seung - ho who starred in Missing You ( 2013 ) , and Kim Myung - soo and Yoon So - hee in The Day After We Broke Up ( 2016 ) . The series was promoted heavily by MBC , with the first teaser released six months before its premiere at the MBC Drama Awards , where leads Yoo and Kim also served as presenters . There were also several exclusive Naver features and V Live broadcasts before and during its run . Original soundtrack ( edit ) The Emperor : Owner of the Mask 's OST features singers K. Will and Hwang Chi - yeul who both released songs for Love in the Moonlight in 2016 . The Emperor : Owner of the Mask OST Soundtrack album by Various artists Released 2017 Genre K - pop , soundtrack Language Korean Label Plus Media Danal Entertainment ( digital ) LOEN Entertainment ( physical ) Producer Lee Sung - kwon OST Part 1 ( edit ) No . Title Lyrics Music Artist Length 1 . `` The Man That Could n't Cry '' ( 남자 라 울지 못 했어 ) Im Dong - kyun Good Choice Kang Dong - un Im Dong - kyun Kim Young - sung Yang Yo - seob ( Highlight ) 03 : 45 2 . `` The Man That Could n't Cry '' ( Inst . ) Kang Dong - un Im Dong - kyun Kim Young - sung 03 : 45 Total length : 07 : 30 OST part 2 ( edit ) No . Title Lyrics Music Artists Length 1 . `` From The First Time You and Me '' ( 처음 부터 너와 나 ) Vanilla Man ( Vanilla Acoustic ) Vanilla Man ( Vanilla Acoustic ) Bolbbalgan4 03 : 25 2 . `` From The First Time You and Me '' ( Inst . ) Vanilla Man ( Vanilla Acoustic ) 03 : 25 Total length : 06 : 50 OST Part 3 ( edit ) No . Title Lyrics Music Artist Length 1 . `` For A While '' ( 잠시 나마 ) Jeon Chang - yeob Black Belt Black Belt Hwang Chi - yeul 04 : 02 2 . `` For A While '' ( Inst . ) Black Belt 04 : 02 Total length : 08 : 04 OST Part 4 ( edit ) No . Title Lyrics Music Artist Length 1 . `` Star And Sun '' ( 별 과 해 ) Yoon Jin - hyo Jeon Chang - yeob Jeon Chang - yeob Yoon Jin - hyo Kei ( Lovelyz ) 03 : 51 2 . `` Star And Sun '' ( Inst . ) Jeon Chang - yeob Yoon Jin - hyo 03 : 51 Total length : 07 : 42 OST Part 5 ( edit ) No . Title Lyrics Music Artist Length 1 . `` Between Seasons '' ( 계절 사이 ) Jeon Chang - yeob Ryu Won - gwang Jeon Chang - yeob Ryu Won - gwang Kim Yeon - ji 04 : 36 2 . `` Between Seasons '' ( Inst . ) Jeon Chang - yeob Ryu Won - gwang 04 : 36 Total length : 09 : 12 OST Part 6 ( edit ) No . Title Lyrics Music Artist Length 1 . `` I 'm OK '' ( 괜찮다고 ) Good Choice Yoda Kim Se - jin Park Chan Kim Na - young 03 : 57 2 . `` I 'm OK '' ( Inst . ) Kim Se - jin Park Chan 03 : 57 Total length : 07 : 54 OST Part 7 ( edit ) No . Title Lyrics Music Artist Length 1 . `` The Tree '' ( 나무 ) Yang Yo - seob Gyuberlake Yang Yo - seob Gyuberlake Yang Yo - seob ( Highlight ) 03 : 57 2 . `` The Tree '' ( Inst . ) Yang Yo - seob Gyuberlake 03 : 57 Total length : 07 : 54 OST Part 8 ( edit ) No . Title Lyrics Music Artist Length 1 . `` The Person Who I Love '' ( 내가 사랑할 사람 ) Ahn Soo - wan Ahn Soo - wan K. Will 03 : 48 2 . `` The Person Who I Love '' ( Inst . ) Ahn Soo - wan 03 : 48 Total length : 07 : 36 OST Part 9 ( edit ) No . Title Lyrics Music Artist Length 1 . `` Sparkling '' ( 반짝인다 ) Black Belt Miss Kim Black Belt Yang Hong - seob Hwanhee 03 : 25 2 . `` Sparkling '' ( Inst . ) Black Belt Yang Hong - seob 03 : 25 Total length : 06 : 50 OST Part 10 ( edit ) No . Title Lyrics Music Artist Length 1 . `` Flowing Down My Cheeks '' ( 두볼 에 흐른다 ) Kang Woo - kyung As You Know As You Know Kim Ji - hwan Seo Young - eun 04 : 00 2 . `` Flowing Down My Cheeks '' ( Inst . ) As You Know Kim Ji - hwan 04 : 00 Total length : 08 : 00 OST Part 11 ( edit ) No . Title Lyrics Music Artist Length 1 . `` Affection '' ( 애심 ) Major League Major League Gavy NJ 04 : 24 2 . `` Affection '' ( Inst . ) Major League 04 : 24 Total length : 08 : 48 OST Part 12 ( edit ) No . Title Lyrics Music Artist Length 1 . `` Even if I Want '' ( 원 하고 원 해도 ) Black Belt Good Choice Black Belt Yang Hong - seob ZIA 03 : 40 2 . `` Even if I Want '' ( Inst . ) Black Belt Yang Hong - seob 03 : 40 Total length : 07 : 20 OST Part 13 ( edit ) No . Title Lyrics Music Artist Length 1 . `` Only One Person '' ( 단 한사람 ) Major League Major League Kim Greem 03 : 36 2 . `` Only One Person '' ( Inst . ) Major League 03 : 36 Total length : 07 : 12 OST part 14 ( edit ) No . Title Lyrics Music Artist Length 1 . `` It 's Okay Even If It 's Not Me '' ( 내가 아니 어도 좋아 ) Good Choice Red Socks Red Socks L ( INFINITE ) 04 : 42 2 . `` It 's Okay Even If It 's Not Me '' ( Inst . ) Red Socks 04 : 42 Total length : 09 : 24 OST Part 15 ( edit ) No . Title Lyrics Music Artist Length 1 . `` Water Orchid '' ( 수란 ( 水 蘭 ) ) As You Know Major League As You Know Major League Suran 03 : 39 2 . `` Water Orchid '' ( Inst . ) As You Know Major League 03 : 39 Total length : 07 : 18 OST Part 16 ( edit ) No . Title Lyrics Music Artist Length 1 . `` Ca n't You Hear My Heart '' ( 내 맘 이 들리지 않니 ) Major League As You Know Major League Kim So - hyun 03 : 29 2 . `` Ca n't You Hear My Heart '' ( Inst . ) Major League 03 : 29 Total length : 06 : 58 Chart performance ( edit ) Songs ( show ) Title Year Peak chart positions Sales Remarks KOR Gaon `` The Man That Could n't Cry '' ( Yang Yo - seob ( Highlight ) ) 2017 77 KOR : 27,015 Part 1 `` From The First Time You and Me '' ( Bolbbalgan4 ) KOR : 524,397 + Part 2 `` For A While '' ( Hwang Chi - yeul ) 64 KOR : 24,671 Part 3 `` The Person Who I Love '' ( K. Will ) 89 KOR : 21,644 Part 8 Reception ( edit ) Despite being touted as the next Love in the Moonlight ( 2016 ) which became a youth sageuk sensation , Emperor was not able to emulate Moonlight 's success and only averaged modest ratings of 12.4 % . Additionally , even though it topped ratings in its time slot , it was overtaken by its competitor in the important 20 - 49 year old demographic , as well as streaming , popularity , and brand reputation charts for consecutive weeks . With the extensive promotion and hype the series received before premiere , its figures were underwhelming . Performances of the cast were praised , though audiences also stated their dissatisfaction with the story and the production as a whole . William Schwartz of HanCinema stated that the series is `` irredeemably stupid '' , adding that `` ... the obstacles the characters run into are never clearly defined . It 's one of the reasons why the resolutions in this drama are so unsatisfying . There 's no tension . '' Ratings ( edit ) In the table below , the blue numbers represent the lowest ratings and the red numbers represent the highest ratings . Episode # Date Average audience share TNmS Ratings AGB Nielsen Nationwide Seoul National Capital Area Nationwide Seoul National Capital Area May 10 , 2017 8.8 % ( 9th ) 10.0 % ( 5th ) 9.7 % ( 6th ) 10.5 % ( 5th ) 10.1 % ( 6th ) 10.9 % ( 4th ) 11.6 % ( 4th ) 12.1 % ( 4th ) May 11 , 2017 10.4 % ( 8th ) 11.5 % ( 6th ) 10.5 % ( 6th ) 11.2 % ( 5th ) 10.8 % ( 6th ) 11.9 % ( 5th ) 12.6 % ( 4th ) 13.4 % ( 4th ) 5 May 17 , 2017 8.5 % ( 12th ) 10.4 % ( 6th ) 11.2 % ( 5th ) 11.8 % ( 5th ) 6 9.2 % ( 10th ) 11.0 % ( 5th ) 12.5 % ( 4th ) 12.9 % ( 4th ) 7 May 18 , 2017 10.4 % ( 6th ) 11.8 % ( 5th ) 12.0 % ( 5th ) 12.9 % ( 5th ) 8 11.6 % ( 5th ) 13.1 % ( 4th ) 13.4 % ( 4th ) 14.2 % ( 3rd ) 9 May 24 , 2017 10.6 % ( 8th ) 10.9 % ( 6th ) 11.9 % ( 6th ) 12.7 % ( 5th ) 10 11.7 % ( 5th ) 12.6 % ( 4th ) 13.8 % ( 4th ) 15.2 % ( 3rd ) 11 May 25 , 2017 11.1 % ( 7th ) 11.7 % ( 5th ) 12.1 % ( 6th ) 13.2 % ( 5th ) 12 12.3 % ( 5th ) 13.3 % ( 4th ) 13.8 % ( 4th ) 15.1 % ( 3rd ) 13 May 31 , 2017 11.8 % ( 6th ) 13.8 % ( 4th ) 11.7 % ( 6th ) 12.2 % ( 4th ) 14 12.8 % ( 6th ) 15.7 % ( 3rd ) 13.6 % ( 4th ) 14.5 % ( 3rd ) 15 June 1 , 2017 12.0 % ( 6th ) 14.5 % ( 5th ) 12.0 % ( 6th ) 12.6 % ( 5th ) 16 13.4 % ( 5th ) 15.8 % ( 2nd ) 13.6 % ( 4th ) 14.2 % ( 3rd ) 17 June 7 , 2017 11.6 % ( 6th ) 13.0 % ( 5th ) 10.9 % ( 7th ) 11.6 % ( 5th ) 18 12.4 % ( 5th ) 14.0 % ( 3rd ) 11.9 % ( 5th ) 11.0 % ( 6th ) 19 June 8 , 2017 11.0 % ( 7th ) 13.0 % ( 5th ) 11.2 % ( 6th ) 11.2 % ( 6th ) 20 11.4 % ( 6th ) 14.0 % ( 4th ) 12.2 % ( 5th ) 12.1 % ( 5th ) 21 June 14 , 2017 11.8 % ( 5th ) 13.0 % ( 5th ) 11.3 % ( 5th ) 11.8 % ( 5th ) 22 13.0 % ( 4th ) 14.5 % ( 2nd ) 13.0 % ( 4th ) 13.8 % ( 3rd ) 23 June 15 , 2017 10.3 % ( 5th ) 11.3 % ( 5th ) 11.3 % ( 5th ) 11.3 % ( 5th ) 24 12.0 % ( 4th ) 13.2 % ( 3rd ) 13.4 % ( 4th ) 13.2 % ( 4th ) 25 June 21 , 2017 10.3 % ( 8th ) 11.5 % ( 5th ) 10.6 % ( 6th ) 10.8 % ( 7th ) 26 11.8 % ( 5th ) 13.0 % ( 4th ) 13.2 % ( 4th ) 13.5 % ( 3rd ) 27 June 22 , 2017 10.0 % ( 9th ) 11.9 % ( 5th ) 10.8 % ( 6th ) 11.4 % ( 5th ) 28 11.6 % ( 5th ) 14.1 % ( 3rd ) 12.2 % ( 4th ) 12.4 % ( 4th ) 29 June 28 , 2017 9.6 % ( 7th ) 11.0 % ( 5th ) 10.2 % ( 6th ) 10.1 % ( 5th ) 30 11.2 % ( 4th ) 13.7 % ( 3rd ) 12.2 % ( 4th ) 12.3 % ( 4th ) 31 June 29 , 2017 10.5 % ( 6th ) 12.6 % ( 4th ) 11.9 % ( 5th ) 11.9 % ( 5th ) 32 12.2 % ( 4th ) 14.5 % ( 2nd ) 14.4 % ( 4th ) 14.6 % ( 3rd ) 33 July 5 , 2017 12.1 % ( 6th ) 14.0 % ( 4th ) 12.6 % ( 5th ) 13.3 % ( 5th ) 34 14.0 % ( 4th ) 14.6 % ( 3rd ) 13.6 % ( 4th ) 14.5 % ( 4th ) 35 July 6 , 2017 12.9 % ( 5th ) 15.2 % ( 4th ) 12.8 % ( 5th ) 13.5 % ( 5th ) 36 14.7 % ( 4th ) 16.6 % ( 3rd ) 14.9 % ( 3rd ) 15.2 % ( 2nd ) 37 July 12 , 2017 15.5 % ( 5th ) 18.0 % ( 2nd ) 13.2 % ( 5th ) 13.9 % ( 5th ) 38 17.6 % ( 3rd ) 20.3 % ( 1st ) 14.5 % ( 4th ) 15.2 % ( 2nd ) 39 July 13 , 2017 14.4 % ( 5th ) 16.1 % ( 4th ) 13.3 % ( 5th ) 13.5 % ( 5th ) 40 16.0 % ( 3rd ) 18.4 % ( 2nd ) 14.4 % ( 3rd ) 14.7 % ( 3rd ) Average 11.5 % 13.51 % 12.4 % 13.19 % Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Recipient Result Ref . 2017 10th Korea Drama Awards Best Drama The Emperor : Owner of the Mask Won Best Production Director Noh Do - cheol Nominated Best Screenwriter Award Park Hye - jin Won Excellence Award Jeon No - min Won Best New Actor Kim Myung - soo Nominated KDA Award Heo Jun - ho Won 1st The Seoul Awards Best New Actress ( TV ) Yoon So - hee Pending International broadcast ( edit ) In Singapore , Malaysia , Indonesia and Hong Kong , the drama premiered in cable channel Oh ! K on May 11 , 2017 . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : In order to circumvent Korean laws that prevent commercial breaks in the middle of an episode , what would previously have been aired as single 70 minute episodes are now being repackaged as two 35 minute episodes , with two episodes being shown each night with a commercial break between the two . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Park , Jin - hai ( 2017 - 05 - 16 ) . `` Drama viewers angry over commercial breaks '' . The Korea Times . PressReader . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ ( The Emperor : Owner of the Mask ) 군주 - 가면 의 주인 ep7 , 8L , Seung - ho 's said he would be an understudy. 170518 . MBC Drama via Youtube. 2017 - 05 - 18 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` 유승호 , MBC ' 군주 ' 출연 확정 ... 12 월 첫 촬영 ( 공식 입장 ) '' . TV Report ( in Korean ) . 12 October 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` 유승호 , 멜로 사극 ' 군주 ' 출연 확정 ... 몸 만들기 돌입 ( 공식 입장 ) '' . News1 ( in Korean ) . 12 October 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` TV show ' Ruler ' deals with fight for Joseon 's water supply '' . Yonhap. 8 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 유승호 X 김소현 ' 군주 ' , 제 2 의 ' 구르미'되나 '' ( Is `` Emperor '' the next `` Love in the Moonlight '' ? ) . Herald Corporation ( in Korean ) . ^ Jump up to : `` '' Monarch `` , `` Sassy Girl '' , `` King in Love '' : Which will be the second `` Love in the Moonlight '' `` . Sports Chosun ( in Korean ) . ^ Jump up to : `` No Hit Drama Among the Three Big Broadcasters '' . Yonhap News ( in Korean ) . 주연 을 맡은 배우 들은 너나 할 것 없이 멋진 한복 차림 으로 ' 어여쁨'을 뽐내고 있고 , 이들이 펼치는 로맨스 는 어김 없이 감정 이 입을 이끈다 . 하지만 스토리 가 받쳐 주지 않으면 서 로맨스 도 더 는 치고 나가지 못하고 있다 . 배우 들 끼리 의 멜로 화학 작용 자체 도 썩 매끄럽지 못하다 . ' 구르미 그린 달빛'이 지난해 9 ~ 10 월 시청률 20 % 를 넘어서며 ' 박 보검 신드롬'을 일으켰던 것과 비교 하면 현재 세 사극 의 성적 은 초라 하다 . ' 군주'가 11 ~ 13 % 로 그나마 10 % 를 넘어서고 있고 , ' 엽기적인 그녀'가 7 ~ 10 % , ' 7 일 의 왕비'는 6 % 대 에 시청률 이 머물고 있다 . ' 어디서 많이 본 듯한 이야기 의 짜깁기 ' , ' 닥치고 애틋한 멜로 만 강조 한다 ' 등 의 지적 이 나온다 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( SE 2017 상반기 : MBC 드라마 ) ' 역적 ' - ' 군주 ' , 사극 효자 로 지킨 자존심 '' . Se Daily ( in Korean ) . ^ Jump up to : `` 안방 극장 엔 사극 열풍 , ` 진부한 로맨스 ` 비판 도 ( A Criticism of the Classic Romance ) '' . MBN ( in Korean ) . 사극 로맨스 는 수 차례 증명 된 흥행 공식 이다 . ' 공주 의 남자 ' ( 2011 ) 는 24.9 % , ' 해 를 품은 달 ' ( 2012 ) 은 시청률 42.2 % , ' 구르미 그린 달빛 ' ( 2016 ) 은 23 % 를 기록 하며 종전 의 히트 를 쳤다 . 하지만 , 이번 세 작품 의 성적표 는 기대이 하다 . 가장 높은 시청률 을 기록 하고 있는 ' 군주'가 11 % , ' 엽기적인 그녀'가 8 % , ' 7 일 의 왕비'는 6 % 에 그쳤다. ( 6 월 둘째 주 기준 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Emperor Could n't Even Reach 15 % '' . JTBC . ^ Jump up to : `` ( HanCinema 's Drama Review ) `` Ruler : Master of the Mask '' `` . HanCinema . Jump up ^ `` 유승호 , MBC ' 군주 ' 출연 확정 ... 12 월 첫 촬영 ( 공식 입장 ) '' . TV Report ( in Korean ) . 12 October 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Yoo Seung - ho cast as prince in new drama '' . The Korea Times . Jump up ^ `` 유승호 X 김소현 , MBC ' 군주 ' 확정 ... 꿈 의 라인업 ( 공식 입장 ) '' ( Kim So Hyun Cast In New Historical Drama ) . OSEN ( in Korean ) . 11 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( 단독 ) 엘 - 윤소희 , ' 군주 ' 안방 극장 컴백 -- 한국 스포츠 경제 '' . 한국 스포츠 경제 ( in Korean ) . 22 November 2016 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ POP , 헤럴드 ( 29 December 2016 ) . `` 허준호 , ' 군주 ' 합류 ... 왕세자 役 유승호 와 사투 벌인다 '' . Herald Corporation ( in Korean ) . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ POP , 헤럴드 ( 27 December 2016 ) . `` 진기 주 측 `` MBC ' 군주 ' 합류 , 유승호 와 호흡 '' `` . Herald Corporation ( in Korean ) . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` ( 포토 ) ' 군주 ' 박철민 `` 박 보검 , 김하늘 보다 지금 작품 하는 유승호 가 최고 '' `` . Kookje ( in Korean ) . Jump up ^ `` ' 군주 ' 노도철 PD `` 정치적 메시지 는 없다 '' `` . Korea Times ( in Korean ) . 8 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( 단독 ) ' 유승호 의 ' 군주 ' , 내년 MBC 편성 ... ' 빛미 ' PD 연출 '' . IS Plus ( in Korean ) . 10 October 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` ' 군주 ' 첫 대본 리딩 현장 포착 , 유승호 X 김소현 X 엘 케미 어땠나 '' . Newsen ( in Korean ) . 25 January 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` ' 군주 ' , 오늘 ( 30 일 ) 촬영 끝 ... 유승호 활약 은 이제 부터 - 스타 뉴스 '' . 스타 뉴스 ( in Korean ) . 2017 - 06 - 30 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` 보고 싶다 ... ' 군주 ' 유승호 X 김소현 , 수목극 왕좌 주인 될까 ( 종합 ) - enews24 '' . enews24.tving.com/ ( in Korean ) . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` 윤소희 측 `` ' 헤어진 다음날 ' 출연 ... 엘 여자 친구 役 '' `` . 뉴스 1 ( in Korean ) . 2016 - 08 - 16 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` 군주 첫 티저 `` 나의 조선 은 다를 것 입니다 '' `` . Naver TV ( in Korean ) . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` ( 어게인 V ) ' 군주 ' 김소현 , 믿고 보는 배우 의 탄생 '' . Herald Corporation ( in Korean ) . 9 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( 군주 ) 소현 이 가 100 초만 에 소개 하는 군주 '' . V Live ( in Korean ) . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` ( 공식 입장 ) ' 군주 ' 유승호 x 김소현 , 26 일 V 라이브 뜬다 ... 배 유람 MC '' . OSEN ( in Korean ) . Jump up ^ `` ( 단독 ) 황 치열 , ' 군주 ' OST 부른다 `` 엔딩 테마 곡 '' `` . News1 ( in Korean ) . 8 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 케이윌 , ' 군주 ' OST 합류 ... ' 태후 ' 열풍 한번 더 '' . Star News ( in Korean ) . 9 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 군주 - 가면 의 주인 O.S.T - MBC 수목 미니 시리즈 ( 2CD ) ( The Emperor : Owner of the Mask OST - MBC Wednesday - Thursday Miniseries ( 2CD ) ) '' . Synnara Record . Media Synnara Co. , Ltd . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Gaon Download Chart -- Week 19 ( See # 46 ) '' . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ Cumulative sales for `` From The First Time You and Me '' : `` Gaon Download Chart -- May , 2017 '' . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 25 . `` Gaon Download Chart -- June , 2017 '' . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 08 . `` 2017 Gaon Download Chart -- Week 26 '' . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Gaon Download Chart -- Week 21 '' . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Gaon Download Chart -- Week 23 '' . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Fantasy period dramas dominate small screen '' . The Korea Times . Jump up ^ `` ' 드라마 = 로코 ' 성공 방정식 깨진다 '' . Se Daily ( in Korean ) . 수목 로코 드라마 도 상황 은 마찬가지다 . SBS 의 ' 수상한 파트너 ' , MBC 의 사극 ' 군주 ' 역시 시청률 10 % 안팎 을 힘겹게 오가고 있는 것 . ' 군주 ' 역시 지난해 화제 가 됐던 ' 구르미 그린 달빛'을 연상케 하는 풋풋한 사랑 에 아역 출신 유승호 와 김소현 의 매력 이 더해져 커다란 사랑 을 받을 것이라는 관측 이 지배적 이었다 . Jump up ^ `` ' 수상한 파트너 ' , 6 월 1 주차 드라마 부문 TV 화제 성 1 위 기록 ... ' 2 위 는 군주 ' '' . Topstar Newslanguage = ko . Jump up ^ `` The Irony of Suspicious Partner '' . Newsen . 그러나 전체 시청률 을 제외한 TV 화제 성 , 브랜드 평판 , 2049 시청률 등에서 는 ' 수 트너'가 압도적 으로 1 위다 . 전체 가구 시청률 에서 20 세 에서 49 세 까지 의 시청률 을 별도로 산정 한 ' 2049 시청률'은 ' 수 트너'가 6 연속 1 위 를 차지 했고 , TV 화제 성 에서는 3 주 연속 1 위 를 유지 했다 . ' 수 트너'의 주인공 인 지 창욱 은 5 주 연속 TV 드라마 출연자 화제 성 1 위에 이름 을 올렸다. language = ko Jump up ^ `` ' 군주 ' 새 시대 연 허준호 ... 유승호 살아 있었다 ( 종합 ) `` '' . XSports News ( in Korean ) . Jump up ^ `` TNMS Daily Ratings : this links to current day - select the date from drop down menu '' . TNMS Ratings ( in Korean ) . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AGB Daily Ratings : this links to current day - select the date from drop down menu '' . AGB Nielsen Media Research ( in Korean ) . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Son Ye - ji ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` 한석규 김상중 차인표 김영철 최민수 , ' 2017 KDA ' 대상 후보 5 人 확정 ( 공식 ) '' . TenAsia ( in Korean ) . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Noh Gyu - min ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` 김상중 , 대상 `` 5 년 마다 수상 ... 그것이 알고 싶다 '' 소감 ... ' 도깨비 ' 작품상 ( 코리아 드라마 어워즈 ) `` . TenAsia ( in Korean ) . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' 제 1 회 더 서울 어워즈 ' 노미네이트 공개 , 이보영 지성 김희선 조승우 등 화려한 라인업 공개 '' . SE Daily ( in Korean ) . September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Oh ! K The Emperor : Owner of the Mask '' . www.ohk-tv.com . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 30 . External links ( edit ) Official website ( in Korean ) Official website The Emperor : Owner of the Mask at HanCinema The Emperor : Owner of the Mask at MyDramaList MBC 's Wednesday -- Thursday dramas 1990s Eyes of Dawn Did We Really Love ? Goodbye My Love Into the Sunlight 2000 - 2004 All About Eve Mr. Duke Secret Delicious Proposal Hotelier Four Sisters Ruler of Your Own World Trio First Love of a Royal Prince Ireland 2005 - 2009 Sad Love Story Super Rookie My Lovely Sam Soon Autumn Shower Princess Hours Dr. Kkang One Fine Day Over the Rainbow What 's Up Fox 90 Days , Time to Love Prince Hours Thank You Merry Mary Time Between Dog and Wolf The Legend New Heart Who Are You ? Spotlight Beethoven Virus The Return of Iljimae Cinderella Man Triple Soul Hero 2010 - 2014 The Woman Who Still Wants to Marry Personal Taste Road No. 1 Playful Kiss Home Sweet Home My Princess Royal Family The Greatest Love Heartstrings Ca n't Lose Me Too , Flower ! Moon Embracing the Sun The King 2 Hearts I Do , I Do Arang and the Magistrate Missing You 7th Grade Civil Servant When a Man Falls in Love The Queen 's Classroom Two Weeks Medical Top Team Miss Korea Cunning Single Lady A New Leaf Fated to Love You My Spring Days Mr. Back 2015 - 2019 Kill Me , Heal Me Angry Mom Warm and Cozy Scholar Who Walks the Night She Was Pretty Sweet , Savage Family One More Happy Ending Goodbye Mr. Black Lucky Romance Shopaholic Louis Weightlifting Fairy Kim Bok - joo Missing 9 Radiant Office The Emperor : Owner of the Mask Man Who Dies to Live Hospital Ship I 'm Not a Robot Goddess of the Court Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Emperor:_Owner_of_the_Mask&oldid=804249961 '' Categories : South Korean historical television series Television series set in Joseon Dynasty Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation television dramas 2010s South Korean television series 2017 South Korean television series debuts South Korean pre-produced television series Hidden categories : CS1 Korean - language sources ( ko ) Articles containing Korean - language text Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Track listings with input errors Official website not in Wikidata Articles with Korean - language external links MyDramaList title ID same as Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Bahasa Melayu සිංහල Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 October 2017 , at 19 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many episode is ruler master of the mask | [
"The Emperor: Owner of the Mask[2] (Hangul: 군주-가면의 주인; RR: Gunju – Gamyeonui juin; lit. Ruler – Master of the Mask) is a South Korean television series starring Yoo Seung-ho, Kim So-hyun, Kim Myung-soo, Yoon So-hee, Heo Joon-ho and Park Chul-min. It aired on MBC every Wednesday and Thursday at 22:00 (KST) from May 10, 2017 for 40 episodes.[3][4][5]"
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"40"
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5258379592827446861 | So You Think You Can Dance (U.S. TV series) | So You Think You Can Dance ( U.S. TV series ) - wikipedia So You Think You Can Dance ( U.S. TV series ) For the current season , see So You Think You Can Dance ( U.S. season 15 ) . So You Think You Can Dance Created by Simon Fuller Nigel Lythgoe Developed by Simon Fuller Directed by Matthew Diamond Nigel Lythgoe Presented by Lauren Sánchez ( 2005 ) Cat Deeley ( 2006 -- ) Judges Nigel Lythgoe Mary Murphy ( 2007 -- 09 , 2011 -- 14 , 2017 -- ) Adam Shankman ( 2009 -- 10 ) Mia Michaels ( 2010 ) Paula Abdul ( 2015 -- 16 ) Jason Derulo ( 2015 -- 16 ) Maddie Ziegler ( 2016 ) Stephen Boss ( Auditions ) ( 2018 - ) Vanessa Hudgens ( 2017 -- ) Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 15 No. of episodes 276 Production Executive producer ( s ) Barry Adelman Simon Fuller Nigel Lythgoe Allen Shapiro ( 2005 -- 06 , 2017 - ) Production company ( s ) 19 Entertainment Dick Clark Productions Conrad Sewell Productions Release Original network Fox Picture format NTSC ( 480i ) HDTV 720p Original release July 20 , 2005 ( 2005 - 07 - 20 ) -- present External links Website So You Think You Can Dance is an American televised show dance competition show that airs on Fox in the United States and is the flagship series of the international So You Think You Can Dance television franchise . It was created by American Idol producers Simon Fuller and Nigel Lythgoe and is produced by 19 Entertainment , Dick Clark Productions , and Conrad Sewell Productions . The series premiered on July 20 , 2005 with over ten million viewers and ended the summer season as the top - rated show on television . The first season was hosted by American news personality Lauren Sánchez . Since the second season , it has been hosted by former British children 's television personality and game show emcee Cat Deeley . During its second season , the program remained the No. 1 rated summer show ( people aged 18 -- 49 ) , but it has declined in ratings since . The show features a tiered format wherein dancers trained in a variety of dance genres enter open auditions held in a number of major U.S. cities to showcase their talents and may move forward through successive additional rounds of auditions to test their ability to adapt to different styles . At the end of this process , a small number of dancers are chosen as finalists . These dancers move on to the competition 's main phase , where they perform solo , duet , and group dance numbers on live television , attempting to master a diverse selection of dance styles , including classical , contemporary , ballroom , hip - hop , street , club , jazz , and musical theatre styles , among others . They compete for the votes of the broadcast viewing audience which , combined with the input of a panel of judges , determines which dancers advance to the next stage from week to week . So You Think You Can Dance has won seven Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Choreography and a total of nine Emmy Awards altogether . Licensed variations of the show , produced for broadcast markets in other nations , began airing in August 2005 , and dozens of localized adaptations of the show have been produced since , airing in 37 countries to date . On February 15 , 2018 , Fox renewed the series for a fifteenth season , set to premiere June 4 , 2018 and see Deeley return as Host and Lythgoe , Murphy and Hudgens will return as judges . Contents 1 Show format 1.1 Open auditions 1.2 Callbacks 1.3 Finalist selection and showcase episode 1.4 Finalist Stage 1.5 Judges 1.6 Overview of format and presentation by season 2 Dance styles and choreographers 2.1 Classical styles 2.2 Street and club styles 2.3 Ballroom styles 2.4 Jazz , Broadway , and musical theater styles 2.5 American social styles 2.6 Regional / traditional styles 3 Seasons 3.1 Grand Finalists 3.2 Season 1 3.3 Season 2 3.4 Season 3 3.5 Season 4 3.6 Season 5 3.7 Season 6 3.8 Season 7 3.9 Season 8 3.10 Season 9 3.11 Season 10 3.12 Season 11 3.13 Season 12 3.14 Season 13 3.15 Season 14 3.16 Season 15 4 Special shows 5 Ratings 6 Influence and international franchise 7 Awards and nominations 7.1 Emmy Awards 7.2 Teen Choice Awards 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Show format ( edit ) A typical season of So You Think You Can Dance is divided between a selection process , during which expert judges select competitors from a wide pool of applicant dancers , and a competition phase , during which these ' finalists ' ( more typically referred to as the ' Top 20 ' ) compete for votes from home viewers . Though it is produced over the course of months , the selection phase is highly edited and usually constitutes only the first 2 -- 4 weeks of aired episodes , with the competition episodes forming the remaining 8 -- 9 weeks of the season . Open auditions ( edit ) Nigel Lythgoe is co-creator of the So You Think You Can Dance franchise , and has been executive producer and permanent member of the judge 's panel of the U.S. and U.K. productions for their entire runs . The open auditions , the first stage in determining a seasons finalists , take place in 5 -- 6 major U.S. cities each season and are typically open to anyone aged 18 -- 30 at the time of their audition . The cities where auditions are held change from season to season but some , such as Los Angeles and New York , have featured in most seasons . During this stage , dancers perform a brief routine ( typically a solo , but duet and group routines are allowed as well ) before a panel of dance experts , usually headed by series creator and executive producer Nigel Lythgoe . This panel then decides on - the - spot whether the dancer demonstrated enough ability and performance value to proceed further . If the dancer exhibited exceptional ability in their performance , judges award `` a ticket to Vegas '' ( or in more recent seasons `` a ticket to the Academy '' ) , moving them instantly one step forward in the competition . Alternatively , if judges are on the fence about the dancer , they may ask the contestant to wait until the end of that day 's auditions to participate in a short test of their ability to pick up professional choreography . Callbacks ( edit ) The second stage of the selection process is referred to as `` the callbacks '' ( the round has often been held in the city of Las Vegas and also been known as `` Vegas Week '' for much of the show 's run , but has been called Academy Week since season 13 ) . The callbacks consist of a several - day - long process in which the remaining hopefuls are tested for overall well - rounded dance ability , stamina , creativity and their ability to perform under pressure . The dancers are put through a battery of rounds that test their ability to pick up various dance styles ; these are typically some of the more well - represented genres that are later prominent in the competition phase , such as hip - hop , jazz , ballroom , and contemporary . Additionally the dancers may be asked to perform further solos in styles of their choosing and participate in a group choreography round in which small teams of contestants must display their musicality and ability to communicate professionally by choreographing a performance to a randomly selected piece of music -- this challenge is notable as being the only time competitors are asked to choreograph themselves , aside from solos . The Callbacks are often collectively portrayed as one of the most exhausting and stressful stages of the competition ; each successive round sees cuts in which a significant portion of the remaining dancers are eliminated from competition and dancers are given a limited amount of time to adapt to styles they are sometimes wholly unfamiliar with while being physically taxed by the rapid progression of rounds and a limited amount of rest . At the end of this process , usually less than 40 competitors remain in a pool that final contestants are chosen from . Most seasons have featured 20 top finalists for the competition portion of the show , but Season One was represented by a Top 16 , Season Seven saw a Top 11 , and Season Thirteen employed a Top 10 . Finalist selection and showcase episode ( edit ) Following Vegas Week -- - which has , through video vignettes , made many of the dancers increasingly familiar to the audience as it observes their attempts to cope with the challenges of the week - -- the judge 's panel selects their finalists from the remaining dancers , breaking the good or bad news to each dancer . Since Season six , the series has also featured a showcase episode that takes place immediately before the main competition . In this episode , dancers compete for the first time on the main SYTYCD stage in Los Angeles before a live audience , dancing duet or group routines , but only in their own styles . In seasons eight through ten , the finalist announcement episode and the dancer 's showcase were combined into one episode , with groups of dancers taking to the stage for the first time immediately after they are revealed . In seasons six through nine , no dancers were in danger of elimination at this point and the first round of viewer voting and judge eliminations occurred the following week . In the slightly more compact format of the more recent seasons , the dancer showcase is often the first episode to be accompanied by viewer voting and a resulting elimination . Finalist stage ( edit ) Following the finalist selection process , the show transitions into its regular competition phase , which lasts the rest of the season . The competition stage is typically divided into 8 weeks , generally with two contestants eliminated per week . Dancers are paired - up into male - female couples that will sometimes stay paired for half of the remaining competition if neither is eliminated . These couples perform 1 -- 2 duets per week in randomly selected styles . These duets , as with all non-solo performances at this stage in the competition , are choreographed by professional choreographers . Prior to most duet performances , a video packet of clips of the couple preparing to perform the routine is shown ; these packets are intended not only to demonstrate the couple 's efforts to master the routine , but also to give glimpses of the personalities of the dancers as well as to allow the choreographer to give insight as to the thematic , narrative , and artistic intentions of the piece . Following each duet performance , the week 's panel of judges gives critical feedback , often emphasizing the two key areas of technique and performance value . Duets and their accompanying video packets and critiques typically take up the majority of a competition show but may also be supplemented by solos or group numbers . Each competition show ends with a quick recap of the night 's routines accompanied by voting prompts -- traditionally by phone , but increasingly through online voting processes . Performance shows typically last around two hours , commercials included . In seasons 2 - 8 the show 's weekly format was split between two episodes , a performance episode , as described above , and a results show which reveals the outcome of the at - home - viewer voting . Results shows typically aired on the night immediately following that of the performance show of the same week and usually opened with a group routine from the remaining contestants . The main purpose of this show was to determine which of the dancers are eliminated that week , but these episodes generally also featured guest dance performances or guest musical acts , and sometimes further video packets that provide insight on the dancers and their journey on the show . More recent seasons have moved to a one - show - per - week format , combining elements that used to be found in both varieties of show . Regardless of how many shows air per week , a `` bottom three '' couples ( those that garnered the fewest votes from viewers -- in some seasons it is a bottom three of individual dancers rather than couples ) are typically revealed weekly at this stage in the competition . Each of these dancers are then in danger of elimination and must perform a solo for the judges as their last effort to impress and stay in the competition . The judges then retire briefly ( typically during the night 's headlining musical guest performance ) to determine which man and woman ( which are not necessarily from the same couple ) will leave the competition . The eliminated dancers are then announced and given a brief send - off via a video montage . On very rare occasions , the judges have been unwilling to send any of the bottom dancers home on the merits of their performances that week and have abstained from making an elimination and instead allowed all competitors to proceed to the next week ( often to be followed by a double elimination the following week ) . Since Season 7 , dancers have also been routinely paired with `` All Stars '' , returning dancers from previous seasons who partner with the contestant dancers , but are not themselves competing . The total number of hours shown in a given week during the performance phase of the competition has varied from two to four hours . In season one there was no results show and the dancers ' eliminations were pre-recorded the week they occurred and then broadcast at the beginning of the next week 's episode . Seasons 9 - 14 have also utilized one show per week , but with votes from the previous week being revealed later in the show . Voting has varied by season ( and often within seasons ) with regard to whether the voter selected individuals or couples . There has also been variability in how long couples are kept together and how the at - home - viewer votes are balanced against judge decisions , though ultimately at some point in every season , the judges give up their power to save dancers at this point , and eliminations are determined exclusively by viewer votes , with judges serving in only an advisory capacity . Each season undergoes one final format shake - up in its last week , which typically takes place when the show reaches a Top 4 . In the final performance show , the remaining dancers typically each dance duets with all of their remaining fellow finalists as well as perform solos and participate in group numbers . The following night 's season finale episode is often the most elaborately produced show of a season and features the last performances of the competitors , encore performances of many of the season 's most acclaimed routines , guest dancers ( including returning past season competitors and cast - members from other international versions of the franchise ) , musical performances and multiple video packets chronicling the course of the season 's events , all culminating in the announcement of the winner of the competition , as decided by the previous night 's vote . Some seasons have featured a singular winner , while others have allowed for a male and female winner . Following the closure of the season , the Top Ten dancers often go on tour for several months , performing hit routines from the season amongst other performances . Judges ( edit ) The judging panels has varied considerably over the years , in size and composition over the run of the series . Typically a season has 2 -- 3 permanent judges with an additional 1 -- 2 guest judges for most episodes , with the panel ballooning up to six to nine members for Vegas Week and the finale . Executive producer Nigel Lythgoe is the only permanent judge on the panel for all of the seasons . Other permanent judges have included ballroom specialist Mary Murphy , film director and choreographer Adam Shankman and contemporary choreographer Mia Michaels . Guest judge positions are typically filled by choreographers who work regularly on the show -- though choreographers will never develop routines for an episode on which they judge -- who in rare cases may also be former contestants themselves , and by iconic names from the entertainment industry . Guest judges for the show have included : Debbie Allen , Christina Applegate , Robin Antin , Toni Basil , Cicely Bradley , Kristin Chenoweth , Alex Da Silva , Ellen DeGeneres , Tyce Diorio , Joey Dowling , Napoleon and Tabitha D'umo , Carmen Electra , Brian Friedman , Jean - Marc Généreux , Jason Gilkison , Neil Patrick Harris , Hi - Hat , Katie Holmes , Dan Karaty , Lady Gaga , Carly Rae Jepsen , Lil ' C , Rob Marshall , Mandy Moore , Megan Mullally , Kenny Ortega , Toni Redpath , Debbie Reynolds , Wade Robson , Doriana Sanchez , Shane Sparks , Sonya Tayeh , Olisa Thompson , Stacey Tookey , Jesse Tyler Ferguson , and Travis Wall . In earlier seasons , the judges decided on eliminations until around week five of the competitive phase of the show , but in seasons seven through nine the judges decided the eliminations until week seven . Beginning with the twelfth season , Paula Abdul and Jason Derulo joined Lythgoe as permanent judges . For the thirteenth season , 13 - year - old dancer Maddie Ziegler joined the panel as a fourth judge . Season Fourteen has seen the departure of Abdul , Derulo , and Ziegler from their season - long positions of the judges panel , but introduction of Vanessa Hudgens and the return of Mary Murphy to her seat . Overview of format and presentation by season ( edit ) Season Dates Host Permanent judges Separate results show ? Dancer showcase episode ? † Number of finalists in first live show Number of contestants eliminated per week Number of contestants remaining in finale No. of winners All - Stars included in format ? Point at which judge eliminations end Voting for individual dancers starting with Summer 2005 ( July -- October ) Lauren Sánchez Nigel Lythgoe No No 16 No Top 8 Top 8 Summer 2006 ( May -- August ) Cat Deeley Yes No 20 No Top 10 Top 10 Summer 2007 ( May -- August ) Nigel Lythgoe Mary Murphy Yes No 20 No Top 10 Top 10 Summer 2008 ( May -- August ) Yes No 20 No Top 10 Top 10 5 Summer 2009 ( May -- August ) Yes No 20 No Top 10 Top 10 6 Fall 2009 ( September -- December ) Nigel Lythgoe Mary Murphy Adam Shankman Yes Yes 20 6 No Top 10 Top 10 7 Summer 2010 ( May -- August ) Nigel Lythgoe Adam Shankman Mia Michaels Yes Yes 11 1 * Yes Top 4 Top 11 8 Summer 2011 ( May -- August ) Nigel Lythgoe Mary Murphy Yes Yes ‡ 20 2 * Yes Top 6 Top 10 9 Summer 2012 ( May -- September ) No Yes ‡ 20 2 * Yes Top 6 Top 20 10 Summer 2013 ( May -- September ) No Yes ‡ 20 Yes Top 6 Top 20 11 Summer 2014 ( May -- September ) No Yes 20 Yes Top 10 Top 20 12 Summer 2015 ( June -- September ) Nigel Lythgoe Paula Abdul Jason Derulo No Yes 20 2 ⁂ Yes Top 14 Top 20 13 ° Summer 2016 ( May -- September ) Nigel Lythgoe Paula Abdul Jason Derulo Maddie Ziegler No Yes 10 1 * * Yes Top 8 Top 10 14 Summer 2017 ( June -- September ) Nigel Lythgoe Mary Murphy Vanessa Hudgens No No 10 Yes Top 6 Top 10 15 Summer 2018 ( June - September ) No No 10 Yes TBA TBA † From its inception in season 6 and through season 10 , the dancer showcase episode represented a non-competitive round with no viewer voting or subsequent eliminations , followed the next week by the first competitive round . In season 11 it was the first episode of the season upon which viewers voted . ‡ For seasons 8 - 10 , the dancer showcase episode was combined with the Top 20 reveal episode , with groups of the dancers performing immediately after being revealed as finalists . * In both seasons 7 and 8 , the judges decided not to eliminate any dancers on the occasion of one results show ; in both cases this event was followed by the elimination of double the normal amount of contestants the following week . Similarly , for format reasons , season 9 featured two shows with double eliminations , with four dancers eliminated instead of two for each of these shows . ⁂ Unlike all previous seasons , season 12 featured the elimination of one `` street '' dancer and one `` stage '' dancer each week , as opposed to one female and one male contestant ( as in all previous seasons which eliminated two dancers per week ) . ° Season 13 ( during which the show was subtitled ' The Next Generation ' ) featured competitors between the ages of 9 ( or as young as 8 at time of application ) and 14 . * * In season 13 , the judges held the audition rounds , but the all - stars , rather than the judges , made the eliminations during Academy week to choose the top 10 . After this , in episodes 7 and 8 , from the two contestants with the lowest viewer votes , the judges made the elimination . In episode 9 , the two contestants with the lowest viewer votes were both eliminated , and in episodes 10 and 11 , the contestant with the lowest viewer votes was eliminated . Dance styles and choreographers ( edit ) Over the course of its eleven seasons , So You Think You Can Dance has featured dozens of distinct dance styles in its choreographed routines . Most of these styles fall into four categories that are regularly showcased and can be found in almost every performance episode : western contemporary / classical styles , ballroom styles , hip - hop / street styles , and Jazz and its related styles . Various other forms of dance that do not especially fall into these broad categories are seen as well , but not as regularly . The following styles have all been seen in a choreographed duet or group routine ; styles featured only in auditions or solos are not listed . Classical styles ( edit ) Routines from the classically derived style of contemporary dance are the most common dances seen on the show , being seen in every performance episode of the series ( and typically at least twice per episode ) . While contemporary , lyrical , and modern dance are typically considered three separate ( if overlapping ) styles , the practice on So You Think You Can Dance has been to refer to all routines in this area as `` contemporary '' , except in the first season where the label `` lyrical '' was used for the same purpose . Ballet routines occur much more rarely , at a rate of one or two per season since their introduction in the fourth season . Genre Styles Western Classical styles Contemporary , Lyrical , Modern , Ballet / Pas de Deux Choreographers Dee Caspary , Tessandra Chavez , Tyce Diorio , Joey Dowling , Justin Giles , Mandy Moore , Mia Michaels , Dwight Rhoden , Desmond Richardson , Garry Stewart , Sonya Tayeh , Stacey Tookey , Travis Wall , Tovaris Wilson , Keith Young , Lindsay Nelko Street and club styles ( edit ) Hip - hop routines are also present in every performance episode . While these routines frequently feature elements from many different subgenres of hip - hop ( locking and popping , for example ) and various `` street '' styles ( such as breaking ) , they are typically all labelled under the umbrella term of hip - hop . An exception is the now frequently featured lyrical hip - hop , which is unique amongst all the styles on SYTYCD in that it is the only one that is held to have become a known distinct style at least in - part as a result of the show ; the style is widely attributed to regular show choreographers Tabitha and Napoleon D'umo and the term itself to judge Adam Shankman . These two broad categories are occasionally supplemented by krump routines , which have been featured a few times a season since their introduction in season 2 . Additionally the styles of breakdancing ( in the sense of a full breaking routine as opposed to a hip - hop routine with a few breaking tricks ) , waacking , and stepping have all been featured in exactly one routine . In Season 12 , there are more street style dances because of the season 's new format where there are 10 street dancers which do only street styles . Genre Styles Street and Contemporary Club Styles Hip - hop ( umbrella term for all Popping , Locking , and New Style / Commercial Hip - Hop styles ) , Lyrical Hip - hop , Breaking / B - boying , Krump , Stepping , Waacking Choreographers Cicely Bradley , Luther Brown , Tessandra Chavez , Tabitha and Napoleon D'umo , Dan Karaty , Marty Kudelka , Lil ' C , Chuck Maldonado , Todd Sams , Christopher Scott , Dave Scott , Shane Sparks , Jamal Sims , Olisa Thompson , Dana Wilson , Pharside and Phoenix , Luam . Ballroom styles ( edit ) Ballroom styles are also seen regularly in every performance episode ; these dances may be traditional European - derived styles or Latin - American styles or a mix of the two . Genre Styles Standard or Smooth Ballroom styles Foxtrot , Tango , Argentine Tango , Quickstep , Waltz ( including Smooth Waltz , Slow Waltz , American Slow Waltz , and Viennese Waltz variants ) Latin / Rhythm Ballroom styles Cha - Cha - Cha , Jive , American Jive , Mambo , Paso Doble , Rumba , Salsa , Street Salsa , Samba , African Samba Choreographers Mark Ballas , Leonardo Barrionuevo , Dmitry Chaplin , Valentin Chmerkovskiy , Alex Da Silva , Sasha Farber , Anya Garnis , Jean - Marc Généreux , Jason Gilkison , Hunter Johnson , Pasha Kovalev , Melanie LaPatin , Miriam Larici , Liz Lira , Michael Mead , Tony Meredith , Tomas Mielnicki , Ron Montez , France Mousseau , Mary Murphy , Jonathan Platero , Oksana Platero , Toni Redpath , Jonathan Roberts , Fabian Sanchez , Edward Simon , Emma Slater , Heather Smith , J.T. Thomas , Louis Van Amstel , Gustavo Vargas , Glenn Weiss Jazz , Broadway , and musical Theater styles ( edit ) Jazz is featured in nearly all performance episodes . While these routines are typically labelled simply `` Jazz '' , the genre is notable as being one of the most fusional featured on the show and various style combinations and sub-categories have been referenced . Descended from Jazz but treated as a separate genre on SYTYCD , `` Broadway '' is analogous to the label `` Musical Theater '' outside the U.S. Genre Styles Jazz Styles Jazz , Contemporary Jazz , Modern Jazz , Lyrical Jazz , African Jazz , Jazz - Funk , Latin Jazz , Pop - Jazz / Pop Broadway / Musical Theatre Styles Broadway , Burlesque , Can - Can , Tap Choreographers Andy Blankenbuehler , Sean Cheesman , Tyce Diorio , Brian Friedman , Laurie Ann Gibson , Derick K. Grant , Charles Klapow , Ray Leeper , Spencer Liff , Mandy Moore , Anthony Morigerato , Amanda Robson , Wade Robson , Sonya Tayeh , Savion Glover American social styles ( edit ) These dance styles are featured less frequently than their ballroom relatives , but have been seen intermittently since the first season . Genre Styles American Social / Traditional Club Styles Charleston , Country - Western Two - Step , Disco , Go - Go , Hustle , Lindy Hop , Rock n ' Roll , Swing , West Coast Swing Choreographers Ronnie DeBenedetta , Carla Heiney , Brandi Tobais , Travis Payne , Doriana Sanchez , Benji Schwimmer , Kristen Sorci , Maria Torres , Nick Williams Regional / traditional styles ( edit ) In addition to the broad categories above , many more styles that are less common in the U.S. are sometimes featured . Most of these are seen only once , but the Bollywood style has been featured several times per season since the fourth season . Genre Styles Regional / Traditional Styles Bollywood , African , Capoeira , Kalinka , Malevos , Tahitian , Tropak Choreographers Lilia Babenko , Leonardo Barrionuevo , Nakul Dev Mahajan , Miriam Larici , Tiana Liufau , Youri Nelzine . Seasons ( edit ) Main article : List of So You Think You Can Dance finalists Grand Finalists ( edit ) Season Winner Runner - up Third place Fourth place Fifth place Sixth place Nick Lazzarini ( Contemporary Jazz ) Melody Lacayanga ( Contemporary ) Jamile McGee ( Popping ) Ashlé Dawson ( Jazz ) Benji Schwimmer ( Swing / Latin ) Travis Wall ( Contemporary ) Donyelle Jones ( Jazz / Hip - Hop ) Heidi Groskreutz ( Ballroom ) Sabra Johnson ( Contemporary ) Danny Tidwell ( Contemporary ) Neil Haskell ( Contemporary ) Lacey Schwimmer ( Swing / Latin ) Joshua Allen ( Hip - Hop ) Stephen `` Twitch '' Boss ( Hip - Hop ) Katee Shean ( Contemporary ) Courtney Galiano ( Contemporary ) 5 Jeanine Mason ( Contemporary ) Brandon Bryant ( Contemporary ) Evan Kasprzak ( Broadway ) Kayla Radomski ( Contemporary ) 6 Russell Ferguson ( Krump ) Jakob Karr ( Contemporary ) Kathryn McCormick ( Contemporary ) Ellenore Scott ( Jazz ) Ashleigh Di Lello ( Ballroom ) Ryan Di Lello ( Ballroom ) 7 Lauren Froderman ( Contemporary ) Kent Boyd ( Contemporary Jazz ) Robert Roldan ( Contemporary Jazz ) 8 Melanie Moore ( Contemporary ) Sasha Mallory ( African Jazz ) Marko Germar ( Contemporary Jazz ) Tadd Gadduang ( Breakdance ) Female winner Male winner Female runner - up Male runner - up 9 Eliana Girard ( Ballet ) Chehon Wespi - Tschopp ( Ballet ) Tiffany Maher ( Jazz ) Cyrus `` Glitch '' Spencer ( Popping / Animation ) 10 Amy Yakima ( Jazz ) Du - Shaunt `` Fik - Shun '' Stegall ( Hip - Hop ) Jasmine Harper ( Contemporary ) Aaron Turner ( Tap ) Winner Runner - up Third place Fourth place 11 Ricky Ubeda ( Contemporary ) Valerie Rockey ( Tap ) Jessica Richens ( Jazz ) Zack Everhart , Jr . ( Tap ) 12 Gaby Diaz ( Tap ) Jaja Vaňková ( Animation / Krump ) Virgil Gadson ( Hip - Hop ) Hailee Payne ( Jazz ) 13 Leon `` Kida '' Burns ( Hip - Hop ) J.T. Church ( Jazz ) Tate McRae ( Contemporary / Ballet ) Emma Hellenkamp ( Tap ) 14 Lex Ishimoto ( Contemporary Hip - Hop ) Koine Iwasaki ( Contemporary ) Taylor Sieve ( Contemporary ) Kiki Nyemchek ( Latin Ballroom ) Season 1 ( edit ) Main article : So You Think You Can Dance ( U.S. season 1 ) Season 2 ( edit ) Main article : So You Think You Can Dance ( U.S. season 2 ) The second season premiered on May 12 , 2006 . The top 20 finalists were revealed on June 8 , and the winner , Benjamin Schwimmer , was named `` America 's Favorite Dancer '' on August 16 , 2006 after 16 million votes were collected for the season finale . Travis Wall was the first runner - up , and Donyelle Jones was named second runner - up . There were several changes to the show 's format in the second season . This season was the first to feature two episodes per week , splitting the bulk of the performances and the voting results segments between two nights . New styles of dance were also introduced , and the winning prize remained US $100,000 but also included a new car and a one - year contract to perform in a Céline Dion show then performing Las Vegas . The season was also the first followed by a live tour for the top ten dancers . Season 3 ( edit ) Main article : So You Think You Can Dance ( U.S. season 3 ) Open auditions for season 3 began early October 2006 , held in New York City , Chicago , Los Angeles , and Atlanta . Like the previous season , those that made the cuts moved on to Las Vegas . The taped auditions premiered on the Fox on May 24 , 2007 , and the subsequent shows were taped and broadcast live for a 12 - week season . Cat Deeley returned as host , and Nigel Lythgoe returned as permanent judge . Joining Lythgoe permanently at the judging table was Mary Murphy ; her promotion was reported by TV Guide on March 8 , 2007 . The prize for the winner changed from $100,000 to $250,000 cash . On the performance finale show ( August 16 , 2007 ) , Sabra Johnson was named `` America 's Favorite Dancer , '' while Danny Tidwell ( brother of season 2 runner - up Travis Wall ) was runner - up . Season 4 ( edit ) Main article : So You Think You Can Dance ( U.S. season 4 ) Auditions for Season 4 began in Texas on January 17 and took place in six locations through March 2008 . The show kicked off its two - hour season premiere on May 22 , 2008 . Cat Deeley returned as host and Nigel Lythgoe and Mary Murphy as permanent judges . This season saw the introduction of new dance styles , including Bollywood , and new choreographers , including hip - hop duo Tabitha and Napoleon D'umo . The prize for the winner was again $250,000 cash and the title of `` America 's Favorite Dancer '' and additionally included an offer for a role in the dance film Step Up 3D . In the finale , viewers voted Joshua Allen as the overall winner , while Katee Shean was voted the top female dancer and was given a previously unannounced award of $50,000 . Season 5 ( edit ) Main article : So You Think You Can Dance ( U.S. season 5 ) Auditions for Season 5 kicked off in New York City on November 13 , 2008 and continued on to Miami , Los Angeles , Denver , Memphis , and Seattle . The premiere aired on May 21 , 2009 . Louis van Amstel joined the show 's cast of choreographers and Shane Sparks returned to choreograph while on break from America 's Best Dance Crew . The prize for the winner was once again $250,000 cash , the chance to be on the November 2009 issue cover of Dance Spirit Magazine , and the title of `` America 's Favorite Dancer . '' On August 6 , 2009 ( the finale ) , Jeanine Mason was given the title . Season 6 ( edit ) Main article : So You Think You Can Dance ( U.S. season 6 ) After a low - rated special episode of Dance featuring Lythgoe presenting his and viewer 's favorite dance routines from seasons 1 -- 5 , the sixth season of Dance , premiered on Wednesday , September 9 , 2009 . Auditions were held in Boston , Atlanta , Los Angeles , New Orleans , Phoenix , and Salt Lake City . Adam Shankman joined as the permanent judge for the first time this season . The winner was Russell Ferguson and the runner - up was Jakob Karr . Season 7 ( edit ) Main article : So You Think You Can Dance ( U.S. season 7 ) Auditions began in Miami , Florida , on January 18 , 2010 , continuing through New York , Dallas , Nashville , and Chicago , ending in Los Angeles on March 26 . The season premiered on May 27 , 2010 . This season introduced significant format changes to the show , with a Top 11 dancers instead of the traditional Top 20 and `` All - Stars '' , contestants from previous seasons who returned to partner with the Top 11 for a portion of their routines . Lauren Froderman won this season with Kent Boyd as runner - up . Season 8 ( edit ) Main article : So You Think You Can Dance ( U.S. season 8 ) Auditions started October 13 , 2010 in Oakland , California and continued through November 15 in Brooklyn , New York . The premiere aired on May 26 , 2011 . This season began a new version of the `` All - Star '' format in which the All - Stars did n't come in until the top 10 . The show returned to a top 20 with couples . This season also marks the first time that the public can cast votes online , in addition to calling in , with a limit of 50 votes per viewer . On August 11 , 2011 , Melanie Moore won season 8 , and Sasha Mallory was named the runner - up . Together they received 79 % of the 11.5 million votes . Season 9 ( edit ) Main article : So You Think You Can Dance ( U.S. season 9 ) The ninth season premiered on May 24 , 2012 . Fox discontinued the results show . The two winners selected on September 18 , 2012 were Eliana Girard and Chehon Wespi - Tschopp . Season 10 ( edit ) Main article : So You Think You Can Dance ( U.S. season 10 ) Season 10 premiered on May 14 , 2013 , in its new Tuesdays at 8 p.m. time slot . The two - part premiere concluded on May 15 , 2013 at 9 p.m. , after the finale of American Idol season 12 . On September 10 , 2013 , Amy Yakima and Du - Shaunt ' Fik - Shun ' Stegall were named the season 10 winners , becoming the first contestants to take the top two positions who had been a couple at the beginning of the live show competition . No music artists or special dance performers appeared on this season except for All - Stars who were former contestants . Season 11 ( edit ) Main article : So You Think You Can Dance ( U.S. season 11 ) The eleventh season premiered on Wednesday , May 28 , 2014 . The season finale aired on Wednesday , September 3 , 2014 . Contemporary dancer Ricky Ubeda was the winner of the season with Tap dancer Valerie Rockey finishing as the runner - up . Season 12 ( edit ) Main article : So You Think You Can Dance ( U.S. season 12 ) The twelfth season of the show divided contestants into two equally sized teams , one representing `` stage '' dancers and the other `` street '' styles , with one contestant eliminated from each team weekly until the finale . Auditions began on January 24 , 2015 and took place in five major American cities . Season 12 premiered on Monday , June 1 . Tap dancer Gaby Diaz was the winner of the season , becoming the first tap dancer to win So You Think You Can Dance . Animation dancer Jaja Vankova finished as the runner - up . Season 13 ( edit ) Main article : So You Think You Can Dance : The Next Generation ( U.S. TV series ) The thirteenth season of the series premiered on May 30 , 2016 , titled So You Think You Can Dance : The Next Generation . The season features young dancers between the ages of 8 and 13 ( at their date of application ) . After auditions , during Dance Academy episodes , 10 All - Stars eliminated competitors until each selected one contestant to mentor and partner with in performances during the live episodes . One or more finalists were eliminated each week beginning July 18 , 2016 . 13 - year - old dancer Maddie Ziegler observed the Academy episodes and joined the judging panel for the live shows ( also observing and commenting on rehearsals ) , together with continuing judges Abdul , Derulo and Lythgoe , the three of whom conducted the auditions . Leon `` Kida '' Burns won the top prize of $250,000 . J.T. Church was the runner - up . Season 14 ( edit ) Main article : So You Think You Can Dance ( U.S. season 14 ) On January 30 , 2017 , Fox renewed the series for a fourteenth season , which returned to its former contestant age range of 18 - 30 but keeps the All - Star partnerships . The season premiered on June 12 , 2017 . Contemporary dancer Lex Ishimoto was the winner of the season with contemporary dance Koine Iwasaki finishing as the runner - up and female winner , becoming the first Asian - Americans to take the top two positions of So You Think You Can Dance . Season 15 ( edit ) Main article : So You Think You Can Dance ( U.S. season 15 ) On February 16 , 2018 , Fox renewed the series for a fifteenth season set to premiere June 4 , 2018 and see Deeley return as Host and Lythgoe , Murphy and Hudgens return as judges . Special shows ( edit ) On September 2 , 2009 , as prelude to season 6 , a special show aired featuring judge picks for the top 15 routines from the first five seasons . At the end of the show , show creator and judge Nigel Lythgoe presented his favorite performance , a contemporary piece choreographed by Tyce Diorio and performed by Melissa Sandvig and Ade Obayomi . In March 2014 , Chinese television station CCTV broadcast a promotional episode in which notable all - star dancers from the U.S. and Chinese versions of So You Think You Can Dance competed directly against one - another as teams . Titled Zhōngměi Wǔ Lín Guànjūn Duìkàngsài - Super Dancer Born Tonight , the show was shot in Las Vegas but never aired on U.S. television . Ratings ( edit ) So You Think You Can Dance premiered with over 10 million viewers in 2005 . For Season 1 , it was the No. 1 summer show on television . However , when NBC 's America 's Got Talent premiered in the summer of 2006 , it took the title of `` # 1 summer show '' and , over the following few years , broadened its lead . In summer 2009 , SYTYCD premiered strong with a 3.4 rating in its target demographic , although with the start of America 's Got Talent roughly a month later in the same timeslot , Dance fell to No. 4 on the ratings board . It continued to lose viewers throughout the summer of 2009 and ended up with an average of approximately 8 million viewers . Fox then moved SYTYCD to its fall 2009 schedule where its ratings continued to decline ; hitting an all - time series low of 4.6 million viewers for a `` special '' episode hosted by Nigel Lythgoe on September 2 , 2009 . The move to the fall was short - lived . After dropping to an average of 6 million viewers , Fox moved SYTYCD back to the summer in 2010 . With Mia Michaels replacing Mary Murphy and former contestants termed as `` All - Stars '' being used as partners , the ratings for Dance continued to slide to all - time series lows ; dropping to just 5.6 million viewers on July 15 , 2010 . For Season 7 , So You Think You Can Dance averaged just over 5 million viewers . After season 7 , Mia Michaels was replaced on the judge 's panel by returning personality Mary Murphy . The change appeared to have little effect on the ratings , and the show continued to average just over five million viewers per episode in 2011 's season 8 . Season 9 saw a slight uptick in ratings early on , with each of the season 's first five episodes garnering between six and seven million viewers , but the rise was short - lived and the show 's ratings hit a new low of 4.16 million viewers on August 29 , 2012 . Season 10 maintained similar numbers , averaging about 4 million viewers per episode in 2013 , with a 4.3 million viewership for the last episode of the season , an all - time series low for a finale . In April 2014 , Nigel Lythgoe appealed on Twitter to fans to share information about the show ahead of the 11th season 's May premiere in an attempt to augment the show 's ratings for the upcoming season and bolster its chances of renewal thereafter . The show was renewed for a 12th season , but ratings continued to decline , with an average of around 3.5 million viewers per show . FOX renewed the show for a 13th season , but with a drastically re-worked format focused on child dancers . Ratings declined further for the new version , with only five episodes breaking the 3 million viewer mark ; the finale saw a series low viewership of just 2.27 million viewers . In 2016 , a New York Times study of the 50 TV shows with the most Facebook Likes found that `` in general '' , Dance `` is more popular in cities , though it hits peak popularity in Utah '' . Season First aired Last aired TV season Timeslot ( ET ) Season viewers Season ranking Date Viewers ( in millions ) Date Viewers ( in millions ) July 20 , 2005 10.30 Final Performances : September 28 , 2005 7.30 2005 Wednesday 8 : 00 pm Season Finale : October 5 , 2005 8.20 May 25 , 2006 10.70 Final Performances : August 9 , 2006 10.10 2006 Wednesday 8 : 00 pm ( performance ) Season Finale : August 16 , 2006 10.70 Thursday 9 : 00 pm ( results ) May 24 , 2007 9.50 Final Performances : August 15 , 2007 8.70 2007 Wednesday 8 : 00 pm ( performance ) Season Finale : August 16 , 2007 9.60 Thursday 9 : 00 pm ( results ) May 22 , 2008 6.70 Final Performances : August 6 , 2008 9.00 2008 Wednesday 8 : 00 pm ( performance ) Season Finale : August 7 , 2008 9.70 Thursday 9 : 00 pm ( results ) 5 May 21 , 2009 8.80 Final Performances : August 5 , 2009 7.80 2009 Wednesday 8 : 00 pm ( performance ) Season Finale : August 6 , 2009 9.60 Thursday 9 : 00 pm ( results ) 6 September 9 , 2009 6.60 Final Performances : 2009 - 10 Tuesday 8 : 00 pm ( performance ) Season Finale : December 16 , 2009 Wednesday 8 : 00 pm ( results ) 7 May 27 , 2010 8.20 Final Performances : 2010 Wednesday 8 : 00 pm ( performance ) Season Finale : August 12 , 2010 Thursday 9 : 00 pm ( results ) 8 May 26 , 2011 9.50 Final Performances : 2011 Wednesday 8 : 00 pm ( performance ) Season Finale : August 11 , 2011 Thursday 8 : 00 pm ( results ) 9 May 24 , 2012 6.26 Final Performances : September 11 , 2012 4.33 2012 Wednesday 8 : 00 pm Season Finale : September 18 , 2012 4.71 10 May 14 , 2013 5.12 Final Performances : September 3 , 2013 4.17 2013 Tuesday 8 : 00 pm Season Finale : September 10 , 2013 4.37 11 May 28 , 2014 5.33 Final Performances : August 27 , 2014 3.68 2014 Wednesday 8 : 00 pm Season Finale : September 3 , 2014 4.12 12 June 1 , 2015 4.03 Final Performances : September 7 , 2015 2.64 2015 Monday 8 : 00 pm Season Finale : September 14 , 2015 2.44 13 May 30 , 2016 3.75 Final Performances : September 5 , 2016 2.37 2016 Monday 8 : 00 pm Season Finale : September 12 , 2016 2.27 14 June 12 , 2017 3.56 Final Performances : September 18 , 2017 2.14 2017 Season Finale : September 25 , 2017 1.91 15 June 6 , 2018 3.25 Final Performances : 2018 Season Finale : Influence and international franchise ( edit ) Dance competition had been a part of American television for decades before the premiere of So You Think You Can Dance , but usually in the form of all - around talent searches , ( such as Star Search , Soul Train , or Showtime at the Apollo ) . However , a season - long American Idol - like talent - search show with a sole focus on dance had never been broadcast on American network television . Producers and judges associated with the show have stated on numerous occasions , both within the context of the show and in interviews , that the series was meant to rejuvenate the visibility and appreciation of dance as an art form in the U.S. and to give exposure to struggling dancers . Series judge Mary Murphy says , for example , `` Of course you hope you can make a living at it , because you do n't want to give up on something that you do , but the honest truth is most dancers have to carry one or two jobs and dance as much as they can on the side -- it 's a very lucky dancer who gets a full scholarship . '' A number of dance - themed competition shows have been produced for American television since the premiere of So You Think You Can Dance , including America 's Best Dance Crew , Superstars of Dance , and Live to Dance . Since the premiere of the U.S. version in Summer 2005 , localized adaptations of So You Think You Can Dance have been produced for 37 other countries . In 2009 , Lythgoe came together with fellow SYTYCD judge Adam Shankman as well as Katie Holmes , Carrie Ann Inaba , and others in the dance entertainment industry , in an effort to launch The Dizzyfeet Foundation , with the aim of providing scholarships and training to young dancers of limited means . The foundation has been referenced sporadically on the show since . In 2010 , Lythgoe , with the assistance of other SYTYCD personalities and long - time healthy lifestyles proponent Congresswoman Eleanor Holmes Norton , was successful in getting another of his dance - oriented concepts realized -- an official National Dance Day , held now annually on the last Saturday of July , to promote fitness through movement . This national dance day has been celebrated annually by the show since . Before the end of 2005 , the year the series first premiered , its format had already been licensed for the first of a number foreign adaptations . To date , the resulting So You Think You Can Dance franchise has produced 26 shows representing 37 different countries and comprising more than 80 individual seasons . These adaptations have aired in Armenia , Australia , Belgium , Canada , China , Denmark , Egypt , Finland , France , Germany , Greece , Iraq , India , Israel , Jordan , Kuwait , Lebanon , Lithuania , Malaysia , Morocco , the Netherlands , New Zealand , Norway , Palestinian Territories , Poland , Portugal , Qatar , South Africa , Sudan , Sweden , Syria , Tunisia , Turkey , Ukraine , United Arab Emirates , the United Kingdom and Vietnam . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Emmy Awards ( edit ) hide Emmy Awards and nominations Year Result Category Recipient ( s ) / Choreographer ( s ) Style Music 2007 Won Outstanding Choreography Wade Robson Pop - Jazz `` Ramalama ( Bang Bang ) '' -- Róisín Murphy Mia Michaels Contemporary `` Calling You '' -- Celine Dion 2008 Won Outstanding Choreography Wade Robson Jazz Hummingbird and Flower / `` The Chairman 's Waltz '' from Memoirs of a Geisha Nominated Mandy Moore Jazz Table / `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' -- Eurythmics Nominated Shane Sparks Hip - hop Transformers / `` Fuego '' -- Pitbull Nominated Outstanding Makeup For A Multi-Camera Series Or Special ( Non-Prosthetic ) 2009 Won Outstanding Choreography Tyce Diorio Contemporary Adam and Eve / `` Silence '' from Unfaithful Nominated Tabitha and Napoleon D'umo Hip - hop `` Bleeding Love '' -- Leona Lewis Nominated Mia Michaels Contemporary `` Mercy '' -- Duffy Nominated Dmitry Chaplin Argentine tango `` A Los Amigos '' from Forever Tango Nominated Outstanding Makeup For A Multi-Camera Series Or Special ( Non-Prosthetic ) Won Outstanding Costumes For A Variety / Music Program Or A Special Soyon An Won Outstanding Choreography Mia Michaels Contemporary `` Koop Island Blues '' -- Koop feat Ane Brun Contemporary Addiction / `` Gravity '' -- Sara Bareilles Contemporary `` One '' from A Chorus Line Nominated Stacey Tookey Contemporary Fear / `` Two Steps Away '' -- Patti LaBelle Nominated Outstanding Makeup For A Multi-Camera Series Or Special ( Non-Prosthetic ) Won Outstanding Costumes For A Variety / Music Program Or A Special Soyon An Graine O'Sullivan 2011 Won Outstanding Choreography Tabitha and Napoleon D'umo Hip - Hop `` Scars '' -- Basement Jaxx ft . Kelis , Meleka , and Chipmunk Lyrical Hip - Hop `` Fallin ' '' -- Alicia Keys Hip - Hop `` Outta Your Mind '' ( District 78 Mix ) -- Lil Jon and LMFAO Won Mia Michaels Contemporary Alice in Mia - Land / `` Every Little Thing She Does Is Magic '' -- Sting Contemporary `` When We Dance '' -- Sting Contemporary `` This Bitter Earth / On the Nature of Twilight '' -- Max Richter and Dinah Washington Nominated Mandy Moore Pop - Jazz `` Oh Yeah '' -- Yello Jazz `` Boogie Shoes '' -- KC & the Sunshine Band Contemporary `` I Surrender '' -- Celine Dion Nominated Stacey Tookey Contemporary `` Mad World '' ( Alternate Version ) -- Michael Andrews ft . Gary Jules Contemporary `` Sundrenched World '' ( Live Session ) -- Joshua Radin Contemporary `` Heaven is a Place on Earth '' -- Katie Thompson Nominated Travis Wall Contemporary `` Collide '' ( Acoustic Version ) -- Howie Day Contemporary `` How It Ends '' -- DeVotchKa Contemporary `` Fix You '' -- Coldplay Nominated Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality - Competition Program Cat Deeley Won Outstanding Lighting Design / Lighting Direction for a Variety , Music , or Comedy Series Robert Barnhart Pete Radice Patrick Boozer Matt Firestone Nominated Outstanding Reality - Competition Program Producers 2012 Nominated Outstanding Choreography Stacey Tookey Contemporary `` In This Shirt '' -- The Irrepressibles Contemporary `` Turning Tables '' -- Adele Contemporary `` Heart Asks Pleasure First '' -- Ahn Trio Nominated Christopher Scott Hip - hop `` Misty Blue '' -- Dorothy Moore Hip - hop / Contemporary `` Velocity '' -- Nathan Lanier Nominated Spencer Liff Broadway `` Whatever Lola Wants '' -- Ella Fitzgerald Broadway `` Please Mr. Jailer '' -- Rachel Sweet Broadway `` ( Where Do I Begin ) Love Story ( Away Team Remix ) '' -- Shirley Bassey Nominated Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality - Competition Program Cat Deeley Won Outstanding Lighting Design / Lighting Direction for a Variety Series Robert Barnhart Matt Firestone Pete Radice Patrick Boozer Nominated Outstanding Reality - Competition Program Producers 2013 Nominated Outstanding Choreography Sonya Tayeh Contemporary `` Possibly Maybe '' -- Björk Contemporary `` Turning Page '' -- Sleeping At Last Jazz `` Sail '' -- Awolnation Nominated Mandy Moore Contemporary `` The Power of Love '' -- Celine Dion Contemporary `` Wild Horses '' -- Charlotte Martin Nominated Tabitha and Napoleon D'umo Jazz / Hip - hop `` The Circle of Life / Nants Ingonyama ( District 78 Remix ) from The Lion King '' -- Ella Fitzgerald Jazz `` The Lovecats '' -- The Cure Jazz The Beautiful People ( District 78 remix ) `` -- Marilyn Manson Nominated Travis Wall Contemporary `` Where the Light Gets In '' -- Sennen Contemporary `` Without You '' -- Harry Nilsson Contemporary `` Unchained Melody '' -- The Righteous Brothers Nominated Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality - Competition Program Cat Deeley Nominated Outstanding Lighting Design / Lighting Direction for a Variety Series Robert Barnhart Matt Firestone Pete Radice Patrick Boozer Nominated Outstanding Reality - Competition Program Producers 2014 Nominated Outstanding Choreography Christopher Scott Hip - hop `` Trigger ( Original Mix ) '' -- Kezwik ft . Mel Presson Jazz `` Sand '' -- Nathan Lanier ft . Karen Whipple Contemporary `` The Gravel Road '' from The Village ( Score from the Motion Picture ) Nominated Mandy Moore Contemporary `` I Ca n't Make You Love Me '' -- Mark Masri Jazz `` Feeling Good '' -- Jennifer Hudson Contemporary `` Edge of Glory ( Live from a Very Gaga Thanksgiving ) '' -- Lady Gaga Won Tabitha and Napoleon D'umo Hip - hop `` Gold Rush '' -- Clinton Sparks ft. 2 Chainz , Macklemore , & D.A. Hip - Hop `` Run the World ( Girls ) ( Nappytabs Remix ) '' -- Beyoncé Hip - Hop `` Puttin ' On the Ritz '' -- Herb Alpert ft . Lani Hall Nominated Travis Wall Contemporary `` Hangin ' By a Thread '' -- Jann Arden Contemporary `` Medicine '' -- Daughter Contemporary `` Wicked Game ( Live at Kilkenny Arts Festival , Ireland 2011 ) '' -- James Vincent McMorrow Nominated Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality - Competition Program Cat Deeley Nominated Outstanding Makeup For A Multi-Camera Series Or Special ( Non-Prosthetic ) Nominated Outstanding Reality - Competition Program Producers 2015 Won Outstanding Choreography Travis Wall Contemporary `` Wave '' -- Beck Contemporary `` When I Go '' -- Over the Rhine Contemporary `` Wind Beneath My Wings '' -- RyanDan Nominated Sonya Tayeh Contemporary `` Vow '' -- Meredith Monk Contemporary `` So Broken ( Live ) '' -- Björk Contemporary `` Europe , After The Rain '' -- Max Richter Nominated Spencer Liff Broadway `` Hernando 's Hideaway '' -- Ella Fitzgerald Broadway `` I 've Got the World on a String '' -- Frank Sinatra Broadway `` Maybe This Time '' -- Liza Minnelli Nominated Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality - Competition Program Cat Deeley Nominated Outstanding Lighting Design / Lighting Direction for a Variety Series Robert Barnhart Matt Firestone Patrick Boozer Pete Radice Nominated Outstanding Hairstyling for a Multi-Camera Series Or Special Sallie Nicole Sean Smith Dean Banowetz Ralph Abalos Shawn Finch Melissa Jaqua Nominated Outstanding Makeup for a Multi-Camera Series or Special Heather Cummings Marie DelPrete Amy Harmon Tyson Fountaine Adam Christopher Nominated Outstanding Reality Competition Program Producers 2016 Nominated Outstanding Choreography Travis Wall Contemporary `` Beautiful Friends '' -- Helen Money Contemporary `` November '' -- Max Richter Contemporary `` Gimme All Your Love '' -- Alabama Shakes Nominated Anthony Morigerato Tap `` Dibidy Dop ( Swing Mix ) '' -- Club Des Belugas feat . Brenda Boykin Nominated Outstanding Lighting Design / Lighting Direction for a Variety Series Robert Barnhart Matt Firestone Patrick Boozer Pete Radice 2017 Won Outstanding Choreography Travis Wall Contemporary `` The Mirror '' -- Alexandre Desplat Contemporary `` Send in the Clowns '' -- Sarah Vaughan and the Count Basie Orchestra Contemporary `` She Used to be Mine '' -- Sara Bareilles Nominated Mandy Moore Contemporary `` Unsteady ( Erich Lee Gravity Remix ) '' -- X Ambassadors Contemporary `` This is Not the End '' -- Clare Maguire Nominated Outstanding Lighting Design / Lighting Direction for a Variety Series Robert Barnhart Matt Firestone Patrick Boozer Pete Radice As of 2017 , nine former SYTYCD contestants have been nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Choreography . Five were nominated for their work on Dancing with the Stars : Chelsie Hightower in 2010 , Travis Wall and Nick Lazzarini in 2012 ( with Teddy Forance ) , Alison Holker in 2013 ( with Derek Hough ) , and Witney Carson in 2015 . Hokuto `` Hok '' Konishi , Ryan `` Ryanimay '' Conferido , and Dominic `` D - Trix '' Sandoval were nominated in 2016 as part of the B - boy troupe Quest Crew for their work on America 's Best Dance Crew . Dmitry Chaplin in 2009 and Travis Wall in 2011 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , and 2017 were nominated for their work on SYTYCD , itself . The only former contestants to have won the Choreography Emmy are Konishi , Conferido , and Sandoval in 2016 and Wall in 2015 and 2017 . ^ a : Wade Robson and Mia Michaels were joint - winners along with Rob Marshall and John Deluca from Tony Bennett : An American Classic . Teen Choice Awards ( edit ) Year Result Category 2006 Won Choice TV : Breakout Show Choice Summer Series 2007 Nominated Choice Summer TV Show 2008 Nominated Choice Summer TV Show Choice TV : Reality Dance Nominated Choice Personality : Cat Deeley Choice Summer TV Show 2018 Pending Choice Summer TV Show See also ( edit ) Dance portal So You Think You Can Dance franchise index and overview List of So You Think You Can Dance Finalists Dance on television Similar shows : The Ultimate Dance Battle Live to Dance / Got to Dance World of Dance America 's Best Dance Crew Superstars of Dance Dance India Dance Se Ela Dança , Eu Danço References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gennis , Sadie ( January 22 , 2015 ) . `` So You Think You Can Dance Replacing Mary Murphy with Paula Abdul , Jason Derulo '' . TV Guide . United States : tvguide.com . CBS Interactive . Retrieved January 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Gallagher , Caitlin . `` Maddie Finally Judges So You Think You Can Dance & Offers Relatable Feedback to ' The Next Generation ' '' , Bustle.com , July 11 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` FOX Announces Summer Schedule , ' SYTYCD ' to Premiere in May '' . Buddytv.com . Retrieved February 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived November 21 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt ( July 28 , 2009 ) . `` Fox Moves Up Two Fall Premieres ; Plus a Glee Video Preview '' . TVGuide.com . Retrieved July 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Auditions : Get a 2nd Chance as Dance Doubles Down with Summer & Fall Shows ! Details Here '' . FOX.com . May 20 , 2009 . Retrieved June 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Barrett , Annie ( 2012 - 01 - 02 ) . `` Lythgoe : Fox axes ' So You Think You Can Dance ' results show '' . Insidetv.ew.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ Kondology , Amanda ( February 28 , 2013 ) . `` FOX Announces Finale Dates for ' Bones ' , ' The Following ' , ' New Girl ' & More + Summer Premiere Dates Including ' So You Think You Can Dance ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondology , Amanda ( April 8 , 2013 ) . `` ' So You Think You Can Dance ' & ' Toxic Office : Does Someone Have to Go ? ' Get Summer Premiere Dates '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' FOX Announces Additional 2014 Spring and Summer Premiere Dates ' '' . Jump up ^ `` So You Think You Can Dance Renewed for Season 12 -- With a Twist ! '' . Jump up ^ `` So You Think You Can Dance Season 12 Hits the Road ! '' . Jump up ^ `` ' So You Think You Can Dance ' Kids Edition Confirmed '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 1 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Petralia , Christine . `` So You Think You Can Dance Recap : Which Two Dancers are Eliminated ? '' , BuddyTV.com , August 1 , 2016 Jump up ^ Connolly , Kelly . `` So You Think You Can Dance : The Next Generation : Get your exclusive look at the first promo '' , Entertainment Weekly , April 7 , 2016 Jump up ^ Petralia , Christine . `` So You Think You Can Dance Season 13 Finale Recap : And the Winner Is ... '' , BuddyTV.com , September 12 , 2016 Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' So You Think You Can Dance ' stays alive with Season 14 pickup from FOX '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Yeo , Debra ( April 29 , 2014 ) . `` Nigel Lythgoe asks Twitter followers to save So You Think You Can Dance '' . The Toronto Star . Retrieved May 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Brown , Laurel ( April 29 , 2014 ) . `` Is ' So You Think You Can Dance ' in trouble ? Nigel Lythgoe tweets for support '' . Zap2it . Retrieved May 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Katz , Josh ( 2016 - 12 - 27 ) . `` ' Duck Dynasty ' vs. ' Modern Family ' : 50 Maps of the U.S. Cultural Divide '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` So You Think You Can Dance - Episode List - TV Tango '' . TV Tango . Retrieved May 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Episode List : So You Think You Can Dance '' . TV Tango . Retrieved May 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Episode List : So You Think You Can Dance '' . TV Tango . Retrieved May 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Episode List : So You Think You Can Dance '' . TV Tango . Retrieved May 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Episode List : So You Think You Can Dance '' . TV Tango . Retrieved May 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Episode List : So You Think You Can Dance '' . TV Tango . Retrieved May 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Episode List : So You Think You Can Dance '' . TV Tango . Retrieved May 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Episode List : So You Think You Can Dance '' . TV Tango . Retrieved May 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 25 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : No Adjustments for ' So You Think You Can Dance ' , ' Duets ' or ' Rookie Blue ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 12 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up ; No 18 - 49 Adjustments for ' Go On , ' ' The New Normal ' or ' Parenthood ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( September 19 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' and ' Go On ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 15 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' & ' NCIS ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustment for ' Grimm ' or ' New Girl ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( September 5 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' America 's Got Talent ' , ' So You Think You Can Dance ' & ' Extreme Weight Loss ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 11 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : Final Ratings for ' So You Think You Can Dance ' Finale and ' America 's Got Talent ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 29 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : No Adjustments to ' The 100 ' or ' So You Think You Can Dance ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( August 28 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Extant ' & ' Taxi Brooklyn ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( September 4 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' America 's Got Talent ' & ' Big Brother ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . zap2it.com . Retrieved September 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 2 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' So You Think You Can Dance ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Island ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 9 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' American Ninja Warrior ' & ' Bachelor in Paradise ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Dani ( September 16 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Dancing With the Stars ' Down , ' American Ninja Warrior ' & ' DanceBattle America ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 1 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : Stanley Cup Finals and ' Memorial Day ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' American Ninja Warrior ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 13 , 2016 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Dancing With the Stars ' premiere matches Fall 2015 '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` NBA Finals end with a bang : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars ' and ' To Tell the Truth ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang ' and ' Young Sheldon ' adjust up , ' Good Doctor , ' ' DWTS , ' ' The Brave , ' ' Me , Myself & I ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 5 , 2018 ) . `` Stanley Cup Finals Game 4 adjusts up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` L.A. Music Examiner - ' ' Catching Up With Mary Murphy at the So You Think You Can Dance L.A. Auditions '' . Youtube.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ Stewart , Andrew ( July 2 , 2009 ) . `` Holmes , Lythgoe team for Dizzy Feet '' . Variety . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Norton Introduces Resolution to Launch Annual National Dance Day ( 7 / 13 / 2010 ) '' . Norton.house.gov . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived June 27 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Camus , Renee ( September 20 , 2013 ) . `` Choreographing Couple Tabitha and Napoleon Dumo : Not Just Hip - Hop Anymore '' . Los Angeles Magazine . Retrieved September 22 , 2013 . ' That first piece we did was not hip - hop at all , ' Napoleon says about Love Cats . ' Cat ( Deeley , the host ) introduced it as hip - hop . During dress rehearsal , we made it very clear that it 's jazz - fusion . ' Jump up ^ http://www.emmys.com ; https://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/22/arts/television/2013-emmy-award-nominees.html ; https://www.yahoo.com/music/quest-crew-discuss-emotional-emmy-winning-americas-best-dance-crew-routine-075116614.html External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : So You Think You Can Dance ( United States ) Official website So You Think You Can Dance episode list at TVGuide.com So You Think You Can Dance on IMDb So You Think You Can Dance at TV.com So You Think You Can Dance Arabia Armenia Australia Benelux Canada China Denmark Finland France Germany Greece India Israel Lithuania Malaysia New Zealand Norway Poland Portugal Scandinavia South Africa Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom United States Vietnam So You Think You Can Dance ( United States ) Seasons 1 ( 2005 ) 2 ( 2006 ) 3 ( 2007 ) 4 ( 2008 ) 5 ( summer 2009 ) 6 ( fall 2009 ) 7 ( 2010 ) 8 ( 2011 ) 9 ( 2012 ) 10 ( 2013 ) 11 ( 2014 ) 12 ( 2015 ) 13 ( The Next Generation ) ( 2016 ) 14 ( 2017 ) 15 ( 2018 ) Winners Nick Lazzarini Benji Schwimmer Sabra Johnson Joshua Allen Jeanine Mason Russell Ferguson Lauren Froderman Melanie Moore Eliana Girard & Chehon Wespi - Tschopp Du - Shaunt `` Fik - Shun '' Stegall & Amy Yakima Ricky Ubeda Gaby Diaz Leon `` Kida '' Burns Lex Ishimoto Other finalists Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Season 6 Season 7 Season 8 Season 9 Season 10 Season 11 Season 12 Season 13 Season 14 Fox programming ( current and upcoming ) Primetime 9 - 1 - 1 ( since 2018 ) Bob 's Burgers ( since 2011 ) Beat Shazam ( since 2017 ) Cosmos : A Spacetime Odyssey ( since 2014 ) Empire ( since 2015 ) Family Guy ( 1999 -- 2002 ; since 2005 ) The Four : Battle for Stardom ( since 2018 ) The Gifted ( since 2017 ) Gordon Ramsay 's 24 Hours to Hell and Back ( since 2018 ) Gotham ( since 2014 ) Hell 's Kitchen ( since 2005 ) Lethal Weapon ( since 2016 ) Love Connection ( since 2017 ) MasterChef ( since 2010 ) MasterChef Junior ( since 2013 ) Miss Universe ( since 2015 ) Miss USA ( since 2016 ) The Orville ( since 2017 ) Prison Break ( 2005 -- 2009 ; since 2017 ) The Resident ( since 2018 ) Showtime at the Apollo ( since 2018 ) The Simpsons ( since 1989 ) So You Think You Can Dance ( since 2005 ) Star ( since 2016 ) News Fox News Sunday ( since 1996 ) Sports Fox College Football ( since 1999 ) MLB on Fox ( since 1996 ) Fox NASCAR ( since 2001 ) Fox NFL / Fox NFL Sunday ( since 1994 ) The OT ( since 2005 ) Fox USGA ( since 2014 ) Fox UFC ( since 2011 ) Upcoming Last Man Standing ( 2018 ) Rel ( 2018 ) The Cool Kids ( 2018 ) Thursday Night Football ( 2018 ) The Masked Singer ( 2019 ) The Passage ( 2019 ) Proven Innocent ( 2019 ) Mental Samurai ( TBA ) Spin the Wheel ( TBA ) See also 4Kids TV Animation Domination Animation Domination High - Def Fox Kids Speed on Fox Sunday Funday Weekend Marketplace TCA Award for Outstanding Achievement in Reality Programming The Amazing Race ( 2011 ) So You Think You Can Dance ( 2012 ) Shark Tank ( 2013 ) RuPaul 's Drag Race ( 2014 ) The Chair ( 2015 ) Making a Murderer ( 2016 ) Leah Remini : Scientology and the Aftermath ( 2017 ) Queer Eye ( 2018 ) Teen Choice Award for Choice Breakout Series Popular ( 2000 ) The Bernie Mac Show ( 2002 ) 8 Simple Rules ( 2003 ) The O.C. ( 2004 ) Desperate Housewives ( 2005 ) So You Think You Can Dance ( 2006 ) Heroes ( 2007 ) Gossip Girl ( 2008 ) Jonas ( 2009 ) The Vampire Diaries ( 2010 ) The Voice ( 2011 ) The X Factor ( 2012 ) The Fosters ( 2013 ) Faking It ( 2014 ) Empire ( 2015 ) Shadowhunters ( 2016 ) Riverdale ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=So_You_Think_You_Can_Dance_(U.S._TV_series)&oldid=854215581 '' Categories : 2005 American television series debuts 2000s American television series 2010s American television series English - language television programs Television series by Dick Clark Productions So You Think You Can Dance ( United States ) Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from November 2011 Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Dansk Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Lietuvių 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe اردو 中文 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 August 2018 , at 18 : 55 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who won the 2017 so you think you can dance | [
"On January 30, 2017, Fox renewed the series for a fourteenth season, which returned to its former contestant age range of 18-30 but keeps the All-Star partnerships. The season premiered on June 12, 2017. Contemporary dancer Lex Ishimoto was the winner of the season with contemporary dance Koine Iwasaki finishing as the runner-up and female winner, becoming the first Asian-Americans to take the top two positions of So You Think You Can Dance.[17]\n"
] | [
"Lex Ishimoto"
] |
-8460229406976066004 | Alabama Crimson Tide football | Alabama Crimson Tide Football - wikipedia Alabama Crimson Tide Football Jump to : navigation , search Alabama Crimson Tide football 2018 Alabama Crimson Tide football team First season 1892 Athletic director Greg Byrne Head coach Nick Saban 11th season , 127 -- 20 (. 864 ) Other staff See Coaching staff section Stadium Bryant -- Denny Stadium ( Capacity : 101,821 ) Field surface Natural grass Location Tuscaloosa , Alabama Conference Southeastern Conference Division Western Past conferences Southern Conference ( 1921 -- 1932 ) All - time record 891 -- 327 -- 43 (. 724 ) Bowl record 40 -- 25 -- 3 (. 610 ) Playoff appearances 4 ( 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 ) Playoff record 5 -- 2 (. 714 ) Claimed nat'l titles 17 ( 1925 , 1926 , 1930 , 1934 , 1941 , 1961 , 1964 , 1965 , 1973 , 1978 , 1979 , 1992 , 2009 , 2011 , 2012 , 2015 , 2017 ) Unclaimed nat'l titles 4 ( 1945 , 1966 , 1975 , 1977 ) National finalist 3 ( 2015 , 2016 , 2017 ) Conference titles 30 ( Southern Conference : 4 ; SEC : 26 ) Division titles 13 Rivalries Auburn Tigers ( rivalry ) LSU Tigers ( rivalry ) Tennessee Volunteers ( rivalry ) See Rivalries below for others Heisman winners 2 ( Mark Ingram 2009 and Derrick Henry 2015 ) Consensus All - Americans 69 Colors Crimson and White Fight song Yea Alabama Mascot Elephant ( Big Al ) Marching band Million Dollar Band Website RollTide.com The Alabama Crimson Tide football program represents the University of Alabama ( variously Alabama , UA , or ' Bama ) in the sport of American football . The team competes in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) and the Western Division of the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) . The team is currently coached by Nick Saban . The Crimson Tide is among the most storied and decorated football programs in NCAA history . Since beginning play in 1892 , the program claims 17 national championships , including 12 wire - service ( AP or Coaches ) national titles in the poll - era , and five other titles before the poll - era . From 1958 to 1982 , the team was led by Hall of Fame coach Paul `` Bear '' Bryant , who won six national championships with the program . Despite numerous national and conference championships , it was not until 2009 that an Alabama player received a Heisman Trophy , when running back Mark Ingram became the university 's first winner . In 2015 , Derrick Henry became the university 's second Heisman winner . Alabama has 891 official victories in NCAA Division I ( an additional 21 victories were vacated and 8 victories and 1 tie were forfeited ) , has won 30 conference championships ( 4 Southern Conference and 26 SEC championships ) and has made an NCAA - record 64 postseason bowl appearances . Other NCAA records include 23 winning streaks of 10 games or more and 19 seasons with a 10 -- 0 start . The program has 34 seasons with 10 wins or more ( plus one vacated ) , and has 37 bowl victories , both NCAA records . Alabama has completed 10 undefeated seasons , 9 of which were perfect seasons . The Crimson Tide leads the SEC West Division with 12 division titles and 11 appearances in the SEC Championship Game . Alabama holds a winning record against every current and former SEC school . The Associated Press ( AP ) ranks Alabama 4th in all - time final AP Poll appearances , with 53 through the 2015 season . Alabama plays its home games at Bryant -- Denny Stadium , located on the campus in Tuscaloosa , Alabama . With a capacity of 101,821 , Bryant - Denny is the 8th largest non-racing stadium in the world and the seventh largest stadium in the United States . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Head coaching history 1.2 National championships 1.2. 1 National championship seasons 1.3 Conference championships 1.4 Divisional championships 2 Individual accomplishments 2.1 First team All - Americans 2.2 College Football Hall of Fame inductees 2.3 Award winners 2.3. 1 Overall 2.3. 2 Positional 2.3. 3 Other 2.3. 4 Coaching 2.4 Heisman Trophy 2.5 SEC Legends 3 Rivalries 3.1 Auburn 3.2 Tennessee 3.3 LSU 3.4 Other rivalries 3.5 Former rivalries 4 All - time record vs. current SEC teams 5 Bowl games 6 Alabama and the NFL 6.1 Pro Football Hall of Fame 6.2 Alabama players currently in the National Football League 7 Coaching staff 8 Media 9 Future opponents 9.1 Non-division conference opponents 9.2 Non-conference opponents 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of Alabama Crimson Tide football See also : List of Alabama Crimson Tide football seasons Head coaching history ( edit ) Main article : List of Alabama Crimson Tide head football coaches Alabama has had 28 head coaches since organized football began in 1892 . Adopting the nickname `` Crimson Tide '' after the 1907 season , the team has played more than 1,100 games in their 114 seasons . In that time , 12 coaches have led the Crimson Tide in postseason bowl games : Wallace Wade , Frank Thomas , Harold D. `` Red '' Drew , Bear Bryant , Ray Perkins , Bill Curry , Gene Stallings , Mike DuBose , Dennis Franchione , Mike Shula , Joe Kines , and Nick Saban . Eight of those coaches also won conference championships : Wade , Thomas , Drew , Bryant , Curry , Stallings , DuBose , and Saban . During their tenures , Wade , Thomas , Bryant , Stallings , and Saban all won national championships with the Crimson Tide . Of the 27 different head coaches who have led the Crimson Tide , Wade , Thomas , Bryant , and Stallings have been inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame . The current head coach is Nick Saban , who was hired in January 2007 . National championships ( edit ) National championships in NCAA FBS college football are debated as the NCAA does not officially award the championship . Despite not naming an official National Champion , the NCAA provides lists of championships awarded by organizations it recognizes . According to the official NCAA 2009 Division I Football Records Book , `` During the last 138 years , there have been more than 30 selectors of national champions using polls , historical research and mathematical rating systems . Beginning in 1936 , the Associated Press began the best - known and most widely circulated poll of sportswriters and broadcasters . Before 1936 , national champions were determined by historical research and retroactive ratings and polls . ( ... ) The criteria for being included in this historical list of poll selectors is that the poll be national in scope , either through distribution in newspaper , television , radio and / or computer online . '' Since World War II , Alabama only claims national championships awarded by the final AP Poll or the final Coaches ' Poll . This policy is consistent with other FBS football programs with numerous national title claims , including Notre Dame , USC , and Oklahoma . All national championships claimed by the University of Alabama were published in nationally syndicated newspapers and magazines , and each of the national championship selectors , and are cited in the Official 2010 NCAA FBS Record Book . In addition to the championships claimed by the university , the NCAA has listed Alabama as receiving a championship for the 1945 , 1966 , 1975 , and 1977 college football seasons . In Alabama 's 1982 media guide , the last for Coach Bryant , 1934 is listed as the only national championship before Coach Bryant in a footnote about the school 's SEC history . In the 1980s , Alabama 's Sports Information Director Wayne Atcheson started recognizing five pre-Bryant national championship teams ( 1925 , 1926 , 1930 , 1934 , 1941 ) by adding them to the University 's Football Media Guide . According to Atcheson , he made the effort in the context of disputed titles being claimed by other schools , and `` to make Alabama football look the best it could look '' to compete with the other claimants . Atcheson maintains that the titles are the school 's rightful claims . The University of Alabama 2009 Official Football Media Guide states that Alabama had 12 national championships prior to winning the 2010 BCS National Championship Game . The 2009 , 2011 , 2012 , 2015 , and 2017 titles bring the total number of national championships claimed by Alabama to 17 . Twelve of Alabama 's national championships were awarded by the wire - services ( AP , Coaches ' Poll ) or by winning the BCS National Championship Game . In January 2013 , CNN suggested that Alabama might be college football 's new dynasty , and in May 2013 , Athlon Sports ranked Alabama 's ongoing dynasty as the fourth - best since 1934 , behind Oklahoma ( 1948 -- 58 ) , Miami ( 1986 -- 92 ) , and Nebraska ( 1993 -- 97 ) . National Championship seasons ( edit ) Season Coach Selectors Record Bowl 1925 Wallace Wade Various 10 -- 0 Won Rose Bowl 1926 Wallace Wade Various 9 -- 0 -- 1 Tied Rose Bowl 1930 Wallace Wade Various 10 -- 0 Won Rose Bowl 1934 Frank Thomas Various 10 -- 0 Won Rose Bowl 1941 Frank Thomas Houlgate Poll 9 -- 2 Won Cotton Bowl Classic 1961 Paul `` Bear '' Bryant AP , Coaches ' 11 -- 0 Won Sugar Bowl 1964 Paul `` Bear '' Bryant AP , Coaches ' 10 -- 1 Lost Orange Bowl 1965 Paul `` Bear '' Bryant AP 9 -- 1 -- 1 Won Orange Bowl 1973 Paul `` Bear '' Bryant Coaches ' 11 -- 1 Lost Sugar Bowl 1978 Paul `` Bear '' Bryant AP 11 -- 1 Won Sugar Bowl 1979 Paul `` Bear '' Bryant AP , Coaches ' 12 -- 0 Won Sugar Bowl 1992 Gene Stallings AP , Coaches ' 13 -- 0 Won Sugar Bowl 2009 Nick Saban AP , Coaches ' , BCS 14 -- 0 Won BCS National Championship Game 2011 Nick Saban AP , Coaches ' , BCS 12 -- 1 Won BCS National Championship Game 2012 Nick Saban AP , Coaches ' , BCS 13 -- 1 Won BCS National Championship Game 2015 Nick Saban AP , Coaches ' , CFP 14 -- 1 Won Cotton Bowl Classic Won College Football Playoff National Championship 2017 Nick Saban AP , Coaches ' , CFP 13 -- 1 Won Sugar Bowl Won College Football Playoff National Championship National Championships 17 1925 -- The 1925 Alabama Crimson Tide football team , coached by Wallace Wade , completed the regular season 9 -- 0 -- 0 , winning the Southern Conference championship . Alabama was then invited to play Washington in the January 1 , 1926 Rose Bowl . Coach Wade 's team initially fell behind the undefeated Huskies , but rallied in the second half to defeat Washington 20 -- 19 . The outstanding player of the game was Johnny Mack Brown . This game is viewed by many football historians as the single most important event for Southern football , and is hailed `` the football game that changed the South . '' Alabama was the first Southern football team to be invited to play in the Rose Bowl , and proved that the Southern teams could compete with those from the East , the Midwest and the West coast . The victory for Coach Wallace Wade established Alabama as a football powerhouse . The 1925 Alabama football team finished the season with a 10 -- 0 -- 0 record and was selected national champion by the Football Annual , Billingsley , and the Helms Athletic Foundation . 1926 -- The 1926 Alabama Crimson Tide football team , coached by Wallace Wade , completed the regular season 9 -- 0 -- 0 , winning the Southern Conference championship . Alabama was then invited to play Stanford in the January 1 , 1927 Rose Bowl . Coach Wade 's team tied the Indians 7 -- 7 to finish the season 9 -- 0 -- 1 . The outstanding player of the game was Fred Pickhard . The 1926 Alabama football team was selected national champion by Billingsley and the Helms Athletic Foundation . 1930 -- The 1930 Alabama Crimson Tide football team , coached by Wallace Wade , completed the regular season 9 -- 0 -- 0 , winning the Southern Conference championship . Alabama was then invited to play Washington State in the January 1 , 1931 Rose Bowl . Coach Wade 's team defeated the Cougars 24 -- 0 to finish the season 10 -- 0 -- 0 . The outstanding player of the game was John Campbell . The 1930 Alabama football team tied with Notre Dame as national champions in the Davis Poll . 1934 -- The 1934 Alabama Crimson Tide football team , coached by Frank Thomas , completed the regular season 9 -- 0 -- 0 , winning the Southeastern Conference championship . Alabama was then invited to play Stanford in the January 1 , 1935 Rose Bowl . Coach Thomas ' team defeated the Indians 29 -- 13 to finish the season 10 -- 0 -- 0 . The outstanding player of the game was Millard `` Dixie '' Howell . The 1934 Alabama football team was selected national champion by Dunkel , Williamson , and Football Thesaurus . The University of Alabama honored Ben McLeod , Jr. , the 95 - year -- old former backup End of the 1934 team at the September 6 , 2008 Alabama -- Tulane game . 1941 -- The 1941 Alabama Crimson Tide football team , coached by Frank Thomas , completed the regular season 8 -- 2 -- 0 . Alabama 's squad finished 3rd in the Southeastern Conference . After losing to Mississippi State 14 - 0 and Vanderbilt , 7 -- 0 , Alabama finished the regular season ranked No. 20 in the AP Poll , which was the finalized with two games left in the regular season . The onset of World War II changed the college football postseason . Alabama was one of 10 teams chosen for post-season competition when they were invited to play Texas A&M in the January 1 , 1942 Cotton Bowl Classic . Coach Thomas ' team defeated the Aggies 29 -- 21 to finish the season 9 -- 2 -- 0 . Minnesota , the AP national champion , finished 8 -- 0 and did not play in a bowl game per Big 10 rules . Alabama 's outstanding players of the game were Holt Rast , Don Whitmire , and Jimmy Nelson . The squad was selected national champions by the Houlgate Poll , published in the nationally syndicated Football Thesaurus . The 2009 NCAA Record Book cites the Minnesota Golden Gophers , the Texas Longhorns , and the Alabama Crimson Tide as the three teams selected as national champions in 1941 . The Tuscaloosa News described the 1941 Alabama Crimson Tide as the university 's best team since the 1934 Rose Bowl Championship Team . The September 11 , 1967 issue of Sports Illustrated lists Alabama 's 1941 squad as national champion based on Alabama 's strength of schedule relative to Minnesota 's and because of the early final AP Poll . 1961 -- The 1961 Alabama Crimson Tide football team , coached by Bear Bryant , completed the regular season 10 -- 0 -- 0 , winning the Southeastern Conference championship . Led by quarterback Pat Trammell , linebacker Lee Roy Jordan and two -- way lineman Billy Neighbors , Alabama outscored their opponents 297 -- 25 . Alabama was then invited to play the # 9 -- ranked Arkansas Razorbacks in the January 1 , 1962 Sugar Bowl . Coach Bryant 's team defeated the Razorbacks 10 -- 3 to finish the season 11 -- 0 -- 0 . The outstanding player of the game was Mike Fracchia . The 1961 Alabama football team was selected national champion by the AP Poll and Coaches ' Poll . 1964 -- The 1964 Alabama Crimson Tide football team , coached by Bear Bryant , completed the regular season 10 -- 0 -- 0 , winning the Southeastern Conference championship . Alabama was led by quarterback Joe Namath . Alabama was then invited to play the Texas Longhorns in the January 1 , 1965 Orange Bowl . Coach Bryant 's team lost to the Longhorns 21 -- 17 to finish the season 10 -- 1 -- 0 . The outstanding player of the game was Joe Namath . The 1964 Alabama football team was selected national champion by the AP Poll and the Coaches ' Poll prior to bowl games . The AP Poll waited until after the bowl games to select their champion for the 1965 season . 1965 -- The 1965 Alabama Crimson Tide football team , coached by Bear Bryant , completed the regular season 8 -- 1 -- 1 , winning the Southeastern Conference championship . The Tide lost to Georgia and tied Tennessee during the regular season . Alabama was then invited to play Nebraska in the January 1 , 1966 Orange Bowl . Coach Bryant 's team defeated the Cornhuskers 39 -- 28 to finish the season 9 -- 1 -- 1 . The outstanding player of the game was Steve Sloan . The 1965 Alabama football team was selected national champion by the AP Poll . 1973 -- The 1973 Alabama Crimson Tide football team , coached by Bear Bryant , completed the regular season 11 -- 0 -- 0 , winning the Southeastern Conference championship . Alabama was then invited to play Notre Dame in the December 31 , 1973 Sugar Bowl . Coach Bryant 's team lost to the Fighting Irish 24 -- 23 to finish the season 11 -- 1 -- 0 . The 1973 Alabama football team was selected national champion in the final regular season Coaches ' Poll , which was finalized prior to the post-season bowl games . The Coaches ' Poll began selecting their champion after the bowl games starting in 1974 . The post-bowl game AP Poll ranked Alabama 4th , and selected Notre Dame as its national champion . 1978 -- The 1978 Alabama Crimson Tide football team , coached by Bear Bryant , completed the regular season 10 -- 1 -- 0 , winning the Southeastern Conference championship . The Tide defeated # 10 -- ranked Nebraska 20 -- 3 , and defeated # 11 -- ranked Missouri 38 -- 20 , and lost to # 7 - ranked Southern California 24 -- 14 , during the regular season . The # 2 - ranked Alabama Crimson Tide was then invited to play the # 1 -- ranked Penn State in the January 1 , 1979 Sugar Bowl . Coach Bryant 's team defeated the Nittany Lions 14 -- 7 to finish the season 11 -- 1 -- 0 . The outstanding player of the game was linebacker Barry Krauss . Alabama was selected national champion by the AP Poll , and Southern California was selected national champion by the Coaches ' Poll . 1979 -- The 1979 Alabama Crimson Tide football team , coached by Bear Bryant , completed the regular season 11 -- 0 -- 0 , winning the Southeastern Conference championship . The Tide defeated # 18 -- ranked Tennessee 27 -- 17 , and defeated # 14 -- ranked Auburn 25 -- 18 during the regular season . Alabama was then invited to play # 6 -- ranked Arkansas in the January 1 , 1980 Sugar Bowl . Coach Bryant 's team defeated the Razorbacks 24 -- 9 to finish the season 12 -- 0 -- 0 . The outstanding player of the game was running back Major Ogilvie . The 1979 Alabama football team was selected national champion by the AP Poll and the Coaches ' Poll . 1992 -- The 1992 Alabama Crimson Tide football team , coached by Gene Stallings , completed the regular season 11 -- 0 -- 0 . They then defeated # 12 -- ranked Florida in the inaugural SEC Championship Game , defeating the Gators 28 -- 21 ; the win gave Alabama its 20th SEC title and a record of 12 -- 0 -- 0 . Alabama was then invited to play # 1 -- ranked Miami , led by Heisman trophy winner Gino Torretta , in the January 1 , 1993 Sugar Bowl . Coach Stallings ' team defeated the Hurricanes 34 -- 13 to finish the season 13 -- 0 -- 0 . The outstanding player of the game was Derrick Lassic . The 1992 Alabama football team was awarded the national championship by the AP Poll and the Coaches ' Poll . The Crimson Tide meeting with President Barack Obama after winning the 2009 national championship 2009 -- The 2009 Alabama Crimson Tide football team , coached by Nick Saban , finished with a 12 -- 0 regular season . In the 12 wins , the Crimson Tide defeated four teams that were ranked at the time , including an opening day victory over No. 7 Virginia Tech in the Chick - fil - A Kickoff Game . The team headed back to the Georgia Dome in December to face off against # 1 Florida in the SEC Championship Game . The Crimson Tide defeated the Gators 32 -- 13 in a rematch of the previous year 's championship . Alabama then traveled to Pasadena to face # 2 - ranked Texas in the 2010 BCS National Championship Game at the Rose Bowl . Alabama 's Heisman Trophy - winning running back , Mark Ingram , rushed for 116 yards and two touchdowns in a 37 -- 21 win . This was Alabama 's first victory over Texas ( 1 -- 7 -- 1 ) . Ingram was named the game 's offensive MVP in Alabama 's first BCS victory . The 2009 Alabama football team was selected national champion by the AP and Coaches ' Polls . The 2009 squad became the first FBS division team to defeat six teams ranked in the AP top 25 during one season and received a record six first team AP All - America selections . The 2009 team finished with a perfect 14 -- 0 record , an all - time highest number of wins in a season for Alabama . 2011 -- The 2011 Alabama Crimson Tide football team , coached by Nick Saban , completed the regular season 11 -- 1 . The only loss of the season was to LSU in overtime 9 -- 6 . The team did not play in the SEC Championship Game because of that loss , but won convincingly in its final three regular - season games and earned a No. 2 ranking in the BCS poll . For their final regular season game , Alabama defeated rival Auburn 42 - 14 . Alabama , led by Heisman trophy finalist Trent Richardson , then qualified to play No. 1 ranked LSU in the 2012 BCS National Championship Game . Coach Saban 's team defeated the Tigers 21 -- 0 and finished the season 12 -- 1 . Jeremy Shelley had a bowl record - tying five field goals in the game , and the game 's offensive MVP was AJ McCarron , and the defensive MVP was Courtney Upshaw . With the win , Alabama became the first team to shutout its opponent in a BCS bowl game . In addition to winning the BCS National Championship , the AP also awarded its national title to Alabama for the 8th time . 2012 -- The 2012 Alabama Crimson Tide football team , coached by Nick Saban , completed the regular season 11 -- 1 . The only loss of the season was against Texas A&M 29 -- 24 . Despite the loss , Alabama won the SEC Western division and went to the 2012 SEC Championship Game , where they defeated Georgia 32 -- 28 for the 23rd conference championship in school history . Alabama earned a No. 2 ranking in the final BCS rankings for the second straight year and as a result qualified for the 2013 BCS National Championship Game against No. 1 Notre Dame . Alabama defeated the Fighting Irish 42 -- 14 , finished the season 13 -- 1 , and the game 's offensive MVP was Eddie Lacy , and the defensive MVP was C.J. Mosley . Alabama became the third team in history to win three national championships in a four - year period . This was Alabama 's 9th AP national championship and 10th wire - service championship . 2015 -- The 2015 Alabama Crimson Tide football team , coached by Nick Saban , finished the regular season 11 -- 1 . Their only loss was to Ole Miss 43 -- 37 . They won the SEC Western Division title with a record of 7 -- 1 , defeating rivals LSU and Tennessee en route , and then defeated Florida 29 -- 15 in the SEC Championship . Alabama returned to the playoffs for the second consecutive season . After falling short in the semifinals against Ohio State in 2014 , Alabama defeated the Michigan State Spartans 38 -- 0 in the Cotton Bowl to advance to the Championship Game . Alabama beat the Clemson Tigers 45 -- 40 and won the 2015 FBS national championship . Alabama 's Heisman Trophy - winning running back Derrick Henry rushed for 158 yards and 3 touchdowns . This victory gave Coach Nick Saban his fifth national title , including four in the last seven seasons . 2017 - The 2017 Alabama Crimson Tide football team , coached by Nick Saban , finished the regular season 11 - 1 . Their only loss was to Auburn 26 - 14 . They won a share of the SEC Western Division title with a record of 7 - 1 . Alabama returned to the playoffs for the fourth consecutive season . Alabama avenged last seasons only loss in the National Championship game to Clemson 24 - 6 in the Sugar Bowl . The Tide advanced to the Championship game for the third year in a row . Alabama defeated SEC opponent Georgia 26 - 23 in overtime . The victory gave Nick Saban his sixth national title , tying him with Paul W. Bryant for most all time . It 's also Alabama 's fifth title in the last nine seasons . Conference championships ( edit ) Alabama has won a total of 30 conference championships ; this includes 4 Southern Conference and 26 SEC Championships . Alabama captured its 4 Southern Conference titles in 1924 , 1925 , 1926 , and 1930 . Alabama captured the first SEC title in 1933 and has won a total of 26 SEC Championships ( 1933 , 1934 , 1937 , 1945 , 1953 , 1961 , 1964 , 1965 , 1966 , 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1974 , 1975 , 1977 , 1978 , 1979 , 1981 , 1989 , 1992 , 1999 , 2009 , 2012 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 ) . The school has won more SEC football titles than any other school , including seven since the conference split into separate divisions and added the Championship Game in 1992 . Alabama is the only SEC school to win an SEC Championship in every decade since the conference was founded in 1933 . Season Conference Coach Overall Record Conference Record 1924 Southern Wallace Wade 8 -- 1 5 -- 0 1925 Southern Wallace Wade 10 -- 0 7 -- 0 1926 Southern Wallace Wade 9 -- 0 -- 1 8 -- 0 1930 Southern Wallace Wade 10 -- 0 8 -- 0 1933 SEC Frank Thomas 7 -- 1 -- 1 5 -- 0 -- 1 1934 SEC Frank Thomas 10 -- 0 7 -- 0 1937 SEC Frank Thomas 9 -- 1 6 -- 0 1945 SEC Frank Thomas 10 -- 0 6 -- 0 1953 SEC Harold Drew 6 -- 3 -- 3 4 -- 0 -- 3 1961 SEC Paul `` Bear '' Bryant 11 -- 0 7 -- 0 1964 SEC Paul `` Bear '' Bryant 10 -- 1 8 -- 0 1965 SEC Paul `` Bear '' Bryant 9 -- 1 -- 1 6 -- 1 -- 1 1966 SEC Paul `` Bear '' Bryant 11 -- 0 6 -- 0 1971 SEC Paul `` Bear '' Bryant 11 -- 1 7 -- 0 1972 SEC Paul `` Bear '' Bryant 10 -- 2 7 -- 1 1973 SEC Paul `` Bear '' Bryant 11 -- 1 8 -- 0 SEC Paul `` Bear '' Bryant 11 -- 1 6 -- 0 SEC Paul `` Bear '' Bryant 11 -- 1 6 -- 0 1977 SEC Paul `` Bear '' Bryant 11 -- 1 7 -- 0 1978 SEC Paul `` Bear '' Bryant 11 -- 1 6 -- 0 1979 SEC Paul `` Bear '' Bryant 12 -- 0 6 -- 0 1981 SEC Paul `` Bear '' Bryant 9 -- 2 -- 1 7 -- 0 1989 SEC Bill Curry 10 -- 2 6 -- 1 1992 SEC Gene Stallings 13 -- 0 8 -- 0 1999 SEC Mike DuBose 10 -- 3 7 -- 1 2009 SEC Nick Saban 14 -- 0 8 -- 0 2012 SEC Nick Saban 13 -- 1 7 -- 1 2014 SEC Nick Saban 12 -- 2 7 -- 1 2015 SEC Nick Saban 14 -- 1 7 -- 1 2016 SEC Nick Saban 14 - 1 8 -- 0 Conference Championships 26 SEC , 4 SoCon Denotes co-champions Divisional championships ( edit ) The SEC has been split into two divisions since the 1992 season . Alabama competes in the SEC West . Alabama has won or shared 13 division titles , and has posted a 7 -- 4 record in the SEC Championship Game as of 2016 . Season Division SEC CG Result Opponent PF PA 1992 SEC West Florida 28 21 1993 SEC West Florida 13 28 1994 SEC West Florida 23 24 1996 † SEC West Florida 30 45 1999 SEC West Florida 34 7 2008 SEC West Florida 20 31 2009 SEC West Florida 32 13 2012 SEC West Georgia 32 28 2013 † SEC West - N / A - - 2014 SEC West Missouri 42 13 2015 SEC West Florida 29 15 2016 SEC West Florida 54 16 2017 † SEC West - N / A - - Division Championships 13 † Denotes co-champions Individual accomplishments ( edit ) Main article : Alabama Crimson Tide football statistical leaders First team all - Americans ( edit ) Main article : List of Alabama Crimson Tide football All - Americans Terrence Cody was named an All - American for both 2008 and 2009 seasons . Every year , several publications release lists of their ideal `` team '' . The athletes on these lists are referred to as All - Americans . The NCAA recognizes five All - American lists . They are the Associated Press ( AP ) , American Football Coaches Association ( AFCA ) , Football Writers Association of America ( FWAA ) , Sporting News ( TSN ) , and the Walter Camp Football Foundation ( WCFF ) . Alabama has had 115 players honored 134 times as first team All - Americans ( 68 consensus ) in its history , including 13 players honored twice and two players ( Cornelius Bennett and Woodrow Lowe ) who were honored three times . The most recent All - Americans from Alabama came after the 2015 season , when Derrick Henry , Ryan Kelly , A'Shawn Robinson and Reggie Ragland were each named First Team All - America by various selectors . College Football Hall of Fame inductees ( edit ) In 1951 , the College Football Hall of Fame opened in South Bend , Indiana . Since then , Alabama has had 21 players and 4 former coaches inducted into the Hall of Fame . Alabama had two members inducted into the inaugural 1951 class -- Don Hutson and Frank Thomas . Name Time at Alabama Position Year Inducted Cornelius Bennett 1983 -- 86 LB 2005 Johnny Mack Brown 1923 -- 25 HB 1957 Paul Bryant 1958 -- 82 Head coach 1986 Johnny Cain 1930 -- 32 FB 1973 Harry Gilmer 1944 -- 47 QB , DB 1993 John Hannah 1970 -- 72 OG 1999 Frank Howard 1928 -- 30 OG 1989 Dixie Howell 1932 -- 34 HB 1970 Pooley Hubert 1922 -- 25 QB 1964 Don Hutson 1932 -- 34 1951 Lee Roy Jordan 1960 -- 62 LB Woodrow Lowe 1972 -- 75 LB 2009 Name Time at Alabama Position Year Inducted Vaughn Mancha 1944 -- 47 1990 Johnny Musso 1969 -- 71 HB 2000 Billy Neighbors 1959 -- 61 2003 Ozzie Newsome 1974 -- 77 SE 1994 Fred Sington 1928 -- 30 1955 Riley Smith 1934 -- 35 QB 1985 Gene Stallings 1990 -- 96 Head coach Derrick Thomas 1985 -- 88 LB 2014 Frank Thomas 1931 -- 46 Head coach 1951 Wallace Wade 1923 -- 30 Head coach 1955 Don Whitmire 1941 -- 42 1956 Marty Lyons 1975 -- 78 DT 2012 Award winners ( edit ) Overall ( edit ) Heisman Trophy Mark Ingram ( 2009 ) Derrick Henry ( 2015 ) Maxwell Award AJ McCarron ( 2013 ) Derrick Henry ( 2015 ) Walter Camp Award Derrick Henry ( 2015 ) Sporting News Player of the Year Mark Ingram ( 2009 ) Chuck Bednarik Award Jonathan Allen ( 2016 ) Minkah Fitzpatrick ( 2017 ) Bronko Nagurski Trophy Jonathan Allen ( 2016 ) Positional ( edit ) Doak Walker Award Trent Richardson ( 2011 ) Derrick Henry ( 2015 ) Fred Biletnikoff Award Amari Cooper ( 2014 ) Butkus Award Derrick Thomas ( 1988 ) Rolando McClain ( 2009 ) C.J. Mosley ( 2013 ) Reuben Foster ( 2016 ) Jim Thorpe Award Antonio Langham ( 1993 ) Minkah Fitzpatrick ( 2017 ) Lombardi Award Cornelius Bennett ( 1986 ) Jonathan Allen ( 2016 ) Outland Trophy Chris Samuels ( 1999 ) Andre Smith ( 2008 ) Barrett Jones ( 2011 ) Cam Robinson ( 2016 ) Rimington Trophy Barrett Jones ( 2012 ) Ryan Kelly ( 2015 ) Ted Hendricks Award Jonathan Allen ( 2016 ) Sammy Baugh Trophy Steve Sloan ( 1965 ) Paul Warfield Trophy David Palmer ( 1993 ) Amari Cooper ( 2014 ) Jim Parker Trophy Andre Smith ( 2008 ) Barrett Jones ( 2011 ) Jack Lambert Trophy Rolando McClain ( 2009 ) Jack Tatum Trophy Antonio Langham ( 1993 ) Johnny Unitas Golden Arm Award Jay Barker ( 1994 ) AJ McCarron ( 2013 ) Kellen Moore Award AJ McCarron ( 2013 ) Other ( edit ) Lott Trophy DeMeco Ryans ( 2005 ) Wuerffel Trophy Barrett Jones ( 2011 ) William V. Campbell Trophy Barrett Jones ( 2012 ) Joe Moore Award Offensive Line ( 2015 ) Coaching ( edit ) AFCA Coach of the Year Paul `` Bear '' Bryant ( 1961 , 1971 , 1973 ) Gene Stallings ( 1992 ) Paul `` Bear '' Bryant Award Gene Stallings ( 1992 ) Eddie Robinson Coach of the Year Gene Stallings ( 1992 ) Nick Saban ( 2008 ) Walter Camp Coach of the Year Gene Stallings ( 1992 ) Nick Saban ( 2008 ) George Munger Award Gene Stallings ( 1992 ) Nick Saban ( 2016 ) Bobby Dodd Coach of the Year Bill Curry ( 1989 ) Nick Saban ( 2014 ) AP Coach of the Year Nick Saban ( 2008 ) Sporting News Coach of the Year Nick Saban ( 2008 ) Home Depot Coach of the Year Nick Saban ( 2008 ) Liberty Mutual Coach of the Year Award Nick Saban ( 2008 ) Bobby Bowden Coach of the Year Nick Saban ( 2009 , 2011 , 2012 ) Broyles Award Kirby Smart ( 2009 ) AFCA Assistant Coach of the Year Kirby Smart ( 2012 ) Heisman Trophy ( edit ) On December 12 , 2009 , Mark Ingram became Alabama 's first Heisman Trophy winner . In the closest race ever , he edged out Stanford running back Toby Gerhart by 28 points . The previous best finishes for an Alabama player occurred in 1993 , when David Palmer finished 3rd in the Heisman voting and when AJ McCarron finished as runner - up for the 2013 season . Derrick Henry became Alabama 's second Heisman trophy winner on December 12 , 2015 . Top 5 finishes for Alabama players : Year Name Position Finish 1937 Joe Kilgrow RB 5th 1945 Harry Gilmer RB 5th 1947 Harry Gilmer RB 5th 1961 Pat Trammell QB 5th 1962 Lee Roy Jordan LB 4th 1971 Johnny Musso RB 5th 1972 Terry Davis QB 5th 1993 David Palmer WR 3rd 1994 Jay Barker QB 5th 2009 Mark Ingram RB 1st 2011 Trent Richardson RB 3rd 2013 AJ McCarron QB 2nd 2014 Amari Cooper WR 3rd 2015 Derrick Henry RB 1st SEC Legends ( edit ) Main article : SEC Football Legends Starting in 1994 , the Southeastern Conference has annually honored one former football player from each of the SEC member schools as an `` SEC Legend '' . The following former Crimson Tide football players have been honored as SEC Legends . 1994 Lee Roy Jordan 1995 Harry Gilmer 1996 Billy Neighbors 1997 John Hannah 1998 Holt Rast 1999 Johnny Musso 2000 Dwight Stephenson 2001 Joe Namath 2002 Vaughn Mancha 2003 Jeremiah Castille 2004 Bob Baumhower 2005 Cornelius Bennett 2006 Steve Sloan 2007 Ken Stabler 2008 Bart Starr 2009 Antonio Langham 2010 Cornelius Griffin 2011 Dennis Homan 2012 Paul Crane 2013 Marty Lyons 2014 Bobby Humphrey 2015 Woodrow Lowe 2016 Chris Samuels Rivalries ( edit ) Auburn ( edit ) Main article : Iron Bowl Alabama on offense against the Tigers in 2010 The main rivalry of the Crimson Tide is against its in - state rival , Auburn University ; considered one of the top rivalries in all of sports . The Alabama - Auburn game has come to be known as the Iron Bowl . The outcome of the game generally determines `` bragging rights '' in the state of Alabama until the following contest . The game may also have implications as to which team will represent the SEC Western Division in the SEC Championship Game . On February 22 , 1893 , at Lakeview Park in Birmingham , Auburn was victorious in the first ever Iron Bowl , 32 -- 22 . The series was suspended after the 1907 contest , due to violence and financial complications . In 1944 , Auburn suggested to reopen the series , though the Board of Trustees at Alabama rejected . The series was resumed in 1948 , with Alabama crushing the Tigers 55 -- 0 , which is still the largest margin of victory in the series . In the following contest , Auburn shocked Alabama with a 14 -- 13 victory , which is credited with helping revive the series . For many years , the contest was held at Legion Field in Birmingham , before the teams began alternating between Bryant - Denny Stadium , in Tuscaloosa , and Jordan -- Hare Stadium , in Auburn . Auburn won the most recent meeting 26 - 14 in Auburn , and Alabama currently leads the series at 45 - 36 - 1 . Tennessee ( edit ) Main article : Third Saturday in October Alabama on offense versus Tennessee in Tuscaloosa during the 2009 season Despite the heated in - state rivalry with Auburn , Bear Bryant was more adamant about defeating his rivals to the north , the Tennessee Volunteers . The series is named the Third Saturday in October , the traditional calendar date on which the game was played . Despite the name , the game has only been played on the third Saturday five times between 1995 -- 2007 . The first game between the two sides was played in 1901 in Birmingham , ending in a 6 -- 6 tie . From 1902 to 1913 , Alabama dominated the series , only losing once , and never allowing a touchdown by the Volunteers . Beginning in 1928 , the rivalry was first played on its traditional date and began to be a challenge for the Crimson Tide as Robert Neyland began challenging Alabama for their perennial spot on top of the conference standings . In the 1950s , Jim Goostree , the head trainer for Alabama , began another tradition as he began handing out cigars following a victory over the Volunteers . Between 1971 -- 1981 , Alabama held an eleven - game winning streak over the Volunteers and , between 1986 -- 1994 , a nine - game unbeaten streak . However , following Alabama 's streak , Tennessee responded with a seven - game winning streak from 1995 -- 2001 . Alabama has won the last 11 meetings from 2007 -- 2017 , tying the 1971 -- 1981 record . Alabama won the most recent meeting 45 - 7 in Tuscaloosa , and leads the series 55 - 38 -- 7 . LSU ( edit ) Main article : Alabama -- LSU football rivalry Alabama vs. LSU 2011 A rivalry within the SEC Western Division occurs yearly between Alabama and the LSU Tigers . Starting in 1895 , the Tigers were victorious 12 -- 6 in the first meeting . The teams did not regularly meet until the mid-1960s during Alabama 's dominance of the SEC . Between 1971 -- 1981 , the Crimson Tide won 11 consecutive times . In the 1969 game , LSU defeated Alabama 20 -- 15 in Baton Rouge . Alabama did not lose again in Baton Rouge until 2000 . In 2007 , the meeting was more heated following Alabama 's hiring of head coach Nick Saban , who previously coached at LSU . With the hiring , many media outlets dubbed the 2007 meeting as the `` Saban Bowl '' . The Crimson Tide lost the first `` Saban Bowl '' in 2007 , won the 2008 and 2009 meetings only to lose in Baton Rouge in 2010 . In 2011 , the teams played as the consensus No. 1 and No. 2 ranked teams in the polls with LSU winning 9 -- 6 in overtime . They played each other again for the BCS National Championship with Alabama winning 21 -- 0 to secure its 14th National Championship . Alabama won the most recent meeting 24 - 10 in Tuscaloosa and leads the head - to - head series 52 - 25 -- 5 . Other rivalries ( edit ) Alabama 's most played opponent is Mississippi State . The rivalry has been called the `` Battle for Highway 82 '' with the schools separated by only about 90 miles . Alabama has dominated the series with wins in 82 of the 102 meetings . Alabama also maintains a rivalry with the Ole Miss Rebels . It is one of the most lopsided rivalries in college football , with Alabama having won 53 of the 65 meetings . In recent years , Alabama has developed what some consider to be a rivalry with the Clemson Tigers . In the build - up to the 2018 Sugar Bowl , players and coaches from both teams referred to the series as a `` respectful '' rivalry . There are numerous connections between the two programs . Clemson 's top three winningest head coaches , Frank Howard , Dabo Swinney , and Danny Ford , all played at Alabama , as did Clemson coaches Hootie Ingram and Charley Pell . Alabama and Clemson have played first in 1900 and most recently in 2018 , with Alabama winning 14 of the 18 games . The series escalated into a rivalry when the teams met in the College Football Playoff in the 2015 , 2016 , and 2017 seasons . Former rivalries ( edit ) The Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets were at one time considered Alabama 's arch rival . During the suspension of the Iron Bowl between 1907 and 1948 , Georgia Tech ( then a member of the SEC ) emerged as the most intense game on Alabama 's schedule . The teams played many significant games , especially in the late 1950s and early 1960s . A heated feud developed between Bear Bryant and Georgia Tech head coach Bobby Dodd following a controversial hit in the 1961 game , a 10 -- 0 Alabama victory . Dodd cited this feud as the primary impetus for Georgia Tech leaving the SEC three years later . The two teams have met 52 times , making Georgia Tech Alabama 's most played among current non-conference opponents . Alabama leads the series 28 -- 21 -- 3 ; Georgia Tech won the last meeting in 1984 . Alabama 's fight song , `` Yea Alabama '' , mentions Georgia Tech with the line `` Send the Yellow Jackets to a watery grave . '' There have been many historic games between Alabama and Penn State . The two teams met five times during the tenure of Bear Bryant , including in the 1979 Sugar Bowl , which determined the national championship for the 1978 season . The games usually have national implications -- seven of the fifteen meetings between the two schools have featured both teams ranked in the Top 10 -- and eight of the meetings have been decided by a touchdown or less . The most recent game was in 2011 , with Alabama winning 27 -- 11 . It was the final loss for long - time Penn State head coach Joe Paterno . Alabama leads the series 10 -- 5 . All - time record vs. current SEC teams ( edit ) Official record ( including any NCAA imposed vacates and forfeits ) against all current SEC opponents as of the completion of the 2016 season : Opponent Won Lost Tied Percentage Streak First Meeting Arkansas 21 7 0 . 750 Won 11 1962 Auburn 45 36 . 544 Lost 1 1893 Florida 26 14 0 . 650 Won 6 1916 Georgia 39 25 . 603 Won 4 1895 Kentucky 37 . 938 Won 6 1917 LSU 52 25 5 . 665 Won 7 1895 Mississippi State 80 18 . 807 Won 10 1896 Missouri 0 . 600 Won 3 1968 Ole Miss 49 11 . 806 Won 2 1894 South Carolina 10 0 . 714 Lost 1 1937 Tennessee 55 38 7 . 585 Won 11 1901 Texas A&M 8 0 . 800 Won 5 1942 Vanderbilt 59 19 . 744 Won 22 1903 Totals 484 203 27 . 697 Bowl games ( edit ) This is a partial list of the ten most recent bowl games Alabama competed in . For the full Alabama bowl game history , see List of Alabama Crimson Tide bowl games . Season Bowl Game Winner Loser 2008 Sugar Bowl Utah 31 Alabama 17 2009 BCS National Championship Game Alabama 37 Texas 21 Capital One Bowl Alabama 49 Michigan State 7 2011 BCS National Championship Game Alabama 21 LSU 0 2012 BCS National Championship Game Alabama 42 Notre Dame 14 2013 Sugar Bowl Oklahoma 45 Alabama 31 2014 Sugar Bowl Ohio State 42 Alabama 35 2015 Cotton Bowl Alabama 38 Michigan State 0 CFP National Championship Alabama 45 Clemson 40 2016 Peach Bowl Alabama 24 Washington 7 CFP National Championship Clemson 35 Alabama 31 2017 Sugar Bowl Alabama 24 Clemson 6 CFP National Championship Alabama 26 Georgia 23 Overall bowl record : 40 - 25 - 3 ( 68 games ) Alabama and the NFL ( edit ) See also : List of Alabama Crimson Tide players in the NFL Draft Pro Football Hall of Fame ( edit ) Eight former Alabama football players have been inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame , the fourth most among all colleges . Year Inducted Player Seasons at UA NFL Team ( s ) Years with NFL Team ( s ) 1963 Don Hutson 1932 -- 34 Green Bay Packers 1935 -- 45 1977 Bart Starr 1952 -- 55 Green Bay Packers 1956 -- 71 1985 Joe Namath 1962 -- 64 New York Jets 1965 -- 76 Los Angeles Rams 1977 1991 John Hannah 1970 -- 72 New England Patriots 1973 -- 85 1998 Dwight Stephenson 1977 -- 79 Miami Dolphins 1980 -- 87 1999 Ozzie Newsome 1974 -- 77 Cleveland Browns 1978 -- 90 2009 Derrick Thomas 1985 -- 88 Kansas City Chiefs 1989 -- 99 2016 Ken Stabler 1964 -- 67 Oakland Raiders 1970 -- 79 Houston Oilers 1980 -- 81 New Orleans Saints 1982 -- 84 Reference : Alabama players currently in the National Football League ( edit ) Jonathan Allen , DE - Washington Redskins Ryan Anderson , LB - Washington Redskins Mark Barron , LB -- Los Angeles Rams James Carpenter , OG -- New York Jets Ha Ha Clinton - Dix , FS -- Green Bay Packers Landon Collins , S -- New York Giants Amari Cooper , WR -- Oakland Raiders Marcell Dareus , DT -- Jacksonville Jaguars Quinton Dial , DT - Green Bay Packers Gehrig Dieter , WR - Kansas City Chiefs Kenyan Drake , RB -- Miami Dolphins D.J. Fluker , OL - Seattle Seahawks Reuben Foster , LB - San Francisco 49ers Jalston Fowler , FB -- Seattle Seahawks Brandon Greene , OL - Chicago Bears Derrick Henry , RB -- Tennessee Titans Dont'a Hightower , LB -- New England Patriots OJ Howard , TE - Tampa Bay Buccaneers Marlon Humphrey , CB - Baltimore Ravens Mark Ingram Jr. , RB -- New Orleans Saints Eddie Jackson , S - Chicago Bears Kareem Jackson , CB -- Houston Texans Cyrus Jones , CB -- New England Patriots Julio Jones , WR -- Atlanta Falcons Ryan Kelly , C -- Indianapolis Colts Dre Kirkpatrick , CB -- Cincinnati Bengals Arie Kouandjio , OT -- Washington Redskins Cyrus Kouandjio , OT -- Denver Broncos Eddie Lacy , RB -- Seattle Seahawks AJ McCarron , QB -- Buffalo Bills CJ Mosley , LB -- Baltimore Ravens Reggie Ragland , LB -- Kansas City Chiefs Jarran Reed , DT -- Seattle Seahawks A'Shawn Robinson , DT -- Detroit Lions Cam Robinson , OT - Jacksonville Jaguars Andre Smith , OT -- Arizona Cardinals Damion Square , DT -- Los Angeles Chargers Anthony Steen , C -- Miami Dolphins ArDarius Stewart , WR - New York Jets Ed Stinson , DE -- New York Jets Carson Tinker , LS -- Jacksonville Jaguars Dalvin Tomlinson , DT - New York Giants Chance Warmack , OG -- Philadelphia Eagles DeAndrew White , WR - Houston Texans Tim Williams , LB - Baltimore Ravens T.J. Yeldon , RB -- Jacksonville Jaguars Coaching staff ( edit ) Name Position coached Consecutive season at Alabama in current position Nick Saban Head coach 12th Dan Enos Associate Head Coach / Quarterbacks coach 1st Mike Locksley Offensive coordinator 3rd ( 1st as full time OC ) Josh Gattis Co-Offensive Coordinator / Wide receivers coach 1st Pete Golding Co-Defensive Coordinator / Inside Linebackers coach 1st Tosh Lupoi Defensive Coordinator / Outside Linebackers coach 4th ( 1st as full time DC ) Jeff Banks Special teams Coordinator / Tight End coach 1st Craig Kuligowski Associate Head Coach / Defensive Line coach 1st Brent Key Offensive line coach 3rd Joe Pannunzio Running Backs coach 2nd Karl Scott Defensive backs coach 1st Scott Cochran Strength and Conditioning 11th Reference : Media ( edit ) During the football season , the Crimson Tide Sports Network broadcasts multiple shows on gameday for most sports . The network includes more than sixty radio stations across the country . Radio stations WFFN - FM , WTSK - AM as a backup , broadcast all home games in the Tuscaloosa area . Football radio broadcasts begin three hours prior to the game 's designated kickoff time with Chris Stewart and Tyler Watts in Around the SEC . The radio broadcast then moves to the Crimson Tide Tailgate Party hosted by Tom Roberts . Immediately following the end of the game , the Fifth Quarter Show begins as host Eli Gold talks to coaches and players and gives game statistics . For the 2008 season , former Alabama players and personalities were brought on to provide guest commentary for each broadcast . Eli Gold has done play - by - play work for Alabama football since 1988 . Current radio staff : Eli Gold -- play - by - play Phil Savage -- color analyst Chris Stewart -- sideline reporter , pre - and post-game show host Tyler Watts -- pre - and post-game show co-host Tom Roberts -- director of broadcasting Tom Stipe , Butch Owens , Brian Roberts -- producers Stewart and Watts also provide play - by - play and color commentary respectively for CTSN pay - per - view television broadcasts . Former radio staff : Bert Bank , founder of the Alabama Football Network , producer emeritus John Forney , play - by - play Jerry Duncan , sideline reporter Paul Kennedy , play - by - play Doug Layton , color analyst Ken Stabler , color analyst Future opponents ( edit ) Non-division Conference opponents ( edit ) Alabama plays Tennessee as a permanent non-division opponent annually and rotates around the East division among the other six schools . 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 vs Tennessee at Tennessee vs Tennessee at Tennessee vs Tennessee at Tennessee vs Tennessee at South Carolina vs Georgia at Florida vs Vanderbilt at Kentucky vs South Carolina at Missouri Non-conference opponents ( edit ) 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 vs Duke vs Georgia State vs Mercer vs Southern Miss vs Kent State vs New Mexico State Source : The 2017 game against Florida State will be part of the Chick - fil - A Kickoff Game held at Mercedes - Benz Stadium in Atlanta . The 2018 game against Louisville will be part of the Camping World Kickoff held at Camping World Stadium in Orlando , Florida . The 2019 game against Duke will be part of the Chick - fil - A Kickoff Game held at Mercedes - Benz Stadium in Atlanta . See also ( edit ) Alabama Crimson Tide home football stadiums University of Alabama traditions Notes ( edit ) ^ In 1995 , the NCAA forfeited Alabama 8 regular season victories and 1 tie from the 1993 season . ^ In 2009 , the NCAA vaca References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Bryant - Denny Stadium '' . University of Alabama Athletics . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2010 . Retrieved August 19 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` National Championships '' . University of Alabama Athletics . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2008 . Retrieved July 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The University of Alabama Crimson Tide Logo Sheet '' ( PDF ) . May 6 , 2016 . Retrieved December 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NCAA Sports Sponsorship '' . NCAA . Retrieved October 2 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Alabama 2003 Media Guide : National Team Champions '' ( PDF ) . University of Alabama Athletics . 2003 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 14 , 2012 . Retrieved October 2 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Past Division I-A Football National Champions '' . NCAA . Archived from the original on November 24 , 2009 . Retrieved December 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Recognized National Championships by Year '' . NCAA Official Records . Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Armstrong , Kevin ( December 12 , 2009 ) . `` Mark Ingram Wins Heisman Trophy in Close Race '' . New York Times . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2013 . Retrieved December 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ The University of Alabama ( August 15 , 2012 ) . `` 2012 Football Record Book '' ( PDF ) . rolltide.com . rolltide.com . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 17 , 2013 . Retrieved October 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Week 12 College Football Power Rankings '' . ESPN.com . ESPN . November 18 , 2013 . Archived from the original on November 23 , 2009 . Retrieved November 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official 2011 NCAA Football Records Book : Football Bowl Subdivision Records '' ( PDF ) . National Collegiate Athletic Association . 2011 . p. 128 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on July 15 , 2012 . Retrieved July 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Total Appearances in the Final AP Poll '' . Collegepollarchive.com . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2012 . Retrieved February 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Greatest Program of all Time Is ... '' Scout with FoxSports.com . August 19 , 2012 . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2011 . Retrieved August 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hall of Famers : Wallace Wade '' . National Football Foundation 's College Football Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2012 . Retrieved January 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Hall of Famers : Frank Thomas '' . National Football Foundation 's College Football Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2012 . Retrieved January 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Hall of Famers : Paul Bryant '' . National Football Foundation 's College Football Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2012 . Retrieved January 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Pasquarelli , Len ( January 4 , 2007 ) . `` After repeated denials , Saban takes Bama job '' . ESPN . Associated Press . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2012 . Retrieved October 6 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` NCAA History '' . NCAA . Retrieved October 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Football Bowl Subdivision Records pp. 76 -- 78 '' ( PDF ) . NCAA . Retrieved March 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ http://fs.ncaa.org/Docs/stats/football_records/DI/2010/2010FBS.pdf Jump up ^ Solomon , John ( January 6 , 2010 ) `` Got 12 ? Here 's how Alabama bumped up its claim to a dozen national titles '' . The Birmingham News . Jump up ^ `` '' Archived January 19 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Is Alabama college football 's new dynasty ? '' . CNN , Turner Broadcasting Company . Retrieved July 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` College Football 's Top 25 Greatest Dynasties of the AP Era '' . FoxSports.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bowl History '' ( PDF ) . University of Alabama Athletics . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 23 , 2011 . Retrieved October 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` UA to honor its oldest living football player '' . Tuscaloosa News . September 5 , 2008 . Retrieved October 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` All -- Time Football Standings 1940 -- 1949 '' . SEC Sports . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1941 Final Football Polls -- College Poll Archive -- Historical College Football and Basketball Polls and Rankings '' . collegepollarchive.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Sports Illustrated '' . September 11 , 1967 . Retrieved December 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Staff Reporters ( January 4 , 1942 ) . `` Tiders to Return Home with Bowl Bacon Today '' . The Tuscaloosa News . p. 10 . Retrieved July 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1973 Final AP Football Poll -- AP Poll Archive -- Historical College Football and Basketball Polls and Rankings '' . December 2 , 2009 . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2010 USC Football Media Guide '' . University of Southern California Sports Department . Retrieved November 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jones , David ( December 8 , 2009 ) . `` Alabama rolls to 32 -- 13 defeat of No. 1 Florida in SEC title game '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Whiteside , Kelly ( January 7 , 2010 ) . `` Alabama sidesteps Texas ' charge to emerge with BCS title '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` LSU kicks winning field goal in OT for defensive - minded win over Alabama '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . November 5 , 2011 . Retrieved July 4 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` LSU , Alabama to play for title '' . ESPN.com . ESPN.com news services . December 4 , 2011 . Retrieved July 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama stomps Auburn behind Trent Richardson 's 203 yards '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . November 26 , 2011 . Retrieved July 4 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Alabama 's D embarrasses LSU as five FGs , late TD seal national title '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . January 9 , 2012 . Retrieved July 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 NCAA Football Rankings -- Postseason '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved July 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Manziel , Texas A&M pull upset as No. 1 Alabama 's rally falls short '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . November 10 , 2012 . Retrieved July 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama holds off Georgia , reaches BCS Championship Game '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . December 1 , 2012 . Retrieved July 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Irish - Bama 1 -- 2 ; N. Illinois busts BCS '' . ESPN.com . ESPN.com news services . December 2 , 2012 . Retrieved July 4 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Alabama routs Notre Dame , wins 3rd BCS title in past 4 years '' . ESPN.com . ESPN.com news services . January 7 , 2013 . Retrieved July 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Awards compiled NCAA 2008 Record Book Division 1 Football '' . NCAA . DocStoc . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2016 . Retrieved December 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Awards and the NFL '' ( PDF ) . University of Alabama Athletics . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 20 , 2009 . Retrieved October 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ 2009 Alabama Football Media Guide , p. 156 . University of Alabama . Jump up ^ Michael , Casagrande ( December 18 , 2014 ) . `` Alabama WR Amari Cooper makes unanimous All - American '' . AL.com . Retrieved December 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama in the College Football Hall of Fame '' ( PDF ) . University of Alabama Athletics . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on August 20 , 2008 . Retrieved October 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Hall of Famers : Alabama '' . College Football Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2016 . Retrieved October 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Hall of Famers : 1951 '' . College Football Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2016 . Retrieved October 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Ingram wins Alabama 's 1st Heisman '' . ESPN . Associated Press . December 13 , 2009 . Retrieved January 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1993 -- 59TH Award '' . Heisman Memorial Trophy . Heisman.com . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2016 . Retrieved December 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Gribble , Andrew ( December 14 , 2013 ) . `` Full breakdown of Heisman trophy voting : Behind Jameis Winston , a tight pack led by AJ McCarron '' . AL.com . Retrieved December 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama 's Henry runs off with Heisman victory '' . Jump up ^ `` The 10 greatest rivalries '' . ESPN . January 3 , 2007 . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2008 . Retrieved October 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Rappoport , Ken ; Barry Wilner ( 2007 ) . `` The Iron Bowl : Auburn - Alabama '' . Football Feuds : The Greatest College Football Rivalries . Globe Pequot . p. 77 . ISBN 1 - 59921 - 014 - 2 . Jump up ^ Football Feuds : 79 Jump up ^ `` The University of Alabama Football Facts '' . 2000 . Archived from the original on November 19 , 2008 . Retrieved October 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` This is Alabama Football : Iron Bowl '' ( PDF ) . University of Alabama Athletics . p. 157 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 4 , 2017 . Retrieved October 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Football Feuds : 80 ^ Jump up to : `` The Record Book '' ( PDF ) . University of Alabama Athletics . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 20 , 2009 . Retrieved October 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Football Feuds : 81 Jump up ^ Browning , Al ( 2001 ) . Third Saturday in October : Tennessee Vs. Alabama : the Game - by - game Story of the South 's Most Intense Football Rivalry . Cumberland House . ISBN 1 - 58182 - 217 - 0 . Jump up ^ Dunnavant , Keith ( 2006 ) . `` The Missing Ring '' . The Missing Ring : How Bear Bryant and the 1966 Alabama Crimson Tide Were Denied College Football 's Most Elusive Prize . Macmillan . p. 170 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 33683 - 7 . Jump up ^ Carlton , Chuck ( November 2 , 2007 ) . `` LSU , Alabama to meet in first Saban Bowl '' . The Dallas Morning News . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2016 . Retrieved October 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Bayou , LSU fans brace for Nick Saban Bowl '' . New York Daily News . November 1 , 2007 . Retrieved October 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Saban Bowl for riled LSU fans '' . The Seattle Times . November 1 , 2007 . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2008 . Retrieved October 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/ncaaf/2017/12/03/clemson-alabama-playoff-rivalry-continues-in-sugar-bowl/108281478/ Jump up ^ http://www.espn.com/college-football/story/_/id/21931900/round-iv-alabama-crimson-tide-clemson-tigers-college-football-playoff-rivalry-bring-on Jump up ^ https://www.denverpost.com/2017/12/31/sugar-bowl-preview-alabama-clemson/ Jump up ^ https://www.seccountry.com/alabama/is-alabama-clemson-a-rivalry-players-from-both-sides-are-mostly-in-agreement Jump up ^ https://www.seccountry.com/alabama/dabo-swinney-alabama-vs-clemson-rivalry-developed-thats-healthy-respectful Jump up ^ https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Rz9SAAAAIBAJ&sjid=OHkDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6881,547355&dq=chick+graning+incident&hl=en Jump up ^ http://cecilbuffington.com/catalog_40.html Jump up ^ Hall of Fame . `` Inductees by College '' . PFHOF . Retrieved November 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ 2018 Alabama Crimson Tide Football Media Guide , p. 2 Jump up ^ `` ROLLTIDE.COM -- University of Alabama Official Athletics Site '' . www.rolltide.com . Jump up ^ `` Radio / TV Information '' . University of Alabama Athletics . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2008 . Retrieved October 8 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` CTSN Game Broadcasts '' . University of Alabama Athletics . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2008 . Retrieved October 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` CTSN Ready for 2008 Football Season '' . University of Alabama Athletics . Retrieved October 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Crew '' . University of Alabama Athletics . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2008 . Retrieved October 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Crimson Tide Radio and Television Information , Football '' . University of Alabama Athletics . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2008 . Retrieved October 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Williamson , Bill ( July 11 , 2008 ) . `` Ex-Raiders star Stabler leaves radio gig '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2008 . Retrieved October 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Stabler leaves UA radio job '' . The Huntsville Times . July 12 , 2008 . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2011 . Retrieved October 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` SEC Future Football Schedule Rotation Announced '' . fbschedules.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama Crimson Tide Football Schedules and Future Schedules '' . fbschedules.com . Retrieved December 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Adelson , Andrea ( July 9 , 2015 ) . `` Florida State , Alabama officially announce 2017 meeting '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved December 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McMurphy , Brett ( August 6 , 2015 ) . `` Crimson Tide to play Louisville in 2018 season opener in Orlando '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved December 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Adelson , Andrea ( November 21 , 2016 ) . `` Alabama to face Duke in 2019 Chick - fil - A Kickoff Game '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved December 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama Put on Probation College football : NCAA sanctions program for three years . The team is banned from postseason play next season '' . Los Angeles Times . August 3 , 1995 . Further reading ( edit ) Barnhart , Tony ; Keith Jackson ( 2000 ) . Southern Fried Football : The History , Passion , and Glory of the Great Southern Game . Triumph Books . ISBN 1 - 60078 - 093 - 8 . Davis , Terry ( 1999 ) . Roll Tide : The Alabama Crimson Tide Story . Creative Education . ISBN 0 - 88682 - 975 - 5 . Forney , John ( 1993 ) . Talk of the Tide : an oral history of Alabama football since 1920 . Crane Hill Publishers . ISBN 1 - 881548 - 03 - 1 . Gold , Eli ( 2005 ) . Crimson Nation . Thomas Nelson Incorporated . ISBN 1 - 4016 - 0190 - 1 . Groom , Winston ( 2000 ) . The Crimson Tide -- An Illustrated History . The University of Alabama Press . ISBN 0 - 8173 - 1051 - 7 . Langford , George ( 1974 ) . The Crimson Tide : Alabama Football . H. Regnery Co . ISBN 0 - 8092 - 8363 - 8 . Sharpe , Wilton ( 2007 ) . Crimson Tide Madness : Great Eras in Alabama Football . Cumberland House Publishing . ISBN 1 - 58182 - 580 - 3 . Townsend , Steve ( 2003 ) . Tales from 1978 -- 79 Alabama Football : A Time of Champions . Sports Publishing LLC . ISBN 1 - 58261 - 425 - 3 . Walsh , Christopher J. ( 2005 ) . Crimson Storm Surge : Alabama Football Then and Now . Taylor Trade Publishing . ISBN 1 - 58979 - 279 - 3 . Wells , Lawrence ( 2000 ) . Football Powers of the South . Sports Yearbook Company . ISBN 0 - 916242 - 27 - 7 . Athlon Sports ; Mike Shula ( 2006 ) . Alabama Football : The Greatest Games , Players , Coaches , and Teams in the Glorious Tradition of Crimson Tide Football . Triumph Books . ISBN 1 - 57243 - 880 - 0 . The Tuscaloosa News ; Mike Bynum , Associated Press ( 2003 ) . Greatest Moments in Alabama Crimson Tide Football History . Distributors . ISBN 1 - 928846 - 65 - 3 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Alabama Crimson Tide football . Official website Alabama Crimson Tide football Venues University of Alabama Quad ( 1893 -- 1914 ) Denny Field ( 1915 -- 1928 ) Bryant -- Denny Stadium ( 1929 -- present ) Rickwood Field ( alternate , 1912 -- 1927 ) Cramton Bowl ( alternate , 1922 -- 1954 ) Ernest F. Ladd Stadium ( alternate , 1948 -- 1968 ) Legion Field ( alternate , 1927 -- 2003 ) Bowls & rivalries Bowl games Auburn : Iron Bowl ( James E. Foy , V - ODK Sportsmanship Trophy ) LSU Mississippi State Ole Miss Penn State Tennessee : Third Saturday in October Culture & lore History Saban era Traditions Big Al `` Yea Alabama '' A-Day 1922 Penn game Million Dollar Band Walk of Fame Paul W. Bryant Museum The Bear The Bear Bryant Show Porter Cup 1943 Informals People Head coaches All - Americans College Football Hall of Fame inductees NFL draftees Starting quarterbacks Statistical leaders Champ Pickens Seasons 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 National championship seasons in bold The University of Alabama Located in : Tuscaloosa , Alabama Academics College of Arts and Sciences ( New College ) College of Communication and Information Sciences College of Engineering School of Law College of Community Health Sciences People Bear Bryant George H. Denny Amelia Gayle Gorgas Autherine Lucy Julia Tutwiler Presidents Campus Arboretum Archaeological Park Auditorium Chimes Insurance Hall of Fame Museum of Natural History New Observatory Old Observatory Paul W. Bryant Museum President 's Mansion The Quad Strode House Athletics Programs Football Men 's basketball Baseball Golf Gymnastics Soccer Softball Volleyball Women 's basketball Facilities Alabama Soccer Stadium Bryant -- Denny Stadium Coleman Coliseum Foster Auditorium Rhoads Stadium Sewell -- Thomas Stadium History Timeline Board of Trustees of the University of Alabama v. Garrett Historic District Lucy v. Adams Stand in the Schoolhouse Door 1963 documentary Bishop v. Aronov Media Alabama Public Radio The Bear Bryant Show Crimson Tide Sports Network The Crimson White University of Alabama Press WVUA - FM WVUA - CD Other Big Al Center for Advanced Public Safety Crimsonettes CrimsonRide `` The Machine '' Million Dollar Band Traditions University of Alabama System Endowment : $631.95 million Students : 37,100 Faculty : 1,175 Southeastern Conference football Eastern Division Florida Gators Georgia Bulldogs Kentucky Wildcats Missouri Tigers South Carolina Gamecocks Tennessee Volunteers Vanderbilt Commodores Western Division Alabama Crimson Tide Arkansas Razorbacks Auburn Tigers LSU Tigers Mississippi State Bulldogs Ole Miss Rebels Texas A&M Aggies Championships & awards SEC Championship Game All - time standings Southeastern Conference football individual awards SEC Football Legends Seasons 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabama_Crimson_Tide_football&oldid=834355998 '' Categories : Alabama Crimson Tide football Sports clubs established in 1892 1892 establishments in Alabama Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2010 Webarchive template wayback links Articles with dead external links from October 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Use mdy dates from February 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 5 April 2018 , at 08 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many national championships does alabama have in college football | [
"The Alabama Crimson Tide football program represents the University of Alabama (variously Alabama, UA, or 'Bama) in the sport of American football. The team competes in the Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) and the Western Division of the Southeastern Conference (SEC).[4] The team is currently coached by Nick Saban. The Crimson Tide is among the most storied and decorated football programs in NCAA history. Since beginning play in 1892, the program claims 17 national championships,[2][5][6] including 12 wire-service (AP or Coaches) national titles in the poll-era, and five other titles before the poll-era.[6][7] From 1958 to 1982, the team was led by Hall of Fame coach Paul \"Bear\" Bryant, who won six national championships with the program.[5] Despite numerous national and conference championships, it was not until 2009 that an Alabama player received a Heisman Trophy, when running back Mark Ingram became the university's first winner. In 2015, Derrick Henry became the university's second Heisman winner.[8]"
] | [
"17"
] |
8123188934411670231 | Indian Antarctic Program | Indian Antarctic program - wikipedia Indian Antarctic program Jump to : navigation , search Col. Jatinder Kumar Bajaj , a member of one of the Indian expeditions to Antarctica , standing at the South Pole ( 17 January 1989 ) The Indian Antarctic Program is a multi-disciplinary , multi-institutional program under the control of the National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research , Ministry of Earth Sciences , Government of India . It was initiated in 1981 with the first Indian expedition to Antarctica . The program gained global acceptance with India 's signing of the Antarctic Treaty and subsequent construction of the Dakshin Gangotri Antarctic research base in 1983 , superseded by the Maitri base from 1990 . The newest base commissioned in 2015 is Bharati , constructed out of 134 shipping containers . Under the program , atmospheric , biological , earth , chemical , and medical sciences are studied by India , which has carried out 30 scientific expeditions to the Antarctic as of 14 October 2010 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 India and Antarctic Treaty 3 Organization 4 Global cooperation 5 Research 6 Research stations 6.1 Dakshin Gangotri 6.2 Maitri 6.3 Bharati 7 Indian Antarctic expeditions 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links History ( edit ) The origin of Indian missions to the Antarctic are traced to the joint Indian Space Research Organisation -- Hydrometeorological Centre of Russia agreements , which led to Indians , such as Dr. Paramjit Singh Sehra , joining the 17th Soviet Antarctic expedition of 1971 -- 1973 . India and Antarctic Treaty ( edit ) Antarctic Treaty System : signatory , consulting , territorial claim . signatory , consulting , reserved right for territorial claim . signatory , consulting . signatory , acceding status . non-signatory . India officially acceded to the Antarctic Treaty System on 1 August 1983 . On 12 September 1983 , the country became the fifteenth Consultative Member of the Antarctic Treaty . Organization ( edit ) The National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research -- a research and development body functioning under the Ministry of Earth Sciences , Government of India -- controls the Indian Antarctic program . The NCAOR and the Department of Ocean Development select the members for India 's Antarctic expeditions . After medical tests and subsequent acclimatization training at the Himalayas , these selected members are also trained in survival , environment ethics , firefighting and operating in a group . One expedition costs up to ₹ 200 million ( US $3.1 million ) . Logistical support to the various activities of the Indian Antarctic program is provided by the relevant branches of the Indian armed forces . The launching point of Indian expeditions has varied from Goa in India to Cape Town in South Africa on 19th expedition during the time of NCAOR Founding Director Dr. PC Pandey in December 1999 . Over 70 institutes in India contributed to its Antarctic program as of 2007 . Global cooperation ( edit ) The Indian Antarctic program is bound by the rules of the Antarctic Treaty System , which India signed in 1983 . Pandey ( 2007 ) outlines the various international activities that India has undertaken as a part of its Antarctic program : On 12 September 1983 , India achieved the status of Consultative Party , on 1 October became a member of Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research ( SCAR ) , and in 1986 became a member of the Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources ( CCAMLR ) . In 1997 India also ratified the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty thus reaffirming India 's commitment to protecting the Antarctic environment . India hosted the eleventh COMNAP / SCALOP ( Standing Committee on Antarctic Logistics and Operations ) meeting in Goa in 1999 , and the working group meeting on eco-system monitoring and management of CCAMLR in August 1998 at Cochin . India occupied the CCAMLR chair beginning in November 1998 for a period of 2 years . India also collaborates with the international community as a member of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission , Regional Committee of Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission in Coastal Indian Ocean ( IOCINDIO ) , International Seabed Authority ( ISBA ) , and the State Parties of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Seas ( UNCLOS ) . Research ( edit ) Krill distribution on a NASA SeaWIFS image -- the main concentrations are in the Scotia Sea at the Antarctic Peninsula . India carries out krill exploration in the Southern Ocean region of the Antarctic . Antarctic holds scientific interest for global research projects due to a number of reasons : ' Origin of continents , climate change , meteorology and pollution ' are among the reasons cited by S.D. Gad ( 2008 ) . Mrinalini G. Walawalkar ( 2005 ) holds that : ' ice -- ocean interaction and the global processes ; paleoenvironment and paleoclimatic studies ; geological evolution of earth and Gondwanaland reconstruction ; Antarctic ecosystems , biodiversity and environment physiology ; solar terrestrial processes and their coupling ; medical physiology , adaptation techniques and human psychology ; environment impact assessment and monitoring ; enabling low temperature technology development ; and studies on earthquakes ' are among the areas of study under the Indian Antarctic program . Close to 1,300 Indians had been to the continent as of 2001 as a part of the country 's Antarctic program . Indian expeditions to the Antarctic also study the fauna and the molecular biodiversity of the region . A total of 120 new microbes had been discovered as a result of international scientific effort in the Antarctic by 2005 . 30 of these microbes had been discovered by Indian scientists . India has also published over 300 research publications based on Antarctic studies as of 2007 . The ' ice cores ' retrieved by drilling holes in Antarctic 's vast ice - sheets yield information ' on the palaeoclimate and eco-history of the earth as records of wind - blown dust , volcanic ash or radioactivity are preserved in the ice as it gets accumulated over time ' . The NCAOR developed a polar research & development laboratory with a ' low - temperature laboratory complex at − 20 ° C for preservation and analysis of ice core and snow samples ' according to S.D. Gad ( 2008 ) . The ' ice core ' samples are held , processed , and analyzed in containment units designed by such technology . Storage cases made of poly propylene also ensure that the samples do not alter characteristics and are preserved for analysis in the form that they were recovered . Research stations ( edit ) In 1981 the Indian flag unfurled for the first time in Antarctica , marking the start of Southern Ocean expeditions under the environmental protocol of the Antarctic Treaty ( 1959 ) . Dakshin Gangotri ( edit ) Main article : Dakshin Gangotri The first permanent settlement was built in 1983 and named Dakshin Gangotri . In 1989 it was excavated and is being used again as supply base and transit camp . Maitri ( edit ) Main article : Maitri The second permanent settlement , Maitri , was put up in 1989 on the Schirmacher Oasis and has been conducting experiments in geology , geography and medicine . India built a freshwater lake around Maitri known as Lake Priyadarshini . Maitri accomplished the mission of geomorphologic mapping of Schirmacher Oasis . Bharati ( edit ) Main article : Bharati Located beside Larsmann Hill at 69 ° S , 76 ° E , Bharati is established in 2015 . This newest research station for oceanographic research will collect evidence of continental breakup to reveal the 120 - million - year - old ancient history of the Indian subcontinent . In news sources this station was variously spelled `` Bharathi '' , `` Bharti '' and `` Bharati '' . Indian Antarctic expeditions ( edit ) Lieutenant Ram Charan , an Indian Navy meteorologist , was the first Indian to visit the Antarctica , in the South Pole , when he accompanied an Australian polar expedition in 1960 . He died in a road accident in 1961 . Date Expedition Leader Deputy Leader 1981 -- 1982 First Indian Expedition to Antarctica Dr. Sayed Zahoor Qasim C.P. Vohra , H.N. Siddiquie 1982 -- 1983 Second Indian Expedition to Antarctica V.K. Raina Dr. C.R. Sreedharan 1983 -- 1985 Third Indian Expedition to Antarctica Dr Harsh K. Gupta Lieutenant Colonel Satya Swarup Sharma 1984 Fourth Indian Expedition to Antarctica Dr. B.B. Bhattacharya Mr. D.K. Pande Fifth Indian Expedition to Antarctica Mr M.K Kaul Sixth Indian Expedition to Antarctica Seventh Indian Expedition to Antarctica 1988 -- 1990 Eighth Indian Expedition to Antarctica Dr Amitava Sen Gupta Col S Jagannathan 1989 -- 1991 Ninth Indian Expedition to Antarctica Rasik Ravindra 1990 -- 1992 Tenth Indian Expedition to Antarctica A.K. Hanjura 1991 -- 1993 Eleventh Indian Expedition to Antarctica Dr. Mukherjee Twelfth Indian Expedition to Antarctica Thirteenth Indian Expedition to Antarctica Fourteenth Indian Expedition to Antarctica Fifteenth Indian Expedition to Antarctica Sixteenth Indian Expedition to Antarctica Seventeenth Indian Expedition to Antarctica Eighteenth Indian Expedition to Antarctica Nineteenth Indian Expedition to Antarctica Twentieth Indian Expedition to Antarctica 2002 -- 2003 Twenty first Indian Expedition to Antarctica Shri R.P. Lal Twenty Second Indian Expedition to Antarctica Twenty third Indian Expedition to Antarctica Twenty fourth Indian Expedition to Antarctica Twenty fifth Indian Expedition to Antarctica Twenty sixth Indian Expedition to Antarctica Twenty seventh Indian Expedition to Antarctica 2008 -- 2009 Twenty eighth Indian Expedition to Antarctica Dr. P. Malhotra Ajay Dhar 2009 -- 2010 Twenty ninth Indian Expedition to Antarctica P. Elango Rajesh Asthana 2010 -- 2011 Thirtieth Indian Expedition to Antarctica K. Jeeva Rajesh Asthana 2011 -- 2012 Thirty first Indian Expedition to Antarctica Dr. Rupesh M. Das ( Bharati ) & Shree Uttam Chand ( Maitri ) Rajesh Asthana 2013 -- 2015 Thirty third Indian Expedition to Antarctica Mohd . Yunus Shah Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Walawalkar ( 2015 ) , Gad ( 2008 ) ^ Jump up to : Anas ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ Department of Ocean Development , Government of India . Annual Report 1983 - 1984 , TECHNICAL PUBLICATION NO . 3. , Printed at Dee Kay Printers Kirtinagar , New Delhi ^ Jump up to : Gad ( 2008 ) Jump up ^ Pursuit and Promotion of Science -- The Indian Experience ( 2001 ) , 351 ^ Jump up to : Walawalkar ( 2005 ) ^ Jump up to : Pursuit and Promotion of Science -- The Indian Experience ( 2001 ) , 352 Jump up ^ Pursuit and Promotion of Science -- The Indian Experience ( 2001 ) , 173 Jump up ^ Pursuit and Promotion of Science -- The Indian Experience ( 2001 ) , 213 Jump up ^ The Hindu : Tamil Nadu / Cuddalore News : Third Antarctica research station by 2011 Jump up ^ `` Bharti to be 3rd Indian station in Antarctica '' , The Times of India , 6 August 2009 Jump up ^ The Hindu News Update Service References ( edit ) Gad , S.D. ( 2008 ) , `` India in the Antarctic '' , Current Science , 95 ( 2 ) : 151 , Bangalore : Indian Academy of Sciences . Pandey , P.C. ( 2007 ) in `` India : Antarctic Program '' , Encyclopedia of the Antarctic edited by Beau Riffenburgh , pp. 529 -- 530 , Abingdon and New York : Taylor & Francis , ISBN 0 - 415 - 97024 - 5 . Pursuit and Promotion of Science -- The Indian Experience ( 2001 ) , New Delhi : Indian National Science Academy . Walawalkar , M.G. ( 2005 ) , `` Antarctica and Arctic : India 's contribution '' , Current Science , 685 , Bangalore : Indian Academy of Science . `` Scientific Report of First Indian Expedition to Antartica '' ( PDF ) . Department of Ocean Development , Government of India . 2016 . External links ( edit ) National Centre for Antarctic & Ocean Research ( NCAOR ) , Ministry of Earth Sciences , Government of India . ( hide ) Science and technology in India Architecture Astronomy Cartography Coinage Logic Mathematics National calendar History Inventions and discoveries Maritime history Military Measurement systems Metallurgy Education Higher education Research institutes Supercomputing Science museums Sectors Automotive Biotechnology High - speed rail Information technology Software Nuclear power Technology Pharmaceuticals Renewable energy Telecommunications 4G FTTH People Engineers Inventors Nobel laureates Science writers Scientists Technology writers Institutes and programs Ministry of Science and Technology National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research Indian Space Research Organisation Defence Research and Development Organisation Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_Antarctic_Program&oldid=825787467 '' Categories : Indian Antarctic Program Science and technology in India Science and technology in Antarctica Hidden categories : EngvarB from May 2014 Use dmy dates from May 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Español Edit links This page was last edited on 15 February 2018 , at 12 : 13 . About Wikipedia | what is the name of indian research station in antarctica | [
"The Indian Antarctic Program is a multi-disciplinary, multi-institutional program under the control of the National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India. It was initiated in 1981 with the first Indian expedition to Antarctica.[1] The program gained global acceptance with India's signing of the Antarctic Treaty and subsequent construction of the Dakshin Gangotri Antarctic research base in 1983,[1] superseded by the Maitri base from 1990. The newest base commissioned in 2015 is Bharati, constructed out of 134 shipping containers. Under the program, atmospheric, biological, earth, chemical, and medical sciences are studied by India, which has carried out 30 scientific expeditions to the Antarctic as of 14 October 2010.",
"The Indian Antarctic Program is a multi-disciplinary, multi-institutional program under the control of the National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India. It was initiated in 1981 with the first Indian expedition to Antarctica.[1] The program gained global acceptance with India's signing of the Antarctic Treaty and subsequent construction of the Dakshin Gangotri Antarctic research base in 1983,[1] superseded by the Maitri base from 1990. The newest base commissioned in 2015 is Bharati, constructed out of 134 shipping containers. Under the program, atmospheric, biological, earth, chemical, and medical sciences are studied by India, which has carried out 30 scientific expeditions to the Antarctic as of 14 October 2010.",
"The Indian Antarctic Program is a multi-disciplinary, multi-institutional program under the control of the National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India. It was initiated in 1981 with the first Indian expedition to Antarctica.[1] The program gained global acceptance with India's signing of the Antarctic Treaty and subsequent construction of the Dakshin Gangotri Antarctic research base in 1983,[1] superseded by the Maitri base from 1990. The newest base commissioned in 2015 is Bharati, constructed out of 134 shipping containers. Under the program, atmospheric, biological, earth, chemical, and medical sciences are studied by India, which has carried out 30 scientific expeditions to the Antarctic as of 14 October 2010."
] | [
"Dakshin Gangotri",
"Maitri",
"Bharati"
] |
-2266239074050688046 | Japan | Japan - Wikipedia Japan This article is about the country . For other uses , see Japan ( disambiguation ) . `` Nippon '' redirects here . For other uses , see Nippon ( disambiguation ) . Constitutional monarchy in East Asia Japan 日本 Nippon or Nihon Flag Imperial Seal Anthem : `` Kimigayo '' 君が代 `` His Imperial Majesty 's Reign '' Government Seal of Japan Go - Shichi no Kiri ( 五 七 桐 ) Area controlled by Japan shown in green -- claimed , but uncontrolled shown in light green Capital and largest city Tokyo 35 ° 41 ′ N 139 ° 46 ′ E / 35.683 ° N 139.767 ° E / 35.683 ; 139.767 Official languages None National language Japanese Ethnic groups ( 2011 ) 98.5 % Japanese 0.5 % Korean 0.4 % Chinese 0.6 % other Religion ( 2000 ) 51.82 % Shinto 34.9 % Buddhism 4 % Shinto sects 2.3 % Christianity 7.0 % No answer Demonym Japanese Government Unitary dominant - party parliamentary constitutional monarchy Emperor Akihito Crown Prince Naruhito Prime Minister Shinzō Abe Deputy Prime Minister Tarō Asō Speaker of the House Tadamori Oshima President of the House of Councillors Chuichi Date Chief Justice Naoto Ōtani Legislature National Diet Upper house House of Councillors Lower house House of Representatives Formation National Foundation Day February 11 , 660 BCE Meiji Constitution November 29 , 1890 Current constitution May 3 , 1947 San Francisco Peace Treaty April 28 , 1952 Area Total 377,972 km ( 145,936 sq mi ) ( 61st ) Water ( % ) 0.8 Population 2017 census 126,672,000 ( 10th ) Density 336 / km ( 870.2 / sq mi ) ( 36th ) GDP ( PPP ) 2018 estimate Total $5.619 trillion ( 4th ) Per capita $44,426 ( 27th ) GDP ( nominal ) 2018 estimate Total $5.167 trillion ( 3rd ) Per capita $40,849 ( 20th ) Gini ( 2011 ) 37.9 medium 76th HDI ( 2015 ) 0.903 very high 17th Currency Yen ( ¥ ) / En 円 ( JPY ) Time zone JST ( UTC + 9 ) Summer ( DST ) not observed ( UTC + 9 ) Date format yyyy - mm - dd yyyy 年 m 月 d 日 Era yy 年 m 月 d 日 ( CE − 1988 ) Drives on the left Calling code + 81 ISO 3166 code JP Internet TLD . jp Website www.japan.go.jp Japan Japanese name Kanji 日本 国 Hiragana にっぽん こく にほん こく Katakana ニッポン コク ニホン コク Kyūjitai 日本 國 show Transcriptions Romanization Nippon - koku Nihon - koku Revised Hepburn Nippon - koku Nihon - koku Japan ( Japanese : 日本 ; Nippon ( ɲippoɴ ) or Nihon ( ɲihoɴ ) ; formally 日本 国 Nippon - koku or Nihon - koku , lit . `` State of Japan '' ) is a sovereign island country in East Asia . Located in the Pacific Ocean , it lies off the eastern coast of the Asian mainland and stretches from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and China in the southwest . Coordinates : 35 ° N 136 ° E / 35 ° N 136 ° E / 35 ; 136 The kanji that make up Japan 's name mean `` sun origin '' , and it is often called the `` Land of the Rising Sun '' . Japan is a stratovolcanic archipelago consisting of about 6,852 islands . The four largest are Honshu , Hokkaido , Kyushu , and Shikoku , which make up about ninety - seven percent of Japan 's land area and often are referred to as home islands . The country is divided into 47 prefectures in eight regions , with Hokkaido being the northernmost prefecture and Okinawa being the southernmost one . The population of 127 million is the world 's tenth largest . Japanese people make up 98.5 % of Japan 's total population . About 9.1 million people live in Tokyo , the capital of Japan . Archaeological research indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period . The first written mention of Japan is in Chinese history texts from the 1st century AD . Influence from other regions , mainly China , followed by periods of isolation , particularly from Western Europe , has characterized Japan 's history . From the 12th century until 1868 , Japan was ruled by successive feudal military shōguns who ruled in the name of the Emperor . Japan entered into a long period of isolation in the early 17th century , which was ended in 1853 when a United States fleet pressured Japan to open to the West . After nearly two decades of internal conflict and insurrection , the Imperial Court regained its political power in 1868 through the help of several clans from Chōshū and Satsuma -- and the Empire of Japan was established . In the late 19th and early 20th centuries , victories in the First Sino - Japanese War , the Russo - Japanese War and World War I allowed Japan to expand its empire during a period of increasing militarism . The Second Sino - Japanese War of 1937 expanded into part of World War II in 1941 , which came to an end in 1945 following the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and the Japanese surrender . Since adopting its revised constitution on May 3 , 1947 , during the occupation by the SCAP , Japan has maintained a unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy with an Emperor and an elected legislature called the National Diet . Japan is a member of the ASEAN Plus mechanism , UN , the OECD , the G7 , the G8 and the G20 -- and is considered a great power . The country has the world 's third - largest economy by nominal GDP and the world 's fourth - largest economy by purchasing power parity . It is also the world 's fourth - largest exporter and fourth - largest importer . The country benefits from a highly skilled workforce and is among the most highly educated countries in the world , with one of the highest percentages of its citizens holding a tertiary education degree . Although Japan has officially renounced its right to declare war , it maintains a modern military with the world 's eighth - largest military budget , used for self - defense and peacekeeping roles . Japan is a highly developed country with a very high standard of living and Human Development Index . Its population enjoys the highest life expectancy and the third lowest infant mortality rate in the world . Japan is renowned for its historical and extensive cinema , influential music industry , rich cuisine and its major contributions to science and modern - day technology . Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Prehistory and ancient history 2.2 Feudal era 2.3 Modern era 3 Geography 3.1 Climate 3.2 Biodiversity 3.3 Environment 4 Politics 4.1 Government 4.2 Administrative divisions 4.3 Foreign relations 5 Military 6 Economy 6.1 Economic history 6.2 Agriculture and fishery 6.3 Industry 6.4 Services 6.5 Tourism 7 Science and technology 7.1 Electronics and automotive engineering 7.2 Aerospace 7.3 Nobel laureates 8 Infrastructure 8.1 Transportation 8.2 Energy 8.3 Water supply and sanitation 9 Demographics 9.1 Population 9.2 Religion 9.3 Languages 9.4 Problems 10 Education 11 Health 12 Culture 12.1 Architecture 12.2 Art 12.3 Animation 12.4 Cinema 12.5 Music 12.6 Literature 12.7 Philosophy 12.8 Cuisine 12.9 Holidays 12.10 Festivals 12.11 Sports 12.12 Media 13 See also 14 References 15 Notes 16 Further reading 17 External links Etymology Main article : Names of Japan The Japanese word for Japan is 日本 , which is pronounced Nihon or Nippon and literally means `` the origin of the sun '' . The character nichi ( 日 ) means `` sun '' or `` day '' ; hon ( 本 ) means `` base '' or `` origin '' . The compound therefore means `` origin of the sun '' and is the source of the popular Western epithet `` Land of the Rising Sun '' . The earliest record of the name Nihon appears in the Chinese historical records of the Tang dynasty , the Old Book of Tang . At the end of the seventh century , a delegation from Japan requested that Nihon be used as the name of their country . This name may have its origin in a letter sent in 607 and recorded in the official history of the Sui dynasty . Prince Shōtoku , the Regent of Japan , sent a mission to China with a letter in which he called himself `` the Emperor of the Land where the Sun rises '' ( 日 出處 天子 ) . The message said : `` Here , I , the emperor of the country where the sun rises , send a letter to the emperor of the country where the sun sets . How are you ( ? ) '' . The `` King of Na gold seal '' , said to have been granted to Na king of Wa ( Japan ) by Emperor Guangwu of Han in 57 CE . The seal reads `` 漢 委 奴 國王 '' . Tokyo National Museum Prior to the adoption of Nihon , other terms such as Yamato ( 大和 , or `` Great Wa '' ) and Wakoku ( 倭国 ) were used . The term Wa ( 和 ) is a homophone of Wo 倭 ( pronounced `` Wa '' by the Japanese ) , which has been used by the Chinese as a designation for the Japanese as early as the third century Three Kingdoms period . Another form of Wa ( 委 , Wei in Chinese ) was used for an early state in Japan called Nakoku during the Han dynasty . However , the Japanese disliked some connotation of Wa 倭 ( which has been associated in China with concepts like `` dwarf '' or `` pygmy '' ) , and it was therefore replaced with the substitute character Wa ( 和 ) , meaning `` togetherness , harmony '' . The English word Japan possibly derives from the historical Chinese pronunciation of 日本 . The Old Mandarin or possibly early Wu Chinese pronunciation of Japan was recorded by Marco Polo as Cipangu . In modern Shanghainese , a Wu dialect , the pronunciation of characters 日本 Japan is Zeppen ( zəʔpən ) . The old Malay word for Japan , Japun or Japang , was borrowed from a southern coastal Chinese dialect , probably Fukienese or Ningpo -- and this Malay word was encountered by Portuguese traders in Southeast Asia in the 16th century . These Early Portuguese traders then brought the word to Europe . The first record of this name in English is in a book published in 1577 and spelled Giapan , in a translation of a 1565 letter written by a Portuguese Jesuit Luís Fróis . From the Meiji Restoration until the end of World War II , the full title of Japan was Dai Nippon Teikoku ( 大 日本 帝國 ) , meaning `` the Empire of Great Japan '' . Today , the name Nihon - koku / Nippon - koku ( 日本 国 ) is used as a formal modern - day equivalent with the meaning of `` the State of Japan '' . Countries like Japan whose long form does not contain a descriptive designation are generally given a name appended by the character koku ( 国 ) , meaning `` country '' , `` nation '' or `` state '' . History Main article : History of Japan History of Japan Periods ( show ) Paleolithic before 14,000 BC Jōmon 14,000 -- 300 BC Yayoi 300 BC -- 300 AD Kofun 300 -- 538 Asuka 538 -- 710 Nara 710 -- 794 Heian 794 -- 1185 Kamakura 1185 -- 1333 Kenmu Restoration 1333 -- 1336 Muromachi ( Ashikaga ) Nanboku - chō Sengoku 1336 -- 1573 Azuchi -- Momoyama Nanban trade 1573 -- 1603 Edo ( Tokugawa ) Sakoku Convention of Kanagawa Bakumatsu 1603 -- 1868 Meiji Boshin War Restoration First Sino - Japanese War Boxer Rebellion Russo - Japanese War 1868 -- 1912 Taishō World War I 1912 -- 1926 Shōwa Financial crisis Militarism World War II Occupation Economic miracle Post-occupation Bubble Economy 1926 -- 1989 Heisei Lost Decade 1989 -- present Topics ( show ) Currency Earthquakes Economy Education Empire Historiography Military Naval Post-war Glossary Timeline Prehistory and ancient History Emperor Jimmu ( 神武 天皇 , Jinmu - tennō ) , the first Emperor of Japan dated as 660 BCE -- in modern Japan his accession is marked as National Foundation Day on February 11 A Paleolithic culture around 30,000 BC constitutes the first known habitation of the Japanese archipelago . This was followed from around 14,000 BC ( the start of the Jōmon period ) by a Mesolithic to Neolithic semi-sedentary hunter - gatherer culture characterized by pit dwelling and rudimentary agriculture , including by ancestors of contemporary Ainu people and Yamato people . Decorated clay vessels from this period are some of the oldest surviving examples of pottery in the world . Around 300 BC , the Yayoi people began to enter the Japanese islands , intermingling with the Jōmon . The Yayoi period , starting around 500 BC , saw the introduction of practices like wet - rice farming , a new style of pottery and metallurgy , introduced from China and Korea . Japan first appears in written history in the Chinese Book of Han . According to the Records of the Three Kingdoms , the most powerful kingdom on the archipelago during the third century was called Yamataikoku . Buddhism was introduced to Japan from Baekje , Korea and was promoted by Prince Shōtoku , but the subsequent development of Japanese Buddhism was primarily influenced by China . Despite early resistance , Buddhism was promoted by the ruling class and gained widespread acceptance beginning in the Asuka period ( 592 -- 710 ) . The Nara period ( 710 -- 784 ) marked an emergence of the centralized Japanese state centered on the Imperial Court in Heijō - kyō ( modern Nara ) . The Nara period is characterized by the appearance of a nascent literature as well as the development of Buddhist - inspired art and architecture . The smallpox epidemic of 735 -- 737 is believed to have killed as much as one - third of Japan 's population . In 784 , Emperor Kanmu moved the capital from Nara to Nagaoka - kyō , then to Heian - kyō ( modern Kyoto ) in 794 . This marked the beginning of the Heian period ( 794 -- 1185 ) , during which a distinctly indigenous Japanese culture emerged , noted for its art , poetry and prose . Murasaki Shikibu 's The Tale of Genji and the lyrics of Japan 's national anthem `` Kimigayo '' were written during this time . Buddhism began to spread during the Heian era chiefly through two major sects , Tendai by Saichō and Shingon by Kūkai . Pure Land Buddhism ( Jōdo - shū , Jōdo Shinshū ) became greatly popular in the latter half of the 11th century . Feudal era Samurai warriors facing Mongols during the Mongol invasions of Japan ; Suenaga , 1293 Japan 's feudal era was characterized by the emergence and dominance of a ruling class of warriors , the samurai . In 1185 , following the defeat of the Taira clan in the Genpei War , sung in the epic Tale of Heike , samurai Minamoto no Yoritomo was appointed shōgun by Emperor Go - Toba , and Yoritomo established a base of power in Kamakura . After his death , the Hōjō clan came to power as regents for the shōguns . The Zen school of Buddhism was introduced from China in the Kamakura period ( 1185 -- 1333 ) and became popular among the samurai class . The Kamakura shogunate repelled Mongol invasions in 1274 and 1281 , but was eventually overthrown by Emperor Go - Daigo . Emperor Go - Daigo was himself defeated by Ashikaga Takauji in 1336 . Samurais could kill a commoner for the slightest insult and were widely feared by the Japanese population . Edo period , 1798 Ashikaga Takauji established the shogunate in Muromachi , Kyoto . This was the start of the Muromachi period ( 1336 -- 1573 ) . The Ashikaga shogunate achieved glory at the age of Ashikaga Yoshimitsu , and the culture based on Zen Buddhism ( the art of Miyabi ) prospered . This evolved to Higashiyama Culture , and prospered until the 16th century . On the other hand , the succeeding Ashikaga shogunate failed to control the feudal warlords ( daimyōs ) and a civil war ( the Ōnin War ) began in 1467 , opening the century - long Sengoku period ( `` Warring States '' ) . During the 16th century , traders and Jesuit missionaries from Portugal reached Japan for the first time , initiating direct commercial and cultural exchange between Japan and the West . This allowed Oda Nobunaga to obtain European technology and firearms , which he used to conquer many other daimyōs . His consolidation of power began what was known as the Azuchi -- Momoyama period ( 1573 -- 1603 ) . After Nobunaga was assassinated in 1582 by Akechi Mitsuhide , his successor Toyotomi Hideyoshi unified the nation in 1590 and launched two unsuccessful invasions of Korea in 1592 and 1597 . Tokugawa Ieyasu served as regent for Hideyoshi 's son and used his position to gain political and military support . When open war broke out , Ieyasu defeated rival clans in the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600 . Tokugawa Ieyasu was appointed shōgun by Emperor Go - Yōzei in 1603 and established the Tokugawa shogunate in Edo ( modern Tokyo ) . The shogunate enacted measures including buke shohatto , as a code of conduct to control the autonomous daimyōs ; and in 1639 the isolationist sakoku ( `` closed country '' ) policy that spanned the two and a half centuries of tenuous political unity known as the Edo period ( 1603 -- 1868 ) . The study of Western sciences , known as rangaku , continued through contact with the Dutch enclave at Dejima in Nagasaki . The Edo period also gave rise to kokugaku ( `` national studies '' ) , the study of Japan by the Japanese . Modern era Emperor Meiji ( 1868 -- 1912 ) , in whose name imperial rule was restored at the end of the Tokugawa shogunate On March 31 , 1854 , Commodore Matthew Perry and the `` Black Ships '' of the United States Navy forced the opening of Japan to the outside world with the Convention of Kanagawa . Subsequent similar treaties with Western countries in the Bakumatsu period brought economic and political crises . The resignation of the shōgun led to the Boshin War and the establishment of a centralized state nominally unified under the Emperor ( the Meiji Restoration ) . Plunging itself through an active process of Westernization during the Meiji Restoration in 1868 , Japan adopted Western political , judicial and military institutions and Western cultural influences integrated with its traditional culture for modern industrialization . The Cabinet organized the Privy Council , introduced the Meiji Constitution , and assembled the Imperial Diet . The Meiji Restoration transformed the Empire of Japan into an industrialized world power that pursued military conflict to expand its sphere of influence . Although France and Britain showed some interest , the European powers largely ignored Japan and instead concentrated on the much greater attractions of China . France was also set back by its failures in Mexico and defeat by the Germans . After victories in the First Sino - Japanese War ( 1894 -- 1895 ) and the Russo - Japanese War ( 1904 -- 1905 ) , Japan gained control of Taiwan , Korea and the southern half of Sakhalin . In addition to imperialistic success , Japan also invested much more heavily in its own economic growth , leading to a period of economic flourishing in the country which lasted until the Great Depression . Japan 's population grew from 35 million in 1873 to 70 million in 1935 . Chinese generals surrendering to the Japanese in the Sino - Japanese War of 1894 -- 1895 In World War I , Japan joined the Allies and captured German possessions , and made advances into China . The early 20th century saw a period of Taishō democracy ( 1912 -- 1926 ) , but the 1920s saw a fragile democracy buckle under a political shift towards statism , the passing of laws against political dissent and a series of attempted coups . This process accelerated during the 1930s , spawning a number of new Radical Nationalist groups which shared a hostility to liberal democracy and a dedication to expansion in Asia . Japanese expansionism and militarization along with the totalitarianism and ultranationalism reshaped the country . In 1931 Japan invaded and occupied Manchuria and following international condemnation of this occupation , it quit the League of Nations in 1933 . In 1936 , Japan signed the Anti-Comintern Pact with Germany and the 1940 Tripartite Pact made it one of the Axis Powers . Japanese officials surrendering to the Allies on September 2 , 1945 , in Tokyo Bay , ending World War II The Empire of Japan invaded other parts of China in 1937 , precipitating the Second Sino - Japanese War ( 1937 -- 1945 ) . The Imperial Japanese Army swiftly captured the capital Nanjing and conducted the Nanking Massacre . In 1940 , the Empire invaded French Indochina , after which the United States placed an oil embargo on Japan . On December 7 -- 8 , 1941 , Japanese forces carried out surprise attacks on Pearl Harbor , British forces in Malaya , Singapore and Hong Kong and declared war on the United States and the British Empire , bringing the United States and the United Kingdom into World War II in the Pacific . After Allied victories across the Pacific during the next four years , which culminated in the Soviet invasion of Manchuria and the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945 , Japan agreed to an unconditional surrender on August 15 . The war cost Japan , its colonies , China and the war 's other combatants tens of millions of lives and left much of Japan 's industry and infrastructure destroyed . The Allies ( led by the United States ) repatriated millions of ethnic Japanese from colonies and military camps throughout Asia , largely eliminating the Japanese empire and restoring the independence of its conquered territories . The Allies also convened the International Military Tribunal for the Far East on May 3 , 1946 , to prosecute some senior generals for war crimes . In 1947 , Japan adopted a new constitution emphasizing liberal democratic practices . The Allied occupation ended with the Treaty of San Francisco in 1952 and Japan was granted membership in the United Nations in 1956 . Japan later achieved rapid growth to become the second - largest economy in the world , until surpassed by China in 2010 . This ended in the mid-1990s when Japan suffered a major recession . In the beginning of the 21st century , positive growth has signaled a gradual economic recovery . On March 11 , 2011 , Japan suffered one of the largest earthquakes in its recorded history ; this triggered the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster , one of the worst disasters in the history of nuclear power . Geography Main articles : Geography of Japan and Geology of Japan Japanese archipelago as seen from satellite Japan has a total of 6,852 islands extending along the Pacific coast of East Asia . The country , including all of the islands it controls , lies between latitudes 24 ° and 46 ° N , and longitudes 122 ° and 146 ° E. The main islands , from north to south , are Hokkaido , Honshu , Shikoku and Kyushu . The Ryukyu Islands , which include Okinawa , are a chain to the south of Kyushu . The Nanpō Islands are south of the main islands of Japan . Together they are often known as the Japanese archipelago . As of 2006 , Japan 's territory is 377,923.1 km ( 145,916.9 sq mi ) and , due to its many far - flung outlying islands , Japan has the eighth largest Exclusive Economic Zone in the world covering 4,470,000 km ( 1,730,000 sq mi ) . About 73 percent of Japan is forested , mountainous and unsuitable for agricultural , industrial or residential use . As a result , the habitable zones , mainly located in coastal areas , have extremely high population densities . Japan is one of the most densely populated countries in the world . The islands of Japan are located in a volcanic zone on the Pacific Ring of Fire . They are primarily the result of large oceanic movements occurring over hundreds of millions of years from the mid-Silurian to the Pleistocene as a result of the subduction of the Philippine Sea Plate beneath the continental Amurian Plate and Okinawa Plate to the south , and subduction of the Pacific Plate under the Okhotsk Plate to the north . The Boso Triple Junction off the coast of Japan is a triple junction where the North American Plate , the Pacific Plate and the Philippine Sea Plate meets . Japan was originally attached to the eastern coast of the Eurasian continent . The subducting plates pulled Japan eastward , opening the Sea of Japan around 15 million years ago . Japan has 108 active volcanoes . During the twentieth century several new volcanoes emerged , including Shōwa - shinzan on Hokkaido and Myōjin - shō off the Bayonnaise Rocks in the Pacific . Destructive earthquakes , often resulting in tsunami , occur several times each century . The 1923 Tokyo earthquake killed over 140,000 people . More recent major quakes are the 1995 Great Hanshin earthquake and the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake , a 9.1 - magnitude quake which hit Japan on March 11 , 2011 , and triggered a large tsunami . Japan is substantially prone to earthquakes , tsunami and volcanoes due to its location along the Pacific Ring of Fire . It has the 15th highest natural disaster risk as measured in the 2013 World Risk Index . Climate Main article : Climate of Japan Cherry blossoms of Mount Yoshino have been the subject of many plays and waka poetry Autumn maple leaves ( momiji ) at Kongōbu - ji on Mount Kōya , a UNESCO World Heritage Site The climate of Japan is predominantly temperate , but varies greatly from north to south . Japan 's geographical features divide it into six principal climatic zones : Hokkaido , Sea of Japan , Central Highland , Seto Inland Sea , Pacific Ocean , and Ryukyu Islands . The northernmost zone , Hokkaido , has a humid continental climate with long , cold winters and very warm to cool summers . Precipitation is not heavy , but the islands usually develop deep snowbanks in the winter . In the Sea of Japan zone on Honshu 's west coast , northwest winter winds bring heavy snowfall . In the summer , the region is cooler than the Pacific area , though it sometimes experiences extremely hot temperatures because of the foehn . The Central Highland has a typical inland humid continental climate , with large temperature differences between summer and winter seasons , as well as large diurnal variation ; precipitation is light , though winters are usually snowy . The mountains of the Chūgoku and Shikoku regions shelter the Seto Inland Sea from seasonal winds , bringing mild weather year - round . The Pacific coast features a humid subtropical climate that experiences milder winters with occasional snowfall and hot , humid summers because of the southeast seasonal wind . The Ryukyu Islands and Nanpō Islands have a subtropical climate , with warm winters and hot summers . Precipitation is very heavy , especially during the rainy season . The average winter temperature in Japan is 5.1 ° C ( 41.2 ° F ) and the average summer temperature is 25.2 ° C ( 77.4 ° F ) . The highest temperature ever measured in Japan 41.1 ° C ( 106.0 ° F ) was recorded on July 23 , 2018 . The main rainy season begins in early May in Okinawa , and the rain front gradually moves north until reaching Hokkaido in late July . In most of Honshu , the rainy season begins before the middle of June and lasts about six weeks . In late summer and early autumn , typhoons often bring heavy rain . Biodiversity Main article : Wildlife of Japan The Japanese macaques at Jigokudani hot spring are notable for visiting the spa in the winter Japan has nine forest ecoregions which reflect the climate and geography of the islands . They range from subtropical moist broadleaf forests in the Ryūkyū and Bonin Islands , to temperate broadleaf and mixed forests in the mild climate regions of the main islands , to temperate coniferous forests in the cold , winter portions of the northern islands . Japan has over 90,000 species of wildlife , including the brown bear , the Japanese macaque , the Japanese raccoon dog , the large Japanese field mouse , and the Japanese giant salamander . A large network of national parks has been established to protect important areas of flora and fauna as well as thirty - seven Ramsar wetland sites . Four sites have been inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List for their outstanding natural value . Environment Main article : Environmental issues in Japan In the period of rapid economic growth after World War II , environmental policies were downplayed by the government and industrial corporations ; as a result , environmental pollution was widespread in the 1950s and 1960s . Responding to rising concern about the problem , the government introduced several environmental protection laws in 1970 . The oil crisis in 1973 also encouraged the efficient use of energy because of Japan 's lack of natural resources . Current environmental issues include urban air pollution ( NOx , suspended particulate matter , and toxics ) , waste management , water eutrophication , nature conservation , climate change , chemical management and international co-operation for conservation . As of June 2015 , more than 40 coal - fired power plants are planned or under construction in Japan . The NGO Climate Action Network announced Japan as the winner of its `` Fossil of the Day '' award for `` doing the most to block progress on climate action '' . Japan ranks 20th in the 2018 Environmental Performance Index , which measures a nation 's commitment to environmental sustainability . As the host and signatory of the 1997 Kyoto Protocol , Japan is under treaty obligation to reduce its carbon dioxide emissions and to take other steps to curb climate change . Politics Main article : Politics of Japan Akihito Emperor since 1989 Shinzō Abe Prime Minister since 2012 Government Main article : Government of Japan Japan is a constitutional monarchy whereby the power of the Emperor is very limited . As a ceremonial figurehead , he is defined by the constitution to be `` the symbol of the State and of the unity of the people '' . Executive power is wielded chiefly by the Prime Minister and his cabinet , while sovereignty is vested in the Japanese people . Japan 's legislative body is the National Diet , seated in Chiyoda , Tokyo . The Diet is a bicameral body , comprising the lower House of Representatives with 465 seats , elected by popular vote every four years or when dissolved ; and the upper House of Councillors with 242 seats , whose popularly elected members serve six - year terms . There is universal suffrage for adults over 18 years of age , with a secret ballot for all elected offices . The Diet is dominated by the social liberal Constitutional Democratic Party ( CDP ) and the conservative Liberal Democratic Party ( LDP ) . The LDP has enjoyed near - continuous electoral success since 1955 , except for brief periods between 1993 and 1994 and from 2009 to 2012 . As of November 2017 , it holds 283 seats in the lower house and 125 seats in the upper house . National Diet Building The Prime Minister of Japan is the head of government and is appointed by the Emperor after being designated by the Diet from among its members . The Prime Minister is the head of the Cabinet , and appoints and dismisses the Ministers of State . Following the LDP 's landslide victory in the 2012 general election , Shinzō Abe replaced Yoshihiko Noda as the Prime Minister on December 26 , 2012 . Historically influenced by Chinese law , the Japanese legal system developed independently during the Edo period through texts such as Kujikata Osadamegaki . However , since the late 19th century the judicial system has been largely based on the civil law of Europe , notably Germany . For example , in 1896 , the Japanese government established a civil code based on a draft of the German Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch ; with the code remaining in effect with post -- World War II modifications . Statutory law originates in Japan 's legislature and has the rubber stamp of the Emperor . Japan 's court system is divided into four basic tiers : the Supreme Court and three levels of lower courts . The main body of Japanese statutory law is called the Six Codes . Administrative divisions Main article : Administrative divisions of Japan See also : Prefectures of Japan Japan is divided into 47 prefectures , each overseen by an elected governor , legislature and administrative bureaucracy . Each prefecture is further divided into cities , towns and villages . The nation is currently undergoing administrative reorganization by merging many of the cities , towns and villages with each other . This process will reduce the number of sub-prefecture administrative regions and is expected to cut administrative costs . Foreign relations Main article : Foreign relations of Japan Japanese Prime Minister Shinzō Abe and U.S. President Donald Trump The Liancourt Rocks known as Takeshima in Japan , has become an issue known as the Liancourt Rocks dispute Japan has diplomatic relations with nearly all independent nations and has been an active member of the United Nations since December 1956 . Japan is a member of the G8 , APEC , and `` ASEAN Plus Three '' , and is a participant in the East Asia Summit . Japan signed a security pact with Australia in March 2007 and with India in October 2008 . It is the world 's fifth largest donor of official development assistance , donating US $9.2 billion in 2014 . Japan has close ties to the United States . Since Japan 's defeat by the United States and allies in World War II , the two countries have maintained close economic and defense relations . The United States is a major market for Japanese exports and the primary source of Japanese imports , and is committed to defending the country , having military bases in Japan for partially that purpose . Japan contests Russia 's control of the Southern Kuril Islands ( including Etorofu , Kunashiri , Shikotan , and the Habomai group ) which were occupied by the Soviet Union in 1945 . South Korea 's control of Liancourt Rocks ( Japanese : Takeshima , Korean : Dokdo ) are acknowledged , but not accepted and are claimed by Japan . Japan has strained relations with the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) and the Republic of China ( ROC ) over the Senkaku Islands ; and with the People 's Republic of China over the status of Okinotorishima . Japan 's relationship with South Korea has been strained due to Japan 's treatment of Koreans during Japanese colonial rule , particularly over the issue of comfort women . These women were essentially sex slaves , and although there is no exact number on how many women were subjected to this treatment , experts believe it could be in the tens or hundreds of thousands . Between 1910 and 1945 , the Japanese government rebuilt Korean infrastructure . Despite this , modernization in Korea was always linked to Japanese interests and therefore did not imply a `` revolutionization '' of social structures . For instance , Japan kept Korea 's primitive feudalistic agriculture because it served Japanese interests . Further developments on Japan 's imperialism in Korea included establishing a slew of police stations all over the country , replacing taxes in kind with taxes in fixed money , and taking much of the communal land which had belonged to villages to give them to private companies in Japan ( causing many peasants to loose their land . ) Japan also introduced over 800,000 Japanese immigrants onto the peninsula and carried out a campaign of cultural suppression through efforts to ban the Korean language in schools and force Koreans to adopt Japanese names . With the surrender of Japan and the Axis at the end of WWII in 1945 , the Korean Peninsula was once again independent . Despite their historical tensions , in December 2015 , Japan agreed to settle the comfort women dispute with South Korea by issuing a formal apology , taking responsibility for the issue and paying money to the surviving comfort women . Today , South Korea and Japan have a stronger and more economically - driven relationship . Since the 1990s , the Korean Wave has created a large fanbase in East Asia , but most notably in Japan . Japan is the number one importer of Korean music ( K - pop ) , television ( K - dramas ) , and films , but this was only made possible after the South Korean government lifted the 30 - year ban on cultural exchange with Japan that had been in place since 1948 . Korean pop cultural products ' success in the Japanese market is partially explained by the borrowing of Japanese ideas such as the star - marketing system and heavy promotion of new television shows and music . Korean dramas such as Winter Sonata and Coffee Prince , as well as K - pop artists such as BIGBANG and SHINee are extremely popular with Japanese consumers . Most recently , South Korean President Moon Jae - in met with Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe at the 2017 G - 20 Summit in Hamburg , Germany to discuss the future of their relationship and specifically how to cooperate on finding solutions for North Korean aggression in the region . Both leaders restated their commitment to solving the comfort women dispute , building positive relations in the region , and pressuring China to be more assertive with North Korea as it continues to test nuclear weapons and isolate themselves further form the international community . Military Main article : Japan Self - Defense Forces JMSDF Kongō class destroyer JDS Kongō ( DDG - 173 ) , a guided missile destroyer , launching a Standard Missile 3 anti-ballistic missile in 2007 JASDF F - 2 , a multirole combat aircraft Japan maintains one of the largest military budgets of any country in the world . The country 's military ( the Japan Self - Defense Forces -- JSDF ) is restricted by Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution , which renounces Japan 's right to declare war or use military force in international disputes . Accordingly , Japan 's Self - Defense Forces is an unusual military that has never fired shots outside Japan . Japan is the highest - ranked Asian country in the Global Peace Index . The military is governed by the Ministry of Defense , and primarily consists of the Japan Ground Self - Defense Force ( JGSDF ) , the Japan Maritime Self - Defense Force ( JMSDF ) and the Japan Air Self - Defense Force ( JASDF ) . The Japan Maritime Self - Defense Force ( JMSDF ) is a regular participant in RIMPAC maritime exercises . The forces have been recently used in peacekeeping operations ; the deployment of troops to Iraq marked the first overseas use of Japan 's military since World War II . Japan Business Federation has called on the government to lift the ban on arms exports so that Japan can join multinational projects such as the Joint Strike Fighter . The 21st century is witnessing a rapid change in global power balance along with globalization . The security environment around Japan has become increasingly severe as represented by nuclear and missile development by North Korea . Transnational threats grounded on technological progress including international terrorism and cyber attacks are also increasing their significance . Japan , including its Self - Defense Forces , has contributed to the maximum extent possible to the efforts to maintain and restore international peace and security , such as UN peacekeeping operations . Building on the ongoing efforts as a peaceful state , the Government of Japan has been making various efforts on its security policy which include : the establishment of the National Security Council ( NSC ) , the adoption of the National Security Strategy ( NSS ) , and the National Defense Program Guidelines ( NDPG ) . These efforts are made based on the belief that Japan , as a `` Proactive Contributor to Peace '' , needs to contribute more actively to the peace and stability of the region and the international community , while coordinating with other countries including its ally , the United States . Japan has close economic and military relations with the United States ; the US - Japan security alliance acts as the cornerstone of the nation 's foreign policy . A member state of the United Nations since 1956 , Japan has served as a non-permanent Security Council member for a total of 20 years , most recently for 2009 and 2010 . It is one of the G4 nations seeking permanent membership in the Security Council . In May 2014 , Prime Minister Shinzō Abe said Japan wanted to shed the passiveness it has maintained since the end of World War II and take more responsibility for regional security . He said Japan wanted to play a key role and offered neighboring countries Japan 's support . In recent years , they have been engaged in international peacekeeping operations including the UN peacekeeping . Recent tensions , particularly with North Korea , have reignited the debate over the status of the JSDF and its relation to Japanese society . New military guidelines , announced in December 2010 , will direct the JSDF away from its Cold War focus on the former Soviet Union to a focus on China , especially regarding the territorial dispute over the Senkaku Islands . Economy Main article : Economy of Japan Bank of Japan headquarters in Chuo , Tokyo The Tokyo Stock Exchange , one of the largest stock exchanges in Asia Ginza , a luxury shopping area in Tokyo Japan is the third largest national economy in the world , after the United States and China , in terms of nominal GDP , and the fourth largest national economy in the world , after the United States , China and India , in terms of purchasing power parity . As of 2016 , Japan 's public debt was estimated at more than 230 percent of its annual gross domestic product , the largest of any nation in the world . In August 2011 , Moody 's rating has cut Japan 's long - term sovereign debt rating one notch from Aa3 to Aa2 inline with the size of the country 's deficit and borrowing level . The large budget deficits and government debt since the 2009 global recession and followed by the earthquake and tsunami in March 2011 caused the rating downgrade . The service sector accounts for three quarters of the gross domestic product . Japan has a large industrial capacity , and is home to some of the largest and most technologically advanced producers of motor vehicles , electronics , machine tools , steel and nonferrous metals , ships , chemical substances , textiles , and processed foods . Agricultural businesses in Japan cultivate 13 percent of Japan 's land , and Japan accounts for nearly 15 percent of the global fish catch , second only to China . As of 2016 , Japan 's labor force consisted of some 65.9 million workers . Japan has a low unemployment rate of around four percent . Some 20 million people , around 17 per cent of the population , were below the poverty line in 2007 . Housing in Japan is characterized by limited land supply in urban areas . Japan 's exports amounted to US $4,210 per capita in 2005 . As of 2014 , Japan 's main export markets were the United States ( 20.2 percent ) , China ( 17.5 percent ) , South Korea ( 7.1 percent ) , Hong Kong ( 5.6 percent ) and Thailand ( 4.5 percent ) . Its main exports are transportation equipment , motor vehicles , iron and steel products , semiconductors and auto parts . Japan 's main import markets as of 2015 were China ( 24.8 percent ) , the United States ( 10.5 percent ) , Australia ( 5.4 percent ) and South Korea ( 4.1 percent ) . Japan 's main imports are machinery and equipment , fossil fuels , foodstuffs ( in particular beef ) , chemicals , textiles and raw materials for its industries . By market share measures , domestic markets are the least open of any OECD country . Junichirō Koizumi 's administration began some pro-competition reforms , and foreign investment in Japan has soared . Japan ranks 27th of 189 countries in the 2014 ease of doing business index and has one of the smallest tax revenues of the developed world . The Japanese variant of capitalism has many distinct features : keiretsu enterprises are influential , and lifetime employment and seniority - based career advancement are relatively common in the Japanese work environment . Japanese companies are known for management methods like `` The Toyota Way '' , and shareholder activism is rare . Japan 's top global brands include Toyota , Honda , Canon , Nissan , Sony , Mitsubishi UFJ ( MUFG ) , Panasonic , Uniqlo , Lexus , Subaru , Nintendo , Bridgestone , Mazda and Suzuki . Economic History Main article : Economic history of Japan Modern Japan 's economic growth began in the Edo period . Some of the surviving elements of the Edo period are roads and water transportation routes , as well as financial instruments such as futures contracts , banking and insurance of the Osaka rice brokers . During the Meiji period from 1868 , Japan expanded economically with the embrace of the market economy . Many of today 's enterprises were founded at the time , and Japan emerged as the most developed nation in Asia . The period of overall real economic growth from the 1960s to the 1980s has been called the Japanese post-war economic miracle : it averaged 7.5 percent in the 1960s and 1970s , and 3.2 percent in the 1980s and early 1990s . Growth slowed in the 1990s during the `` Lost Decade '' due to after - effects of the Japanese asset price bubble and government policies intended to wring speculative excesses from the stock and real estate markets . Efforts to revive economic growth were unsuccessful and further hampered by the global slowdown in 2000 . The economy recovered after 2005 ; GDP growth for that year was 2.8 percent , surpassing the growth rates of the US and European Union during the same period . Today , Japan ranks highly for competitiveness and economic freedom . It is ranked sixth in the Global Competitiveness Report for 2015 -- 2016 . Agriculture and fishery Main article : Agriculture , forestry , and fishing in Japan A rice paddy in Aizu , Fukushima Prefecture The Japanese agricultural sector accounts for about 1.4 % of the total country 's GDP . Only 12 % of Japan 's land is suitable for cultivation . Due to this lack of arable land , a system of terraces is used to farm in small areas . This results in one of the world 's highest levels of crop yields per unit area , with an overall agricultural self - sufficiency rate of about 50 % on fewer than 56,000 square kilometres ( 14,000,000 acres ) cultivated . Japan 's small agricultural sector , however , is also highly subsidized and protected , with government regulations that favor small - scale cultivation instead of large - scale agriculture as practiced in North America . There has been a growing concern about farming as the current farmers are aging with a difficult time finding successors . Rice accounts for almost all of Japan 's cereal production . Japan is the second - largest agricultural product importer in the world . Rice , the most protected crop , is subject to tariffs of 777.7 % . In 1996 , Japan ranked fourth in the world in tonnage of fish caught . Japan captured 4,074,580 metric tons of fish in 2005 , down from 4,987,703 tons in 2000 , 9,558,615 tons in 1990 , 9,864,422 tons in 1980 , 8,520,397 tons in 1970 , 5,583,796 tons in 1960 and 2,881,855 tons in 1950 . In 2003 , the total aquaculture production was predicted at 1,301,437 tonnes . In 2010 , Japan 's total fisheries production was 4,762,469 fish . Offshore fisheries accounted for an average of 50 % of the nation 's total fish catches in the late 1980s although they experienced repeated ups and downs during that period . Today , Japan maintains one of the world 's largest fishing fleets and accounts for nearly 15 % of the global catch , prompting some claims that Japan 's fishing is leading to depletion in fish stocks such as tuna . Japan has also sparked controversy by supporting quasi-commercial whaling . Industry Main article : Manufacturing in Japan Toyota factory in Ohira , Miyagi Prefecture Japan 's industrial sector makes up approximately 27.5 % of its GDP . Japan 's major industries are motor vehicles , electronics , machine tools , metals , ships , chemicals and processed foods ; some major Japanese industrial companies include Toyota , Canon Inc. , Toshiba and Nippon Steel . Japan is the third largest automobile producer in the world , and is home to Toyota , the world 's largest automobile company . The Japanese consumer electronics industry , once considered the strongest in the world , is currently in a state of decline as competition arises in countries like South Korea , the United States and China . However , despite also facing similar competition from South Korea and China , the Japanese shipbuilding industry is expected to remain strong due to an increased focus on specialized , high - tech designs . Services Main article : Trade and services in Japan Japan 's service sector accounts for about three - quarters of its total economic output . Banking , insurance , real estate , retailing , transportation , and telecommunications are all major industries , with companies such as Mitsubishi UFJ , Mizuho , NTT , TEPCO , Nomura , Mitsubishi Estate , ÆON , Mitsui Sumitomo , Softbank , JR East , Seven & I , KDDI and Japan Airlines listed as some of the largest in the world . Four of the five most circulated newspapers in the world are Japanese newspapers . Japan Post Holdings , one of the country 's largest providers of savings and insurance services , was slated for privatization by 2015 . The six major keiretsus are the Mitsubishi , Sumitomo , Fuyo , Mitsui , Dai - Ichi Kangyo and Sanwa Groups . Tourism Main article : Tourism in Japan Tokyo Sky Tree , the tallest tower in the world Mount Fuji , the highest peak , is considered as one of the most iconic landmarks of Japan Cherry blossom with Himeji Castle in the background , a UNESCO World Heritage Site Fushimi Inari - taisha in Kyoto Hiroshima Peace Memorial Japan attracted 19.73 million international tourists in 2015 and increased by 21.8 % to attract 24.03 million international tourists in 2016 . Tourism from abroad is one of the few promising businesses in Japan . Foreign visitors to Japan doubled in last decade and reached 10 million people for the first time in 2013 , led by increase of Asian visitors . In 2008 , the Japanese government has set up Japan Tourism Agency and set the initial goal to increase foreign visitors to 20 million in 2020 . In 2016 , having met the 20 million target , the government has revised up its target to 40 million by 2020 and to 60 million by 2030 . Japan has 20 World Heritage Sites , including Himeji Castle , Historic Monuments of Ancient Kyoto and Nara . Popular tourist attractions include Tokyo and Hiroshima , Mount Fuji , ski resorts such as Niseko in Hokkaido , Okinawa , riding the shinkansen and taking advantage of Japan 's hotel and hotspring network . For inbound tourism , Japan was ranked 16th in the world in 2015 . In 2009 , the Yomiuri Shimbun published a modern list of famous sights under the name Heisei Hyakkei ( the Hundred Views of the Heisei period ) . The Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report 2017 ranks Japan 4th out of 141 countries overall , which was the best in Asia . Japan gained relatively high scores in almost all aspects , especially health and hygiene , safety and security , cultural resources and business travel . In 2016 , 24,039,053 foreign tourists visited Japan . Neighbouring South Korea is Japan 's most important source of foreign tourists . In 2010 , the 2.4 million arrivals made up 27 % of the tourists visiting Japan . Chinese travelers are the highest spenders in Japan by country , spending an estimated 196.4 billion yen ( US $2.4 billion ) in 2011 , or almost a quarter of total expenditure by foreign visitors , according to data from the Japan Tourism Agency . The Japanese government hopes to receive 40 million foreign tourists every year by 2020 . Rank Country Number ( people ) in 2016 Percentage change 2015 to 2016 Number ( people ) in 2015 Percentage change 2014 to 2015 China 6,373,000 27.6 % 4,993,689 107.3 % South Korea 5,090,300 27.2 % 4,002,095 45.3 % Taiwan 4,167,400 13.3 % 3,677,075 29.9 % Hong Kong 1,839,200 20.7 % 1,524,292 64.6 % 5 United States 1,242,700 20.3 % 1,033,258 15.9 % 6 Thailand 901,400 13.1 % 796,731 21.2 % 7 Australia 445,200 18.4 % 376,075 24.3 % 8 Malaysia 394,200 29.1 % 305,447 22.4 % 9 Singapore 361,800 17.2 % 308,783 35.5 % 10 Philippines 347,800 29.6 % 268,361 45.7 % 11 United Kingdom 292,500 13.2 % 258,488 17.5 % 12 Canada 273,100 18.0 % 231,390 26.5 % All countries 24,039,053 21.8 % 19,737,409 47.1 % Science and Technology Main article : Science and technology in Japan Kounotori 6 grappled by the International Space Station 's robotic arm Japan is a leading nation in scientific research , particularly in fields related to the natural sciences and engineering . The country ranks second among the most innovative countries in the Bloomberg Innovation Index . Nearly 700,000 researchers share a US $130 billion research and development budget . The amount spent on research and development relative to gross domestic product is the third highest in the world . The country is a world leader in fundamental scientific research , having produced twenty - two Nobel laureates in either physics , chemistry or medicine and three Fields medalists . Japanese scientists and engineers have contributed to the advancement of agricultural sciences , electronics , industrial robotics , optics , chemicals , semiconductors , life sciences and various fields of engineering . Japan leads the world in robotics production and use , possessing more than 20 % ( 300,000 of 1.3 million ) of the world 's industrial robots as of 2013 -- though its share was historically even higher , representing one - half of all industrial robots worldwide in 2000 . Japan boasts the third highest number of scientists , technicians , and engineers per capita in the world with 83 scientists , technicians and engineers per 10,000 employees . Electronics and automotive engineering Main articles : Electronics industry in Japan and Automotive industry in Japan A plug - in hybrid car manufactured by Toyota , one of the world 's largest carmakers -- Japan is the third - largest maker of automobiles in the world Sony Xperia phone The Japanese electronics and automotive manufacturing industry is well known throughout the world , and the country 's electronic and automotive products account for a large share in the global market , compared to a majority of other countries . Brands such as Fujifilm , Canon , Sony , Nintendo , Panasonic , Toyota , Nissan and Honda are internationally famous . It is estimated that 16 % of the world 's gold and 22 % of the world 's silver is contained in Japanese electronics . Japan has started a project to build the world 's fastest supercomputer by the end of 2017 . Aerospace The Japanese Experiment Module ( Kibo ) at the International Space Station The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency ( JAXA ) is Japan 's national space agency ; it conducts space , planetary , and aviation research , and leads development of rockets and satellites . It is a participant in the International Space Station : the Japanese Experiment Module ( Kibo ) was added to the station during Space Shuttle assembly flights in 2008 . The space probe Akatsuki was launched May 20 , 2010 , and achieved orbit around Venus on December 9 , 2015 . Japan 's plans in space exploration include : developing the Mercury Magnetospheric Orbiter to be launched in 2018 ; and building a moon base by 2030 . On September 14 , 2007 , it launched lunar explorer SELENE ( Selenological and Engineering Explorer ) on a H - IIA ( Model H2A2022 ) carrier rocket from Tanegashima Space Center . SELENE is also known as Kaguya , after the lunar princess of The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter . Kaguya is the largest lunar mission since the Apollo program . Its purpose is to gather data on the moon 's origin and evolution . It entered a lunar orbit on October 4 , flying at an altitude of about 100 km ( 62 mi ) . The probe 's mission was ended when it was deliberately crashed by JAXA into the Moon on June 11 , 2009 . Nobel laureates Main article : List of Japanese Nobel laureates Japan has received the most science Nobel Prizes in Asia and ranked 8th in the world . Hideki Yukawa , educated at Kyoto University , was awarded the prize in physics in 1949 . Shin'ichirō Tomonaga followed in 1965 . Solid - state physicist Leo Esaki , educated at the University of Tokyo , received the prize in 1973 . Kenichi Fukui of Kyoto University shared the 1981 prize in chemistry , and Susumu Tonegawa , also educated at Kyoto University , became Japan 's first laureate in physiology or medicine in 1987 . Japanese chemists took prizes in 2000 and 2001 : first Hideki Shirakawa ( Tokyo Institute of Technology ) and then Ryōji Noyori ( Kyoto University ) . In 2002 , Masatoshi Koshiba ( University of Tokyo ) and Koichi Tanaka ( Tohoku University ) won in physics and chemistry , respectively . Makoto Kobayashi , Toshihide Masukawa and Yoichiro Nambu , who was an American citizen when awarded , shared the physics prize and Osamu Shimomura also won the chemistry prize in 2008 . Isamu Akasaki , Hiroshi Amano and Shuji Nakamura , who is an American citizen when awarded , shared the physics prize in 2014 and the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to Yoshinori Ohsumi in 2016 . Infrastructure Transportation Main article : Transport in Japan Japan Airlines , flag carrier of Japan A JR Central L0 Series maglev train Japan 's road spending has been extensive . Its 1.2 million kilometres ( 0.75 million miles ) of paved road are the main means of transportation . As of April 2012 , Japan has approximately 1,215,000 kilometres ( 755,000 miles ) of roads made up of 1,022,000 kilometres ( 635,000 miles ) of city , town and village roads , 129,000 kilometres ( 80,000 miles ) of prefectural roads , 55,000 kilometres ( 34,000 miles ) of general national highways and 8,050 kilometres ( 5,000 miles ) of national expressways . A single network of high - speed , divided , limited - access toll roads connects major cities on Honshu , Shikoku and Kyushu . Hokkaido has a separate network , and Okinawa Island has a highway of this type . A single network of high - speed , divided , limited - access toll roads connects major cities and is operated by toll - collecting enterprises . New and used cars are inexpensive ; car ownership fees and fuel levies are used to promote energy efficiency . However , at just 50 percent of all distance traveled , car usage is the lowest of all G8 countries . Since privatisation in 1987 , dozens of Japanese railway companies compete in regional and local passenger transportation markets ; major companies include seven JR enterprises , Kintetsu , Seibu Railway and Keio Corporation . Some 250 high - speed Shinkansen trains connect major cities and Japanese trains are known for their safety and punctuality . Proposals for a new Maglev route between Tokyo and Osaka are at an advanced stage . There are 175 airports in Japan ; the largest domestic airport , Haneda Airport , is Asia 's second - busiest airport . The largest international gateways are Narita International Airport , Kansai International Airport and Chūbu Centrair International Airport . Nagoya Port is the country 's largest and busiest port , accounting for 10 percent of Japan 's trade value . Energy Main article : Energy in Japan The Kashiwazaki - Kariwa Nuclear Power Plant , a nuclear plant with seven units , the largest single nuclear power station in the world As of 2011 , 46.1 % of energy in Japan was produced from petroleum , 21.3 % from coal , 21.4 % from natural gas , 4.0 % from nuclear power and 3.3 % from hydropower . Nuclear power produced 9.2 percent of Japan 's electricity , as of 2011 , down from 24.9 percent the previous year . However , by May 2012 all of the country 's nuclear power plants had been taken offline because of ongoing public opposition following the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster in March 2011 , though government officials continued to try to sway public opinion in favor of returning at least some of Japan 's 50 nuclear reactors to service . As of November 2014 , two reactors at Sendai are likely to restart in early 2015 . Japan lacks significant domestic reserves and so has a heavy dependence on imported energy . Japan has therefore aimed to diversify its sources and maintain high levels of energy efficiency . Water supply and sanitation Main article : Water supply and sanitation in Japan Tokuyama Dam in Gifu Prefecture is the largest dam in Japan The government took responsibility for regulating the water and sanitation sector is shared between the Ministry of Health , Labor and Welfare in charge of water supply for domestic use ; the Ministry of Land , Infrastructure , Transport and Tourism in charge of water resources development as well as sanitation ; the Ministry of the Environment in charge of ambient water quality and environmental preservation ; and the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications in charge of performance benchmarking of utilities . Access to an improved water source is universal in Japan . 97 % of the population receives piped water supply from public utilities and 3 % receive water from their own wells or unregulated small systems , mainly in rural areas . Access to improved sanitation is also universal , either through sewers or on - site sanitation . All collected waste water is treated at secondary - level treatment plants . All effluents discharged to closed or semi-closed water bodies , such as Tokyo Bay , Osaka Bay , or Lake Biwa , are further treated to tertiary level . This applies to about 15 % of waste water . The effluent quality is remarkably good at 3 -- 10 mg / l of BOD for secondary - level treatment , well below the national effluent standard of 20 mg / l . Water supply and sanitation in Japan is facing some challenges , such as a decreasing population , declining investment , fiscal constraints , ageing facilities , an ageing workforce , a fragmentation of service provision among thousands of municipal utilities , and the vulnerability of parts of the country to droughts that are expected to become more frequent due to climate change . Demographics Main articles : Demographics of Japan , Japanese people , Ethnic groups of Japan , and List of metropolitan areas in Japan Population View of Tokyo Ainu , an ethnic minority people from Japan Japan 's population is estimated at around 128 million , with 80 % of the population living on Honshū . Japanese society is linguistically , ethnically and culturally homogeneous , composed of 98.5 % ethnic Japanese , with small populations of foreign workers . Zainichi Koreans , Chinese , Filipinos , Brazilians mostly of Japanese descent , Peruvians mostly of Japanese descent and Americans are among the small minority groups in Japan . In 2003 , there were about 134,700 non-Latin American Western ( not including more than 33,000 American military personnel and their dependents stationed throughout the country ) and 345,500 Latin American expatriates , 274,700 of whom were Brazilians ( said to be primarily Japanese descendants , or nikkeijin , along with their spouses ) , the largest community of Westerners . The most dominant native ethnic group is the Yamato people ; primary minority groups include the indigenous Ainu and Ryukyuan peoples , as well as social minority groups like the burakumin . There are persons of mixed ancestry incorporated among the Yamato , such as those from Ogasawara Archipelago . In 2014 , foreign - born non-naturalized workers made up only 1.5 % of the total population . Japan is widely regarded as ethnically homogeneous , and does not compile ethnicity or race statistics for Japanese nationals ; sources varies regarding such claim , with at least one analysis describing Japan as a multiethnic society while another analysis put the number of Japanese nationals of recent foreign descent to be minimal . Most Japanese continue to see Japan as a monocultural society . Former Japanese Prime Minister and current Finance Minister Tarō Asō described Japan as being a nation of `` one race , one civilization , one language and one culture '' , which drew criticism from representatives of ethnic minorities such as the Ainu . Japan has the second longest overall life expectancy at birth of any country in the world : 83.5 years for persons born in the period 2010 -- 2015 . The Japanese population is rapidly aging as a result of a post -- World War II baby boom followed by a decrease in birth rates . In 2012 , about 24.1 percent of the population was over 65 , and the proportion is projected to rise to almost 40 percent by 2050 . Largest cities or towns in Japan 2010 Census Rank Name Prefecture Pop . Rank Name Prefecture Pop . Special wards of Tokyo Yokohama Special wards of Tokyo Tokyo 8,949,447 11 Hiroshima Hiroshima 1,174,209 Osaka Nagoya Yokohama Kanagawa 3,689,603 12 Sendai Miyagi 1,045,903 Osaka Osaka 2,666,371 13 Kitakyushu Fukuoka 977,288 Nagoya Aichi 2,263,907 14 Chiba Chiba 962,130 5 Sapporo Hokkaido 1,914,434 15 Sakai Osaka 842,134 6 Kobe Hyōgo 1,544,873 16 Niigata Niigata 812,192 7 Kyoto Kyoto 1,474,473 17 Hamamatsu Shizuoka 800,912 8 Fukuoka Fukuoka 1,463,826 18 Kumamoto Kumamoto 734,294 9 Kawasaki Kanagawa 1,425,678 19 Sagamihara Kanagawa 717,561 10 Saitama Saitama 1,222,910 20 Shizuoka Shizuoka 716,328 Religion Main article : Religion in Japan Religion in Japan ( data from 2000 ) Folk Shinto , or `` not religious '' ( 51.82 % ) Buddhism ( 34.9 % ) Shinto organisations and others ( 4 % ) Christianity ( 2.3 % ) No answer ( 6.98 % ) The torii of Itsukushima Shinto Shrine near Hiroshima , one of the Three Views of Japan and a UNESCO World Heritage Site The Byōdō - in Buddhist temple , located in Uji , Kyoto Japan has full religious freedom based on Article 20 of its Constitution . Upper estimates suggest that 84 -- 96 percent of the Japanese population subscribe to Shinto as its indigenous religion ( 50 % to 80 % of which considering degrees of syncretism with Buddhism , shinbutsu - shūgō ) . However , these estimates are based on people affiliated with a temple , rather than the number of true believers . The number of Shinto shrines in Japan is estimated to be around 100,000 . Other studies have suggested that only 30 percent of the population identify themselves as belonging to a religion . According to Edwin Reischauer and Marius Jansen , some 70 -- 80 % of the Japanese do not consider themselves believers in any religion . Nevertheless , the level of participation remains high , especially during festivals and occasions such as the first shrine visit of the New Year . Taoism and Confucianism from China have also influenced Japanese beliefs and customs . Japanese streets are decorated on Tanabata , Obon and Christmas . Shinto is the largest religion in Japan , practiced by nearly 80 % of the population , yet only a small percentage of these identify themselves as `` Shintoists '' in surveys . This is due to the fact that `` Shinto '' has different meanings in Japan : most of the Japanese attend Shinto shrines and beseech kami without belonging to Shinto organisations , and since there are no formal rituals to become a member of folk Shinto , Shinto membership is often estimated counting those who join organised Shinto sects . Shinto has 100,000 shrines and 78,890 priests in the country . Buddhism first arrived in Japan in the 6th century ; it was introduced in the year 538 or 552 from the kingdom of Baekje in Korea . Christianity was first introduced into Japan by Jesuit missions starting in 1549 . Today , fewer than 1 % to 2.3 % are Christians , most of them living in the western part of the country , where the missionaries ' activities were greatest during the 16th century . Nagasaki Prefecture has the highest percentage of Christians : about 5.1 % in 1996 . As of 2007 , there are 32,036 Christian priests and pastors in Japan . Throughout the latest century , some Western customs originally related to Christianity ( including Western style weddings , Valentine 's Day and Christmas ) have become popular as secular customs among many Japanese . Islam in Japan is estimated to constitute , about 80 -- 90 % , of foreign born migrants and their children , primarily from Indonesia , Pakistan , Bangladesh , and Iran . Much of the ethnic Japanese Muslims are those who convert upon marrying immigrant Muslims . The Pew Research Center estimated that there were 185,000 Muslims in Japan in 2010 . Other minority religions include Hinduism , Sikhism and Judaism , Bahá'í Faith , and since the mid-19th century numerous new religious movements have emerged in Japan . Languages Main articles : Languages of Japan and Japanese language More than 99 percent of the population speaks Japanese as their first language . Japanese is an agglutinative language distinguished by a system of honorifics reflecting the hierarchical nature of Japanese society , with verb forms and particular vocabulary indicating the relative status of speaker and listener . Japanese writing uses kanji ( Chinese characters ) and two sets of kana ( syllabaries based on cursive script and radical of kanji ) , as well as the Latin alphabet and Arabic numerals . Besides Japanese , the Ryukyuan languages ( Amami , Kunigami , Okinawan , Miyako , Yaeyama , Yonaguni ) , also part of the Japonic language family , are spoken in the Ryukyu Islands chain . Few children learn these languages , but in recent years the local governments have sought to increase awareness of the traditional languages . The Okinawan Japanese dialect is also spoken in the region . The Ainu language , which has no proven relationship to Japanese or any other language , is moribund , with only a few elderly native speakers remaining in Hokkaido . Public and private schools generally require students to take Japanese language classes as well as English language courses . Problems The changes in demographic structure have created a number of social issues , particularly a potential decline in workforce population and increase in the cost of social security benefits such as the public pension plan . A growing number of younger Japanese are not marrying or remain childless . In 2011 , Japan 's population dropped for a fifth year , falling by 204,000 people to 126.24 million people . This was the greatest decline since at least 1947 , when comparable figures were first compiled . This decline was made worse by the March 2011 earthquake and tsunami , which killed nearly 16,000 people . Japan 's population is expected to drop to 95 million by 2050 ; demographers and government planners are currently in a heated debate over how to cope with this problem . Immigration and birth incentives are sometimes suggested as a solution to provide younger workers to support the nation 's ageing population . Japan accepts an average flow of 9,500 new Japanese citizens by naturalization per year . According to the UNHCR , in 2012 Japan accepted just 18 refugees for resettlement , while the United States took in 76,000 . Japan suffers from a high suicide rate . In 2009 , the number of suicides exceeded 30,000 for the twelfth successive year . Suicide is the leading cause of death for people under 30 . Education Main article : Education in Japan Students celebrating after the announcement of the results of the entrance examinations to the University of Tokyo Primary schools , secondary schools and universities were introduced in 1872 as a result of the Meiji Restoration . Since 1947 , compulsory education in Japan comprises elementary and junior high school , which together last for nine years ( from age 6 to age 15 ) . Almost all children continue their education at a three - year senior high school . Japan 's education system played a central part in the country 's recovery and rapid economic growth in the decades following the end of World War II . After World War II , the Fundamental Law of Education and the School Education Law were enacted . The latter law defined the school system that would be in effect for many decades : six years of elementary school , three years of junior high school , three years of high school , and two or four years of university . Starting in April 2016 , various schools began the academic year with elementary school and junior high school integrated into one nine - year compulsory schooling program , in hopes to mitigate bullying and truancy ; MEXT plans for this approach to be adopted nationwide in the coming years . In Japan , having a strong educational background greatly improves the likelihood of finding a job and earning enough money to support oneself . Highly educated individuals are less affected by unemployment trends as higher levels of educational attainment make an individual more attractive in the workforce . The lifetime earnings also increase with each level of education attained . Furthermore , skills needed in the modern 21st century labor market are becoming more knowledge - based and strong aptitude in science and mathematics are more strong predictors of employment prospects in Japan 's highly technological economy . Japan is one of the top - performing OECD countries in reading literacy , maths and sciences with the average student scoring 540 and has one of the worlds highest - educated labor forces among OECD countries . The Japanese populace is well educated and its society highly values education as a platform for social mobility and for gaining employment in the country 's competitive high - tech economy . The country 's large pool of highly educated and skilled individuals is largely responsible for ushering Japan 's post-war economic growth . Tertiary - educated adults in Japan , particularly graduates in sciences and engineering benefit economically and socially from their education and skills in the country 's high tech economy . Spending on education as a proportion of GDP is below the OECD average . Although expenditure per student is comparatively high in Japan , total expenditure relative to GDP remains small . In 2015 , Japan 's public spending on education amounted to just 3.5 percent of its GDP , below the OECD average of 4.7 % . In 2014 , the country ranked fourth for the percentage of 25 - to 64 - year - olds that have attained tertiary education with 48 percent . In addition , bachelor 's degrees are held by 59 percent of Japanese aged 25 -- 34 , the second most in the OECD after South Korea . As the Japanese economy is largely scientific and technological based , the labor market demands people who have achieved some form of higher education , particularly related to science and engineering in order to gain a competitive edge when searching for employment opportunities . About 75.9 percent of high school graduates attended a university , junior college , trade school , or other higher education institution . The two top - ranking universities in Japan are the University of Tokyo and Kyoto University , which have produced 16 Nobel Prize laureates . The Programme for International Student Assessment coordinated by the OECD currently ranks the overall knowledge and skills of Japanese 15 - year - olds as sixth best in the world . Health Main articles : Health in Japan and Health care system in Japan In Japan , health care is provided by national and local governments . Payment for personal medical services is offered through a universal health insurance system that provides relative equality of access , with fees set by a government committee . People without insurance through employers can participate in a national health insurance program administered by local governments . Since 1973 , all elderly persons have been covered by government - sponsored insurance . Patients are free to select the physicians or facilities of their choice . Culture Main article : Culture of Japan See also : Japanese popular culture Part of a series on the Culture of Japan History People Languages Traditions ( show ) Values Etiquette Marriage Funerals Tea ceremony Geisha Onsen / Sentō Clothing Games Mythology and folklore ( show ) Mythology folklore Cuisine Festivals Religion ( show ) Buddhism Christian New religions Shinto Art ( show ) Ikebana Bonsai Gardens Pottery and porcelain Literature ( show ) Manga Poetry Music and performing arts ( show ) Music Performing arts Media ( show ) Television Cinema Mobile phone culture Anime Sport ( show ) Martial arts Monuments ( show ) World Heritage Sites Architecture Symbols ( show ) Flag Coat of arms Organisations ( show ) Museums Japan portal Japanese culture has evolved greatly from its origins . Contemporary culture combines influences from Asia , Europe and North America . Traditional Japanese arts include crafts such as ceramics , textiles , lacquerware , swords and dolls ; performances of bunraku , kabuki , noh , dance , and rakugo ; and other practices , the tea ceremony , ikebana , martial arts , calligraphy , origami , onsen , Geisha and games . Japan has a developed system for the protection and promotion of both tangible and intangible Cultural Properties and National Treasures . Nineteen sites have been inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List , fifteen of which are of cultural significance . Architecture Main article : Japanese architecture Kinkaku - ji or `` The Temple of the Golden Pavilion '' in Kyoto , Special Historic Site , Special Place of Scenic Beauty and a UNESCO World Heritage Site , whose torching by a monk in 1950 is the subject of a novel by Mishima Japanese architecture is a combination between local and other influences . It has traditionally been typified by wooden structures , elevated slightly off the ground , with tiled or thatched roofs . Sliding doors ( fusuma ) were used in place of walls , allowing the internal configuration of a space to be customized for different occasions . People usually sat on cushions or otherwise on the floor , traditionally ; chairs and high tables were not widely used until the 20th century . Since the 19th century , however , Japan has incorporated much of Western , modern , and post-modern architecture into construction and design , and is today a leader in cutting - edge architectural design and technology . The introduction of Buddhism during the sixth century was a catalyst for large - scale temple building using complicated techniques in wood . Influence from the Chinese Tang and Sui dynasties led to the foundation of the first permanent capital in Nara . Its checkerboard street layout used the Chinese capital of Chang'an as a template for its design . A gradual increase in the size of buildings led to standard units of measurement as well as refinements in layout and garden design . The introduction of the tea ceremony emphasised simplicity and modest design as a counterpoint to the excesses of the aristocracy . During the Meiji Restoration of 1868 the history of Japanese architecture was radically changed by two important events . The first was the Kami and Buddhas Separation Act of 1868 , which formally separated Buddhism from Shinto and Buddhist temples from Shinto shrines , breaking an association between the two which had lasted well over a thousand years . Second , it was then that Japan underwent a period of intense Westernization in order to compete with other developed countries . Initially architects and styles from abroad were imported to Japan but gradually the country taught its own architects and began to express its own style . Architects returning from study with western architects introduced the International Style of modernism into Japan . However , it was not until after the Second World War that Japanese architects made an impression on the international scene , firstly with the work of architects like Kenzō Tange and then with theoretical movements like Metabolism . Art Further information : Japanese art , Japanese garden , and Japanese aesthetics The Shrines of Ise have been celebrated as the prototype of Japanese architecture . Largely of wood , traditional housing and many temple buildings see the use of tatami mats and sliding doors that break down the distinction between rooms and indoor and outdoor space . Japanese sculpture , largely of wood , and Japanese painting are among the oldest of the Japanese arts , with early figurative paintings dating back to at least 300 BC . The history of Japanese painting exhibits synthesis and competition between native Japanese aesthetics and adaptation of imported ideas . The interaction between Japanese and European art has been significant : for example ukiyo - e prints , which began to be exported in the 19th century in the movement known as Japonism , had a significant influence on the development of modern art in the West , most notably on post-Impressionism . Famous ukiyo - e artists include Hokusai and Hiroshige . Japanese comics , known as manga , developed in the 20th century and have become popular worldwide . Rakuten Kitazawa was first to use the word `` manga '' in the modern sense . Japanese - made video game consoles have been popular since the 1980s . Hirado ware porcelain censers in the form of tiger and figurine with fan , brown and blue glazes 19th - century ukiyo - e woodblock print The Great Wave off Kanagawa Example of Japanese calligraphy ( 書道 shodō ) An anime store in Akihabara , Tokyo Godzilla ( Ishirō Honda , 1954 ) Animation Main articles : Anime and Manga Japanese animated films and television series , known as anime for short , were largely influenced by Japanese manga comic books and have been extensively popular in the West . Japan is a world - renowned powerhouse of animation . Famous anime directors include Hayao Miyazaki , Osamu Tezuka and Isao Takahata . Cinema Main article : Cinema of Japan Japan has one of the oldest and largest film industries in the world ; movies have been produced in Japan since 1897 . Three Japanese films ( Rashomon , Seven Samurai and Tokyo Story ) made the Sight & Sound 's 2002 Critics and Directors Poll for the best films of all time . Ishirō Honda 's Godzilla became an international icon of Japan and spawned an entire subgenre of kaiju films , as well as the longest - running film franchise in history . The most acclaimed Japanese film directors include Akira Kurosawa , Kenji Mizoguchi , Yasujiro Ozu and Shohei Imamura . Japan has won the Academy Award for the Best Foreign Language Film four times , more than any other Asian country . Music Main article : Music of Japan Masayo Ishigure playing 13 - strings Koto Japanese music is eclectic and diverse . Many instruments , such as the koto , were introduced in the 9th and 10th centuries . The accompanied recitative of the Noh drama dates from the 14th century and the popular folk music , with the guitar - like shamisen , from the sixteenth . Western classical music , introduced in the late 19th century , now forms an integral part of Japanese culture . The imperial court ensemble Gagaku has influenced the work of some modern Western composers . Notable classical composers from Japan include Toru Takemitsu and Rentarō Taki . Popular music in post-war Japan has been heavily influenced by American and European trends , which has led to the evolution of J - pop , or Japanese popular music . Karaoke is the most widely practiced cultural activity in Japan . A 1993 survey by the Cultural Affairs Agency found that more Japanese had sung karaoke that year than had participated in traditional pursuits such as flower arranging ( ikebana ) or tea ceremonies . Literature Main articles : Japanese literature and Japanese poetry 12th - century illustrated handscroll of The Tale of Genji , a National Treasure The earliest works of Japanese literature include the Kojiki and Nihon Shoki chronicles and the Man'yōshū poetry anthology , all from the 8th century and written in Chinese characters . In the early Heian period , the system of phonograms known as kana ( hiragana and katakana ) was developed . The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter is considered the oldest Japanese narrative . An account of Heian court life is given in The Pillow Book by Sei Shōnagon , while The Tale of Genji by Murasaki Shikibu is often described as the world 's first novel . During the Edo period , the chōnin ( `` townspeople '' ) overtook the samurai aristocracy as producers and consumers of literature . The popularity of the works of Saikaku , for example , reveals this change in readership and authorship , while Bashō revivified the poetic tradition of the Kokinshū with his haikai ( haiku ) and wrote the poetic travelogue Oku no Hosomichi . The Meiji era saw the decline of traditional literary forms as Japanese literature integrated Western influences . Natsume Sōseki and Mori Ōgai were the first `` modern '' novelists of Japan , followed by Ryūnosuke Akutagawa , Jun'ichirō Tanizaki , Yukio Mishima and , more recently , Haruki Murakami . Japan has two Nobel Prize - winning authors -- Yasunari Kawabata ( 1968 ) and Kenzaburō Ōe ( 1994 ) . Philosophy Main article : Japanese philosophy Kitaro Nishida , one of the most notable Japanese philosophers Japanese Philosophy has historically been a fusion of both foreign ; particularly Chinese and Western , and uniquely Japanese elements . In its literary forms , Japanese philosophy began about fourteen centuries ago . Archaeological evidence and early historical accounts suggest that Japan was originally an animistic culture , which viewed the world as infused with kami ( 神 ) or sacred presence as taught by Shinto , though it is not a philosophy as such , but has greatly influenced all other philosophies in their Japanese interpretations . Confucianism entered Japan from China around the 5th century A.D. , as did Buddhism . Confucian ideals are still evident today in the Japanese concept of society and the self , and in the organization of the government and the structure of society . Buddhism has profoundly impacted Japanese psychology , metaphysics , and aesthetics . Indigenous ideas of loyalty and honour have been held since the 16th century . Western philosophy has had its major impact in Japan only since the middle of the 19th century . Cuisine Main article : Japanese cuisine Breakfast at a ryokan or inn Maiko preparing teacups for tea ceremony Japanese cuisine is based on combining staple foods , typically Japanese rice or noodles , with a soup and okazu -- dishes made from fish , vegetable , tofu and the like -- to add flavor to the staple food . In the early modern era ingredients such as red meats that had previously not been widely used in Japan were introduced . Japanese cuisine is known for its emphasis on seasonality of food , quality of ingredients and presentation . Japanese cuisine offers a vast array of regional specialties that use traditional recipes and local ingredients . The phrase ichijū - sansai ( 一 汁 三 菜 , `` one soup , three sides '' ) refers to the makeup of a typical meal served , but has roots in classic kaiseki , honzen , and yūsoku cuisine . The term is also used to describe the first course served in standard kaiseki cuisine nowadays . Traditional Japanese sweets are known as wagashi . Ingredients such as red bean paste and mochi are used . More modern - day tastes includes green tea ice cream , a very popular flavor . Almost all manufacturers produce a version of it . Kakigori is a shaved ice dessert flavored with syrup or condensed milk . It is usually sold and eaten at summer festivals . Popular Japanese beverages such as sake , which is a brewed rice beverage that , typically , contains 15 % ~ 17 % alcohol and is made by multiple fermentation of rice . Beer has been brewed in Japan since the late 1800s and is produced in many regions by companies including Asahi Breweries , Kirin Brewery , and Sapporo Brewery -- the oldest brand of beer in Japan . Sushi ( 寿司 ) Ramen ( ラーメン ) Tempura ( 天ぷら ) Wagashi ( 和菓子 ) served with matcha ( 抹茶 ) Holidays Main article : Public holidays in Japan Young ladies celebrate Coming of Age Day ( 成人 の 日 Seijin no Hi ) in Harajuku , Tokyo Officially , Japan has 16 national , government - recognized holidays . Public holidays in Japan are regulated by the Public Holiday Law ( 国民 の 祝日 に関する 法律 Kokumin no Shukujitsu ni Kansuru Hōritsu ) of 1948 . Beginning in 2000 , Japan implemented the Happy Monday System , which moved a number of national holidays to Monday in order to obtain a long weekend . In 2006 , the country decided to add Shōwa Day , a new national holiday , in place of Greenery Day on April 29 , and to move Greenery Day to May 4 . These changes took effect in 2007 . In 2014 , the House of Councillors decided to add Mountain Day ( 山 の 日 , Yama no Hi ) to the Japanese calendar on August 11 , after lobbying by the Japanese Alpine Club . It is intended to coincide with the Bon Festival vacation time , giving Japanese people an opportunity to appreciate Japan 's mountains . The national holidays in Japan are New Year 's Day on January 1 , Coming of Age Day on Second Monday of January , National Foundation Day on February 11 , Vernal Equinox Day on March 20 or 21 , Shōwa Day on April 29 , Constitution Memorial Day on May 3 , Greenery Day on May 4 , Children 's Day on May 5 , Marine Day on Third Monday of July , Mountain Day on August 11 , Respect for the Aged Day on Third Monday of September , Autumnal Equinox on September 23 or 24 , Health and Sports Day on Second Monday of October , Culture Day on November 3 , Labour Thanksgiving Day on November 23 , and The Emperor 's Birthday on December 23 . Festivals Main article : Japanese festivals Popular Japanese festival , Hanami celebration at Ueno Park , Tokyo There are many festivals in Japan , which are called in Japanese as matsuri ( 祭 ) which celebrate annually . There are no specific festival days for all of Japan ; dates vary from area to area , and even within a specific area , but festival days do tend to cluster around traditional holidays such as Setsubun or Obon . Festivals are often based around one event , with food stalls , entertainment , and carnival games to keep people entertained . Its usually sponsored by a local shrine or temple , though they can be secular . Notable festival often feature processions which may include elaborate floats . Preparation for these processions is usually organised at the level of neighborhoods , or machi ( 町 ) . Prior to these , the local kami may be ritually installed in mikoshi and paraded through the streets , such as Gion in Kyoto , and Hadaka in Okayama . Sports Main article : Sport in Japan Sumo wrestlers form around the referee during the ring - entering ceremony National High School Baseball Championship at Koshien Stadium Traditionally , sumo is considered Japan 's national sport . Japanese martial arts such as judo , karate and kendo are also widely practiced and enjoyed by spectators in the country . After the Meiji Restoration , many Western sports were introduced in Japan and began to spread through the education system . Japan hosted the Summer Olympics in Tokyo in 1964 and the Winter Olympics in Sapporo in 1972 and Nagano in 1998 . Further , the country hosted the official 2006 Basketball World Championship . Tokyo will host the 2020 Summer Olympics , making Tokyo the first Asian city to host the Olympics twice . The country gained the hosting rights for the official Women 's Volleyball World Championship on five occasions ( 1967 , 1998 , 2006 , 2010 , 2018 ) , more than any other nation . Japan is the most successful Asian Rugby Union country , winning the Asian Five Nations a record 6 times and winning the newly formed IRB Pacific Nations Cup in 2011 . Japan will host the 2019 IRB Rugby World Cup . Baseball is currently the most popular spectator sport in the country . Japan 's top professional league , now known as Nippon Professional Baseball , was established in 1936 and is widely considered to be the highest level of professional baseball in the world outside of the North American Major Leagues . Since the establishment of the Japan Professional Football League in 1992 , association football has also gained a wide following . Japan was a venue of the Intercontinental Cup from 1981 to 2004 and co-hosted the 2002 FIFA World Cup with South Korea . Japan has one of the most successful football teams in Asia , winning the Asian Cup four times . Also , Japan recently won the FIFA Women 's World Cup in 2011 . Golf is also popular in Japan , as are forms of auto racing like the Super GT series and Formula Nippon . The country has produced one NBA player , Yuta Tabuse . Media Main article : Media of Japan Fuji TV headquarters in Tokyo NHK Broadcasting Building in Osaka Television and newspapers take an important role in Japanese mass media , though radio and magazines also take a part . For a long time , newspapers were regarded as the most influential information medium in Japan , although audience attitudes towards television changed with the emergence of commercial news broadcasting in the mid-1980s . Over the last decade , television has clearly come to surpass newspapers as Japan 's main information and entertainment medium . There are 6 nationwide television networks : NHK ( public broadcasting ) , Nippon Television ( NTV ) , Tokyo Broadcasting System ( TBS ) , Fuji Network System ( FNS ) , TV Asahi ( EX ) and TV Tokyo Network ( TXN ) . For the most part , television networks were established based on capital investments by existing radio networks . Variety shows , serial dramas , and news constitute a large percentage of Japanese television show . According to the 2015 NHK survey on television viewing in Japan , 79 percent of Japanese watch television every day . The average daily duration of television viewing was three hours . Japanese readers have a choice of approximately 120 daily newspapers with a total of 50 million copies of set paper with an average subscription rate of 1.13 newspapers per household . The main newspaper 's publishers are Yomiuri Shimbun , Asahi Shimbun , Mainichi Shimbun , Nikkei Shimbun and Sankei Shimbun . According to a survey conducted by the Japanese Newspaper Association in June 1999 , 85.4 per cent of men and 75 per cent of women read a newspaper every day . Average daily reading times vary with 27.7 minutes on weekdays and 31.7 minutes on holidays and Sunday . See also Japan portal Islands portal Asia portal Housing in Japan Index of Japan - related articles Outline of Japan References Jump up ^ `` National Flag and National Anthem '' . Retrieved January 29 , 2017 . The Rising Sun Flag and `` Kimi Ga Yo '' are respectively the national flag and anthem of Japan . This was formalized in 1999 with the Law Regarding the National Flag and National Anthem . Jump up ^ `` Explore Japan National Flag and National Anthem '' . Retrieved January 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` National Symbols '' . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2017 . Retrieved January 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` History of Tokyo '' . Retrieved January 29 , 2017 . The Edo Period lasted for nearly 260 years until the Meiji Restoration in 1868 , when the Tokugawa Shogunate ended and imperial rule was restored . The Emperor moved to Edo , which was renamed Tokyo . Thus , Tokyo became the capital of Japan ^ Jump up to : 法制 執務 コラム 集 「 法律 と 国語 ・ 日本 語 」 ( in Japanese ) . 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Jump up ^ Stone , Jacqueline ( December 1993 ) . `` Review of Of Heretics and Martyrs in Meiji Japan : Muslim and Its Persecution by James Edward Ketelaar '' . Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies . 53 ( 2 ) : 582 -- 598 . Retrieved June 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Tange , Kenzo ; Kawazoe , Noboru ( 1965 ) . Ise : Prototype of Japanese Architecture . Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press . Jump up ^ Kazuo , Nishi ; Kazuo , Hozumi ( 1995 ) . What is Japanese Architecture ? : A Survey of Traditional Japanese Architecture with a List of Sites and a Map . Kodansha . ISBN 978 - 4 - 7700 - 1992 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Arrowsmith , Rupert Richard ( 2010 ) . Modernism and the Museum : Asian , African , and Pacific Art and the London Avant - Garde . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 959369 - 9 . Jump up ^ Kinko Ito ( February 2005 ) . `` A History of Manga in the Context of Japanese Culture and Society '' . Journal of Popular Culture . 38 ( 3 ) : 456 -- 475 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 0022 - 3840.2005. 00123. x . Jump up ^ Shimizu 1985 , pp. 53 -- 54 , 102 -- 103 Jump up ^ Herman , Leonard ; Horwitz , Jer ; Kent , Steve ; Miller , Skyler ( 2002 ) . `` The History of Video Games '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2007 . Retrieved April 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ If you want to know Japan , See Animation Dong - ah - news , November 5 , 2005 language = Korean Jump up ^ `` Top 50 countries ranked by number of feature films produced , 2005 -- 2010 '' . Screen Australia . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ BFI Sight & Sound Top Ten Poll 2002 Jump up ^ Malm , William P. ( 2000 ) . Traditional Japanese music and musical instruments ( New ed . ) . Kodansha International . pp. 31 -- 45 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 7700 - 2395 - 7 . Jump up ^ See for example , Olivier Messiaen , Sept haïkaï ( 1962 ) , ( Olivier Messiaen : a research and information guide , Routledge , 2008 , By Vincent Perez Benitez , p. 67 ) and ( Messiaen the Theologian , Ashgate Publishing , Ltd. , 2010 , pp. 243 -- 265 , By Andrew Shenton ) Jump up ^ Campion , Chris ( August 22 , 2005 ) . `` J - Pop History '' . The Observer . London . Retrieved April 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Martinez , D.P. , ed. ( 1998 ) . The worlds of Japanese popular culture : gender , shifting boundaries and global cultures ( Repr . ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 76 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 63729 - 9 . Jump up ^ Keene , Donald ( 2000 ) . Seeds in the Heart : Japanese Literature from Earliest Times to the Late Sixteenth Century . Columbia University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 11441 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Asian Studies Conference , Japan ( 2000 ) '' . Meiji Gakuin University . Retrieved April 1 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Windows on Asia -- Literature : Antiquity to Middle Ages : Recent Past '' . Michigan State University . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2005 . Retrieved December 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Totman , Conrad ( 2005 ) . A History of Japan ( 2nd ed . ) . Blackwell . pp. 126 -- 127 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 2359 - 4 . Jump up ^ Royall , Tyler , ed. ( 2003 ) . The Tale of Genji . Penguin Classics . pp. i -- ii , xii . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 243714 - 8 . Jump up ^ Keene , Donald ( 1999 ) . World Within Walls : Japanese Literature of the Pre-Modern Era , 1600 -- 1867 . Columbia University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 11467 - 7 . Jump up ^ http://www.univie.ac.at/rel_jap/k/images/0/03/Kuroda_1981.pdf ^ Jump up to : plato.stanford.edu/entries/japanese-confucian/ Jump up ^ Parkes , Graham ( January 1 , 2011 ) . Zalta , Edward N. , ed . The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy -- via Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Jump up ^ `` A Day in the Life : Seasonal Foods '' Archived January 16 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine. , ' The Japan Forum Newsletter , September 14 , 1999 . Jump up ^ 読売 新聞 大阪 本社 ( 2005 ) . 雑学 新聞 雑学 新聞 . PHP 研究 所 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 569 - 64432 - 5 . , p. 158 , explains that in the tea kaiseki , the Jump up ^ Nakamura , Akemi , `` National holidays trace roots to China , ancients , harvests Archived July 13 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . '' , Japan Times , April 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 「 海の日 」 ある なら ... 「 山 の 日 」 も 、 16 年 から : 政治 : 読売 新聞 ( YOMIURI ONLINE ) '' . Yomiuri.co.jp . May 23 , 2014 . Retrieved May 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 8 月 11 日 「 山 の 日 」 に = 16 年 から 、 改正 祝日 法 成立 ( 時事 通信 ) -- Yahoo ! ニュース '' . Headlines.yahoo.co.jp . May 23 , 2014 . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2014 . Retrieved May 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Public Holidays in Japan in 2016 -- Office Holidays '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Saidai - ji Eyo Hadaka Matsuri -- Japan National Tourism Organization '' . Jump up ^ `` Sumo : East and West '' . PBS . Retrieved March 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Culture and Daily Life '' . Embassy of Japan in the UK . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2007 . Retrieved March 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Olympic History in Japan '' . Japanese Olympic Committee . Retrieved January 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 FIBA World Championship '' . FIBA . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IOC selects Tokyo as host of 2020 Summer Olympic Games '' . July 21 , 2016 . Retrieved October 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Game -- World Championships -- FIVB WOMEN 'S WORLD CHAMPIONSHIPS FINALS '' . FIVB . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` rugbyworldcup.com '' . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2013 . Retrieved November 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Nagata , Yoichi ; Holway , John B. ( 1995 ) . `` Japanese Baseball '' . In Palmer , Pete . Total Baseball ( 4th ed . ) . Viking Press . p. 547 . Jump up ^ `` Soccer as a Popular Sport : Putting Down Roots in Japan '' ( PDF ) . The Japan Forum . Retrieved April 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Previous FIFA World Cups '' . FIFA . Retrieved January 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Team Japan '' . Asian Football Confederation . Retrieved March 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Japan edge USA for maiden title '' . FIFA . July 17 , 2011 . Retrieved July 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Varcoe , Fred . `` Japanese Golf Gets Friendly '' . Metropolis . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2007 . Retrieved April 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Clarke , Len . `` Japanese Omnibus : Sports '' . Metropolis . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2007 . Retrieved April 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Hoop Dreams -- Yuta Tabuse , `` The Jordan of Japan '' `` . Consulate General of Japan in New York . December 2004 -- January 2005 . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2010 . Retrieved January 19 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2004 . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Australia , Barbara Gatzen , Australian National University , ( April 17 , 2001 ) . `` Media and Communication in Japan : Current Issues and Future Research '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2002 . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Television Viewing and Media Use Today : From `` The Japanese and Television 2015 '' Survey NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute , Public Opinion Research Division . April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2002 . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Notes Jump up ^ Routledge Handbook of Japanese Culture and Society ( 2011 ) edited by Victoria Bestor , Theodore C. Bestor , and Akiko Yamagata , pp. 66 -- 67 ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 43649 - 6 : 無 宗教 mushūkyō , `` no religion '' , in Japanese language and mindset identifies those people who do not belong to organised religion . To the Japanese , the term `` religion '' or `` faith '' means organized religions on the model of Christianity , that is a religion with specific doctrines and requirement for church membership . So , when asked `` what is their religion '' , most of the Japanese answer that they `` do not belong to any religion '' . According to NHK studies , those Japanese who identify with mushūkyō and therefore do not belong to any organised religion , actually take part in the folk ritual dimension of Shinto . Ama Toshimaru in Nihonjin wa naze mushukyo na no ka ( `` Why are the Japanese non-religious ? '' ) of 1996 , explains that people who do not belong to organised religions but regularly pray and make offerings to ancestors and protective deities at private altars or Shinto shrines will identify themselves as mushukyo . Ama designates `` natural religion '' what NHK studies define as `` folk religion '' , and other scholars have named `` Nipponism '' ( Nipponkyō ) or `` common religion '' . Jump up ^ According to the Dentsu survey of 2006 : 1 % Protestants , 0.8 % members of the Catholic Church , and 0.5 % members of the Orthodox Church . Further reading Further information : Bibliography of Japanese history Flath ( 2000 ) . The Japanese Economy . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 877503 - 4 . Henshall ( 2001 ) . A History of Japan . Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 23370 - 9 . Iwabuchi ( 2002 ) . Recentering Globalization : Popular Culture and Japanese Transnationalism . Duke University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8223 - 2891 - 9 . Jansen ( 2000 ) . The Making of Modern Japan . Belknap . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 00334 - 7 . Kato ; et al. ( 1997 ) . A History of Japanese Literature : From the Man'Yoshu to Modern Times . Japan Library . ISBN 978 - 1 - 873410 - 48 - 6 . Pilling , David ( 2014 ) . Bending Adversity : Japan and the Art of Survival . London : Allen Lane . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84614 - 546 - 9 . Samuels ( 2008 ) . Securing Japan : Tokyo 's Grand Strategy and the Future of East Asia . Cornell University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8014 - 7490 - 3 . Silverberg ( 2007 ) . Erotic Grotesque Nonsense : The Mass Culture of Japanese Modern Times . University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 22273 - 1 . Sugimoto ; et al. ( 2003 ) . An Introduction to Japanese Society . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 52925 - 9 . Taggart Murphy , R. ( 2014 ) . Japan and the Shackles of the Past . Oxford and New York , NY : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 984598 - 9 . Varley ( 2000 ) . Japanese Culture . University of Hawaii Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8248 - 2152 - 4 . External links Find more aboutJapanat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Government JAPANGOV -- The Government of Japan Prime Minister of Japan and His Cabinet , official site The Imperial Household Agency , official site of the Imperial House of Japan National Diet Library Public Relations Office Immigration Bureau of Japan Travel Japan National Tourist Organization Accessible Japan , information for travelers with disabilities General information `` Japan '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what region of the world is japan in | [
"Japan (Japanese: 日本; Nippon [ɲippoɴ] or Nihon [ɲihoɴ]; formally 日本国 Nippon-koku or Nihon-koku, lit. \"State of Japan\") is a sovereign island country in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies off the eastern coast of the Asian mainland and stretches from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and China in the southwest.\nCoordinates: 35°N 136°E / 35°N 136°E / 35; 136\nThe kanji that make up Japan's name mean \"sun origin\", and it is often called the \"Land of the Rising Sun\". Japan is a stratovolcanic archipelago consisting of about 6,852 islands. The four largest are Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu, and Shikoku, which make up about ninety-seven percent of Japan's land area and often are referred to as home islands. The country is divided into 47 prefectures in eight regions, with Hokkaido being the northernmost prefecture and Okinawa being the southernmost one. The population of 127 million is the world's tenth largest. Japanese people make up 98.5% of Japan's total population. About 9.1 million people live in Tokyo,[14] the capital of Japan.\n"
] | [
"East Asia"
] |
6899770136393864646 | LeMat Revolver | LeMat revolver - wikipedia LeMat revolver Jump to : navigation , search LeMat Revolver Type Grapeshot Revolver / Service pistol Place of origin France , United States Service history In service 1861 -- 1865 Used by Confederate States Wars American Civil War Franco - Prussian War Production history Designer Jean Alexandre LeMat Designed 1855 ; US Patent 1856 Manufacturer John Krider of Philadelphia Charles Frederic Girard and Son of Paris London Armoury Company Produced 1856 -- 65 No. built approx 2,900 Variants Revolver Carbine Specifications Weight 3.1 lb ( 1.41 kg ) , unloaded Length 13.25 in ( 356 mm ) Cartridge . 42 Ball (. 44 repro ) or . 36 ball 20ga Shot Caliber . 42 /. 44 ( repro ) /. 36 20ga Shot Barrels Action Single Action Revolver Single Barrel Shotgun Rate of fire 9 rounds / minute Muzzle velocity 620 ft / s ( 190 m / s ) Effective firing range 40 yd Maximum firing range 100 yd Feed system 9 - round cylinder ; single - shot smooth - bore secondary barrel Sights fixed front post and rear notch The LeMat revolver was a . 42 or . 36 caliber cap & ball black powder revolver invented by Jean Alexandre LeMat of New Orleans , which featured an unusual secondary 20 gauge smooth - bore barrel capable of firing buckshot . It saw service with the armed forces of the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War of 1861 -- 65 and the Army of the Government of National Defense during the Franco - Prussian War . Contents ( hide ) 1 History and design 2 Civil War use 3 Variants 4 Modern reproductions 5 In popular culture 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History and design ( edit ) This unique sidearm was also known as the `` Grape Shot Revolver . '' It was developed in New Orleans in 1856 by Jean Alexander Le Mat , whose manufacturing effort was backed by P.G.T. Beauregard , who became a general in the Confederate States Army . Fewer than 100 were made by John Krider of Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , in 1859 , including the first 25 prototypes . It is estimated that 2,900 were produced in Liége , Belgium and Paris , France . The European made pistols were shipped through Birmingham , England , where they were proofmarked . Approximately 900 revolvers were shipped to the Confederate States Army and 600 to the Confederate States Navy through Bermuda to avoid the Southern Naval Blockade . The distinguishing characteristic of LeMat 's revolver is that its 9 - shot cylinder revolves around a separate central barrel of larger caliber than the chambers in the cylinder proper . The central barrel is smooth - bore and can function as a short - barreled shotgun ( hence the name `` Grape Shot Revolver '' ) with the shooter selecting whether to fire from the cylinder or the smooth - bore barrel by flipping a lever on the end of the hammer . Flipping the lever up caused the movable striker to fall upon the primer set directly under the hammer , discharging the lower barrel , while leaving it in the standard position would fire the chambers in the cylinder , much like any other revolver . LeMat originally chambered his pistol for . 40 ( or . 42 ) caliber revolver bullets , with a . 60 ( 20 gauge ) smooth - bore barrel , and had a jointed ramrod ( mounted on the right - hand side of the frame ) , which was used to load both barrels . Later , during the American Civil War , a lighter . 35 - caliber pistol with a . 55 caliber ( 28 - gauge ) smooth bore barrel was produced , but as these were non-standard ammunition sizes (. 36 or . 44 caliber were most common for contemporary revolvers ) LeMat owners had to cast their own bullets ( as opposed to being issued them from general military stores ) . The final models of the LeMat were produced in . 36 or . 44 caliber in response to these criticisms , but too few of them managed to get past the Union blockade of the South during the Civil War to be of any real use . Design Patent LeMat 1856 top view showing the ramming rod parallel to the barrel and the lever of the pivoting striker A close - up of the hammer on a LeMat Pinfire Revolver , showing the pivoting striker that could be used to fire either the pinfire cartridges in the revolving chambers or the secondary smoothbore barrel . Civil War use ( edit ) LeMat hoped to market his adaptable revolver as a primary sidearm for dragoons and other mounted troops . He entered into a partnership with P.G.T. Beauregard ( at that time a major in the U.S. Army ) in April 1859 to market his handgun to the U.S. Army . Beauregard , besides being LeMat 's cousin , was one of the first U.S. Army officers to resign and join the Confederacy . LeMat Revolver , original cap & ball model , used by Confederate States troops in the American Civil War When war broke out , LeMat received Confederate contracts for the production of five thousand revolvers , and plans were laid to manufacture the gun abroad and then import them into the Confederacy , which lacked the necessary facilities to produce the weapon locally . Confederate gun runners were able to slip shipments of the gun through the Union naval blockade and it is estimated that about 2,500 made it into Confederate service . In addition to General Beauregard and Colonel LeMat , LeMat 's revolver was used by such famous Confederate officers as Major Generals Braxton Bragg , J.E.B. Stuart , Richard H. Anderson , and Major Henry Wirz . Confederate Major General J.E.B. Stuart `` was known to favor the LeMat revolver '' . General Beauregard 's personal engraved LeMat , which he carried throughout the war , is preserved at the Museum of the Confederacy in Richmond , Virginia . The LeMat revolver was manufactured from 1856 to 1865 , with approximately 2,900 being produced . The first models were manufactured by John Krider of Philadelphia , with the second model ( the first overseas model ) being produced by Charles Frederic Girard and Son of Paris . Quality concerns prompted LeMat to consider production at the Birmingham Small Arms Company in Birmingham , England , but production was never mounted there . LeMat revolvers from France were shipped to the Confederate States forces via the United Kingdom , and all firearms landed in the UK were ( and still are ) required to be proofed . The LeMats which found their way through the Union blockade were stamped with British proof marks from the Birmingham Proof House , leading to the misapprehension that the pistols were actually manufactured in the UK . A handful are known to have been made illegitimately in the UK by an unknown manufacturer , believed to be the London Armoury Company , but only two examples survive to the present day and it is doubtful any of the English - made LeMats ever saw service during the U.S. Civil War . The original revolver , constructed of blued steel with grips of checkered walnut , was not considered to be a very accurate weapon although it was deadly at close range . Civil War cavalrymen , particularly in the South , preferred to carry several pistols , as it was faster to draw another loaded weapon than it was to try to reload a cap and ball revolver in combat . After the introduction of cartridge - firing firearms , the LeMat system appeared in pinfire , but this version is exceedingly rare . A centerfire version in 12mm Perrin or 11mm Chamelot - Delvigne , with a 24 gauge shot barrel , was made in later years in Belgium . While having better sales than its pinfire relative , the centerfire LeMat also had no real commercial success due to the invention of the double - action system . With both weapons , loading was accomplished via a loading gate located at the 4 o'clock position for the cylinder , and by swinging the breech of the shot barrel up and left . Variants ( edit ) Muzzle Loader -- The first variant of the LeMat . Pinfire Cartridge -- Second variant , can be recognised by cylinder . Centerfire -- The centerfire variant came with a distinctive grip . Carbine -- A rare variant with extended barrels and a rifle type stock totalling 20 '' in length . Baby LeMat - The rarest variant of the LeMat is a reduced size version with a 4 3 / 4 '' barrel and the revolver chambered in . 32 caliber and the shotgun chambered in . 41 bore . Only 100 were produced . Modern reproductions ( edit ) Modern reproduction of a LeMat cap and ball Revolver . The Pietta company of Brescia , Italy has manufactured modern reproductions of the LeMat revolver since 1985 . United States distributors include Navy Arms Company , Dixie Gunworks and Cabela 's . Canadian distributors include Marstar Canada , among others . In popular culture ( edit ) In Harry Turtledove 's 1992 novel The Guns of the South , Confederate General JEB Stuart is so impressed with the rifles brought back from 2014 by the men of AWB that he sells his LeMat revolver and replaces it with an AK - 47 . Jayne Cobb , a character from the television series Firefly and the movie Serenity , uses a handgun based on the LeMat Revolver which he named ' Boo ' . Dr. Theophilus `` Doc '' Algernon Tanner in the Deathlands series of novels has carried three different LeMat revolvers . First , he uses a . 36 caliber cap and ball version , followed by a . 44 caliber cap and ball version that he obtains in book 20 , Cold Asylum . In the 100th book in the series , Prodigal 's Return , Doc upgrades to a modern replica chambered for . 44 center - fire cartridges . Inman , a main character in the novel Cold Mountain by Charles Frazier , carries and uses a LeMat multiple times in the novel . Bufe Coker , a character in both the novel and miniseries Centennial carries a LeMat revolver . In the comic book series The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen , the character Allan Quatermain uses a LeMat . In the HBO sci - fi / western television series Westworld , the `` Man in Black '' , played by Ed Harris , carries a cartridge - firing imitation of LeMat . Nat Love , in Joe R. Lansdale novel `` Paradise Sky '' , carries a LeMat revolver . The LeMat appears in the 2010 video game Red Dead Redemption although with a slightly altered appearance . Thielke , a character from the 2012 German novel Oneiros by Markus Heitz , carries a modern recreation of LeMat . The LeMat appears in the 2013 movie Machete Kills , one of the bad guys in the beginning is shown with it . In the 2015 film , Forsaken , Kiefer Sutherland 's character , uses a LeMat revolver in the final showdown . In the 2014 first person shooter Call of Duty : Advanced Warfare , the LeMat is available in multiplayer as the M1 Irons as of an update , albeit without the ability to fire shotgun shells . See also ( edit ) Henrion , Dassy & Heuschen Revolver References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Flayderman , Norm ( 17 December 2007 ) . Flayderman 's Guide to Antique American Firearms and Their Values . Iola , Wisconsin : F + W Media , Inc. p. 643 . ISBN 0 - 89689 - 455 - X . ^ Jump up to : Chicoine , David ( 2005 ) . `` The LeMat Revolver '' . Guns of the New West : A Close Up Look at Modern Replica Firearms . Iola , Wisconsin : Krause Publications . pp. 61 -- 63 . ISBN 0 - 87349 - 768 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Adler , Dennis ( 28 March 2011 ) . Guns of the Civil War . Zenith Imprint . pp. 205 -- 206 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7603 - 3971 - 8 . Jump up ^ Cumpston , Mike ( July 2005 ) . `` A Hail of Lead - the Confederate LeMat '' . Percussion Pistols and Revolvers : History , Performance and Practical Use . iUniverse . pp. 138 -- 146 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 595 - 35796 - 3 . Jump up ^ Konstam , Angus ( 2004 ) . The Pocket Book of Civil War Weapons . Edison NJ : Chartwell Books , Inc. p. 89 . Jump up ^ Taffin , John ( 2005 ) . Single Action Sixguns . Iola , Wisconsin : Krause Publications . pp. 187 -- 188 . ISBN 1 - 4402 - 2694 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Lewis , Russell E. ( 4 March 2010 ) . Warman 's Civil War Collectibles Identification and Price Guide . Iola , Wisconsin : Krause Publications . pp. 331 -- 333 . ISBN 1 - 4402 - 1522 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Shideler , Dan ( 10 May 2011 ) . The Gun Digest Book of Guns & Prices 2011 . Iola , Wisconsin : Gun Digest Books . pp. 555 -- 556 . ISBN 1 - 4402 - 1890 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Firefly - Jayne Cobb 's pistol ' Boo ' '' . Archived from the original on 7 June 2012 . Retrieved 7 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Axler , James ( 1 September 2011 ) . Prodigal 's Return . Worldwide Library . p. 26 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4592 - 1257 - 2 . Jump up ^ Frazier , Charles ( 1997 ) . Cold Mountain . Atlantic Monthly Press . p. 246 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87113 - 679 - 4 . Jump up ^ Michener , James A. ( 21 January 2014 ) . Centennial : A Novel . Random House Publishing Group . p. 582 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8041 - 5159 - 7 . Jump up ^ Jess Nevins ( 2002 - 03 - 10 ) . `` Notes on League of Extraordinary Gentlemen # 1 '' . Enjolrasworld.com . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Westworld ( 2016 TV Series ) '' . The Internet Movie Firearms Database . Retrieved 8 October 2016 . Bibliography The Confederate LeMat Revolver , Doug Adams , Mowbray Publishing , 2005 . External links ( edit ) U.S. Patent 15,925 issued on 21 October 1856 Article from American Handgunner , July 2002 , on the Navy Arms reproduction LeMat Revolver Genitron.com Horstheld.com ( hide ) Multiple barrel firearms Handguns Arsenal Firearms AF2011A1 Baylè 1879 Derringer Garrucha Henrion , Dassy & Heuschen Revolver Howdah pistol Lancaster pistol LeMat revolver Multi-barrelled flintlock Pepperbox revolver TKB - 506 Rifles Attached grenade launchers Ball and shot gun Double rifle Nock gun TKB - 059 Shotguns Ball and shot gun Colt Defender Mark I Double - barreled shotgun Standard Manufacturing DP - 12 Winchester Liberator Combination guns Cape guns Drillings Vierlings Submachine guns Flieger - Doppelpistole 1919 Villar - Perosa aircraft submachine gun Machine guns Caldwell machine gun Gardner gun Gast gun Fyodorov -- Shpagin Model 1922 Mitrailleuse Montigny mitrailleuse Nikonov machine gun Nordenfelt gun Ribauldequin Type 89 machine gun Type 100 machine gun Volley gun Rotary type Gatling gun GAU - 19 GShG - 7.62 Fokker - Leimberger Hotchkiss revolving cannon Hua Qing Minigun Minigun XM214 Microgun YakB - 12.7 Non-lethal Flash - ball Osa ( handgun ) Amphibious firearms Heckler & Koch P11 Mk1 UDG SPP - 1 underwater pistol Flare launchers Nambu Type 90 Grenade launchers DP - 64 Lavina Redback RG - 6 RPG - 30 Cannon GAU - 8 Avenger GAU - 12 / U Equalizer GAU - 13 / A GAU - 22 / A T250 Vigilante Double - barreled cannon GSh - 23 GSh - 6 - 23 GSh - 30 GSh - 6 - 30 M61 Vulcan M197 XM301 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LeMat_Revolver&oldid=815298910 '' Categories : American Civil War weapons Combination guns Early revolvers Military revolvers Multiple barrel firearms Revolvers of France Revolvers of the United Kingdom Revolvers of the United States Shotguns Single - action revolvers Weapons of the Confederate States of America Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from May 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Talk Variants Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano Қазақша 日本 語 Polski Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 14 December 2017 , at 00 : 57 . 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"The LeMat revolver was a .42 or .36 caliber cap & ball black powder revolver invented by Jean Alexandre LeMat of New Orleans, which featured an unusual secondary 20 gauge smooth-bore barrel capable of firing buckshot. It saw service with the armed forces of the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War of 1861–65 and the Army of the Government of National Defense during the Franco-Prussian War."
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"LeMat revolver"
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8748498271148243633 | Kit Kat | Kit Kat - wikipedia Kit Kat Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Kit Kat ( disambiguation ) . Kit Kat International Kit Kat logo United States Kit Kat logo 4 - fingered Kit Kat split in half Product type Confectionery Owner Nestlé ( Worldwide ) The Hershey Company ( US ) Country United Kingdom Introduced 29 August 1935 ; 82 years ago ( 1935 - 08 - 29 ) Markets World Previous owners Rowntree ( 1935 - 1988 ) Tagline `` Have a break ... Have a Kit Kat ! '' ( Worldwide ) `` Gimme a break , Gimme a break , Break me off a piece of that Kit Kat Bar ! '' , `` Break time , anytime '' ( US only ) Website kitkat.com Kit Kat is a chocolate - covered wafer bar confection created by Rowntree 's of York , United Kingdom , and is now produced globally by Nestlé , which acquired Rowntree in 1988 , with the exception of the United States where it is made under license by H.B. Reese Candy Company , a division of The Hershey Company . The standard bars consist of two or four fingers composed of three layers of wafer , separated and covered by an outer layer of chocolate . Each finger can be snapped from the bar separately . There are many different flavours of Kit Kat , including milk , white , and dark chocolate . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Global confection 3 Design 4 Marketing and promotion 4.1 Association with Android 4.2 Fairtrade 4.3 Golden ticket draw 5 Varieties 5.1 Flavours 5.2 Forms 6 Chocolatory Melbourne 7 Criticism and controversy 8 Ingredients 8.1 Europe 8.2 United States 8.3 Canada 8.4 Asia 9 See also 10 References 11 External links History ( edit ) Use of the name Kit Kat or Kit Cat for a type of food goes back to the 18th century , when mutton pies known as a Kit - Kat were served at meetings of the political Kit - Cat Club in London owned by pastry chef Christopher Catling . The origins of what is now known as the Kit Kat brand go back to 1911 , when Rowntree 's , a confectionery company based in York in the United Kingdom , trademarked the terms Kit Cat and Kit Kat . The names were not used immediately and Kit Kat first appeared in the 1920s , when Rowntree 's launched a brand of boxed chocolates entitled Kit Cat . This continued into the 1930s , when Rowntree 's shifted focus and production onto its Black Magic and Dairy Box brands . With the promotion of alternative products the Kit Cat brand decreased and was eventually discontinued . The original four - finger bar was developed after a worker at Rowntree 's York Factory put a suggestion in a recommendation box for a snack that `` a man could take to work in his pack '' . The bar launched on 29 August 1935 , under the title of Rowntree 's Chocolate Crisp ( priced at 2d ) , and was sold in London and throughout Southern England . The product 's official title of Rowntree 's Chocolate Crisp was renamed Kit Kat Chocolate Crisp in 1937 , the same year that Kit Kat began to incorporate `` Break '' into its recognisable advertising strategy The colour scheme and first flavour variation to the brand came in 1942 , owing to World War II , when food shortages prompted an alteration in the recipe . The flavour of Kit Kat was changed to dark chocolate ; the packaging abandoned its Chocolate Crisp title , and was adorned in blue . After the war the title was altered to Kit Kat and resumed its original milk recipe and red packaging . 4 - finger US Kit Kat Following on from its success in the United Kingdom , in the 1940s Kit Kat was exported to Canada , South Africa , Ireland , Australia , and New Zealand . In 1958 , Donald Gilles , the executive at JWT Orland , created the iconic advertising line `` Have a Break , Have a Kit Kat '' . The brand further expanded in the 1970s when Rowntree created a new distribution factory in Germany to meet European demand , and established agreements to distribute the brand in the USA and Japan through the Hershey and Fujiya companies , respectively . In June 1988 , Swiss company Nestlé acquired Kit Kat through the purchase of Rowntree 's . This gave Nestlé global control over the brand , except in the US , and production and distribution increased with new facilities in Japan and additional manufacturing operations set up in Malaysia , India and China . The Hershey Company has a licence to produce Kit Kat bars in the United States which dates from 1970 , when Hershey executed a licensing agreement with Rowntree . Nestlé , which has a substantial presence in the US , had to honour the licensing agreement when it bought Rowntree in 1988 which allowed Hershey to retain the Kit Kat licence so long as Hershey was not sold . As Kit Kat is one of Hershey 's top five brands in the US market , the Kit Kat licence was a key factor in Hershey 's failed attempt to attract a serious buyer in 2002 . Variants in the traditional chocolate bar first appeared in 1996 when Kit Kat Orange , the first flavour variant , was introduced in the United Kingdom . Its success was followed by several varieties including mint and caramel , and in 1999 Kit Kat Chunky was launched and received favourably by international consumers . Variations on the traditional Kit Kat have continued to develop throughout the 2000s . In 2000 , Nestlé acquired Fujiya 's share of the brand in Japan , and also expanded its marketplace in Japan , Russia , Turkey , and Venezuela , in addition to markets in Eastern and Central Europe . Throughout the decade Kit Kat has introduced dozens of flavours and line extensions within specific consumer markets , and celebrated its 75th anniversary on 10 October 2009 . The traditional bar has four fingers which each measure approximately 1 centimetre ( 0.4 in ) by 9 centimetres ( 3.5 in ) . A two - finger bar was launched in the 1930s , and has remained the company 's best - selling biscuit brand ever since . The 1999 Kit Kat Chunky ( known as Big Kat and Kit Kat Extra Crispy in the US ) has one large finger approximately 2.5 centimetres ( 1 in ) wide . Kit Kat bars contain varying numbers of fingers depending on the market , ranging from the half - finger sized Kit Kat Petit in Japan , to the three - fingered variants in Arabia , to the twelve - finger family - size bars in Australia and France . Kit Kat bars are sold individually and in bags , boxes and multi-packs . In Ireland , France , the UK and America Nestlé also produces a Kit Kat ice cream , and in Australia and Malaysia , Kit Kat Drumsticks . In 2010 , a new £ 5 million manufacturing line was opened by Nestlé in York . This will produce more than a billion Kit Kat bars each year . Global confection ( edit ) Countries where Kit Kat is marketed . Kit Kat bars are produced in 16 countries by Nestlé : Brazil , Mexico , United Kingdom , Canada , Australia , New Zealand , South Africa , Germany , Russia , Japan , China , Malaysia , Thailand , India , Turkey , United Arab Emirates , Bulgaria and Algeria . Kit Kat bars in the United States are produced under licence by The Hershey Company , a Nestlé competitor , due to a prior licensing agreement with Rowntree . The year 2003 was a turning point for the Kit Kat bar as well as the confectionery industry in general . The popularity of low carb diets and the push to healthier eating stifled sales growth in many parts of the world . In addition , fierce competition from Cadbury 's newly formed Dairy Milk superbrand also contributed to sales of the Kit Kat decreasing considerably in its home market of the UK , and threatened to depose it from its No. 1 position . The solution adopted by Nestlé and others was to increase dramatically the number of new and unique variations of their confections and market them as limited or special editions , whereby they would usually only be available for a few months at a time so as not to impact the sales of their permanent edition counterparts . The strategy initially reversed the decline of the Kit Kat and has been adopted worldwide by Nestlé , Hershey , Mars and others with similar success . This has resulted in many new flavours and varieties of the Kit Kat and other confections appearing globally since then . While some flavours have been hits , many have flopped , alienating some consumers in the process , causing Nestlé to scale back on new releases . In September 2006 , Nestlé announced that they would be cutting 645 jobs in their York factory and moving Smarties production to their Hamburg factory in which two thirds of production was already taking place . They stated that this move would allow for a £ 20 million investment to modernise the antiquated York factory and improve Kit Kat production . As dark chocolate has seen increased demand and favour worldwide because of its purported health benefits , September 2006 saw the launch of the four - finger Kit Kat Fine Dark in the United_Kingdom as a permanent edition , as well as new packaging for the entire brand . Hershey had sold the four - finger Kit Kat Dark in the US several years previously as a limited edition , and has begun doing so again . Nestlé now manufactures two finger Kit Kats with natural flavourings , and for the first time , Kit Kats in this format are suitable for vegans . It is not known at this date whether or not other varieties will follow suit . In 2014 , Kit Kat was ranked the third best selling chocolate bar in the United_Kingdom , after Dairy Milk and Galaxy . Design ( edit ) The US packaging When first introduced , the original Rowntree 's Chocolate Crisp bar had a red wrapper , which briefly became blue between 1945 -- 1947 . As a result of milk shortages after the end of World War II , the milk chocolate coating was suspended and a dark chocolate was used instead during that period . Since its introduction in the 1970s , the Hershey 's Kit Kat packaging and advertising in the United States differed from the branding used in every other country where it was sold . In 2002 , Hershey Kit Kats adopted the slanted ellipse logo used worldwide by Nestlé , though the ellipse was red and the text white . The US version of `` Kit Kat Chunky '' is known as `` Big Kat '' . In the United Kingdom , the product has traditionally been wrapped in silver foil and an outer paper band . In 2001 , flow wrap plastic was substituted as the confectionery 's packaging . In Norway , a similar product is manufactured by Mondelēz International and sold as Kvikk Lunsj ; Kvikk Lunsj XXL is similar to a Kit Kat Chunky . Marketing and promotion ( edit ) After launching in the 1930s , Rowntree 's Chocolate Crisp was originally advertised as `` the biggest little meal '' and `` the best companion to a cup of tea '' . During World War II , Kit Kat was depicted as a valuable wartime foodstuff , with the slogan `` what active people need '' . ' Kitty the Kat ' arrived in the late 1940s to emphasise the `` rich full cream milk '' qualities of the bar and , thanks to contemporary improvements in production methods , also highlighted the new and improved ' snap ' by responding to a biscuit being broken off screen . The first Kit Kat poster appeared in 1951 , and the first colour TV advertisement appeared in 1969 . Since 1958 , the slogan for the Kit Kat in the UK and elsewhere has been `` Have a break ... have a Kit Kat '' . However , in 1995 , Nestlé sought to trademark the `` Have a break '' portion . After a ten - year legal battle , which was contested by rival Mars , the European Court of Justice ruled on 7 July 2005 to send the case back to the British courts . In 2004 , Nestlé UK used the slogan `` Make the most of your break '' , but later returned to the original slogan . The United States also used the short - lived slogan , `` Tastes So Good , You 'll Roar '' , in the early 1980s . The TV commercial most known from this slogan involves a young man biting into one of the Kit Kat bars in a grocery store , and roaring like a lion so loudly the whole store shakes violently , knocking items from the shelves . Another short - lived US slogan was `` That 's What You Want '' , whose television adverts showed people pulling unlikely foodstuffs from their pockets or purses , before rejecting them in favour of a Kit Kat . The `` classic '' American version of the `` Gimme a Break '' Kit Kat jingle ( in use in the US since 1986 ) was written by Ken Shuldman ( copy ) and Michael A. Levine ( music ) for the DDB Advertising Agency . Versions of the original have been covered by Carrie Underwood , Shawn Colvin , and many studio singers , as well as people who have appeared on - camera in the commercials . The jingle was cited in a study by University of Cincinnati researcher James J. Kellaris as one of the top ten `` earworms '' -- bits of melody that become stuck in your head . Another version of the advertising jingle ' Gimme a break ' created for Kit Kat `` Factory '' commercial in the US was an original recording by Andrew W.K. W.K. was hired to write a new musical version for their `` Gimme a break '' slogan . Variations on the Andrew W.K. advertisement included executive dance routines in corporate offices and a network newsroom . However , the `` classic '' song has also been used again since the newer version first aired in 2004 . A 1989 United Kingdom advertisement for Kit Kat , in which a zoo photographer `` takes a break '' from waiting for pandas to appear in an enclosure and misses them performing a dance routine , came in 30th in Channel 4 's `` 100 Greatest Adverts '' poll in 2000 . The Maltese tour boat MV Lady Davinia had a distinctive red and white Kit Kat paint scheme before she sank in 2008 . In late 2004 through to the end of 2006 , Nestlé Rowntree sponsored the English football club York City F.C. . As a result , the club 's home - ground , Bootham Crescent , was renamed to KitKat Crescent . In a 2012 advertising campaign in the UK and Ireland , several new flavours of Chunky Kit Kat were marketed , with consumers being asked to vote for their favourite . Selecting from white chocolate , double chocolate , peanut butter , and orange , Peanut butter was the winner by having 47 % of votes . A similar campaign occurred in 2013 with mint , coconut , hazelnut and chocolate fudge . Association with Android ( edit ) In September 2013 , it was announced that version 4.4 of Google 's Android mobile operating system would be named `` KitKat '' . Google licensed the name from Nestlé , with no money changing hands . A promotion ran in numerous countries with specially branded Android Kit Kat bars to win Nexus 7 devices and Google Play Store credit . A Kitkat bar statue in Googleplex Headquarters Fairtrade ( edit ) In December 2009 , it was announced that the four finger variety of Kit Kat would use Fairtrade chocolate ( at least in Britain and Ireland ) from January 2010 . It has also been announced that the Fairtrade Kit Kat promotion will be extended to the finger edition as of January 2010 . Golden ticket draw ( edit ) During the first three weeks of Big Brother Series 7 , Channel 4 conducted a promotion in conjunction with Nestlé to distribute 100 `` golden tickets '' randomly throughout Kit Kats , in a style reminiscent of the story Charlie and the Chocolate Factory . Members of the public finding these tickets were permitted to use them to give themselves a chance to become a Big Brother housemate and bypass the standard auditions process . Golden ticket holders were invited to a television show where one of them , Susie Verrico , was chosen to enter the House by Aisleyne Horgan - Wallace , picking a ball out of a machine at random . This contest caused some controversy , with the Advertising Standards Authority saying that the terms and conditions of the draw should have been made clearer in related advertisements , and that an independent adjudicator should have been present before and during the draw . Varieties ( edit ) Flavours ( edit ) Kit Kat Matcha Many varieties of Kit Kat have existed , either permanently or as limited editions , such as those sold to commemorate festivals such as St. Valentine 's Day . In Japan , Nestlé has introduced over 200 different flavours since 2000 , including ginger ale , soy sauce , creme brulee , green tea , sake , and banana . The flavours are designed to appeal to younger buyers , and are often bought as good - luck gifts as the brand name echoes the Japanese phrase `` Kitto Katsu '' , roughly translating as `` surely win . '' The Kit Kat Orange was the first flavour variant to be introduced in the United Kingdom , in 1996 and 1998 in Ireland . It was followed in 1997 by the Kit Kat Dark and Kit Kat Mint . All three were available as permanent editions of the two - finger multipack in the United Kingdom , along with the Kit Kat Original , the Kit Kat White , and from 2012 the Kit Kat Cookies & Cream . A wide variety of promotional items exist , ranging from traditional merchandise ( such as mugs , pens , oven gloves and tea - towels ) to less common items such as coats for small dogs . Recently in Japan , Kit Kats have come packaged with CD singles , and a special limited edition double pack of Kit Kat Crispy Monogatari came bundled with a mini book featuring six short stories , one of which was written by Koji Suzuki , author of the Ring cycle series . In Japan , Kit Kats are also available in jars that are dispensed from vending machines . Forms ( edit ) Kit Kat varieties : Pop Choc , regular and Chunky ( or Big Kat ) The ' standard ' Kit Kat finger bars can come in a variety of presentations and nutritional values . The bars can come in a miniature form of two finger mini bars , or a larger standard four , or in some cases , three , fingered bars . The standard size has been upgraded in several cases up to a ' monster Size ' bar , which can include up to five or eight fingers . Large single - fingered `` Chunky Kit Kats '' were launched in the United Kingdom in 1998 and have been sold in a variety of flavours . The market for Chunky Kit Kats has also expanded to Canada . Other forms and shapes include `` Choc'n'Go '' individually wrapped fingers from France , a twelve - finger `` Family Block which is available in New Zealand , '' in Australia , round bite - sized `` Pop Choc '' pieces , square `` Kubes '' , praline - filled `` Senses '' , a yoghurt with Kit Kat pieces , and a Kit Kat ice cream cone . In the 1980s , a Kit Kat with five shorter fingers was sold in vending machines in the UK . The Japanese Bake ' N Tasty Mini Kit Kats Custard Pudding Flavour was launched in 2014 . The bar must be baked in an oven before consumption , and the surface sugar caramelises in the process . In 2015 , a new luxury and giftable variant of Kit Kat called Kit Kat Rubies was launched in Malaysia . Comes with the box of 20 small bars , the Kit Kat Rubies bar made with the premium chocolate truffle cream and imported roasted hazelnut pieces . As of 2017 , U.S. variants include the standard and king - size four - finger bars , standard bars covered with white or dark chocolate , snack - size orange - covered bars for Halloween , bagged wrapped one - finger miniatures ( original and assorted ) , unwrapped minis , a redesigned Big Kat , and a king - size Big Kat ( two of the new Big Kat bars ) . Chocolatory Melbourne ( edit ) Kit Kat has opened a Chocolatory in the Melbourne Central Shopping Centre in Melbourne , Australia . The dedicated shop allows customers to use touch screens to craft their own Kit Kat from a selection of chocolates and ingredients which are then created for them on site while they wait . Criticism and controversy ( edit ) In March 2010 , Kit Kat was targeted for a boycott by Greenpeace for using palm oil , which the environmental organisation claimed resulted in destruction of forest habitats for orangutans in Indonesia . A YouTube video by Greenpeace went viral and Nestlé announced a partnership with The Forest Trust to establish `` responsible sourcing guidelines '' and ensure that its products did not have a deforestation footprint . They aimed to achieve a fully sustainable method of palm oil harvesting by 2015 . Kit Kat Milk Chocolate is made for the North American market with the ingredient PGPR ( polyglycerol polyricinoleate , E476 , AKA Palsgaard PGPR 4150 ) , which is used to reduce the amount of cocoa butter needed and as an emulsifier . The FDA has determined it to be safe for humans in amounts up to 7.5 milligrams per kilogram of body weight . `` Liver and kidney enlargement was noticed at much higher doses . '' Ingredients ( edit ) Original Kit Kat ingredients unless otherwise stated , listed by decreasing weight : milk chocolate ( sugar , milk ingredients , cocoa butter , cocoa mass , whey powder , lactose , soya lecithin , polyglycerol polyricinoleate , natural flavour ) , wheat flour , sugar , modified palm oil , cocoa , sodium bicarbonate , soya lecithin , yeast , and natural flavour . Europe ( edit ) Milk chocolate ( 66 % ) ( sugar , cocoa butter , cocoa mass , dried whole milk , cocoa mass , lactose and proteins from whey , whey powder , emulsifier ( sunflower lecithin ) , butterfat , flavouring ) , wheat flour , sugar , vegetable fat , cocoa mass , yeast , raising agent ( sodium bicarbonate ) , salt , emulsifier ( soya lecithin ) , flavourings . In 2006 , the UK four - finger Kit Kat contained 233 dietary calories ( kcal ) ( 975 kilojoules ) . In 2009 , the two - finger Kit Kat contained 107 calories . In 2013 , the UK Kit Kat Chunky contained 247 calories which reduced to 207 calories in 2015 . This correlated to a reduction in weight by 19 % from 48 g to 40 g . United States ( edit ) Hershey 's Kit Kat Crisp Wafers in Chocolate ( 1 oz ) Sugar , wheat flour , cocoa butter , nonfat milk , chocolate , refined palm kernel oil , lactose ( milk ) , milk fat , contains 2 % or less of : soy lecithin , PGPR ( emulsifier ) , yeast , artificial flavor , salt , and sodium bicarbonate . Canada ( edit ) Milk chocolate ( sugar , modified milk ingredients , cocoa butter , cocoa mass , whey powder , lactose , soya lecithin , polyglycerol polyricinoleate , natural flavour ) , wheat flour , sugar , modified palm oil , cocoa , sodium bicarbonate , soya lecithin , yeast , Natural Flavour . Dark chocolate ( sugar , unsweetened chocolate , cocoa butter , milk ingredients , soya lecithin , salt , artificial flavour ) , wheat flour , sugar , modified palm oil , unsweetened chocolate or cocoa powder , sodium bicarbonate , soya lecithin , artificial flavour . May contain salt and / or yeast . Asia ( edit ) Nestlé has factories in various locations in China , to supply to China and Hong Kong . During the 2008 Chinese milk scandal , where melamine was found to have tainted some milk suppliers in China , importers in Hong Kong chose to import bars manufactured in the United Kingdom . See also ( edit ) Kit Kats in Japan Kvikk Lunsj References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Nestlé UK Website - History of Rowntree '' . Archived from the original on 18 March 2007 . Retrieved 4 April 2007 . 1988 -- Nestlé SA buys Rowntree plc . Jump up ^ `` The Origin of the name Kit Kat '' . Nestlé . Jump up ^ Smith , Andrew ( 31 January 2013 ) . The Oxford Encyclopedia of Food and Drink in America . OUP USA . ISBN 9780199734962 . ^ Jump up to : `` Happy 75th birthday Kit Kat ) Nestlé '' . Archived from the original on 15 October 2010 . Retrieved 10 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` KitKat 's 75th anniversary heralded '' . The Press . Christchurch , New Zealand : Fairfax Media . 12 October 2010 . Retrieved 4 May 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The History of Kit Kat '' . Nestlé . Retrieved 4 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kit Kat Turns 75 '' . Stevenage , England : Popsop. 11 October 2010 . Archived from the original on 20 June 2013 . Retrieved 4 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kit Kat Celebrates Its 75th Anniversary '' . Net News Publisher. 12 October 2010 . Archived from the original on 20 January 2013 . Retrieved 4 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nestlé quiet on Hershey sale '' . Confectionery News . William Reed Business Media . 5 August 2002 . Retrieved 5 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Sorkin , Andrew Ross ( 27 August 2002 ) . `` Possible buyers , seller far apart on Hershey sale / Price and politics are obstacles '' . San Francisco Chronicle . San Francisco : Hearst Communications . New York Times . Retrieved 4 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nestlé 's new UK wafer line to boost Kit Kat production '' . Nestlé. 20 December 2010 . Retrieved 4 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fat profits : Choc tactics '' . BBC News . 24 March 2004 . Retrieved 4 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Consumers ' snub unhealthy brands ' '' . BBC News . London : British Broadcasting Corporation . 13 December 2003 . Retrieved 4 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Uhlig , Robert ( 19 February 2004 ) . `` Cheesecake Kit Kat ? Give us a break '' . The Telegraph . London : Telegraph Group . Retrieved 4 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lemon Yoghurt Boosts Kit Kat '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . Jump up ^ `` Limited Editions Are Latest Candy Craze '' . ABC News . 18 July 2005 . Retrieved 4 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Abelson , Jenn ( 2 May 2005 ) . `` Limited - edition candies sweeten the marketplace '' . The Boston Globe . Boston : The New York Times Company . Retrieved 4 May 2013 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` 645 jobs lost as Nestlé ships Smarties abroad '' . The Guardian . 21 September 2006 . Retrieved 14 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hersheys Product Locator '' . The Hershey Company . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 selling chocolate bars in the UK '' . Wales Online . Retrieved 28 December 2014 Jump up ^ Suzy Bashford `` BRAND HEALTH CHECK : Kit kat '' , Marketing , 14 June 2001 Jump up ^ `` Kit Kat slogan dispute sent back to U.K. courts '' . International Herald Tribune . La Défense , France : The New York Times Company . 8 July 2005 . Retrieved 5 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Marinovich , Slaven ( 6 June 2005 ) . `` Kit Kat barred '' . Brand Channel . Interbrand . Archived from the original on 3 December 2013 . Retrieved 5 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` City stadium takes sponsor 's name '' . BBC News . London : British Broadcasting Corporation . 18 October 2005 . Retrieved 5 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Android KitKat '' . Jump up ^ Kelion , Leo ( 3 September 2013 ) . `` Android KitKat unveiled in Google surprise move '' . BBC News Online . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 4 September 2013 . ' This is not a money - changing - hands kind of deal , ' John Lagerling , director of Android global partnerships , told the BBC . Jump up ^ `` Google : Next Android mobile software version dubbed ' KitKat ' '' . Press Trust of India . San Francisco : The Hindu . 4 September 2013 . Retrieved 26 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Wallop , Harry ( 7 December 2009 ) . `` Nestlé 's Kit Kat goes Fairtrade '' . The Telegraph . London : Telegraph Group . Retrieved 5 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Chambers , Andrew ( 12 December 2009 ) . `` Not so fair trade '' . The Guardian . London : Guardian News & Media . Retrieved 5 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Big Brother contest slammed again '' . Archived from the original on 29 September 2007 . Retrieved 11 October 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Ivine , Dean ( 2 February 2013 ) . `` How did Kit Kat become king of candy in Japan ? '' . cnn.com . Cable News Network . Archived from the original on 8 February 2016 . Retrieved 5 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Chappell , Bill ( 10 May 2010 ) . `` Kit Kat Kaleidoscope : Far - Out Flavours From Japan '' . npr.com . Washington , D.C. : NPR . Retrieved 5 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Ryall , Julian ( 2 February 2005 ) . `` Exam fever gives Japan a craving for Kit Kat '' . The Telegraph . London : Telegraph Group . Retrieved 5 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ben Viveur : Tuck Off '' . Ben Viveur. 21 June 2014 . Retrieved 25 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Lam , Charles . `` Kit Kats You Can Bake Coming to ... Japan '' . ocweekly.com . Retrieved 15 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Tey , Kelly ( 3 January 2015 ) . `` Rolling out delicious ' rubies ' '' . thestar.com.my . Retrieved 5 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kit Kat Products '' . Hershey.com . Retrieved 27 January 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.kitkat.com.au/ Jump up ^ Poynton , Scott ( 18 March 2011 ) . `` Dancing With Devils '' . The Huffington Post . New York : AOL . Retrieved 5 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Armstrong , Paul ( 2 March 2013 ) . `` Greenpeace , Nestlé in battle over Kit Kat viral '' . cnn.com . Cable News Network . Retrieved 5 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nestlé committed to traceable sustainable palm oil to ensure no - deforestation '' . Nestlé. 30 October 2012 . Retrieved 5 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` KIT KAT Milk Chocolate '' . Jump up ^ `` Manufacturers overlook cocoa butter savings '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` GRAS Notice 000466 : polyricinoleic acid '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 9 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` KIT KAT Collection '' . Nestlé . Retrieved 5 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A low calorie treat from KitKat '' . Easier. 16 January 2008 . Retrieved 5 May 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kit Kat . 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Nestlé Smarties Book Prize Nestlé Tower Toll House cookies International Code of Marketing of Breast - milk Substitutes Nescafé Basement Currently manufactured by General Mills in the United States and Canada . Produced by Cereal Partners under the Nestlé brand elsewhere . Brand owned by General Mills ; US and Canadian production rights controlled by Nestlé under license . US production rights owned by The Hershey Company . Canadian production rights owned by The Hershey Company . US rights and production owned by Smarties Candy Company , with a different product . US rights and specific trade dress owned by Nestlé ; rights elsewhere owned by Associated British Foods . Produced by Cereal Partners , branded as Nestlé . Produced by Cereal Partners , and Branded Nestlé in The United Kingdom , and Ireland . Produced by Post Foods , elsewhere . Philippine production rights owned by Alaska Milk Corporation . Used only in Indonesia , Thailand , and Cambodia . Used only in the Philippines . 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Hershey Medical Center Hershey , PA Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kit_Kat&oldid=843598200 '' Categories : Brand name biscuits ( British style ) Brand name confectionery British confectionery Nestlé brands The Hershey Company brands Products introduced in 1935 Rowntree 's brands Yorkshire cuisine Fair trade brands Kosher food Candy bars Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2010 Pages containing links to subscription - only content Use dmy dates from December 2017 EngvarB from October 2015 Pages using deprecated image syntax Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2017 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2007 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2008 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from May 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Català Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 22 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 05 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where are kit kats made in the usa | [
"Kit Kat is a chocolate-covered wafer bar confection created by Rowntree's of York, United Kingdom, and is now produced globally by Nestlé, which acquired Rowntree in 1988,[1] with the exception of the United States where it is made under license by H.B. Reese Candy Company, a division of The Hershey Company. The standard bars consist of two or four fingers composed of three layers of wafer, separated and covered by an outer layer of chocolate. Each finger can be snapped from the bar separately. There are many different flavours of Kit Kat, including milk, white, and dark chocolate."
] | [
"by H.B. Reese Candy Company, a division of The Hershey Company"
] |
-4022687857384379057 | Dog the Bounty Hunter | Dog the Bounty Hunter - Wikipedia Dog the Bounty Hunter Jump to : navigation , search Dog the Bounty Hunter Genre Reality Starring Duane `` Dog '' Chapman Beth Chapman Leland Chapman Lachlan Bowe Justin Bihag Duane Lee Chapman Jr . Lyssa Chapman Theme music composer Ozzy Osbourne Opening theme `` Dog the Bounty Hunter '' Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 8 No. of episodes 246 Production Executive producer ( s ) Daniel Elias David Houts David McKillop Neil A. Cohen Camera setup Multiple Running time 21 minutes ( Seasons 1 -- 5 ; 7 -- 8 ) 42 minutes ( Season 6 ) Production company ( s ) Hybrid Films Distributor A + E Networks Trifecta Entertainment & Media Release Original network A&E Picture format 480i ( SDTV ) ( 2004 - 2010 ) 720p ( HDTV ) ( 2010 - 2012 ) Original release August 31 , 2004 ( 2004 - 08 - 31 ) -- June 23 , 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 23 ) Chronology Related shows Dog and Beth : On the Hunt External links Website www.aetv.com/dog-the-bounty-hunter Duane `` Dog '' Chapman Dog the Bounty Hunter is an American reality television series which aired on A&E and chronicled Duane `` Dog '' Chapman 's experiences as a bounty hunter . With a few exceptions , the series took place in Hawaii or Dog 's home state of Colorado . On May 21 , 2012 , A&E canceled the series after eight seasons . The series began airing in syndication on September 16 , 2013 . Dog and Beth then starred in another series , Dog and Beth : On the Hunt on CMT , before that series ended in August 2015 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 The Chapman family 1.2 Supporting cast 2 Production 2.1 Season 4 hiatus 2.2 Season 6 shooting 2.3 Lawsuit and sons quit 2.4 Music 3 Series overview 4 DVD releases 5 Books 6 Parodies 7 References 8 External links Cast ( edit ) The Chapman family ( edit ) Duane `` Dog '' Chapman Beth Chapman , Dog 's wife Leland Chapman , Dog 's son Tim Chapman , Dog 's `` brother '' not related `` Baby '' Lyssa Rae Chapman , Dog 's daughter ( seasons 2 -- 8 ) Duane Lee Chapman Jr. , Dog 's son ( season 2 -- 8 ) Cecily Barmore - Chapman , Beth 's daughter Justin Bihag ( seasons 1 -- 6 ) , Dog 's `` nephew '' not related Garry Chapman , Beth 's son Bonnie Chapman , Beth 's daughter Supporting cast ( edit ) Sonny , bounty hunter Wesley , office manager Moon , Beth 's best friend , Justin 's mother Richie , bounty hunter Kaleo , bounty Hunter Production ( edit ) The program spun off from Chapman 's appearance on the show Take This Job , a program about people with unusual occupations . Dog the Bounty Hunter captured an audience immediately by drawing viewers into the interaction of Chapman and his family / team , mixing street smarts , romance , arguments , teamwork , adrenaline - laced arrests and a philosophy of hope and second chances . Viewers are taken along as Chapman and his family / team locate and arrest people who have broken the terms of their bail agreements . Bounty hunts and arrests segue into the rides to jail , during which Chapman and his team show compassion and strongly counsel the fugitives to start over , leaving behind drugs and / or crime to become dependable members of their families and society . Rounding out most episodes are scenes featuring Dog , Beth and their large family of children , grandchildren and friends . As the show progressed , viewers were taken further behind the scenes during Baby Lyssa 's training as a licensed bail bondswoman and bounty hunter ; Dog 's capture of Andrew Luster and the ensuing arrests of Chapman , Tim and Leland in Mexico ; the deaths of Beth 's father ( Garry Smith ) and Dog 's oldest daughter ( Barbara Katie Chapman ) ; Chapman and Beth 's 2006 wedding ; Baby Lyssa 's wedding and the birth of her second child ; and the shock and fear of the family after Dog , Tim and Leland were arrested by federal marshals in Hawaii to await possible extradition to Mexico . Chapman and Beth freely invited viewers into their lives , sharing personal stories about Chapman 's 1976 imprisonment ; his ex-wives and custody battles ; While Chapman was serving his sentence , his first wife LaFonda filed for divorce , and married his best friend . Chapman did field work for the prison , in addition to serving as the warden 's barber . When an inmate was attempting to escape , Chapman tackled him , which prevented the escapee from being shot at by guards . This , in addition to Chapman 's overall good behavior , led to him being paroled after only 18 months . Inspired by his tackle , Chapman decided to pursue becoming a bounty hunter once released . Dog was seen in 2016 making an appearance with his wife using a cane , which is surprising for the active bounty hunter we saw for so many years . Season 4 hiatus ( edit ) Production and airing of the show was halted by A&E on November 2 , 2007 , after an audio tape was released , featuring Duane Chapman using the word `` nigger '' repeatedly in a discussion about the word itself with son Tucker regarding Tucker 's black girlfriend 's probable sensitivity to the word . Tucker had sold the tape to the National Enquirer , and it quickly was picked up by numerous print and broadcast media outlets . This media exposure led Duane to make an apology on CNN 's Larry King Live for his lack of sensitivity on the matter , and vowed to educate himself and make amends . On February 19 , 2008 , A&E announced that the show would return . Reruns of Dog the Bounty Hunter , along with never - before - seen episodes from season 4 , began airing on June 25 , 2008 , and the show continued , along with special episodes about the arrest and fallout from the Luster situation . Season 6 shooting ( edit ) On April 21 , 2009 , during filming of Season 6 , Chapman was allegedly shot at with a handgun while his crew , along with bail bondsman Bobby Brown , were attempting to arrest a fugitive named Hoang Nguyen in Colorado Springs , Colorado . The suspect escaped on a motorcycle and was captured by Chapman about six hours later . This is contrary to evidence shown in the A&E airing of the episode titled `` Easy Rider '' , on December 16 , 2009 . According to Chapman 's website and TMZ , Nguyen was arrested and charged with attempted murder related to the shooting attempt of Chapman and the Chapman family . On May 15 , 2009 , the El Paso County , Colorado Assistant District attorney dropped the attempted murder charge against the alleged shooter due to lack of evidence and conflicting statements by Chapman , his son Leland , and bail bondsman Bobby Brown . The prosecutors also state that they have not received the requested video footage from the incident , which was allegedly filmed by the television crew . In March 2011 , Nguyen filed a lawsuit against Chapman , Brown , and Chapman 's sons Duane Chapman II and Leland Chapman . In the lawsuit , Nguyen claims he lost his job as a result of the incident and had to relocate . He also says he was injured by pepper pellets that were allegedly fired at him . Chapman 's attorney , James A. Quadra , told Celebrity Crime Reporter the lawsuit has no basis `` in law or fact '' . The lawsuit was in mediation the first week of March 2011 with a trial date on November 28 , 2011 . Lawsuit and sons quit ( edit ) In 2011 , Leland and Duane Lee quit working with their father and stepmother and severed ties with their family . The March 21 , 2012 episode showed Duane Lee telling Beth `` You want me fired , you got ta fire me , '' and then Leland weighed in , saying `` I quit too . '' In January 2012 , the two brothers confirmed leaving the show . Leland now operates his own bail bond company on the Big Island of Hawaii and heads Bounty Hunter Tactical Supply Co. while Duane Lee moved to Florida . Beth tweeted , `` It will take 6 weeks to get through the whole thing tonight 's jus ( sic ) the beginning . '' In September 2011 Bobby Brown , who appeared in 30 episodes , sued A&E Television Networks , Hybrid Films , and D&D Television Productions in Colorado federal court , claiming he was promised to be a full cast member , but received only $6,000 for his contributions . The lawsuit is for `` the misappropriation of his publicity rights as well as claims of breach of contract and promises . Music ( edit ) Heavy metal artist Ozzy Osbourne sings the show 's theme song , `` Dog the Bounty Hunter '' . The song can be heard on Osbourne 's Prince of Darkness box set . Many episodes feature at least one song from a band that is either unsigned or with an independent label , usually played during an action scene . These songs are plugged at the end of each episode , following the closing credits . Several episodes in season three and four have music from New York City - based dub reggae group Subatomic Sound System 's On All Frequencies album . Featured songs include : `` Criminal '' , `` Doin ' It '' , and `` Ghetto Champion '' . Soulja Boy 's music video for `` Yahhh ! '' includes an impersonation of `` Dog Woof Woof '' Series overview ( edit ) The following summarizes the original broadcast presentation : Season No . No. of Episodes Start Date End Date 17 August 31 , 2004 ( 2004 - 08 - 31 ) January 25 , 2005 ( 2005 - 01 - 25 ) 23 April 5 , 2005 ( 2005 - 04 - 05 ) January 31 , 2006 ( 2006 - 01 - 31 ) 27 March 21 , 2006 ( 2006 - 03 - 21 ) November 28 , 2006 ( 2006 - 11 - 28 ) 20 April 10 , 2007 ( 2007 - 04 - 10 ) October 29 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 29 ) 5 38 February 4 , 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 04 ) September 9 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 09 ) 6 24 December 2 , 2009 ( 2009 - 12 - 02 ) August 11 , 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 11 ) 7 21 October 6 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 06 ) April 6 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 06 ) 8 23 January 4 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 04 ) June 23 , 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 23 ) All the hour - long episodes were split into two parts for broadcast syndication . Full episodes are shown on streaming sites and DVD . DVD releases ( edit ) Note that not all episodes have been released on DVD . DVD name No . Release date Additional information The Best of Season 1 7 January 25 , 2005 Features Dog 's episode of Take This Job , cast biographies and promos The Best of Season 2 7 March 29 , 2006 Features cast biographies and a pop - up dog hunting quiz The Wedding Special December 12 , 2006 Features 5 featurettes titled : The Drama of Dog 's Wedding Ring Dance Lessons Shopping with Beth The Bow Wow Vow A Tribute to Dog & Beth The Best of Season 3 8 February 27 , 2007 Features a photo gallery The Arrest September 25 , 2007 Features additional scenes . Also Features The Special Double Episode Year of the Dog The Best of Season 4 8 August 26 , 2008 To Seize and Protect ( The Best of Season 5 ) 8 September 8 , 2009 Crime is on the Run ( The Best of Season 6 ) 8 July 27 , 2010 The Wild Ride Megaset 48 January 11 , 2011 8 - disc collection of previous releases : The Best of Seasons 1 - 6 , The Wedding Special and The Arrest This Family Means Business ( The Best of Season 7 , Part 1 ) 6 June 28 , 2011 Christmas Has Gone to the Dog October 18 , 2011 Contains two Christmas - themed episodes , one from Season 3 and the other from Season 6 Taking It to the Streets ( The Best of Season 7 , Part 2 ) June 12 , 2012 Books ( edit ) The television series led to a 2007 autobiographical book , You Can Run But You Ca n't Hide , which chronicles Chapman 's years before becoming a bounty hunter and some of his more infamous hunts , including the controversial hunt that took him and his team to Mexico to capture serial rapist Andrew Luster . It also delves into his criminal past as well as his family background , imprisonment in Texas , marriages and children . A second book , Where Mercy Is Shown , Mercy Is Given , was published in 2009 . Its title reflects Chapman 's overriding philosophy of second chances , which he writes about at length as he asks the public for a second chance of his own . The book largely deals with the fallout from two factors : the federal marshals ' arrest and the scandal over his use of the word `` nigger '' . Parodies ( edit ) Chapman has been parodied in live action productions : In Season 3 , Episode 13 of Boston Legal , `` Dumping Bella '' , Chapman is referred to by Alan as one of the only two people he truly admires and as such the only candidate besides Shirley herself to be his costume for the party . In Season 3 , Episode 9 of 30 Rock Jenna says `` Now Dog the Bounty Hunter is the second grossest guy I 've been with . '' In Season 2 , Episode 4 of The Eric Andre Show A lookalike of Dog is featured in the episode with an impersonator or George Clooney . Chapman has also been parodied in both animation and print : In the American Dad ! episode `` Joint Custody '' , Roger dresses up as Chapman and tries to hunt down Jeff Fischer . In the Family Guy episode `` Something , Something , Something , Dark Side '' , Stewie calls a bounty hunter meeting and Chapman is briefly seen . Chapman and the TV show were both parodied on Cartoon Network 's television program , Mad , as `` Frog the Bounty Hunter '' . In the 2006 season South Park episode `` Miss Teacher Bangs a Boy '' , Eric Cartman dressed up as Chapman and had a TV show filmed of himself , Beth and Chapman 's familiar crew after he was made a school hall monitor . In the Nickelodeon TV series The Mighty B ! , Bessie 's dog Happy dressed up as Chapman and tried to find the person who pulled the fire alarm at the Bee scouts ' troophouse . The song `` Dog Catchers '' on Insane Clown Posse 's The Mighty Death Pop ! is a diss to Dog the Bounty Hunter . The series was parodied in the June 2007 issue of Mad magazine as Dud The Lousy Hunter . In the Squidbillies episode `` Fatal Distraction '' , Early Cuyler acquires a GPS system for his truck , which he attempts to use to hunt down Osama bin Laden . Cuyler briefly dresses as Chapman to pursue bin Laden before `` calling it a night '' and going to a strip club . There 's also an obvious parody to the `` Dog '' character in the Simpsons episode named `` Sex , Pies and Idiot Scrapes '' where a character named `` Wolf , the Bounty Hunter '' is hired by Lucky Jim to hunt down Gil Gunderson . Dog and his show were referred to in a 2015 episode of Last Week Tonight with John Oliver which was satirically critical of the American bail system . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ( May 21 , 2012 ) . `` A&E Cancels ' Dog the Bounty Hunter ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Deluxe Syndication page for Dog the Bounty Hunter '' ( Press release ) . Rohrs Media Group . Archived from the original on November 27 , 2013 . Retrieved November 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sennhauser , Morgan ( 2016 - 04 - 28 ) . `` What Happened to Dog the Bounty Hunter - 2017 Updates - The Gazette Review '' . The Gazette Review . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Duane ' The Dog ' Chapman walks with a stick as he makes rare public appearance '' . The Sun . 2016 - 10 - 17 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Bounty Hunter `` Dog '' to return to the air `` . Reuters . February 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Dog the Bounty Hunter 's Attorney on Lawsuit : `` The Chapmans Acted Properly '' `` . Celebrity Crime Reporter . March 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Stanley , Deb ( March 2 , 2011 ) . `` Lawsuit Against ' Dog ' The Bounty Hunter Goes To Mediation '' . KMGH - TV . Retrieved May 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Larkin , Chloe ( January 29 , 2012 ) . `` ' Dog the Bounty Hunter ' - his sons sever ties jeopardizing next season ? '' . Gather.com . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2012 . Retrieved February 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Dog The Bounty Hunter ' : Did Leland And Duane Lee Quit The Business , Or Were They Fired ? '' . Huffington Post . March 22 , 2012 . Retrieved March 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Duane Lee Chapman , Leland Chapman , Leave Dog the Bounty Hunter '' . LALate.com . March 21 , 2012 . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2012 . Retrieved March 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ( September 19 , 2011 ) . `` ' Dog the Bounty Hunter , ' A&E Sued by Bail Bondsman '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Development Update : September 1 - 7 '' . The Futon Critic . September 7 , 2004 . Retrieved 12 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2005 Summer Programming Preview : Unscripted Series '' . The Futon Critic . May 27 , 2005 . Retrieved 7 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Development Update : December 15 - 16 '' . The Futon Critic . December 16 , 2005 . Retrieved 7 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dog the Bounty Hunter Returns to A&E for Season 4 of the Hit Real - Life Series '' . The Futon Critic. April 2 , 2007 . Retrieved 7 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A&E 's Hit Real - Life Original Series `` Dog the Bounty Hunter '' Returns for a Brand New Season `` . The Futon Critic . November 24 , 2009 . Retrieved 7 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A&E 's Hit Real - Life Original Series `` Dog the Bounty Hunter '' Returns for a Brand New Season `` . The Futon Critic . September 16 , 2010 . Retrieved 7 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dog the Bounty Hunter Season 8 Premiere Reveals Familiar Faces '' . LALATE . January 3 , 2012 . Retrieved 7 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Duane `` Dog '' Chapman Book On SALE ! `` . Dog The Bounty Hunter Book . Retrieved May 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hank , Melissa ( July 10 , 2004 ) . `` Dog : The Bounty Hunter , unleashed '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2007 . Retrieved May 27 , 2007 . External links ( edit ) Official website Dog the Bounty Hunter on IMDb Dog the Bounty Hunter at TV.com Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dog_the_Bounty_Hunter&oldid=802649449 '' Categories : 2000s American television series 2004 American television series debuts 2010s American television series 2012 American television series endings A&E ( TV channel ) shows American reality television series English - language television programs Television shows filmed in Hawaii Television shows set in Colorado Television shows set in Hawaii Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from November 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2012 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Italiano Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 27 September 2017 , at 15 : 22 . About Wikipedia | who sings the intro to dog the bounty hunter | [
"Heavy metal artist Ozzy Osbourne sings the show's theme song, \"Dog the Bounty Hunter\". The song can be heard on Osbourne's Prince of Darkness box set. Many episodes feature at least one song from a band that is either unsigned or with an independent label, usually played during an action scene. These songs are plugged at the end of each episode, following the closing credits. Several episodes in season three and four have music from New York City-based dub reggae group Subatomic Sound System's On All Frequencies album. Featured songs include: \"Criminal\", \"Doin' It\", and \"Ghetto Champion\". Soulja Boy's music video for \"Yahhh!\" includes an impersonation of \"Dog Woof Woof\""
] | [
"Ozzy Osbourne"
] |
-7223625598370255252 | Taxation history of the United States | Taxation history of the United States - Wikipedia Taxation history of the United States Jump to : navigation , search This article may be confusing or unclear to readers . Please help us clarify the article . There might be a discussion about this on the talk page . ( October 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article is part of a series on Taxation in the United States of America Federal taxation ( show ) Alternative minimum tax Capital gains tax Corporate tax Estate tax Excise tax Gift tax Income tax Payroll tax Internal Revenue Service ( IRS ) Internal Revenue Code ( IRC ) IRS tax forms Revenue by state History Constitutional authority Taxpayer standing Court Protest Evasion State and local taxation ( show ) State income tax Property tax Sales tax Use tax Land value tax State tax levels Federal tax reform ( show ) Automated payment transaction tax 9 -- 9 -- 9 Competitive Tax Plan Efficient Taxation of Income FairTax Flat tax Hall -- Rabushka flat tax Kemp Commission Taxpayer Choice Act USA Tax Value added tax Border - adjustment tax United States portal The history of taxation in the United States begins with the colonial protest against British taxation policy in the 1760s , leading to the American Revolution . The independent nation collected taxes on imports ( `` tariffs '' ) , whiskey , and ( for a while ) on glass windows . States and localities collected poll taxes on voters and property taxes on land and commercial buildings . There are state and federal excise taxes . State and federal inheritance taxes began after 1900 , while the states ( but not the federal government ) began collecting sales taxes in the 1930s . The United States imposed income taxes briefly during the Civil War and the 1890s . In 1913 , the 16th Amendment was ratified , permanently legalizing an income tax . Contents ( hide ) 1 Colonial taxation 2 Stamp Act 2.1 Townshend Revenue Act 2.2 Sugar Act 1764 2.3 Tea Act of 1773 2.4 Boston Tea Party 3 Capitation tax 4 Tariff 4.1 Income for federal government 4.2 Protectionism 4.2. 1 Origins of protectionism 4.2. 2 Sectionalism 4.2. 3 Early 20th century protectionism 4.2. 4 Era of GATT and WTO 5 Excise tax 6 Income tax 6.1 Legal foundations 6.2 Pre-16th Amendment 6.3 16th Amendment 6.4 Tax rate reductions 6.5 Development of the modern income tax 6.6 Treatment of `` income '' 7 Estate and gift tax 8 Payroll tax 8.1 Creation 8.2 Development 9 Alternative minimum tax 10 Capital gains tax 11 Corporate tax 12 See also 13 References 14 Further reading 15 External links Colonial taxation ( edit ) A British newspaper cartoon reacts to the repeal of the Stamp Act in 1765 . Taxes were low at the local , colonial and imperial levels throughout the colonial era . The issue that led to the Revolution was whether parliament had the right to impose taxes on the Americans when they were not represented in parliament . Stamp Act ( edit ) Main article : Stamp Act 1765 The Stamp Act of 1765 was the fourth Stamp Act to be passed by the Parliament of Great Britain and required all legal documents , permits , commercial contracts , newspapers , wills , pamphlets , and playing cards in the American colonies to carry a tax stamp . The exact date the Act was enacted was on November 1 , 1765 . The Act was enacted in order to defray the cost of maintaining the military presence protecting the colonies . Americans rose up in strong protest , arguing in terms of `` No Taxation without Representation '' . Boycotts forced Britain to repeal the stamp tax , while convincing many British leaders it was essential to tax the colonists on something in order to demonstrate the sovereignty of Parliament . Townshend Revenue Act ( edit ) Main article : Townshend Revenue Act The Townshend Revenue Act were two tax laws passed by Parliament in 1767 ; they were proposed by Charles Townshend , Chancellor of the Exchequer . They placed a tax on common products imported into the American Colonies , such as lead , paper , paint , glass , and tea . In contrast to the Stamp Act of 1765 , the laws were not a direct tax that people paid daily , but a tax on imports that was collected from the ship 's captain when he unloaded the cargo . The Townshend Acts also created three new admiralty courts to try Americans who ignored the laws . Sugar Act 1764 ( edit ) This 1846 lithograph has become a classic image of the Boston Tea Party . The tax on sugar , cloth and coffee . These were non-British exports . Tea Act of 1773 ( edit ) Main article : Tea Act The Tea Act of 1773 received the royal assent on May 10 , 1773 . This act was a `` drawback on duties and tariffs '' on tea . The act was designed to undercut tea smugglers to the benefit of the East India Company . Boston tea Party ( edit ) Main article : Boston Tea Party The Boston Tea Party was an act of protest by the American colonists against Great Britain for the Tea Act in which they dumped many chests of tea into Boston Harbor . The cuts to taxation on tea undermined American smugglers , who destroyed the tea in retaliation for its exemption from taxes . Britain reacted harshly , and the conflict escalated to war in 1775 . Capitation tax ( edit ) Main articles : Tax per head and Shays ' Rebellion This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( May 2008 ) An assessment levied by the government upon a person at a fixed rate regardless of income or worth . Tariff ( edit ) Main article : Tariff in American history Income for federal government ( edit ) Main article : Hamilton Tariff Tariffs have played different roles in trade policy and the economic history of the United States . Tariffs were the largest source of federal revenue from the 1790s to the eve of World War I , until it was surpassed by income taxes . Since the revenue from the tariff was considered essential and easy to collect at the major ports , it was agreed the nation should have a tariff for revenue purposes . Protectionism ( edit ) Another role the tariff played was in the protection of local industry ; it was the political dimension of the tariff . From the 1790s to the present day , the tariff ( and closely related issues such as import quotas and trade treaties ) generated enormous political stresses . These stresses lead to the Nullification crisis during the 19th century , and the creation of the World Trade Organization . Origins of protectionism ( edit ) When Alexander Hamilton was the United States Secretary of the Treasury he issued the Report on Manufactures , which reasoned that applying tariffs in moderation , in addition to raising revenue to fund the federal government , would also encourage domestic manufacturing and growth of the economy by applying the funds raised in part towards subsidies ( called bounties in his time ) to manufacturers . The main purposes sought by Hamilton through the tariff were to : ( 1 ) protect American infant industry for a short term until it could compete ; ( 2 ) raise revenue to pay the expenses of government ; ( 3 ) raise revenue to directly support manufacturing through bounties ( subsidies ) . This resulted in the passage of three tariffs by Congress , the Tariff of 1789 , the Tariff of 1790 , and the Tariff of 1792 which progressively increased tariffs . Sectionalism ( edit ) Tariffs contributed to sectionalism between the North and the South . The Tariff of 1824 increased tariffs in order to protect American industry in the face of cheaper imported commodities such as iron products , wool and cotton textiles , and agricultural goods from England . This tariff was the first in which the sectional interests of the North and the South truly came into conflict because the South advocated lower tariffs in order to take advantage of tariff reciprocity from England and other countries that purchased raw agricultural materials from the South . The Tariff of 1828 , also known as the Tariff of Abominations , and the Tariff of 1832 accelerated sectionalism between the North and the South . For a brief moment in 1832 , South Carolina made vague threats to leave the Union over the tariff issue . In 1833 , to ease North - South relations , Congress lowered the tariffs . In the 1850s , the South gained greater influence over tariff policy and made subsequent reductions . In 1861 , just prior to the Civil War , Congress enacted the Morrill Tariff , which applied high rates and inaugurated a period of relatively continuous trade protection in the United States that lasted until the Underwood Tariff of 1913 . The schedule of the Morrill Tariff and its two successor bills were retained long after the end of the Civil War . Early 20th century protectionism ( edit ) In 1921 , Congress sought to protect local agriculture as opposed to industry by passing the Emergency Tariff , which increased rates on wheat , sugar , meat , wool and other agricultural products brought into the United States from foreign nations , which provided protection for domestic producers of those items . However , one year later Congress passed another tariff , the Fordney - McCumber Tariff , which applied the scientific tariff and the American Selling Price . The purpose of the scientific tariff was to equalize production costs among countries so that no country could undercut the prices charged by American companies . The difference of production costs was calculated by the Tariff Commission . A second novelty was the American Selling Price . This allowed the president to calculate the duty based on the price of the American price of a good , not the imported good . During the outbreak of the Great Depression in 1930 , Congress raised tariffs via the Smoot - Hawley Tariff Act on over 20,000 imported goods to record levels , and , in the opinion of most economists , worsened the Great Depression by causing other countries to reciprocate thereby plunging American imports and exports by more than half . Era of GATT and WTO ( edit ) In 1948 , the US signed the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade ( GATT ) , which reduced tariff barriers and other quantitative restrictions and subsidies on trade through a series of agreements . In 1993 , the GATT was updated ( GATT 1994 ) to include new obligations upon its signatories . One of the most significant changes was the creation of the World Trade Organization ( WTO ) . Whereas GATT was a set of rules agreed upon by nations , the WTO is an institutional body . The WTO expanded its scope from traded goods to trade within the service sector and intellectual property rights . Although it was designed to serve multilateral agreements , during several rounds of GATT negotiations ( particularly the Tokyo Round ) plurilateral agreements created selective trading and caused fragmentation among members . WTO arrangements are generally a multilateral agreement settlement mechanism of GATT . Excise tax ( edit ) Main articles : Excise tax in the United States and Whiskey Rebellion The Whiskey Rebellion : The painting depicts George Washington and his troops near Fort Cumberland , Maryland , before their march to suppress the Whiskey Rebellion in western Pennsylvania . Federal excise taxes are applied to specific items such as motor fuels , tires , telephone usage , tobacco products , and alcoholic beverages . Excise taxes are often , but not always , allocated to special funds related to the object or activity taxed . During the presidency of George Washington , Alexander Hamilton proposed a tax on distilled spirits to fund his policy of assuming the war debt of the American Revolution for those states which had failed to pay . After a vigorous debate , the House decided by a vote of 35 - 21 to approve legislation imposing a seven - cent - per - gallon excise tax on whiskey . This marks the first time in American history that Congress voted to tax an American product ; this led to the Whiskey Rebellion . Income tax ( edit ) See also : Income tax in the United States The history of income taxation in the United States began in the 19th century with the imposition of income taxes to fund war efforts . However , the constitutionality of income taxation was widely held in doubt ( Pollock v. Farmers ' Loan & Trust Company , 157 U.S. 429 ( 1895 ) ) `` until 1913 with the ratification of the 16th Amendment . Legal foundations ( edit ) Article I , Section 8 , Clause 1 of the United States Constitution assigns Congress the power to impose `` Taxes , Duties , Imposts and Excises , '' but Article I , Section 8 requires that , `` Duties , Imposts and Excises shall be uniform throughout the United States . '' In addition , the Constitution specifically limited Congress ' ability to impose direct taxes , by requiring it to distribute direct taxes in proportion to each state 's census population . It was thought that head taxes and property taxes ( slaves could be taxed as either or both ) were likely to be abused , and that they bore no relation to the activities in which the federal government had a legitimate interest . The fourth clause of section 9 therefore specifies that , `` No Capitation , or other direct , Tax shall be laid , unless in Proportion to the Census or enumeration herein before directed to be taken . '' Taxation was also the subject of Federalist No. 33 penned secretly by the Federalist Alexander Hamilton under the pseudonym Publius . In it , he explains that the wording of the `` Necessary and Proper '' clause should serve as guidelines for the legislation of laws regarding taxation . The legislative branch is to be the judge , but any abuse of those powers of judging can be overturned by the people , whether as states or as a larger group . What seemed to be a straightforward limitation on the power of the legislature based on the subject of the tax proved inexact and unclear when applied to an income tax , which can be arguably viewed either as a direct or an indirect tax . The courts have generally held that direct taxes are limited to taxes on people ( variously called `` capitation '' , `` poll tax '' or `` head tax '' ) and property . All other taxes are commonly referred to as `` indirect taxes '' . Pre-16th Amendment ( edit ) In order to help pay for its war effort in the American Civil War , Congress imposed its first personal income tax in 1861 . It was part of the Revenue Act of 1861 ( 3 % of all incomes over US $800 ; rescinded in 1872 ) . Congress also enacted the Revenue Act of 1862 , which levied a 3 % tax on incomes above $600 , rising to 5 % for incomes above $10,000 . Rates were raised in 1864 . This income tax was repealed in 1872 . A new income tax statute was enacted as part of the 1894 Tariff Act . At that time , the United States Constitution specified that Congress could impose a `` direct '' tax only if the law apportioned that tax among the states according to each state 's census population . In 1895 , the United States Supreme Court ruled , in Pollock v. Farmers ' Loan & Trust Co. , that taxes on rents from real estate , on interest income from personal property and other income from personal property ( which includes dividend income ) were direct taxes on property and therefore had to be apportioned . Since apportionment of income taxes is impractical , the Pollock rulings had the effect of prohibiting a federal tax on income from property . Due to the political difficulties of taxing individual wages without taxing income from property , a federal income tax was impractical from the time of the Pollock decision until the time of ratification of the Sixteenth Amendment ( below ) . 16th Amendment ( edit ) Amendment XVI in the National Archives Main article : Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution In response to the Supreme Court decision in the Pollock case , Congress proposed the Sixteenth Amendment , which was ratified in 1913 , and which states : The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on incomes , from whatever source derived , without apportionment among the several States , and without regard to any census or enumeration . The Supreme Court in Brushaber v. Union Pacific Railroad , 240 U.S. 1 ( 1916 ) , indicated that the Sixteenth Amendment did not expand the federal government 's existing power to tax income ( meaning profit or gain from any source ) but rather removed the possibility of classifying an income tax as a direct tax on the basis of the source of the income . The Amendment removed the need for the income tax on interest , dividends and rents to be apportioned among the states on the basis of population . Income taxes are required , however , to abide by the law of geographical uniformity . Congress enacted an income tax in October 1913 as part of the Revenue Act of 1913 , levying a 1 % tax on net personal incomes above $3,000 , with a 6 % surtax on incomes above $500,000 . By 1918 , the top rate of the income tax was increased to 77 % ( on income over $1,000,000 , equivalent of 15,300,000 in 2012 dollars ) to finance World War I . The average rate for the rich however , was only 15 % . The top marginal tax rate was reduced to 58 % in 1922 , to 25 % in 1925 and finally to 24 % in 1929 . In 1932 the top marginal tax rate was increased to 63 % during the Great Depression and steadily increased , reaching 94 % ( on all income over $200,000 , equivalent of 2,500,000 in 2012 dollars ) in 1945 . During World War II , Congress introduced payroll withholding and quarterly tax payments . Tax rate reductions ( edit ) A comedic representation by Clifford K. Berryman of the debate to introduce a sales tax in the United States in 1933 and end the income tax Following World War II tax increases , top marginal individual tax rates stayed near or above 90 % , and the effective tax rate at 70 % for the highest incomes ( few paid the top rate ) , until 1964 when the top marginal tax rate was lowered to 70 % . Kennedy explicitly called for a top rate of 65 percent , but added that it should be set at 70 percent if certain deductions were n't phased out at the top of the income scale . The top marginal tax rate was lowered to 50 % in 1982 and eventually to 28 % in 1988 . It slowly increased to 39.6 % in 2000 , then was reduced to 35 % for the period 2003 through 2012 . Corporate tax rates were lowered from 48 % to 46 % in 1981 ( PL 97 - 34 ) , then to 34 % in 1986 ( PL 99 - 514 ) , and increased to 35 % in 1993 . Timothy Noah , senior editor of the New Republic , argues that while Ronald Reagan made massive reductions in the nominal marginal income tax rates with his Tax Reform Act of 1986 , this reform did not make a similarly massive reduction in the effective tax rate on the higher marginal incomes . Noah writes in his ten part series entitled `` The Great Divergence , '' that in 1979 , the effective tax rate on the top 0.01 percent of taxpayers was 42.9 percent , according to the Congressional Budget Office , but that by Reagan 's last year in office it was 32.2 % . This effective rate on high incomes held steadily until the first few years of the Clinton presidency when it increased to a peak high of 41 % . However , it fell back down to the low 30s by his second term in the White House . This percentage reduction in the effective marginal income tax rate for the wealthiest Americans , 9 % , is not a very large decrease in their tax burden , according to Noah , especially in comparison to the 20 % drop in nominal rates from 1980 to 1981 and the 15 % drop in nominal rates from 1986 to 1987 . In addition to this small reduction on the income taxes of the wealthiest taxpayers in America , Noah discovered that the effective income tax burden for the bottom 20 % of wage earners was 8 % in 1979 and dropped to 6.4 % under the Clinton Administration . This effective rate further dropped under the George W. Bush Administration . Under Bush , the rate decreased from 6.4 % to 4.3 % . Looking at the simple math , reductions in the effective income tax burden on the poor coinciding with modest reductions in the effective income tax rate on the wealthiest 0.01 % of tax payers could not alone have been the direct cause of increased income inequality that began in the 1980s . These figures also correspond to an analysis of effective tax rates from 1979 -- 2005 by the Congressional Budget Office . Development of the modern income tax ( edit ) Historical federal marginal tax rates for income for the lowest and highest income earners in the US . Congress re-adopted the income tax in 1913 , levying a 1 % tax on net personal incomes above $3,000 , with a 6 % surtax on incomes above $500,000 . By 1918 , the top rate of the income tax was increased to 77 % ( on income over $1,000,000 ) to finance World War I . The top marginal tax rate was reduced to 58 % in 1922 , to 25 % in 1925 , and finally to 24 % in 1929 . In 1932 the top marginal tax rate was increased to 63 % during the Great Depression and steadily increased . During World War II , Congress introduced payroll withholding and quarterly tax payments . In pursuit of equality ( rather than revenue ) President Franklin D. Roosevelt proposed a 100 % tax on all incomes over $25,000 . When Congress did not enact that proposal , Roosevelt issued an executive order attempting to achieve a similar result through a salary cap on certain salaries in connection with contracts between the private sector and the federal government . For tax years 1944 through 1951 , the highest marginal tax rate for individuals was 91 % , increasing to 92 % for 1952 and 1953 , and reverting to 91 % for tax years 1954 through 1963 . For the 1964 tax year , the top marginal tax rate for individuals was lowered to 77 % , and then to 70 % for tax years 1965 through 1981 . In 1978 income brackets were adjusted for inflation , so fewer people were taxed at high rates . The top marginal tax rate was lowered to 50 % for tax years 1982 through 1986 . Reagan undid 40 % of his 1981 tax cut , in 1983 he hiked gas and payroll taxes , and in 1984 he raised tax revenue by closing loopholes for businesses . According to historian and domestic policy adviser Bruce Bartlett , Reagan 's 12 tax increases over the course of his presidency took back half of the 1981 tax cut . For tax year 1987 , the highest marginal tax rate was 38.5 % for individuals . It was lowered to 28 % in revenue neutral fashion , eliminating many loopholes and shelters , along with in corporate taxes , ( with a 33 % `` bubble rate '' ) for tax years 1988 through 1990 . Ultimately , the combination of base broadening and rate reduction raised revenue equal to about 4 % of existing tax revenue For the 1991 and 1992 tax years , the top marginal rate was increased to 31 % in a budget deal President George H.W. Bush made with the Congress . In 1993 the Clinton administration proposed and the Congress accepted ( with no Republican support ) an increase in the top marginal rate to 39.6 % for the 1993 tax year , where it remained through tax year 2000 . Total government tax revenues as a percentage of GDP for the U.S. in comparison to the OECD and the EU 15 . In 2001 , President George W. Bush proposed and the Congress accepted an eventual lowering of the top marginal rate to 35 % . However , this was done in stages : with a highest marginal rate of 39.1 % for 2001 , then 38.6 % for 2002 and finally 35 % for years 2003 through 2010 . This measure had a sunset provision and was scheduled to expire for the 2011 tax year , when rates would have returned to those adopted during the Clinton years unless Congress changed the law ; Congress did so by passing the Tax Relief , Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization and Job Creation Act of 2010 , signed by President Barack Obama on December 17 , 2010 . At first the income tax was incrementally expanded by the Congress of the United States , and then inflation automatically raised most persons into tax brackets formerly reserved for the wealthy until income tax brackets were adjusted for inflation . Income tax now applies to almost two - thirds of the population . The lowest earning workers , especially those with dependents , pay no income taxes as a group and actually get a small subsidy from the federal government because of child credits and the Earned Income Tax Credit . While the government was originally funded via tariffs upon imported goods , tariffs now represent only a minor portion of federal revenues . Non-tax fees are generated to recompense agencies for services or to fill specific trust funds such as the fee placed upon airline tickets for airport expansion and air traffic control . Often the receipts intended to be placed in `` trust '' funds are used for other purposes , with the government posting an IOU ( ' I owe you ' ) in the form of a federal bond or other accounting instrument , then spending the money on unrelated current expenditures . Net long - term capital gains as well as certain types of qualified dividend income are taxed preferentially . The federal government collects several specific taxes in addition to the general income tax . Social Security and Medicare are large social support programs which are funded by taxes on personal earned income ( see below ) . Treatment of `` income '' ( edit ) Tax statutes passed after the ratification of the Sixteenth Amendment in 1913 are sometimes referred to as the `` modern '' tax statutes . Hundreds of Congressional acts have been passed since 1913 , as well as several codifications ( i.e. , topical reorganizations ) of the statutes ( see Codification ) . The modern interpretation of the Sixteenth Amendment taxation power can be found in Commissioner v. Glenshaw Glass Co. 348 U.S. 426 ( 1955 ) . In that case , a taxpayer had received an award of punitive damages from a competitor , and sought to avoid paying taxes on that award . The U.S. Supreme Court observed that Congress , in imposing the income tax , had defined income to include : gains , profits , and income derived from salaries , wages , or compensation for personal service ... of whatever kind and in whatever form paid , or from professions , vocations , trades , businesses , commerce , or sales , or dealings in property , whether real or personal , growing out of the ownership or use of or interest in such property ; also from interest , rent , dividends , securities , or the transaction of any business carried on for gain or profit , or gains or profits and income derived from any source whatever . The Court held that `` this language was used by Congress to exert in this field the full measure of its taxing power '' , id. , and that `` the Court has given a liberal construction to this broad phraseology in recognition of the intention of Congress to tax all gains except those specifically exempted . '' The Court then enunciated what is now understood by Congress and the Courts to be the definition of taxable income , `` instances of undeniable accessions to wealth , clearly realized , and over which the taxpayers have complete dominion . '' Id . at 431 . The defendant in that case suggested that a 1954 rewording of the tax code had limited the income that could be taxed , a position which the Court rejected , stating : The definition of gross income has been simplified , but no effect upon its present broad scope was intended . Certainly punitive damages can not reasonably be classified as gifts , nor do they come under any other exemption provision in the Code . We would do violence to the plain meaning of the statute and restrict a clear legislative attempt to bring the taxing power to bear upon all receipts constitutionally taxable were we to say that the payments in question here are not gross income . In Conner v. United States , a couple had lost their home to a fire , and had received compensation for their loss from the insurance company , partly in the form of hotel costs reimbursed . The U.S. District Court acknowledged the authority of the IRS to assess taxes on all forms of payment , but did not permit taxation on the compensation provided by the insurance company , because unlike a wage or a sale of goods at a profit , this was not a gain . As the court noted , `` Congress has taxed income , not compensation '' . By contrast , at least two Federal courts of appeals have indicated that Congress may constitutionally tax an item as `` income , '' regardless of whether that item is in fact income . See Penn Mutual Indemnity Co. v. Commissioner and Murphy v. Internal Revenue Serv . Estate and gift tax ( edit ) Main articles : Estate tax in the United States and Gift tax in the United States The origins of the estate and gift tax occurred during the rise of the state inheritance tax in the late 19th century and the progressive era . In the 1880s and 1890s many states passed inheritance taxes , which taxed the donees on the receipt of their inheritance . While many objected to the application of an inheritance tax , some including Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller supported increases in the taxation of inheritance . At the beginning of the 20th century President Theodore Roosevelt advocated the application of a progressive inheritance tax on the federal level . In 1916 , Congress adopted the present federal estate tax , which instead of taxing the wealth that a donee inherited as occurred in the state inheritance taxes it taxed the wealth of a donor 's estate upon transfer . Later , Congress passed the Revenue Act of 1924 , which imposed the gift tax , a tax on gifts given by the donor . In 1948 Congress allowed marital deductions for the estate and the gift tax . In 1981 , Congress expanded this deduction to an unlimited amount for gifts between spouses . Today , the estate tax is a tax imposed on the transfer of the `` taxable estate '' of a deceased person , whether such property is transferred via a will or according to the state laws of intestacy . The estate tax is one part of the Unified Gift and Estate Tax system in the United States . The other part of the system , the gift tax , imposes a tax on transfers of property during a person 's life ; the gift tax prevents avoidance of the estate tax should a person want to give away his / her estate just before dying . In addition to the federal government , many states also impose an estate tax , with the state version called either an estate tax or an inheritance tax . Since the 1990s , the term `` death tax '' has been widely used by those who want to eliminate the estate tax , because the terminology used in discussing a political issue affects popular opinion . If an asset is left to a spouse or a charitable organization , the tax usually does not apply . The tax is imposed on other transfers of property made as an incident of the death of the owner , such as a transfer of property from an intestate estate or trust , or the payment of certain life insurance benefits or financial account sums to beneficiaries . Payroll tax ( edit ) Main article : Federal Insurance Contributions Act tax Prior to the Great Depression , the following economic problems were considered great hazards to working - class Americans : The U.S. had no federal - government - mandated retirement savings ; consequently , for many workers ( those who could not afford both to save for retirement and to pay for living expenses ) , the end of their work careers was the end of all income . Similarly , the U.S. had no federal - government - mandated disability income insurance to provide for citizens disabled by injuries ( of any kind -- work - related or non-work - related ) ; consequently , for most people , a disabling injury meant no more income if they had not saved enough money to prepare for such an event ( since most people have little to no income except earned income from work ) . In addition , there was no federal - government - mandated disability income insurance to provide for people unable to ever work during their lives , such as anyone born with severe mental retardation . Finally , the U.S. had no federal - government - mandated health insurance for the elderly ; consequently , for many workers ( those who could not afford both to save for retirement and to pay for living expenses ) , the end of their work careers was the end of their ability to pay for medical care . Creation ( edit ) In the 1930s , the New Deal introduced Social Security to rectify the first three problems ( retirement , injury - induced disability , or congenital disability ) . It introduced the FICA tax as the means to pay for Social Security . In the 1960s , Medicare was introduced to rectify the fourth problem ( health care for the elderly ) . The FICA tax was increased in order to pay for this expense . Development ( edit ) President Franklin D. Roosevelt introduced the Social Security ( FICA ) Program . FICA began with voluntary participation , participants would have to pay 1 % of the first $1,400 of their annual incomes into the Program , the money the participants elected to put into the Program would be deductible from their income for tax purposes each year , the money the participants put into the independent `` Trust Fund '' rather than into the General operating fund , and therefore , would only be used to fund the Social Security Retirement Program , and no other Government program , and , the annuity payments to the retirees would never be taxed as income . During the Lyndon B. Johnson administration Social Security moved from the trust fund to the general fund . Participants may not have an income tax deduction for Social Security withholding . Immigrants became eligible for Social Security benefits during the Carter administration . During the Reagan administration Social Security annuities became taxable . Alternative minimum tax ( edit ) Main article : Alternative minimum tax The alternative minimum tax ( AMT ) was introduced by the Tax Reform Act of 1969 , and became operative in 1970 . It was intended to target 155 high - income households that had been eligible for so many tax benefits that they owed little or no income tax under the tax code of the time . In recent years , the AMT has been under increased attention . With the Tax Reform Act of 1986 , the AMT was broadened and refocused on home owners in high tax states . Because the AMT is not indexed to inflation and recent tax cuts , an increasing number of middle - income taxpayers have been finding themselves subject to this tax . In 2006 , the IRS 's National Taxpayer Advocate 's report highlighted the AMT as the single most serious problem with the tax code . The advocate noted that the AMT punishes taxpayers for having children or living in a high - tax state , and that the complexity of the AMT leads to most taxpayers who owe AMT not realizing it until preparing their returns or being notified by the IRS . ( 2 ) Capital gains tax ( edit ) Main article : Capital gains tax in the United States The origins of the income tax on gains from capital assets did not distinguish capital gains from ordinary income . From 1913 to 1921 , income from capital gains were taxed at ordinary rates , initially up to a maximum rate of 7 percent . Congress began to distinguish the taxation of capital gains from the taxation of ordinary income according to the holding period of the asset with the Revenue Act of 1921 , allowed a tax rate of 12.5 percent gain for assets held at least two years . In addition to different tax rates depending on holding period , Congress began excluding certain percentages of capital gains depending on holding period . From 1934 to 1941 , taxpayers could exclude percentages of gains that varied with the holding period : 20 , 40 , 60 , and 70 percent of gains were excluded on assets held 1 , 2 , 5 , and 10 years , respectively . Beginning in 1942 , taxpayers could exclude 50 percent of capital gains from income on assets held at least six months or elect a 25 percent alternative tax rate if their ordinary tax rate exceeded 50 percent . Capital gains tax rates were significantly increased in the 1969 and 1976 Tax Reform Acts . The 1970s and 1980s saw a period of oscillating capital gains tax rates . In 1978 , Congress reduced capital gains tax rates by eliminating the minimum tax on excluded gains and increasing the exclusion to 60 percent , thereby reducing the maximum rate to 28 percent . The 1981 tax rate reductions further reduced capital gains rates to a maximum of 20 percent . Later in the 1980s Congress began increasing the capital gains tax rate and repealing the exclusion of capital gains . The Tax Reform Act of 1986 repealed the exclusion from income that provided for tax - exemption of long term capital gains , raising the maximum rate to 28 percent ( 33 percent for taxpayers subject to phaseouts ) . When the top ordinary tax rates were increased by the 1990 and 1993 budget acts , an alternative tax rate of 28 percent was provided . Effective tax rates exceeded 28 percent for many high - income taxpayers , however , because of interactions with other tax provisions . The end of the 1990s and the beginning of the present century heralded major reductions in taxing the income from gains on capital assets . Lower rates for 18 - month and five - year assets were adopted in 1997 with the Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997 . In 2001 , President George W. Bush signed the Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001 , into law as part of a $1.35 trillion tax cut program . Corporate tax ( edit ) The United States ' corporate tax rate was at its highest , 52.8 percent , in 1968 and 1969 . The top rate was hiked for the last time in 1993 to its current rate of 35 percent . See also ( edit ) Income tax in the United States Federal income tax rates of the United States by year Starve the beast ( policy ) Taxation in the United States History of taxation in the United Kingdom References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Edwin J. Perkins ( 1988 ) . The Economy of Colonial America . Columbia U.P. p. 187 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 06339 - 5 . Jump up ^ Pauline Maier ( 1992 ) . From Resistance to Revolution : Colonial Radicals and the Development of American Opposition to Britain , 1765 -- 1776 . W.W. Norton . p. 113 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 30825 - 9 . Jump up ^ Miller , 1960 , p. 15 Jump up ^ Hamilton Tariff # Import Duty Legislation and American Sectional Interests Jump up ^ Report on Manufactures ^ Jump up to : Tariff of 1832 Jump up ^ Tariff of 1857 Jump up ^ Frank Taussig ^ Jump up to : Fordney - McCumber Tariff Jump up ^ What is the WTO ? ( Official WTO site ) Jump up ^ Pollock v. Farmers ' Loan & Trust Co . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Constitution '' . usconstitution.net . Jump up ^ Penn Mutual Indemnity Co. v. Commissioner , 227 F. 2d 16 , 19 - 20 ( 3rd Cir. 1960 ) Jump up ^ See generally Steward Machine Co. v. Davis , 301 U.S. 548 ( 1937 ) , 581 - 582 . Jump up ^ Joseph A. Hill , `` The Civil War Income Tax , '' Quarterly Journal of Economics Vol. 8 , No. 4 ( Jul. , 1894 ) , pp. 416 - 452 in JSTOR ; appendix in JSTOR Jump up ^ Charles F. Dunbar , `` The New Income Tax , '' Quarterly Journal of Economics Vol. 9 , No. 1 ( Oct. , 1894 ) , pp. 26 - 46 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Tariff Act , Ch. 349 , 28 Stat. 509 ( August 15 , 1894 ) . Jump up ^ Article I , Section 2 , Clause 3 ( as modified by Section 2 of the Fourteenth Amendment ) and Article I , Section 9 , Clause 4 . Jump up ^ According to the United States Government Printing Office , a total of 42 states have ratified the Amendment . See Amendments to the Constitution of the United States of America . Jump up ^ `` CPI Inflation Calculator '' . 4.24 . Jump up ^ `` What Do Tax Rates ' Ups and Downs Mean for Economic Growth ? '' . PBS NewsHour . Jump up ^ `` CPI Inflation Calculator '' . 4.24 . ^ Jump up to : `` Barack Obama says tax rates are lowest since 1950s for CEOs , hedge fund managers '' . PolitiFact. 2011 - 06 - 29 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ Jaikumar , Arjun ( 2011 - 07 - 10 ) . `` On taxes , let 's be Kennedy Democrats . Or Eisenhower Republicans . Or Nixon Republicans '' . Daily Kos . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ Krugman , Paul ( 2011 - 11 - 19 ) . `` The Twinkie Manifesto '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ Michael Medved . `` The Perils of Tax Rate Nostalgia '' . townhall.com . Jump up ^ Noah , Timothy . `` The United States of Inequality . '' Slate.com . The Slate Group , 9 Sept. 2010 . Web . 16 Nov. 2011 . < http://www.slate.com/ > Jump up ^ `` Historical Effective Tax Rates , 1979 to 2005 : Supplement with Additional Data on Sources of Income and High - Income Households '' ( PDF ) . CBO. 2008 - 12 - 23 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Federal Individual Income Tax Rates History , 1913 -- 2011 '' . Tax Foundation . 9 September 2011 . Jump up ^ W. Elliott Brownlee , Federal Taxation in America : A Short History , pp. 109 - 10 , Woodrow Wilson Center Press ( 2004 ) , citing Congressional Record , 78th Congress , 1st Session , vol. 89 , p. 4448 . ( U.S. Gov 't Printing Office 1942 ) . Jump up ^ Jeff Haden , `` How would you feel about a 94 % tax rate ? '' , Dec. 7 , 2011 , Moneywatch , CBS News , at ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ Roosevelt , Franklin D. `` Franklin D. Roosevelt : Executive Order 9250 Establishing the Office of Economic Stabilization '' . Jump up ^ Roosevelt , Franklin D. ( February 6 , 1943 ) . `` Franklin D. Roosevelt : Letter Against a Repeal of the $25,000 Net Salary Limitation '' ... Jump up ^ Roosevelt , Franklin D. ( February 15 , 1943 ) . `` Franklin D. Roosevelt : Letter to the House Ways and Means Committee on Salary Limitation '' ... Jump up ^ See Tax Rate Schedules , Instructions for Form 1040 , years 1944 through 1963 , U.S. Dep 't of the Treasury . Jump up ^ `` Income - tax bracket creep , through the decades '' . The Christian Science Monitor. 2008 - 09 - 09 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ See Tax Rate Schedules , Instructions for Form 1040 , years 1964 through 1986 , Internal Revenue Service , U.S. Dep 't of the Treasury . Jump up ^ Stockman , David ( 2011 - 11 - 09 ) . `` Four Deformations of the Apocalypse '' . NY Times . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ Barlett , Paul ( April 6 , 2012 ) . `` Reagan 's Tax Increases '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ See Tax Rate Schedule , Instructions for Form 1040 , year 1987 , Internal Revenue Service , U.S. Dep 't of the Treasury . Jump up ^ See Tax Rate Schedules , Instructions for Form 1040 , years 1988 through 1990 , Internal Revenue Service , U.S. Dep 't of the Treasury . Jump up ^ http://www.taxfoundation.org/files/federalindividualratehistory-200901021.pdf Jump up ^ Feldstein , Martin ( 2011 - 10 - 24 ) . `` The tax reform evidence from 1986 '' . AEI . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ See Tax Rate Schedules , Instructions for Form 1040 , years 1991 through 1992 , Internal Revenue Service , U.S. Dep 't of the Treasury . Jump up ^ See Tax Rate Schedules , Instructions for Form 1040 , years 1993 through 2000 , Internal Revenue Service , U.S. Dep 't of the Treasury . Jump up ^ See Tax Rate Schedules , Instructions for Form 1040 , years 2001 through 2009 , Internal Revenue Service , U.S. Dep 't of the Treasury , and Instructions for 2010 Form 1040 - ES , Internal Revenue Service , Dep 't of the Treasury . Jump up ^ See generally Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001 , Pub . L. No. 107 - 16 , sec. 901 ( June 2 , 2001 ) . Jump up ^ Income tax collection , Internal Revenue Service Jump up ^ 348 U.S. at 429 Jump up ^ Id . at 430 . Jump up ^ Id . at 432 - 33 . Jump up ^ 303 F. Supp. 1187 ( S.D. Tex. 1969 ) , aff 'd in part and rev 'd in part , 439 F. 2d 974 ( 5th Cir. 1971 ) . Jump up ^ Id . Jump up ^ 277 F. 2d 16 , 60 - 1 U.S. Tax Cas . ( CCH ) paragr. 9389 ( 3d Cir. 1960 ) . Jump up ^ 2007 - 2 U.S. Tax Cas . ( CCH ) paragr . 50,531 ( D.C. Cir. 2007 ) . Jump up ^ Carnegie , The Gospel of Wealth , Harvard Press 1962 , 14 , 21 - 22 . Jump up ^ Works of Theodore Roosevelt , Scribner 's 1925 , 17 . Jump up ^ For the gift tax provision , see Internal Revenue Code sec. 2523 ( a ) , as amended by the Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981 , Pub . L. No. 97 - 34 , sec. 403 ( b ) ( 1 ) , enacted August 13 , 1981 , effective for gifts made after December 31 , 1981 . Jump up ^ 60 Plus Association / / / The Death Tax Jump up ^ `` Social Security '' . ssa.gov . Jump up ^ Pub . L. No. 91 - 172 , 83 Stat. 487 ( December 30 , 1969 ) . ^ Jump up to : Weisman , Jonathan ( March 7 , 2004 ) . `` Falling Into Alternative Minimum Trouble '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved May 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ TPC Tax Topics Archive : The Individual Alternative Minimum Tax ( AMT ) : 11 Key Facts and Projections ^ Jump up to : Joseph J. Cordes , Robert D. Ebel , and Jane G. Gravelle ( ed ) . `` Capital Gains Taxation entry from The Encyclopedia of Taxation and Tax PolicyProject '' . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 03 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Obama should cut corporate tax rate , potential GOP foe says '' . @ politifact . Further reading ( edit ) Brownlee , W. Elliot ( 2004 ) . Federal Taxation in America : A Short History . Cambridge U.P. Burg , David F. A World History of Tax Rebellions : An Encyclopedia of Tax Rebels , Revolts , and Riots from Antiquity to the Present ( 2003 ) excerpt and text search Doris , Lillian ( 1963 ) . The American Way in Taxation : Internal Revenue , 1862 -- 1963 . Wm . S. Hein . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89941 - 877 - 3 . Rabushka , Alvin ( 2008 ) . Taxation in Colonial America . Princeton U.P. ISBN 1 - 4008 - 2870 - 8 . Shepard , Christopher . The Civil War Income Tax and the Republican Party , 1861 -- 1872 . Manuscript . New York : Algora Publishing , 2010 . Stabile , Donald . The Origins of American Public Finance : Debates over Money , Debt , and Taxes in the Constitutional Era , 1776 -- 1836 ( 1998 ) excerpt and text search External links ( edit ) History of the Highest Tax Bracket Interactive graph of how the highest tax bracket 's rates have changed over time . ( Flash ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taxation_history_of_the_United_States&oldid=814807221 '' Categories : History of taxation in the United States Economic history of the United States Hidden categories : All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from November 2012 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2012 All Wikipedia articles needing clarification Articles to be expanded from May 2008 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2007 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 11 December 2017 , at 01 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did income tax start in the united states | [
"The history of taxation in the United States begins with the colonial protest against British taxation policy in the 1760s, leading to the American Revolution. The independent nation collected taxes on imports (\"tariffs\"), whiskey, and (for a while) on glass windows. States and localities collected poll taxes on voters and property taxes on land and commercial buildings. There are state and federal excise taxes. State and federal inheritance taxes began after 1900, while the states (but not the federal government) began collecting sales taxes in the 1930s. The United States imposed income taxes briefly during the Civil War and the 1890s. In 1913, the 16th Amendment was ratified, permanently legalizing an income tax."
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"during the Civil War"
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-2546640770070938585 | Indian general election, 1951–52 | Indian general election , 1951 -- 52 - Wikipedia Indian general election , 1951 -- 52 Jump to : navigation , search Indian general election , 1951 ← 1945 25 October 1951 to 21 February 1952 1957 → All 489 seats in the Lok Sabha 245 seats were needed for a majority First party Second party Leader Jawaharlal Nehru Shripad Amrit Dange Party INC CPI Leader 's seat Phulpur Bombay City North Seats won 364 16 Popular vote 47,665,875 3,484,401 Percentage 44.99 % 3.29 % Prime Minister before election Jawaharlal Nehru INC Subsequent Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru INC The Indian general election of 1951 -- 52 elected the first Lok Sabha since India became independent in August 1947 . Until this point , the Indian Constituent Assembly had served as an interim legislature . See the ' Durations ' section below to find the time - range associated with these elections . The Indian National Congress ( INC ) won a landslide victory , winning 364 of the 489 seats and 45 % of the total votes polled . This was over four times as many votes as the second - largest party . Jawaharlal Nehru became the first democratically elected Prime Minister of the country . In the first Lok Sabha polls held in 1951 , India had around 173 million voters , out of an overall population of about 360 million . Voter turnout was 45.7 % . In the 1952 Indian general election , Ravi Narayana Reddy from Telangana stood for the People 's Democratic Front , ( a pseudonym for the banned Communist Party of India ) , and polled more votes than Jawaharlal Nehru and also the first one entering in the parliament in independent India. ( 3 ) Contents ( hide ) 1 Parties 2 Constituencies 3 Results 4 Notable losses 5 Government formation 6 Duration 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading Parties ( edit ) Before Independent India went to the polls , two former cabinet colleagues of Nehru established separate political parties to challenge the INC 's supremacy . While Shyama Prasad Mookerjee went on to found the Jana Sangh in October 1951 , Dalit leader Dr. B.R. Ambedkar revived the Scheduled Castes Federation ( which was later named the Republican Party ) . Other parties which started coming to the forefront included the Kisan Mazdoor Praja Parishad , whose prime mover was Acharya Kripalani ; the Socialist Party , which had Ram Manohar Lohia and Jayaprakash Narayan 's leadership to boast of ; and the Communist Party of India . However , these smaller parties were unable to make an electoral stand against the Indian National Congress . Constituencies ( edit ) The first general elections , which were conducted for 489 seats in 401 constituencies , represented 25 Indian states . At that time , there were 314 constituencies with one seat , 86 with two seats and one with three seats . The multi-seat constituencies were abolished in the 1960s . There were also 2 nominated Anglo - Indian members . Results ( edit ) Party Abbr . Votes % Seats Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha ABHM 0.95 Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad RRP 1.97 Bharatiya Jana Sangh BJS 3,246,288 3.06 Bolshevik Party of India BPI 0.02 0 Communist Party of India CPI 3,484,401 3.29 16 Forward Bloc ( Marxist ) FB ( M ) 0.91 Forward Bloc ( Ruiker ) FB ( R ) 0.13 0 Indian National Congress INC 47,665,875 44.99 364 Krishikar Lok Party KLP 1.41 Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party KMPP 6,156,558 5.79 9 Revolutionary Communist Party of India ( Tagore ) RCPI 0.06 0 Revolutionary Socialist Party RSP 0.44 Scheduled Caste Federation SCF 2.38 Socialist Party SP 11,266,779 10.59 12 All India Republican Party REP 0.04 0 All India Republican Party RPP 0.05 0 All India United Kisan Sabha UKS 0.06 0 All Manipur National Union AMNU 0.02 0 All People 's Party APP 0.03 0 Chota Nagpur Santhal Parganas Janata Party CNSPJP 0.22 Cochin Party CP 0.01 0 Commonweal Party CWP 0.31 Ganatantra Parishad GP 0.91 6 Gandhi Sebak Seva GSS 0.01 0 Hill Peoples Party HPP 0.02 0 Historical Research HR 0.00 0 Hyderabad State Praja Party HSPP 0.01 0 Jharkhand Party JKP 0.71 Justice Party JP 0.06 0 Kamgar Kisan Paksha KKP 0.13 0 Kerala Socialist Party KSP 0.1 0 Khasi - Jaintia Durbar KJD 0.03 0 Kisan Janata Sanyukta Party KJSP 0.01 0 Kisan Mazdoor Mandal KMM 0.01 0 Kuki National Association KNA 0.01 0 Lok Sevak Sangh LSS 0.29 Madras State Muslim League Party MSMLP 0.08 National Party of India NPI 0.00 0 Peasants and Workers Party of India PWPI 0.94 Peoples Democratic Front PDF 1.29 7 Praja Party PP 0.02 0 Punjab Depressed Class League PDCL 0.01 0 Pursharathi Panchayat PURP 0.01 0 Revolutionary Socialist Party ( Uttar Pradesh ) RSP ( UP ) 0.02 0 Shiromani Akali Dal SAD 0.99 S.K. Paksha SKP 0.13 0 Saurashtra Khedut Sangh SKS 0.03 0 Tamil Nadu Toilers Party TNTP 0.84 Tamil Nadu Congress Party TNCP 0.03 0 Tribal Sangha TS 0.11 0 Travancore Tamil Nadu Congress Party TTNC 0.11 Uttar Pradesh Praja Party UPP 0.2 0 Zamindar Party ZP 0.27 0 Independents 16,817,910 15.9 37 Nominated Anglo - Indians -- -- Total 105,944,495 100 489 Notable losses ( edit ) Scheduled Caste leader B.R. Ambedkar was defeated in the Bombay ( North Central ) ( reserved seat ) constituency as Scheduled Castes Federation candidate by his little - known former assistant and Congress Candidate Narayan Sadoba Kajrolkar , who polled 1 , 38,137 votes compared to Ambedkar 's 1 , 23,576 votes . Dr Ambedkar then entered the parliament as a Rajya Sabha member . He contested by - poll from Bhandara in 1954 to try to enter Lok Sabha but again lost to Mr Borkar of Congress . Acharya Kripalani lost from Faizabad in UP as KMPP candidate , but his wife Sucheta Kripalani defeated the Congress candidate Manmohini Sahgal in Delhi . Government formation ( edit ) The Speaker of the first Lok Sabha was Ganesh Vasudev Mavalankar . The first Lok Sabha also witnessed 677 sittings ( 3,784 hours ) , the highest recorded count of the number of sittings . The Lok Sabha lasted its full term from 17 April 1952 until 4 April 1957 . Duration ( edit ) While Indian Government 's official websites and official documents assign the year 1951 to these polls , it is a misrepresentation because all territories except Himachal Pradesh and Jammu & Kashmir voted in February -- March 1952 ; no polls were held for Lok Sabha seats in Kashmir until 1967 , and only Himachal Pradesh voted in 1951 for the first Lok Sabha because weather tends to be inclement in February and March , heavy snow impending free movement . The rest of the India voted only in February -- March 1952 for the Lok Sabha and Vidhan Sabha elections . Polling was held between 25 October 1951 and 27 March 1952 . The very first votes of the election were cast in the tehsil ( district ) of Chini in Himachal Pradesh . See also ( edit ) Election Commission of India Indian presidential election , 1952 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Lok Sabha Results 1951 - 52 '' . Election Commission of India . Jump up ^ `` Statistical Report on Lok Sabha Elections 1951 - 52 '' ( PDF ) . Election Commission of India . Jump up ^ `` Lok Sabha Elections Stats Summary 1951 - 52 '' ( PDF ) . Election Commission of India . Jump up ^ India has nearly 83 crore voters : Brahma Jump up ^ Dieter Nohlen , Florian Grotz & Christof Hartmann ( 2001 ) Elections in Asia : A data handbook , Volume I , p. 572 ISBN 0 - 19 - 924958 - X Jump up ^ `` General Election of India 1951 , List of Successful Candidate '' ( PDF ) . Election Commission of India . p. 6 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 8 October 2014 . Retrieved 12 January 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Ramachandra Guha ( 2008 ) . India After Gandhi : The History of the World 's Largest Democracy . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 095858 - 9 . Jump up ^ David Gilmartin ( 2014 ) . `` Chapter 5 : The paradox of patronage and the people 's sovereignty '' . In Anastasia Pivliavsky . Patronage as Politics in South Asia . Cambridge University Press . pp. 151 -- 152 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 107 - 05608 - 4 . Jump up ^ India 's first voter in Himachal Pradesh , by Gautam Dhmeer , in the Deccan Herald ; published 30 October 2012 ; retrieved 7 April 2014 Further reading ( edit ) Guha , Ramachandra . `` Democracy 's Biggest Gamble , '' World Policy Journal , ( Spring 2002 ) 19 # 1 pp. 95 -- 103 ( hide ) Elections in India General elections 1920 1923 1926 1930 1934 1945 1951 -- 52 1957 1962 1967 1971 1977 1980 1984 1989 1991 1998 1999 2009 2014 2019 State elections 1920 1923 1926 1930 1934 1937 1946 1952 1954 1955 1957 1960 1961 1962 1964 1965 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1977 1978 1979 1980 1982 1984 1985 1989 2017 2018 See also : Elections in Andhra Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh Delhi Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu and Kashmir Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland Odisha Puducherry Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Telangana Tripura Uttar Pradesh Uttarakhand West Bengal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_general_election,_1951 -- 52&oldid = 807791179 '' Categories : Indian general election , 1951 Hidden categories : Use Indian English from July 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from July 2016 Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia অসমীয়া বাংলা Deutsch Français हिन्दी ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Română Svenska தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2017 , at 03 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | first election in india after independence ballot boxes | [
"The Indian general election of 1951–52 elected the first Lok Sabha since India became independent in August 1947.[1][2][3] Until this point, the Indian Constituent Assembly had served as an interim legislature. See the 'Durations' section below to find the time-range associated with these elections."
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3404328272429114478 | 2011 BCS National Championship Game | 2011 BCS National Championship game - wikipedia 2011 BCS National Championship game Jump to : navigation , search 2011 Tostitos BCS National Championship Game BCS Bowl Game Oregon Ducks Auburn Tigers ( 12 -- 0 ) ( 13 -- 0 ) 19 22 Head coach : Chip Kelly Head coach : Gene Chizik AP Coaches BCS AP Coaches BCS Total Oregon 0 11 0 8 19 Auburn 0 16 22 Date January 10 , 2011 Season Stadium University of Phoenix Stadium Location Glendale , Arizona MVP Offense : RB Michael Dyer ( Auburn ) Defense : DT Nick Fairley ( Auburn ) Favorite Auburn by 2 National anthem Air Force Cadet Chorale Referee Bill LeMonnier ( Big Ten ) Attendance 78,603 Payout US $ 21.2 million United States TV coverage Network ESPN , ESPN 3D ESPN3 , Xbox Live Announcers Brent Musburger , Kirk Herbstreit , Erin Andrews and Tom Rinaldi Nielsen ratings 17.8 ( 27.3 million ) Cable TV Record BCS National Championship Game < 2010 2012 > The 2011 Tostitos BCS National Championship Game was the final college football game to determine the national champion of the 2010 NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) season . The finale of the 2010 - 2011 Bowl Championship Series was played at the University of Phoenix Stadium , the host facility of the Fiesta Bowl in Glendale , Arizona on January 10 , 2011 ( 8 : 30 p.m. ET ) . The Auburn Tigers from the Southeastern Conference faced the Oregon Ducks of the Pacific - 10 Conference for the National Championship . A 19 - yard field goal by Wes Byrum , as time expired , won the game for the Tigers , with the final score 22 - 19 . The game was the first BCS National Championship Game not televised on network television , instead being aired on ESPN and simulcast on ESPN3 , and recorded a 16.1 rating , the highest overnight rating on record for a cable television program , topping the previous high of 14.4 , set by Patriots / Saints on ESPN in 2009 . This marked the second time that the National Championship under the BCS system was played in Arizona . It was also the first time that the BCS National Championship was streamed to a video game console , specifically the Xbox 360 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Teams 1.1 Oregon Ducks 1.2 Auburn Tigers 2 Game summary 2.1 Scoring summary 2.2 Statistics 3 Aftermath 4 Rankings 5 Notes 6 References Teams ( edit ) Finishing No. 1 and No. 2 in the final BCS ranking respectively , the Auburn Tigers from the Southeastern Conference faced the Oregon Ducks of the Pacific - 10 Conference for the National Championship . Both teams finished the regular season undefeated . The coaches ' poll had Auburn as the No. 1 team in the country , with Oregon as No. 2 . Oregon Ducks ( edit ) See also : 2010 Oregon Ducks football team The Ducks led the conference in scoring offense ( 592 points , 49.3 average ) , rushing offense ( 42 touchdowns , 303.8 yards per game ) , rushing defense ( 11 touchdowns , 117.6 yards per game ) , and total offense ( 71 touchdowns , 537.5 yards per game ) . The team was led by tailback LaMichael James , who tops the conference with 1,682 yards on 281 carries , 21 touchdowns and averaging 152.9 yards per game . His longest carry was for 76 yards . Jeff Maehl was Oregon 's top receiver at 78.58 ypg for 12 touchdowns . Casey Matthews had averaged 6.08 tackles per game for the Ducks , followed by Spencer Paysinger ( 5.7 ) , Talmadge Jackson III ( 5.6 ) and John Boyett ( 5.6 ) . Oregon was wearing the Nike new Pro Combat uniforms , their 13th uniform combination worn this season . Auburn Tigers ( edit ) See also : 2010 Auburn Tigers football team The Tigers completed the season on top of the conference in scoring offense ( 42.7 points per game ) , rushing offense ( 287.2 yards per game ) and total offense ( 497.7 yards per game ) . Auburn also led the conference in pass efficiency ( 174 of 261 passes , 6 interceptions , 66.7 % , 29 touchdowns ) , third - down conversions ( 77 of 145 , 53.1 % ) and first downs ( 316 or 24.3 per game ) . Quarterback and Heisman Trophy winner Cam Newton led the conference in rushing , pass efficiency , total offense , and scoring . On the receiving end , Darvin Adams caught 13 of 48 passes for 909 yards ( 69.92 ypg ) and 7 touchdowns . Josh Bynes , Zac Etheridge and Neiko Thorpe made 199 tackles for the Tigers during the season . Game summary ( edit ) Before the game a moment of silence was held for the victims of the shooting in Tucson , Arizona , two days before the game in which US Representative Gabrielle Giffords was shot in the head and 6 others , including Federal Judge John Roll , were killed . At halftime Auburn led 16 - 11 ; one of Auburn 's scores was a safety where the Auburn defense tackled Oregon 's LaMichael James in the Oregon end zone . In the 3rd quarter Auburn kicker Wes Byrum kicked a 28 - yard field goal to give Auburn a 19 - 11 lead . The teams traded possession several times until Oregon recovered a fumble on the Auburn 40 - yard line with 5 : 05 left . Oregon then drove down the field and scored a touchdown with 2 : 33 minutes remaining in the game . They added a two - point conversion to tie the score at 19 - 19 . On the game 's final possession , Auburn drove 73 yards to the Oregon 1 - yard line and won the game with a field goal as time expired . The drive included a run by Michael Dyer in which he appeared to be tackled after 6 - 7 yards , but fell on top of defender Eddie Pleasant with neither his knees nor the ball touching the ground . The Auburn sideline urged Dyer to continue after getting back up , and the Oregon defense finally tackled him after a 37 - yard gain . The play was reviewed and the ruling on the field was upheld . Dyer then rushed for a touchdown , but a subsequent review showed that Dyer 's knee went down before crossing the goal line . The touchdown was reversed and the ball placed at the Oregon 1 - yard line . From there , Auburn ran the clock down to 2 seconds , and Wes Byrum kicked a game - winning 19 - yard field goal as time expired , giving Auburn the national championship . Scoring summary ( edit ) Scoring play Score 1st quarter No scoring TIE 0 -- 0 2nd quarter ORE -- Rob Beard 26 - yard field goal , 14 : 13 ORE 3 -- 0 AUB -- Kodi Burns 35 - yard pass from Cam Newton ( Wes Byrum kick ) , 12 : 00 AUB 7 -- 3 ORE -- LaMichael James 8 - yard pass from Darron Thomas ( 2 - point conversion on Beard run ) , 10 : 58 ORE 11 -- 7 AUB -- James tackled in end zone by Mike Blanc for a safety , 3 : 26 ORE 11 -- 9 AUB -- Emory Blake 30 - yard pass from Newton ( Byrum kick ) , 1 : 47 AUB 16 -- 11 3rd quarter AUB -- Byrum 28 - yard field goal , 11 : 30 AUB 19 -- 11 4th quarter ORE -- James 2 - yard pass from Thomas ( 2 - point conversion on Jeff Maehl pass from Thomas ) , 2 : 33 TIE 19 -- 19 AUB -- Byrum 19 - yard field goal , 0 : 00 AUB 22 -- 19 Statistics ( edit ) Statistics Oregon Auburn First Downs 23 24 Total offense , plays - yards 73 - 449 85 - 519 Rushes - yards ( net ) 32 - 75 50 - 254 Passing yards ( net ) 374 265 Passes , Comp - Att - Int 28 - 41 - 2 20 - 35 - 1 Time of Possession 27 : 03 32 : 57 Aftermath ( edit ) By winning the game , Auburn was crowned as the BCS National Champion . In addition , Auburn was ranked as the number one team by the Associated Press . Rankings ( edit ) Main article : 2010 NCAA Division I FBS football rankings For the second time in BCS history , three different No. 1 teams ( Oklahoma , Auburn , and Oregon ) were ranked in the first three standings of the year . In 1998 , the first season of the BCS , UCLA debuted at No. 1 , followed by Ohio State and Tennessee . Three teams from non-Automatic Qualify conference schools ( TCU , Boise State , Utah ) were ranked in the top - five at the same time after three weeks of BCS rankings . TCU ended the season as the No. 2 team and won the 2011 Rose Bowl game . TCU was picked by a postseason poll as having won a share of the National Championship , due to their 13 - 0 perfect record and win over # 4 ranked Wisconsin in the Rose Bowl . Notes ( edit ) This was the first meeting between the two schools in football . Auburn had played one school from the state of Oregon ( Oregon State at Birmingham in 1973 ) and Oregon had not previously played a team from the state of Alabama . Auburn had a 5 -- 3 record against Pac - 10 teams while Oregon was 4 -- 4 against the SEC . As the Pac - 10 and SEC never had a common bowl game tie - in during the entirety of the BCS era , the only ways for two teams from those conferences to meet in the postseason would be either for a team from each conference to qualify for the BCS National Championship Game , with this particular game being the only time that that happened during those 16 years , or for a team from either or both conferences to receive an at - large bid to a BCS bowl , something that never occurred ( in 2002 , the Sugar Bowl wanted USC to play Georgia , but the Orange Bowl , which had higher priority that year in terms of picks , beat them out and in 2013 the Sugar Bowl was considering picking Oregon to play Alabama , but ultimately passed them over in favor of Oklahoma ) . The most recent bowl game which featured a Pac - 10 team vs an SEC team was the 1989 Freedom Bowl when the Washington Huskies defeated the Florida Gators 34 - 7 . The Pac - 10 and SEC both expanded in subsequent years ( with the Pac - 10 being renamed the Pac - 12 ) and teams from those two conferences met again in the 2016 Peach Bowl with the Alabama Crimson Tide facing the Washington Huskies in a semifinal game of the College Football Playoff which replaced the Bowl Championship Series after the 2013 season . Two Auburn teams were undefeated in 1993 and 2004 , but did not play for the national championship . Seven BCS Championship game records were broken or tied , including the longest pass play when Darron Thomas passed to Jeff Maehl for 81 yards , the most team passing yards ( 374 , Oregon ) , and most 2 - point conversions ( 2 ) . The combined passing yardage of the two teams ( 639 yards ) were also the most in the games . Auburn 's 85 total plays were a new record , exceeding the record set at the January 4 , 2006 game between Texas and USC with 82 plays . The game was played two days after the 2011 Tucson shooting , an attempted assassination attempt on Rep. Gabrielle Giffords of Arizona , that took the lives of several others , including a federal judge and a 9 - year - old girl . A moment of silence was held in honor of those lost before the game . Tucson is in Pima County in Arizona , and the adjacent county is Maricopa County , where Glendale is located . Cam Newton 's performance was somewhat limited due a back injury , evident at the game 's conclusion when he was lying in pain waiting on the trophy presentation . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Odds , Los Angeles Times , January 10 , 2011 Jump up ^ Herbstreit , Musburger to call title game CollegeFootballTalk Jump up ^ Sports Media Watch : BCS : Auburn / Oregon Down , Still Sets Cable Record Jump up ^ Dufresne , Chris ( June 13 , 2009 ) , `` Rose Bowl game moving to ESPN in 2011 '' , Los Angeles Times Jump up ^ `` BCS draws record cable rating '' , ESPN , January 13 , 2011 Jump up ^ Hedding , Judy ( 2010 ) , 2011 BCS Championship Game Will Be In Arizona Jump up ^ The Associated Press ( 10 January 2011 ) . `` BCS game holds moment of silence before start '' . The Washington Post . ^ Jump up to : Auburn Tigers vs. Oregon Ducks - Box Score - January 10 , 2011 - ESPN Jump up ^ `` LaMichael James # 21 RB '' . ESPN . Jump up ^ Auburn Tigers vs. Oregon Ducks - Drivechart - January 10 , 2011 - ESPN Jump up ^ Auburn Tigers vs. Oregon Ducks - Recap - January 10 , 2011 - ESPN Jump up ^ `` Auburn wins first AP title since 1957 '' . ESPN . Jump up ^ http://cfbdatawarehouse.com/data/div_ia/pac10/oregon/vs_conf.php?start=1894&end=2011 Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 10 - 23 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ http://www.sbnation.com/ncaa-football/2011/1/11/1928820/cam-newton-injury-x-rays-auburn-tigers-bcs-championship-nfl-draft BCS National Championship Game History University of Phoenix Stadium Mercedes - Benz Superdome Hard Rock Stadium Rose Bowl BCS Broadcasters Tie - ins BCS # 1 BCS # 2 Rotating bowl 1999 ( Fiesta ) 2000 ( Sugar ) 2001 ( Orange ) 2002 ( Rose ) 2003 ( Fiesta ) 2004 ( Sugar ) 2005 ( Orange ) 2006 ( Rose ) Game 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 AFCA National Championship Trophy 2010 -- 11 NCAA football bowl game season New Mexico ( Dec. 18 ) Humanitarian ( Dec. 18 ) New Orleans ( Dec. 18 ) Beef ' O ' Brady 's ( Dec. 21 ) Maaco Las Vegas ( Dec. 22 ) Poinsettia ( Dec. 23 ) Hawaii ( Dec. 24 ) Little Caesars Pizza ( Dec. 26 ) Independence ( Dec. 27 ) Champs Sports ( Dec. 28 ) Insight ( Dec. 28 ) Military ( Dec. 29 ) Texas ( Dec. 29 ) Alamo ( Dec. 29 ) Armed Forces ( Dec. 30 ) Pinstripe ( Dec. 30 ) Music City ( Dec. 30 ) Holiday ( Dec. 30 ) Meineke Car Care ( Dec. 31 ) Sun ( Dec. 31 ) Liberty ( Dec. 31 ) Chick - fil - A ( Dec. 31 ) TicketCity ( Jan. 1 ) Outback ( Jan. 1 ) Capital One ( Jan. 1 ) Gator ( Jan. 1 ) GoDaddy.com Bowl ( Jan. 6 ) Cotton ( Jan. 7 ) BBVA Compass ( Jan. 8 ) Kraft Fight Hunger ( Jan. 9 ) Bowl Championship Series games : Rose ( Jan. 1 ) Fiesta ( Jan. 1 ) Orange ( Jan. 3 ) Sugar ( Jan. 4 ) BCS National Championship ( Jan. 10 ) All - Star Games : East -- West Shrine Game ( Jan. 22 ) Eastham Energy All - Star Game ( Jan. 23 ) Senior Bowl ( Jan. 29 ) Texas vs The Nation ( Feb. 5 ) Dixie Gridiron Classic ( Feb. 5 ) Auburn Tigers bowl games 1937 Bacardi Bowl 1938 Orange Bowl 1954 Gator Bowl 1954 Gator Bowl 1955 Gator Bowl 1964 Orange Bowl 1965 Liberty Bowl 1968 Sun Bowl 1969 Astro - Bluebonnet Bowl 1971 Gator Bowl 1972 Sugar Bowl 1972 Gator Bowl 1973 Sun Bowl 1974 Gator Bowl 1982 Tangerine Bowl 1984 Sugar Bowl 1984 Liberty Bowl 1986 Cotton Bowl Classic 1987 Florida Citrus Bowl 1988 Sugar Bowl 1989 Sugar Bowl 1990 Hall of Fame Bowl 1990 Peach Bowl 1996 Outback Bowl 1996 Independence Bowl 1998 Peach Bowl 2001 Florida Citrus Bowl 2001 Peach Bowl 2003 Capital One Bowl 2003 Music City Bowl 2005 Sugar Bowl 2006 Capital One Bowl 2007 Cotton Bowl Classic 2007 Chick - fil - A Bowl 2010 Outback Bowl 2011 BCS National Championship Game # 2011 Chick - fil - A Bowl 2014 BCS National Championship Game # 2015 Outback Bowl 2015 Birmingham Bowl 2017 Sugar Bowl Pound sign ( # ) denotes national championship game . Oregon Ducks bowl games 1917 Rose Bowl 1920 Rose Bowl 1949 Cotton Bowl Classic 1958 Rose Bowl 1960 Liberty Bowl 1963 Sun Bowl 1989 Independence Bowl 1990 Freedom Bowl 1992 Independence Bowl 1995 Rose Bowl 1996 Cotton Bowl Classic 1997 Las Vegas Bowl 1998 Aloha Bowl 1999 Sun Bowl 2000 Holiday Bowl 2002 Fiesta Bowl 2002 Seattle Bowl 2003 Sun Bowl 2005 Holiday Bowl 2006 Las Vegas Bowl 2007 Sun Bowl 2008 Holiday Bowl 2010 Rose Bowl 2011 BCS National Championship Game # 2012 Rose Bowl 2013 Fiesta Bowl 2013 Alamo Bowl 2015 Rose Bowl 2015 College Football Playoff National Championship # 2016 Alamo Bowl ( January ) Pound sign ( # ) denotes national championship game . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2011_BCS_National_Championship_Game&oldid=786394368 '' Categories : 2010 -- 11 NCAA football bowl games BCS National Championship Game Auburn Tigers football bowl games Oregon Ducks football bowl games January 2011 sports events Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2011 Articles with dead external links from September 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 19 June 2017 , at 05 : 45 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who did auburn beat in the national championship | [
"\n\n2011 Tostitos BCS National Championship Game\n\n\nBCS Bowl Game\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nOregon Ducks\nAuburn Tigers\n\n\n(12–0)\n(13–0)\n\n\n19\n22\n\n\nHead coach: \nChip Kelly\nHead coach: \nGene Chizik\n\n\n\n\n\nAP\nCoaches\nBCS\n\n\n2\n1\n2\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAP\nCoaches\nBCS\n\n\n1\n2\n1\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1\n2\n3\n4\nTotal\n\n\nOregon\n0\n11\n0\n8\n19\n\n\nAuburn\n0\n16\n3\n3\n22\n\n\n\n\n\nDate\nJanuary 10, 2011\n\n\nSeason\n2010\n\n\nStadium\nUniversity of Phoenix Stadium\n\n\nLocation\nGlendale, Arizona\n\n\nMVP\nOffense: RB Michael Dyer (Auburn)\nDefense: DT Nick Fairley (Auburn)\n\n\nFavorite\nAuburn by 2[1]\n\n\nNational anthem\nAir Force Cadet Chorale\n\n\nReferee\nBill LeMonnier (Big Ten)\n\n\nAttendance\n78,603\n\n\nPayout\nUS$21.2 million\n\n\nUnited States TV coverage\n\n\nNetwork\nESPN, ESPN 3D ESPN3, Xbox Live\n\n\nAnnouncers\nBrent Musburger, Kirk Herbstreit, Erin Andrews and Tom Rinaldi[2]\n\n\nNielsen ratings\n17.8 (27.3 million) Cable TV Record[3]\n\n\n\n\n\nBCS National Championship Game\n\n\n 2010 \n2012 > \n\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"Oregon Ducks"
] |
3571292412624301891 | Lindsay Arnold | Lindsay Arnold - wikipedia Lindsay Arnold Jump to : navigation , search Lindsay Arnold Arnold for 2013 KARtv Dance Awards ( 1994 - 01 - 11 ) January 11 , 1994 ( age 23 ) Provo , Utah , U.S. Occupation Dancer , choreographer Years active 2012 -- present Spouse ( s ) Samuel Cusick ( m . 2015 ) Website www.lindsayarnold.com Lindsay Arnold Cusick ( born January 11 , 1994 ) is an American professional Latin and ballroom dancer . She was a contestant on So You Think You Can Dance . She is a professional dancer and choreographer on Dancing with the Stars . Contents ( hide ) 1 Personal life 2 So You Think You Can Dance 3 Dancing with the Stars 3.1 Performances 4 References 5 External links Personal life ( edit ) Arnold , born and raised in Provo , Utah , is the oldest of four daughters . On June 18 , 2015 , she married her high school sweetheart , Samuel Cusick . Arnold and Cusick exchanged vows in a private Mormon ceremony at the Salt Lake Temple in Salt Lake City . Fellow Dancing with the Stars dancers Brittany Cherry , Jenna Johnson , and Emma Slater were among her bridesmaids , with Witney Carson serving as her maid of honor . So You Think You Can dance ( edit ) At the age of 18 , Arnold auditioned for the ninth season of So You Think You Can Dance . She made it through to the top twenty finalists . Her partner was martial arts fusion dancer Cole Horibe . When only ten dancers remained , the contestants switched partners to a new all - star each week . As she proceeded to the top 8 dancers , Arnold partnered with dancers Jakob Karr and Alex Wong . Although she was eliminated on August 29 , 2012 , she received repeated praise from the judges about her versatility as a dancer and her star quality . After the season , she performed on the 30 - city tour . Dancing with the Stars ( edit ) Arnold became a professional dancer on season 16 of the reality television series Dancing with the Stars . At the time , she was the second youngest pro dancer in the show 's history ( Julianne Hough joined the show at 18 ) . She was partnered with professional boxer Victor Ortiz . They finished in 8th place and were eliminated in week six after getting three 6s . She returned in season 17 as a member of the dance troupe , and continued in the troupe through season 20 . She was promoted again to a professional partner in season 21 , in which she partnered with National Guard member Alek Skarlatos . The couple made it to the finals and finished in third place . Arnold returned as a professional for season 22 and was paired with Boyz II Men singer Wanya Morris . Arnold and Morris made it to the semi-finals but were eliminated , finishing in 4th place despite receiving the highest scores of that night . Arnold returned for season 23 and was partnered with former NFL player Calvin Johnson Jr ... The couple made it to the finals and finished in third place . Arnold returned for season 24 and was partnered with former MLB catcher David Ross . Despite low scores , the couple outlasted many high - scoring couples , made it to the finals and finished in second place , behind Rashad Jennings and Emma Slater . For season 25 , Arnold was paired with singer and actor Jordan Fisher . They placed first on November 21 , 2017 , and they set the record for most perfect scores with a total of 9 . She further achieved a feat not yet reached , by finishing fourth , third , second , and first place in four consecutive seasons . Season Partner Place Average score 16 Victor Ortiz 8th 19.7 / 30 21 Alek Skarlatos 3rd 25.2 / 30 22 Wanya Morris 4th 26.5 / 30 23 Calvin Johnson Jr . 3rd 35.3 / 40 24 David Ross 2nd 32.3 / 40 25 Jordan Fisher 1st 27.9 / 30 Performances ( edit ) Season 16 with celebrity partner Victor Ortiz Week Dance / Song Judges ' score Result Inaba Goodman Tonioli Foxtrot / `` Daylight '' 6 6 6 No elimination Jive / `` Runaway Baby '' 6 6 6 Bottom two Prom group dance / `` The Rockafeller Skank '' Contemporary / `` Slow Dancing in a Burning Room '' No 8 points 7 awarded 8 Safe Paso doble / `` We Will Rock You '' 6 6 6 Bottom two 5 Viennese Waltz / `` Never Tear Us Apart '' 7 7 7 Bottom two 6 Rumba / `` I Just Called to Say I Love You '' Team Paso doble / `` Higher Ground '' 6 7 6 8 6 7 Eliminated Season 21 with celebrity partner Alek Skarlatos Week Dance / Song Judges ' score Result Inaba Hough Tonioli Foxtrot / `` Ten Feet Tall '' 8 7 7 No elimination Jazz / `` Do n't Stop Believin ' '' Quickstep / `` American Girl '' 8 7 7 7 8 8 Safe Tango / `` Bad Things '' 8 8 / 9 8 Safe Paso doble / `` Wake Me Up '' 8 8 8 Safe 5 Rumba / `` Let It Go '' 8 7 / 7 7 No elimination 6 Jive / `` Jailhouse Rock '' 8 8 / 7 7 Safe 7 Viennese Waltz / `` Haunted '' Team Freestyle / `` Ghostbusters '' 9 9 8 10 8 9 Safe 8 Contemporary / `` Holding Out for a Hero '' Samba dance - off / `` Lean On '' 9 No 8 extra 8 points Safe 9 Salsa / `` Back It Up '' Team - Up Dance ( Paso Doble ) / `` We Will Rock You '' 8 8 8 8 8 8 Safe 10 Semifinals Waltz / `` America the Beautiful '' Cha - cha - cha Dance - off / `` Fun '' Trio Argentine Tango / `` Ex 's & Oh 's '' 10 No 9 10 Extra 9 10 Points 9 No elimination 11 Finals Rumba / `` The Pieces Do n't Fit Anymore Freestyle / `` Marchin On '' Rumba & Tango Fusion / `` A Sky Full of Stars '' 9 10 9 9 10 9 9 10 9 Third Place Score given by guest judge Alfonso Ribeiro . This week only , for `` Partner Switch - Up '' week , Skarlatos performed with Emma Slater instead of Arnold . Arnold performed with Carlos PenaVega . Score given by guest judge Maksim Chmerkovskiy . Score given by guest judge Olivia Newton - John . Season 22 with celebrity partner Wanya Morris Week Dance / Song Judges ' score Result Inaba Goodman Tonioli Cha - cha - cha / `` Motownphilly '' 8 7 8 No elimination Salsa / `` Echa Pa'lla ( Manos Pa'rriba ) '' 8 8 8 Safe Waltz / `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' 8 8 8 Safe Samba / `` Circle of Life '' 8 9 / 9 9 Safe 5 Tango / `` Hold Back the River '' 8 7 / 7 8 No elimination 6 Jazz / `` Bye Bye Bye '' 10 9 10 Safe 7 Foxtrot / `` I Say a Little Prayer '' Team Freestyle / `` Super Bad '' , `` Living in America '' & `` I Got You ( I Feel Good ) '' 9 9 9 9 9 10 Last to be called safe 8 Jive / `` Can You Do This '' Team - up Dance ( Samba ) / `` Jump in the Line ( Shake , Senora ) '' 8 10 8 10 9 10 Last to be called safe 9 Semifinals Trio Paso doble / `` Explosive '' Charleston / `` Shame on Me '' 10 10 10 10 10 10 Eliminated Score given by guest judge Zendaya . For this week only , as part of `` America 's Switch Up '' , Morris performed with Witney Carson instead of Arnold . Arnold performed with Von Miller . Score given by guest judge Maksim Chmerkovskiy . Due to Goodman being the judge coaching Morris ' team during the team - up dance , the viewers scored the dance in his place with the averaged score being counted alongside the remaining judges . Season 23 with celebrity partner Calvin Johnson Jr . Week Dance / Song Judges ' score Result Inaba Goodman Hough Tonioli Cha - cha - cha / `` That 's What I Like '' 7 6 6 7 No elimination Foxtrot / `` As Days Go By '' 7 7 7 7 Safe Viennese Waltz / `` It 's a Woman 's World '' 8 8 8 8 Safe ( Immunity ) Charleston / `` Bella Donna Twist '' 8 -- 7 8 Safe 5 Jazz / `` Ai n't No Mountain High Enough '' 8 -- 8 8 No elimination 6 Argentine Tango / `` Hotel California '' 9 10 9 9 Last to be called safe 7 Jive / `` Good Golly , Miss Molly '' Team Freestyle / `` The Skye Boat Song '' 9 10 9 9 9 9 9 10 Safe 8 Quickstep / `` Dr. Bones '' Jive Dance Off / `` The Purple People Eater '' 10 No -- Extra 10 Points 10 Awarded Safe 9 Waltz / `` Memory '' Team - Up Dance ( Paso Doble ) / `` No Good '' 9 9 9 9 10 10 9 9 Safe 10 Semifinals Tango / `` Seven Nation Army '' Trio Salsa / `` Limbo '' 8 10 -- -- 9 10 9 10 Last to be called safe 11 Finals Viennese Waltz / `` I Am Your Man '' Freestyle / `` Please Mr. Postman '' & `` I Want You Back '' Jive & Quickstep Fusion / `` Tutti Frutti '' 8 10 10 9 10 10 9 10 10 9 10 10 Third Place Score given by guest judge Pitbull . Score given by guest judge Idina Menzel Season 24 with celebrity partner David Ross Week Dance / Song Judges ' score Result Inaba Goodman Hough Tonioli Quickstep / `` Go , Cubs , Go '' 7 7 7 7 No elimination Cha - cha - cha / `` Bust a Move '' 7 6 7 7 Safe Jazz / `` Candy Shop '' 8 7 8 8 Safe Viennese Waltz / `` Forever Young '' 7 8 8 8 Safe 5 Jive / `` Ride '' 7 7 8 7 Safe 6 Argentine Tango / `` I Want You Back '' Team Freestyle / `` Dancing Machine '' , `` You Got It ( The Right Stuff ) '' & `` Best Song Ever '' 7 8 7 8 8 9 7 8 Safe 7 Salsa / `` Universal Mind Control '' Jive Dance Off / `` Gimme Some Lovin ' '' 8 No 8 Extra 8 Points 8 Awarded Last to be called safe 8 Waltz / `` Humble and Kind '' Trio Paso Doble / `` Gangsta 's Paradise '' 9 7 9 7 9 8 9 7 Safe 9 Semifinals Foxtrot / `` You Make Me Feel So Young '' Tango / `` Castle on the Hill '' 9 9 8 9 9 9 8 9 Last to be called safe 10 Finals Viennese Waltz / `` Let 's Hurt Tonight '' Freestyle / `` It Takes Two '' & `` Take Me Out to the Ball Game '' Foxtrot & Salsa Fusion / `` Living '' 8 10 9 8 10 9 9 10 9 8 10 9 Runner - Up Score given by guest judge Nick Carter Score given by guest judge Mandy Moore Season 25 with celebrity partner Jordan Fisher Week Dance / Song Judges ' score Result Inaba Goodman Tonioli Tango / `` There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' 8 7 7 No Elimination Viennese Waltz / `` Count On Me '' Samba / `` Mi Gente '' 8 8 8 8 8 8 Safe Charleston / `` The Glory Days '' 9 7 9 No Elimination Contemporary / `` Take Me Home '' 10 9 10 Safe 5 Foxtrot / `` You 're Welcome '' 10 10 10 Safe 6 Rumba / `` Supermarket Flowers '' 10 9 / 10 10 Safe 7 Paso Doble / `` Animals '' Team Freestyle / `` Monster Mash '' 10 8 10 8 10 8 Safe 8 Quickstep / `` Chuck Berry '' Trio Salsa / `` Que Viva La Vida '' 10 10 10 10 10 10 Safe 9 Argentine Tango / `` Brother '' Jive / `` Proud Mary '' 9 10 9 10 10 10 Safe 10 Charleston / `` Bad Man '' Freestyle / `` Puttin on the Ritz '' Samba / `` Mi Gente '' Salsa & Paso Doble Fusion / `` Kill the Lights '' 10 10 10 10 10 / 10 10 / 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 Winner Score given by guest judge Shania Twain . Score given by guest judge Julianne Hough . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Dancing with the Stars Pro Lindsay Arnold Weds Her High School Sweetheart '' . People.com . Retrieved August 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dancing With the Stars Elimination : Victor Ortiz Booted From Ballroom in Week 6 - abcnews.go.com - 04 - 23 - 2013 Jump up ^ Dancing with the Stars Season 21 Cast Announcement - abc.go.com - 02 - 09 - 2015 Jump up ^ Gomez , Patrick ( October 7 , 2015 ) . `` The Dancing with the Stars Switch - Up Week Couples Revealed ! '' . People.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Lindsay Arnold on IMDb Awards and achievements Preceded by Rashad Jennings & Emma Slater Dancing with the Stars ( US ) winners Season 25 ( Fall 2017 with Jordan Fisher ) Succeeded by TBD Preceded by James Hinchcliffe & Sharna Burgess Dancing with the Stars ( US ) Second Place Season 24 ( Spring 2017 with David Ross ) Succeeded by Lindsey Stirling & Mark Ballas Preceded by Noah Galloway & Sharna Burgess Ginger Zee & Valentin Chmerkovskiy Dancing with the Stars ( US ) Third Place Season 21 ( Fall 2015 with Alek Skarlatos ) Season 23 ( Fall 2016 with Calvin Johnson , Jr . ) Succeeded by Ginger Zee & Valentin Chmerkovskiy Normani Kordei & Valentin Chmerkovskiy Preceded by Carlos PenaVega & Witney Carson Dancing with the Stars ( US ) Fourth Place Season 22 ( Spring 2016 with Wanya Morris ) Succeeded by Jana Kramer & Gleb Savchenko Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lindsay_Arnold&oldid=814478433 '' Categories : 1994 births Living people Artists from Provo , Utah American female dancers American dancers American ballroom dancers American women choreographers American Latter Day Saints So You Think You Can Dance ( United States ) contestants Participants in American reality television series 21st - century American dancers Dancing with the Stars ( U.S. TV series ) winners Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from October 2015 Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 9 December 2017 , at 01 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is lindsay of dancing with the stars | [
"Lindsay Arnold Cusick (born January 11, 1994) is an American professional Latin and ballroom dancer. She was a contestant on So You Think You Can Dance. She is a professional dancer and choreographer on Dancing with the Stars.",
"Lindsay Arnold Cusick (born January 11, 1994) is an American professional Latin and ballroom dancer. She was a contestant on So You Think You Can Dance. She is a professional dancer and choreographer on Dancing with the Stars."
] | [
"professional Latin and ballroom dancer",
"choreographer"
] |
-6032894600814389827 | Oloibiri Oilfield | Oloibiri oilfield - wikipedia Oloibiri oilfield This article has an unclear citation style . The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of citation and footnoting . ( May 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Oloibiri Location of the Oloibiri oil field within Nigeria Country Nigeria Region Niger Delta Location Bayelsa State Block OML29 Offshore / onshore Onshore Coordinates 4 ° 41 ′ 30.12 '' N 6 ° 21 ′ 33.3 '' E / 4.6917000 ° N 6.359250 ° E / 4.6917000 ; 6.359250 Coordinates : 4 ° 41 ′ 30.12 '' N 6 ° 21 ′ 33.3 '' E / 4.6917000 ° N 6.359250 ° E / 4.6917000 ; 6.359250 Operator SPDC Partners Royal Dutch Shell BP ( till 1979 ) Field history Discovery 15 January 1956 Start of development 1956 Start of production 1958 Peak year 1964 Abandonment 1978 Production Year of current production of oil 1958 Peak of production ( oil ) 5,100 barrels per day ( ~ 3.2 × 10 ^ t / a ) Estimated oil in place 40.94 million barrels ( ~ 7.004 × 10 ^ t ) Recoverable oil 20.06 million barrels ( ~ 3.432 × 10 ^ t ) Producing formations Agbada Formation Oloibiri Oilfield is an onshore oilfield located in Oloibiri in Ogbia LGA of Bayelsa State , Nigeria , about 45 miles ( 72 km ) east of Port Harcourt in the Niger Delta . Oloibiri field is about 13.75 square kilometres ( 5.31 sq mi ) and lies in a swamp within OML 29 . Oloibiri Oilfield is named after Oloibiri , a small , remote creek community , where it is located . In Nigeria , oilfields are usually named after the host community where it is located or a local landmark . Sometimes , oilfields are also given names taken from indigenous languages . The field is currently operated by Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Limited ( SPDC ). The field was originally operated by Shell Darcy . On 30 April 1956 , Shell Darcy changed its name to Shell - BP Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Limited to reflect BP 's interest . In 1979 , it changed its name again to Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Limited ( SPDC ) following the nationalisation of BP 's interest by the government . Contents 1 Exploration history 2 Appraisal 3 Development 4 Production 5 References Exploration history ( edit ) Oloibiri Oilfield was discovered on Sunday 15 January 1956 by Shell Darcy . It was the first commercial oil discovery in Nigeria ; this discovery ended 50 years of unsuccessful oil exploration in the country by various international oil companies and launched Nigeria into the limelight of the Petro - State . Following the discovery of oil in commercial quantities in Oloibiri , Shell stepped up exploration in the Niger Delta and By 1958 Shell Darcy had discovered oil in twelve areas in the Niger Delta of which Oloibiri , Afam and Bomu were the most promising . The discovery well Oloibiri − 1 was spudded on 3 August 1955 and drilled vertical to a total depth of 12008 feet ( 3660m ) . The well was tested and it flowed at the rate of about 5,000 barrels ( 790 m ) of oil per day and it was deemed to be a commercial discovery . Some gas was also discovered with the oil . The oil discovery was made in the Tertiary Agbada . . Appraisal ( edit ) Between 26 June 1956 and 28 October 1958 , 11 appraisal wells were drilled vertical to appraisal the extension of the reservoir to different sections of the field . The first appraisal well was Oloibiri - 2 , it was spudded on 26 June 1956 and drilled vertically to a total depth of 2932m and it encountered oil in the Agbada Formation . Six of these appraisal wells were a success and encountered oil pay . An appraisal well Oloibiri - 17 was spudded on 9 June 1967 after 9 years of production and drilled deviated to a measured depth of 12520 feet ( 3816 mD ) but the result was not encouraging . Oloibiri - 17 was plugged and abandoned . The field production was on depletion from its peak production and the well was drilled to appraisal another section of the field so as to increase production . Another appraisal well Oloibiri - 18 was spudded on 21 April 1979 and drilled to a vertical depth of 9616 feet ( 2931 m ) but the result was also discouraging . The field was almost depleted at that time . The main objective of the Oloibiri - 18 was to appraise a new section and improve the drainage of the reservoir but the well was dry with shows and so it was plugged and abandoned . Development ( edit ) Following the successful completion of the appraisal of the field , four development wells were drilled in 1958 ( between 17 June 1958 and 27 November 1958 ) for the development of the field . The four development wells and the six successful appraisal wells were completed as oil production wells . The discovery well , Oloibiri - 1 was completed on 5 June 1956 as a commercial oil production well . Thus , Oloibiri - 1 made history as the first truly commercial oil well in Nigeria . This brings the number of completed production wells on field to eleven . Production ( edit ) The field started oil production between late 1957 and early 1958 and the first oil production from the field came at the rate of 4,928 barrels per day ( 783.5 m / d ) . The field produced at an average rate of 5,100 barrels ( 810 m ) of oil per day for the first year . The production increased thereafter as more wells were completed and put onto production and reached its peak in 1964 . The field was drained from eleven production wells . The oil produced from the field is sour and heavy and has an API of 20.6 . The gas produced with the oil was flared off as a result of lack of gas processing and utilisation facility in the country then , so the gas was not considered necessary . Royal Dutch Shell laid the first crude oil pipeline in the country from the Oloibiri field to Port Harcourt on Bonny River to access export facilities . Nigeria exported its first crude oil in February 1958 from the Oloibiri oil field , initially at the rate of 5,100 barrels per day ( 810 m / d ) . The oil was being pumped from the field via the country 's first pipeline , laid by Shell . The Oloibiri oilfield produced over 20 million barrels ( 3,200,000 m ) of oil during its 20 years life cycle . Oil production finally stopped in 1978 and the field was abandoned the same year . The Oloibiri oilfield was abandoned without any improved recovery to drain some of the 21.26 million barrels ( 3,380,000 m ) of hydrocarbon still left on the field . References ( edit ) Chuks Onyems , Nigeria Oilfields Encyclopedia . HISTORY OF THE NIGERIAN PETROLEUM INDUSTRY ( 1 ) The History of Shell in Nigeria ( 2 ) Nigeria -- History of Oil Exploration ( 3 ) Nigeria portal Energy portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oloibiri_Oilfield&oldid=861365872 '' Categories : Oil fields of Nigeria Royal Dutch Shell oil and gas fields BP oil and gas fields Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from December 2012 Wikipedia references cleanup from May 2010 All articles needing references cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from May 2010 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 26 September 2018 , at 22 : 15 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did nigeria export her first crude oil | [
"Royal Dutch Shell laid the first crude oil pipeline in the country from the Oloibiri field to Port Harcourt on Bonny River to access export facilities. Nigeria exported its first crude oil in February 1958 from the Oloibiri oil field, initially at the rate of 5,100 barrels per day (810 m3/d). The oil was being pumped from the field via the country's first pipeline, laid by Shell.\n"
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"February 1958"
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1649213875571145621 | Flag of India | Flag of India - wikipedia Flag of India Jump to : navigation , search `` Tiranga '' redirects here . For the Bollywood film , see Tirangaa . India Name Tiraṅgā ( meaning `` Tricolour '' ) Use National flag Proportion 2 : 3 Adopted 22 July 1947 ; 70 years ago ( 1947 - 07 - 22 ) Design A horizontal triband of India saffron , white , and India green ; charged with a navy blue wheel with 24 spokes in the centre Designed by Pingali Venkayya The National Flag of India is a horizontal rectangular tricolour of India saffron , white and India green ; with the Ashoka Chakra , a 24 - spoke wheel , in navy blue at its centre . It was adopted in its present form during a meeting of the Constituent Assembly held on 22 July 1947 , and it became the official flag of the Dominion of India on 15 August 1947 . The flag was subsequently retained as that of the Republic of India . In India , the term `` tricolour '' ( Hindi : तिरंगा , translit . Tiraṅgā ) almost always refers to the Indian national flag . The flag is based on the Swaraj flag , a flag of the Indian National Congress designed by Pingali Venkayya . By law , the flag is to be made of khadi , a special type of hand - spun cloth or silk , made popular by Mahatma Gandhi . The manufacturing process and specifications for the flag are laid out by the Bureau of Indian Standards . The right to manufacture the flag is held by the Khadi Development and Village Industries Commission , who allocates it to regional groups . As of 2009 , the Karnataka Khadi Gramodyoga Samyukta Sangha has been the sole manufacturer of the flag . Usage of the flag is governed by the Flag Code of India and other laws relating to the national emblems . The original code prohibited use of the flag by private citizens except on national days such as the Independence day and the Republic Day . In 2002 , on hearing an appeal from a private citizen , Naveen Jindal , the Supreme Court of India directed the Government of India to amend the code to allow flag usage by private citizens . Subsequently , the Union Cabinet of India amended the code to allow limited usage . The code was amended once more in 2005 to allow some additional use including adaptations on certain forms of clothing . The flag code also governs the protocol of flying the flag and its use in conjunction with other national and non-national flags . Contents ( hide ) 1 Design and construction details 2 Symbolism 3 History 4 Manufacturing process 5 Protocol 5.1 Display 5.2 Half - mast 6 See also 7 Footnotes 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Design and construction details Sizes of the National Flag Flag size Length and width ( mm ) Size of Ashoka Chakra ( mm ) 6300 × 4200 1295 3600 × 2400 740 2700 × 1800 555 1800 × 1200 370 5 1350 × 900 280 6 900 × 600 185 7 450 × 300 90 8 225 × 150 40 9 150 × 100 25 According to the Flag code of India , the Indian flag has a ratio of two by three ( where the length of the flag is 1.5 times that of the width ) . All three stripes of the flag ( saffron , white and green ) are to be equal in width and length . The size of the Ashoka Chakra is not specified in the Flag code , but it has twenty - four spokes that are evenly spaced . In section 4.3. 1 of `` IS1 : Manufacturing standards for the Indian Flag '' , there is a chart that details the size of the Ashoka Chakra on the nine specific sizes of the national flag . In both the Flag code and IS1 , they call for the Ashoka Chakra to be printed or painted on both sides of the flag in navy blue . Below is the list of specified shades for all colours used on the national flag , with the exception of Navy Blue , from `` IS1 : Manufacturing standards for the Indian Flag '' as defined in the 1931 CIE Colour Specifications with illuminant C. The navy blue colour can be found in the standard IS : 1803 - 1973 . Materials 3.1. 2.2 : Colours Colour X Y Z Brightness India saffron ( Kesari ) 0.538 0.360 0.102 21.5 White 0.313 0.319 0.368 72.6 India green 0.288 0.395 0.317 8.9 Note that the values given in the table correspond to CIE 1931 color space . Approximate RGB values for use may be taken to be : India saffron # FF9933 , white # FFFFFF , India green # 138808 , navy blue # 000080 . Pantone values closest to this are 130 U , White , 2258 C and 2735 C . Symbolism Flag of India , New Delhi Gandhi first proposed a flag to the Indian National Congress in 1921 . The flag was designed by Pingali Venkayya . In the centre was a traditional spinning wheel , symbolising Gandhi 's goal of making Indians self - reliant by fabricating their own clothing . The design was then modified to include a white stripe in the centre for other religious communities , and provide a background for the spinning wheel . Subsequently , to avoid sectarian associations with the colour scheme , saffron , white and green were chosen for the three bands , representing courage and sacrifice , peace and truth , and faith and chivalry respectively . A few days before India became independent on 15 August 1947 , the specially constituted Constituent Assembly decided that the flag of India must be acceptable to all parties and communities . A modified version of the Swaraj flag was chosen ; the tricolour remained the same saffron , white and green . However , the charkha was replaced by the Ashoka Chakra representing the eternal wheel of law . The philosopher Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan , who later became India 's first Vice President and second President , clarified the adopted flag and described its significance as follows : `` Bhagwa or the Saffron denotes renunciation or disinterestedness . Our leaders must be indifferent to material gains and dedicate themselves to their work . The white in the centre is light , the path of truth to guide our conduct . The green shows our relation to ( the ) soil , our relation to the plant life here , on which all other life depends . The `` Ashoka Chakra '' in the centre of the white is the wheel of the law of dharma . Truth or satya , dharma or virtue ought to be the controlling principle of those who work under this flag . Again , the wheel denotes motion . There is death in stagnation . There is life in movement . India should no more resist change , it must move and go forward . The wheel represents the dynamism of a peaceful change . '' History A number of flags with varying designs were used in the period preceding the Indian Independence Movement by the rulers of different princely states ; the idea of a single Indian flag was first raised by the British rulers of India after the rebellion of 1857 , which resulted in the establishment of direct imperial rule . The first flag , whose design was based on western heraldic standards , were similar to the flags of other British colonies , including Canada and Australia ; its blue field included the Union Flag in the upper - left quadrant and a Star of India capped by the royal crown in the middle of the right half . To address the question of how the star conveyed `` Indianness '' , Queen Victoria created the Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of India to honour services to the empire by her Indian subjects . Subsequently , all the Indian princely states received flags with symbols based on the heraldic criteria of Europe including the right to fly defaced British red ensigns . Flag of British India , 1880 -- 1947 In the early twentieth century , around the coronation of Edward VII , a discussion started on the need for a heraldic symbol that was representative of the Indian empire . William Coldstream , a British member of the Indian Civil Service , campaigned the government to change the heraldic symbol from a star , which he considered to be a common choice , to something more appropriate . His proposal was not well received by the government ; Lord Curzon rejected it for practical reasons including the multiplication of flags . Around this time , nationalist opinion within the realm was leading to a representation through religious tradition . The symbols that were in vogue included the Ganesha , advocated by Bal Gangadhar Tilak , and Kali , advocated by Aurobindo Ghosh and Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay . Another symbol was the cow , or Gau Mata ( cow mother ) . However , all these symbols were Hindu - centric and did not suggest unity with India 's Muslim population . Based on the Calcutta Flag , design of the `` Flag of Indian Independence '' raised by Bhikaji Cama on 22 August 1907 , at the International Socialist Conference in Stuttgart , Germany . The partition of Bengal ( 1905 ) resulted in the introduction of a new flag representing the Indian independence movement that sought to unite the multitude of castes and races within the country . The Vande Mataram flag , part of the Swadeshi movement against the British , comprised Indian religious symbols represented in western heraldic fashion . The tricolour flag included eight white lotuses on the upper green band representing the eight provinces , a sun and a crescent on the bottom red band , and the Vande Mataram slogan in Hindi on the central yellow band . The flag was launched in Calcutta bereft of any ceremony and the launch was only briefly covered by newspapers . The flag was not covered in contemporary governmental or political reports either , but was used at the annual session of the Indian National Congress . A slightly modified version was subsequently used by Madam Bhikaji Cama at the second International Socialist Congress in Stuttgart in 1907 . Despite the multiple uses of the flag , it failed to generate enthusiasm amongst Indian nationalists . Around the same time , another proposal for the flag was initiated by Sister Nivedita , a Hindu reformist and disciple of Swami Vivekananda . The flag consisted of a thunderbolt in the centre and a hundred and eight oil lamps for the border , with the Vande Mataram caption split around the thunderbolt . It was also presented at the Indian National Congress meeting in 1906 . Soon , many other proposals were initiated , but none of them gained attention from the nationalist movement . In 1909 , Lord Ampthill , former Governor of the Madras Presidency , wrote to The Times of London in the run up to Empire Day pointing out that there existed `` no flag representative of India as a whole or any Indian province ... Surely this is strange , seeing that but for India there would be no Empire . '' In 1916 , Pingali Venkayya submitted thirty new designs , in the form of a booklet funded by members of the High Court of Madras . These many proposals and recommendations did little more than keep the flag movement alive . The same year , Annie Besant and Bal Gangadhar Tilak adopted a new flag as part of the Home Rule Movement . The flag included the Union Jack in the upper left corner , a star and crescent in the upper right , and seven stars displayed diagonally from the lower right , on a background of five red and four green alternating bands . The flag resulted in the first governmental initiative against any nationalistic flag , as a magistrate in Coimbatore banned its use . The ban was followed by a public debate on the function and importance of a national flag . In the early 1920s , national flag discussions gained prominence across most British dominions following the peace treaty between Britain and Ireland . In November 1920 , the Indian delegation to the League of Nations wanted to use an Indian flag , and this prompted the British Indian government to place renewed emphasis on the flag as a national symbol . Gandhi 's Flag , introduced at the Congress meeting in 1921 In April 1921 , Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi wrote in his journal Young India about the need for an Indian flag , proposing a flag with the charkha or spinning wheel at the centre . The idea of the spinning wheel was put forth by Lala Hansraj , and Gandhi commissioned Pingali Venkayya to design a flag with the spinning wheel on a red and green banner , the red colour signifying Hindus and the green standing for Muslims . Gandhi wanted the flag to be presented at the Congress session of 1921 , but it was not delivered on time , and another flag was proposed at the session . Gandhi later wrote that the delay was fortuitous since it allowed him to realise that other religions were not represented ; he then added white to the banner colours , to represent all the other religions . Finally , owing to the religious - political sensibilities , in 1929 , Gandhi moved towards a more secular interpretation of the flag colours , stating that red stood for the sacrifices of the people , white for purity , and green for hope . On 13 April 1923 , during a procession by local Congress volunteers in Nagpur commemorating the Jallianwala Bagh massacre , the Swaraj flag with the spinning wheel , designed by Pingali Venkayya , was hoisted . This event resulted in a confrontation between the Congressmen and the police , after which five people were imprisoned . Over a hundred other protesters continued the flag procession after a meeting . Subsequently , on the first of May , Jamnalal Bajaj , the secretary of the Nagpur Congress Committee , started the Flag Satyagraha , gaining national attention and marking a significant point in the flag movement . The satyagraha , promoted nationally by the Congress , started creating cracks within the organisation in which the Gandhians were highly enthused while the other group , the Swarajists , called it inconsequential . Finally , at the All India Congress Committee meeting in July , 1923 , at the insistence of Jawaharlal Nehru and Sarojini Naidu , Congress closed ranks and the flag movement was endorsed . The flag movement was managed by Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel with the idea of public processions and flag displays by common people . By the end of the movement , over 1500 people had been arrested across all of British India . The Bombay Chronicle reported that the movement drew from diverse groups of society including farmers , students , merchants , labourers and `` national servants '' . While Muslim participation was moderate , the movement enthused women , who had hitherto rarely participated in the independence movement . While the flag agitation got its impetus from Gandhi 's writings and discourses , the movement received political acceptance following the Nagpur incident . News reports , editorials and letters to editors published in various journals and newspapers of the time attest to the subsequent development of a bond between the flag and the nation . Soon , the concept of preserving the honour of the national flag became an integral component of the independence struggle . While Muslims were still wary of the Swaraj flag , it gained acceptance among Muslim leaders of the Congress and the Khilafat Movement as the national flag . The Swaraj Flag , officially adopted by the Indian National Congress in 1931 Detractors of the flag movement , including Motilal Nehru , soon hailed the Swaraj flag as a symbol of national unity . Thus , the flag became a significant structural component of the institution of India . In contrast to the subdued responses of the past , the British Indian government took greater cognisance of the new flag , and began to define a policy of response . The British parliament discussed public use of the flag , and based on directives from England , the British Indian government threatened to withdraw funds from municipalities and local governments that did not prevent the display of the Swaraj flag . The Swaraj flag became the official flag of Congress at the 1931 meeting . However , by then , the flag had already become the symbol of the independence movement . A few days before India gained its independence in August 1947 , the Constituent Assembly was formed . To select a flag for independent India , on 23 June 1947 , the assembly set up an ad hoc committee headed by Rajendra Prasad and including Maulana Abul Kalam Azad , Sarojini Naidu , C. Rajagopalachari , K.M. Munshi and B.R. Ambedkar as its members . Indian Flag , the first stamp of independent India , released on 21 Nov 1947 , was meant for foreign correspondence . On 14 July 1947 , the committee recommended that the flag of the Indian National Congress be adopted as the National Flag of India with suitable modifications , so as to make it acceptable to all parties and communities . It was also resolved that the flag should not have any communal undertones . The spinning wheel of the Congress flag was replaced by the Chakra ( wheel ) from the Lion Capital of Ashoka . According to Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan , the chakra was chosen as it was representative of dharma and law . However , Jawaharlal Nehru explained that the change was more practical in nature , as unlike the flag with the spinning wheel , this design would appear symmetrical . Gandhi was not very pleased by the change , but eventually came around to accepting it . The flag was proposed by Nehru at the Constituent Assembly on 22 July 1947 as a horizontal tricolour of deep saffron , white and dark green in equal proportions , with the Ashoka wheel in blue in the centre of the white band . Nehru also presented two flags , one in Khadi - silk and the other in Khadi - cotton , to the assembly . The resolution was approved unanimously . It served as the national flag of the Dominion of India between 15 August 1947 and 26 January 1950 , and has served as the flag of the Republic of India since then . Manufacturing process A header of an Indian flag ( size 6 , date 2007 / 2008 ) certified by the ISI The design and manufacturing process for the national flag is regulated by three documents issued by the Bureau of Indian Standards ( BIS ) . All of the flags are made out of khadi cloth of silk or cotton . The standards were created in 1968 and were updated in 2008 . Nine standard sizes of the flag are specified by law . In 1951 , after India became a republic , the Indian Standards Institute ( now the BIS ) brought out the first official specifications for the flag . These were revised in 1964 to conform to the metric system which was adopted in India . The specifications were further amended on 17 August 1968 . The specifications cover all the essential requirements of the manufacture of the Indian flag including sizes , dye colour , chromatic values , brightness , thread count and hemp cordage . The guidelines are covered under civil and criminal laws and defects in the manufacturing process can result in punishments that include fines or jail terms . Khadi or hand - spun cloth is the only material allowed to be used for the flag , and flying a flag made of any other material is punishable by law with imprisonment up to three years , besides a fine . Raw materials for khadi are restricted to cotton , silk and wool . There are two kinds of khadi used : The first is the khadi - bunting which makes up the body of the flag , and the second is the khadi - duck , which is a beige - coloured cloth that holds the flag to the pole . The khadi - duck is an unconventional type of weave that meshes three threads into a weave , compared to the two threads used in conventional weaving . This type of weaving is extremely rare , and there are fewer than twenty weavers in India professing this skill . The guidelines also state that there should be exactly 150 threads per square centimetre , four threads per stitch , and one square foot should weigh exactly 205 grams ( 7.2 oz ) . There are four places in the country licensed to make the cloth for the national flag , they are in Karnataka , Marathwada , Barabanki in UP , and Banetha in Rajasthan . The woven khadi is obtained from two handloom units in the Dharwad and Bagalkot districts of northern Karnataka . Currently , Karnataka Khadi Gramodyoga Samyukta Sangha based in Hubli is the only licensed flag production and supply unit in India . Permission for setting up flag manufacturing units in India is allotted by the Khadi Development and Village Industries Commission , though the BIS has the power to cancel the licences of units that flout guidelines . The hand - woven khadi for the National Flag was initially manufactured at Garag , a small village in the Dharwad district . A Centre was established at Garag in 1954 by a few freedom fighters under the banner of Dharwad Taluk Kshetriya Seva Sangh and obtained the Centre 's licence to make flags . Once woven , the material is sent to the BIS laboratories for testing . After quality testing , the material , if approved , is returned to the factory . It is then separated into three lots which are dyed saffron , white and green . The Ashoka Chakra is screen printed , stencilled or suitably embroidered onto each side of the white cloth . Care also has to be taken that the chakra is completely visible and synchronised on both sides . Three pieces of the required dimension , one of each colour , are then stitched together according to specifications and the final product is ironed and packed . The BIS then checks the colours and only then can the flag be sold . Protocol Main article : Flag Code of India Correct horizontal and vertical display of the flag Display and usage of the flag is governed by the Flag Code of India , 2002 ( successor to the Flag Code -- India , the original flag code ) ; the Emblems and Names ( Prevention of Improper Use ) Act , 1950 ; and the Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act , 1971 . Insults to the national flag , including gross affronts or indignities to it , as well as using it in a manner so as to violate the provisions of the Flag Code , are punishable by law with imprisonment up to three years , or a fine , or both . Official regulation states that the flag must never touch the ground or water , or be used as a drapery in any form . The flag may not be intentionally placed upside down , dipped in anything , or hold any objects other than flower petals before unfurling . No sort of lettering may be inscribed on the flag . When out in the open , the flag should always be flown between sunrise and sunset , irrespective of the weather conditions . Prior to 2009 , the flag could be flown on a public building at night under special circumstances ; currently , Indian citizens can fly the flag even at night , subject to the restriction that the flag should be hoisted on a tall flagpole and be well - illuminated . The flag should never be depicted , displayed or flown upside down . Tradition also states that when draped vertically , the flag should not merely be rotated 90degrees , but also reversed . One `` reads '' a flag like the pages of a book , from top to bottom and from left to right , and after rotation the results should be the same . It is considered insulting to display the flag in a frayed or dirty state , and the same rule applies to the flagpoles and halyards used to hoist the flag , which should always be in a proper state of maintenance . The original flag code of India did not allow private citizens to fly the national flag except on national days such as Independence Day or Republic Day . In 2001 , Naveen Jindal , an industrialist used to the more egalitarian use of the flag in the United States where he studied , flew the Indian flag on his office building . The flag was confiscated and he was warned of prosecution . Jindal filed a public interest litigation petition in the High Court of Delhi ; he sought to strike down the restriction on the use of the flag by private citizens , arguing that hoisting the national flag with due decorum and honour was his right as a citizen , and a way of expressing his love for the country . At the end of the appeals process , the case was heard by the Supreme Court of India ; the court ruled in Jindal 's favour , asking the Government of India to consider the matter . The Union Cabinet of India then amended the Indian Flag Code with effect from 26 January 2002 , allowing private citizens to hoist the flag on any day of the year , subject to their safeguarding the dignity , honour and respect of the flag . It is also held that the code was not a statute and restrictions under the code ought to be followed ; also , the right to fly the flag is a qualified right , unlike the absolute rights guaranteed to citizens , and should be interpreted in the context of Article 19 of the Constitution of India . The original flag code also forbade use of the flag on uniforms , costumes and other clothing . In July 2005 , the Government of India amended the code to allow some forms of usage . The amended code forbids usage in clothing below the waist and on undergarments , and forbids embroidering onto pillowcases , handkerchiefs or other dress material . Disposal of damaged flags is also covered by the flag code . Damaged or soiled flags may not be cast aside or disrespectfully destroyed ; they have to be destroyed as a whole in private , preferably by burning or by any other method consistent with the dignity of the flag . Display Placement protocol for the Indian flag with another country 's flag The rules regarding the correct methods to display the flag state that when two flags are fully spread out horizontally on a wall behind a podium , their hoists should be towards each other with the saffron stripes uppermost . If the flag is displayed on a short flagpole , this should be mounted at an angle to the wall with the flag draped tastefully from it . If two national flags are displayed on crossed staffs , the hoists must be towards each other and the flags must be fully spread out . The flag should never be used as a cloth to cover tables , lecterns , podiums or buildings , or be draped from railings . Whenever the flag is displayed indoors in halls at public meetings or gatherings of any kind , it should always be on the right ( observers ' left ) , as this is the position of authority . So when the flag is displayed next to a speaker in the hall or other meeting place , it must be placed on the speaker 's right hand . When it is displayed elsewhere in the hall , it should be to the right of the audience . The flag should be displayed completely spread out with the saffron stripe on top . If hung vertically on the wall behind the podium , the saffron stripe should be to the left of the onlookers facing the flag with the hoist cord at the top . A flag procession The flag , when carried in a procession or parade or with another flag or flags , should be on the marching right or alone in the centre at the front . The flag may form a distinctive feature of the unveiling of a statue , monument , or plaque , but should never be used as the covering for the object . As a mark of respect to the flag , it should never be dipped to a person or thing , as opposed to regimental colours , organisational or institutional flags , which may be dipped as a mark of honour . During the ceremony of hoisting or lowering the flag , or when the flag is passing in a parade or in a review , all persons present should face the flag and stand at attention . Those present in uniform should render the appropriate salute . When the flag is in a moving column , persons present will stand at attention or salute as the flag passes them . A dignitary may take the salute without a head dress . The flag salutation should be followed by the playing of the national anthem . Indian Flag at the Red Fort , Delhi The privilege of flying the national flag on vehicles is restricted to the President , the Vice-President or the Prime Minister , Governors and Lieutenant Governors of states , Chief Ministers , Union Ministers , members of the Parliament of India and state legislatures of the Indian states ( Vidhan Sabha and Vidhan Parishad ) , judges of the Supreme Court of India and High Courts , and flag officers of the Army , Navy and Air Force . The flag has to be flown from a staff affixed firmly either on the middle front or to the front right side of the car . When a foreign dignitary travels in a car provided by government , the flag should be flown on the right side of the car while the flag of the foreign country should be flown on the left side . The flag should be flown on the aircraft carrying the President , the Vice-President or the Prime Minister on a visit to a foreign country . Alongside the National Flag , the flag of the country visited should also be flown ; however , when the aircraft lands in countries en route , the national flags of the respective countries would be flown instead . When carrying the president within India , aircraft display the flag on the side the president embarks or disembarks ; the flag is similarly flown on trains , but only when the train is stationary or approaching a railway station . When the Indian flag is flown on Indian territory along with other national flags , the general rule is that the Indian flag should be the starting point of all flags . When flags are placed in a straight line , the rightmost flag ( leftmost to the observer facing the flag ) is the Indian flag , followed by other national flags in alphabetical order . When placed in a circle , the Indian flag is the first point and is followed by other flags alphabetically . In such placement , all other flags should be of approximately the same size with no other flag being larger than the Indian flag . Each national flag should also be flown from its own pole and no flag should be placed higher than another . In addition to being the first flag , the Indian flag may also be placed within the row or circle alphabetically . When placed on crossed poles , the Indian flag should be in front of the other flag , and to the right ( observer 's left ) of the other flag . The only exception to the preceding rule is when it is flown along with the flag of the United Nations , which may be placed to the right of the Indian flag . When the Indian flag is displayed with non-national flags , including corporate flags and advertising banners , the rules state that if the flags are on separate staffs , the flag of India should be in the middle , or the furthest left from the viewpoint of the onlookers , or at least one flag 's breadth higher than the other flags in the group . Its flagpole must be in front of the other poles in the group , but if they are on the same staff , it must be the uppermost flag . If the flag is carried in procession with other flags , it must be at the head of the marching procession , or if carried with a row of flags in line abreast , it must be carried to the marching right of the procession . Half - mast The flag should be flown at half - mast as a sign of mourning . The decision to do so lies with the President of India , who also decides the period of such mourning . When the flag is to be flown at half mast , it must first be raised to the top of the mast and then slowly lowered . Only the Indian flag is flown half mast ; all other flags remain at normal height . The flag is flown half - mast nationwide on the death of the president , Vice-president or prime minister . It is flown half - mast in New Delhi and the state of origin for the Speaker of the Lok Sabha , Chief Justice of the Supreme Court , and Union Ministers . On deaths of Governors , Lt. Governors and Chief Ministers , the flag is flown at half - mast in the respective states and union territories . The Indian flag can not be flown at half - mast on Republic Day ( 26 January ) , Independence day ( 15 August ) , Gandhi Jayanti ( 2 October ) , National Week ( 6 -- 13 April ) or state formation anniversaries , except over buildings housing the body of the deceased dignitary . However , even in such cases , the flag must be raised to full - mast when the body is moved from the building . Observances of State mourning on the death of foreign dignitaries are governed by special instructions issued from the Ministry of Home Affairs in individual cases . However , in the event of death of either the Head of the State or Head of the Government of a foreign country , the Indian Mission accredited to that country may fly the national flag at half - mast . On occasions of state , military , central para-military forces funerals , the flag shall be draped over the bier or coffin with the saffron towards the head of the bier or coffin . The flag should not be lowered into the grave or burnt in the pyre . See also List of Indian flags Jana Gana Mana National Pledge ( India ) Footnotes ^ Jump up to : The current flag is an adaptation of Venkayya 's original design , but he is generally credited as the designer of the flag . Notes ^ Jump up to : `` Flag Code of India '' . Ministry of Home Affairs , Government of India . 25 January 2006 . Archived from the original on 10 January 2006 . Retrieved 11 October 2006 . Jump up ^ `` IS 1 ( 1968 ) : Specification for The National Flag of India ( Cotton Khadi , PDF version ) '' ( PDF ) . Government of India . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 22 October 2016 . Retrieved 9 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Bureau of Indian Standards ( 1968 ) . `` IS 1 : 1968 Specification for the national flag of India ( cotton khadi ) '' . Government of India . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Bureau of Indian Standards ( 1979 ) . `` IS 1 : 1968 Specification for the national flag of India ( cotton khadi ) , Amendment 2 '' . Government of India . ^ Jump up to : `` Flag code of India , 2002 '' . Fact Sheet . Press Information Bureau , Government of India . 4 April 2002 . Retrieved 11 October 2006 . Jump up ^ Wikipedia articles for the respective colour names Jump up ^ `` Flag of India '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . 2009 . Retrieved 2 July 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Heimer , Željko ( 2 July 2006 ) . `` India '' . Flags of the World . Retrieved 11 October 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Flag Code of India , 2002 '' . Press Information Bureau . Government of India . 3 April 2002 . Retrieved 23 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Virmani 1999 , p. 172 Jump up ^ Roy 2006 , p. 498 Jump up ^ Volker Preuß . `` British Raj Marineflagge '' ( in German ) . Retrieved 2005 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ Virmani 1999 , p. 173 Jump up ^ Virmani 1999 , p. 174 Jump up ^ Virmani 1999 , pp. 175 -- 176 Jump up ^ Roy 2006 , pp. 498 -- 499 Jump up ^ `` A Flag for India '' . Luton Times and Advertiser. 21 May 1909 . Retrieved 27 August 2015 -- via British Newspaper Archive . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Virmani 1999 , pp. 176 -- 177 Jump up ^ Roy 2006 , p. 504 Jump up ^ Virmani 1999 , pp. 177 -- 178 Jump up ^ Roy 2006 , pp. 503 -- 505 Jump up ^ Virmani 1999 , pp. 181 -- 186 Jump up ^ NCERT Text book - CBSE - Class 10 - Social Science Jump up ^ Virmani 1999 , pp. 187 -- 191 Jump up ^ Roy 2006 , p. 508 Jump up ^ India Postage Stamps 1947 -- 1988. ( 1989 ) Philately branch , Department of Posts , India . Jump up ^ Souvenir sheet of the Independence series of stamps , Indian Posts , 1948 Jump up ^ Jha 2008 , pp. 106 -- 107 Jump up ^ `` Indian Standards '' ( PDF ) . Bureau of Indian Standards . Retrieved 29 November 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Vattam , Shyam Sundar ( 15 June 2004 ) . `` Why all national flags will be ' Made in Hubli ' '' . Deccan Herald . Archived from the original on 22 May 2006 . Retrieved 11 October 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Aruna Chandaraju ( 15 August 2004 ) . `` The Flag Town '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ Chandaraju , Aruna ( 15 August 2004 ) . `` The flag town '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . Retrieved 17 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The tricolour weavers of Rajasthan 's Dausa are on the decline '' . 11 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Prevention of Insults To National Honour Act , 1971 '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Home Affairs , Government of India . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 23 January 2017 . Retrieved 30 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Press Trust of India ( 24 December 2009 ) . `` Now , Indians can fly Tricolour at night '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 10 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` My Flag , My Country '' . Rediff.com. 13 June 2001 . Retrieved 15 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Union of India v. Navin Jindal '' . Supreme Court of India . Archived from the original on 24 December 2004 . Retrieved 1 July 2005 . Jump up ^ Chadha , Monica ( 6 July 2005 ) . `` Indians can wear flag with pride '' . BBC . Retrieved 18 February 2012 . References Virmani , Arundhati ( 2008 ) . A National Flag for India . Rituals , Nationalism and the Politics of Sentiment . Delhi , Permanent Black . pp. 356 p . ISBN 81 - 7824 - 232 - X . Virmani , Arundhati ( August 1999 ) . `` National Symbols under Colonial Domination : The Nationalization of the Indian Flag , March -- August 1923 '' . Past & Present. 164 : 169 -- 197 . doi : 10.1093 / past / 164.1. 169 . JSTOR 651278 ... Roy , Srirupa ( August 2006 ) . `` A Symbol of Freedom : The Indian Flag and the Transformations of Nationalism , 1906 -- '' . Journal of Asian Studies . 65 ( 3 ) . ISSN 0021 - 9118 . OCLC 37893507 . Jha , Sadan ( 25 October 2008 ) . `` The Indian National Flag as a site of daily plebiscite '' . Economic and Political Weekly : 102 -- 111 . ISSN 0012 - 9976 . OCLC 1567377 ... `` Indian Standards '' ( PDF ) . Bureau of Indian Standards . Retrieved 1 July 2005 . `` India '' . Flags of the World . Retrieved 30 June 2005 . `` India : Historical Flags '' . Flags of the World . Retrieved 30 June 2005 . `` Flying the real tricolour '' . Rediff.com . Retrieved 1 July 2005 . `` My Flag , My Country '' . Rediff.com . Retrieved 1 July 2005 . Royle , Trevor ( 1997 ) . The Last Days of the Raj . John Murray . p. 217 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7195 - 5686 - 9 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to National flag of India . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Flag Code of India `` National Flag '' . National Portal of India . Government of India . Archived from the original on 26 January 2010 . Retrieved 8 February 2010 . `` History of Indian Tricolour '' . National Portal of India . Government of India . Archived from the original on 9 August 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 15 . `` Flag Code of India '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Home Affairs ( India ) . Retrieved 26 July 2016 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | green color in indian flag is a symbol of | [
"\n“\nBhagwa or the Saffron denotes renunciation or disinterestedness. Our leaders must be indifferent to material gains and dedicate themselves to their work. The white in the centre is light, the path of truth to guide our conduct. The green shows our relation to (the) soil, our relation to the plant life here, on which all other life depends. The \"Ashoka Chakra\" in the centre of the white is the wheel of the law of dharma. Truth or satya, dharma or virtue ought to be the controlling principle of those who work under this flag. Again, the wheel denotes motion. There is death in stagnation. There is life in movement. India should no more resist change, it must move and go forward. The wheel represents the dynamism of a peaceful change.[9]\n”\n"
] | [
"relation to the plant life here, on which all other life depends"
] |
7122101796370792180 | I Dream of Jeannie | I Dream of Jeannie - wikipedia I Dream of Jeannie Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with I Dream of Jeanie ( film ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) I Dream of Jeannie Created by Sidney Sheldon Directed by Gene Nelson Hal Cooper Claudio Guzmán Starring Barbara Eden Larry Hagman Bill Daily Hayden Rorke Theme music composer Richard Wess ( season 1 ) Hugo Montenegro ( seasons 2 - 5 ) Buddy Kaye ( seasons 2 - 5 ) Opening theme `` Jeannie '' Composer ( s ) Hugo Montenegro Richard Wess Nelson Riddle Van Alexander Sonny Burke Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 5 No. of episodes 139 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Sidney Sheldon ( 1967 -- 70 ) Producer ( s ) Sidney Sheldon ( 1965 -- 67 ) Claudio Guzmán ( 1967 -- 70 ) Cinematography Lothrop Worth Editor ( s ) William Martin Camera setup Single - camera Running time 25 minutes Production company ( s ) Sidney Sheldon Productions Screen Gems Distributor Screen Gems Release Original network NBC Picture format 35 mm film Black - and - White ( 1965 -- 66 ) ( 30 episodes ) Color ( 1966 -- 70 ) ( 109 episodes ) Audio format Monaural Original release September 18 , 1965 ( 1965 - 09 - 18 ) -- May 26 , 1970 ( 1970 - 05 - 26 ) Chronology Followed by I Dream of Jeannie ... Fifteen Years Later I Still Dream of Jeannie Related shows Jeannie I Dream of Jeannie is an American fantasy and comedy sitcom starring Barbara Eden as a 2,000 - year - old genie and Larry Hagman as an astronaut who becomes her master , with whom she falls in love and eventually marries . Produced by Screen Gems , the show originally aired from September 18 , 1965 to May 26 , 1970 with new episodes , and through September 1970 with season repeats , on NBC . The show ran for five seasons and produced 139 episodes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 3 Production 3.1 Background 3.2 Opening sequence 3.3 Setting 3.4 Jeannie 's origin 3.5 Theme music 3.6 The bottle 4 Broadcast 4.1 Multi-part story arcs 5 Reception 5.1 Nielsen ratings 5.2 Syndication 6 Reunion movies 7 Animated series 8 Factual and geographic errors 9 In popular culture 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Plot ( edit ) Main article : List of I Dream of Jeannie episodes Jeannie , free from her bottle , is excited to meet Tony . In the pilot episode , `` The Lady in the Bottle '' , astronaut Captain Tony Nelson , United States Air Force , is on a space flight when his one - man capsule Stardust One comes down far from the planned recovery area , near a deserted island in the South Pacific . On the beach , Tony notices a strange bottle that rolls by itself . When he rubs it after removing the stopper , smoke starts shooting out and a Persian - speaking female genie materializes and kisses Tony on the lips , shocking him . They can not understand each other until Tony expresses his wish that Jeannie ( a homophone of genie ) could speak English , which she then does . Then , per his instructions , she `` blinks '' and causes a recovery helicopter to show up to rescue Tony , who is so grateful , he tells her she is free , but Jeannie , who has fallen in love with Tony at first sight after being trapped for 2,000 years , re-enters her bottle and rolls it into Tony 's duffel bag so she can accompany him back home . One of the first things Jeannie does , in a subsequent episode , is break up Tony 's engagement to his commanding general 's daughter , who , along with that particular general , is never seen again . This event reflects producer Sidney Sheldon 's decision that the engagement depicted in the pilot episode would not be part of the series continuity ; he realized the romantic triangle he created between Jeannie , `` Master '' , and Melissa Stone would not pan out in the long run . Tony at first keeps Jeannie in her bottle most of the time , but he finally relents and allows her to enjoy a life of her own . However , her life is devoted mostly to his , and most of their problems stem from her love and affection towards Tony , and her desire to please him and fulfill her ancient heritage as a genie , especially when he does not want her to do so . His efforts to cover up Jeannie 's antics , because of his fear that he would be dismissed from the space program if her existence were known , brings him to the attention of NASA 's resident psychiatrist , U.S. Air Force Colonel Dr. Alfred Bellows . In a running gag , Dr. Bellows tries over and over to prove to his superiors that Tony is either crazy or hiding something , but he is always foiled ( `` He 's done it to me , again ! '' ) and Tony 's job remains secure . A frequently used plot device is that Jeannie loses her powers when she is confined in a closed space . She is unable to leave her bottle when it is corked , and under certain circumstances , the person who removed the cork would become her new master . A multiple - episode story arc involves Jeannie ( in miniature ) becoming trapped in a safe when it is accidentally locked . Eden with husband Michael Ansara as The Blue Djinn ( 1966 ) Tony 's best friend and fellow astronaut , United States Army Corps of Engineers Captain Roger Healey , does not know about Jeannie for several episodes ; when he finds out ( in the episode `` The Richest Astronaut in the Whole Wide World '' ( January 15 , 1966 ) ) , he steals her so he can live in luxury , but not for long before Tony reclaims his status as Jeannie 's master . Roger is often shown trying to make a quick buck or girl - crazy , and hopes to claim Jeannie so he can use her to live a princely life or gain beautiful girlfriends , but overall he is respectful that Tony is Jeannie 's master , and later her husband . Both Tony and Roger are promoted to the rank of major late in the first season . In later seasons , Roger 's role is retconned to portray him knowing about Jeannie from the beginning ( i.e. , to him having been with Tony on the space flight that touched down , and thus having seen Jeannie introduce herself to Tony ) . Jeannie 's evil fraternal twin sister , mentioned in a second - season episode ( also named Jeannie and also portrayed by Barbara Eden in a brunette wig ) , proves to have a mean streak starting in the third season ( demonstrated in her initial appearance in `` Jeannie or the Tiger ? '' ( September 19 , 1967 ) ) , repeatedly trying to steal Tony for herself , with her as the real `` master '' . Her final attempt in the series comes right after Tony and Jeannie get married , with a ploy involving a man played by Barbara Eden 's real - life husband at the time , Michael Ansara ( in a kind of in - joke , while Jeannie 's sister pretends to be attracted to him , she privately scoffs at him ) . The evil sister , whose name is never revealed , wears a green costume , with a skirt rather than pantaloons . Early in the fifth season ( September 30 , 1969 ) , Jeannie is called upon by her Uncle Sully ( Jackie Coogan ) to become queen of their family 's native country , Basenji . Tony inadvertently gives grave offense to Basenji national pride in their feud with neighboring Kasja . To regain favor , Tony is required by Sully to marry Jeannie and avenge Basenji 's honor , by killing the ambassador from Kasja when he visits NASA . After Sully puts Tony through an ordeal of nearly killing the ambassador , Tony responds in a fit of anger that he is fed up with Sully and his cohorts and he would not marry Jeannie if she were `` the last genie on earth '' . Hearing this , Jeannie bitterly leaves Tony and returns to Basenji . With Jeannie gone , Tony realizes how deeply he loves her . That outweighs all concerns he has had about Jeannie 's threat to his career . He flies to Basenji to win Jeannie back . Upon their return to NASA , Tony introduces Jeannie as his fiancée , in which she attires herself as a modern American woman in public and it is easily accepted Tony found a girlfriend . This changed the show 's premise in that instead of the avoidance of Jeannie 's exposure , it was to hide her magical abilities . This is contrary to the mythology created by Sidney Sheldon 's own season - two script for `` The Birds and Bees Bit '' , in which it was claimed that , upon marriage , a genie loses all of her magical powers . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Barbara Eden as Jeannie Larry Hagman as Captain / Major Anthony `` Tony '' Nelson Bill Daily as Captain / Major Roger Healey Hayden Rorke as Dr. Alfred Bellows Recurring ( edit ) Philip Ober as Brig. Gen. Wingard Stone ( season 1 , episodes 1 and 4 ) Karen Sharpe as Melissa ( season 1 , episodes 1 and 4 ) Florence Sundstrom as Jeannie 's mother ( season 1 , episode 2 ) Lurene Tuttle as Jeannie 's mother ( season 1 , episode 14 ) Barton MacLane as Maj. Gen. Martin Peterson ( seasons 1 -- 4 ) Emmaline Henry as Amanda Bellows ( seasons 2 -- 5 ) Abraham Sofaer as Haji , the `` master of all the genies '' ( seasons 2 -- 3 ) Barbara Eden as Jeannie 's evil fraternal twin sister , Jeannie II ( seasons 3 -- 5 ) Vinton Hayworth as Maj. Gen. Winfield Schaeffer ( seasons 4 -- 5 ) Barbara Eden as Jeannie 's mother ( season 4 , episode 18 ) Production ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Tony and Jeannie . Background ( edit ) The series was created and produced by Sidney Sheldon in response to the great success of rival network ABC 's Bewitched series , which had debuted in 1964 as the second-most watched program in the United States . Sheldon , inspired by the movie The Brass Bottle , which had starred Tony Randall , Barbara Eden , and Burl Ives as the jinn Fakrash , conceived of the idea for a beautiful female genie . Both I Dream of Jeannie and Bewitched were Screen Gems productions . The show debuted at 8 pm , Saturday , September 18 , 1965 , on NBC . When casting was opened for the role of Jeannie , producer Sidney Sheldon could not find an actress who could play the role the way that he had written it . He did have one specific rule : He did not want a blonde genie , because the similarity with the blonde witch on Bewitched would be too much . However , after many unsuccessful auditions , he called Barbara Eden 's agent . When NBC began telecasting most of its prime - time television programs in color in fall 1965 , Jeannie was one of two regular programs on NBC that remained in black and white , in this case because of the special photographic effects employed to achieve Jeannie 's magic . By the second season , however , further work had been done on techniques to create the visual effects in color , necessary because by 1966 all prime - time series in the United States were being made in color . According to Dreaming of Jeannie , a book by Stephen Cox and Howard Frank , Sheldon originally wanted to film season one in color , but NBC did not want to pay for the extra expenses , as the network ( and Screen Gems ) believed the series would not make it to a second season . According to Sheldon in his autobiography The Other Side of Me , he offered to pay the extra US $400 an episode needed for color filming at the beginning of the series , but Screen Gems executive Jerry Hyams advised him : `` Sidney , do n't throw your money away . '' Opening sequence ( edit ) The first few episodes after the pilot ( episodes two through eight ) used a nonanimated , expository opening narrated by Paul Frees ; the narration mentions that Nelson lived in `` a mythical town '' named Cocoa Beach in `` a mythical state called Florida '' . The remaining episodes of that first season featured an animated sequence that was redone and expanded in season two , when the show switched from black and white to color . This new sequence , used from season 2 -- 5 , featured Captain Nelson 's space capsule splashing down on the beach , and Jeannie dancing out of her bottle ( modified to reflect its new decoration ) and then kissing Nelson . Both original versions of the show 's animated opening sequence were done by famed animator Friz Freleng . Setting ( edit ) Although the series was set in and around Cape Kennedy , Florida , and Nelson lived at 1020 Palm Drive in nearby Cocoa Beach , locales in California were used in place of those in Florida . The exterior of the building where Healey and he had offices was actually the main building at the Dryden Flight Research Center at Edwards Air Force Base , north of Los Angeles . `` If you look at some of those old ( episodes ) , it 's supposed to be shot in Cocoa Beach , but in the background you have mountains -- the Hollywood Hills , '' Bill Daily said . In actuality , the home of Major Nelson was filmed at the Warner Ranch , in Burbank ( on Blondie Street ) . Many exteriors were filmed at this facility . Interior filming was done at the Sunset Gower Studios in Hollywood . The cast and crew only made two visits to Florida 's Space Coast , both in 1969 . On June 27 , a parade in Cocoa Beach escorted Eden and the rest of the cast to Cocoa Beach City Hall , where she was greeted by fans and city officials . They were then taken to LC - 43 at Cape Canaveral where she pressed a button to launch a Loki - Dart weather rocket . They had dinner at Bernard 's Surf , where Eden was given the state of Florida 's Commodore Award for outstanding acting . Later , the entourage went to Lee Caron 's Carnival Club , where Eden was showered with gifts and kissed astronaut Buzz Aldrin on the cheek , just two weeks before the Apollo 11 launch . I Dream of Jeannie Lane sign in Cocoa Beach , Florida The cast and crew returned on November 25 , 1969 , for three days for a mock wedding of Eden and Hagman staged for television writers from around the nation ( timed to the airing of the nuptials episode on December 2 ) at the Patrick Air Force Base Officers Club . Then - Florida Governor Claude R. Kirk , Jr. , attended and cut the cake for the couple . Eden returned 27 years later , in July 1996 , as a featured speaker for Space Days at the Kennedy Space Center . Cocoa Beach Mayor Joe Morgan presented her an `` I Dream of Jeannie Lane '' street sign , later installed on a short street off Florida State Road A1A near Lori Wilson Park . On September 15 , 2005 , the area held a `` We Dream of Jeannie '' festival , including a Jeannie lookalike contest . Plans for one in 2004 were interrupted by Hurricane Frances and Hurricane Jeanne . However , a Jeannie lookalike contest was held in 2004 , with Bill Daily attending . On August 24 , 2012 , Cocoa Beach City leaders honored the show with a roadside plaque outside Lori Wilson Park . Jeannie 's origin ( edit ) In the first season , Jeannie clearly was originally a human who was turned into a genie by ( as later revealed ( Season 1 , Episode 2 : My Hero ? ) the Blue Djinn when she refused to marry him ( the term `` djinn '' is synonymous with `` genie '' ) . Several members of Jeannie 's family , including her parents , are rather eccentric , but none is a genie . Her mother describes the family as `` just peasants from the old country '' ( Season 1 , Episode 14 , What House Across the Street ? ) . The Blue Djinn was played by Barbara Eden 's first husband , Michael Ansara . In later seasons , he also played King Kamehameha ( Season 3 , Episode 15 The Battle of Waikiki ) , and Biff Jellico ( Season 5 , Episode 12 My Sister , the Homewrecker ) . The topic of Jeannie originally being human is restated in season two during the episode , `` How to be a Genie in 10 Easy Lessons '' . Jeannie mentions that she has a sister who is a genie , but the phrasing -- `` she was a genie when I left Baghdad '' -- does bring up the question of whether she , too , was born a genie . One small subplot that lasted over multiple episodes was WHEN Jeanie was born . In Season 2 , Episode 10 , `` The Girl Who Never Had a Birthday '' it was revealed that Jeanie was born in 46 BC and in Season 2 , Episode 13 `` My Master , the Great Caruso '' it was revealed that she was born on April 1 . In the third season , this continuity was changed retroactively and Jeannie was assumed to have always been a genie . All her relatives are then also genies , including , by the fourth season , her mother ( also played by Barbara Eden beginning in Season 4 , Episode 2 Jeannie and the Wild Pipchicks ) . This may have been done to increase the similarity with Bewitched , or simply to increase the number of possible plotlines . Whatever the reason , this new concept was retained for the rest of the series . The TV movie I Dream of Jeannie ... Fifteen Years Later ( 1985 ) reiterates most of Jeannie 's first - season origin when she tells her son , Tony Jr. , that she was trapped in her bottle by an evil djinn after she refused to marry him . ( No specific statement is given , however , about whether he turned her into a genie at that time or if she had been born one . ) In a 1966 paperback novel I Dream of Jeannie , by Dennis Brewster , published by Pocket Books , very loosely based on the series , Jeannie ( in the book , her real name is revealed as `` Fawzia '' ) and her immediate family were established in the story as genies living in Tehran hundreds of years before Tony found her bottle on an island in the Persian Gulf ( instead of the South Pacific , as depicted on TV ) . Theme music ( edit ) The first - season theme music was an instrumental jazz waltz written by Richard Wess . Eventually , Sidney Sheldon became dissatisfied with Wess 's theme and musical score . From the second season on , it was replaced by a new theme entitled `` Jeannie '' , composed by Hugo Montenegro with lyrics by Buddy Kaye . Episodes 20 and 25 used a rerecorded ending of `` Jeannie '' for the closing credits with new , longer drum breaks and a different closing riff . The lyrics were never used in the show . Songwriters Gerry Goffin and Carole King wrote a theme , called `` Jeannie '' , for Sidney Sheldon before the series started , but it was not used . In the third and fourth seasons of the show , another instrumental theme by Hugo Montenegro was introduced that was played during the show 's campy scenes . Simply titled `` Mischief '' , the theme was heard mainly on outdoor locations , showing the characters attempting to do something such as Jeannie learning to drive , Major Nelson arriving up the driveway , a monkey walking around , or reactions to Doctor Bellows . This theme featured the accompaniment of a sideshow organ , a trombone , and electric bass . It was introduced in the first episode of season 3 , `` Fly Me to the Moon '' . The I Dream of Jeannie theme music was sampled by Dutch dance music DJ Ben Liebrand for the 1990 re-release of American hip - hop artist Dimples D. 's single , `` Sucker DJ '' . The bottle ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Jeannie 's famous bottle was not created for the show . The actual bottle was a special Christmas 1964 Jim Beam liquor decanter containing `` Beam 's Choice '' bourbon whiskey . It was designed by Roy Kramer for the Wheaton Bottle Company . For years , Sidney Sheldon was said to have received one as a gift and thought it would be a perfect design for the series . Several people in the Screen Gems art department also take credit for finding the bottle . Strong evidence , however , indicates first season director Gene Nelson saw one in a liquor store and bought it , bringing it to Sheldon . Jeannie 's bottle was left in its original dark , smoke - green color , with a painted gold - leaf pattern ( to make it look like an antique ) , during the first season . The plot description of the pilot episode in TV Guide in September 1965 referred to it as a `` green bottle '' . In that first episode , it also looked quite rough and weathered . Since the show was originally filmed in black and white , a lot of colors and patterns were not necessary . When the show switched to color , the show 's art director came up with a brightly colored purple bottle to replace the original . The colorized version of the show 's first season tried to make out that the smoked glass look of the original gold - leaf design is in fact purple , to match the consistent look of the bottle used in the second through fifth seasons . The first season bottle had a clear glass stopper that Tony took from a 1956 Old Grand - Dad Bourbon bottle in his home , as the original stopper was left behind on the beach where Tony found Jeannie . In the first color episode , Jeannie returns to the beach , and her bottle is seen to have its original stopper ( painted to match the bottle ) , presumably retrieved by her upon her return there . The rest of the TV series ( and the movies ) used the original bottle stopper . ( During some close - ups , one can still see the plastic rings that hold the cork part of the stopper in place . ) During the first season , in black and white , the smoke effect was usually a screen overlay of billowing smoke , sometimes combined with animation . Early color episodes used a purely animated smoke effect . Sometime later , a live smoke pack , lifted out of the bottle on a wire , was used . Jeannie 's color - episodes bottle was painted mainly in pinks and purples , while the bottle for the Blue Djinn was a first - season design with a heavy green wash , and Jeannie 's sister 's bottle was simply a plain , unpainted Jim Beam bottle . No one knows exactly how many bottles were used during the show , but members of the production have estimated that 12 bottles were painted and used during the run of the series . The stunt bottle used mostly for the smoke effect was broken frequently by the heat and chemicals used to produce Jeannie 's smoke . In the pilot episode , several bottles were used for the opening scene on the beach ; one was drilled through the bottom for smoke , and another was used to walk across the sand and slip into Tony 's pack . Two bottles were used from promotional tours to kick off the first season , and one bottle was used for the first - season production . Barbara Eden got to keep the color stunt bottle used on the last day of filming the final episode of the television series . It was given to her by her make - up woman after the show was canceled while the show was on hiatus . According to the DVD release of the first season , Bill Daily owns an original bottle , and according to the Donny & Marie talk show , Larry Hagman also owned an original bottle . In the penultimate episode , `` Hurricane Jeannie '' , Nelson dreams that Dr. Bellows discovers Jeannie 's secret , and that Jeannie 's bottle is broken when dropped . A broken bottle is shown on camera . This was intended to be the series ' final episode and is often shown that way in syndication . Broadcast ( edit ) Main article : List of I Dream of Jeannie episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 30 September 18 , 1965 ( 1965 - 09 - 18 ) May 7 , 1966 ( 1966 - 05 - 07 ) 31 September 12 , 1966 ( 1966 - 09 - 12 ) April 24 , 1967 ( 1967 - 04 - 24 ) 26 September 12 , 1967 ( 1967 - 09 - 12 ) March 26 , 1968 ( 1968 - 03 - 26 ) 26 September 16 , 1968 ( 1968 - 09 - 16 ) May 12 , 1969 ( 1969 - 05 - 12 ) 5 26 September 16 , 1969 ( 1969 - 09 - 16 ) May 26 , 1970 ( 1970 - 05 - 26 ) TV movies October 20 , 1985 ( 1985 - 10 - 20 ) October 20 , 1991 ( 1991 - 10 - 20 ) Multipart story arcs ( edit ) On several occasions , multipart story arcs were created to serve as backgrounds for national contests . During the second season , in a story that is the focus of a two - part episode and a peripheral plot of two further episodes ( the `` Guess Jeannie 's Birthday '' contest began with the opening two - part episode on November 14 , 1966 , concluding with the name of the winner revealed after the end of the fourth episode , `` My Master , the Great Caruso '' , on December 5 ) , it was established that Jeannie did not know her birthday , and her family members could not agree when it was , either . Tony and Roger use NASA 's powerful new computer and horoscopic guidance based on Jeannie 's traits to calculate it . The year is quickly established as 64 BC , but only Roger is privy to the exact date and he decides to make a game out of revealing it . This date became the basis of the contest . Jeannie finally forces it out of him at the end of the fourth episode : April 1 . This date conflicts with the birthday given to her in the season 1 episode `` G.I. Jeannie '' : July 1 . In a third - season four - part episode ( `` Genie , Genie , Who 's Got the Genie ? '' January 16 -- February 6 , 1968 ) , Jeannie is locked in a safe bound for the moon . Any attempt to force the safe or use the wrong combination will destroy it with an explosive . Jeannie is in there so long that whoever opens the safe will become her master . The episodes spread out over four weeks , during which a contest was held to guess the safe 's combination . This explains why Larry Hagman is never seen saying the combination out loud : His mouth is hidden behind the safe or the shot is on Jeannie when he says it . The combination was not decided until just before the episode aired , with Hagman 's voice dubbed in . Over the closing credits , Barbara Eden announced and congratulated the contest winner , with 4 -- 9 -- 7 as the winning combination . In the fourth season , a two - part episode , `` The Case Of My Vanishing Master '' ( January 6 -- 13 , 1969 ) , concerned Tony being taken to a secret location somewhere in the world , while a perfect double took his place at home . A contest was held to guess the location where Tony had been taken . Unlike earlier contests , the answer was not revealed within the story . At the end of `` Invisible House For Sale '' ( February 3 , 1969 ) , a special `` contest epilogue '' had Jeannie and Tony reveal to the audience the `` secret location '' , Puerto Rico , followed by the name of the `` Grand Prize Winner '' . Reception ( edit ) Nielsen ratings ( edit ) Season Time Rank Rating 1965 -- 66 Saturday at 8 : 00 - 8 : 30 PM # 27 21.8 ( tie ) 1966 -- 67 Monday at 8 : 00 - 8 : 30 PM Not in the Top 30 1967 -- 68 Tuesday at 7 : 30 - 8 : 00 PM 1968 -- 69 Monday at 7 : 30 - 8 : 00 PM # 26 20.7 1969 -- 70 Tuesday at 7 : 30 - 8 : 00 PM Not in the Top 30 Syndication ( edit ) When reruns debuted on New York 's WPIX , Jeannie won its time period with a 13 rating and a 23 share of the audience . The series averaged a 14 share and 32 share of the audience when WTTG in Washington , DC began airing the series . It was the first off - network series to best network competition in the ratings : `` The big switch no doubt representing the first time in rating history that indies ( local stations ) have knocked over the network stations in a primetime slot was promoted by WPIX 's premiere of the off - web Jeannie reruns back to back from 7 to 8 pm . '' Reunion movies ( edit ) Two made - for - television reunion movies were made that followed the further exploits of Jeannie and Tony in the successive years . For various reasons , Larry Hagman did not reprise his role as Anthony Nelson in either of these reunion movies . In 1985 , Wayne Rogers played the role of retiring Colonel Nelson in I Dream of Jeannie ... Fifteen Years Later . In 1991 , I Still Dream of Jeannie was released with Hagman 's Dallas co-star Ken Kercheval essentially playing the role of Jeannie 's `` master '' . A third film was planned , but never finalized . Animated series ( edit ) Hanna - Barbera Productions produced an animated series Jeannie . This animated series is completely separate from the Eden live - action series . Jeannie the animated series was originally broadcast from September 1973 to 1975 , which featured Jeannie ( voiced by Julie McWhirter ) and genie - in - training Babu ( voiced by former Three Stooges star Joe Besser ) as the servants of Corey Anders , a high - school student and surfer ( voiced by Mark Hamill ) . Factual and geographic errors ( edit ) NASA astronauts did not live in Florida at the time of the series . Since 1962 , they lived and trained at the Manned Spacecraft Center ( now Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center ) in Houston . Many of the exterior shots of Tony 's home or other areas show mountains or hills in the background . The actual respective terrains of Florida and southeast Texas -- where the real - life astronauts of that time lived and trained -- are flat ( especially the areas around Cape Canaveral and Cocoa Beach where the Nelsons were shown to have lived in the sitcom ) . In popular culture ( edit ) Philadelphia punk rock band The Dead Milkmen has a song called `` I Dream of Jesus '' , in which the singer 's mother finds Jesus who is trapped inside a bottle . The song appears on the 1993 album Not Richard , but Dick . `` I Dream of Jesus '' is also the title of a Family Guy episode . In The Monkees episode `` The Spy Who Came in from the Cool '' , Davy Jones rubs a small table lamp when a beautiful harem - costumed genie ( not Barbara Eden ) emerges from a puff of smoke and assures her `` master '' that she will help him . A bemused Jones remarks , `` Imagine that -- wrong show ! '' On Tom 's Album , a compilation of versions of the song `` Tom 's Diner '' , a parody by Mark Jonathan Davis is called `` Jeannie 's Diner '' , which references and samples I Dream of Jeannie . In Ferris Bueller 's Day Off , star Matthew Broderick dances to the I Dream Of Jeannie theme song . The Big Time Rush episode `` Big Time Songwriters '' contains a scene where Erin Sanders is dressed like Barbara Eden while reading a script for a movie or television show called `` Teen Genie '' . Episode 15 of season 6 of the supernatural TV series Charmed was called `` I Dream of Phoebe '' . In it , Phoebe Halliwell ( Alyssa Milano ) is turned into a genie , and wears a pale blue version of `` Jeanie 's '' costume . Indian serial Jeannie Aur Juju is based on this series . In The Bob Newhart Show 19th Anniversary special , Bob Hartley talks with his friends about the strange dream he had of being an innkeeper in Vermont . At one point , his neighbor Howard Borden recalls his own strange dream about being an astronaut in Florida , which leads to several I Dream of Jeannie clips with Roger Healey . ( Actor Bill Daily had played both roles . ) During the song in `` Stan of Arabia : Part 1 '' , Stan Smith ( the `` American Dad ! '' ) sings that he wants his wife to serve him in the same manner that Master Tony was served by Jeannie . The show 's title came from a 1854 parlor ballad , `` Jeanie with the Light Brown Hair '' by Stephen Foster , whose opening line says , `` I Dream of Jeanie with the light brown hair '' . I Dream of Jenna and This Ai n't I Dream of Jeannie XXX ( from the This Ai n't ... film series ) are porn parody film titles referring to I Dream of Jeannie , the former also being a play on porn actress Jenna Jameson 's name . In the X-Men episode `` Mojovision '' , the alien Mojo kidnaps most of the X-Men and casts them as his latest all - galaxy television hit . One of his TV shows featuring the X-Men is named I Dream of Jean ( starring Wolverine and Jean Grey ) , a play on both I Dream of Jeannie and Jean Grey . During the closing scene of A Very Brady Sequel , Barbara Eden cameos as Jeannie , crashing Mike and Carol Brady 's second wedding and introducing herself as Mike Brady 's wife . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Sheldon , Sidney ( Aug 1 , 2006 ) . The Other Side of Me . Hachette Digital , Inc . Jump up ^ James Henerson ( writer ) & Claudio Guzman ( director ) ( January 27 , 1969 ) . `` Ride ' Em Astronaut '' . I Dream of Jeannie . Season 4 . Episode 15 . NBC . Jump up ^ James Henerson ( writer ) & Hal Cooper ( director ) ( February 3 , 1969 ) . `` Invisible House For Sale '' . I Dream of Jeannie . Season 4 . Episode 16 . NBC . Jump up ^ Creech , Gray ( November 3 , 2005 ) . `` NASA on Classic TV '' . nasa.gov . ^ Jump up to : `` Cocoa Beach celebrates 40 years of I Dream of Jeannie '' . Associated Press . 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Osborne , Ray I Dream of Jeannie Days Jump up ^ `` ' I Dream of Jeannie ' gets historical marker in Cocoa Beach '' . Central Florida News 13 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Cox , Stephen ; Howard Frank ( 2000 - 03 - 18 ) . Dreaming of Jeannie : TV 's Prime Time in a Bottle . St. Martin 's Griffin . ISBN 0 - 312 - 20417 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings > 1965 -- 1966 '' . ClassicTVHits.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` ClassicTCHits.com : TV Ratings > 1966 -- 1967 '' . Classictvhits.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings > 1967 -- 1968 '' . ClassicTVHits.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings > 1968 -- 1969 '' . ClassicTVHits.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings > 1969 -- 1970 '' . ClassicTVHits.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ Variety , October 6 , 1971 . Jump up ^ Variety , September 22 , 1971 . Jump up ^ Variety , October 6 , 1971 . Jump up ^ `` I Dream Of Jesus '' , by The Dead Milkmen ( Lyrics Time ) Jump up ^ Green , Anna ( 2015 - 11 - 10 ) . `` 11 Magical Facts About ' I Dream of Jeannie ' '' . Mental Floss . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ Erin Sanders : Big Time Rush episode `` Big Time Songwriters '' ( Childstarlets.com ) Jump up ^ `` Charmed , I Dream of Phoebe , Season 6 '' . Tntdrama.com . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 05 . Further reading ( edit ) Cox , Stephen ; Howard Frank ( 2000 ) . Dreaming of Jeannie : TV 's Prime Time in a Bottle . St. Martin 's Griffin . ISBN 0 - 312 - 20417 - 5 . Sheldon , Sidney ( 2005 ) . The Other Side Of Me . Warner Books . ISBN 0 - 446 - 53267 - 3 . Brewster , Dennis ( 1966 ) . I Dream Of Jeannie ( novel ) . Pocket Books . Kluger , Jeffery ( 1994 ) . Apollo 13 : Lost Moon . Pocket Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 618 - 61958 - 0 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : I Dream of Jeannie Wikimedia Commons has media related to I Dream of Jeannie . Television in the United States portal 1960s portal Barbara `` Jeannie '' Eden 's Official Website TV Land buys back the rights to I Dream of Jeannie I Dream of Jeannie on IMDb I Dream of Jeannie at TV.com Anthony ( Tony ) Nelson , fictitious astronaut -- Encyclopedia Astronautica Roger Healey , fictitious astronaut -- Encyclopedia Astronautica I Dream of Jeannie Cast Main characters Jeannie Major Anthony `` Tony '' Nelson Major Roger Healey Dr. Alfred Bellows Amanda Bellows Jeannie II General Martin Peterson General Winfield Schaeffer Episodes Pilot : `` The Lady in the Bottle '' Seasons : 1 5 TV movies I Dream of Jeannie ... Fifteen Years Later ( 1985 ) I Still Dream of Jeannie ( 1991 ) Animated series Jeannie ( 1973 -- 75 ) Cast Barbara Eden Larry Hagman Bill Daily Hayden Rorke Emmaline Henry Barton MacLane Vinton Hayworth Crew Sidney Sheldon Claudio Guzman Hal Cooper Gene Nelson Hugo Montenegro Works by Sidney Sheldon Novels The Naked Face The Other Side of Midnight A Stranger in the Mirror Bloodline Rage of Angels Master of the Game If Tomorrow Comes Windmills of the Gods The Sands of Time Memories of Midnight The Doomsday Conspiracy The Stars Shine Down Nothing Lasts Forever Morning , Noon and Night The Best Laid Plans Tell Me Your Dreams The Sky is Falling Are You Afraid of the Dark ? Non-fiction The Other Side of Me Television The Patty Duke Show I Dream of Jeannie Nancy Hart to Hart Adaptations The Other Side of Midnight ( 1977 ) Bloodline ( 1979 ) Rage of Angels ( 1983 ) Master of the Game ( 1984 ) If Tomorrow Comes ( 1986 ) Windmills of the Gods ( 1988 ) Memories of Midnight ( 1991 ) Kshana Kshana ( 2007 ) Tilly Bagshawe novels Sidney Sheldon 's Mistress of the Game ( 2009 ) Sidney Sheldon 's After the Darkness ( 2010 ) Sidney Sheldon 's The Tides of Memory ( 2013 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Dream_of_Jeannie&oldid=803196553 '' Categories : 1965 American television series debuts 1970 American television series endings 1960s American comedy television series 1970s American comedy television series American fantasy television series NBC network shows American television sitcoms Television series by Sony Pictures Television Television shows set in Florida Genies in television Television series about space programs I Dream of Jeannie Television series created by Sidney Sheldon Television programs adapted into films Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2012 All articles needing additional references Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Articles needing additional references from May 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2010 Articles needing additional references from December 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 1 October 2017 , at 02 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who wrote i dream of jeannie theme song | [
"The series was created and produced by Sidney Sheldon in response to the great success of rival network ABC's Bewitched series, which had debuted in 1964 as the second-most watched program in the United States. Sheldon, inspired by the movie The Brass Bottle, which had starred Tony Randall, Barbara Eden, and Burl Ives as the jinn Fakrash, conceived of the idea for a beautiful female genie. Both I Dream of Jeannie and Bewitched were Screen Gems productions. The show debuted at 8 pm, Saturday, September 18, 1965, on NBC."
] | [
"Sidney Sheldon"
] |
-3581542761792845186 | Game Night (film) | Game Night ( film ) - wikipedia Game Night ( film ) Game Night Theatrical release poster Directed by John Francis Daley Jonathan Goldstein Produced by John Davis John Fox Jason Bateman James Garavente Written by Mark Perez Starring Jason Bateman Rachel McAdams Billy Magnussen Sharon Horgan Lamorne Morris Kylie Bunbury Jesse Plemons Michael C. Hall Kyle Chandler Music by Cliff Martinez Cinematography Barry Peterson Edited by Jamie Gross Gregory Plotkin David Egan Production company New Line Cinema Access Entertainment Davis Entertainment Aggregate Films Dune Entertainment Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures Release date February 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 23 ) ( United States ) Running time 100 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $37 million Box office $117.4 million Game Night is a 2018 American black comedy film directed by John Francis Daley and Jonathan Goldstein and written by Mark Perez . It stars Jason Bateman and Rachel McAdams , and follows a group of friends whose game night turns into a real - life mystery after one of them is kidnapped by apparent burglars . The film 's supporting cast includes Billy Magnussen , Sharon Horgan , Lamorne Morris , Kylie Bunbury , Jesse Plemons , Michael C. Hall and Kyle Chandler . Warner Bros. Pictures released the film on February 23 , 2018 . It was a commercial and critical success , grossing $117 million worldwide and receiving praise for its dark humor and the cast 's performances . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Filming 4 Release 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Married competitive gamer couple Max ( Jason Bateman ) and Annie ( Rachel McAdams ) are trying to have a child , but their attempts are unsuccessful due to Max 's stress surrounding his feelings of inadequacy when compared to his successful , attractive brother Brooks ( Kyle Chandler ) . During Max and Annie 's routine weekend game night with their friends Ryan ( Billy Magnussen ) , and married couple Kevin ( Lamorne Morris ) and Michelle ( Kylie Bunbury ) , Brooks shows up Max by arriving in a Corvette Stingray ( Max 's dream car ) and sharing an embarrassing childhood story about Max . Brooks offers to host the next game night at a house he 's renting while he 's in town . Meanwhile , Max and Annie are trying to keep their game nights secret from their neighbor Gary ( Jesse Plemons ) , an awkward police officer after his divorce from their friend Debbie . When the guests , including Ryan 's new date , Sarah ( Sharon Horgan ) , arrive at Brooks ' house the following week , Brooks says he 's initiated an interactive role - playing mystery game , promising the winner his Stingray . A man dressed as an FBI agent ( Jeffrey Wright ) bursts into the home and informs them of the narrative of the mystery , only for two masked men to break in and assault him and Brooks . The guests believe the assault is part of the game . After Brooks is dragged out of the house , the couples begin to solve the mystery using the clues left behind by the actor . Using his GPS location , Max and Annie track Brooks down to a seedy bar and , using a pistol left behind by Brooks during the struggle ( which they believe to be fake ) , manage to take the keys to the storage closet , where Brooks is being held . After Annie mistakenly fires the gun and shoots Max in the arm , confirming the weapon is real and that they are in actual danger , the three escape . Brooks admits that he actually makes his living buying and selling illegal items on the black market , in particular a Fabergé egg sought by a man known only as the Bulgarian and owned by a man using the alias Marlon Freeman . With his captors in pursuit , Brooks exits the moving car to guarantee Max and Annie 's escape . Eventually , the others learn what they 've become involved in , avoiding police because of Brooks ' warnings . Trying to determine the identities of the Bulgarian ( Michael C. Hall ) and Marlon Freeman ( Danny Huston ) , they show up at Gary 's house , under the false pretense of a game night , in order to use his police computer , where Max discovers the address of Marlon Freeman ( real name : Donald Anderton ) . The group leaves Gary 's house and arrives at Anderton 's address , where he is hosting an underground fight club . As the others search the house , Ryan spots the egg in a wall safe and is caught trying to steal it . The group escapes with the egg , but accidentally break it . They discover the egg is a worthless fake , but end up finding a list of names that was stored inside of it , realizing this was what the Bulgarian wanted . The group finds Brooks and his captors on an under - construction bridge and move in to rescue him . Before the captors are able to kill them , the group is saved by Gary , who is then shot in the chest . Max and Annie try to encourage him to pull through by promising to invite him to every future game night . Gary then reveals that he faked the entire scenario in an attempt to trick them into letting him join game night again . He is , however , unaware about the egg , and they are immediately attacked by the real Bulgarian , who captures Brooks after he swallows the list , revealed to be people in the witness protection program . Max and Annie use Brooks ' Corvette to drive to the airport and stop the Bulgarian from taking off with Brooks in his jet . They knock the Bulgarian out , tie him up , and free Brooks . Three months later , Brooks , now under house arrest for his crimes , has managed to sell the list for $3 million . Meanwhile , Annie has finally become pregnant . While the group ( including an inept Gary ) are continuing their game night , men with guns get ready to storm the building . Cast ( edit ) Jason Bateman as Max Davis , Annie 's husband . Rachel McAdams as Annie Davis , Max 's wife . Kyle Chandler as Brooks Davis , Max 's brother Billy Magnussen as Ryan Huddle , one of Max and Annie 's friends . Sharon Horgan as Sarah Darcy , Ryan 's co-worker and love interest Lamorne Morris as Kevin Sterling , Michelle 's husband . Kylie Bunbury as Michelle Sterling , Kevin 's wife . Jesse Plemons as Gary Kingsbury , Max and Annie 's neighbor . Michael C. Hall as The Bulgarian Danny Huston as Donald Anderton Chelsea Peretti as Glenda Camille Chen as Dr. Chin Zerrick Williams as Val Joshua Mikel as Colin Michael Cyril Creighton as Bill Olivia as Bastian , Gary Kingsbury 's dog Additionally , the film 's directors John Francis Daley and Jonathan Goldstein cameo as Carter and Dan , respectively . Malcolm Hughes appears as Kenny ( credited as `` Not Denzel '' ) , while Jessica Lee appears as Debbie , Gary 's ex-wife . Jeffrey Wright makes an uncredited cameo as an actor playing Agent Ron Henderson , an FBI Agent . Production ( edit ) On May 24 , 2016 , Warner Bros . ' New Line Cinema hired Jonathan Goldstein and John Francis Daley to rewrite and direct the film Game Night , which Jason Bateman produced through Aggregate Films . While Daley and Goldstein did not receive screenwriter credit , they later said they rewrote `` almost all of the original script 's dialogue , totally overhauled the characters -- most notably a creepy cop portrayed by Jesse Plemons -- and comprehensively reworked the original script 's third act . '' In January 2017 , Rachel McAdams , Bateman , and Jesse Plemons were cast in the film 's lead roles . In February 2017 , Kylie Bunbury joined the cast , while in March , Lamorne Morris , Billy Magnussen , Kyle Chandler , and Sharon Horgan were also added . In April 2017 , Jeffrey Wright was cast in the film as an FBI agent , a role he ultimately played uncredited . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography on the film began in early April 2017 in Atlanta , Georgia , US . Release ( edit ) Warner Bros. Pictures had originally scheduled Game Night for release on February 14 , 2018 . The date was later pushed back to March 2 , 2018 , before being moved up to February 23 , 2018 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Game Night grossed $69 million in the United States and Canada , and $48.4 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $117.4 million , against a production budget of $37 million . In the United States and Canada , Game Night was released alongside Annihilation and Every Day , and was projected to gross $13 -- 21 million from 3,488 theaters in its opening weekend . The film made $5.6 million on its first day ( including $1 million from Thursday night previews ) . It ended up grossing $16.6 million over the weekend , finishing second , behind holdover Black Panther . The film dropped 38.8 % in its second weekend to $10.4 million ( above average for a comedy ) , and finished 4th , behind Black Panther and newcomers Red Sparrow and Death Wish . It made $7.9 million in its third weekend , $5.6 million in its fourth and $4.1 million in its fifth . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film holds an approval rating of 83 % , based on 194 reviews , with a weighted average of 6.8 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` With a talented cast turned loose on a loaded premise -- and a sharp script loaded with dark comedy and unexpected twists -- Game Night might be more fun than the real thing . '' On Metacritic , which assigns a weighted average rating to reviews , the film has an average score of 66 out of 100 , based on 39 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B + '' on an A+ to F scale , while PostTrak reported filmgoers gave it a 78 % overall positive score . Writing for Variety , Owen Gleiberman gave the film a positive review , saying `` Even at 100 minutes , Game Night pushes its premise to the wall of synthetic escapism . Yet the movie manipulates its audience in cunning and puckish ways . It 's no big whoop , but you 're happy to have been played . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` GAME NIGHT ( 15 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game Night ( 2018 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Spider - Man ' Homecoming ' Scribes On Board For ' Game Night ' At New Line '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lee , Chris ( 21 June 2018 ) . `` How Game Night Broke Modern Comedy 's Rules to Win at the Box Office '' . Vulture.com . Retrieved 12 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( January 4 , 2017 ) . `` Jason Bateman and Rachel McAdams to Star in Comedy ' Game Night ' '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` Jesse Plemons Joins Jason Bateman in New Line Comedy ' Game Night ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( February 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Pitch ' Star Kylie Bunbury Joins Jason Bateman 's Comedy ' Game Night ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( March 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' New Girl ' Star Lamorne Morris Joins Jason Bateman Comedy ' Game Night ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` Billy Magnussen Joining ' Game Night ' Opposite Jason Bateman & Rachel McAdams '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( March 22 , 2017 ) . `` Emmy Winner Kyle Chandler Joins New Line 's ' Game Night ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game Night ' Gains Another Player In Sharon Horgan '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( April 4 , 2017 ) . `` Jeffrey Wright Joins Jason Bateman in ' Game Night ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hensley , Ellie ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` New Line 's ' Game Night ' filming in Atlanta '' . Atlanta Business Chronicle . American City Business Journals . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ InqPOP ! ( April 21 , 2017 ) . `` It 's game on as shooting begins on New Line Cinema 's `` Game Night '' `` . InqPOP ! . Philippine Daily Inquirer . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Godzilla Vs. Kong ' , ' Game Night ' Among Many Warner Bros. Release Date Changes For 2018 & Beyond '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` Warner Bros / New Line Change Up ' Game Night ' Again Next Year -- Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( February 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Posts Record $21 M Pre-Summer Tuesday ; Second Weekend To Reap $104 M - $109 M '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( February 25 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Breaks More Records : $108 M Second Weekend Is Second - Best Ever As Marvel Movie Heads For $400 M '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved February 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( March 4 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Busts Past Half Billion ; ' Red Sparrow ' Flies Low With $17 M -- Sunday AM B.O. Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved March 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( March 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Rules 4th Frame With $41 M+ ; ' A Wrinkle In Time ' At $33 M+ : A Diversity & Disney Dominant Weekend '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved April 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results for March 16 - 18 , 2018 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results for March 23 - 25 , 2018 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Game Night ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved June 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Game Night Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( February 20 , 2018 ) . `` Film Review : ' Game Night ' '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website Game Night on IMDb Films by John Francis Daley and Jonathan Goldstein Films directed Vacation ( 2015 ) Game Night ( 2018 ) Films written Horrible Bosses ( 2011 ) The Incredible Burt Wonderstone ( 2013 ) Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs 2 ( 2013 ) Horrible Bosses 2 ( 2014 ) Spider - Man : Homecoming ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Game_Night_(film)&oldid=854487875 '' Categories : 2018 films English - language films American black comedy films American mystery films American comedy thriller films American films 2010s black comedy films 2010s mystery films 2010s thriller films Comedy mystery films Davis Entertainment films New Line Cinema films Films shot in Atlanta Films scored by Cliff Martinez Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 August 2018 , at 18 : 34 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who plays ryan in the movie game night | [
"Jason Bateman as Max Davis, Annie's husband.\nRachel McAdams as Annie Davis, Max's wife.\nKyle Chandler as Brooks Davis, Max's brother\nBilly Magnussen as Ryan Huddle, one of Max and Annie's friends.\nSharon Horgan as Sarah Darcy, Ryan's co-worker and love interest\nLamorne Morris as Kevin Sterling, Michelle's husband.\nKylie Bunbury as Michelle Sterling, Kevin's wife.\nJesse Plemons as Gary Kingsbury, Max and Annie's neighbor.\nMichael C. Hall as The Bulgarian\nDanny Huston as Donald Anderton\nChelsea Peretti as Glenda\nCamille Chen as Dr. Chin\nZerrick Williams as Val\nJoshua Mikel as Colin\nMichael Cyril Creighton as Bill\nOlivia as Bastian, Gary Kingsbury's dog"
] | [
"Billy Magnussen"
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-3239250409984053751 | Zachary Quinto | Zachary Quinto - wikipedia Zachary Quinto Zachary Quinto Quinto at the 2016 San Diego Comic - Con International Zachary John Quinto ( 1977 - 06 - 02 ) June 2 , 1977 ( age 41 ) Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , U.S. Residence Manhattan , New York City , U.S. Alma mater Carnegie Mellon University Occupation Actor producer Years active 2000 -- present Partner ( s ) Miles McMillan ( 2013 -- present ) Zachary John Quinto ( / ˈkwɪntoʊ / ; born June 2 , 1977 ) is an American actor and film producer . He is best known for his roles as Sylar on the science fiction drama series Heroes ( 2006 -- 2010 ) , Spock in the reboot Star Trek ( 2009 ) and its sequels Star Trek Into Darkness ( 2013 ) and Star Trek Beyond ( 2016 ) , as well as his Emmy nominated performance in American Horror Story : Asylum . His other film roles include Margin Call , What 's Your Number ? , Hitman : Agent 47 , Snowden , and Hotel Artemis . He also appeared in smaller roles on television series such as So NoTORIous , The Slap , and 24 . Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 4.3 Stage 4.4 Video games 5 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links Early life ( edit ) Quinto was born in Pittsburgh , and grew up in the suburb of Green Tree , Pennsylvania . He attended Saints Simon and Jude Catholic School ( closed 2010 ) . His mother , Margaret J. `` Margo '' ( née McArdle ) , worked at an investment firm and later at a magistrate 's office . His father , Joseph John `` Joe '' Quinto , a barber , died of cancer when Quinto was seven years old . Quinto and his brother , Joe , were subsequently raised by their mother . He grew up Catholic . His father was of Italian descent , while his mother is of Irish ancestry . Quinto graduated from Central Catholic High School in 1995 , where he participated in its musicals and won the Gene Kelly Award for Best Supporting Actor , and then attended Carnegie Mellon University 's School of Drama , from which he graduated in 1999 . Career ( edit ) Quinto first appeared on television in the short - lived television series The Others , and appeared as a guest star on shows including CSI , Touched by an Angel , Charmed , Six Feet Under , Lizzie McGuire , and L.A. Dragnet . In 2003 , during the theatrical run of Endgame by Samuel Beckett , directed by Kristina Lloyd at the Odyssey Theatre in Los Angeles playing the role of Clov , he landed a recurring role as computer expert Adam Kaufman on the Fox series 24 ; Quinto appeared in 23 episodes of the third season . Quinto at the premiere party of Heroes ' third season in 2008 In 2006 , Quinto played the role of Sasan : the haughty , gay Iranian - American best friend of Tori Spelling on her VH1 series So NoTORIous . Later that year , he joined the cast of Heroes as Gabriel Gray , better known as the serial killer Sylar . He worked on the series until its cancellation in 2010 after four seasons . His casting as a young Spock in the J.J. Abrams - directed reboot of the Star Trek film franchise was officially announced at the 2007 Comic - Con . Speaking alongside Leonard Nimoy at a press conference to promote the first new Star Trek film , Quinto revealed that Nimoy had been given casting approval over who would play the role of the young Spock . `` For me Leonard 's involvement was only liberating , frankly , '' says Quinto . `` I knew that he had approval over the actor that would play young Spock , so when I got the role I knew from the beginning it was with his blessing . '' In a September 2008 interview , Abrams said of Quinto 's performance as Spock : `` Zachary brought a gravity and an incredible sense of humor , which is a wonderful combination because Spock 's character is deceivingly complicated . The revelation for me watching the movie , when I finally got to watch the whole thing after working on sequences , was that he is extraordinary . He was doing things I did n't even realize while we were shooting -- these amazing things to track his story . '' Quinto also made references to Star Trek 's historical record for diversity and inclusiveness in its casting and storylines , and said that he hoped the looming election of Barack Obama would build that dynamic towards the film 's May 2009 release date . After Star Trek , he appeared in the comedy short Boutonniere ( 2009 ) . It `` ... was a movie written and directed by my former landlady and friend , ( actress Coley Sohn ) . She called up and said , ' Would you do me a favor and be in my short film ? ' '' Karl Urban , Quinto , J.J. Abrams , and Chris Pine at the Star Trek Into Darkness Australian movie premiere in Sydney , April 2013 In 2008 , Quinto joined with Corey Moosa and Neal Dodson to form Before the Door Pictures . The company produced projects in film , television , new media , and published two graphic novels in a deal with comic book publisher Archaia Entertainment : they published a graphic novel called Mr. Murder is Dead , created by writer Victor Quinaz , closely followed by LUCID : A Matthew Dee Adventure written by writer / actor Michael McMillian . Quinto also starred in several comedy shorts . He played a strangely lovable kidnapper in `` Hostage : A Love Story '' , written by the comedy duo HoltandSteele , for Before the Door Pictures and www.FunnyOrDie.com . He also played a prospective dog adopter ( based on Quinto 's own experience ) in `` Dog Eat Dog '' , written and directed by Sian Heder , and premiered at the Los Angeles Film Festival in 2012 . Quinto has also kept up his theatre experience , which includes roles in a variety of productions , including classics such as Samuel Beckett 's Endgame at the Los Angeles Odyssey Theatres in 2003 , Shakespeare 's Much Ado About Nothing at the Los Angeles Shakespeare Festival and Intelligent Design of Jenny Chow at the Old Globe Theatre . From October 2010 to February 2011 , Quinto played the lead role of Louis Ironson in an Off - Broadway revival of Tony Kushner 's Angels in America at the Signature Theatre , New York City . For this role , Quinto received the Theatreworld Outstanding Debut Performance award . Quinto at a Midtown Comics signing in 2011 In 2013 , Quinto played the role of Tom Wingfield in the American Repertory Theatre 's production of The Glass Menagerie by Tennessee Williams . He was also in the Broadway reprisal of the production , in 2014 . In February 2016 , Zachary appeared in the New York premiere of MCC Theater 's Smokefall . In 2010 , Quinto 's company Before the Door Pictures produced Margin Call , an independent film about the financial crisis . Quinto played the role of Peter Sullivan in the film , in a cast that included Jeremy Irons , Kevin Spacey , Stanley Tucci , Penn Badgley and Demi Moore . Margin Call premiered in January 2011 at the Sundance Film Festival . Margin Call received an Oscar nomination for Best Original Screenplay , by J.C. Chandor . Quinto was an executive producer for Chandor 's next film All Is Lost ( 2013 ) with Robert Redford as the sole actor . Not leaving television behind , in October 2011 , Quinto began a recurring role on the FX series American Horror Story as Chad , former owner of the house . Quinto returned for the second season in one of the lead roles , as Dr. Oliver Thredson . In 2014 , Zachary and his Before the Door partners produced a Chris Moore project , The Chair , a documentary series on Starz that shows the process of two directors bringing their first feature to the screen . In 2015 , Quinto was a guest on the acclaimed TV series Girls and Hannibal . Movie-wise , Quinto reprised his role of Spock in Star Trek Into Darkness in 2013 and in Star Trek Beyond , released in 2016 . In addition , he played John Smith in Hitman : Agent 47 in 2015 . At the other end of the spectrum from the action - oriented Agent 47 , Quinto appeared opposite James Franco in the drama I Am Michael ( 2015 ) , a film that premiered at the Sundance Film Festival . In 2016 , he portrayed journalist Glenn Greenwald in the Edward Snowden biopic Snowden , narrated , as space scientist Pascal Lee , in the documentary film Passage to Mars , and appeared as himself in the documentary film For the Love of Spock . In 2018 , he starred in the Broadway play The Boys in the Band . He has modeled for magazines including GQ and August . Personal life ( edit ) Quinto publicly came out as gay in October 2011 . He explained that , after the suicide of gay teenager Jamey Rodemeyer , he realized `` that living a gay life without publicly acknowledging it is simply not enough to make any significant contribution to the immense work that lies ahead on the road to complete equality . '' Prior to his coming out , Quinto had long been an active supporter of gay rights and organizations , including the Trevor Project . In 2009 , he appeared in the one - night production Standing on Ceremony : The Gay Marriage Plays , a benefit stage reading in response to the passing of Proposition 8 , as well as in the play The Laramie Project : 10 Years Later , about the 1998 murder of Matthew Shepard . In 2010 , Quinto contributed a video to the It Gets Better Project , an Internet - based campaign that aims to prevent suicide among LGBT youth . In 2012 Quinto campaigned on behalf of Barack Obama , including appearing in the video Obama Pride : LGBT Americans For Obama . Quinto began dating model and painter Miles McMillan in the summer of 2013 . In early 2015 , the couple moved into a NoHo apartment they purchased together . In November 2015 Vogue magazine called them `` a power couple whose domain extends across the film , fashion , and art scene . '' In 2017 , Quinto criticized the timing of actor Kevin Spacey 's decision to come out as part of his response to allegations of sexual advances towards then - 14 - year - old actor Anthony Rapp . He called the manner of Spacey 's announcement `` deeply sad and troubling '' , feeling he had not stood up `` as a point of pride -- in the light of all his many awards and accomplishments -- thus inspiring tens of thousands of struggling LGBTQ kids around the world '' , but instead as `` a calculated manipulation to deflect attention from the very serious accusation that he attempted to molest one . '' Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2009 Star Trek Spock 2011 Margin Call Peter Sullivan Also producer Girl Walks into a Bar Nicolas `` Nick '' What 's Your Number ? Rick 2013 Star Trek Into Darkness Spock 2014 We 'll Never Have Paris Jameson 2015 I Am Michael Bennett Hitman : Agent 47 John Smith 2016 Tallulah Andreas Star Trek Beyond Spock Snowden Glenn Greenwald Passage to Mars Pascal Lee Voice 2017 Aardvark Josh Norman Also producer Who We Are Now Peter 2018 Hotel Artemis Crosby Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2000 The Others Tony Episode : `` Unnamed '' Touched by an Angel Mike Episode : `` When Sunny Gets Blue '' 2002 CSI : Crime Scene Investigation Mitchell Sullivan Episode : `` Anatomy of a Lye '' Off Centre Smudge Episode : `` Diddler on the Roof '' Lizzie McGuire Director Episode : `` Party Over Here '' Haunted Paul Kingsley Episode : `` Grievous Angels '' The Agency Jay Lambert Episode : `` Air Lex '' 2003 Six Feet Under Hip Student Episode : `` The Eye Inside '' Charmed Warlock Episode : `` Cat House '' Miracles Messenger Episode : `` Battle at Shadow Ridge '' 2003 -- 2004 24 Adam Kaufman 23 episodes Dragnet Howard Simms Episode : `` Frame of Mind '' Hawaii Loomis Episode : `` No Man Is an Island '' Joan of Arcadia Pretentious Filmmaker God Episode : `` P.O.V. '' 2005 Blind Justice Scott Collins Episode : `` In Your Face '' 2006 Crossing Jordan Leo Fulton , Jr . Episode : `` Code of Ethics '' Twins Jason Episode : `` When I Move , You Move '' So Notorious Sasan 10 episodes 2006 -- 2010 Heroes Sylar 60 episodes 2008 Robot Chicken Archimedes Q. Porter / Sylar ( voice ) Episode : `` Bionic Cow '' 2011 American Horror Story : Murder House Chad Warwick 4 episodes 2012 -- 2013 American Horror Story : Asylum Oliver Thredson 12 episodes 2014 The Chair Himself 10 episodes 2015 The Slap Harry Apostolou 7 episodes Girls Ace 2 episodes Hannibal Neal Frank 2 episodes 2018 In Search of ... Himself Stage ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Angels in America Louis Ironson Signature Theatre Company Off - Broadway 2013 The Glass Menagerie Tom Wingfield American Repertory Theater Boston , MA 2013 The Glass Menagerie Tom Wingfield Booth Theatre Broadway 2016 Smokefall Footnote / Fetus Two / Samuel MCC Theater 2018 The Boys in The Band Harold Booth Theatre Video games ( edit ) Year Title Voice role 2000 Code Blue Monty Rodriguez 2006 24 : The Game Adam Kaufman Star Trek Online Khitomer Emergency Medical Hologram 2013 Star Trek Spock Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Work Result Gene Kelly Award for Best Supporting Actor The Pirates of Penzance Won 1995 Gene Kelly Award for Best Lead Actor 1776 Nominated 2007 TV Land Award for Future Classic Award Heroes Won Teen Choice Award for Choice TV Villain Nominated 2008 Teen Choice Award for Choice TV Villain Nominated 2009 Teen Choice Award for Choice TV Villain Nominated Teen Choice Award for Best Rumble ( shared with Chris Pine ) Star Trek Nominated Critics ' Choice Award for Best Cast Nominated Boston Society of Film Critics Award for Best Cast Won Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association for Best Ensemble Nominated People 's Choice Award for Favorite Breakout Movie Actor Nominated SFX Award for Best Actor Heroes , Star Trek Won 2011 Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Featured Actor in a Play Angels in America Nominated Theatre World Award Won Tina Award for Best Actor ( Play ) Won Tina Award for Best Ensemble ( Play ) Won Tina Award for Best Stage Duo ( shared with Christian Borle ) Won Gotham Award for Best Ensemble Performance Margin Call Nominated Phoenix Film Critics Society Award for Best Ensemble Acting Nominated 2012 Central Ohio Film Critics Association Award for Best Ensemble Nominated AACTA International Award for Best Film ( as producer ) Nominated Independent Spirit Award for Best First Feature ( as producer ) Won Robert Altman Award Won Saturn Award for Best Guest Starring Role on Television American Horror Story Nominated 2013 Critics ' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Movie / Miniseries American Horror Story : Asylum Won Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie Nominated PAAFTJ Television Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or TV Movie N / A PAAFTJ Television Award for Best Cast in a Miniseries or TV Movie N / A People 's Choice Award Favorite Movie Duo ( shared with Chris Pine ) Star Trek Into Darkness Nominated Elliot Norton Award for Outstanding Ensemble The Glass Menagerie Won 2014 Drama League Award for Distinguished Performance Nominated Broadway.com Audience Choice Award for Favorite Leading Actor in a Play Nominated BroadwayWorld.com Award for Best Leading Actor in a Play Nominated 2017 Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Film Star Trek Beyond Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Keck , William ( August 24 , 2007 ) . `` Celeb Watch : For Quinto , the next step is the final frontier '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2013 . Retrieved March 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Obituaries -- McArdle , Joseph A '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2013 . Retrieved March 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Zachary Quinto Biography '' . Tvguide.com . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2013 . Retrieved December 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Zachary Quinto '' . Hollywood.com . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2009 . Retrieved March 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sven Schumann ( April 23 , 2014 ) . `` Zachary Quinto -- The Talks '' . The Talks . Jump up ^ Rob Owen ( April 2 , 2006 ) . `` The Insiders : 4 / 2 / 06 '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Archived from the original on February 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Keegan , Rebecca ( October 20 , 2011 ) . `` Zachary Quinto rides a wave of professional , personal growth '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2013 . Retrieved March 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Margin Call '' . Carnegie Mellon University . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2013 . Retrieved July 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Pittsburgh CLO Education -- Gene Kelly Awards Alumni '' . Pittsburghclo.org . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2013 . Retrieved March 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kristina Lloyd , Director : ENDGAME with Zachary Quinto in LA . December 26 , 2007 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Life as absurdist comic ballet '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2014 . Retrieved January 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sylar coming back next season on ' Heroes ' '' . msnbc.msn.com . July 13 , 2007 . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2008 . Retrieved July 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Comic - Con : Zachary Quinto Is Spock '' . Empire Online . July 26 , 2007 . Retrieved July 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Pascale , Anthony ( July 23 , 2007 ) . `` Quinto as Spock deal almost done '' . Trekmovie.com . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Leonard Nimoy and Zachary Quinto : The Two Faces of Spock '' . SuicideGirls.com . May 3 , 2009 . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2013 . Retrieved March 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` J.J. Abrams on TV 's Fringe '' . SuicideGirls.com . September 5 , 2008 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2013 . Retrieved January 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Lovece , Frank . `` Zachary Quinto is ' Spock ' in new ' Star Trek ' '' , Newsday.com , May 6 , 2009 . Extended online version of print article , p . B4 Jump up ^ Owen , Rob . `` A Stars Trek ' '' , April 2009 . Archived December 10 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Before The Door Pictures official website , July 2009 . Archived October 28 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` zachary quinto endgame 2003 -- Google Search '' . Jump up ^ Bio . `` Zachary Quinto Official Website -- Bio '' . Zacharyquinto.com . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2013 . Retrieved December 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Brantley , Ben ( October 28 , 2010 ) . `` ' Angels in America ' at Peter Norton Space -- Review '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dziemianowicz , Joe ( October 29 , 2010 ) . `` ' Angels in America ' review : Zachary Quinto flies high in perfect revival of Tony Kushner play '' . Daily News . New York . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew ( June 7 , 2011 ) . `` 67th Annual Theatre World Awards Presented June 7 '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on December 11 , 2013 . Retrieved August 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cherry Jones , Zachary Quinto & Celia Keenan - Bolger to Lead THE GLASS MENAGERIE at A.R.T. in February '' . broadwayworld.com . October 18 , 2012 . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2014 . Retrieved March 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Broadway 's Glass Menagerie recoups investment , nytimes.com , January 7 , 2014 ; accessed May 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Zachary Quinto to Lead Cast of MCC Theater 's ' Smokefall ' Tip of the week '' . www.siamtrick.com . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Sundance Institute '' . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2013 . Retrieved May 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( March 2 , 2012 ) . `` Zachary Quinto Returning to FX 's ' American Horror Story ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tom Wilkinson and Zachary Quinto to appear in Snowden , theguardian.com ; accessed May 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Verne , Jules . `` Passage to Mars '' . julesverne.org . Retrieved February 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tribeca Tune In '' . Retrieved March 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Neal Broverman ( May 16 , 2018 ) . `` Boy in the Band Zachary Quinto on the State of Gay '' . The Advocate . Retrieved May 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` GQ TV '' . Gq-magazin.de . Archived from the original on May 29 , 2009 . Retrieved December 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Zachary Quinto website '' . Joequinto.com . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2013 . Retrieved December 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Zachary Quinto on His Financial Crisis Movie Margin Call , Playing the Villain , and Occupy Wall Street '' . New York Magazine . October 16 , 2011 . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2012 . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Zakarin , Jordan ( October 16 , 2011 ) . `` Zachary Quinto Comes Out As Gay in New York Magazine '' . Huffington Post . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2013 . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Zachary Quinto Quiet on Gay Rumors '' . The Advocate . October 25 , 2010 . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2011 . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wells , Duane ( September 10 , 2009 ) . `` Wed Alert '' . The Advocate . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2009 . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Zachary Quinto Comes Out as an Activist '' . The Advocate . October 19 , 2009 . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2011 . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Alex Godfrey ( October 26 , 2012 ) . `` Zachary Quinto on American Horror Story , Spock , and filthy slash fiction '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2012 . Retrieved November 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sauvalle , Julien ( July 19 , 2013 ) . `` Is Zach Quinto Dating Model Miles McMillan ? '' . Out.com . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ David , Mark ( December 30 , 2014 ) . `` Zachary Quinto and Miles MacMillan Buy Loft in Downtown Manhattan '' . Variety.com . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The interview : Zachary Quinto '' . Jump up ^ Barasch , Emily . `` Zachary Quinto , Miles McMillan , Jessica Joffe , and Olympia Scarry Toast the Dia Art Foundation 's Contribution '' . Vogue.com . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Madani , Doha ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` Kevin Spacey 's Emmy Honor Rescinded After Sexual Harassment Allegation '' . Huffington Post . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2017 . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sieczkowski , Cavan ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` Zachary Quinto Slams Kevin Spacey For Coming Out Amid Sexual Harassment Allegations '' . Huffington Post . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2017 . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Chair '' . Starz . Retrieved October 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cox , Gordon ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Matt Bomer , Jim Parsons , Zachary Quinto Lead Cast of Broadway ' Boys in the Band ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2017 . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Biography portal Pennsylvania portal Film portal Television portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Zachary Quinto . Official website Zachary Quinto on IMDb Zachary Quinto at the TCM Movie Database Zachary Quinto at AllMovie Critics ' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Movie / Miniseries Zachary Quinto ( 2013 ) Matt Bomer ( 2014 ) Bill Murray ( 2015 ) Jesse Plemons ( 2016 ) Sterling K. Brown ( 2016 ) Alexander Skarsgård ( 2017 ) BNE : XX4895877 BNF : cb167675622 ( data ) ISNI : 0000 0000 7729 647X LCCN : no2007105108 SUDOC : 143116851 VIAF : 9632017 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zachary_Quinto&oldid=854536515 '' Categories : 1977 births Living people Male actors of Italian descent 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors Activists from Pennsylvania American film producers American male film actors American male television actors American male stage actors American people of Irish descent American people of Italian descent Carnegie Mellon University College of Fine Arts alumni Gay actors LGBT entertainers from the United States LGBT people from Pennsylvania LGBT producers LGBT rights activists from the United States LGBT Roman Catholics Male actors from Pittsburgh Theatre World Award winners Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from May 2014 Infobox person using alma mater Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Latina Magyar മലയാളം მარგალური Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Slovenčina Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 34 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2018 , at 02 : 33 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who plays spock on the new star trek | [
"Zachary John Quinto (/ˈkwɪntoʊ/; born June 2, 1977) is an American actor and film producer. He is best known for his roles as Sylar on the science fiction drama series Heroes (2006–2010), Spock in the reboot Star Trek (2009) and its sequels Star Trek Into Darkness (2013) and Star Trek Beyond (2016), as well as his Emmy nominated performance in American Horror Story: Asylum. His other film roles include Margin Call, What's Your Number?, Hitman: Agent 47, Snowden, and Hotel Artemis. He also appeared in smaller roles on television series such as So NoTORIous, The Slap, and 24.\n"
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"Zachary John Quinto"
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-8395495115609944077 | Let Me In (film) | Let Me In ( film ) - wikipedia Let Me In ( film ) Let Me In Theatrical release poster Directed by Matt Reeves Produced by Donna Gigliotti Alex Brunner Simon Oakes Tobin Armbrust Guy East John Nordling Carl Molinder Nigel Sinclair ( Executive ) Screenplay by Matt Reeves Based on Screenplay and novel Let the Right One In by John Ajvide Lindqvist Starring Kodi Smit - McPhee Chloë Grace Moretz Elias Koteas Richard Jenkins Music by Michael Giacchino Cinematography Greig Fraser Edited by Stan Salfas Production companies EFTI Hammer Films Exclusive Media Group Distributed by Overture Films Relativity Media ( United States ) Paramount Pictures Icon Film Distribution ( United Kingdom ) Release date September 13 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 13 ) ( TIFF ) October 1 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 01 ) ( United States ) November 5 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 05 ) ( United Kingdom ) Running time 116 minutes Country United States United Kingdom Language English Budget $20 million Box office $24.1 million Let Me In is a 2010 American - British romantic horror film written and directed by Matt Reeves and starring Kodi Smit - McPhee , Chloë Grace Moretz , Elias Koteas , and Richard Jenkins . It is a remake of the 2008 Swedish film Let the Right One In . The film tells the story of a bullied 12 - year - old boy who develops a friendship with a female child vampire in Los Alamos , New Mexico in the early 1980s . Interest in producing an English - language version of Let the Right One In began in 2007 shortly before it was released to audiences . In 2008 , Hammer Films acquired the rights for the English adaptation and initially offered Tomas Alfredson , the director of the Swedish film , the opportunity to direct , which he declined . Reeves was then signed to direct and write the screenplay . Reeves made several changes for the English version such as altering the setting from Stockholm to New Mexico and renaming the lead characters . The film 's producers stated that their intent was to keep the plot similar to the original , yet make it more accessible to a wider audience . Principal photography began in early November 2009 , and concluded in January 2010 . The film 's budget was estimated to be $20 million . Let Me In premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 13 , 2010 , and was released in North America on October 1 , 2010 . The film was placed on several critics ' top - ten list . Many critics noted it as a rare Hollywood remake which stayed true to the original , while others criticized it for being too derivative of the Swedish film . The film earned $24 million in box office revenue worldwide , of which $12 million was earned in the United States and Canada . Moretz won several awards for her performance with critics praising the on - screen chemistry with her co-star , Smit - McPhee . Let Me In was released on DVD and Blu - ray in North America on February 1 , 2011 , and in the UK on March 14 , 2011 . An official comic book miniseries prequel titled Let Me In : Crossroads was released after the film which establishes the back - story of Abby and ends where the theatrical film begins . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Adapting and writing 3.3 Casting 3.4 Filming 3.5 Visual effects 3.6 Music and soundtrack 4 Release 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical response 4.3 Comic book prequel 4.4 Author 's response 4.5 Accolades 4.6 Home media 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) In March 1983 , in Los Alamos , New Mexico , a disfigured man is taken to the hospital . An unnamed police detective tries to question him about a recent murder . While the detective answers a call outside the room , the disfigured man jumps out of the window , leaving behind a note that reads `` I 'm sory Abby . '' Two weeks earlier , Owen , an unhappy and lonely 12 - year - old boy who is neglected by his divorcing parents , sees a young girl , Abby , and an older man moving in next door . Owen and Abby become close friends and start communicating by Morse code through the walls of their apartments . At school , a teenage bully named Kenny and two of his friends constantly terrorize Owen , who lies to his mother about it but tells Abby the truth . Abby encourages him to retaliate , and pledges to protect him . Abby 's companion , Thomas , abducts a local teenager and drains his blood into a jug , only to accidentally spill all of the jug 's contents . Starving , Abby attacks a neighbor and drinks his blood , killing him and forcing Thomas to dispose of the body . On another night , Thomas hides in the back of another car , but is discovered . In the ensuing struggle , the car falls into a ditch and flips over . Trapped , Thomas pours concentrated sulfuric acid on his face , rendering his features unrecognizable and bringing the story back to the first scene . Abby learns what happened and visits Thomas , who lets her drink his blood before falling to his death . That night , Owen is awakened by Abby , who insists he verbally invite her in . She spends the night in his bed and agrees to be his girlfriend . The next day , Owen 's class goes ice - skating on a river . Cornered by the bullies , Owen hits Kenny with a metal pole , splitting his left ear . At the same moment , the students spot the neighbor 's body encased in the ice . Later , Owen tries to make a blood pact with Abby . Seeing blood , Abby reveals her vampire form and flees , feeding on another neighbor . The next night , Abby admits to Owen that she is a vampire and that Thomas was not her father . Owen discovers an aged photo of her with Thomas as a young boy . Owen sneaks out to spend the night at Abby 's . In the morning , the detective forces his way into Abby 's apartment and finds her asleep , only to be distracted by Owen . Abby wakes and attacks the detective , killing him . Abby tells Owen she will have to leave town . They share a kiss and he watches tearfully as she enters a taxi and leaves . During swim class , Kenny , Jimmy ( Kenny 's older brother ) , and their friends ambush Owen and begin to drown him , only to be dismembered by Abby . The next day , Owen leaves town on a train , traveling with a large trunk . From inside , a message in Morse code is tapped out . Owen smiles and taps out a response . Cast ( edit ) See also : List of Let Me In characters Kodi Smit - McPhee as Owen , a 12 - year - old bullied schoolboy , later Abby 's boyfriend . Chloë Grace Moretz as Abby , a vampire who poses as Thomas 's daughter , later Owen 's girlfriend . Richard Jenkins as Thomas , Abby 's adult companion . Cara Buono as Owen 's mother . Elias Koteas as a detective investigating the murders caused by Abby . Koteas also provides the voice of Owen 's father . Sasha Barrese as Virginia , one of Abby 's victims . Dylan Minnette as Kenny , the bully who torments Owen . Ritchie Coster as Mr. Zorić Jimmy Jax Pinchak as Mark , one of Kenny 's friends . Nicolai Dorian as Donald , one of Kenny 's friends . Colin Moretz as Cashier Dylan Kenin as Larry , Virginia 's boyfriend . Brett DelBuono as Jimmy , the older brother of Kenny . Chris Browning as Jack , one of Abby 's victims . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) According to Hammer Films executive producer Nigel Sinclair , interest in the project initially began in the middle of 2007 , before the original Let the Right One In had screened for audiences . The rights for the English - language film were later acquired by Hammer Films at the 2008 Tribeca Film Festival , where Let the Right One In won the `` Founders Award for Best Narrative Feature , '' and Matt Reeves was quickly introduced as the director . John Nordling and Carl Molinder , the Swedish producers of the original film , were both involved as producers for the adaptation . Tomas Alfredson , the director of the Swedish film , was initially asked to direct the remake , but he turned it down stating that `` I am too old to make the same film twice and I have other stories that I want to tell . '' Hammer Films producer Simon Oakes initially referred to the film with `` If you call it a faithful remake , I think that 's true to say that 's what it is . It 's not a reimagining ; the same beats ( are there ) , maybe the scares are a little bit more scary . '' He later said , `` I call it his ( Reeves ' ) version . I do n't call it his remake or his re-imagining of it . '' The decision to make a new film adaptation has been criticized by Tomas Alfredson . He has stated on numerous occasions that he is not in favor of remaking his film . `` If one should remake a film , it 's because the original is bad . And I do n't think mine is , '' he said . Producer Donna Gigliotti said , `` We 're incredibly admiring of the original , but to be honest with you , that picture grossed $2 million . It 's not like we 're remaking Lawrence of Arabia . '' Producer Simon Oakes made it clear that the plot of Let Me In would closely resemble that of the original film , except that it will be made `` very accessible to a wider audience . '' Writer John Ajvide Lindqvist , on the other hand , says that Reeves told him that he `` will make a new film based on the book , and not remake the Swedish film '' and so `` it 'll be something completely different , but it 's going to be really interesting to see . '' Reeves expressed his intent to retain the book 's early 1980s setting and his admiration for the book and Alfredson 's adaptation . `` It 's a terrific movie and a fantastic book . I think it could be a really touching , haunting and terrifying film . I 'm really excited about what it could be '' , he said . In response to the criticism he said , `` I can understand because of people 's love of the ( original ) film that there 's this cynicism that I 'll come in and trash it , when in fact I have nothing but respect for the film . I 'm so drawn to it for personal and not mercenary reasons ... I hope people give us a chance . '' When Reeves was initially approached , he at first was against the idea but after reading the novel gained a better appreciation for the story , I said ... that we should n't remake it . I read the book too and was completely taken with it and I was really intrigued how personal the story felt . I thought John Lindqvist had written this terrific story , and he also adapted it for the film ... I wrote Lindqvist and told him that it was n't just that I was drawn to the story because it was a brilliant genre story -- which it is -- but also because of the personal aspect of it . It really reminds me of my childhood . -- Matt Reeves Adapting and writing ( edit ) In adapting the film , a few adjustments were made , such as changing the names of the protagonists to Owen and Abby , and moving the setting from the Stockholm suburb of Blackeberg to `` a small New Mexico town . '' Reeves was also asked to change the ages of the main characters , but he refused , saying that `` would ruin the essence of the story and change everything completely ... we need that childlike innocence . '' He also told his actors to not watch the original film beforehand so `` we could make our own version but stay very true to the essence of the story . '' The filmmakers have noted that `` they intend to forge a unique identity for Let Me In , placing it firmly in an American context '' , while at the same time paying respect to the original . In comparing his adaptation to the Swedish one , Reeves admitted to not adding many different details from the book that were n't in the original film , stating that `` the story was so big that you could n't really add a lot of stuff in without taking away the focus of the coming of age story so I tried to have allusions and references to stuff in the book . '' Reeves also admitted to borrowing elements from the Swedish film , stating `` There are things that ( Lindqvist ) adapted brilliantly in the movie and I borrowed from that because I thought he did a great adaptation . But there are some things that hopefully do n't detract and fit into the context of the story . It 's a mixture of details from the book , the original film and things that grew out of adapting it . '' In adapting the story for American audiences , Reeves stated that keeping the 1980s time period within the film was critical in exploring the theme of good and evil . He used Ronald Reagan 's `` evil empire speech '' as an example of American thought during that period . Reeves stated , `` The idea of Reagan 's ' evil empire ' speech and that whole sort of school of thought was that evil was something that was outside of us . Evil was ' Other , ' it was over there , it was the Soviets '' . Reeves felt that this idea was central to the main character Owen , as he `` would be grappling with these very , very dark feelings but being in a kind of American town where there was that sort of ( Reagan era ) mindset and religiousness . How would you fit in ? How would you feel about yourself being confused and being 12 or 13 years old and not knowing what it means that you wish you could kill those kids who were terrorizing you every day ? The humanity of that . '' Casting ( edit ) Matt Reeves , Kodi Smit - McPhee , Richard Jenkins , and Chloë Grace Moretz at Comic - Con discussing Let Me In In July 2009 , audition tapes were leaked to the Internet , showing Chloë Grace Moretz , Mary Mouser , and Ariel Winter auditioning for the role of the vampire , Abby . Smit - McPhee , in an interview with The Herald Sun , hinted that he may have landed the role as Owen . The casting of Moretz and Smit - McPhee in the leading roles was confirmed on October 1 , 2009 , along with the addition of Richard Jenkins as Abby 's adult companion . In a press release , director Matt Reeves described Smit - McPhee , Moretz and Jenkins as his `` absolute dream cast '' , and added that he `` could n't be more excited to be working with them . '' Both Smit - McPhee and Moretz were cast before the release of The Road or Kick - Ass , and the films ' directors John Hillcoat and Matthew Vaughn , respectively , each praised the young actors and recommended them to Reeves . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography began in Albuquerque , New Mexico on November 2 , 2009 . Filming took place in several different New Mexico locations , before concluding in Albuquerque in January 2010 . A large section of the film was filmed at Los Alamos High School in Los Alamos , New Mexico . Los Alamos County granted a special request from the film 's director and producer to name the town in the movie `` Los Alamos , New Mexico . '' The local police department lent the film crew 1980s style uniforms and patrol cars to use for the film and over 100 local teenagers were cast as extras . Reeves felt that Lindqvist 's story was very naturalistic and wanted the film to be shot the same way . After viewing Bright Star , he hired Greig Fraser as his cinematographer because he admired Fraser 's work with natural light on the film . Shortly before filming , Reeves sought advice from Steven Spielberg for directing child actors . Spielberg instructed Reeves to have the two leads each keep a diary in character with the intention of sharing with Reeves what they wrote in it . Reeves stated , `` It was all a process of trying to , not only guide them , but in places , trying to let them guide me toward their perspective . That was important . '' Visual effects ( edit ) Moretz wore minimal prosthetic blood applied to her face for reference ( left ) ; visual effects artists later rendered the gradual release of blood in post-production ( right ) . Method Studios was contracted to handle the film 's visual effects work . The studio 's supervisor Sean Faden , worked alongside the film 's visual effects supervisor , Brad Parker throughout the production . Several of the film 's scenes proved to be a challenge for the team . Director Reeves wanted the `` car - crash '' sequence to appear as if it were filmed uncut in first - person . Several plates were shot with the first involving actor Jenkins backing the car out of the gas station and swerving , the second plate shot had a model of the car capable of being spun mechanically on a `` rotisserie '' in front of a blue screen which could simulate the car 's roll down the hill . Jenkins ' stunt double and a dummy were placed in the car as the rotisserie spun with additional effects work used to animate the dummy as the car rolled . The two shots were then combined to deceive the viewer into believing that it was one complete shot . Houdini software was used for much of the film 's shots which involved Abby in her vampiric form . Faden noted the techniques used in another challenging shot important to Abby 's character in which she begins bleeding when she enters Owen 's apartment without invitation . Faden stated , `` Normally in such a scene , the character would be shot on set , dressed in blood . But in this case , the timing of the bleeding was so dependent on the emotional beats of the scene that this technique would n't have allowed us enough control . '' Actress Chloë Grace Moretz was first shot with minimal prosthetic blood applied to her face for reference . Then using techniques utilized in a prior Method Studios film , A Nightmare on Elm Street , Faden had the Houdini software track Moretz 's shaking movements and render the gradual release of blood from her face . Music and soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : Let Me In : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Let Me In : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack is the film 's soundtrack album . It was released by Varèse Sarabande on October 12 , 2010 . The score was composed by Michael Giacchino . Giacchino stated that scoring the film was a difficult `` balancing act '' for some scenes . He mentioned , `` I was always trying to say , ' let 's take music out ! ' and Matt ( Reeves ) was like , ' no , put it in ! ' '' In composing the score , he stated that he also applied certain musical themes to each character for which the audience could respond to as the story progressed . Composing the score to convey the correct emotion was also a challenge for Giacchino who said , `` ... it was tricky finding the right balance of , well , should this be scary ? Or should this be sentimental ? Or should it be emotional ? Or should it be this ? It was a weird balance because you 're dealing with a dynamic that is quite questionable as far as what everyone 's intentions are in the film . Release ( edit ) Chloë Grace Moretz and Elias Koteas during the New York premiere of Let Me In at the SVA Theater on September 30 , 2010 . Box Office ( edit ) It was announced on August 17 , 2010 , that Let Me In would have its world premiere at Toronto International Film Festival on September 13 , 2010 , and its U.S. premiere on the opening night of Fantastic Fest on September 23 , 2010 . Overture Films released promotional items placed in small plastic evidence bags . With a budget estimated to be $20 million , the film was released on October 1 , 2010 , in North America opening at # 8 on its debut weekend with an estimated $5.1 million in 2,020 theaters . The film 's international release began on October 6 in European markets with other markets following thereafter . During the film 's ten - week theatrical run , Let Me In grossed over $24 million worldwide , $12.1 million of which was from the United States and Canada . The film was # 5 among the ten lowest - grossing releases of 2010 from major studios ( movies released in over 1,500 theaters ) . Critical response ( edit ) Moretz and Smit - McPhee as Abby and Owen were praised by critics for their chemistry and maturity on - screen . Let Me In received critical acclaim upon release . Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 88 % based on reviews from 220 critics , with an average score of 7.6 / 10 . The consensus is that `` similar to the original in all the right ways -- but with enough changes to stand on its own -- Let Me In is the rare Hollywood remake that does n't add insult to inspiration . '' Let Me In was included on Rotten Tomatoes list of the ten best reviewed wide - release films of 2010 in addition to being the best reviewed horror film of 2010 . Metacritic gave the film an average score of 79 / 100 based on 35 reviews , judged to be `` generally favorable reviews '' . According to Metacritic , Let Me In was one of the ten best - reviewed wide - release films of 2010 and the best reviewed film of the year in the horror category . Particular praise was given to the film 's two leads , Smit - McPhee and Moretz , for their chemistry and maturity on - screen . In comparing Let Me In with Let the Right One In , horror website Bloody Disgusting wrote , `` Ultimately , if the Swedish version is near perfection , Matt Reeves 's version achieves complete supremacy . Masterpiece is an overused word , but it 's hard to think of another so powerful . Let Me In is the new standard for vampire movies . '' Acclaimed horror author Stephen King wrote `` Let Me In is a genre - busting triumph . Not just a horror film , but the best American horror film in the last 20 years . '' Joe Morgenstern of The Wall Street Journal wrote that the film `` is more than a respectful remake ; ' Let Me In ' is quietly stylish and thoroughly chilling in its own right . '' Lou Lumenick of The New York Post called Let Me In `` the scariest , creepiest and most elegantly filmed horror movie I 've seen in years -- it positively drives a stake through the competition . '' A.O. Scott of The New York Times wrote `` what makes ' Let Me In ' so eerily fascinating is the mood it creates . It is at once artful and unpretentious , more interested in intimacy and implication than in easy scares or slick effects . '' Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times praised the film while comparing it to the original . He stated , `` Reeves understands what made the first film so eerie and effective , and here the same things work again . '' Rolling Stone film critic Peter Travers , who was initially skeptical , gave the film a positive review while writing , `` I thought for sure that any Hollywood remake of Tomas Alfredson 's artful Swedish vampire film , Let the Right One In , would be a crass desecration . Well , color me blushing '' and `` Prepare to be wowed . It 's a spellbinder . '' Roger Moore of the Orlando Sentinel gave the film 3.5 out of 4 stars , stating , `` Reeves has Americanized a very good foreign film without defanging it . '' Let Me In was not well received by all critics . Some disputed Reeves ' claims that he was not remaking the film but re-adapting the book , criticizing it for being too similar to the Swedish film . Josh Tyler wrote `` The movie he 's made is absolutely a direct remake of the 2008 film , the two are so similar that it 's almost impossible to differentiate between them . '' In a similar vein , Jamie S. Rich noted that while there was plenty of content in the original novel that the Swedish film omitted , `` Reeves has n't really ferreted out anything new ; on the contrary , there is actually less plot in Let Me In than in the Alfredson version . '' Beth Accomando wrote , `` How Reeves can take the credit ' written and directed by Matt Reeves ' seems almost laughable when you note how similar the script and the direction are to the original . '' In comparing the two films , she opined that the remake `` makes obvious all that the original film made subtle and does so with less complexity . '' Mark Kermode called it `` the most utterly redundant remake of the year '' . According to Sukhdev Sandhu of The Telegraph , `` Let Me In does n't need to exist unless , that is , the very notion of Swedish cinema is strange and unpalatable to you ... What 's missing is the alluring otherness of Let the Right One In . That film 's brittle textures and haunted ambiance seemed in some strange way to have sprung organically from the nation in which it was set . This remake , by contrast , smells of boardrooms and calculating machines . '' Let Me In was a critics ' pick as one of the Top 10 Best Films of 2010 at CNN and at MSN Entertainment for the 2010 Year in Review Special Features . Comic book prequel ( edit ) In April 2010 , it was announced that Hammer Films and Dark Horse Comics were producing a four - issue comic book limited series based on the film . Marc Andreyko wrote the comic . The series , titled Let Me In : Crossroads , is a prequel to the film . The first issue has Abby and her `` guardian '' facing a ruthless real - estate tycoon who wants to steal their home and was released in December 2010 . Original author John Ajvide Lindqvist said `` Nobody has asked me about ( doing a comic ) and I think that the project stinks . I am looking into this matter and hope that they have no right to do this . '' Later , he informed fans that he had in fact unwittingly sold the rights for the comic to be made , stating that the producers had misinformed him as to the nature of the contract he had signed . Author 's response ( edit ) John Ajvide Lindqvist , author of Let the Right One In , who also wrote the screenplay for the original Swedish film , was pleased with Let Me In . He said : I might just be the luckiest writer alive . To have not only one , but two excellent versions of my debut novel done for the screen feels unreal . Let the Right One In is a great Swedish movie . Let Me In is a great American movie . There are notable similarities and the spirit of Tomas Alfredson is present . But Let Me In puts the emotional pressure in different places and stands firmly on its own legs . Like the Swedish movie it made me cry , but not at the same points . Let Me In is a dark and violent love story , a beautiful piece of cinema and a respectful rendering of my novel for which I am grateful . Again . Accolades ( edit ) List of awards and nominations Award / Film Festival Recipient ( s ) and nominee ( s ) Result Austin Film Critics Association Awards Breakthrough Artist Chloë Grace Moretz Won Central Ohio Film Critics Association Awards Actor of the Year Chloë Grace Moretz Nominated Breakthrough Film Artist Chloë Grace Moretz Won Best Overlooked Film Let Me In Nominated Critics ' Choice Movie Awards Best Young Actor / Actress Chloë Grace Moretz Nominated Best Young Actor / Actress Kodi Smit - McPhee Nominated Detroit Film Critics Society Awards Breakthrough Performance Chloë Grace Moretz Nominated Empire Awards Best Newcomer Chloë Grace Moretz Won Best Horror Let Me In Nominated Golden Reel Awards Best Sound Editing : Feature Film Music Let Me In Nominated Golden Tomato Awards Best Horror Let Me In Won Best Wide Release Let Me In Nominated Gotham Awards Best Feature Let Me In Nominated National Board of Review of Motion Pictures Awards Top Independent Films Let Me In Won People 's Choice Awards Favorite Horror Movie Let Me In Nominated Phoenix Film Critics Society Awards Overlooked Film Let Me In Nominated Best Young Actor Kodi Smit - McPhee Won Best Young Actress Chloë Grace Moretz Nominated Richard Attenborough Film Awards Rising Star Chloë Grace Moretz Won Saturn Awards Best Horror Film Let Me In Won Best Performance by a Younger Actor Kodi Smit - McPhee Nominated Chloë Grace Moretz Won Best Director Matt Reeves Nominated Best Writing Matt Reeves Nominated Best Music Michael Giacchino Nominated Best Make - up Let Me In Nominated Scream Awards Best Horror Movie Let Me In Won Best Horror Actress Chloë Grace Moretz Won Teen Choice Awards Best Horror Movie Let Me In Nominated Young Artist Awards Best Supporting Actor Dylan Minnette Nominated Best Ensemble Cast Let Me In Nominated Home Media ( edit ) Let Me In was released on DVD and Blu - ray in North America on February 1 , 2011 , and in the UK on March 14 , 2011 . The disc includes an audio commentary with director Reeves , a 17 - minute featurette on the making of the film , a short that focuses on the art of the special effects , an in - depth video about the process of making the film 's unique car crash scene , three deleted scenes , trailer and poster galleries , and a digital copy of the film . The Blu - ray contains an exclusive featurette titled `` Dissecting Let Me In '' . Both the DVD and Blu - ray come with a copy of the limited - edition `` Let Me In : Crossroads '' comic book . As of April 2011 , DVD sales ( not including Blu - ray ) totaled over 457,000 units sold with over $6.2 million in revenue . See also ( edit ) Vampire film References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Let Me In ( 2010 ) Production Credits '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Let Me In ( 15 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . September 23 , 2010 . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Michael ( September 30 , 2010 ) . `` ' Let Me In ' a shrewd American remake of Swedish vampire thriller '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved November 11 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Let Me In ( 2010 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Let Me In '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services . Retrieved March 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Olsen , Mark ( March 9 , 2010 ) . `` Matt Reeves to genre fans : ' Let Me In ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` American Film Institute : Let Me In '' . Jump up ^ Let Me In : Nigel Sinclair Interview . MovieWeb.com . Retrieved March 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Michael ; Dave McNary ( September 24 , 2008 ) . `` Matt Reeves bites into ' Right One ' '' . Variety . Retrieved May 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Misak , Brad ( November 2 , 2009 ) . `` ' Let Me In ' Officially Begins Production in New Mexico '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved April 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Tomas Alfredson : New Wave Vampires '' . Total Sci - Fi Online . April 9 , 2009 . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2010 . Retrieved March 31 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : McCabe , Joseph ( July 3 , 2009 ) . `` Exclusive : We Chat with Hammer Chief Simon Oakes about Christopher Lee 's Return to Horror and the ' Let the Right One In ' Remake ! '' . FEARnet . Retrieved July 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Hammer Films CEO Simon Oakes Interview '' . collider.com. 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Moriarty Sits Down With Tomas Alfredson , Director Of LET THE RIGHT ONE IN ! '' . Ai n't It Cool News . October 26 , 2008 . Retrieved March 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( September 30 , 2008 ) . `` Original Let The Right One In Director Talks Remake '' . Retrieved March 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Triches , Robert ( March 9 , 2009 ) . `` Tråkigt med nyinspelning '' ( in Swedish ) . Aftonbladet . Retrieved April 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Zeitchik , Steven ( 9 July 2010 ) . `` ' Let Me In ' vamps till ready '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . Retrieved 11 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Northlander Sits Down With The Writer Of LET THE RIGHT ONE IN ! '' . Ai n't It Cool News . October 23 , 2008 . Retrieved November 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Horowitz , Josh ( November 14 , 2008 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : ' Cloverfield ' Director Matt Reeves Reveals ' Let The Right One In ' Remake Details '' . MTV Movies Blog . Viacom . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2009 . Retrieved May 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Olsen , Mark ( June 21 , 2009 ) . `` Matt Reeves : From ' Cloverfield ' to ' Let The Right One In ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . Retrieved June 22 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Harley , David ( March 17 , 2010 ) . `` Let Me In : Director Matt Reeves '' . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2010 . Retrieved March 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Hilary ( 13 May 2009 ) . `` Bruce Willis , Jessica Alba , Chace Crawford For Sale At Cannes '' . The Business Insider . Retrieved May 19 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Barton , Steve ( November 2 , 2009 ) . `` Let Me In Starts Shooting / Casting Update '' . DreadCentral . Retrieved November 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Adam ( July 26 , 2010 ) . `` How ' Let Me In ' Director Matt Reeves Hopes To Set His Work Apart From ' Let The Right One In ' '' . MTV . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2010 . Retrieved April 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Barton , Steve ( July 14 , 2009 ) . `` UPDATED : Let Me In Audition Tapes '' . Dread Central Media . Retrieved November 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Morris , Clint ( July 11 , 2009 ) . `` Kodi hopes they Let the Right One In '' . Moviehole . Retrieved November 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( October 1 , 2009 ) . `` ' Right One ' gets cast '' . Variety . Retrieved November 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Reeves Casts the Right Ones '' . Hammer Films . October 1 , 2009 . Archived from the original on November 25 , 2010 . Retrieved April 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Interview with Let Me In director Matt Reeves '' . Entertainment.ie. 3 November 2010 . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rottenberg , Josh ( November 2 , 2009 ) . `` ' Let the Right One In ' remake begins shooting '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved November 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ' Let Me In ' Filming Wraps Up This Week '' . The Official Los Alamos County Website . January 8 , 2010 . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2011 . Retrieved April 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood comes to Los Alamos High School '' . Los Alamos Monitor News . December 20 , 2009 . Retrieved April 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Schembri , Jim ( 8 October 2010 ) . `` The fine art of moving from monsters to vampires '' . The Age . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2012 . Retrieved 5 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Radish , Christina ( 31 January 2011 ) . `` Matt Reeves Exclusive Interview LET ME IN DVD / Blu - ray ; Plus an INVISIBLE WOMAN Update '' . Collider . Retrieved April 4 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Let Me In , Blu - ray : Special Features ( Matt Reeves commentary ) ( Blu - ray ) . Overture Films . February 1 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Hurst , Adriene ( December 14 , 2010 ) . `` LET ME IN '' . Digital Media World Magazine . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2011 . Retrieved April 7 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Desowitz , Bill ( October 4 , 2010 ) . `` A Creepy Let Me In '' . Animation World Network . Retrieved April 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Let Me In Score to Be Composed by Michael Giacchino '' . DreadCentral.com . July 7 , 2010 . Retrieved April 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gilchrist , Todd ( September 30 , 2010 ) . `` Composer Michael Giacchino on ' Let Me In , ' Monsters and the Movies in Your Head '' . Moviefone . Retrieved April 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Toronto International Film Festival Adds New Galas And Special Presentations To Its High - Calibre Line - Up '' . Toronto International Film Festival . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2010 . Retrieved November 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ ' Let Me In ' Announced As Opening Night Film . Fantastic Fest . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` ' Let Me In ' Crime Scene Evidence Received ! '' . Bloody Disgusting. 15 July 2010 . Retrieved 1 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Overture Films Locks October 1 Release for ' Let Me In ' '' . Bloody Disgusting. 6 January 2010 . Retrieved March 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Let Me In Weekend Box - Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com . Retrieved April 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Let Me In International Box - Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com . Retrieved April 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Biggest Box - Office Bombs of 2010 '' . Pajiba . Retrieved May 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Let Me In Movie Reviews , Pictures '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved 30 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2010 Golden Tomato Awards '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved March 31 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2010 Golden Tomato Awards ( Horror ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved March 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Let Me In Movie Reviews , Ratings , Credits '' . Metacritic . CBS . Retrieved 1 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Dietz , Jason ( January 7 , 2011 ) . `` The Best and Worst Movies of 2010 '' . Metacritic . p. 2 . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2011 . Retrieved March 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Dietz , Jason ( 7 January 2011 ) . `` The Best and Worst Movies of 2010 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 31 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Rechtshaffen , Michael ( 2010 - 09 - 11 ) . `` Let Me In -- Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Key to the remake 's ultimate success is the casting of the troubled young leads . Smit - McPhee and Moretz possess the soulful depth and pre-adolescent vulnerability necessary to keep it compellingly real . Jump up ^ Brad Miska ( MrDisgusting ) ( October 1 , 2010 ) . `` '' Let Me In ( Let the Right One In remake ) '' Movie Info , Review , Headlines , Gallery `` . Bloody Disgusting . Jump up ^ Stephen King : Let Me In `` the best American horror film in the last 20 years . '' . AwardsDaily . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ Morgenstern , Joe ( 1 October 2010 ) . `` Vampire tale ' Let Me In ' successfully imbibes the essence of the Swedish original '' . The Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ Lumenick , Lou ( September 30 , 2010 ) . `` ' Let Me In ' : Blood & gutsy . Terrifying teen vampire gives pal courage in bold horror movie remake '' . The New York Post . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Scott , A.O. ( September 30 , 2010 ) . `` Lonely Boy Finds Friend in Blood - Craving Pixie '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 30 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( September 29 , 2010 ) . `` Let Me In '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved April 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( September 30 , 2010 ) . `` Let Me In review '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved April 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Moore , Roger ( September 29 , 2010 ) . `` Movie Review : `` Let Me In '' `` . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved April 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Tyler , Josh ( September 30 , 2010 ) . `` Let Me In Movie Review '' . CinemaBlend . Retrieved April 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Let Me In : DVD Talk Review '' . DVD Talk . October 1 , 2010 . Retrieved April 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Accomando , Beth ( 1 October 2010 ) . `` Review : ' Let Me In ' . Remake is Just Not the ' Right One ' '' . KPBS.org . Retrieved 1 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Kermode , Mark ( 30 December 2010 ) . My Worst Five Films of 2010 . Kermode Uncut . BBC . Retrieved 30 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Sandhu , Sukhdev ( 4 November 2010 ) . `` Let Me In , review '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 30 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Charity , Tom ( December 31 , 2010 ) . `` The best ( and worst ) films of 2010 '' . CNN . Retrieved March 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Movies of 2010 '' . MSN . Retrieved March 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hammer Films and Dark Horse Comics Forming a Partnership '' . DreadCentral. April 16 , 2010 . Retrieved April 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The lil ' vampire of `` Let Me In '' is getting a comic book prequel `` . Gawker Media . July 14 , 2010 . Retrieved April 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ David Bentley ( April 27 , 2010 ) . `` Let The Right One In author furious about comic book adaptation '' . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2011 . Retrieved April 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lindqvist , John Ajvide ( April 28 , 2010 ) . `` Comic book - The sequel '' . let-the-right-one-in.com . Retrieved April 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Novelists Stephen King and Ajvide Lindqvist embrace ' Let Me In ' . HitFix.com . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Awards '' . Austin Film Critics Association . December 22 , 2010 . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2011 . Retrieved April 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Central Ohio Film Critics Association Awards Nominees '' . AwardsDaily . January 3 , 2011 . Retrieved April 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` AWARDS : 2010 '' . Central Ohio Film Critics Association . January 6 , 2011 . Retrieved April 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The 16th Annual Critics ' Choice Movie Awards '' . Broadcast Film Critics Association . January 14 , 2011 . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2012 . Retrieved April 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2010 Nominations and Winners ! '' . Detroit Film Critics Society . December 16 , 2010 . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2010 . Retrieved April 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` In Full : Empire Awards 2011 nominees '' . DigitalSpy . February 24 , 2011 . Retrieved April 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Black Swan , ' ' Inception ' Top Motion Picture Sound Editors ' Golden Reel Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter. 20 January 2011 . Retrieved 1 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Gotham Award Independent Film Awards Nominees Announced '' . Independent Feature Project . October 18 , 2010 . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2011 . Retrieved April 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Top Independent Films '' . National Board of Review of Motion Pictures . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2007 . Retrieved April 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards 2011 Nominations '' . People 's Choice Awards . Retrieved April 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Phoenix Film Critics Name THE KINGS SPEECH Best Film of 2010 '' . Phoenix Film Critics Society . December 28 , 2010 . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2011 . Retrieved April 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Film Awards Winners '' . filmoftheyear.co.uk . Archived from the original on April 30 , 2011 . Retrieved April 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Saturn Awards 2011 - Movie Winners in full - Movies News - Digital Spy '' . Digitalspy.ca. 2011 - 06 - 24 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` '' Harry Potter , '' `` The Dark Knight Rises '' Big Winners At SCREAM Awards 2011 `` . SPIKE. 2011 - 10 - 16 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Nominations '' . Young Artist Foundation . March 13 , 2011 . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2013 . Retrieved April 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Let Me In ( 2010 ) '' . VideoETA . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2011 . Retrieved April 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Let Me In Blu - ray '' . Blu-ray.com . February 3 , 2011 . Retrieved April 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Let Me In - DVD Sales '' . The Numbers . Retrieved April 5 , 2011 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Let Me In ( film ) . Let Me In on IMDb Let Me In at Box Office Mojo Let Me In at Rotten Tomatoes Let Me In at Metacritic John Ajvide Lindqvist Works Let the Right One In Handling the Undead Harbour Little Star Let the Old Dreams Die Adaptations Let the Right One In ( film ) Let Me In Let the Right One In ( TV series ) Border See also List of Let the Right One In characters Films directed by Matt Reeves The Pallbearer ( 1996 ) Cloverfield ( 2008 ) Let Me In ( 2010 ) Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ( 2014 ) War for the Planet of the Apes ( 2017 ) Saturn Award for Best Horror Film Blacula ( 1972 ) The Exorcist ( 1973 ) Young Frankenstein ( 1974 / 75 ) Burnt Offerings ( 1976 ) The Little Girl Who Lives Down the Lane ( 1977 ) The Wicker Man ( 1978 ) Dracula ( 1979 ) The Howling ( 1980 ) An American Werewolf in London ( 1981 ) Poltergeist ( 1982 ) The Dead Zone ( 1983 ) Gremlins ( 1984 ) Fright Night ( 1985 ) The Fly ( 1986 ) The Lost Boys ( 1987 ) Beetlejuice ( 1988 ) Arachnophobia ( 1989 / 90 ) The Silence of the Lambs ( 1991 ) Bram Stoker 's Dracula ( 1992 ) Army of Darkness ( 1993 ) Interview with the Vampire ( 1994 ) From Dusk till Dawn ( 1995 ) Scream ( 1996 ) The Devil 's Advocate ( 1997 ) Apt Pupil ( 1998 ) The Sixth Sense ( 1999 ) Final Destination ( 2000 ) The Others ( 2001 ) The Ring ( 2002 ) 28 Days Later ( 2003 ) Shaun of the Dead ( 2004 ) The Exorcism of Emily Rose ( 2005 ) The Descent ( 2006 ) Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street ( 2007 ) Hellboy II : The Golden Army ( 2008 ) Drag Me to Hell ( 2009 ) Let Me In ( 2010 ) The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo ( 2011 ) The Cabin in the Woods ( 2012 ) The Conjuring ( 2013 ) Dracula Untold ( 2014 ) Crimson Peak ( 2015 ) Do n't Breathe ( 2016 ) Get Out ( 2017 ) Hammer Film Productions filmography By series Dracula films Dracula ( 1958 ) The Brides of Dracula ( 1960 ) Dracula : Prince of Darkness ( 1966 ) Dracula Has Risen from the Grave ( 1968 ) Taste the Blood of Dracula ( 1970 ) Scars of Dracula ( 1970 ) Dracula A.D. 1972 ( 1972 ) The Satanic Rites of Dracula ( 1973 ) The Legend of the 7 Golden Vampires ( 1974 ) Frankenstein films The Curse of Frankenstein ( 1957 ) The Revenge of Frankenstein ( 1958 ) The Evil of Frankenstein ( 1964 ) Frankenstein Created Woman ( 1967 ) Frankenstein Must Be Destroyed ( 1969 ) The Horror of Frankenstein ( 1970 ) Frankenstein and the Monster from Hell ( 1974 ) Mummy films The Mummy ( 1959 ) The Curse of the Mummy 's Tomb ( 1964 ) The Mummy 's Shroud ( 1967 ) Blood from the Mummy 's Tomb ( 1971 ) The Karnstein Trilogy The Vampire Lovers ( 1970 ) Lust for a Vampire ( 1971 ) Twins of Evil ( 1971 ) Dick Barton films Dick Barton : Special Agent ( 1948 ) Dick Barton Strikes Back ( 1949 ) Dick Barton at Bay ( 1950 ) Quatermass films The Quatermass Xperiment ( 1955 ) Quatermass 2 ( 1957 ) Quatermass and the Pit ( 1967 ) Robin Hood films The Men of Sherwood Forest ( 1954 ) Sword of Sherwood Forest ( 1960 ) A Challenge for Robin Hood ( 1967 ) On the Buses films On the Buses ( 1971 ) Mutiny on the Buses ( 1972 ) Holiday on the Buses ( 1973 ) The Woman in Black films The Woman in Black ( 2012 ) The Woman in Black : Angel of Death ( 2014 ) By genre Gothic horror films The Hound of the Baskervilles ( 1959 ) The Two Faces of Dr. Jekyll ( 1960 ) The Curse of the Werewolf ( 1961 ) The Shadow of the Cat ( 1961 ) The Phantom of the Opera ( 1962 ) The Kiss of the Vampire ( 1963 ) The Gorgon ( 1964 ) Rasputin the Mad Monk ( 1966 ) The Plague of the Zombies ( 1966 ) The Reptile ( 1966 ) The Witches ( 1966 ) The Devil Rides Out ( 1968 ) Hands of the Ripper ( 1971 ) Dr. Jekyll and Sister Hyde ( 1971 ) Countess Dracula ( 1971 ) Vampire Circus ( 1972 ) Captain Kronos -- Vampire Hunter ( 1974 ) To the Devil a Daughter ( 1976 ) Horror films The Mystery of the Mary Celeste ( 1935 ) Demons of the Mind ( 1972 ) Beyond the Rave ( 2008 ) Let Me In ( 2010 ) Wake Wood ( 2011 ) The Quiet Ones ( 2014 ) Thriller films The Man in Black ( 1949 ) The Black Widow ( 1951 ) The Snorkel ( 1958 ) Hell Is a City ( 1960 ) The Full Treatment ( 1960 ) Taste of Fear ( 1961 ) Cash on Demand ( 1961 ) Maniac ( 1963 ) Paranoiac ( 1963 ) Nightmare ( 1964 ) Fanatic ( 1965 ) Hysteria ( 1965 ) The Nanny ( 1965 ) Crescendo ( 1970 ) Straight On till Morning ( 1972 ) Fear in the Night ( 1972 ) Science fiction films Four Sided Triangle ( 1953 ) Spaceways ( 1953 ) X the Unknown ( 1956 ) The Abominable Snowman ( 1957 ) The Man Who Could Cheat Death ( 1959 ) The Damned ( 1963 ) The Lost Continent ( 1968 ) Moon Zero Two ( 1969 ) Mystery films Death in High Heels ( 1947 ) Dr. Morelle : The Case of the Missing Heiress ( 1949 ) The Rossiter Case ( 1951 ) Whispering Smith Hits London ( 1952 ) Lady in the Fog ( 1952 ) Mantrap ( 1953 ) The Saint 's Return ( 1953 ) Blood Orange ( 1953 ) The Glass Cage ( 1955 ) The Lady Vanishes ( 1979 ) Crime drama films Cloudburst ( 1951 ) The Last Page ( 1952 ) Wings of Danger ( 1952 ) Stolen Face ( 1952 ) The Gambler and the Lady ( 1953 ) The Flanagan Boy ( 1953 ) 36 Hours ( 1953 ) Face the Music ( 1954 ) The House Across the Lake ( 1954 ) Murder by Proxy ( 1954 ) Five Days ( 1954 ) A Stranger Came Home ( 1954 ) Third Party Risk ( 1954 ) Women Without Men ( 1956 ) Drama films Song of Freedom ( 1936 ) Never Look Back ( 1952 ) Mask of Dust ( 1954 ) Break in the Circle ( 1955 ) Never Take Sweets from a Stranger ( 1960 ) Captain Clegg ( 1962 ) Man at the Top ( 1973 ) The Resident ( 2011 ) Action films Ten Seconds to Hell ( 1959 ) The Stranglers of Bombay ( 1959 ) The Devil - Ship Pirates ( 1964 ) Shatter ( 1974 ) Adventure films The Jack of Diamonds ( 1949 ) Passport to China ( 1961 ) The Terror of the Tongs ( 1961 ) The Pirates of Blood River ( 1962 ) The Scarlet Blade ( 1963 ) The Brigand of Kandahar ( 1965 ) She ( 1965 ) One Million Years B.C. ( 1966 ) Prehistoric Women ( 1967 ) The Viking Queen ( 1967 ) The Vengeance of She ( 1968 ) When Dinosaurs Ruled the Earth ( 1970 ) Creatures the World Forgot ( 1971 ) Comedy films The Public Life of Henry the Ninth ( 1935 ) Sporting Love ( 1936 ) The Lady Craved Excitement ( 1950 ) Someone at the Door ( 1950 ) What the Butler Saw ( 1950 ) Life with the Lyons ( 1954 ) The Lyons in Paris ( 1955 ) Up the Creek ( 1958 ) I Only Arsked ! ( 1958 ) Further Up the Creek ( 1958 ) Do n't Panic Chaps ! ( 1959 ) The Ugly Duckling ( 1959 ) Watch it , Sailor ! ( 1961 ) A Weekend with Lulu ( 1961 ) The Old Dark House ( 1963 ) The Anniversary ( 1968 ) That 's Your Funeral ( 1972 ) Love Thy Neighbour ( 1973 ) War films The Steel Bayonet ( 1957 ) The Camp on Blood Island ( 1958 ) Yesterday 's Enemy ( 1959 ) The Secret of Blood Island ( 1964 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Let_Me_In_(film)&oldid=855435632 '' Categories : 2010 films English - language films 2010s drama films 2010 horror films 2010s mystery films American coming - of - age films American drama films American films American horror films American mystery films American remakes of Swedish films British coming - of - age films British drama films British films British horror films British mystery films Films about bullying Films based on horror novels Films based on Swedish novels Films directed by Matt Reeves Films scored by Michael Giacchino Films set in 1983 Films set in New Mexico Films shot in New Mexico Hammer Film Productions horror films Horror film remakes 2010s LGBT - related films Relativity Media films Vampires in film Hidden categories : CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Good articles Use mdy dates from December 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Italiano Basa Jawa Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Türkçe 中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 August 2018 , at 08 : 12 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the movie let me in about | [
"Let Me In is a 2010 American-British romantic horror film[6] written and directed by Matt Reeves and starring Kodi Smit-McPhee, Chloë Grace Moretz, Elias Koteas, and Richard Jenkins. It is a remake of the 2008 Swedish film Let the Right One In.[7] The film tells the story of a bullied 12-year-old boy who develops a friendship with a female child vampire in Los Alamos, New Mexico in the early 1980s.\n"
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"a bullied 12-year-old boy who develops a friendship with a female child vampire in Los Alamos, New Mexico in the early 1980s"
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-7562410431614109319 | Anna DiMera | Anna DiMera - wikipedia Anna DiMera Jump to : navigation , search Anna DiMera Days of our Lives character Portrayed by Leann Hunley Duration 1982 -- 86 2007 -- 10 2017 -- First appearance July 30 , 1982 ( 1982 - July - 30 ) Created by Margaret DePriest Sheri Anderson Introduced by Betty Corday and Al Rabin ( 1982 ) Ken Corday and Edward J. Scott ( 2007 ) Classification Present , recurring Profile Other names Anna Fredericks Anna Brady Contessa DiMera Occupation Executive for DiMera Advertising Executive for Lumberg Advertising Owner of Anna DiMera Designs Personal Secretary to Tony DiMera Residence The Tropics ( show ) Family Family DiMera Brady Brothers Brett Fredericks Spouse Roman Brady ( 197 ? -- 82 ) Tony DiMera ( 1983 -- 84 , 1985 , 2008 -- 09 ) Andre DiMera ( 1985 ) Daughters Carrie Brady Grandsons Noah Reed Anna DiMera is a fictional character on the NBC daytime drama Days of Our Lives . She is the ex-wife of Roman Brady , and the biological mother of Carrie Brady . Created by head writers Margaret DePriest and Sheri Anderson , Anna is portrayed by Leann Hunley . Anna is known for being a member of the powerful , upper class , DiMera family . She was married to Count Antony DiMera until his death in 2009 . Hunley initially portrayed Anna from 1982 -- 86 . After a twenty - one year absence , Hunley reprised the role of Anna beginning on June 20 , 2007 , and remained on contract with the show until April 2 , 2009 . She most recently reprised the role again in early - December 2009 on a recurring basis , after taking a leave of absence from the show and ultimately leaving once more on June 15 , 2010 . In July 2016 , it was reported that Hunley was to again reprise the role of Anna in the upcoming new year , with her return date set for January 9 , 2017 . Hunley departed on February 16 , 2017 . In December 2017 , it was announced that Hunley would return to the role , beginning January 5 , 2018 . For her work as Anna , Hunley received a Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in 1986 . Character history ( edit ) Anna Fredericks first arrives in Salem in 1982 , searching for Roman Brady , her husband and the father of her daughter , Carrie . For many years , Roman had been under the impression that Anna had been dead , when in reality she had been sold into white slavery . Anna has several red marks on her back , which she claims were from being whipped but were in fact from Multiple Sclerosis . Following her divorce from Roman , Anna takes a job as Tony DiMera 's secretary , while working in secret for Stefano DiMera who pays Anna $1,000,000 to have Roman fired from the ISA . To achieve this , Anna has Carrie hypnotized to place fake deposit slips in Roman 's home . Although Roman is fired from the police force , the ISA are convinced that Roman had been framed . In 1983 , Anna drugs Tony and marries him in Las Vegas , which angers him . Shortly after the wedding , Tony discovers that one of the stipulations of Stefano 's will require him to live with Renée DuMonde and David Banning for a year in order to gain his inheritance . At one point in time , she discovers she is pregnant with Tony DiMera ` s child , but suffers a miscarriage later on . In 1986 , Anna leaves Salem after learning Tony had divorced her . She moves to Europe , where she led a successful career . In 2007 , Anna returns to Salem to deliver to the Bradys old DiMera family letters belonging to Tony . She becomes involved in the Brady / DiMera feud , and her romance with Roman is reignited . Then , it is revealed that Tony is alive , stranded on an island for over 20 years , and that Andre is impersonating Tony . Anna and Tony are reunited , and they remarry May 21 , 2008 . Tony is killed after suffering a heart attack , after a struggle with Philip Kiriakis at the pier resulted in a fall . After the death of Tony , Anna leaves Salem on April 2 , 2009 . Sydney DiMera is kidnapped in December 2009 . On December 18 , 2009 , Anna is shown on - screen , revealing to the audience as Sydney 's kidnapper . In January 2010 , it is revealed that EJ actually hired Anna to kidnap Sydney in order to keep her away from Sami . As 2010 progressed , Stefano managed to neutralize her from revealing EJ 's part in Sydney 's kidnapping , last being seen ambushed in hospital in June 2010 . Carrie mentioned Anna in a conversation to Austin during the Christmas season of December 2011 . In January 2017 , Anna is seen when Marlena bumps into her in Europe , after Anna let loose with a gun at a Prague café , following Marlena 's trail in finding Stefano . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ken Corday , Albert Alarr and Greg Meng ( Executive producers ) ; Dena Higley and Ryan Quan ( Head writers ) ( January 23 , 2017 ) . Days of Our Lives . Season 52 . Episode 13008 . Days of Our Lives Transcript Monday 1 / 23 / 17 . NBC . Jump up ^ Dena Higley and Ryan Quan ( Head writers ) ; Sonia Blangiardo ( Director ) ; David Cherrill ( Script writer ) ( January 23 , 2017 ) . Days of Our Lives . Season 52 . Episode 13008 . NBC . ^ Jump up to : `` SOAP STAR STATS : Leann Hunley ( Anna , DAYS ) '' . SoapOperaDigest.com . Archived from the original on 15 January 2010 . Retrieved January 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Who 's Going '' . Comings and Goings . Soap Opera Digest . American Media , Inc. 42 ( 8 ) : 12 -- 13 . February 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Soaps SheKnows ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` Leann Hunley Brings Anna Back to Days of our Lives in the New Year '' . Soaps.com . United States : SheKnows Media . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Anna Fredericks DiMera profile - SoapCentral.com The Leann Hunley Fan Site Days of Our Lives Current characters Vivian Alamain Brady Black John Black Caroline Brady Carrie Brady Reed Ciara Brady Claire Brady Eric Brady Hope Brady Kayla Brady Roman Brady Shawn - Douglas Brady Abe Carver Tripp Dalton Abigail Deveraux JJ Deveraux Andre DiMera Anna DiMera Chad DiMera Stefan DiMera Marlena Evans Eli Grant Valerie Grant Gabi Hernandez Rafe Hernandez Jennifer Horton Lucas Horton Maggie Horton Will Horton Adrienne Johnson Steve Johnson Parker Jonas Justin Kiriakis Sonny Kiriakis Victor Kiriakis Chloe Lane Paul Narita Lani Price Kate Roberts Doug Williams Julie Olson Williams Notable past characters Alice Horton Tom Horton Lawrence Alamain Susan Banks Belle Black Bo Brady Cassie Brady Chelsea Brady Frankie Brady Kimberly Brady Max Brady Sami Brady Shawn Brady Dr. Lexie Carver Theo Carver Liz Chandler Xander Cook Don Craig Neil Curtis Cameron Davis Jack Deveraux Daphne DiMera EJ DiMera Kristen DiMera Johnny DiMera Santo DiMera Stefano DiMera Sydney DiMera Tony DiMera Drew Donovan Eve Donovan Shane Donovan Theresa Donovan Nick Fallon Megan Hathaway Benjy Hawk Arianna Hernandez Eduardo Hernandez Addie Horton Allie Horton Bill Horton Jeremy Horton Laura Horton Marie Horton Melissa Horton Mickey Horton Nathan Horton Sarah Horton Tommy Horton Robin Jacobs Madison James Aiden Jennings Chase Jennings Joey Johnson Stephanie Johnson Daniel Jonas Melanie Jonas Calliope Jones Deimos Kiriakis Philip Kiriakis Paige Larson Bonnie Lockhart Mimi Lockhart Patrick Lockhart Carly Manning Alex Marshall Serena Mason Colin Murphy Tori Narita Celeste Perrault Austin Reed Billie Reed Curtis Reed Jordan Ridgeway Ben Rogers Jan Spears Isabella Toscano Ava Vitali Gina Von Amberg Brandon Walker Nicole Walker Taylor Walker Nancy Wesley Clyde Weston Related information Cast members Producers and writers Awards and nominations 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Doug and Julie Bo and Hope Sami and EJ John and Marlena Jack and Jennifer Steve and Kayla Shawn and Belle Lucas and Sami Will and Sonny Shane and Kimberly Salem Cruise of Deception Fictional families DiMera family Horton family Brady family Kiriakis family Johnson family Roberts family Days of Our Lives characters Present and future characters Hattie Adams Vivian Alamain Brady Black John Black Tate Black Carrie Brady Ciara Brady Claire Brady Eric Brady Hope Brady Kayla Brady Roman Brady Abe Carver Tripp Dalton Abigail Deveraux JJ Deveraux Anna DiMera Chad DiMera Stefan DiMera Thomas DiMera Eve Donovan Marlena Evans Eli Grant Valerie Grant Gabi Hernandez Rafe Hernandez Arianna Horton Jennifer Horton Lucas Horton Maggie Horton Will Horton Adrienne Johnson Steve Johnson Justin Kiriakis Sonny Kiriakis Victor Kiriakis Chloe Lane Paul Narita Lani Price Billie Reed Kate Roberts Doug Williams Julie Olson Williams Past characters Tom Horton Alice Horton Hattie Adams Lawrence Alamain Susan Banks Bart Beiderbecke Belle Black Peter Blake Eugene Bradford Bo Brady Caroline Brady Cassie Brady Chelsea Brady Frankie Brady Kimberly Brady Max Brady Rex Brady Sami Brady Shawn Brady Shawn - Douglas Brady Lexie Carver Theo Carver Liz Chandler Xander Cook Don Craig Neil Curtis Cameron Davis Anjelica Deveraux Jack Deveraux André DiMera Daphne DiMera EJ DiMera Johnny DiMera Kristen DiMera Santo DiMera Stefano DiMera Sydney DiMera Tony DiMera Drew Donovan Shane Donovan Theresa Donovan Lee DuMonde Renée DuMonde Nick Fallon Megan Hathaway Benjy Hawk Arianna Hernandez Dario Hernandez Eduardo Hernandez Addie Horton Allie Horton Bill Horton Jeremy Horton Laura Horton Marie Horton Melissa Horton Mickey Horton Nathan Horton Sarah Horton Tommy Horton Robin Jacobs Madison James Aiden Jennings Chase Jennings Joey Johnson Stephanie Johnson Daniel Jonas Melanie Jonas Parker Jonas Calliope Jones Bradford Alexander Kiriakis Deimos Kiriakis Philip Kiriakis Maxine Landis Paige Larson Bonnie Lockhart Mimi Lockhart Patrick Lockhart Carly Manning Alex Marshall Serena Mason Mia McCormick Jade Michaels Anne Milbauer Colin Murphy Tori Narita Celeste Perrault Austin Reed Billie Reed Curtis Reed Jordan Ridgeway Wilhelm Rolf Jan Spears Isabella Toscano Ava Vitali Gina Von Amberg Brandon Walker Fay Walker Nicole Walker Taylor Walker Nancy Wesley Ben Weston Clyde Weston Character lists 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Cast members Previous cast members Producers and writers Doug and Julie Bo and Hope Sami and EJ John and Marlena Jack and Jennifer Steve and Kayla Shawn and Belle Lucas and Sami Shane and Kimberly Will and Sonny Salem Cruise of Deception Horton family Brady family DiMera family Kiriakis family Johnson family Roberts family Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anna_DiMera&oldid=822412135 '' Categories : Days of Our Lives characters Fictional characters introduced in 1982 Talk About Wikipedia Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 26 January 2018 , at 06 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played anna dimera on days of our lives | [
"\n\nAnna DiMera\n\n\n\n\n\nDays of our Lives character\n\n\nPortrayed by\nLeann Hunley\n\n\nDuration\n\n\n\n1982–86\n2007–10\n2017–\n\n\n\n\n\nFirst appearance\nJuly 30, 1982 (1982-July-30)\n\n\nCreated by\n\n\n\nMargaret DePriest\nSheri Anderson\n\n\n\n\n\nIntroduced by\n\n\n\nBetty Corday and Al Rabin (1982)\nKen Corday and Edward J. Scott (2007)\n\n\n\n\n\nClassification\nPresent, recurring\n\n\nProfile\n\n\nOther names\nAnna Fredericks\nAnna Brady\nContessa DiMera\n\n\nOccupation\n\n\n\nExecutive for DiMera Advertising\nExecutive for Lumberg Advertising\nOwner of Anna DiMera Designs\nPersonal Secretary to Tony DiMera\n\n\n\n\n\nResidence\nThe Tropics\n\n\n\n\n\n[show]Family\n\n\nFamily\n\n\n\nDiMera\nBrady\n\n\n\n\n\nBrothers\n\n\n\nBrett Fredericks\n\n\n\n\n\nSpouse\n\n\n\nRoman Brady (197?–82)\nTony DiMera (1983–84, 1985, 2008–09)\nAndre DiMera (1985)\n\n\n\n\n\nDaughters\nCarrie Brady\n\n\nGrandsons\nNoah Reed[1][2]\n\n\n\n\n"
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"Leann Hunley"
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7496793371054724086 | Will & Grace | Will & Grace - wikipedia Will & Grace Jump to : navigation , search Will & Grace The intertitle used in the show 's 2017 revival Genre Sitcom Created by David Kohan Max Mutchnick Directed by James Burrows Starring Eric McCormack Debra Messing Megan Mullally Sean Hayes Gary Grubbs Shelley Morrison Michael Angarano Theme music composer Jonathan Wolff Country of origin United States No. of seasons 9 No. of episodes 210 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Max Mutchnick David Kohan James Burrows Jhoni Marchinko Jeff Greenstein Alex Herschlag Dave Flebotte Jon Kinnally Tracy Poust Gary Janetti Greg Malins Bill Wrubel John Quaintance Suzanne Martin Camera setup Multi-camera Running time 22 minutes Production company ( s ) KoMut Entertainment 3 Sisters Entertainment ( 1998 - 2006 ) ( seasons 1 - 8 ) 3 Princesses and a P Productions ( 2017 - present ) ( season 9 - present ) NBC Studios ( 1998 - 2004 ) ( seasons 1 - 6 ) NBC Universal Television Studio ( 2004 - 2006 ) ( seasons 7 - 8 ) Universal Television ( 2017 - present ) ( season 9 - present ) Distributor Warner Bros. Domestic Television Distribution ( U.S. ) ( 2002 - 2006 ) NBCUniversal Television Distribution ( U.S. ) ( 2017 - present ) MGM International Television Distribution ( International ) Release Original network NBC Picture format 480i ( 1998 -- 2003 ) HDTV 1080i ( 2004 -- 2006 , 2017 -- ) Original release September 21 , 1998 ( 1998 - 09 - 21 ) -- present External links Website Will & Grace is an American sitcom created by Max Mutchnick and David Kohan . Set in New York City , the show focuses on the relationship between best friends Will Truman ( Eric McCormack ) , a gay lawyer , and Grace Adler ( Debra Messing ) , a straight interior designer . The show was broadcast on NBC from September 1998 to May 2006 , for a total of eight seasons , and restarted its run on NBC in September 2017 . During its original run Will & Grace was one of the most successful television series with gay principal characters . Despite initial criticism for its stereotypical portrayal of homosexual characters , it went on to become a staple of NBC 's Must See TV Thursday night lineup and was met with continued critical acclaim . It was ensconced in the Nielsen top 20 for half of its network run . The show was the highest - rated sitcom among adults 18 -- 49 , from 2001 and 2005 . Throughout its eight - year run , Will & Grace earned 16 Emmy Awards and 83 nominations . Each main actor , with the exception of Morrison , received an Emmy Award throughout the series . In 2014 the Writers Guild of America placed the sitcom at number 94 in their list of the 101 Best Written TV series of all time . Since the final episode aired , the sitcom has been credited with helping and improving public opinion of the LGBT community , with former U.S. Vice President Joe Biden commenting that the show `` probably did more to educate the American public '' on LGBT issues `` than almost anything anybody has ever done so far '' . In 2014 , the Smithsonian Institution added an LGBT history collection to their museum which included items from Will and Grace . The curator Dwight Blocker Bowers stated that the sitcom used `` comedy to familiarize a mainstream audience with gay culture '' that was `` daring and broke ground '' in American media . During its original run , Will & Grace was filmed in front of a live studio audience ( most episodes and scenes ) on Tuesday nights , at Stage 17 in CBS Studio Center . Will and Grace 's apartment was put on display at the Emerson College Library , donated by series creator Max Mutchnick . When the set was removed in 2014 , rumors came up about a cast reunion , but the actors involved denied that such a reunion was planned , explaining it was merely being moved . A long - running legal battle between both the original executive producers and creators and NBC took place between 2003 and 2007 . In September 2016 , the cast reunited for a 10 - minute special ( released online ) , urging Americans to vote in the 2016 presidential election . After its success , NBC announced that the network was exploring the idea of putting Will & Grace back into production . In January 2017 , NBC confirmed the series ' return for a ninth season , for the 2017 -- 18 television season , which was eventually expanded to 16 episodes . This was followed by renewals for 18 - episode tenth and eleventh seasons . Contents ( hide ) 1 Episodes 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Supporting 3 Production 3.1 Conception 3.2 Pilot 3.3 Revival 4 Aftershow 4.1 Will & Grace : After Party 5 Lawsuit 6 Syndication 7 Reception 7.1 Critical response 7.2 Awards and nominations 7.3 Ratings 7.3. 1 Average seasonal ratings 7.4 Cultural impact 8 Merchandise 9 Spin - offs 9.1 Karen : The Musical 9.2 Jack & Karen 9.3 2016 Election web special 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Will & Grace episodes Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Rank Rating Viewers ( millions ) 22 September 21 , 1998 ( 1998 - 09 - 21 ) May 13 , 1999 ( 1999 - 05 - 13 ) 40 N / A 12.3 24 September 21 , 1999 ( 1999 - 09 - 21 ) May 23 , 2000 ( 2000 - 05 - 23 ) 44 N / A 12.0 25 October 12 , 2000 ( 2000 - 10 - 12 ) May 17 , 2001 ( 2001 - 05 - 17 ) 14 11.3 17.3 27 September 27 , 2001 ( 2001 - 09 - 27 ) May 16 , 2002 ( 2002 - 05 - 16 ) 9 11.0 17.3 5 24 September 26 , 2002 ( 2002 - 09 - 26 ) May 15 , 2003 ( 2003 - 05 - 15 ) 11 11.0 16.8 6 24 September 25 , 2003 ( 2003 - 09 - 25 ) April 29 , 2004 ( 2004 - 04 - 29 ) 13 10.4 15.2 7 24 September 16 , 2004 ( 2004 - 09 - 16 ) May 19 , 2005 ( 2005 - 05 - 19 ) 44 N / A 9.4 8 24 September 29 , 2005 ( 2005 - 09 - 29 ) May 18 , 2006 ( 2006 - 05 - 18 ) 61 N / A 8.7 9 16 September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) April 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 05 ) 36 N / A 8.85 Jump up ^ Tied with Leap of Faith Jump up ^ Tied with CSI : Miami Will & Grace is set in New York City and focuses on the relationship between Will Truman , a gay lawyer , and his best friend Grace Adler , a Jewish woman who owns an interior design firm . Also featured are their friends Karen Walker , an alcoholic socialite , and Jack McFarland , a flamboyantly gay actor . The interplay of relationships features the trials and tribulations of dating , marriage , divorce , and casual sex ; as well as comical key stereotypes of gay and Jewish culture . Cast and characters ( edit ) Eric McCormack and Debra Messing in 1999 . Main ( edit ) Eric McCormack as Will Truman : The first titular protagonist to the show , Will is a gay man who is a successful corporate lawyer who studied at Columbia University , where he met Grace as a freshman ; they have been best friends ever since . He is very precise and obsessive when it comes to certain tasks , especially cleaning , dressing , and decorating . However , Will does have a very patient and compassionate nature towards those close to him , often to a fault . Even though Will is gay , he sometimes tries to pass as straight ; he has at times avoided admitting his sexual orientation to people . Several characters commented that his relationship with Grace is more like that of a married couple than two friends ; at one point Will even considered having a baby with Grace . Will is the more mature and tolerant character of the duo and serves as Grace 's rock most times . Debra Messing as Grace Adler : The second titular protagonist to the show , Grace is a straight interior decorator with a fondness for food . She 's been Will 's best friend since college and roommate throughout most of the show . Grace is Jewish but does not practice her religion staunchly . She plays as a neurotic counterbalance for Will 's more everyman character . Grace tends to heavily rely on Will for moral and emotional support , especially after a break - up . Megan Mullally as Karen Walker : Karen `` works '' as Grace 's assistant , making `` Grace Adler Designs '' popular among her socialite acquaintances . She is the wife of the wealthy ( but mostly unseen ) Stanley Walker . Karen is also known for casually downing alcohol and prescription medication and can be uncaring . However , she is very close to Jack , is friends with Grace , and throughout the show 's run warms to Will . Even though she 's silly at times , Karen has shown bouts of intelligence : having a working knowledge of business / real - estate market economics , a moderate understanding of computers , and a flair for interior design . She 's also a certified public notary and an aficionado of various liquors and prescription drugs . Despite this , she is often unaware of or ambivalent toward habits of the working and middle classes , often criticizing and mocking what she fails to understand . Sean Hayes as Jack McFarland : Will 's other ( and first gay ) best friend since college . Jack is flamboyantly gay , confident , and free - spirited , having been so from a young age . He drifts from man to man and changes occupations often , being very fickle when it comes to both . He has worked as a struggling actor , an acting instructor , a back - up dancer for Jennifer Lopez and Janet Jackson , a sales associate at Banana Republic and Barneys New York , a cater - waiter , a student nurse , Junior VP for Out TV , and host of his own Out TV talk show , called Jack Talk . Jack made four one - man shows ( called Just Jack , Jack 2000 , Jack 2001 , and Jack 2002 ) to showcase his singing / dancing / acting abilities ; all attempts having only marginal success . Early on in the show he establishes a close friendship with Karen ; the pair often spend time together and orchestrate various pranks . Throughout the series , Jack relies on Will and Karen for financial support . His idol is Cher . Shelley Morrison as Rosario Salazar ( Recurring Seasons 1 - 2 ; Regular Seasons 3 - 8 ) : Karen 's maid , and later Jack 's wife , then ex-wife . Morrison was offered to reprise her role when the series was revived , but declined , having retired from acting . Supporting ( edit ) Main article : Supporting characters on Will & Grace Supporting characters on Will & Grace Main characters Will Truman Grace Adler Jack McFarland Karen Walker Spouses Vince D'Angelo ( Bobby Cannavale ) Leo Markus ( Harry Connick Jr . ) Rosario Salazar ( Shelley Morrison ) Stanley Walker Lyle Finster ( John Cleese ) Family George Truman ( Sydney Pollack ) Marilyn Truman ( Blythe Danner ) Sam Truman ( John Slattery / Steven Weber ) Paul Truman ( Jon Tenney ) Bobbi Adler ( Debbie Reynolds ) Martin Adler ( Alan Arkin / Robert Klein ) Janet Adler ( Geena Davis / Mary McCormack ) Joyce Adler ( Sara Rue ) Eleanor Markus ( Judith Ivey ) Judith McFarland ( Veronica Cartwright ) Elliot ( Michael Angarano ) Daniel McFarland ( Beau Bridges ) Skip ( Jet Jurgensmeyer ) Lois Whitley ( Suzanne Pleshette ) Gin ( Bernadette Peters ) Barry ( Dan Futterman ) Lorraine Finster ( Minnie Driver ) Marion Finster ( Tim Curry ) Sumner Davis ( Paul Satterfield ) Ben Truman ( Ben Newmark ) , Lila Markus ( Maria Thayer ) Friends Rob ( Tom Gallop ) , Ellen ( Leigh - Allyn Baker ) , Joe ( Jerry Levine ) , Larry ( Tim Bagley ) , Steve ( Steve Paymer ) Zandra Zoggin ( Eileen Brennan ) Candice Bergen ( Candice Bergen ) Neighbors Val Bassett ( Molly Shannon ) , Mr. Zamir ( Marshall Manesh ) , Nathan ( Woody Harrelson ) N / A Love interests Michael ( Chris Potter ) Scott Sender ( Branden Williams ) Matthew ( Patrick Dempsey ) James Hanson ( Taye Diggs ) Vince D'Angelo ( Bobby Cannavale ) Ben Doucette ( Gregory Hines ) Danny ( Tom Verica ) Josh ( Corey Parker ) Nathan ( Woody Harrelson ) Nick ( Edward Burns ) Tom Cassidy ( Eric Stoltz ) Leo Markus ( Harry Connick Jr . ) Stuart Lamarack ( Dave Foley ) Kevin Bacon ( Kevin Bacon ) Lionel Banks ( Rip Torn ) Malcolm Widmark ( Alec Baldwin ) Rivals Kevin Wolchek ( Adam Goldberg ) Val Bassett ( Molly Shannon ) Artemis Johnson ( Will Arnett ) Beverley Leslie ( Leslie Jordan ) Lorraine Finster ( Minnie Driver ) Scott Woolley ( Jeff Goldblum ) Candy Pruitt ( Christine Ebersole ) Val Bassett ( Molly Shannon ) Candice Bergen ( Candice Bergen ) Bosses Harlin ( Gary Grubbs ) Ben Doucette ( Gregory Hines ) Mr. Stein ( Gene Wilder ) Margot ( Lily Tomlin ) Malcolm Widmark ( Alec Baldwin ) N / A Jamie ( John Ducey ) Tim ( Mark Harelik ) Dorleen ( Parker Posey ) Grace Adler ( Debra Messing ) Employees / Subordinates Mrs. Freeman ( Jo Marie Payton ) Connie ( Kari Lizer ) Karen Walker ( Megan Mullally ) Gillian ( Natasha Lyonne ) Tony ( Anthony Ramos ) Dave ( Mathew Botuchis ) Rosario Salazar ( Shelley Morrison ) Clients Harlin Polk ( Gary Grubbs ) Stanley Walker N / A Joanne ( Emily Rutherfurd ) Russell ( Jon Fleming ) N / A Co-workers Gary ( Jamie Kaler ) N / A N / A N / A Others Tina ( Lesley Ann Warren ) , Benji ( Brian A. Setzer ) , Nurse Sheila ( Laura Kightlinger ) Production ( edit ) Conception ( edit ) Creators of Will & Grace and real - life friends Max Mutchnick and David Kohan modeled the show after Mutchnick 's relationship with childhood friend Janet Eisenberg , a New York City voice - over casting agent . Mutchnick , who is openly gay , met Eisenberg while rehearsing a play at Temple Emanuel in Beverly Hills , California at age of 13 . He was the main star of the Hebrew school musical , while she was a student in the drama department . About three years later , she introduced him to Kohan , the son of comedy writer Alan Kohan , in the drama department at Beverly Hills High School . `` Max and Janet seemed to have a lovely rapport , but the romantic element confused me , and it confused them as well , '' Kohan later recalled . `` They went out for a couple of years , then they went off to different colleges . And Max comes out of the closet , springs it on her -- and she was stunned . It was a shocking revelation for her , so I kind of functioned as a liaison between the two of them , because they both still really loved each other . '' While Kohan practiced his shuttle diplomacy , he and Mutchnick began developing sitcom ideas , which prompted the pair to start writing as a duo . They eventually landed staff jobs on HBO 's adult - themed sitcom Dream On and executive produced the short - lived NBC sitcom Boston Common . In 1997 , they developed an ensemble comedy about six friends , two of them based on Mutchnick and Eisenberg . At the same time , Warren Littlefield , the then - president of NBC Entertainment , was seeking another relationship comedy for the network as Mad About You was going off the air . When Kohan and Mutchnick pitched their idea , which centered on three couples , one of which was a gay man living with a straight woman , Littlefield was not excited about the first two couples , but wanted to learn more about the gay and straight couple , so Mutchnick and Kohan were sent to create a pilot script centering on those two characters . While Kohan and Mutchnick elaborated on the pilot script , they spent four tense months faxing Littlefield the box office grosses from hit films with gay characters such as The Birdcage and My Best Friend 's Wedding . NBC was positive about the project , but there was still some concern that the homosexual subject matter would cause alarm . Ellen DeGeneres ' sitcom Ellen , which aired on ABC , was canceled the year before Will & Grace premiered because ratings had plummeted after the show became `` too gay . '' Despite the criticism ABC received for DeGeneres 's coming out episode , `` The Puppy Episode , '' Kohan said , `` there 's no question that show made it easier for Will & Grace to make it on the air . '' He added : `` Will & Grace had a better shot at succeeding where Ellen failed , however , because Will has known about his homosexuality for 20 years . He 's not exploring that awkward territory for the first time , as Ellen did . The process of self - discovery and the pain most gay men go through is fascinating , but the average American is put off by it . '' Pilot ( edit ) See also : Pilot ( Will & Grace ) Eric McCormack was the first actor cast in the series . NBC went to sitcom director James Burrows to see what he thought of the homosexual subject matter and if an audience would be interested in the show . Burrows liked the idea and when he first read the script in November 1997 , he decided that he wanted to direct it . Burrows said , `` I knew that the boys had captured a genre and a group of characters I have never read before . '' The filming of the pilot began on March 15 , 1998 . The actors behind Will and Grace , Eric McCormack and Debra Messing , were positive about the series and they thought it had the potential to last long on television . McCormack said : `` When shooting was finished that night , Debra and I were sitting on the couch and looking at each other and I said , ' We 're gon na be on this set for a while . ' And we sort of clasped hands , but we did n't want to say anything beyond that and jinx it . '' The part of Will Truman went to Eric McCormack , who was the first actor cast in the series . Having played gay characters several times in his career , McCormack did not have a problem with it and thought his character could become a `` poster boy for some gay movement '' , like DeGeneres became a spokesperson with her character . Sean Hayes was invited to audition for Jack after a NBC casting executive saw him in a role in the indie gay romance film Billy 's Hollywood Screen Kiss . Even though Hayes enjoyed the script when he read it , he threw it away and decided not to try out for the audition until he was sent the script again . Megan Mullally initially auditioned for the role of Grace Adler , but admitted that she did not want to audition for the part of Karen . By contrast , Debra Messing , with whom Mullally had first worked on Ned & Stacey , was initially unsure if she wanted to play the role of Grace . The last actor to be cast , she later admitted that director Burrows was the reason for doing Will & Grace . Revival ( edit ) In January 2017 , NBC closed a deal for a new 10 - episode season of the series , which is airing during the 2017 - 18 season . Hayes will executive produce this season as well as creators / executive producers Max Mutchnick and David Kohan . Veteran director James Burrows is on board to direct and executive produce . In April 2017 , the episode order was increased to 12 episodes . In August 2017 , it was extended again to 16 episodes , and a second 13 - episode season was ordered . The revival is filmed at Stage 22 at Universal Studios Hollywood , as opposed to Stage 17 at CBS Studio Center . In March 2018 , NBC ordered five more episodes for revival 's second season bringing the total to 18 episodes and was also renewed for 18 - episode third season . Aftershow ( edit ) Will & Grace : after party ( edit ) Logo for the aftershow With the release of the ninth season of the series , NBC also released Will & Grace : After Party , an aftershow hosted by Kristin dos Santos . The guests of the aftershow are composed of cast and crew from the series , including David Kohan , Max Mutchnick , and the series ' stars , to discuss the development and behind - the - scenes production of the series . The series premiered on NBC.com on September 29 , 2017 . No . Title Episode discussed Guest ( s ) Original release date `` Episode 1 '' 11 Years Later Eric McCormack September 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 29 ) `` Episode 2 '' Who 's Your Daddy Harry Connick Jr. and Bobby Cannavale October 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 06 ) `` Episode 3 '' Emergency Contact Jane Lynch and Glenda Rovello October 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 12 ) `` Episode 4 '' Grandpa Jack Minnie Driver October 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 19 ) 5 `` Episode 5 '' How to Succeed in Business Without Really Crying Leslie Jordan October 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 26 ) 6 `` Episode 6 '' Rosario 's Quinceañera Megan Mullaly , David Kohan , and Max Mutchnick November 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 02 ) Lawsuit ( edit ) In December 2003 , in the midst of the series ' sixth season , executive producers and creators David Kohan and Max Mutchnick sued NBC and NBC Studios . Alleging that the network sold the rights to the series in an attempt to keep profits within the NBC family , Kohan and Mutchnick felt that they were cheated out of considerable profits because the network did not shop the show to the highest bidder . Another allegation against the network was that during the first four seasons of the series , the studio licensed the rights for amounts that were insufficient for covering production costs , thus leading to extraordinarily large production deficits . Three months later , NBC filed a countersuit against Kohan and Mutchnick stating that the co-creators were expected to act as an independent third party in the negotiations between NBC and its subsidiary , NBC Studios ( since subsumed into Universal Television ) . With a pending lawsuit and production beginning on other projects , Kohan and Mutchnick were absent on the Will & Grace set for most of its final seasons . They wrote the season 4 episode , `` A Buncha White Chicks Sittin ' Around Talkin ' '' and did not return to the writers ' seat until the series finale four years later . Three years after NBC 's countersuit and one year after the series ended , the legal battle between NBC and Kohan and Mutchnick ended in 2007 when all parties agreed on a settlement , with the series creators being awarded $49 million , of their original $65 million lawsuit . Syndication ( edit ) Will & Grace entered off - network syndication in 2002 . The show also airs on the subchannel Cozi TV on weekdays at 09.00 - 10.00 and weeknights at 22.00 - 00.00 . In 2002 WGN America acquired the cable rights to air the series , where it aired until 2005 when Lifetime Television acquired the cable rights to air the series . After eight years and the expiration of Lifetime 's contract , the rights to the series were picked up by WeTV and Logo TV in 2013 . The streaming service Hulu later picked up the show , in anticipation of the show 's revival in 2017 . In the United Kingdom , the series was aired on Channel 4 up until its season finale in 2006 . It was confirmed on 4 December 2017 that the series would premiere in January 2018 on Channel 5 . In Ireland , the series first aired on TV3 Ireland until its conclusion in 2006 . It was confirmed in January 2018 rival channel RTÉ2 picked up the broadcasting rights for the 2017 - 2018 season run , beginning in February 2018 . RECEPTION ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The show garnered a fair amount of criticism and negative reviews upon its debut in 1998 , most of which compared the show to the recently canceled ABC sitcom Ellen . Some called it `` a gay Seinfeld '' . One such review said , `` If Will & Grace can somehow survive a brutal time period opposite football and Ally McBeal , it could grow into a reasonably entertaining little anomaly -- that is , a series about a man and a woman who have no sexual interest in one another . But do n't bet on it . If it 's doomed relationships viewers want , they 'll probably opt for Ally . '' As popular as the show came to be , particularly among gay viewers , Will & Grace continuously dealt with criticism for having a limited view of the gay community and for reinforcing stereotypes when some felt it should have torn them down . The series finale was heavily promoted by NBC , and McCormack , Messing , Mullally and Hayes appeared on The Oprah Winfrey Show and The Today Show to bid farewell , on May 10 and 18 , respectively . NBC devoted a two - hour block in its primetime schedule on May 18 , 2006 , for the Will & Grace send - off . An hour - long series retrospective , `` Say Goodnight , Gracie '' , featuring interviews with the cast , crew , and guest stars , preceded the hour - long series finale . Series creators and executive producers Kohan and Mutchnick , who had not served as writers since the season 4 finale , penned the script for `` The Finale '' . Regarding the finale , Mutchnick stated , `` We wrote about what you want to have happen with people you love ... All the things that matter in life , they end up having . '' The ninth season was met with generally positive reviews . On Rotten Tomatoes the season has a rating of 86 % based on 37 reviews , with an average rating of 7.3 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Will & Grace reunites its ever - hilarious cast for a revival season that picks up right where the show left off 11 years ago -- adding a fresh relevance and a series of stories that make sharply funny use of the passage of time . '' On Metacritic , the season has a weighted average score of 73 out of 100 , based on 26 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by Will & Grace Megan Mullally received two Primetime Emmy Awards for her portrayal of Karen . Will & Grace was nominated for 83 Primetime Emmy Awards , winning 16 of them . McCormack , Messing , Hayes , and Mullally each won at least one Emmy Award for their respective performances . Mullally also won a second time for her performance in 2006 , a year when Will & Grace was nominated for 10 Emmys for its final season . The year before , the show had garnered 15 nominations , tied with Desperate Housewives as the series receiving the most nominations . This was almost an all - time record ; the two shows were second behind The Larry Sanders Show , with 16 nominations in 1996 . With three each , both Hayes and Mullally held the record of winning the most Screen Actors Guild Awards for the categories Best Performance by an Actor in a Comedy Series and Best Performance by an Actress in a Comedy Series , respectively , for their roles in Will & Grace ; however , Tina Fey went on to tie with Mullally and Alec Baldwin went on to surpass Hayes , both for their roles on the series 30 Rock . Will & Grace has won several GLAAD Media Awards for its advocacy of the gay community . Despite more than two dozen nominations , Will & Grace never won a Golden Globe Award during its original run . Ratings ( edit ) The show debuted on Mondays beginning on September 21 , 1998 and steadily gained in popularity , culminating when it moved to Thursday night as part of NBC 's Must See TV line - up . The show ultimately became a highly rated television show in the United States , earning a top - twenty rating during four of its eight seasons , including one season at # 9 . From 2001 -- 2005 , Will & Grace was the highest - rated sitcom among adults 18 -- 49 . However , when the show lost Friends as its lead - in after the 2003 -- 04 season , Will & Grace began shedding viewers and slipped out of the top 20 during its last two seasons . `` The Finale '' drew over 18 million viewers , ranking # 8 for the week , easily making it the most watched episode of seasons seven & eight . While the season eight finale is considered a ratings success , it is far from being the most watched episode of Will & Grace -- that accolade remains with the season four episode `` A Chorus Lie '' , which aired on February 7 , 2002 and ranked # 8 for the week . When the show was at the height of its popularity ( seasons 3 -- 5 ) , ranking in the Top 10 was a common occurrence , but the finale 's Top 10 rank was the only such rank for season 8 and the first such rank since the season 7 premiere `` FYI : I Hurt , Too '' . Average seasonal ratings ( edit ) Season Timeslot ( EDT ) Season Premiere Season Finale TV season Rank Viewers ( in millions ) Ref Monday 9 : 30 P.M. ( 1 -- 8 ) Tuesday 9 : 30 P.M. ( 9 -- 17 ) Thursday 8 : 30 P.M. ( 18 -- 22 ) September 21 , 1998 ( 1998 - 09 - 21 ) May 13 , 1999 ( 1999 - 05 - 13 ) 1998 -- 99 40 12.3 Tuesday 9 : 00 P.M. September 21 , 1999 ( 1999 - 09 - 21 ) May 23 , 2000 ( 2000 - 05 - 23 ) 1999 -- 2000 44 12.0 Thursday 9 : 00 P.M. October 12 , 2000 ( 2000 - 10 - 12 ) May 17 , 2001 ( 2001 - 05 - 17 ) 2000 -- 01 14 17.3 September 27 , 2001 ( 2001 - 09 - 27 ) May 16 , 2002 ( 2002 - 05 - 16 ) 2001 -- 02 9 17.3 5 September 26 , 2002 ( 2002 - 09 - 26 ) May 15 , 2003 ( 2003 - 05 - 15 ) 2002 -- 03 11 16.8 6 Thursday 9 : 00 P.M. ( 1 -- 12 , 22 -- 24 ) Thursday 8 : 33 P.M. ( 13 -- 21 ) September 25 , 2003 ( 2003 - 09 - 25 ) April 29 , 2004 ( 2004 - 04 - 29 ) 2003 -- 04 16 15.2 7 Thursday 8 : 30 P.M. ( 1 -- 21 , 23 -- 24 ) Tuesday 8 : 00 P.M. ( 22 ) September 16 , 2004 ( 2004 - 09 - 16 ) May 19 , 2005 ( 2005 - 05 - 19 ) 2004 -- 05 44 10.0 8 Thursday 8 : 30 P.M. ( 1 -- 9 ) Thursday 8 : 00 P.M. ( 10 -- 24 ) September 29 , 2005 ( 2005 - 09 - 29 ) May 18 , 2006 ( 2006 - 05 - 18 ) 2005 -- 06 61 8.7 9 Thursday 9 : 00 P.M. September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) April 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 05 ) 2017 -- 18 36 8.85 Cultural impact ( edit ) The series was the first prime - time television series on U.S. terrestrial television to star openly gay lead characters , making it the highest - profile presence of LGBT characters on U.S. broadcast television since Ellen 's eponymous lead character 's coming - out in the 1997 `` Puppy Episode '' . It has also been heralded as responsible for opening the door to a string of gay - themed television programs , such as Queer as Folk , Queer Eye for the Straight Guy and Boy Meets Boy . In May 2012 , during a Meet the Press interview with host David Gregory , U.S. Vice President Joe Biden cited the series as an influence in American thinking regarding LGBT rights , saying , `` I think Will & Grace did more to educate the American public than almost anything anybody has ever done . People fear that which is different . Now they 're beginning to understand . '' In the same interview , Biden stated that he was `` absolutely comfortable '' with same - sex marriage , a statement which was followed on May 9 by President Barack Obama 's speaking in favor of it . The day after Obama 's statement , series co-creator Mutchnick later told CBS This Morning that Biden had spoken similar words at a private function which Mutchnick and his husband had attended two weeks prior to Biden 's statement , although a White House official was cited by CBS This Morning 's Bill Plante as asserting that the Meet the Press interview was not a `` trial balloon '' for the statement . Both Mutchnick and Kohan praised Biden 's statement , but were critical of Obama 's stance on marriage during the time between Biden 's and Obama 's statements . In 2004 , the cast of the show were listed in Bravo 's 100 Greatest TV Characters . In 2012 , The Washington Post ranked Will & Grace the ninth - best NBC comedy of all time . In 2014 , scripts , props , and set decor from Will & Grace were donated to the National Museum of American History , which is part of the Smithsonian . Merchandise ( edit ) Lionsgate Home Entertainment has released all eight seasons of Will & Grace on DVD in Region 1 , 2 and 4 . The show was re-released and re-packaged on October 3 , 2011 on region 2 . Universal Studios Home Entertainment will release all future seasons on DVD and Blu - Ray . Season Ep # Discs Release dates Notes 22 August 12 , 2003 August 30 , 2004 Reissued on August 29 , 2017 by Universal 22 uncut episodes 24 March 23 , 2004 August 30 , 2004 Syndicated ( edited ) version `` Ben ? Her ? '' appears . However , the full version appears on the complete boxed set and the compilation `` Will & Grace : Best of Love & Marriage . '' Episode listing on box does not match episode listing on discs Episodes on the fourth disc appear out of sequence 25 September 7 , 2004 August 30 , 2004 2005 `` Gypsies , Tramps and Weed '' appears as its syndicated version . The `` super-size '' episode , `` Cheaters '' , appears as the original version , without the extra footage later added for syndication `` Cheaters '' is incorrectly labeled as `` Cheaters , part 1 '' Various international Season 3 sets feature the syndicated versions of `` Cheaters '' ( in two parts ) , with the extra footage included . 27 August 16 , 2005 August 30 , 2004 2005 27 uncut episodes 5 24 August 29 , 2006 March 7 , 2005 2006 The `` super-size '' episodes , `` Women and Children First '' , `` Dolls and Dolls '' , `` May Divorce Be With You '' , `` 23 '' , and the season finale `` 24 '' , appear as the syndicated versions 6 24 May 1 , 2007 August 15 , 2005 2007 The `` super-size '' episodes , `` Dames at Sea '' , `` A-Story , Bee - Story '' and `` Ice Cream Balls '' , appear as the syndicated versions . Although not a `` super-size '' episode , `` Strangers With Candace '' is edited to its syndicated version . The one - hour season finale , `` I Do , Oh , No , You Di - i n't , '' is split into two episodes ( Parts 1 & 2 ) . However , there is no footage missing . 7 24 December 4 , 2007 January 30 , 2006 2007 The episode `` Friends With Benefits '' is presented in its syndicated cut version . The original version can be found on the 2007 Emmy consideration promo DVD . The bloopers in the US have been censored / cut , with approx. 1 minute of footage removed compared to the international editions . 8 24 September 16 , 2008 August 7 , 2006 2008 All 24 episodes included in their entirety . 9 16 June 12 , 2018 TBA TBA Finale May 30 , 2006 -- -- One - hour series finale included in its entirety . 1 -- 8 194 33 September 16 , 2008 August 7 , 2006 April 30 , 2008 Re-packaged discs from the previous releases with a bonus disc containing : A re-hashing of season 8 's themed featurettes Eric 's favorite episode with commentary by him and Debra Messing Debra 's favorite episode with commentary by her and Eric McCormack The Pilot Episode with commentary by Max Mutchinck , David Kohan , and James Burrows A slideshow of stills from over the series ' run . Spin - offs ( edit ) Karen : the musical ( edit ) It had been announced that Megan Mullally would be creating and starring in a new Broadway musical entitled Karen : The Musical . This musical would have had Mullally reprising her role of Karen Walker . She stated in an interview that the show may also involve recurring guest star Leslie Jordan in his role as Beverley Leslie , with a story revolving around their rivalry . According to Mullally , the project was cancelled due to the rights to the Karen character being withdrawn . Mullally stated to have already gained approval from the network , as well as having the Broadway production company Fox Theatricals , director and choreographer Casey Nicholaw and composer Jeff Blumenkrantz all lined up to participate in the production , before certain stakeholders in the Karen Walker character withdrew the rights for its use in the production . Jack & Karen ( edit ) There had been talk in 2008 that a spin - off was being developed by NBC entitled Jack & Karen , featuring Sean Hayes and Megan Mullally reprising their roles . Hayes initially showed interest in the spin - off but was ultimately put off by the short - lived Friends spin - off , Joey . Furthermore , Mullally 's new work schedule in the form of her talk show , which was canceled several months later , did not allow her to pursue the spin - off at the time . 2016 election web special ( edit ) On September 26 , 2016 , the main cast -- McCormack , Messing , Hayes , and Mullally , plus Morrison in a cameo role -- reunited for a 10 - minute web special , urging Americans to vote in the 2016 presidential election . In the special , Karen , an avid Donald Trump supporter , tries to persuade Jack to vote for Trump , while Will and Grace , both avid Hillary Clinton supporters , try to persuade him to vote for Clinton . At the end , Will reveals that singer Katy Perry is a supporter of Clinton , which persuades Jack to vote for Clinton . See also ( edit ) List of television shows with LGBT characters 1990s portal 2000s portal LGBT portal Television in the United States portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( January 27 , 2017 ) . `` NBC Orders Multi-Camera Comedy Pilot From Max Mutchnick & Jeff Astrof As Potential ' Will & Grace ' Companion '' . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Evan . `` DECODING WILL AND GRACE : MASS AUDIENCE RECEPTION OF A POPULAR NETWORK SITUATION COMEDY '' ( PDF ) . www.csub.edu . California State University , November 4 , 2003 Abstract : The television situation comedy Will and Grace is notable as the first successful network prime - time series to feature gay characters in a gay milieu . The show 's considerable popularity begs the question of how the show 's gay sensibility and humor , particularly the gay trickster character , Jack , is received by a heterosexual audience . This article discusses the notion of gay humor , considers the show 's history , analyzes several episodes , and scrutinizes the responses of 136 college students who watched the show . Viewers do not identify with Jack and regard him as the most frequent butt of humor on the show , but they also consider him the funniest character and , by a very slight margin , their favorite . Contrary to my original hypotheses , respondent characterizations of Jack tend to reflect appreciation for all aspects of his trickster personality , though his ostentatious sexuality tends to be ignored . Retrieved 13 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Team , The Deadline ( June 3 , 2013 ) . `` ' 101 Best Written TV Series Of All Time ' From WGA / TV Guide : Complete List '' . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.washingtontimes.com , The Washington Times . `` Biden ' comfortable ' with gay marriage , cites ' Will & Grace ' '' . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AP News : Headlines '' . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Goodnight , Gracie : ' Will & Grace ' ends landmark run '' . SignOnSanDiego . May 9 , 2006 . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2009 . Retrieved March 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Hennessy , Christopher ( September 2008 ) . `` New spaces open on campus include additional study carrels '' . Emerson College Today . Emerson College . Retrieved April 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : McKenzie , Joi - Marie . `` Debra Messing Says ' Will & Grace ' Reunion Was n't For Hillary Clinton '' . Retrieved 27 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael . `` Will & Grace Revival Eyed at NBC '' . TV Line . Retrieved 27 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Holloway , Daniel ( January 18 , 2017 ) . `` Will & Grace Revival Given 10 - Episode Order by NBC '' . Variety . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2017 . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( January 18 , 2017 ) . `` Will & Grace Returns : NBC Officially Orders 10 - Episode Revival '' . TVLine . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2017 . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Webb Mitovich , Matt ( August 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Will & Grace ' Revival Already Renewed for Season 10 '' . TVLine . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Will & Grace ' Revival Renewed For Season 3 By NBC , Season 2 Expanded '' . Deadline . Retrieved March 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Tim ; Marsh , Earle ( 2007 ) . The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows 1946 -- Present ( Ninth Edition ) . Ballantine Books . pp. 1696 -- 1697 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 49773 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` TV Winners & Losers : Numbers Racket A Final Tally Of The Season 's Show ( from Nielsen Media Research ) '' . Entertainment Weekly . June 4 , 1999 . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2008 . Retrieved March 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` US - Jarescharts '' . Quoten Meter . May 30 , 2002 . Retrieved May 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Outback in Front : CBS Wins Season '' . E Online . May 25 , 2001 . Retrieved May 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` How did your favorite show rate ? '' . USA Today . May 28 , 2002 . Retrieved May 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Networks face Reality Check '' . The National Enquirer . May 25 , 2003 . Retrieved May 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` I.T.R.S. RANKING REPORT 01 THRU 210 ( OUT OF 210 PROGRAMS ) DAYPART : PRIMETIME MON - SUN '' . ABC MediaNet . June 2 , 2004 . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2007 . Retrieved May 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 2004 -- 05 Primetime Wrap '' . The Hollywood Reporter . May 27 , 2005 . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2006 . Retrieved May 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 2005 -- 06 primetime wrap '' . The Hollywood Reporter . May 26 , 2006 . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2007 . Retrieved May 28 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2017 - 18 TV Series Ratings Rankings : NFL Football , ' Big Bang ' Top Charts '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 22 , 2018 . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Pfefferman , Naomi ( December 1 , 2001 ) . `` Jewish and Normal ? Oy ! '' . Jewish Journal . Rap-Up.com . Retrieved November 14 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Will & Grace : Series Finale -- The Last Words : Interviews with the Cast ( DVD ) . Lions Gate Entertainment . 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Cast of Will & Grace '' . Inside the Actors Studio . Bravo . Retrieved November 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Blair , David ( August 13 , 2003 ) . `` Will & Grace -- Season One '' . DVD Talk . Retrieved April 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` In The Pink '' . Entertainment Weekly . September 10 , 1999 . p. 1 . Retrieved April 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Kevin ( September 21 , 1998 ) . `` He 's Gay , She 's Not '' . The Palm Beach Post . pp. 1D . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : King , Larry ( February 16 , 2005 ) . `` Interview with Cast of `` Will & Grace '' `` . Larry King Live . CNN Transcripts . Retrieved April 21 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Will & Grace : Season One -- Interviews with the Creators ( DVD ) . Lions Gate Entertainment . 2003 . Jump up ^ `` McCormack looks to end of ' Will & Grace ' '' . MSNBC . August 23 , 2005 . Retrieved May 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Pergament , Alan ( December 15 , 1998 ) . `` New Time , Fine Line For Will & Grace '' . The Buffalo News . pp. C5 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Baldwin , Kristen ( October 23 , 1998 ) . `` Full - Mettle Jack '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Will & Grace : Season One -- Interviews with the Cast ( DVD ) . Lions Gate Entertainment . 2003 . Jump up ^ Huff , Richard ( September 28 , 1998 ) . `` Producers Poured it on to Land ' Grace ' They Came , They Drank , They Tipped the Deal in their Favor '' . Daily News ( New York ) . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2009 . Retrieved April 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie . `` ' Will & Grace ' To Return To NBC For New Season '' . Deadline . Retrieved 19 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Will & Grace revival gets extended , with two new episodes added '' . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( August 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Will & Grace ' Revival Picked Up for Another Season on NBC '' . Variety . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 17 , 2018 ) . `` ' Will & Grace ' Revival Renewed For Season 3 By NBC , Season 2 Expanded '' . Deadline . Retrieved March 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nilles , Billy ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` Oh Honey , Will & Grace Is Getting an After Show '' . E ! Online . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NBC Launches Ultimate Fan Celebration WILL & GRACE AFTER PARTY , Hosted by E ! '' . Broadway World . September 27 , 2017 . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Producers of ' Will & Grace ' sue NBC '' . USA Today . December 16 , 2003 . Retrieved March 22 , 2008 . The men , who created the show and wrote many of its episodes , accuse the two companies of failing to shop the show to the highest bidder , colluding instead to keep profits within the NBC family . General Electric owns both companies . Jump up ^ `` NBC sues ' Will & Grace ' creators '' . USA Today . March 5 , 2004 . Retrieved March 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Surprise settlement in ' Grace ' case '' . The Hollywood Reporter. April 27 , 2007 . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2007 . Retrieved March 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ https://www.cozitv.com/shows/Cozi-Will--Grace-447739643.html . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ ( PDF ) https://media.cozitv.com/documents/cozi_schedule.pdf . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Richmond , Ray ( September 16 , 1998 ) . `` Will & Grace '' . Daily Variety . Retrieved July 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Watching with Ambivalence '' . Pop Matters Television . October 3 , 2000 . Retrieved July 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Keveney , Bill ( May 17 , 2006 ) . `` NBC 's ' Will ' bows out gracefully '' . USA Today . Retrieved March 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Will & Grace : Season 9 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Will & Grace reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Will & Grace ' Helps NBC Stay Tough on Thursday '' . Zap2It . May 19 , 2006 . Retrieved March 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Kissell , Rick ( May 21 , 2006 ) . `` ' Will ' has its way in finale '' . Variety . Jump up ^ `` TV Winners & Losers : Numbers Racket a Final Tally of the Season 's Show ( from Nielsen Media Research ) '' . Entertainment Weekly . June 4 , 1999 . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2008 . Retrieved March 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` US - Jarescharts '' . Quoten Meter . May 30 , 2002 . Retrieved May 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Outback in Front : CBS Wins Season '' . E Online . May 25 , 2001 . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2008 . Retrieved May 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` How Did Your Favorite Show Rate ? '' . USA Today . May 28 , 2002 . Retrieved May 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Networks Face Reality Check '' . The National Enquirer . May 25 , 2003 . Retrieved May 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` I.T.R.S. Ranking Report 01 Through 210 ( Out of 210 Programs ) Daypart : Primetime Mon - Sun '' . ABC MediaNet . June 2 , 2004 . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2007 . Retrieved May 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 2004 -- 05 Primetime Wrap '' . The Hollywood Reporter . May 27 , 2005 . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2006 . Retrieved May 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 2005 -- 06 Primetime Wrap '' . The Hollywood Reporter . May 26 , 2006 . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2007 . Retrieved May 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Jessica Yellin ( May 6 , 2012 ) . `` Biden says he is ' absolutely comfortable ' with same - sex marriage '' . CNN . Jump up ^ Sam Stein ( May 9 , 2012 ) . `` Obama Backs Gay Marriage '' . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Aaron Couch ( May 10 , 2012 ) . `` ' Will & Grace ' Co-Creator Says Joe Biden Mentioned Show Prior to Gay Marriage Endorsement '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ted Johnson ( May 7 , 2012 ) . `` ' Will & Grace ' duo flattered by Biden shout - out '' . Variety . Jump up ^ `` Bravo > 100 Greatest TV Characters '' . Bravo . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2007 . Retrieved November 11 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Chaney , Jen ( October 9 , 2012 ) . `` Ranked : The top 10 NBC comedies of all time '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Out.com Editors ( August 20 , 2014 ) . `` Original Transgender Pride Flag , Will & Grace Artifacts Donated to Smithsonian Out Magazine '' . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` FSK -- VV Programmteile '' . Fsk.de . September 26 , 2013 . Retrieved October 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Return of Karen Walker in KAREN : THE MUSICAL , MetroSource 's Q&A with Megan Mullally '' . Broadwayworld.com . September 16 , 2009 . Retrieved May 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Megan Mullally interview 2013 ( in Aus ) '' . YouTube . 26 July 2013 . Retrieved 21 April 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.dailystab.com/will-and-grace-spin-off-with-jack-and-karen with new edition bell biv devoe / External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Will & Grace Will & Grace on IMDb Will & Grace at TV.com Will & Grace Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 Characters Will Truman Grace Adler Jack McFarland Karen Walker Rosario Salazar Supporting characters Episodes `` Pilot '' `` Grace , Replaced '' `` Gypsies , Tramps and Weed '' `` A Chorus Lie '' `` Fagel Attraction '' `` Marry Me a Little , Marry Me a Little More '' `` Dolls and Dolls '' `` Back Up , Dancer '' `` Alive and Schticking '' `` Buy , Buy Baby '' `` The Finale '' `` 11 Years Later '' Related Awards NBC programming ( current and upcoming ) Primetime American Ninja Warrior ( since 2011 ) America 's Got Talent ( since 2006 ) A.P. 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By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who plays michael on new will and grace | [
"\nSupporting characters on Will & Grace\n\nMain characters\nWill Truman\nGrace Adler\nJack McFarland\nKaren Walker\n\n\nSpouses\nVince D'Angelo (Bobby Cannavale)\nLeo Markus (Harry Connick Jr.)\nRosario Salazar (Shelley Morrison)\nStanley Walker\nLyle Finster (John Cleese)\n\n\nFamily\nGeorge Truman (Sydney Pollack)\nMarilyn Truman (Blythe Danner)\nSam Truman (John Slattery / Steven Weber)\nPaul Truman (Jon Tenney)\nBobbi Adler (Debbie Reynolds)\nMartin Adler (Alan Arkin/Robert Klein)\nJanet Adler (Geena Davis/Mary McCormack)\nJoyce Adler (Sara Rue)\nEleanor Markus (Judith Ivey)\nJudith McFarland (Veronica Cartwright)\nElliot (Michael Angarano)\nDaniel McFarland (Beau Bridges)\nSkip (Jet Jurgensmeyer )\nLois Whitley (Suzanne Pleshette)\nGin (Bernadette Peters)\nBarry (Dan Futterman)\nLorraine Finster (Minnie Driver)\nMarion Finster (Tim Curry)\nSumner Davis (Paul Satterfield)\n\n\nBen Truman (Ben Newmark), Lila Markus (Maria Thayer)\n\n\nFriends\nRob (Tom Gallop), Ellen (Leigh-Allyn Baker), Joe (Jerry Levine), Larry (Tim Bagley), Steve (Steve Paymer)\nZandra Zoggin (Eileen Brennan)\nCandice Bergen (Candice Bergen)\n\n\nNeighbors\nVal Bassett (Molly Shannon), Mr. Zamir (Marshall Manesh), Nathan (Woody Harrelson)\nN/A\n\n\nLove interests\nMichael (Chris Potter)\nScott Sender (Branden Williams)\nMatthew (Patrick Dempsey)\nJames Hanson (Taye Diggs)\nVince D'Angelo (Bobby Cannavale)\nBen Doucette (Gregory Hines)\nDanny (Tom Verica)\nJosh (Corey Parker)\nNathan (Woody Harrelson)\nNick (Edward Burns)\nTom Cassidy (Eric Stoltz)\nLeo Markus (Harry Connick Jr.)\nStuart Lamarack (Dave Foley)\nKevin Bacon (Kevin Bacon)\nLionel Banks (Rip Torn)\nMalcolm Widmark (Alec Baldwin)\n\n\nRivals\nKevin Wolchek (Adam Goldberg)\nVal Bassett (Molly Shannon)\nArtemis Johnson (Will Arnett)\nBeverley Leslie (Leslie Jordan)\nLorraine Finster (Minnie Driver)\nScott Woolley (Jeff Goldblum)\nCandy Pruitt (Christine Ebersole)\nVal Bassett (Molly Shannon)\nCandice Bergen (Candice Bergen)\n\n\nBosses\nHarlin (Gary Grubbs)\nBen Doucette (Gregory Hines)\nMr. Stein (Gene Wilder)\nMargot (Lily Tomlin)\nMalcolm Widmark (Alec Baldwin)\nN/A\nJamie (John Ducey)\nTim (Mark Harelik)\nDorleen (Parker Posey)\nGrace Adler (Debra Messing)\n\n\nEmployees / Subordinates\nMrs. Freeman (Jo Marie Payton)\nConnie (Kari Lizer)\nKaren Walker (Megan Mullally)\nGillian (Natasha Lyonne)\nTony (Anthony Ramos)\nDave (Mathew Botuchis)\nRosario Salazar (Shelley Morrison)\n\n\nClients\nHarlin Polk (Gary Grubbs)\nStanley Walker\nN/A\nJoanne (Emily Rutherfurd)\nRussell (Jon Fleming)\nN/A\n\n\nCo-workers\nGary (Jamie Kaler)\nN/A\nN/A\nN/A\n\n\nOthers\nTina (Lesley Ann Warren), Benji (Brian A. Setzer), Nurse Sheila (Laura Kightlinger)\n\n"
] | [
"Chris Potter"
] |
1348474948926377050 | South Africa at the 2018 Commonwealth Games | South Africa at the 2018 Commonwealth Games - wikipedia South Africa at the 2018 Commonwealth Games Jump to : navigation , search South Africa at the 2018 Commonwealth Games Flag of South Africa CGF code RSA CGA South African Sports Confederation and Olympic Committee Website sascoc.co.za in Gold Coast , Australia Competitors 194 in 17 sports Flag bearer Caster Semenya Medals Ranked 6th Gold 13 Silver 11 Bronze 13 Total 37 Commonwealth Games appearances ( overview ) British Empire Games 1930 1934 1938 1950 British Empire and Commonwealth Games 1954 1958 1962 -- 1966 British Commonwealth Games 1970 -- 1974 Commonwealth Games 1978 -- 1990 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 South Africa competed at the 2018 Commonwealth Games in the Gold Coast , Australia from April 4 to April 15 , 2018 . Track and field athlete Caster Semenya was the country 's flag bearer during the opening ceremony . Contents ( hide ) 1 Competitors 2 Medalists 3 Athletics 4 Badminton 5 Boxing 6 Cycling 6.1 Road 6.2 Track 6.3 Mountain bike 7 Diving 8 Gymnastics 8.1 Artistic 8.2 Rhythmic 9 Hockey 9.1 Men 's tournament 9.2 Women 's tournament 10 Lawn bowls 11 Netball 12 Rugby sevens 12.1 Men 's tournament 12.2 Women 's tournament 13 Shooting 14 Swimming 15 Table tennis 16 Triathlon 17 Weightlifting 17.1 Powerlifting 18 Wrestling 19 See also 20 References Competitors ( edit ) The following is the list of number of competitors participating at the Games per sport / discipline . Sport Men Women Total Athletics 24 28 Badminton 6 Boxing 0 Cycling 10 7 17 Diving 0 Field hockey 18 18 36 Gymnastics 0 Lawn bowls 10 7 17 Netball N / A 12 12 Powerlifting 0 Rugby sevens 13 12 25 Shooting 0 Swimming 14 11 25 Table tennis 0 Triathlon 5 Weightlifting 0 Wrestling 5 0 5 Total 108 86 194 Medalists ( edit ) Medal Name Sport Event Date 01 ! Gold Schoeman , Henri Henri Schoeman Triathlon Men 's triathlon April 5 01 ! Gold le Clos , Chad Chad le Clos Swimming Men 's 50 metre butterfly April 6 01 ! Gold le Clos , Chad Chad le Clos Swimming Men 's 200 metre butterfly April 7 01 ! Gold Schoenmaker , Tatjana Tatjana Schoenmaker Swimming Women 's 200 metre breaststroke April 7 01 ! Gold van der Burgh , Cameron Cameron van der Burgh Swimming Men 's 50 metre breaststroke April 9 01 ! Gold Schoenmaker , Tatjana Tatjana Schoenmaker Swimming Women 's 100 metre breaststroke April 9 01 ! Gold le Clos , Chad Chad le Clos Swimming Men 's 100 metre butterfly April 9 01 ! Gold Simbine , Akani Akani Simbine Athletics Men 's 100 metres April 9 01 ! Gold Semenya , Caster Caster Semenya Athletics Women 's 1500 metres April 10 01 ! Gold Manyonga , Luvo Luvo Manyonga Athletics Men 's long jump April 11 01 ! Gold Ntutu , Ndodomzi Ndodomzi Ntutu Athletics Men 's T12 100 metres April 12 01 ! Gold Martin Erasmus Wrestling Men 's freestyle 97 kg April 13 01 ! Gold Semenya , Caster Caster Semenya Athletics Women 's 800 metres April 13 02 ! Silver le Clos , Chad Chad le Clos Swimming Men 's 100 metre freestyle April 8 02 ! Silver Davis , Elma Elma Davis Esme Kruger Nicolene Neal Johanna Snyman Lawn bowls Women 's fours April 9 02 ! Silver Buis , Dyan Dyan Buis Athletics Men 's T38 100 metres April 9 02 ! Silver Sadie , Christian Christian Sadie Swimming Men 's 50 metre freestyle S7 April 9 02 ! Silver Bruintjies , Henricho Henricho Bruintjies Athletics Men 's 100 metres April 9 02 ! Silver Tandy , Brad Brad Tandy Swimming Men 's 50 metre freestyle April 10 02 ! Silver Schroeder , Nozipho Nozipho Schroeder Philippus Walker Lawn bowls Mixed para-sport pairs April 11 02 ! Silver Johannes Botha Wrestling Men 's freestyle 74 kg April 12 02 ! Silver Langenhoven , Hilton Hilton Langenhoven Athletics Men 's T12 100 metres April 12 02 ! Silver Neal , Nicolene Nicolene Neal Colleen Piketh Lawn bowls Women 's pairs April 13 02 ! Silver Bruintjies , Henricho Henricho Bruintjies Emile Erasmus Anaso Jobodwana Akani Simbine Athletics Men 's 4 × 100 metres relay April 14 03 ! Bronze Coetzee , Ryan Ryan Coetzee Swimming Men 's 50 metre butterfly April 6 03 ! Bronze Pretorius , Mona Mona Pretorius Weightlifting Women 's 63 kg April 7 03 ! Bronze van der Burgh , Cameron Cameron van der Burgh Swimming Men 's 100 metre breaststroke April 7 03 ! Bronze Piketh , Colleen Colleen Piketh Lawn bowls Women 's singles April 8 03 ! Bronze du Toit , Charl Charl du Toit Athletics Men 's T38 100 metres April 9 03 ! Bronze Justus , Calvyn Calvyn Justus Cameron van der Burgh Chad le Clos Brad Tandy Swimming Men 's 4 × 100 metre medley relay April 10 03 ! Bronze Viljoen , Sunette Sunette Viljoen Athletics Women 's javelin throw April 11 03 ! Bronze Samaai , Ruswahl Ruswahl Samaai Athletics Men 's long jump April 11 03 ! Bronze Hamman , Reinhardt Reinhardt Hamman Athletics Men 's F38 shot put April 11 03 ! Bronze Patton , Christopher Christopher Patton Tobias Botha Willem Viljoen Lawn bowls Open para-sport triples April 12 03 ! Bronze Hatherly , Alan Alan Hatherly Cycling Men 's cross-country April 12 03 ! Bronze Nel , Wenda Wenda Nel Athletics Women 's 400 metres hurdles April 12 03 ! Bronze Hendricks , Clint Clint Hendricks Cycling Men 's road race April 14 Medals by sport Sport 01 ! 02 ! 03 ! Total Athletics 5 5 14 Cycling 0 0 Lawn bowls 0 5 Swimming 6 12 Triathlon 0 0 Weightlifting 0 0 Wrestling 0 Total 13 11 13 37 Medals by date Day Date 01 ! 02 ! 03 ! Total 05 April 0 0 06 April 0 07 April 0 08 April 0 5 09 April 9 6 10 April 7 11 April 5 8 12 April 6 9 13 April 0 10 14 April 0 Total 13 11 13 37 Medals by gender Gender 01 ! 02 ! 03 ! Total Female 10 Male 9 8 9 26 Mixed 0 0 Total 13 11 13 37 Athletics ( edit ) Main article : Athletics at the 2018 Commonwealth Games Men Track & road events Athlete Event Heat Semifinal Final Result Rank Result Rank Result Rank Henricho Bruintjies 100 m 10.23 5 Q 10.26 8 Q 10.17 02 ! Akani Simbine 10.21 4 Q 10.12 4 Q 10.03 01 ! Hilton Langenhoven 100 m T12 11.27 = SB 4 Q N / A 11.27 = SB 02 ! Ndodomzi Ntutu 10.80 GR SB 1 Q N / A 11.02 01 ! Dyan Buis 100 m T38 N / A 11.33 SB 02 ! Charl du Toit N / A 11.35 WR 03 ! Union Sekailwe N / A 11.67 SB 5 Anaso Jobodwana 200 m 20.89 16 Q DQ Did not advance Clarence Munyai 20.95 17 Q 20.36 2 Q 20.58 Stephen Mokoka 10000 m N / A 27 : 44.58 SB 6 Antonio Alkana 110 m hurdles 13.32 3 Q N / A 13.49 5 Constant Pretorius 400 m hurdles 49.71 9 Did not advance L.J. van Zyl 50.98 17 Did not advance Henricho Bruintjies Emile Erasmus Anaso Jobodwana Akani Simbine 4 × 100 m 38.71 4 Q N / A 38.24 NR 02 ! Lebogang Shange 20 km walk N / A 1 : 23 : 27 9 Wayne Snyman N / A 1 : 28 : 09 14 Field events Athlete Event Qualification Final Distance Rank Distance Rank Luvo Manyonga Long jump 7.91 6 Q 8.41 GR 01 ! Ruswahl Samaai 8.06 2 Q 8.22 03 ! Breyton Poole High jump 2.18 15 Did not advance Orazio Cremona Shot put 19.24 7 Q 20.51 6 Reinhardt Hamman Shot put F38 N / A 13.15 SB 03 ! Juanre Jenkinson N / A 9.63 8 Phil - Mar van Rensburg Javelin throw 78.00 7 Q 79.83 Tshepang Makhethe Hammer throw N / A 67.99 9 Women Track & road events Athlete Event Heat Semifinal Final Result Rank Result Rank Result Rank Caster Semenya 800 m 1 : 59.26 1 Q N / A 1 : 56.68 GR 01 ! 1500 m 4 : 05.86 1 Q N / A 4 : 00.71 GR NR 01 ! Wenda Nel 400 m hurdles 54.61 2 Q N / A 54.96 03 ! Field events Athlete Event Final Distance Rank Juanelie Meijer Long jump T38 4.19 Sunette Viljoen Javelin throw 62.08 03 ! Badminton ( edit ) Main article : Badminton at the 2018 Commonwealth Games A team of 6 badminton players ( 3 men and 3 women ) will be sent to the games . Singles Athlete Event Round of 64 Round of 32 Round of 16 Quarterfinal Semifinal Final / BM Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Rank Cameron Coetzer Men 's singles E Ekiring ( UGA ) L 0 - 2 Did not advance Prakash Vijayanath B Molia ( FIJ ) W 2 - 0 G Paul ( MRI ) L 0 - 2 Did not advance Bongani von Bodenstein LK Yew ( SGP ) L 0 - 2 Did not advance Michelle Butler - Emmett Women 's singles N / A G Chua ( SGP ) L 0 - 2 Did not advance Elsie De Villiers N / A S Nehwal ( IND ) L 0 - 2 Did not advance Johanita Scholtz C Birch ( ENG ) L 0 - 2 Did not advance Doubles Athlete Event Round of 64 Round of 32 Round of 16 Quarterfinal Semifinal Final / BM Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Rank Cameron Coetzer Prakash Vijayanath Men 's doubles N / A E Donkor ( GHA ) D Sam ( GHA ) L 1 - 2 Did not advance Michelle Butler - Emmett Elsie De Villiers Women 's doubles N / A Z Morris ( FAI ) C March ( FAI ) W 2 - 0 T Hendahewa ( SRI ) K Sirimannage ( SRI ) L 0 - 2 Did not advance Michelle Butler - Emmett Cameron Coetzer Mixed doubles A Lubah ( MRI ) N Chan - Lam ( MRI ) W 2 - 1 N Yakura ( CAN ) K Tsai ( CAN ) L 0 - 2 Did not advance Elsie De Villiers Bongani von Bodenstein N / A D Chrisnanta ( SGP ) C Wong ( SGP ) L 0 - 2 Did not advance Johanita Scholtz Prakash Vijayanath C Mulenga ( ZAM ) E Siamupangila ( ZAM ) W 2 - 0 T Hee ( SGP ) W Tan ( SGP ) L 0 - 2 Did not advance Mixed team Main article : Badminton at the 2018 Commonwealth Games -- Mixed team Roster Michelle Butler - Emmett Cameron Coetzer Elsie De Villiers Johanita Scholtz Prakash Vijayanath Bongani von Bodenstein Pool C Pos Team Pld MF MA MD GF GA GD PF PA PD Pts Qualification England 0 15 0 + 15 30 0 + 30 630 345 + 285 Knockout stage Australia 9 6 + 3 19 12 + 7 576 472 + 104 South Africa 12 − 9 6 24 − 18 410 592 − 182 Uganda 0 12 − 9 6 25 − 19 406 613 − 207 0 Updated to match ( es ) played on 6 April 2018 . Source : GC2018 Australia 5 Carrara Sports and Leisure Centre , Gold Coast 5 April South Africa 0 Anthony Joe Prakash Vijayanath 24 22 22 20 Wendy Chen Hsuan - yu Johanita Scholtz 21 5 21 13 Sawan Serasinghe / Matthew Chau Cameron Coetzer / Bongani von Bodenstein 21 8 21 12 Setyana Mapasa / Gronya Somerville Michelle Butler - Emmett / Elsie de Villers 21 6 21 13 5 Sawan Serasinghe / Setyana Mapasa Prakash Vijayanath / Michelle Butler - Emmett 21 8 21 17 England 5 Carrara Sports and Leisure Centre , Gold Coast 6 April South Africa 0 Ben Lane / Jessica Pugh Prakash Vijayanath / Michelle Butler - Emmett 21 12 21 15 Rajiv Ouseph Bongani von Bodenstein 21 7 21 7 Chloe Birch Johanita Scholtz 21 10 21 10 Chris Adcock / Ben Lane Cameron Coetzer / Bongani von Bodenstein 21 7 21 6 5 Sarah Walker / Lauren Smith Michelle Butler - Emmett / Elsie de Velliers 21 12 21 17 South Africa Carrara Sports and Leisure Centre , Gold Coast 6 April Uganda Prakash Vijayanath / Michelle Butler - Emmett Brian Kasirye / Aisha Nakiyemba 21 16 21 15 Bongani von Bodenstein Edwin Ekiring 13 21 11 21 Johanita Scholtz Shamim Bangi 13 21 20 22 Prakash Vijayanath / Cameron Coetzer Edwin Ekiring / Brian Kasirye 21 16 21 16 5 Michelle Butler - Emmett / Elsie de Villiers Aisha Nakiyemba / Shamim Bangi 21 10 21 10 Boxing ( edit ) Main article : Boxing at the 2018 Commonwealth Games South Africa participated with a team of 2 athletes ( 2 men ) . Men Athlete Event Round of 16 Quarterfinals Semifinals Final Rank Opposition Result Opposition Result Opposition Result Opposition Result Siyabulela Mphongoshi − 49 kg Thiwanka Ranasinghe ( SRI ) L 0 -- 4 Did not advance Sinethemba Blom − 64 kg Colin Lewis ( GUY ) W 4 - 1 Jesse Lartey ( GHA ) L 2 - 3 Did not advance Cycling ( edit ) Main article : Cycling at the 2018 Commonwealth Games South Africa participated with 17 athletes ( 10 men and 7 women ) . Road ( edit ) Men Athlete Event Time Rank Brendon Davids Road race 3 : 57 : 58 18 Nicholas Dlamini 3 : 59 : 39 38 Clint Hendricks 3 : 57 : 01 03 ! Nolan Hoffman DNF Bradley Potgieter 3 : 59 : 08 27 Brendon Davids Time trial 51 : 44.00 10 Nicholas Dlamini DNS Track ( edit ) Pursuit Athlete Event Qualification Final Time Rank Opponent Results Rank Gert Fouche Men 's pursuit 4 : 35.783 21 Did not advance Steven van Heerden 4 : 32.921 19 Did not advance Joshua van Wyk 4 : 43.335 26 Did not advance Gert Fouche Nolan Hoffman David Maree Steven van Heerden Joshua van Wyk Men 's team pursuit 4 : 11.711 5 Did not advance Charlene Du Preez Women 's pursuit 3 : 45.764 18 Did not advance Danielle van Niekerk 4 : 03.570 21 Did not advance Ilze Bole 3 : 53.312 19 Did not advance Ilze Bole Charlene Du Preez Adelia Reyneke Danielle van Niekerk Elfriede Wolfaardt Women 's team pursuit 4 : 51.224 6 Did not advance Points race Athlete Event Qualification Final Points Rank Points Rank Nolan Hoffman Men 's point race 12 8 Q DNF David Maree 5 10 Q DNF Steven van Heerden 23 6 Q 0 18 Scratch race Athlete Event Qualification Final Nolan Hoffman Men 's scratch race 15 Did not advance David Maree 8 Q 13 Joshua van Wyk DNF Did not advance Mountain bike ( edit ) Athlete Event Time Rank Alan Hatherly Men 's cross-country 1 : 17 : 56 03 ! Cherie Redecker Women 's cross-country - 1LAP Mariske Strauss 1 : 22 : 50 7 Diving ( edit ) Main article : Diving at the 2018 Commonwealth Games South Africa participated with a team of 3 athletes ( 3 women ) . Women Athlete Event Preliminaries Final Points Rank Points Rank Micaela Bouter 1 m springboard 230.75 11 Q 217.25 10 Nicole Gillis 231.90 10 Q 210.95 11 Julia Vincent 260.95 3 Q 247.4 Micaela Bouter 3 m springboard 213.70 14 Did not advance Nicole Gillis 221.15 13 Did not advance Julia Vincent 229.50 11 Q 291.45 6 Micaela Bouter Nicole Gillis 3 m synchronised springboard N / A 238.80 6 Gymnastics ( edit ) Main article : Gymnastics at the 2018 Commonwealth Games Artistic ( edit ) South Africa participated with 2 athletes ( 2 women ) . Women Individual Qualification Athlete Event Apparatus Total Rank V UB BB Claudia Cummins Qualification 13.400 11.775 9.700 11.150 46.025 16 Naveen Daries 12.950 11.700 10.400 10.300 45.350 18 Rhythmic ( edit ) South Africa participated with 2 athletes ( 2 women ) . Team Final & Individual Qualification Athlete Event Apparatus Total Rank Hoop Ball Clubs Ribbon Grace Legote Qualification 9.100 11.700 Q 11.350 10.500 42.650 18 Q Chris - Marie van Wyk 8.950 8.850 10.200 7.200 35.200 21 Q Individual Finals Athlete Event Apparatus Total Rank Hoop Ball Clubs Ribbon Grace Legote All - Around 8.650 11.500 11.350 11.400 42.900 13 Ball N / A 12.150 N / A 12.170 7 Chris - Marie van Wyk All - Around 10.000 8.500 9.650 8.400 36.550 16 Hockey ( edit ) Main article : Hockey at the 2018 Commonwealth Games Both the men and women Hockey teams has qualified for the games . This comes as both teams are the African Champions . A total of 36 individuals are included . Men 's tournament ( edit ) Main article : Field hockey at the 2018 Commonwealth Games -- Men 's tournament Roster Daniel Bell Abdud - Dayaan Cassiem Ryan Crowe Tyson Dlungwana Tim Drummond Jethro Eustice Gowan Jones Ryan Julius Gareth Heyns Keenan Horne Tevin Kok Lonwabo Mvimbi Siyavuya Nolutshungu Nqobile Ntuli Clinton Panther Reza Rosenberg Daniel Sibbald Austin Smith Pool A Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Australia ( H ) 0 0 16 + 14 12 Advance to Semi-finals New Zealand 0 18 6 + 12 9 Scotland 0 7 14 − 7 5th -- 6th place match Canada 0 12 − 9 7th -- 8th place match 5 South Africa 0 14 − 10 9th -- 10th place match Source : FIH Rules for classification : 1 ) points ; 2 ) number of wins ; 3 ) goal difference ; 4 ) goals scored ; 5 ) head - to - head results . ( H ) Host . 5 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 05 ) 21 : 30 South Africa 2 -- 4 Scotland Heyns 37 ' Drummond 43 ' Report Harwood 6 ' Bain 13 ' , 46 ' Forsyth 14 ' Umpires : Eric Koh ( MAS ) Jamie Hooper ( GBR ) 7 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 07 ) 16 : 30 Australia 4 -- 0 South Africa Mitton 30 ' , 39 ' Hayward 43 ' Kleinschmidt 50 ' Report Umpires : Anbananthan Rawi ( MAS ) Tyler Klenk ( CAN ) 8 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 08 ) 16 : 30 New Zealand 6 -- 0 South Africa Russell 4 ' , 25 ' J. Panchia 26 ' Woods 27 ' Muir 50 ' Ross 53 ' Report Umpires : Jamie Hooper ( WAL ) Paul Walker ( ENG ) 11 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 11 ) 21 : 30 Canada 0 -- 2 South Africa Report Julius 31 ' Rosenberg 60 ' Umpires : Jamie Hooper ( WAL ) Tim Bond ( NZL ) Ninth and tenth place 13 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) 08 : 30 South Africa 2 -- 3 Wales Crowe 19 ' Cassiem 46 ' Report Furlong 27 ' Carson 27 ' , 59 ' Umpires : Ben de Young ( AUS ) Tyler Klenk ( CAN ) Women 's tournament ( edit ) Main article : Hockey at the 2018 Commonwealth Games -- Women 's tournament Roster Stephanie Baxter Quanita Bobbs Kara - Lee Botes Dirkie Chamberlain Sulette Damons Illse Davids Lisa - Marie Deetlefs Celia Evans Erin Hunter Shelly Jones Nicole La Fleur Ongeziwe Mali Candice Manuel Jade Mayne Phumelela Mbande Kristen Paton Nicolene Terblanche Nicole Walraven Pool A Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification England 0 11 + 8 9 Advance to Semi-finals India 0 9 5 + 4 9 South Africa − 1 5th -- 6th place match Malaysia 8 − 5 7th -- 8th place match 5 Wales 0 10 − 6 9th -- 10th place match Source : FIH Rules for classification : 1 ) points ; 2 ) number of wins ; 3 ) goal difference ; 4 ) goals scored ; 5 ) head - to - head results . 5 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 05 ) 14 : 30 England 2 -- 0 South Africa Balsdon 11 ' Townsend 20 ' Report Umpires : Sarah Wilson ( GBR ) Nur Hafizah Azman ( MAS ) 7 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 07 ) 19 : 30 South Africa 1 -- 1 Malaysia Mayne 47 ' Report Nuraslinda 39 ' Umpires : Catherine Wright ( WAL ) Lelia Sacre ( CAN ) 9 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 09 ) 14 : 30 South Africa 2 -- 0 Wales Manuel 25 ' Mayne 41 ' Report Umpires : Emma Shelbourn ( ENG ) Jo Cumming ( NZL ) 10 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 10 ) 19 : 30 India 1 -- 0 South Africa Rampal 47 ' Report Umpires : Sarah Wilson ( SCO ) Catherine Wright ( WAL ) Fifth and sixth place 13 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) 14 : 00 South Africa 1 -- 3 Canada Manuel 55 ' Report Johnston 10 ' Secco 15 ' Sourisseau 48 ' Umpires : Catherine Wright ( WAL ) Cookie Tan ( SGP ) Lawn bowls ( edit ) Main article : Lawn bowls at the 2018 Commonwealth Games South Africa will compete in Lawn bowls . Men Athlete Event Group Stage Quarterfinal Semifinal Final / BM Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Rank Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Rank Petrus Breitenbach Singles Wilson ( AUS ) L 6 -- 21 Salmon ( WAL ) W 21 -- 15 Aquilina ( MLT ) W 21 -- 17 Jones ( NFI ) W 21 -- 13 Paniani ( COK ) W 21 -- 19 2 Q Bester ( CAN ) L 9 - 21 Did not advance Petrus Breitenbach Jason Evans Pairs Wales W 17 -- 15 Northern Ireland W 20 -- 16 Isle of Man W 19 -- 13 Jamaica W 28 -- 6 N / A 1 Q Cook Islands L 14 -- 15 Did not advance Gerry Baker Rudi Jacobs Morgan Muvhango Triples England L 13 -- 24 Wales L 6 -- 22 India L 17 -- 18 Papua New Guinea W 16 -- 15 N / A Did not advance Gerry Baker Jason Evans Rudi Jacobs Morgan Muvhango Fours India L 7 -- 19 Australia L 6 -- 27 Norfolk Island W 25 -- 7 Botswana W 22 -- 6 N / A Did not advance Women Athlete Event Group Stage Quarterfinal Semifinal Final / BM Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Rank Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Rank Colleen Piketh Singles Murphy ( AUS ) L 16 -- 21 Beattie ( NIR ) W 21 -- 13 Kioa ( TGA ) W 21 -- 4 Siame ( ZAM ) W 21 -- 9 2 Q Murphy ( AUS ) W 21 -- 19 Edwards ( NZL ) L 17 -- 21 McKerihen ( CAN ) W 21 -- 17 03 ! Nicolene Neal Colleen Piketh Pairs India W 19 -- 17 Northern Ireland W 20 -- 12 Wales W 23 -- 17 Jersey W 23 -- 6 1 Q England W 14 -- 12 Scotland W 18 -- 10 Malaysia L 14 -- 15 02 ! Elma Davis Esme Kruger Johanna Snyman Triples England L 11 -- 28 Northern Ireland L 13 -- 14 Niue W 40 -- 7 N / A Did not advance Elma Davis Esme Kruger Nicolene Neal Johanna Snyman Fours New Zealand W 16 -- 11 Zambia W 17 -- 10 Norfolk Island D 10 -- 10 Jersey W 19 -- 7 1 Q New Zealand W 16 -- 8 Malta W 14 -- 8 Australia l 16 -- 18 02 ! Para-sport Athlete Event Group Stage Semifinal Final / BM Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Rank Opposition Score Opposition Score Rank Nozipho Schroeder Johanna van Rooyen ( Guide ) Philippus Walker Graham Ward ( Guide ) Pairs Australia L 3 - 26 New Zealand W 14 - 12 Scotland W 18 - 3 England W 19 - 8 Wales W 11 - 8 1 Q Wales W 11 - 9 Australia L 9 - 12 02 ! Tobias Botha Christopher Patton Willem Viljoen Triples England D 13 - 13 Australia L 10 - 13 Wales W 21 - 4 New Zealand L 11 - 19 Scotland W 15 - 7 4 Q Australia L 7 - 15 England W 16 - 13 03 ! Netball ( edit ) Main article : Netball at the 2018 Commonwealth Games South Africa qualified a netball team by virtue of being ranked in the top 11 ( excluding the host nation , Australia ) of the INF World Rankings on July 1 , 2017 . Roster Erin Burger Izette Griesel Maryka Holtzhausen Danelle Lochner Phumza Maweni Bongiwe Msomi Precious Mthembu Lenize Potgieter Karla Pretorius Shadine van der Merwe Ine - Mari Venter Zanele Vimbela Pool A Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Australia ( H ) 5 5 0 0 413 162 + 251 10 Semi-finals Jamaica 5 0 351 221 + 130 8 South Africa 5 0 310 205 + 105 6 Classification matches Northern Ireland 5 0 224 307 − 83 5 Barbados 5 0 185 333 − 148 6 Fiji 5 0 0 5 171 426 − 255 0 Updated to match ( es ) played on 11 April 2018 . Source : GC2018 ( H ) Host . 000000002018 - 04 - 06 - 0000 6 April 2018 15 : 00 Report South Africa 46 -- 57 Jamaica Gold Coast Convention and Exhibition Centre Umpires : Gary Burgess Michelle Phippard Reserve umpire : Helen George Venter 19 / 23 ( 83 % ) Burger 15 / 15 ( 100 % ) Holtzhausen 12 / 18 ( 67 % ) Fowler - Reid 29 / 31 ( 94 % ) Beckford 15 / 20 ( 75 % ) Aiken 13 / 16 ( 81 % ) 000000002018 - 04 - 07 - 0000 7 April 2018 15 : 00 Report Northern Ireland 35 -- 49 South Africa Gold Coast Convention and Exhibition Centre Umpires : Kate Stephenson Lisa McPhail Reserve umpire : Jackie Mizon L. Bowman 21 / 25 ( 84 % ) Lennon 5 / 6 ( 83 % ) Mccullogh 5 / 11 ( 45 % ) K. Bowman 4 / 7 ( 57 % ) Burger 38 / 41 ( 93 % ) Venter 7 / 9 ( 78 % ) Holtzhausen 4 / 9 ( 44 % ) 000000002018 - 04 - 08 - 0000 8 April 2018 20 : 30 Report Australia 60 -- 38 South Africa Gold Coast Convention and Exhibition Centre Umpires : Jono Bredin Lisa McPhail Reserve umpire : Kate Stephenson Bassett 20 / 23 ( 87 % ) Thwaites 15 / 15 ( 100 % ) Wood 14 / 15 ( 93 % ) Pettitt 11 / 11 ( 100 % ) Venter 33 / 40 ( 83 % ) Holtzhausen 5 / 10 ( 50 % ) 000000002018 - 04 - 10 - 0000 10 April 2018 18 : 30 Report South Africa 92 -- 28 Fiji Gold Coast Convention and Exhibition Centre Umpires : Michelle Phippard Jackie Mizon Reserve umpire : Kate Stephenson Burger 56 / 59 ( 95 % ) Venter 20 / 22 ( 91 % ) Stoltz 16 / 21 ( 76 % ) Waqa 19 / 26 ( 73 % ) M. Rusivakula 8 / 12 ( 67 % ) U. Rusivakula 1 / 2 ( 50 % ) 000000002018 - 04 - 11 - 0000 11 April 2018 11 : 00 Report South Africa 85 -- 25 Barbados Gold Coast Convention and Exhibition Centre Umpires : Jackie Mizon Kate Stephenson Reserve umpire : Jono Bredin Venter 34 / 35 ( 97 % ) Burger 33 / 35 ( 94 % ) Holtzhausen 10 / 14 ( 71 % ) Stoltz 8 / 9 ( 89 % ) Blackman 14 / 15 ( 93 % ) Payne 11 / 17 ( 65 % ) Fifth place match 000000002018 - 04 - 12 - 0000 12 April 2018 09 : 00 Report South Africa 53 -- 42 Uganda Gold Coast Convention and Exhibition Centre Umpires : Jackie Mizon Joshua Bowring Reserve umpire : Marc Henning Venter 42 / 46 ( 91 % ) Holtzhausen 11 / 12 ( 92 % ) Oyella 22 / 25 ( 88 % ) Proscovia 19 / 19 ( 100 % ) Nanyonga 1 / 4 ( 25 % ) Rugby sevens ( edit ) Main article : Rugby sevens at the 2018 Commonwealth Games Men 's tournament ( edit ) Main article : Rugby sevens at the 2018 Commonwealth Games -- Men 's tournament South Africa qualified a men 's team of 12 athletes by being among the top nine ranked nations from the Commonwealth in the 2016 -- 17 World Rugby Sevens Series ranking . Roster Cecil Afrika Timothy Agaba Kyle Brown Zain Davids Branco du Preez Justin Geduld Werner Kok Ruhan Nel Dylan Sage Philip Snyman Siviwe Soyizwapi Rosko Specman Reserve : Mogamat Davids Pool A Pos Team Pld PF PA PD Pts Qualification South Africa 0 0 121 5 + 116 9 Semi-finals Scotland 0 73 26 + 47 7 Classification semi-finals Papua New Guinea 0 31 84 − 53 5 Malaysia 0 0 5 115 − 110 Source : GC2018 Rules for classification : 1 ) Points ; 2 ) Head - to - head result ; 3 ) Point difference ; 4 ) Points scored . 000000002018 - 04 - 14 - 0000 14 April 2018 12 : 05 South Africa 43 -- 0 Malaysia Try : Sage 2 ' m Geduld ( 2 ) 3 ' m , 9 ' c du Preez 4 ' c Snyman 7 ' m Specman 8 ' c Agaba 10 ' c Con : du Preez ( 2 / 5 ) 5 ' , 8 ' Geduld ( 2 / 2 ) 9 ' , 10 ' ( Gold Coast 2018 ) Robina Stadium , Gold Coast Referee : Craig Evans ( Wales ) 000000002018 - 04 - 14 - 0000 14 April 2018 18 : 37 South Africa 52 -- 0 Papua New Guinea Try : Kok 1 ' c Specman ( 2 ) 1 ' m , 9 ' c Nel ( 2 ) 3 ' c , 5 ' c Sage 7 ' c du Preez 11 ' m Davids 13 ' c Con : du Preez ( 5 / 7 ) 1 ' , 4 ' , 5 ' , 7 ' , 9 ' Afrika ( 1 / 1 ) 13 ' ( Gold Coast 2018 ) Robina Stadium , Gold Coast Referee : Richard Kelly ( New Zealand ) 000000002018 - 04 - 14 - 0000 14 April 2018 22 : 17 South Africa 26 -- 5 Scotland Try : Specman 4 ' c Nel 8 ' c Afrika 9 ' m Geduld 12 ' c Con : Geduld ( 3 / 4 ) 5 ' , 8 ' , 12 ' ( Gold Coast 2018 ) Try : Farndale 14 ' m Con : Fergusson ( 0 / 1 ) Robina Stadium , Gold Coast Referee : Damon Murphy ( Australia ) Semi-finals 15 April 2018 South Africa 19 -- 24 ( a.e.t. ) Fiji Gold Coast 12 : 05 Bronze medal match 15 April 2018 England 21 -- 14 South Africa Gold Coast 14 : 17 Women 's tournament ( edit ) Main article : Rugby sevens at the 2018 Commonwealth Games -- Women 's tournament South Africa also qualified a women 's team of 12 . This qualification came after the South African women 's team won the African Cup in 2017 . The gold and silver medalist of Africa would then automatically qualify for the 2018 games . The silver medalists were Kenya . Roster Veroeshka Grain Zenay Jordaan Megan Comley Unathi Mali Nomsa Mokwai Zintle Mpupha Zinhle Ndawonde Marithy Pienaar Nadine Roos Mathrin Simmers Chane Stadler Eloise Webb Pool A Pos Team Pld PF PA PD Pts Qualification New Zealand 0 0 110 7 + 103 9 Semi-finals Canada 0 60 36 + 24 7 Kenya 0 31 79 − 48 5 Classification semi-finals South Africa 0 0 10 89 − 79 Source : GC2018 Rules for classification : 1 ) Points ; 2 ) Head - to - head result ; 3 ) Point difference ; 4 ) Points scored . 000000002018 - 04 - 13 - 0000 13 April 2018 16 : 31 Canada 29 -- 0 South Africa Try : Crossley 1 ' m Benn 2 ' c Kaljuvee 4 ' c Williams 6 ' m Darling 8 ' m Con : Landry ( 2 / 4 ) 3 ' , 4 ' Lukan ( 0 / 1 ) ( Gold Coast 2018 ) Robina Stadium , Gold Coast Referee : Hollie Davidson ( Scotland ) 000000002018 - 04 - 13 - 0000 13 April 2018 19 : 33 New Zealand 41 -- 0 South Africa Try : Goss 1 ' c Woodman ( 2 ) 1 ' m , 8 ' c Blyde 6 ' m Broughton 7 ' m Williams 9 ' c Brazier 12 ' m Con : Nathan - Wong ( 3 / 6 ) 1 ' , 8 ' , 9 ' Willison ( 0 / 1 ) ( Gold Coast 2018 ) Robina Stadium , Gold Coast Referee : Sara Cox ( England ) 000000002018 - 04 - 14 - 0000 14 April 2018 12 : 27 South Africa 10 -- 19 Kenya Try : Simmers 8 ' m Jordaan 9 ' m Con : Jordaan ( 0 / 2 ) ( Gold Coast 2018 ) Try : Okelo 2 ' c Masinde 7 ' c Olando 13 ' m Con : Okulu ( 2 / 3 ) 3 ' , 7 ' Robina Stadium , Gold Coast Referee : Rebecca Mahoney ( New Zealand ) Classification semi-finals 15 April 2018 Fiji 40 -- 12 South Africa Gold Coast 9 : 31 Match for seventh place 15 April 2018 South Africa 14 -- 19 Wales Gold Coast 12 : 27 Shooting ( edit ) Main article : Shooting at the 2018 Commonwealth Games South Africa participated with 4 athletes ( 4 men ) . Men Athlete Event Qualification Semifinal Final Points Rank Points Rank Points Rank Pierre Basson 10 metre air rifle 604.7 15 N / A Did not advance Bartholomeus Pienaar 612.7 11 N / A Did not advance Open Athlete Event Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Total Points Rank Points Rank Points Rank Overall Rank Jacobus Du Toit Queen 's prize individual 103 - 6v 21 146 - 15v 19 144 - 12v 21 393 - 33v 20 Petrus Haasbroek 104 - 12v 10 149 - 20v 6 146 - 13v 16 399 - 45v 11 Jacobus Du Toit Petrus Haasbroek Queen 's prize pairs 299 - 37v 282 - 16v 6 N / A 581 - 53v Swimming ( edit ) Main article : Swimming at the 2018 Commonwealth Games A total of 25 South African Swimmers has qualified for the games . This includes 2 para-swimmers . Men Athlete Event Heat Semifinal Final Time Rank Time Rank Time Rank Ryan Coetzee 50 m freestyle DNS Did not advance Brad Tandy 21.78 2 Q 21.92 2 Q 21.81 02 ! Christian Sadie 50 m freestyle S7 29.54 2 Q N / A 29.65 02 ! Calvyn Justus 100 m freestyle 50.06 20 Did not advance Chad le Clos 49.17 7 Q 48.61 2 Q 48.15 02 ! Chad le Clos 200 m freestyle 1 : 47.37 6 Q N / A 1 : 47.46 7 Eben Vorster 1 : 50.78 18 N / A Did not advance Brent Szurdoki 400 m freestyle 3 : 56.40 10 N / A Did not advance Eben Vorster 3 : 56.82 11 N / A Did not advance Brent Szurdoki 1500 m freestyle N / A 15 : 28.60 Martin Binedell 100 m backstroke 56.37 12 Q 55.25 9 Did not advance Calvyn Justus 55.69 10 Q 55.25 9 Did not advance Jarryd Baxter 200 m backstroke 2 : 02.17 13 N / A Did not advance Martin Binedell 1 : 57.92 1 Q N / A 1 : 57.87 6 Luan Grobbelaar 2 : 06.10 18 N / A Did not advance Michael Houlie 50 m breaststroke 27.92 6 Q 27.64 5 Q 27.83 6 Brad Tandy 28.17 11 Q 27.99 8 Q 28.37 8 Cameron van der Burgh 27.01 2 Q 26.95 2 Q 26.58 01 ! Michael Houlie 100 m breaststroke 1 : 01.66 9 Q 1 : 01.47 10 Did not advance Cameron van der Burgh 1 : 00.20 3 Q 59.74 3 Q 59.44 03 ! Kaleb van der Merwe 100 m breaststroke SB8 1 : 28.26 7 Q N / A 1 : 26.11 7 Luan Grobbelaar 200 m breaststroke 2 : 18.90 11 N / A Did not advance Ayrton Sweeney 2 : 13.27 9 N / A Did not advance Ryan Coetzee 50 m butterfly 23.94 3 Q 23.79 3 Q 23.73 03 ! Chad le Clos 23.53 1 Q 23.53 1 Q 23.37 01 ! Brad Tandy 24.41 10 Q 24.35 10 Did not advance Ryan Coetzee 100 m butterfly 55.03 14 Q 54.17 12 Did not advance Chad le Clos 53.67 5 Q 52.56 4 Q 50.65 01 ! Eben Vorster 55.11 15 Q 54.75 14 Did not advance Chad le Clos 200 m butterfly 1 : 57.89 4 Q N / A 1 : 54.00 01 ! Eben Vorster 2 : 00.72 12 N / A Did not advance Jarryd Baxter 200 m individual medley 2 : 02.23 11 N / A Did not advance Ayrton Sweeney 2 : 03.19 15 N / A Did not advance Eben Vorster 2 : 07.11 17 N / A Did not advance Luan Grobbelaar 400 m individual medley 4 : 22.77 9 N / A Did not advance Ayrton Sweeney 4 : 18.08 2 Q N / A 4 : 17.79 Ryan Coetzee Calvyn Justus Chad le Clos Brad Tandy Jarryd Baxter * Eben Vorster * 4 × 100 m freestyle relay 3 : 21.50 7 Q N / A 3 : 17.27 6 Calvyn Justus Chad le Clos Cameron van der Burgh Brad Tandy Ryan Coetzee * Michael Houlie * Martin Binedell * 4 × 100 m medley relay 3 : 42.44 5 Q N / A 3 : 34.79 03 ! * Competed in heats only . Women Athlete Event Heat Semifinal Final Time Rank Time Rank Time Rank Emma Chelius 50 m freestyle 25.62 8 Q 25.89 10 Did not advance Erin Gallagher 25.21 5 Q 25.03 5 Q 25.03 5 Emma Chelius 100 m freestyle 56.04 12 Q 56.40 14 Did not advance Erin Gallagher 55.36 9 Q 54.38 7 Q 54.23 6 Kristin Bellingan 200 m freestyle 2 : 04.37 15 N / A Did not advance Dune Coetzee 2 : 04.15 14 N / A Did not advance Marlies Ross 2 : 08.29 17 N / A Did not advance Kate Beavon 400 m freestyle 4 : 17.59 12 N / A Did not advance Kristin Bellingan 4 : 20.92 15 N / A Did not advance Dune Coetzee 4 : 15.21 11 N / A Did not advance Kate Beavon 800 m freestyle 8 : 49.16 8 Q N / A 8 : 49.16 8 Kristin Bellingan 9 : 02.88 9 N / A Did not advance Erin Gallagher 50 m backstroke 29.38 15 Q Withdrew Did not advance Mariella Venter 29.88 17 R 29.58 16 Did not advance Nathania van Niekerk 100 m backstroke 1 : 02.81 15 Q 1 : 03.06 16 Did not advance Mariella Venter 1 : 03.39 17 Did not advance Nathania van Niekerk 200 m backstroke 2 : 16.07 11 N / A Did not advance Mariella Venter 2 : 14.82 10 N / A Did not advance Kaylene Corbett 50 m breaststroke 32.51 17 Did not advance Tatjana Schoenmaker 30.92 3 Q 31.01 5 Q 30.82 Emily Visagie 32.73 18 Did not advance Kaylene Corbett 100 m breaststroke 1 : 09.40 10 Q 1 : 09.36 13 Did not advance Tatjana Schoenmaker 1 : 07.69 2 Q 1 : 06.65 1 Q 1 : 06.41 01 ! Emily Visagie 1 : 10.65 16 Q 1 : 10.80 15 Did not advance Kaylene Corbett 200 m breaststroke 2 : 27.68 7 Q N / A 2 : 29.40 8 Tatjana Schoenmaker 2 : 23.57 1 Q N / A 2 : 22.02 01 ! Emily Visagie 2 : 28.37 9 R N / A 2 : 29.25 7 Emma Chelius 50 m butterfly 27.55 13 Q 27.52 13 Did not advance Erin Gallagher 27.05 8 Q 26.85 8 Q 26.84 7 Dune Coetzee 100 m butterfly 1 : 02.03 17 Did not advance Erin Gallagher 59.25 8 Q 59.04 9 Did not advance Dune Coetzee 200 m butterfly 2 : 12.38 11 N / A Did not advance Marlies Ross 200 m individual medley 2 : 19.67 13 N / A Did not advance Emily Visagie 2 : 18.27 11 N / A Did not advance Marlies Ross 400 m individual medley 4 : 55.30 11 N / A Did not advance Emma Chelius Erin Gallagher Marlies Ross Dune Coetzee 4 × 100 m freestyle relay N / A 3 : 46.04 5 Kate Beavon Kristin Bellingan Dune Coetzee Marlies Ross 4 × 200 m freestyle relay N / A 8 : 18.31 6 Emma Chelius Kaylene Corbett Erin Gallagher Nathania van Niekerk Mariella Venter 4 × 100 m medley relay N / A 4 : 12.02 7 Table tennis ( edit ) Main article : Table tennis at the 2018 Commonwealth Games South Africa participated with 1 athlete ( 1 man ) . Para-sport Athletes Event Group Stage Semifinal Final Rank Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Rank Opposition Score Opposition Score Theo Cogill Men 's TT6 -- 10 Ross Wilson ( ENG ) L 3 - 2 Barak Mizrachi ( AUS ) W 3 - 0 Temitope Ogunsanya ( NGR ) W 3 - 0 2 Q Kim Daybell ( ENG ) L 3 - 2 Joshua Stacey ( WAL ) L 3 - 2 Triathlon ( edit ) Main article : Triathlon at the 2018 Commonwealth Games South Africa participated with 5 athletes ( 3 men and 2 women ) . Individual Athlete Event Swim ( 750 m ) Trans 1 Bike ( 20 km ) Trans 2 Run ( 5 km ) Total Rank Richard Murray Men 's 9 : 12 0 : 32 27 : 51 0 : 26 15 : 03 53 : 04 6 Henri Schoeman 8 : 51 0 : 35 27 : 45 0 : 24 15 : 00 52 : 31 01 ! Wian Sullwald 9 : 03 0 : 34 27 : 58 0 : 29 18 : 26 56 : 30 20 Simone Ackermann Women 's 9 : 46 0 : 39 34 : 53 0 : 30 20 : 05 1 : 05 : 53 18 Gillian Sanders 10 : 01 0 : 39 33 : 04 0 : 29 18 : 53 1 : 03 : 06 15 Mixed Relay Athletes Event Total Times per Athlete ( Swim 250 m , Bike 7 km , Run 1.5 km ) Total Group Time Rank Simone Ackermann Henri Schoeman Gillian Sanders Richard Murray Mixed relay 23 : 21 18 : 56 22 : 08 19 : 09 1 : 23 : 34 8 Weightlifting ( edit ) Main articles : Weightlifting at the 2018 Commonwealth Games and Weightlifting at the 2018 Commonwealth Games -- Qualification South Africa participated with 3 athletes ( 3 women ) . Athlete Event Snatch Clean & Jerk Total Rank Result Rank Result Rank Johanni Taljaard Women 's − 58 kg 78 6 93 8 171 6 Mona Pretorius Women 's − 63 kg 91 115 206 03 ! Celestie Engelbrecht Women 's − 69 kg 83 8 110 6 193 7 Powerlifting ( edit ) Main article : Powerlifting at the 2018 Commonwealth Games South Africa participated with 1 athlete ( 1 man ) . Athlete Event Result Rank Ricardo Fitzpatrick Men 's heavyweight 152.1 7 Wrestling ( edit ) Main article : Wrestling at the 2018 Commonwealth Games South Africa participated with 5 athletes ( 5 men ) . Athlete Event Round of 16 Quarterfinal Semifinal Repechage Final / BM Opposition Result Opposition Result Opposition Result Opposition Result Opposition Result Rank Jan Combrinck Men 's freestyle - 57 kg Bye Takahashi ( CAN ) L 1 - 3 Did not advance Bye Welson ( NGR ) L 1 - 3 5 Terry van Rensburg Men 's freestyle - 65 kg Daniel ( NGR ) L 0 - 3 Did not advance 10 Johannes Botha Men 's freestyle - 74 kg Fernando ( SLE ) W 4 - 1 Dodge ( WAL ) W 4 - 0 Assizecourt ( NGR ) W 5 - 0 N / A Sushil ( IND ) L 0 - 4 02 ! Michael Gaitskill Men 's freestyle - 86 kg Moore ( CAN ) L 1 - 4 Did not advance 11 Martin Erasmus Men 's freestyle - 97 kg Belkin ( NZL ) W 4 - 0 Verreynne ( AUS ) W 4 - 1 Steen ( CAN ) W 4 - 1 N / A Khatri ( IND ) W 4 - 1 01 ! See also ( edit ) South Africa at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 71 Nations and Territories. 6 Continents. 2 Billion citizens . 1 commonwealth family '' . www.gc2018.com/ . Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games Corporation . Retrieved 8 October 2016 . Jump up ^ De Villiers , Ockert ( 26 March 2018 ) . `` Caster named Team South Africa flagbearer at Games '' . Independent Online . South Africa . Retrieved 26 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lawn Bowls Draw '' ( PDF ) . gc2018.com . Retrieved 20 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Pavitt , Michael ( 25 July 2017 ) . `` Uganda to make Commonwealth Games netball debut at Gold Coast 2018 '' . Insidethegames.biz . Dunsar Media . Retrieved 28 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Dakin , Rebecca ( 24 July 2017 ) . `` Competing nations announced for GC2018 Netball Competition '' . www.mygc.com.au/ . myGC . Retrieved 28 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` International Netball Federation : 2018 Commonwealth Games '' . Retrieved 17 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Pavitt , Michael ( 8 October 2017 ) . `` Uganda and Zambia qualify for Gold Coast 2018 men 's rugby sevens tournament '' . Insidethegames.biz . Dunsar Media . Retrieved 29 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Qualification List of the Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games '' ( PDF ) . www.iwf.net/ . International Weightlifting Federation . March 2018 . Retrieved 21 March 2018 . Associations at the 2018 Commonwealth Games Africa Botswana Cameroon Gambia Ghana Kenya Lesotho Malawi Mauritius Mozambique Namibia Nigeria Rwanda Seychelles Sierra Leone South Africa Swaziland Tanzania Uganda Zambia Americas Bahamas Belize Bermuda Canada Falkland Islands Guyana Saint Helena Asia Bangladesh Brunei India Malaysia Pakistan Singapore Sri Lanka Caribbean Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Dominica Grenada Jamaica Montserrat Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands Europe Cyprus England Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Malta Northern Ireland Scotland Wales Oceania Australia Cook Islands Fiji Kiribati Nauru New Zealand Niue Norfolk Island Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_Africa_at_the_2018_Commonwealth_Games&oldid=839129706 '' Categories : Nations at the 2018 Commonwealth Games South Africa at the Commonwealth Games 2018 in South African sport Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 1 May 2018 , at 13 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many medals does south africa have in 2018 commonwealth | [
"\n\n\n\nMedal\nName\nSport\nEvent\nDate\n\n\n01 ! Gold\nSchoeman, HenriHenri Schoeman\nTriathlon\nMen's triathlon\nApril 5\n\n\n01 ! Gold\nle Clos, ChadChad le Clos\nSwimming\nMen's 50 metre butterfly\nApril 6\n\n\n01 ! Gold\nle Clos, ChadChad le Clos\nSwimming\nMen's 200 metre butterfly\nApril 7\n\n\n01 ! Gold\nSchoenmaker, TatjanaTatjana Schoenmaker\nSwimming\nWomen's 200 metre breaststroke\nApril 7\n\n\n01 ! Gold\nvan der Burgh, CameronCameron van der Burgh\nSwimming\nMen's 50 metre breaststroke\nApril 9\n\n\n01 ! Gold\nSchoenmaker, TatjanaTatjana Schoenmaker\nSwimming\nWomen's 100 metre breaststroke\nApril 9\n\n\n01 ! Gold\nle Clos, ChadChad le Clos\nSwimming\nMen's 100 metre butterfly\nApril 9\n\n\n01 ! Gold\nSimbine, AkaniAkani Simbine\nAthletics\nMen's 100 metres\nApril 9\n\n\n01 ! Gold\nSemenya, CasterCaster Semenya\nAthletics\nWomen's 1500 metres\nApril 10\n\n\n01 ! Gold\nManyonga, LuvoLuvo Manyonga\nAthletics\nMen's long jump\nApril 11\n\n\n01 ! Gold\nNtutu, NdodomziNdodomzi Ntutu\nAthletics\nMen's T12 100 metres\nApril 12\n\n\n01 ! Gold\nMartin Erasmus\nWrestling\nMen's freestyle 97 kg\nApril 13\n\n\n01 ! Gold\nSemenya, CasterCaster Semenya\nAthletics\nWomen's 800 metres\nApril 13\n\n\n02 ! Silver\nle Clos, ChadChad le Clos\nSwimming\nMen's 100 metre freestyle\nApril 8\n\n\n02 ! Silver\nDavis, ElmaElma Davis\nEsme Kruger\nNicolene Neal\nJohanna Snyman\nLawn bowls\nWomen's fours\nApril 9\n\n\n02 ! Silver\nBuis, DyanDyan Buis\nAthletics\nMen's T38 100 metres\nApril 9\n\n\n02 ! Silver\nSadie, ChristianChristian Sadie\nSwimming\nMen's 50 metre freestyle S7\nApril 9\n\n\n02 ! Silver\nBruintjies, HenrichoHenricho Bruintjies\nAthletics\nMen's 100 metres\nApril 9\n\n\n02 ! Silver\nTandy, BradBrad Tandy\nSwimming\nMen's 50 metre freestyle\nApril 10\n\n\n02 ! Silver\nSchroeder, NoziphoNozipho Schroeder\nPhilippus Walker\nLawn bowls\nMixed para-sport pairs\nApril 11\n\n\n02 ! Silver\nJohannes Botha\nWrestling\nMen's freestyle 74 kg\nApril 12\n\n\n02 ! Silver\nLangenhoven, HiltonHilton Langenhoven\nAthletics\nMen's T12 100 metres\nApril 12\n\n\n02 ! Silver\nNeal, NicoleneNicolene Neal\nColleen Piketh\nLawn bowls\nWomen's pairs\nApril 13\n\n\n02 ! Silver\nBruintjies, HenrichoHenricho Bruintjies\nEmile Erasmus\nAnaso Jobodwana\nAkani Simbine\nAthletics\nMen's 4 × 100 metres relay\nApril 14\n\n\n03 ! Bronze\nCoetzee, RyanRyan Coetzee\nSwimming\nMen's 50 metre butterfly\nApril 6\n\n\n03 ! Bronze\nPretorius, MonaMona Pretorius\nWeightlifting\nWomen's 63 kg\nApril 7\n\n\n03 ! Bronze\nvan der Burgh, CameronCameron van der Burgh\nSwimming\nMen's 100 metre breaststroke\nApril 7\n\n\n03 ! Bronze\nPiketh, ColleenColleen Piketh\nLawn bowls\nWomen's singles\nApril 8\n\n\n03 ! Bronze\ndu Toit, CharlCharl du Toit\nAthletics\nMen's T38 100 metres\nApril 9\n\n\n03 ! Bronze\nJustus, CalvynCalvyn Justus\nCameron van der Burgh\nChad le Clos\nBrad Tandy\nSwimming\nMen's 4 × 100 metre medley relay\nApril 10\n\n\n03 ! Bronze\nViljoen, SunetteSunette Viljoen\nAthletics\nWomen's javelin throw\nApril 11\n\n\n03 ! Bronze\nSamaai, RuswahlRuswahl Samaai\nAthletics\nMen's long jump\nApril 11\n\n\n03 ! Bronze\nHamman, ReinhardtReinhardt Hamman\nAthletics\nMen's F38 shot put\nApril 11\n\n\n03 ! Bronze\nPatton, ChristopherChristopher Patton\nTobias Botha\nWillem Viljoen\nLawn bowls\nOpen para-sport triples\nApril 12\n\n\n03 ! Bronze\nHatherly, AlanAlan Hatherly\nCycling\nMen's cross-country\nApril 12\n\n\n03 ! Bronze\nNel, WendaWenda Nel\nAthletics\nWomen's 400 metres hurdles\nApril 12\n\n\n03 ! Bronze\nHendricks, ClintClint Hendricks\nCycling\nMen's road race\nApril 14\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMedals by sport\n\n\nSport\n01 !\n02 !\n03 !\nTotal\n\n\nAthletics\n5\n4\n5\n14\n\n\nCycling\n0\n0\n2\n2\n\n\nLawn bowls\n0\n3\n2\n5\n\n\nSwimming\n6\n3\n3\n12\n\n\nTriathlon\n1\n0\n0\n1\n\n\nWeightlifting\n0\n0\n1\n1\n\n\nWrestling\n1\n1\n0\n2\n\n\nTotal\n13\n11\n13\n37\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMedals by date\n\n\nDay\nDate\n01 !\n02 !\n03 !\nTotal\n\n\n1\n05 April\n1\n0\n0\n1\n\n\n2\n06 April\n1\n0\n1\n2\n\n\n3\n07 April\n2\n0\n2\n4\n\n\n4\n08 April\n0\n1\n1\n2\n\n\n5\n09 April\n4\n4\n1\n9\n\n\n6\n10 April\n1\n1\n1\n3\n\n\n7\n11 April\n1\n1\n3\n5\n\n\n8\n12 April\n1\n2\n3\n6\n\n\n9\n13 April\n2\n1\n0\n3\n\n\n10\n14 April\n0\n1\n1\n2\n\n\nTotal\n13\n11\n13\n37\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMedals by gender\n\n\nGender\n01 !\n02 !\n03 !\nTotal\n\n\nFemale\n4\n2\n4\n10\n\n\nMale\n9\n8\n9\n26\n\n\nMixed\n0\n1\n0\n1\n\n\nTotal\n13\n11\n13\n37\n\n\n\n"
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"37"
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8163010127788688518 | Degree (music) | Degree ( music ) - wikipedia Degree ( music ) Jump to : navigation , search For scale - step in Schenkerian analysis , see scale - step . Scale degree roman numerals . Play ( help info ) Scale degree names ( C major scale ) Play ( help info ) ) . In music theory , scale degree refers to the position of a particular note on a scale relative to the tonic , the first and main note of the scale from which each octave is assumed to begin . Degrees are useful for indicating the size of intervals and chords , and whether they are major or minor . In the most general sense , the scale degree merely is the number given to each step of the scale , usually starting with 1 = tonic . Defining it like this implies that a tonic is specified . For instance the 7 - tone diatonic scale may become the major scale once the proper degree has been chosen as tonic ( e.g. the C - major scale C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- A -- B , in which C is the tonic ) . If the scale has no tonic , the starting degree must be chosen arbitrarily . In set theory , for instance , the 12 degrees of the chromatic scale usually are numbered starting from C = 0 , the twelve pitch classes being numbered from 0 to 11 . In a more specific sense , scale degrees are given names that indicate their particular function within the scale . This definition implies a functional scale , as is the case in tonal music . The expression scale step is sometimes used synonymously with scale degree , but it may alternatively refer to the distance between two successive and adjacent scale degrees ( see Steps and skips ) . The terms `` whole step '' and `` half step '' are commonly used as interval names ( though `` whole scale step '' or `` half scale step '' are not used ) . The number of scale degrees and the distance between them together define the scale they are in . Major and minor scales ( edit ) The degrees of the traditional major and minor scales may be identified several ways : the first , second , ( major or minor ) third , fourth , fifth , major or minor sixth , and major or minor seventh degrees of the scale ; by Arabic numerals ( 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ... ) , sometimes with circumflexes ( 1 ^ , 2 ^ , 3 ^ ... ( \ displaystyle ( \ hat ( 1 ) ) , ( \ hat ( 2 ) ) , ( \ hat ( 3 ) ) ... ) ) ; by Roman numerals ( I , II , III , IV ... ) ; the diatonic mode which starts on the degree , and contains all the notes in the key in English , by the names and function : tonic , supertonic , mediant , subdominant , dominant , submediant , leading note ( leading tone in the United States ) and tonic again . These names are derived from a scheme where the tonic note is the ' center ' . Supertonic and subtonic are , respectively , one step above and one step below the tonic ; mediant and submediant are each a third above and below the tonic , and dominant and subdominant are a fifth above and below the tonic . Subtonic is used when the interval between it and the tonic in the upper octave is a whole step ; leading note when that interval is a half - step . in English , by the `` moveable Do '' Solfege system , which allows a person to name each scale degree with a single syllable while singing . Degree Name ( Diatonic Function ) Corresponding mode ( major key ) Corresponding mode ( minor key ) Meaning Note ( in C major ) Note ( in C minor ) 1st Tonic Ionian Aeolian Tonal center , note of final resolution 2nd Supertonic Dorian Locrian One whole step above the tonic 3rd Mediant Phrygian Ionian Midway between tonic and dominant , ( in minor key ) root of relative major key E ♭ 4th Subdominant Lydian Dorian Lower dominant , same interval below tonic as dominant is above tonic 5th Dominant Mixolydian Phrygian 2nd in importance to the tonic 6th Submediant Aeolian Lydian Lower mediant , midway between tonic and subdominant , ( in major key ) root of relative minor key A ♭ 7th Leading tone ( in Major scale ) / Subtonic ( in Natural Minor Scale ) Locrian Mixolydian Melodically strong affinity for and leads to tonic / One half step below tonic in Major scale and whole step in Natural minor . B ♭ 1st ( 8th ) Tonic ( octave ) Ionian Aeolian Tonal center , note of final resolution C ' C ' See also ( edit ) Factor ( chord ) Music education Tonality Sources ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jonas , Oswald ( 1982 ) . Introduction to the Theory of Heinrich Schenker ( 1934 : Das Wesen des musikalischen Kunstwerks : Eine Einführung in Die Lehre Heinrich Schenkers ) , p. 22 . Trans . John Rothgeb . ISBN 0 - 582 - 28227 - 6 . Shown all uppercase . Jump up ^ Benward & Saker ( 2003 ) . Music : In Theory and Practice , Vol . I , p. 32 - 3 . Seventh Edition . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 294262 - 0 . `` Scale degree names : Each degree of the seven - tone diatonic scale has a name that relates to its function . The major scale and all three forms of the minor scale share these terms . '' Jump up ^ Kolb , Tom ( 2005 ) . Music Theory for Guitarists , p. 16 . ISBN 0 - 634 - 06651 - X . Musical scales ( list ) Main Western Major Minor Chromatic Types Bebop Diatonic Distance model Enharmonic Jazz Symmetric Synthetic mode Synthetic scale Name Acoustic Adonai malakh mode Alpha Altered Beta Blues Bohlen -- Pierce Double harmonic Enigmatic Flamenco mode Gamma Half diminished Harmonic major Harmonic Jazz minor Lydian dominant Major Locrian Misheberak Phrygian dominant Ptolemy 's intense diatonic Scale of harmonics Whole tone Ethnic origin Algerian Arabic Double harmonic Major Locrian Quarter tone 17 equal temperament Brazil Escala nordestina Gamelan Pelog Slendro Gypsy Hungarian gypsy Hungarian minor Istrian Japanese Neapolitan Persian Ukrainian Dorian Ukrainian minor Modes Modes in Western music Gregorian Authentic Dorian Phrygian Lydian Mixolydian Plagal Hypodorian Hypophrygian Hypolydian Hypomixolydian Other Ionian Hypoionian Aeolian Hypoaeolian Locrian Hypolocrian Reciting tone Diatonic Ionian ( I ) Dorian ( II ) Phrygian ( III ) Lydian ( IV ) Mixolydian ( V ) Aeolian ( VI ) Locrian ( VII ) Jazz minor Ascending melodic minor ( I ) Dorian ♭ 2 ( II ) Lydian Augmented ( III ) Lydian Dominant ( IV ) Mixolydian ♭ 13 ( V ) Locrian ♮ 2 ( VI ) Altered ( VII ) Number of tones Monotonic ( 1 ) Ditonic ( 2 ) Tritonic ( 3 ) Tetratonic ( 4 ) Pentatonic ( 5 ) Hexatonic ( 6 ) Heptatonic ( 7 ) Octatonic ( 8 ) Chromatic ( 12 ) Degrees and functions of the diatonic scale i ( for minor keys ) ii III IV or iv V or v vi or VI VII vii Tonic Supertonic Sp Mediant Dp , Tkp , tP , ( D ) ( Sp ) Subdominant Dominant or Dominant seventh Submediant Tp , sP , tCp Subtonic dP Leading D̸ E ♭ / E ♮ ( minor and Major keys ) G ( or G7 ) A ♭ / A ♮ ( minor and Major keys ) B ♭ ( more common in minor keys and in popular music ) B ♮ Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Degree_(music)&oldid=794267147 '' Categories : Scale degrees Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Talk About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français Հայերեն Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 August 2017 , at 23 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the 7th note of a scale called | [
"\n7th\nLeading tone(in Major scale) / Subtonic (in Natural Minor Scale)\nLocrian\nMixolydian\nMelodically strong affinity for and leads to tonic/One half step below tonic in Major scale and whole step in Natural minor.\nB\nB♭\n"
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"Leading tone(in Major scale) / Subtonic (in Natural Minor Scale)"
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8774834187456627678 | Statue of Liberty | Statue of Liberty - wikipedia Statue of Liberty Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Statue of Liberty ( disambiguation ) . Statue of Liberty Liberty Enlightening the World Location Liberty Island Manhattan , New York City , New York , U.S. Coordinates 40 ° 41 ′ 21 '' N 74 ° 2 ′ 40 '' W / 40.68917 ° N 74.04444 ° W / 40.68917 ; - 74.04444 Coordinates : 40 ° 41 ′ 21 '' N 74 ° 2 ′ 40 '' W / 40.68917 ° N 74.04444 ° W / 40.68917 ; - 74.04444 Height Height of copper statue ( to torch ) : 151 feet 1 inch ( 46 meters ) From ground level to torch : 305 feet 1 inch ( 93 meters ) Dedicated October 28 , 1886 Restored 1938 , 1984 -- 1986 , 2011 -- 2012 Sculptor Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi Visitors 3.2 million ( in 2009 ) Governing body U.S. National Park Service Website Statue of Liberty National Monument UNESCO World Heritage Site Type Cultural Criteria i , vi Designated 1984 ( 8th session ) Reference no . 307 State Party United States Region Europe and North America U.S. National Monument Designated October 15 , 1924 Designated by President Calvin Coolidge U.S. National Register of Historic Places Official name : Statue of Liberty National Monument , Ellis Island and Liberty Island Designated October 15 , 1966 Reference no . 66000058 New Jersey Register of Historic Places Designated May 27 , 1971 Reference no . 1535 New York City Landmark Type Individual Designated September 14 , 1976 Location of Statue of Liberty in New York Harbor in New York City Statue of Liberty ( New York ) Statue of Liberty ( the US ) Show map of New York City Show map of New York Show map of the US Show all The Statue of Liberty ( Liberty Enlightening the World ; French : La Liberté éclairant le monde ) is a colossal neoclassical sculpture on Liberty Island in New York Harbor in New York City , in the United States . The copper statue , a gift from the people of France to the people of the United States , was designed by French sculptor Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi and built by Gustave Eiffel . The statue was dedicated on October 28 , 1886 . The Statue of Liberty is a figure of a robed woman representing Libertas , a Roman liberty goddess . She holds a torch above her head with her right hand , and in her left hand carries a tabula ansata inscribed in Roman numerals with `` JULY IV MDCCLXXVI '' ( July 4 , 1776 ) , the date of the U.S. Declaration of Independence . A broken chain lies at her feet . The statue became an icon of freedom and of the United States , and was a welcoming sight to immigrants arriving from abroad . Bartholdi was inspired by a French law professor and politician , Édouard René de Laboulaye , who is said to have commented in 1865 that any monument raised to U.S. independence would properly be a joint project of the French and U.S. peoples . Because of the post-war instability in France , work on the statue did not commence until the early 1870s . In 1875 , Laboulaye proposed that the French finance the statue and the U.S. provide the site and build the pedestal . Bartholdi completed the head and the torch - bearing arm before the statue was fully designed , and these pieces were exhibited for publicity at international expositions . The torch - bearing arm was displayed at the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia in 1876 , and in Madison Square Park in Manhattan from 1876 to 1882 . Fundraising proved difficult , especially for the Americans , and by 1885 work on the pedestal was threatened by lack of funds . Publisher Joseph Pulitzer , of the New York World , started a drive for donations to finish the project and attracted more than 120,000 contributors , most of whom gave less than a dollar . The statue was built in France , shipped overseas in crates , and assembled on the completed pedestal on what was then called Bedloe 's Island . The statue 's completion was marked by New York 's first ticker - tape parade and a dedication ceremony presided over by President Grover Cleveland . The statue was administered by the United States Lighthouse Board until 1901 and then by the Department of War ; since 1933 it has been maintained by the National Park Service . Public access to the balcony around the torch has been barred for safety since 1916 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Design and construction process 1.1 Origin 1.2 Design , style , and symbolism 1.3 Announcement and early work 1.4 Construction in France 1.4. 1 Design 1.4. 2 Fundraising 1.4. 3 Construction 1.5 Dedication 2 After dedication 2.1 Lighthouse Board and War Department ( 1886 -- 1933 ) 2.2 Early National Park Service years ( 1933 -- 1982 ) 2.3 Renovation and rededication ( 1982 -- 2000 ) 2.4 Closures and reopenings ( 2001 -- present ) 3 Access and attributes 3.1 Location and tourism 3.2 Inscriptions , plaques , and dedications 4 UNESCO World Heritage Site 4.1 Physical characteristics 5 Depictions 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Design and construction process Origin As well as the Roman Libertas , Sol Invictus ( `` Unconquered Sun '' ) also influenced the Statue of Liberty ( 3rd century disc found at Pessinus - British Museum ) . According to the National Park Service , the idea for the Statue of Liberty was first proposed by Édouard René de Laboulaye the president of the French Anti-Slavery Society and a prominent and important political thinker of his time . The project is traced to a mid-1865 conversation between de Laboulaye , a staunch abolitionist and Frédéric Bartholdi , a sculptor . In after - dinner conversation at his home near Versailles , Laboulaye , an ardent supporter of the Union in the American Civil War , is supposed to have said : `` If a monument should rise in the United States , as a memorial to their independence , I should think it only natural if it were built by united effort -- a common work of both our nations . '' The National Park Service , in a 2000 report , however , deemed this a legend traced to an 1885 fundraising pamphlet , and that the statue was most likely conceived in 1870 . In another essay on their website , the Park Service suggested that Laboulaye was minded to honor the Union victory and its consequences , `` With the abolition of slavery and the Union 's victory in the Civil War in 1865 , Laboulaye 's wishes of freedom and democracy were turning into a reality in the United States . In order to honor these achievements , Laboulaye proposed that a gift be built for the United States on behalf of France . Laboulaye hoped that by calling attention to the recent achievements of the United States , the French people would be inspired to call for their own democracy in the face of a repressive monarchy . '' Bartholdi 's design patent According to sculptor Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi , who later recounted the story , Laboulaye 's comment was not intended as a proposal , but it inspired Bartholdi . Given the repressive nature of the regime of Napoleon III , Bartholdi took no immediate action on the idea except to discuss it with Laboulaye . Bartholdi was in any event busy with other possible projects ; in the late 1860s , he approached Isma'il Pasha , Khedive of Egypt , with a plan to build Progress or Egypt Carrying the Light to Asia , a huge lighthouse in the form of an ancient Egyptian female fellah or peasant , robed and holding a torch aloft , at the northern entrance to the Suez Canal in Port Said . Sketches and models were made of the proposed work , though it was never erected . There was a classical precedent for the Suez proposal , the Colossus of Rhodes : an ancient bronze statue of the Greek god of the sun , Helios . This statue is believed to have been over 100 feet ( 30 m ) high , and it similarly stood at a harbor entrance and carried a light to guide ships . Any large project was further delayed by the Franco - Prussian War , in which Bartholdi served as a major of militia . In the war , Napoleon III was captured and deposed . Bartholdi 's home province of Alsace was lost to the Prussians , and a more liberal republic was installed in France . As Bartholdi had been planning a trip to the United States , he and Laboulaye decided the time was right to discuss the idea with influential Americans . In June 1871 , Bartholdi crossed the Atlantic , with letters of introduction signed by Laboulaye . Arriving at New York Harbor , Bartholdi focused on Bedloe 's Island ( now named Liberty Island ) as a site for the statue , struck by the fact that vessels arriving in New York had to sail past it . He was delighted to learn that the island was owned by the United States government -- it had been ceded by the New York State Legislature in 1800 for harbor defense . It was thus , as he put it in a letter to Laboulaye : `` land common to all the states . '' As well as meeting many influential New Yorkers , Bartholdi visited President Ulysses S. Grant , who assured him that it would not be difficult to obtain the site for the statue . Bartholdi crossed the United States twice by rail , and met many Americans who he thought would be sympathetic to the project . But he remained concerned that popular opinion on both sides of the Atlantic was insufficiently supportive of the proposal , and he and Laboulaye decided to wait before mounting a public campaign . Bartholdi 's Lion of Belfort Bartholdi had made a first model of his concept in 1870 . The son of a friend of Bartholdi 's , U.S. artist John LaFarge , later maintained that Bartholdi made the first sketches for the statue during his U.S. visit at La Farge 's Rhode Island studio . Bartholdi continued to develop the concept following his return to France . He also worked on a number of sculptures designed to bolster French patriotism after the defeat by the Prussians . One of these was the Lion of Belfort , a monumental sculpture carved in sandstone below the fortress of Belfort , which during the war had resisted a Prussian siege for over three months . The defiant lion , 73 feet ( 22 m ) long and half that in height , displays an emotional quality characteristic of Romanticism , which Bartholdi would later bring to the Statue of Liberty . Design , style , and symbolism Detail from a fresco by Constantino Brumidi in the U.S. Capitol in Washington , D.C. , showing two early symbols of America : Columbia ( left ) and the Indian princess Bartholdi and Laboulaye considered how best to express the idea of American liberty . In early American history , two female figures were frequently used as cultural symbols of the nation . One of these symbols , the personified Columbia , was seen as an embodiment of the United States in the manner that Britannia was identified with the United Kingdom and Marianne came to represent France . Columbia had supplanted the earlier figure of an Indian princess , which had come to be regarded as uncivilized and derogatory toward Americans . The other significant female icon in American culture was a representation of Liberty , derived from Libertas , the goddess of freedom widely worshipped in ancient Rome , especially among emancipated slaves . A Liberty figure adorned most American coins of the time , and representations of Liberty appeared in popular and civic art , including Thomas Crawford 's Statue of Freedom ( 1863 ) atop the dome of the United States Capitol Building . Artists of the 18th and 19th centuries striving to evoke republican ideals commonly used representations of Libertas as an allegorical symbol . A figure of Liberty was also depicted on the Great Seal of France . However , Bartholdi and Laboulaye avoided an image of revolutionary liberty such as that depicted in Eugène Delacroix 's famed Liberty Leading the People ( 1830 ) . In this painting , which commemorates France 's Revolution of 1830 , a half - clothed Liberty leads an armed mob over the bodies of the fallen . Laboulaye had no sympathy for revolution , and so Bartholdi 's figure would be fully dressed in flowing robes . Instead of the impression of violence in the Delacroix work , Bartholdi wished to give the statue a peaceful appearance and chose a torch , representing progress , for the figure to hold . Crawford 's statue was designed in the early 1850s . It was originally to be crowned with a pileus , the cap given to emancipated slaves in ancient Rome . Secretary of War Jefferson Davis , a Southerner who would later serve as President of the Confederate States of America , was concerned that the pileus would be taken as an abolitionist symbol . He ordered that it be changed to a helmet . Delacroix 's figure wears a pileus , and Bartholdi at first considered placing one on his figure as well . Instead , he used a diadem , or crown , to top its head . In so doing , he avoided a reference to Marianne , who invariably wears a pileus . The seven rays form a halo or aureole . They evoke the sun , the seven seas , and the seven continents , and represent another means , besides the torch , whereby Liberty enlightens the world . Bartholdi 's early models were all similar in concept : a female figure in neoclassical style representing liberty , wearing a stola and pella ( gown and cloak , common in depictions of Roman goddesses ) and holding a torch aloft . According to popular accounts , the face was modeled after that of Charlotte Beysser Bartholdi , the sculptor 's mother , but Regis Huber , the curator of the Bartholdi Museum is on record as saying that this , as well as other similar speculations , have no basis in fact . He designed the figure with a strong , uncomplicated silhouette , which would be set off well by its dramatic harbor placement and allow passengers on vessels entering New York Bay to experience a changing perspective on the statue as they proceeded toward Manhattan . He gave it bold classical contours and applied simplified modeling , reflecting the huge scale of the project and its solemn purpose . Bartholdi wrote of his technique : Thomas Crawford 's Statue of Freedom The surfaces should be broad and simple , defined by a bold and clear design , accentuated in the important places . The enlargement of the details or their multiplicity is to be feared . By exaggerating the forms , in order to render them more clearly visible , or by enriching them with details , we would destroy the proportion of the work . Finally , the model , like the design , should have a summarized character , such as one would give to a rapid sketch . Only it is necessary that this character should be the product of volition and study , and that the artist , concentrating his knowledge , should find the form and the line in its greatest simplicity . Bartholdi made alterations in the design as the project evolved . Bartholdi considered having Liberty hold a broken chain , but decided this would be too divisive in the days after the Civil War . The erected statue does rise over a broken chain , half - hidden by her robes and difficult to see from the ground . Bartholdi was initially uncertain of what to place in Liberty 's left hand ; he settled on a tabula ansata , used to evoke the concept of law . Though Bartholdi greatly admired the United States Constitution , he chose to inscribe `` JULY IV MDCCLXXVI '' on the tablet , thus associating the date of the country 's Declaration of Independence with the concept of liberty . Bartholdi interested his friend and mentor , architect Eugène Viollet - le - Duc , in the project . As chief engineer , Viollet - le - Duc designed a brick pier within the statue , to which the skin would be anchored . After consultations with the metalwork foundry Gaget , Gauthier & Co. , Viollet - le - Duc chose the metal which would be used for the skin , copper sheets , and the method used to shape it , repoussé , in which the sheets were heated and then struck with wooden hammers . An advantage of this choice was that the entire statue would be light for its volume , as the copper need be only 0.094 inches ( 2.4 mm ) thick . Bartholdi had decided on a height of just over 151 feet ( 46 m ) for the statue , double that of Italy 's Sancarlone and the German statue of Arminius , both made with the same method . Announcement and early work By 1875 , France was enjoying improved political stability and a recovering postwar economy . Growing interest in the upcoming Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia led Laboulaye to decide it was time to seek public support . In September 1875 , he announced the project and the formation of the Franco - American Union as its fundraising arm . With the announcement , the statue was given a name , Liberty Enlightening the World . The French would finance the statue ; Americans would be expected to pay for the pedestal . The announcement provoked a generally favorable reaction in France , though many Frenchmen resented the United States for not coming to their aid during the war with Prussia . French monarchists opposed the statue , if for no other reason than it was proposed by the liberal Laboulaye , who had recently been elected a senator for life . Laboulaye arranged events designed to appeal to the rich and powerful , including a special performance at the Paris Opera on April 25 , 1876 , that featured a new cantata by composer Charles Gounod . The piece was titled La Liberté éclairant le monde , the French version of the statue 's announced name . Stereoscopic image of right arm and torch of the Statue of Liberty , 1876 Centennial Exposition Despite its initial focus on the elites , the Union was successful in raising funds from across French society . Schoolchildren and ordinary citizens gave , as did 181 French municipalities . Laboulaye 's political allies supported the call , as did descendants of the French contingent in the American Revolutionary War . Less idealistically , contributions came from those who hoped for American support in the French attempt to build the Panama Canal . The copper may have come from multiple sources and some of it is said to have come from a mine in Visnes , Norway , though this has not been conclusively determined after testing samples . According to Cara Sutherland in her book on the statue for the Museum of the City of New York , 90,800 kilos ( 200,000 pounds ) was needed to build the statue , and the French copper industrialist Eugène Secrétan donated 58,100 kilos ( 128,000 pounds ) of copper . Although plans for the statue had not been finalized , Bartholdi moved forward with fabrication of the right arm , bearing the torch , and the head . Work began at the Gaget , Gauthier & Co. workshop . In May 1876 , Bartholdi traveled to the United States as a member of a French delegation to the Centennial Exhibition , and arranged for a huge painting of the statue to be shown in New York as part of the Centennial festivities . The arm did not arrive in Philadelphia until August ; because of its late arrival , it was not listed in the exhibition catalogue , and while some reports correctly identified the work , others called it the `` Colossal Arm '' or `` Bartholdi Electric Light '' . The exhibition grounds contained a number of monumental artworks to compete for fairgoers ' interest , including an outsized fountain designed by Bartholdi . Nevertheless , the arm proved popular in the exhibition 's waning days , and visitors would climb up to the balcony of the torch to view the fairgrounds . After the exhibition closed , the arm was transported to New York , where it remained on display in Madison Square Park for several years before it was returned to France to join the rest of the statue . During his second trip to the United States , Bartholdi addressed a number of groups about the project , and urged the formation of American committees of the Franco - American Union . Committees to raise money to pay for the foundation and pedestal were formed in New York , Boston , and Philadelphia . The New York group eventually took on most of the responsibility for American fundraising and is often referred to as the `` American Committee '' . One of its members was 19 - year - old Theodore Roosevelt , the future governor of New York and president of the United States . On March 3 , 1877 , on his final full day in office , President Grant signed a joint resolution that authorized the President to accept the statue when it was presented by France and to select a site for it . President Rutherford B. Hayes , who took office the following day , selected the Bedloe 's Island site that Bartholdi had proposed . Construction in France The statue 's head on exhibit at the Paris World 's Fair , 1878 On his return to Paris in 1877 , Bartholdi concentrated on completing the head , which was exhibited at the 1878 Paris World 's Fair . Fundraising continued , with models of the statue put on sale . Tickets to view the construction activity at the Gaget , Gauthier & Co. workshop were also offered . The French government authorized a lottery ; among the prizes were valuable silver plate and a terracotta model of the statue . By the end of 1879 , about 250,000 francs had been raised . The head and arm had been built with assistance from Viollet - le - Duc , who fell ill in 1879 . He soon died , leaving no indication of how he intended to transition from the copper skin to his proposed masonry pier . The following year , Bartholdi was able to obtain the services of the innovative designer and builder Gustave Eiffel . Eiffel and his structural engineer , Maurice Koechlin , decided to abandon the pier and instead build an iron truss tower . Eiffel opted not to use a completely rigid structure , which would force stresses to accumulate in the skin and lead eventually to cracking . A secondary skeleton was attached to the center pylon , then , to enable the statue to move slightly in the winds of New York Harbor and as the metal expanded on hot summer days , he loosely connected the support structure to the skin using flat iron bars which culminated in a mesh of metal straps , known as `` saddles '' , that were riveted to the skin , providing firm support . In a labor - intensive process , each saddle had to be crafted individually . To prevent galvanic corrosion between the copper skin and the iron support structure , Eiffel insulated the skin with asbestos impregnated with shellac . Eiffel 's design made the statue one of the earliest examples of curtain wall construction , in which the exterior of the structure is not load bearing , but is instead supported by an interior framework . He included two interior spiral staircases , to make it easier for visitors to reach the observation point in the crown . Access to an observation platform surrounding the torch was also provided , but the narrowness of the arm allowed for only a single ladder , 40 feet ( 12 m ) long . As the pylon tower arose , Eiffel and Bartholdi coordinated their work carefully so that completed segments of skin would fit exactly on the support structure . The components of the pylon tower were built in the Eiffel factory in the nearby Parisian suburb of Levallois - Perret . The change in structural material from masonry to iron allowed Bartholdi to change his plans for the statue 's assembly . He had originally expected to assemble the skin on - site as the masonry pier was built ; instead he decided to build the statue in France and have it disassembled and transported to the United States for reassembly in place on Bedloe 's Island . In a symbolic act , the first rivet placed into the skin , fixing a copper plate onto the statue 's big toe , was driven by United States Ambassador to France Levi P. Morton . The skin was not , however , crafted in exact sequence from low to high ; work proceeded on a number of segments simultaneously in a manner often confusing to visitors . Some work was performed by contractors -- one of the fingers was made to Bartholdi 's exacting specifications by a coppersmith in the southern French town of Montauban . By 1882 , the statue was complete up to the waist , an event Barthodi celebrated by inviting reporters to lunch on a platform built within the statue . Laboulaye died in 1883 . He was succeeded as chairman of the French committee by Ferdinand de Lesseps , builder of the Suez Canal . The completed statue was formally presented to Ambassador Morton at a ceremony in Paris on July 4 , 1884 , and de Lesseps announced that the French government had agreed to pay for its transport to New York . The statue remained intact in Paris pending sufficient progress on the pedestal ; by January 1885 , this had occurred and the statue was disassembled and crated for its ocean voyage . Richard Morris Hunt 's pedestal under construction in June 1885 The committees in the United States faced great difficulties in obtaining funds for the construction of the pedestal . The Panic of 1873 had led to an economic depression that persisted through much of the decade . The Liberty statue project was not the only such undertaking that had difficulty raising money : construction of the obelisk later known as the Washington Monument sometimes stalled for years ; it would ultimately take over three - and - a-half decades to complete . There was criticism both of Bartholdi 's statue and of the fact that the gift required Americans to foot the bill for the pedestal . In the years following the Civil War , most Americans preferred realistic artworks depicting heroes and events from the nation 's history , rather than allegorical works like the Liberty statue . There was also a feeling that Americans should design American public works -- the selection of Italian - born Constantino Brumidi to decorate the Capitol had provoked intense criticism , even though he was a naturalized U.S. citizen . Harper 's Weekly declared its wish that `` M. Bartholdi and our French cousins had ' gone the whole figure ' while they were about it , and given us statue and pedestal at once . '' The New York Times stated that `` no true patriot can countenance any such expenditures for bronze females in the present state of our finances . '' Faced with these criticisms , the American committees took little action for several years . Design Frank Leslie 's Illustrated Newspaper , June 1885 , showing ( clockwise from left ) woodcuts of the completed statue in Paris , Bartholdi , and the statue 's interior structure The foundation of Bartholdi 's statue was to be laid inside Fort Wood , a disused army base on Bedloe 's Island constructed between 1807 and 1811 . Since 1823 , it had rarely been used , though during the Civil War , it had served as a recruiting station . The fortifications of the structure were in the shape of an eleven - point star . The statue 's foundation and pedestal were aligned so that it would face southeast , greeting ships entering the harbor from the Atlantic Ocean . In 1881 , the New York committee commissioned Richard Morris Hunt to design the pedestal . Within months , Hunt submitted a detailed plan , indicating that he expected construction to take about nine months . He proposed a pedestal 114 feet ( 35 m ) in height ; faced with money problems , the committee reduced that to 89 feet ( 27 m ) . Hunt 's pedestal design contains elements of classical architecture , including Doric portals , as well as some elements influenced by Aztec architecture . The large mass is fragmented with architectural detail , in order to focus attention on the statue . In form , it is a truncated pyramid , 62 feet ( 19 m ) square at the base and 39.4 feet ( 12.0 m ) at the top . The four sides are identical in appearance . Above the door on each side , there are ten disks upon which Bartholdi proposed to place the coats of arms of the states ( between 1876 and 1889 , there were 38 U.S. states ) , although this was not done . Above that , a balcony was placed on each side , framed by pillars . Bartholdi placed an observation platform near the top of the pedestal , above which the statue itself rises . According to author Louis Auchincloss , the pedestal `` craggily evokes the power of an ancient Europe over which rises the dominating figure of the Statue of Liberty '' . The committee hired former army General Charles Pomeroy Stone to oversee the construction work . Construction on the 15 - foot - deep ( 4.6 m ) foundation began in 1883 , and the pedestal 's cornerstone was laid in 1884 . In Hunt 's original conception , the pedestal was to have been made of solid granite . Financial concerns again forced him to revise his plans ; the final design called for poured concrete walls , up to 20 feet ( 6.1 m ) thick , faced with granite blocks . This Stony Creek granite came from the Beattie Quarry in Branford , Connecticut . The concrete mass was the largest poured to that time . Norwegian immigrant civil engineer Joachim Goschen Giæver designed the structural framework for the Statue of Liberty . His work involved design computations , detailed fabrication and construction drawings , and oversight of construction . In completing his engineering for the statue 's frame , Giæver worked from drawings and sketches produced by Gustave Eiffel . Fundraising Unpacking of the face of the Statue of Liberty , which was delivered on June 17 , 1885 Fundraising for the statue had begun in 1882 . The committee organized a large number of money - raising events . As part of one such effort , an auction of art and manuscripts , poet Emma Lazarus was asked to donate an original work . She initially declined , stating she could not write a poem about a statue . At the time , she was also involved in aiding refugees to New York who had fled anti-Semitic pogroms in eastern Europe . These refugees were forced to live in conditions that the wealthy Lazarus had never experienced . She saw a way to express her empathy for these refugees in terms of the statue . The resulting sonnet , `` The New Colossus '' , including the iconic lines `` Give me your tired , your poor / Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free '' , is uniquely identified with the Statue of Liberty and is inscribed on a plaque in the museum in its base . Even with these efforts , fundraising lagged . Grover Cleveland , the governor of New York , vetoed a bill to provide $50,000 for the statue project in 1884 . An attempt the next year to have Congress provide $100,000 , sufficient to complete the project , also failed . The New York committee , with only $3,000 in the bank , suspended work on the pedestal . With the project in jeopardy , groups from other American cities , including Boston and Philadelphia , offered to pay the full cost of erecting the statue in return for relocating it . Joseph Pulitzer , publisher of the New York World , a New York newspaper , announced a drive to raise $100,000 -- the equivalent of $2.3 million today . Pulitzer pledged to print the name of every contributor , no matter how small the amount given . The drive captured the imagination of New Yorkers , especially when Pulitzer began publishing the notes he received from contributors . `` A young girl alone in the world '' donated `` 60 cents , the result of self denial . '' One donor gave `` five cents as a poor office boy 's mite toward the Pedestal Fund . '' A group of children sent a dollar as `` the money we saved to go to the circus with . '' Another dollar was given by a `` lonely and very aged woman . '' Residents of a home for alcoholics in New York 's rival city of Brooklyn -- the cities would not merge until 1898 -- donated $15 ; other drinkers helped out through donation boxes in bars and saloons . A kindergarten class in Davenport , Iowa , mailed the World a gift of $1.35 . As the donations flooded in , the committee resumed work on the pedestal . Construction On June 17 , 1885 , the French steamer Isère , laden with the Statue of Liberty , reached the New York port safely . New Yorkers displayed their new - found enthusiasm for the statue , as the French vessel arrived with the crates holding the disassembled statue on board . Two hundred thousand people lined the docks and hundreds of boats put to sea to welcome the Isère . After five months of daily calls to donate to the statue fund , on August 11 , 1885 , the World announced that $102,000 had been raised from 120,000 donors , and that 80 percent of the total had been received in sums of less than one dollar . Even with the success of the fund drive , the pedestal was not completed until April 1886 . Immediately thereafter , reassembly of the statue began . Eiffel 's iron framework was anchored to steel I - beams within the concrete pedestal and assembled . Once this was done , the sections of skin were carefully attached . Due to the width of the pedestal , it was not possible to erect scaffolding , and workers dangled from ropes while installing the skin sections . Nevertheless , no one died during the construction . Bartholdi had planned to put floodlights on the torch 's balcony to illuminate it ; a week before the dedication , the Army Corps of Engineers vetoed the proposal , fearing that ships ' pilots passing the statue would be blinded . Instead , Bartholdi cut portholes in the torch -- which was covered with gold leaf -- and placed the lights inside them . A power plant was installed on the island to light the torch and for other electrical needs . After the skin was completed , renowned landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted , co-designer of New York 's Central Park and Brooklyn 's Prospect Park , supervised a cleanup of Bedloe 's Island in anticipation of the dedication . Dedication Unveiling of the Statue of Liberty Enlightening the World ( 1886 ) by Edward Moran . Oil on canvas . The J. Clarence Davies Collection , Museum of the City of New York . A ceremony of dedication was held on the afternoon of October 28 , 1886 . President Grover Cleveland , the former New York governor , presided over the event . On the morning of the dedication , a parade was held in New York City ; estimates of the number of people who watched it ranged from several hundred thousand to a million . President Cleveland headed the procession , then stood in the reviewing stand to see bands and marchers from across America . General Stone was the grand marshal of the parade . The route began at Madison Square , once the venue for the arm , and proceeded to the Battery at the southern tip of Manhattan by way of Fifth Avenue and Broadway , with a slight detour so the parade could pass in front of the World building on Park Row . As the parade passed the New York Stock Exchange , traders threw ticker tape from the windows , beginning the New York tradition of the ticker - tape parade . A nautical parade began at 12 : 45 p.m. , and President Cleveland embarked on a yacht that took him across the harbor to Bedloe 's Island for the dedication . De Lesseps made the first speech , on behalf of the French committee , followed by the chairman of the New York committee , Senator William M. Evarts . A French flag draped across the statue 's face was to be lowered to unveil the statue at the close of Evarts 's speech , but Bartholdi mistook a pause as the conclusion and let the flag fall prematurely . The ensuing cheers put an end to Evarts 's address . President Cleveland spoke next , stating that the statue 's `` stream of light shall pierce the darkness of ignorance and man 's oppression until Liberty enlightens the world '' . Bartholdi , observed near the dais , was called upon to speak , but he declined . Orator Chauncey M. Depew concluded the speechmaking with a lengthy address . No members of the general public were permitted on the island during the ceremonies , which were reserved entirely for dignitaries . The only females granted access were Bartholdi 's wife and de Lesseps 's granddaughter ; officials stated that they feared women might be injured in the crush of people . The restriction offended area suffragists , who chartered a boat and got as close as they could to the island . The group 's leaders made speeches applauding the embodiment of Liberty as a woman and advocating women 's right to vote . A scheduled fireworks display was postponed until November 1 because of poor weather . Shortly after the dedication , The Cleveland Gazette , an African American newspaper , suggested that the statue 's torch not be lit until the United States became a free nation `` in reality '' : `` Liberty enlightening the world , '' indeed ! The expression makes us sick . This government is a howling farce . It can not or rather does not protect its citizens within its own borders . Shove the Bartholdi statue , torch and all , into the ocean until the `` liberty '' of this country is such as to make it possible for an inoffensive and industrious colored man to earn a respectable living for himself and family , without being ku - kluxed , perhaps murdered , his daughter and wife outraged , and his property destroyed . The idea of the `` liberty '' of this country `` enlightening the world , '' or even Patagonia , is ridiculous in the extreme . After dedication Lighthouse Board and War Department ( 1886 -- 1933 ) Statue of Liberty ca . 1900 Government poster using the Statue of Liberty to promote the sale of Liberty Bonds When the torch was illuminated on the evening of the statue 's dedication , it produced only a faint gleam , barely visible from Manhattan . The World characterized it as `` more like a glowworm than a beacon . '' Bartholdi suggested gilding the statue to increase its ability to reflect light , but this proved too expensive . The United States Lighthouse Board took over the Statue of Liberty in 1887 and pledged to install equipment to enhance the torch 's effect ; in spite of its efforts , the statue remained virtually invisible at night . When Bartholdi returned to the United States in 1893 , he made additional suggestions , all of which proved ineffective . He did successfully lobby for improved lighting within the statue , allowing visitors to better appreciate Eiffel 's design . In 1901 , President Theodore Roosevelt , once a member of the New York committee , ordered the statue 's transfer to the War Department , as it had proved useless as a lighthouse . A unit of the Army Signal Corps was stationed on Bedloe 's Island until 1923 , after which military police remained there while the island was under military jurisdiction . The statue rapidly became a landmark . Many immigrants who entered through New York saw it as a welcoming sight . Oral histories of immigrants record their feelings of exhilaration on first viewing the Statue of Liberty . One immigrant who arrived from Greece recalled , I saw the Statue of Liberty . And I said to myself , `` Lady , you 're such a beautiful ! ( sic ) You opened your arms and you get all the foreigners here . Give me a chance to prove that I am worth it , to do something , to be someone in America . '' And always that statue was on my mind . Originally , the statue was a dull copper color , but shortly after 1900 a green patina , also called verdigris , caused by the oxidation of the copper skin , began to spread . As early as 1902 it was mentioned in the press ; by 1906 it had entirely covered the statue . Believing that the patina was evidence of corrosion , Congress authorized US $62,800 ( equivalent to $1,710,486 in 2017 ) for various repairs , and to paint the statue both inside and out . There was considerable public protest against the proposed exterior painting . The Army Corps of Engineers studied the patina for any ill effects to the statue and concluded that it protected the skin , `` softened the outlines of the Statue and made it beautiful . '' The statue was painted only on the inside . The Corps of Engineers also installed an elevator to take visitors from the base to the top of the pedestal . On July 30 , 1916 , during World War I , German saboteurs set off a disastrous explosion on the Black Tom peninsula in Jersey City , New Jersey , in what is now part of Liberty State Park , close to Bedloe 's Island . Carloads of dynamite and other explosives that were being sent to Britain and France for their war efforts were detonated , and seven people were killed . The statue sustained minor damage , mostly to the torch - bearing right arm , and was closed for ten days . The cost to repair the statue and buildings on the island was about US $100,000 ( equivalent to $2,248,930 in 2017 ) . The narrow ascent to the torch was closed for public - safety reasons , and it has remained closed ever since . That same year , Ralph Pulitzer , who had succeeded his father Joseph as publisher of the World , began a drive to raise US $30,000 ( equivalent to $674,679 in 2017 ) for an exterior lighting system to illuminate the statue at night . He claimed over 80,000 contributors , but failed to reach the goal . The difference was quietly made up by a gift from a wealthy donor -- a fact that was not revealed until 1936 . An underwater power cable brought electricity from the mainland and floodlights were placed along the walls of Fort Wood . Gutzon Borglum , who later sculpted Mount Rushmore , redesigned the torch , replacing much of the original copper with stained glass . On December 2 , 1916 , President Woodrow Wilson pressed the telegraph key that turned on the lights , successfully illuminating the statue . After the United States entered World War I in 1917 , images of the statue were heavily used in both recruitment posters and the Liberty Bond drives that urged American citizens to support the war financially . This impressed upon the public the war 's stated purpose -- to secure liberty -- and served as a reminder that embattled France had given the United States the statue . In 1924 , President Calvin Coolidge used his authority under the Antiquities Act to declare the statue a National Monument . The only successful suicide in the statue 's history occurred five years later , when a man climbed out of one of the windows in the crown and jumped to his death , glancing off the statue 's breast and landing on the base . Early National Park Service years ( 1933 -- 1982 ) Bedloe 's Island in 1927 , showing the statue and army buildings . The eleven - pointed walls of Fort Wood , which still form the statue 's base , are visible . In 1933 , President Franklin Roosevelt ordered the statue to be transferred to the National Park Service ( NPS ) . In 1937 , the NPS gained jurisdiction over the rest of Bedloe 's Island . With the Army 's departure , the NPS began to transform the island into a park . The Works Progress Administration ( WPA ) demolished most of the old buildings , regraded and reseeded the eastern end of the island , and built granite steps for a new public entrance to the statue from its rear . The WPA also carried out restoration work within the statue , temporarily removing the rays from the statue 's halo so their rusted supports could be replaced . Rusted cast - iron steps in the pedestal were replaced with new ones made of reinforced concrete ; the upper parts of the stairways within the statue were replaced , as well . Copper sheathing was installed to prevent further damage from rainwater that had been seeping into the pedestal . The statue was closed to the public from May until December 1938 . During World War II , the statue remained open to visitors , although it was not illuminated at night due to wartime blackouts . It was lit briefly on December 31 , 1943 , and on D - Day , June 6 , 1944 , when its lights flashed `` dot - dot - dot - dash '' , the Morse code for V , for victory . New , powerful lighting was installed in 1944 -- 1945 , and beginning on V-E Day , the statue was once again illuminated after sunset . The lighting was for only a few hours each evening , and it was not until 1957 that the statue was illuminated every night , all night . In 1946 , the interior of the statue within reach of visitors was coated with a special plastic so that graffiti could be washed away . In 1956 , an Act of Congress officially renamed Bedloe 's Island as Liberty Island , a change advocated by Bartholdi generations earlier . The act also mentioned the efforts to found an American Museum of Immigration on the island , which backers took as federal approval of the project , though the government was slow to grant funds for it . Nearby Ellis Island was made part of the Statue of Liberty National Monument by proclamation of President Lyndon Johnson in 1965 . In 1972 , the immigration museum , in the statue 's base , was finally opened in a ceremony led by President Richard Nixon . The museum 's backers never provided it with an endowment to secure its future and it closed in 1991 after the opening of an immigration museum on Ellis Island . September 26 , 1972 : President Richard Nixon visits the statue to open the American Museum of Immigration . The statue 's raised right foot is visible , showing that it is depicted moving forward . In 1970 , Ivy Bottini led a demonstration at the statue where she and others from the National Organization for Women 's New York chapter draped an enormous banner over a railing which read `` WOMEN OF THE WORLD UNITE ! '' Beginning December 26 , 1971 , 15 anti-Vietnam War veterans occupied the statue , flying a US flag upside down from her crown . They left December 28 following a Federal Court order . The statue was also several times taken over briefly by demonstrators publicizing causes such as Puerto Rican independence , opposition to abortion , and opposition to US intervention in Grenada . Demonstrations with the permission of the Park Service included a Gay Pride Parade rally and the annual Captive Baltic Nations rally . A powerful new lighting system was installed in advance of the American Bicentennial in 1976 . The statue was the focal point for Operation Sail , a regatta of tall ships from all over the world that entered New York Harbor on July 4 , 1976 , and sailed around Liberty Island . The day concluded with a spectacular display of fireworks near the statue . Renovation and rededication ( 1982 -- 2000 ) July 4 , 1986 : First Lady Nancy Reagan ( in red ) reopens the statue to the public . Main article : Conservation - restoration of the Statue of Liberty See also : Liberty Weekend The statue was examined in great detail by French and American engineers as part of the planning for its centennial in 1986 . In 1982 , it was announced that the statue was in need of considerable restoration . Careful study had revealed that the right arm had been improperly attached to the main structure . It was swaying more and more when strong winds blew and there was a significant risk of structural failure . In addition , the head had been installed 2 feet ( 0.61 m ) off center , and one of the rays was wearing a hole in the right arm when the statue moved in the wind . The armature structure was badly corroded , and about two percent of the exterior plates needed to be replaced . Although problems with the armature had been recognized as early as 1936 , when cast iron replacements for some of the bars had been installed , much of the corrosion had been hidden by layers of paint applied over the years . In May 1982 , President Ronald Reagan announced the formation of the Statue of Liberty -- Ellis Island Centennial Commission , led by Chrysler Corporation chair Lee Iacocca , to raise the funds needed to complete the work . Through its fundraising arm , the Statue of Liberty -- Ellis Island Foundation , Inc. , the group raised more than $350 million in donations . The Statue of Liberty was one of the earliest beneficiaries of a cause marketing campaign . A 1983 promotion advertised that for each purchase made with an American Express card , the company would contribute one cent to the renovation of the statue . The campaign generated contributions of $1.7 million to the restoration project . In 1984 , the statue was closed to the public for the duration of the renovation . Workers erected the world 's largest free - standing scaffold , which obscured the statue from view . Liquid nitrogen was used to remove layers of paint that had been applied to the interior of the copper skin over decades , leaving two layers of coal tar , originally applied to plug leaks and prevent corrosion . Blasting with baking soda powder removed the tar without further damaging the copper . The restorers ' work was hampered by the asbestos - based substance that Bartholdi had used -- ineffectively , as inspections showed -- to prevent galvanic corrosion . Workers within the statue had to wear protective gear , dubbed `` moon suits '' , with self - contained breathing circuits . Larger holes in the copper skin were repaired , and new copper was added where necessary . The replacement skin was taken from a copper rooftop at Bell Labs , which had a patina that closely resembled the statue 's ; in exchange , the laboratory was provided some of the old copper skin for testing . The torch , found to have been leaking water since the 1916 alterations , was replaced with an exact replica of Bartholdi 's unaltered torch . Consideration was given to replacing the arm and shoulder ; the National Park Service insisted that they be repaired instead . The original torch was removed and replaced in 1986 with the current one , whose flame is covered in 24 - carat gold . The torch reflects the sun 's rays in daytime and is lighted by floodlights at night . Liberty Enlightening the World The entire puddled iron armature designed by Gustave Eiffel was replaced . Low - carbon corrosion - resistant stainless steel bars that now hold the staples next to the skin are made of Ferralium , an alloy that bends slightly and returns to its original shape as the statue moves . To prevent the ray and arm making contact , the ray was realigned by several degrees . The lighting was again replaced -- night - time illumination subsequently came from metal - halide lamps that send beams of light to particular parts of the pedestal or statue , showing off various details . Access to the pedestal , which had been through a nondescript entrance built in the 1960s , was renovated to create a wide opening framed by a set of monumental bronze doors with designs symbolic of the renovation . A modern elevator was installed , allowing handicapped access to the observation area of the pedestal . An emergency elevator was installed within the statue , reaching up to the level of the shoulder . July 3 -- 6 , 1986 , was designated `` Liberty Weekend '' , marking the centennial of the statue and its reopening . President Reagan presided over the rededication , with French President François Mitterrand in attendance . July 4 saw a reprise of Operation Sail , and the statue was reopened to the public on July 5 . In Reagan 's dedication speech , he stated , `` We are the keepers of the flame of liberty ; we hold it high for the world to see . '' Closures and reopenings ( 2001 -- present ) The Statue of Liberty on September 11 , 2001 as the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center burn in the background Following the September 11 attacks , the statue and Liberty Island were immediately closed to the public . The island reopened at the end of 2001 , while the pedestal and statue remained off - limits . The pedestal reopened in August 2004 , but the National Park Service announced that visitors could not safely be given access to the statue due to the difficulty of evacuation in an emergency . The Park Service adhered to that position through the remainder of the Bush administration . New York Congressman Anthony Weiner made the statue 's reopening a personal crusade . On May 17 , 2009 , President Barack Obama 's Secretary of the Interior , Ken Salazar , announced that as a `` special gift '' to America , the statue would be reopened to the public as of July 4 , but that only a limited number of people would be permitted to ascend to the crown each day . The statue , including the pedestal and base , closed on October 29 , 2011 , for installation of new elevators and staircases and to bring other facilities , such as restrooms , up to code . The statue was reopened on October 28 , 2012 , only to close again a day later due to Hurricane Sandy . Although the storm did not harm the statue , it destroyed some of the infrastructure on both Liberty Island and Ellis Island , severely damaging the dock used by the ferries bearing visitors to the statue . On November 8 , 2012 , a Park Service spokesperson announced that both islands would remain closed for an indefinite period for repairs to be done . Due to lack of electricity on Liberty Island , a generator was installed to power temporary floodlights to illuminate the statue at night . The superintendent of Statue of Liberty National Monument , David Luchsinger , whose home on the island was severely damaged , stated that it would be `` optimistically ... months '' before the island was reopened to the public . The statue and Liberty Island reopened to the public on July 4 , 2013 . Ellis Island remained closed for repairs for several more months but reopened in late October 2013 . For part of October 2013 , Liberty Island was closed to the public due to the United States federal government shutdown of 2013 , along with other federally funded museums , parks , monuments , construction projects and buildings . The new staircase to the crown On October 7 , 2016 , construction started on a new Statue of Liberty museum on Liberty Island . The new $70 million , 26,000 - square - foot ( 2,400 m ) museum will be able to accommodate all of the island 's visitors when it opens in 2019 , as opposed to the current museum , which only 20 % of the island 's visitors can visit . The original torch will be relocated here , and in addition to exhibits relating to the statue 's construction and history , there will be a theater where visitors can watch an aerial view of the statue . The museum , designed by FXFOWLE Architects , will integrate with the parkland around it . It is being funded privately by Diane von Fürstenberg , Michael Bloomberg , Jeff Bezos , Coca - Cola , NBCUniversal , the family of Laurence Tisch and Preston Robert Tisch , Mellody Hobson , and George Lucas . Von Fürstenberg heads the fundraising for the museum , and the project had garnered more than $40 million in fundraising as of groundbreaking . Access and attributes Location and tourism Tourists aboard a Circle Line ferry arriving at Liberty Island , June 1973 The statue is situated in Upper New York Bay on Liberty Island south of Ellis Island , which together comprise the Statue of Liberty National Monument . Both islands were ceded by New York to the federal government in 1800 . As agreed in an 1834 compact between New York and New Jersey that set the state border at the bay 's midpoint , the original islands remain New York territory despite their location on the New Jersey side of the state line . Liberty Island is one of the islands that are part of the borough of Manhattan in New York . Land created by reclamation added to the 2.3 acres ( 0.93 ha ) original island at Ellis Island is New Jersey territory . No charge is made for entrance to the national monument , but there is a cost for the ferry service that all visitors must use , as private boats may not dock at the island . A concession was granted in 2007 to Statue Cruises to operate the transportation and ticketing facilities , replacing Circle Line , which had operated the service since 1953 . The ferries , which depart from Liberty State Park in Jersey City and Battery Park in Lower Manhattan , also stop at Ellis Island when it is open to the public , making a combined trip possible . All ferry riders are subject to security screening , similar to airport procedures , prior to boarding . Visitors intending to enter the statue 's base and pedestal must obtain a complimentary museum / pedestal ticket along with their ferry ticket . Those wishing to climb the staircase within the statue to the crown purchase a special ticket , which may be reserved up to a year in advance . A total of 240 people per day are permitted to ascend : ten per group , three groups per hour . Climbers may bring only medication and cameras -- lockers are provided for other items -- and must undergo a second security screening . Inscriptions , plaques , and dedications The Statue of Liberty stands on Liberty Island . There are several plaques and dedicatory tablets on or near the Statue of Liberty . A plaque on the copper just under the figure in front declares that it is a colossal statue representing Liberty , designed by Bartholdi and built by the Paris firm of Gaget , Gauthier et Cie ( Cie is the French abbreviation analogous to Co . ) . A presentation tablet , also bearing Bartholdi 's name , declares the statue is a gift from the people of the Republic of France that honors `` the Alliance of the two Nations in achieving the Independence of the United States of America and attests their abiding friendship . '' A tablet placed by the New York committee commemorates the fundraising done to build the pedestal . The cornerstone bears a plaque placed by the Freemasons . In 1903 , a bronze tablet that bears the text of Emma Lazarus 's sonnet , `` The New Colossus '' ( 1883 ) , was presented by friends of the poet . Until the 1986 renovation , it was mounted inside the pedestal ; today it resides in the Statue of Liberty Museum , in the base . `` The New Colossus '' tablet is accompanied by a tablet given by the Emma Lazarus Commemorative Committee in 1977 , celebrating the poet 's life . A group of statues stands at the western end of the island , honoring those closely associated with the Statue of Liberty . Two Americans -- Pulitzer and Lazarus -- and three Frenchmen -- Bartholdi , Eiffel , and Laboulaye -- are depicted . They are the work of Maryland sculptor Phillip Ratner . UNESCO World Heritage site In 1984 , the Statue of Liberty was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site . The UNESCO `` Statement of Significance '' describes the statue as a `` masterpiece of the human spirit '' that `` endures as a highly potent symbol -- inspiring contemplation , debate and protest -- of ideals such as liberty , peace , human rights , abolition of slavery , democracy and opportunity . '' Physical characteristics As viewed from the ground on Liberty Island Feature U.S. Metric Height of copper statue 151 ft 1 in 46 m Foundation of pedestal ( ground level ) to tip of torch 305 ft 1 in 93 m Heel to top of head 111 ft 1 in 34 m Height of hand 16 ft 5 in 5 m Index finger 8 ft 1 in 2.44 m Circumference at second joint 3 ft 6 in 1.07 m Head from chin to cranium 17 ft 3 in 5.26 m Head thickness from ear to ear 10 ft 0 in 3.05 m Distance across the eye 2 ft 6 in 0.76 m Length of nose 4 ft 6 in 1.48 m Right arm length 42 ft 0 in 12.8 m Right arm greatest thickness 12 ft 0 in 3.66 m Thickness of waist 35 ft 0 in 10.67 m Width of mouth 3 ft 0 in 0.91 m Tablet , length 23 ft 7 in 7.19 m Tablet , width 13 ft 7 in 4.14 m Tablet , thickness 2 ft 0 in 0.61 m Height of pedestal 89 ft 0 in 27.13 m Height of foundation 65 ft 0 in 19.81 m Weight of copper used in statue 60,000 pounds 27.22 tonnes Weight of steel used in statue 250,000 pounds 113.4 tonnes Total weight of statue 450,000 pounds 204.1 tonnes Thickness of copper sheeting 3 / 32 of an inch 2.4 mm Depictions See also : Replicas of the Statue of Liberty and Statue of Liberty in popular culture A replica of the Statue of Liberty forms part of the exterior decor at the New York - New York Hotel and Casino on the Las Vegas Strip Hundreds of replicas of the Statue of Liberty are displayed worldwide . A smaller version of the statue , one - fourth the height of the original , was given by the American community in Paris to that city . It now stands on the Île aux Cygnes , facing west toward her larger sister . A replica 30 feet ( 9.1 m ) tall stood atop the Liberty Warehouse on West 64th Street in Manhattan for many years ; it now resides at the Brooklyn Museum . In a patriotic tribute , the Boy Scouts of America , as part of their Strengthen the Arm of Liberty campaign in 1949 -- 1952 , donated about two hundred replicas of the statue , made of stamped copper and 100 inches ( 2,500 mm ) in height , to states and municipalities across the United States . Though not a true replica , the statue known as the Goddess of Democracy temporarily erected during the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 was similarly inspired by French democratic traditions -- the sculptors took care to avoid a direct imitation of the Statue of Liberty . Among other recreations of New York City structures , a replica of the statue is part of the exterior of the New York - New York Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas . Head of Liberty , U.S. airmail stamp , 1971 issue Reverse side of a Presidential Dollar coin As an American icon , the Statue of Liberty has been depicted on the country 's coinage and stamps . It appeared on commemorative coins issued to mark its 1986 centennial , and on New York 's 2001 entry in the state quarters series . An image of the statue was chosen for the American Eagle platinum bullion coins in 1997 , and it was placed on the reverse , or tails , side of the Presidential Dollar series of circulating coins . Two images of the statue 's torch appear on the current ten - dollar bill . The statue 's intended photographic depiction on a 2010 forever stamp proved instead to be of the replica at the Las Vegas casino . Depictions of the statue have been used by many regional institutions . Between 1986 and 2000 , New York State issued license plates with an outline of the statue to either the front or the side of the serial number . The Women 's National Basketball Association 's New York Liberty use both the statue 's name and its image in their logo , in which the torch 's flame doubles as a basketball . The New York Rangers of the National Hockey League depicted the statue 's head on their third jersey , beginning in 1997 . The National Collegiate Athletic Association 's 1996 Men 's Basketball Final Four , played at New Jersey 's Meadowlands Sports Complex , featured the statue in its logo . The Libertarian Party of the United States uses the statue in its emblem . The statue is a frequent subject in popular culture . In music , it has been evoked to indicate support for American policies , as in Toby Keith 's song `` Courtesy of the Red , White and Blue ( The Angry American ) '' , and in opposition , appearing on the cover of the Dead Kennedys ' album Bedtime for Democracy , which protested the Reagan administration . In film , the torch is the setting for the climax of director Alfred Hitchcock 's 1942 movie Saboteur . The statue makes one of its most famous cinematic appearances in the 1968 picture Planet of the Apes , in which it is seen half - buried in sand . It is knocked over in the science - fiction film Independence Day and in Cloverfield the head is ripped off . In Jack Finney 's time - travel novel Time and Again , the right arm of the statue , on display in the early 1880s in Madison Square Park , plays a crucial role . Robert Holdstock , consulting editor of The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction , wondered in 1979 , Where would science fiction be without the Statue of Liberty ? For decades it has towered or crumbled above the wastelands of deserted ( E ) arth -- giants have uprooted it , aliens have found it curious ... the symbol of Liberty , of optimism , has become a symbol of science fiction 's pessimistic view of the future . See also Approximate heights of various notable statues : 1 . Spring Temple Buddha 153 m ( incl. 25 m pedestal and 20 m throne ) 2 . Statue of Liberty 93 m ( incl. 47 m pedestal ) 3 . The Motherland Calls 91 m ( excl . pedestal ) 4 . Christ the Redeemer 38 m ( incl. 8 m pedestal ) 5 . Statue of David 5.17 m ( excl . 2.5 m pedestal ) New Jersey portal New York portal New York City portal NRHP portal United States portal Visual arts portal List of the tallest statues in the United States Place des États - Unis , in Paris , France The Statue of Liberty , 1985 Ken Burns documentary film Statues and sculptures in New York City List of statues by height References Notes ^ Jump up to : `` Statue of Liberty National Monument '' . National Park Service . December 31 , 2007 . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Schneiderman , R.M. ( June 28 , 2010 ) . `` For tourists , Statue of Liberty is nice , but no Forever 21 '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` National Monument Proclamations under the Antiquities Act '' . National Park Service . January 16 , 2003 . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2011 . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ National Park Service ( 1994 ) . National Register of Historic Places , 1966 -- 1994 : Cumulative List Through January 1 , 1994 . Washington , D.C. : National Park Service . p. 502 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89133 - 254 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` New Jersey and National Registers of Historic Places -- Hudson County '' . New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection -- Historic Preservation Office . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Statue of Liberty National Monument '' ( PDF ) . New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission . September 14 , 1976 . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 1985 , pp. 7 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Joseph , Rebecca M. ; Brooke Rosenblatt ; Carolyn Kinebrew ( September 2000 ) . `` The Black Statue of Liberty Rumor '' . National Park Service . Retrieved July 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Abolition '' . National Park Service . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Statue of Liberty and its Ties to the Middle East '' ( PDF ) . University of Chicago . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 7 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 60 -- 61 . ^ Jump up to : Moreno 2000 , pp. 39 -- 40 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 12 -- 13 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 102 -- 103 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 16 -- 17 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 10 -- 11 . ^ Jump up to : Sutherland 2003 , pp. 17 -- 19 . ^ Jump up to : Bodnar , John ( 2006 ) . `` Monuments and Morals : The Nationalization of Civic Instruction '' . In Warren , Donald R. ; Patrick , John J. Civic and Moral Learning in America . Macmillan . pp. 212 -- 214 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4039 - 7396 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Turner , Jane ( 2000 ) . The Grove Dictionary of Art : From Monet to Cézanne : Late 19th - century French Artists . Oxford University Press US . p. 10 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 22971 - 9 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 96 -- 97 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , pp. 105 -- 108 . Jump up ^ Blume , Mary ( July 16 , 2004 ) . `` The French icon Marianne à la mode '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Get the Facts ( Frequently Asked Questions about the Statue of Liberty ) '' . Statue of Liberty . National Park Service . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lady Liberty Reverse Statue of Liberty ( 1886 ) '' . Presidential $1 coin . United States Mint . Retrieved July 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , pp. 52 -- 53 , 55 , 87 . ^ Jump up to : Interviewed for Watson , Corin . Statue of Liberty : Building a Colossus ( TV documentary , 2001 ) Jump up ^ Bartholdi , Frédéric ( 1885 ) . The Statue of Liberty Enlightening the World . North American Review . p. 42 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , pp. 108 -- 111 . ^ Jump up to : `` Frequently asked questions '' . Statue of Liberty National Monument . National Park Service . Retrieved August 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , p. 120 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 118 , 125 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , p. 121 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , pp. 123 -- 125 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 1985 , pp. 44 -- 45 . Jump up ^ `` News of Norway '' . 1999 . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2011 . Retrieved July 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Answers about the Statue of Liberty , Part 2 '' . The New York Times . July 2 , 2009 . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sutherland 2003 , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 126 -- 128 . Jump up ^ Bell & Abrams 1984 , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Bell & Abrams 1984 , p. 26 . 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Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , p. 163 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , p. 161 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , p. 160 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , p. 91 . ^ Jump up to : `` Statistics '' . Statue of Liberty . National Park Service . August 16 , 2006 . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , p. 169 . ^ Jump up to : Auchincloss , Louis ( May 12 , 1986 ) . `` Liberty : Building on the Past '' . New York : 87 . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bartholdi , Frédéric ( 1885 ) . The Statue of Liberty Enlightening the World . North American Review . p. 62 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 71 -- 72 . Jump up ^ Sutherland 2003 , pp. 49 -- 50 . ^ Jump up to : Moreno 2000 , pp. 184 -- 186 . Jump up ^ `` Branford 's History Is Set in Stone '' . Connecticut Humanities . Jump up ^ `` STRUCTUREmag -- Structural Engineering Magazine , Tradeshow : Joachim Gotsche Giaver '' . archive.org . November 27 , 2012 . Archived from the original on November 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 163 -- 164 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 165 -- 166 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , pp. 172 -- 175 . Jump up ^ Levine , Benjamin ; Story , Isabelle F. ( 1961 ) . `` Statue of Liberty '' . National Park Service . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Seven Ways to Compute the Relative Value of a U.S. Dollar Amount , 1774 to Present / '' . MeasuringWorth . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2016 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . ( Consumer price index ) Jump up ^ Bell & Abrams 1984 , pp. 40 -- 41 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 1985 , p. 105 . Jump up ^ Sutherland 2003 , p. 51 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 107 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 110 -- 111 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 112 . Jump up ^ `` The Isere - Bartholdi Gift Reaches the Horsehoe Safely '' ( PDF ) . The Evening Post . June 17 , 1885 . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 114 . ^ Jump up to : Moreno 2000 , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Bell & Abrams 1984 , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , p. 64 . 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Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , pp. 216 -- 218 . Jump up ^ Daw , Jocelyne ( March 2006 ) . Cause Marketing for Nonprofits : Partner for Purpose , Passion , and Profits . Hoboken , New Jersey : John Wiley & Sons . p. 4 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 71750 - 8 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 81 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 55 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 172 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 153 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 75 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , pp. 74 -- 76 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 57 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , p. 153 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 84 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 88 . ^ Jump up to : Sutherland 2003 , p. 106 . ^ Jump up to : `` History and Culture '' . Statue of Liberty . National Park Service . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Chan , Sewell ( May 8 , 2009 ) . `` Statue of Liberty 's Crown Will Reopen July 4 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Neuman , William ( July 5 , 2007 ) . `` Congress to Ask Why Miss Liberty 's Crown is Still Closed to Visitors '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Raja , Nina ( August 10 , 2010 ) . `` Liberty Island to remain open during statue 's renovation '' . CNN . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Statue of Liberty interior to re-open next month '' . AP via Fox News . September 11 , 2012 . Retrieved May 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Powlowski , A. ( November 2 , 2012 ) . `` Statue of Liberty closed for ' foreseeable future ' '' . NBC News . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2012 . Retrieved November 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mcgeehan , Patrick ( November 8 , 2012 ) . `` Storm leaves Statue of Liberty and Ellis Island cut off from visitors '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Barron , James ( November 30 , 2012 ) . `` Statue of Liberty was unscathed by hurricane , but its home took a beating '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Long , Colleen ( July 4 , 2013 ) . `` Statue of Liberty reopens as US marks July Fourth '' . Yahoo ! News . Retrieved July 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Foderaro , Lisa ( October 28 , 2013 ) . `` Ellis Island Welcoming Visitors Once Again , but Repairs Continue '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Armaghan , Sarah ( October 1 , 2013 ) . `` Statue of Liberty Closed in Shutdown '' . Wall Street Journal . ^ Jump up to : Durkin , Erin ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` Statue of Liberty getting new $70 M museum set to open in 2019 '' . NY Daily News . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Plagianos , Irene ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` See Designs for the New Statue of Liberty Museum '' . DNAinfo New York . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2016 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pereira , Ivan ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` Statue of Liberty Museum to open in 2019 '' . am New York . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Early History of Bedloe 's Island '' . Statue of Liberty Historical Handbook . National Park Service . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2011 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NEW JERSEY v. NEW YORK 523 U.S. 767 '' . Supreme Court of the United States . 1998 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ramirez , Anthony ( June 29 , 2007 ) . `` Circle Line Loses Pact for Ferries to Liberty Island '' . New York Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NPS : Liberty and Ellis Island ferry map '' . Ferry Map . National Park Service . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` For Your Safety and Security '' . Statue of Liberty . National Park Service . Retrieved August 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions '' . Statue of Liberty . National Park Service . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently asked questions : Reserving tickets to visit the crown '' . Statue of Liberty . National Park Service . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Moreno 2000 , pp. 222 -- 223 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 163 . Jump up ^ `` Statue of Liberty '' . World Heritage . UNESCO . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Moreno 2000 , pp. 200 -- 201 . Jump up ^ `` Collections : American Art : Replica of the Statue of Liberty , from Liberty Storage & Warehouse , 43 -- 47 West 64th Street , NYC '' . Brooklyn Museum . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Attoun , Marti ( October 2007 ) . `` Little Sisters of Liberty '' . Scouting . Retrieved August 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , pp. 103 -- 104 . Jump up ^ Goldberger , Paul ( January 15 , 1997 ) . `` New York - New York , it 's a Las Vegas town '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Statue of Liberty postage stamps '' . Statue of Liberty -- Ellis Island Foundation , Inc . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The redesigned $10 note '' . newmoney.gov . Bureau of Engraving and Printing . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2014 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Severson , Kim ; Healey , Matthew ( April 14 , 2011 ) . `` This Lady Liberty is a Las Vegas teenager '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` State to start issuing new license plates July 1 '' . The New York Times . January 24 , 1986 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` State license plates to get new look '' . The New York Times . January 11 , 2000 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Liberty ' for New York club '' . The New York Times . February 14 , 1997 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lapointe , Joe ( January 12 , 1997 ) . `` Lady Liberty laces up at the Garden '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sandomir , Richard ( March 29 , 1996 ) . `` Final Four : States put aside their rivalry and try a little cooperation '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Axinn , Mark ( October 28 , 2011 ) . `` The Statue of Liberty after 125 years -- by LPNY Chair Mark Axinn '' . Libertarian Party of the United States . Retrieved November 19 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Morris , Tracy S . `` The Statue of Liberty in Popular Culture '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Spoto , Donald ( 1983 ) . The Dark Side of Genius : The Life of Alfred Hitchcock . Ballantine . pp. 262 -- 263 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 31462 - 8 . Jump up ^ Greene , Eric ; Slotkin , Richard ( 1998 ) . Planet of the Apes as American myth : race , politics , and popular culture . Middletown , Connecticut : Wesleyan University Press . p. 52 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8195 - 6329 - 3 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 10 Movies That Hated The Statue Of Liberty > > Page 6 of 10 '' . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2014 . Retrieved March 24 , 2014 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` ' Cloverfield ' Release Will Be Test of Online Hype : NPR '' . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2008 . Retrieved March 24 , 2014 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Darrach , Brad ( June 26 , 1970 ) . `` The spy who came in from 1882 '' . Life . p. 16 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Nicholls , Peter ( 1979 ) . The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction . St Albans , Herts , UK : Granada Publishing Ltd. p. 14 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 586 - 05380 - 5 . Bibliography Bell , James B. ; Abrams , Richard L. ( 1984 ) . In Search of Liberty : The Story of the Statue of Liberty and Ellis Island . Garden City , New York : Doubleday & Co . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 19624 - 6 . Harris , Jonathan ( 1985 ) . A Statue for America : The First 100 Years of the Statue of Liberty . New York City : Four Winds Press ( a division of Macmillan Publishing Company ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 02 - 742730 - 1 . Hayden , Richard Seth ; Despont , Thierry W. ( 1986 ) . Restoring the Statue of Liberty . New York City : McGraw - Hill Book Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 027326 - 9 . Khan , Yasmin Sabina ( 2010 ) . Enlightening the World : The Creation of the Statue of Liberty . Ithaca , New York : Cornell University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8014 - 4851 - 5 . Moreno , Barry ( 2000 ) . The Statue of Liberty Encyclopedia . New York City : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7385 - 3689 - 7 . Sutherland , Cara A. ( 2003 ) . The Statue of Liberty . New York City : Barnes & Noble Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7607 - 3890 - 0 . External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : Statue of Liberty Wikimedia Commons has media related to Statue of Liberty . Wikivoyage has a listing for Statue of Liberty . Statue of Liberty National Monument Statue of Liberty -- Ellis Island Foundation `` A Giant 's Task -- Cleaning Statue of Liberty '' , Popular Mechanics ( February 1932 ) Views from the webcams affixed to the Statue of Liberty Made in Paris The Statue of Liberty 1877 -- 1885 -- many historical photographs Statue of Liberty at Structurae Historic American Engineering Record ( HAER ) No . NY - 138 , `` Statue of Liberty , Liberty Island , Manhattan , New York , New York County , NY '' , 404 photos , 59 color transparencies , 41 measured drawings , 10 data pages , 33 photo caption pages HAER No . NY - 138 - A , `` Statue of Liberty , Administration Building '' , 6 photos , 6 measured drawings , 1 photo caption page HAER No . NY - 138 - B , `` Statue of Liberty , Concessions Building '' , 12 photos , 6 measured drawings , 1 photo caption page Statue of Liberty Liberty Enlightening the World Creators Édouard René de Laboulaye , originator Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi , sculptor Gustave Eiffel , builder Eiffel company Eugène Secrétan , donated copper Location Statue of Liberty National Monument Liberty Island Musée des Arts et Métiers , original statue Former locations Right arm and torch Centennial Exposition , 1876 Madison Square Park , 1876 - 1882 Head Paris World 's Fair , 1878 Replicas Île aux Cygnes Flame of Liberty Boy Scout replicas Strengthen the Arm of Liberty Fayetteville , Arkansas Pine Bluff , Arkansas Overview Park , Kansas Legacy In popular culture `` The New Colossus '' ( 1883 sonnet ) Working on the Statue of Liberty ( 1946 painting ) Miss Liberty ( 1949 musical ) The Statue of Liberty ( 1985 documentary ) Statue of Liberty play ( American football ) Liberty Weekend , 1986 Liberty Fanfare Medal of Liberty Statue of Liberty Forever stamp American Platinum Eagle coin Presidential $1 Coin Program Related Conservation - restoration of the Statue of Liberty Egypt Carrying the Light to Asia Libertas National symbols of the United States Symbols Flag of the United States Seal of the United States Bald eagle Uncle Sam Columbia General Grant ( tree ) American 's Creed Pledge of Allegiance Rose Oak American bison Phrygian cap Songs `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' `` Dixie '' `` America the Beautiful '' `` The Stars and Stripes Forever '' `` Hail to the Chief '' `` Hail , Columbia '' `` My Country , ' Tis of Thee '' `` God Bless America '' `` Lift Every Voice and Sing '' `` The Army Goes Rolling Along '' `` Anchors Aweigh '' `` Marines ' Hymn '' `` Semper Fidelis '' `` The Air Force Song '' `` Semper Paratus '' `` National Emblem '' `` The Washington Post March '' `` Battle Hymn of the Republic '' `` Yankee Doodle '' `` You 're a Grand Old Flag '' `` When Johnny Comes Marching Home '' `` This Land Is Your Land '' Mottos In God We Trust E Pluribus Unum Novus ordo seclorum Annuit cœptis Landmarks Statue of Liberty ( Liberty Enlightening the World ) Liberty Bell Mount Rushmore National Mall West Potomac Park Other articles related to the Statue of Liberty Lighthouses of New York Main : List of lighthouses in the United States Ambrose Tower Aunt Phebe Rock Barber 's Point Barcelona Blackwell Island Bluff Point Braddock Point Buffalo Light Buffalo Harbor North and South entrance Lights Buffalo Harbor South Entrance Light Buffalo North breakwater East end Light Buffalo North Breakwater South End Light Cape Vincent Carleton Island Cedar Island Charlotte -- Genesee Cold Spring Harbor Coney Island Coxsackie Crossover Island Crown Point Cumberland Head Dunkirk East Charity Shoal Eatons Neck Elm Tree Beacon Esopus Meadows Execution Rocks Fair Haven Fire Island Fort Niagara Fort Lafayette Fort Tompkins Fort Wadsworth Frenchman Island Galloo Island Gardiners Point Horse Island Horton Point Hudson - Athens Huntington Harbor Kings Point Latimer Reef Little Gull Island Little Red Montauk Point Moriches New Dorp North Brother Island North Dumpling Oak Orchard Old Field Point Old Orchard Shoal Ogdensburg Harbor Orient Long Beach Bar Orient Point Oswego Harbor West Pierhead Plattsburgh Beacon Plum Island Point Aux Roches Prince 's Bay Race Rock Rock Island Romer Shoal Rondout Sands Point Saugerties Selkirk Shinnecock Sodus Outer Sodus Point South Brother Island Channel Range South Buffalo North Side Split Rock Point Staten Island Statue of Liberty Stepping Stones Stony Point ( Henderson ) Stony Point ( Hudson ) Strawberry Island Upper Cut Range Stuyvesant Sunken Meadows Sunken Rock Tarrytown Thirty Mile Point Three Sisters Island Throgs Neck Tibbetts Point Turkey Point Watervliet West Point West Bank Whitehall Narrows Whitestone Point Protected areas of New York Federal National Historic Sites , Parks and Districts Christman Eleanor Roosevelt Harriet Tubman Home of Franklin D. Roosevelt Martin Van Buren Sagamore Hill Saint Paul 's Church Saratoga Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace Theodore Roosevelt Inaugural Women 's Rights Erie Canalway Kate Mullany affiliated Thomas Cole affiliated National Memorials Federal Hall General Grant Hamilton Grange Statue of Liberty National Monuments African Burial Ground Castle Clinton Fort Stanwix Governors Island Stonewall National Trails Appalachian Trail North Country Trail National Seashores and Recreation Areas Fire Island Gateway Upper Delaware National Wildlife Refuges Iroquois Long Island Complex Amagansett Conscience Point Elizabeth A. Morton Lido Beach Oyster Bay Sayville Seatuck Target Rock Wertheim Montezuma Shawangunk Grasslands Wallkill River National Forests Finger Lakes Wilderness Areas Otis Pike Fire Island High Dune State parks Allen H. Treman Allegany Amherst Amsterdam Beach Battle Island Bayard Cutting Arboretum Bayswater Point Bear Mountain Beaver Island Beechwood Belmont Lake Bethpage Betty & Wilbur Davis Big Six Mile Creek Blauvelt Bonavista Bowman Lake Braddock Bay Brentwood Bristol Beach Brookhaven Buckhorn Island Buffalo Harbor Burnham Point Buttermilk Falls Caleb Smith Camp Hero Canandaigua Lake Canoe - Picnic Point Captree Catharine Valley Trail Caumsett Cayuga Lake Cedar Island Cedar Point Chenango Valley Cherry Plain Chimney Bluffs Chittenango Falls Clarence Fahnestock Clark Reservation Clay Pit Ponds Cold Spring Harbor Coles Creek Conesus Lake Connetquot River Crab Island Croil Island Cumberland Bay Darien Lakes De Veaux Woods Deans Cove Delta Lake Devil 's Hole Dewolf Point Donald J. Trump Earl W. Brydges Artpark Eel Weir Empire -- Fulton Ferry Evangola Fair Haven Beach Fillmore Glen Fort Niagara Four Mile Creek Franklin D. Roosevelt Franklin D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms Franny Reese Frenchman Island Galop Island Gantry Plaza Genesee Valley Greenway Gilbert Lake Gilgo Glimmerglass Golden Hill Goosepond Mountain Grafton Lakes Grass Point Green Lakes Hallock Hamlin Beach Harriet Hollister Spencer Harriman Hart 's Brook Haverstraw Beach Heckscher Helen L. McNitt Hempstead Lake High Tor Highland Lakes Higley Flow Hither Hills Honeoye Hook Mountain Hudson Highlands Hudson River Islands Hudson River Hunts Pond Iona Island Irondequoit Bay Jacques Cartier James Baird John Boyd Thacher Jones Beach Joseph Davis Keewaydin Keuka Lake Knox Farm Kring Point Lake Erie Lake Lauderdale Lake Superior Lake Taghkanic Lakeside Beach Letchworth Lock 32 Lodi Point Long Point - Finger Lakes Long Point - Thousand Islands Long Point on Lake Chautauqua Macomb Reservation Margaret Lewis Norrie Mark Twain Mary Island Max V. Shaul Mexico Point Midway Mine Kill Minnewaska Mohawk River Montauk Downs Montauk Point Moreau Lake Napeague Newtown Battlefield Niagara Falls Nissequogue River Nyack Beach Oak Orchard Ogden Mills & Ruth Livingston Mills Old Croton Aqueduct Old Erie Canal Oquaga Creek Orient Beach Peebles Island Pinnacle Pixley Falls Point Au Roche Reservoir Riverbank Robert G. Wehle Robert H. Treman Robert Moses - Long Island Robert Moses - Thousand Islands Robert V. Riddell Roberto Clemente Rockefeller Rock Island Lighthouse Rockland Lake Sampson Sandy Island Beach Saratoga Lake Saratoga Spa Schodack Island Schunemunk Mountain Selkirk Shores Seneca Lake Shadmoor Silver Lake Sonnenberg Gardens Southwick Beach St. Lawrence State Park at the Fair Sterling Forest Steuben Memorial Stony Brook Storm King Strawberry Island Sunken Meadow Taconic - Copake Falls Area Taconic - Rudd Pond Area Tallman Mountain Taughannock Falls Thompson 's Lake Two Rivers Trail View Valley Stream Verona Beach Waterson Point Watkins Glen Wellesley Island Westcott Beach Whetstone Gulf Whirlpool Wildwood Wilson - Tuscarora Wonder Lake Woodlawn Beach State historic sites Bennington Battlefield Caumsett Clermont Clinton House Crailo Crown Point Darwin Martin House Fort Montgomery Fort Ontario Ganondagan Grant Cottage Herkimer Home Hyde Hall John Brown Farm John Burroughs Memorial ( Woodchuck Lodge ) John Hay Homestead Johnson Hall Knox 's Headquarters Lorenzo New Windsor Cantonment Olana Old Croton Aqueduct Old Erie Canal Old Fort Niagara Oriskany Battlefield Philipse Manor Hall Plantings Fields Arboretum Sackets Harbor Battlefield Schoharie Crossing Schuyler Mansion Senate House Sonnenberg Gardens & Mansion Staatsburgh Steuben Memorial Stony Point Battlefield Walt Whitman Birthplace Washington 's Headquarters Preserves and sanctuaries Public preserves Albany Pine Bush Forest Preserve Adirondack Park Saint Regis Canoe Area Santanoni Preserve wilderness areas Catskill Park Hudson River Estuary Long Island Pine Barrens Reinstein Woods Rome Sand Plains Tahawus Vischer Ferry Welwyn The Nature Conservacy Accabonac Harbor Andy Warhol Visual Arts Arthur W. Butler Memorial Atlantic Double Dunes Bear Swamp Calverton Ponds Chaumont Barrens Clintonville Pine Barrens Coon Mountain Deer Lick Denton El Dorado Beach Eugene and Agnes Meyer Everton Falls Freund Gadway Sandstone Pavement Barrens Hannacroix Ravine Henry Morgenthau Indian Brook Assemblage Ironsides Island Kenrose Limestone Rise Lisha Kill Long Island Center for Conservation Long Pond Lordsland Lower Poultney River and Saddles Marrion Yarrow Mashomack Mianus River Gorge Mildred E. Grierson Memorial Moccasin Kill Montauk Mountain Moss Lake Mount Holly Nellie Hill Neversink O.D. von Engeln Otter Creek Pawling Peconic Estuary Big Woods Pine Neck Roger Perry Memorial Ruth Wales Schunemunk Mountain Shadmoor Silver Lake Bog Spring Pond Bog Stewart Lewis A. Swyer Thompson Pond and Stissing Mountain Uplands Farm West Branch Whitbeck Memorial Grove Other preserves Angle Fly Baxter Bergen - Byron Swamp Black Rock Forest Brandreth Park Calder Center Louis C. Clark Cornell Botanic Gardens Ferncliff Forest Heiberg Memorial Forest James Lime Hollow Mohonk Peabody Plotter Kill Sagamore Camp Sam 's Point Teatown Lake Turkey Mountain Turner Brook Theodore Roosevelt Wallkill Valley Woodlawn Zurich Bog Other ( lists ) National Historic Landmarks National Natural Landmarks Botanical gardens Nature centers New York City parks POPS WWI New York state forests wild historic sites parks wildlife management areas Trails rail trails Category NYS DEC NYS OPRHP Protected areas of New York City Federal National Historic Sites Lower East Side Tenement Museum Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Monuments and Memorials African Burial Ground Castle Clinton Federal Hall General Grant Governors Island Hamilton Grange Statue of Liberty Stonewall Other Protected Areas Gateway National Recreation Area Floyd Bennett Field Fort Tilden Fort Wadsworth Great Kills Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge Jacob Riis Miller Field State State Parks Bayswater Point Clay Pit Ponds East River Franklin D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms Gantry Plaza Riverbank Roberto Clemente City parks and preserves Manhattan 79th Street Boat Basin Abingdon Square Albert Capsouto Asphalt Green Battery Bennett British Garden at Hanover Square Bowling Green Bryant Captain Patrick J. Brown Walk Carl Schurz Central Park Chelsea City Hall Collect Columbus Corlears Hook Dag Hammarskjold Plaza Damrosch Dante DeSalvio Playground DeWitt Clinton Drumgoole Plaza Duane East River Greenway East River Esplanade East River Park Stuyvesant Cove Finn Square Foley Square Fort Tryon Fort Washington Gorman Gramercy Greenacre Park Hamilton Fish Hanover Square Harlem River Hell 's Kitchen Herald Square High Line Highbridge Holcombe Rucker Hudson Hudson River Imagination Playground at Burling Slip Inwood Hill Isham J. Hood Wright Jackie Robinson Jackson Square John Jay Liberty Louis Cuvillier Madison Square Manhattan Waterfront Greenway Marcus Garvey Mill Rock Mitchell Square Morningside Murphy 's Brother 's Playground Muscota Marsh Paley Peretz Square Peter Cooper Plaza Lafayette Queen Elizabeth II September 11th Garden Ralph Bunche Randalls Island Richard Tucker Square Riverside Robert Moses Playground Roosevelt Triangle Rucker Sakura Samuel N. Bennerson 2nd Playground Sara Delano Roosevelt Septuagesimo Uno Seward Sheridan Square Sherman Square St. John 's St. Nicholas St. Vartan Straus Stuyvesant Square Swindler Cove Teardrop Theodore Roosevelt Thomas Jefferson Thomas Paine Tompkins Square Tribeca Union Square Verdi Square Vesuvio Playground Wards Island Washington Market Washington Square West Side Community Garden Winston Churchill Zuccotti Brooklyn American Veterans Memorial Pier Amersfort Asser Levy Bath Beach Betsy Head Bensonhurst Breukelen Ballfields Brooklyn Botanic Garden Brooklyn Bridge Brooklyn Heights Promenade Brooklyn -- Queens Greenway Brower Bushwick Byrne Cadman Plaza Canarsie Carroll Calvert Vaux City Line Coffey Columbus Commodore Barry Coney Island Beach & Boardwalk Coney Island Creek Continental Army Plaza Cooper Dyker Beach Floyd Bennett Field Fort Greene Four Sparrow Marsh Frank M. Charles Fresh Creek Nature Preserve Friends Field Fulton Gravesend Green Central Knoll Herbert Von King Highland Irving Square JJ Byrne Jamaica Bay Park John J. Carty John Paul Jones Kaiser Kelly Leif Ericson Leon S. Kaiser Playground Lieutenant Joseph Petrosino Lincoln Terrace Linden Lindower Linton Manhattan Beach Maria Hernandez Marine McCarren McGolrick McKinley Mt . Prospect Owl 's Head Paerdegat Basin Paerdegat Prospect Red Hook Robert E. Venable Saratoga Scarangella Seaside Seth Low Shore Spring Creek Steeplechase Sternberg St. Johns Sunset Tompkins Trinity Van Voorhees Walt Whitman Wingate WNYC Transmitter Zion Triangle The Bronx Baretto Point Bicentennial Veterans Bronx Castle Hill City Island Wetlands Claremont Concrete Plant Crotona Devoe Ewen Ferry Point Givans Creek Woods Grant Haffen Harding Harris Henry Hudson Hunts Point Jerome Joseph Rodman Drake Joyce Kilmer Julius Richman Macombs Dam Mill Pond Mullaly New York Botanical Garden North and South Brother Islands Orchard Beach Pelham Bay Rodman 's Neck Playground 52 Poe Pugsley Creek Rainey Raoul Wallenberg Forest Richman Riverdale St. Mary 's Seton Falls Seton Soundview Spuyten Duyvil Shorefront St. James St. Mary 's Starlight Tremont University Woods Van Cortlandt Vidalia Vinmont Veteran Washington 's Walk Queens Admiral Alley Alley Pond Andrews Grove Astoria Baisley Pond Bayside Fields Bayswater Beach Channel Big Bush Bowne Brant Point Wildlife Sanctuary Breininger Broad Channel American Park Broad Channel Park Broad Channel Wetlands Brooklyn -- Queens Greenway Brookville Bulova Captain Tilly Crocheron Cunningham Det . Keith L. Williams Det . William T. Gunn Dr. Charles R. Drew Dubos Point Wildlife Sanctuary Doughboy Douglaston Elmhurst Evergreen Flushing Fields Flushing Meadows - Corona Forest Fort Tilden Fort Totten Francis Lewis Frank Golden Frank Principe Haggerty Harvey Highland Hinton Hoffman Hook Creek Hunter 's Point Idlewild Jamaica Bay John Golden Juniper Valley Kissena Kohlreiter Square Libra Triangle Linnaeus Little Bay Louis Pasteur Mafera Macneil Marconi Marie Curie Montbellier O'Donohue Overlook Park of the Americas Phil `` Scooter '' Rizzuto Ofc . Edward Byrne Powell 's Cove Queens County Farm Museum Queensbridge Rachel Carson Railroad Ralph Demarco Rochdale Rockaway Community Rufus King Seagirt Avenue Wetlands Socrates Sculpture Spring Creek Springfield St. Albans Travers Tudor Udall 's Park Preserve Wayanda Staten Island Aesop Allison Pond Amundsen Circle Annadale Arbutus Woods Arden Woods Austen House Barrett Bayview Terrace Blood Root Valley Bloomingdale Blue Heron Park Preserve Blueberry Bradys Bunker Ponds Buono Beach Carlton Clove Lakes Clove 's Tail Conference House Corporal Thompson Crescent Beach Deere Eibs Pond Faber Fairview Father Macris Forest Grove Fort Hill Fort Wadsworth FDR Boardwalk and Beach Freshkills Gaeta Great Kills Graniteville Quarry Graniteville Swamp Hero High Rock Hoffman Island Huguenot Ponds Hybrid Oak Woods Ingram Woods Isle of Meadows Jones Woods Joseph Manna King Fisher Kingdom Pond Last Chance LaTourette Lemon Creek Long Pond Gen. MacArthur Maple Woods Mariners Marsh Meredith Woods Midland Beach Midland Field Miller Field Mount Loretto Unique Area New Dorp Beach New York Chinese Scholar 's Garden Northerleigh Park Ocean Breeze Old Place Creek Olmstead - Beil House Prall 's Island Reed 's Basket WIllow Swamp Richmond Terrace Wetlands Saw Mill Creek Marsh Schmul Seaside Wildlife Nature Shooters Island Siedenburg Silver Lake Snug Harbor Cultural Center & Botanical Garden Sobel Court South Beach Wetlands St. George Staten Island Greenbelt Staten Island Industrial Swinburne Island Tappen Tompkinsville Tottenville Shore Von Briesen Walker Wegener Westerleigh Westwood William T. Davis Wildlife Refuge Willowbrook Wolfe 's Pond Other Nature centers Alley Pond Belvedere Castle Blue Heron Crotona Dana Discovery Center Forest Fort Greene Fort Totten Greenbelt High Rock Inwood Hill Orchard Beach Prospect Salt Marsh Van Cortlandt Zoos Bronx Central Park Prospect Queens Staten Island Botanical gardens Brooklyn Botanic Conservatory New York Botanical Queens Botanical Staten Island Botanical New York Chinese Scholar 's Wave Hill Roosevelt Island Lighthouse Southpoint Other lists World War I - related parks Vietnam War - related parks Category Department of Parks and Recreation New York State Commons World Heritage Sites in the United States Northeast Independence Hall Statue of Liberty Midwest Cahokia South Everglades Great Smoky Mountains Mammoth Cave Monticello and the University of Virginia Poverty Point San Antonio Missions West Carlsbad Caverns Chaco Culture National Historical Park Grand Canyon National Park Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park Kluane - Wrangell -- St. Elias - Glacier Bay - Tatshenshini - Alsek Mesa Verde Olympic National Park Pueblo de Taos Papahānaumokuākea Redwood Waterton - Glacier International Peace Park Yellowstone National Park Yosemite National Park Territories La Fortaleza and San Juan National Historic Site Shared with Canada Popular visitor attractions in New York City More than 10 million annual visitors Times Square ( 50 M ) Central Park ( 40 M ) Grand Central Terminal ( 21.6 M ) South Street Seaport ( 12 M ) Rockefeller Center 1 to 10 million annual visitors High Line ( 7.6 M ) Metropolitan Museum of Art ( 6.3 M ) American Museum of Natural History ( 5.0 M ) National September 11 Memorial & Museum ( 5.0 M ) Empire State Building ( 3.5 M ) Museum of Modern Art ( 2.8 M ) Statue of Liberty ( 2.4 M ) One World Trade Center ( 2.3 M ) Bronx Zoo ( 1.8 M ) Ellis Island ( 1.7 M ) Note : Visitor numbers are estimates only . See also : Tourism in New York City U.S. National Register of Historic Places in New York Topics Contributing property Keeper of the Register Historic district History of the National Register of Historic Places National Park Service Property types Lists by county Albany Allegany Bronx Broome Cattaraugus Cayuga Chautauqua Chemung Chenango Clinton Columbia Cortland Delaware Dutchess Erie Essex Franklin Fulton Genesee Greene Hamilton Herkimer Jefferson Kings ( Brooklyn ) Lewis Livingston Madison Monroe Montgomery Nassau New York ( Manhattan ) Niagara Oneida Onondaga Ontario Orange Orleans Oswego Otsego Putnam Queens Rensselaer Richmond ( Staten Island ) Rockland Saratoga Schenectady Schoharie Schuyler Seneca St. Lawrence Steuben Suffolk Sullivan Tioga Tompkins Ulster Warren Washington Wayne Westchester Northern Southern Wyoming Yates Lists by city Albany Buffalo New Rochelle New York City Bronx Brooklyn Queens Staten Island Manhattan Below 14th St . 14th -- 59th St . 59th -- 110th St . Above 110th St . Minor islands Niagara Falls Peekskill Poughkeepsie Rhinebeck Rochester Syracuse Yonkers Other lists Bridges and tunnels National Historic Landmarks Category : National Register of Historic Places in New York ( state ) Portal : National Register of Historic Places Museums in Manhattan Financial District and Battery Park ( Below Chambers St ) Castle Clinton China Institute Federal Hall Fraunces Tavern George Gustav Heye Center Mmuseumm Museum of American Finance Museum of Jewish Heritage New York City Police Museum Skyscraper Museum South Street Seaport Lower Manhattan ( Chambers - 14th Sts ) Asian American Arts Centre Drawing Center Eldridge Street Synagogue FusionArts Museum International Center of Photography Lower East Side Tenement Museum Merchant 's House Museum Museum of Chinese in America New Museum New York City Fire Museum The Theatre Museum Ukrainian Museum Whitney Museum of American Art Chelsea , Flatiron , Gramercy ( 14th - 34th Sts ) Center for Jewish History International Print Center New York John J. Harvey The Museum at FIT Museum of Mathematics Museum of Sex Rubin Museum of Art Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace Tibet House Midtown ( 34th - 59th Sts ) Girl Scout Museum and Archives Intrepid Sea , Air & Space Museum Japan Society John M. 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9151045253243393760 | Small intestine | Small intestine - wikipedia Small intestine Jump to : navigation , search Small Intestine Diagram showing the small intestine and surrounding structures Details Artery Superior mesenteric artery Vein Hepatic portal vein Nerve Celiac ganglia , vagus Lymph Intestinal lymph trunk Identifiers Latin Intestinum tenue MeSH A03. 556.124. 684 Code 4453467 Dorlands / Elsevier Small intestine r TA A05. 6.01. 001 FMA 7200 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) The small intestine or small bowel is the part of the gastrointestinal tract between the stomach and the large intestine , and is where most of the end absorption of food takes place . The small intestine has three distinct regions -- the duodenum , jejunum , and ileum . The duodenum is the shortest part of the small intestine and is where preparation for absorption begins . It also receives bile and pancreatic juice through the pancreatic duct , controlled by the sphincter of Oddi . The primary function of the small intestine is the absorption of nutrients and minerals from food , using small finger - like protrusions called villi . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Size 1.2 Parts 1.3 Blood supply 1.4 Histology 1.5 Development 2 Function 2.1 Digestion 2.2 Absorption 2.3 Immunological 3 Gene and protein expression 4 Clinical significance 5 Other animals 6 Society and culture 7 Additional images 8 See also 9 Notes and references 10 Bibliography 11 External links Structure ( edit ) Size ( edit ) The length of the small intestine can vary greatly , from as short as 2.75 m ( 9.0 ft ) to as long as 10.49 m ( 34.4 ft ) . The average length in a living person is 3m - 5m . The length depends both on how tall the person is and how the length is measured . Taller people generally have a longer small intestine and measurements are generally longer after death and when the bowel is empty . It is approximately 1.5 cm in diameter in newborns after 35 weeks of gestational age , and 2.5 -- 3 cm ( 1 inch ) in diameter in adults . On abdominal X-rays , the small intestine is considered to be abnormally dilated when the diameter exceeds 3cm . On CT scans , a diameter of over 2.5 cm is considered abnormally dilated . The surface area of the human small intestinal mucosa , due to enlargement caused by folds , villi and microvilli , averages 30 square meters . Parts ( edit ) The small intestine is divided into three structural parts . The duodenum is a short structure ( about 20 -- 25 cm long ) shaped like a `` C '' . It surrounds the head of the pancreas . It receives gastric chyme from the stomach , together with digestive juices from the pancreas ( digestive enzymes ) and the liver ( bile ) . The digestive enzymes break down proteins and bile and emulsify fats into micelles . The duodenum contains Brunner 's glands , which produce a mucus - rich alkaline secretion containing bicarbonate . These secretions , in combination with bicarbonate from the pancreas , neutralize the stomach acids contained in gastric chyme . The jejunum is the midsection of the small intestine , connecting the duodenum to the ileum . It is about 2.5 m long , and contains the plicae circulares , and villi that increase its surface area . Products of digestion ( sugars , amino acids , and fatty acids ) are absorbed into the bloodstream here . The suspensory muscle of duodenum marks the division between the duodenum and the jejunum . The ileum : The final section of the small intestine . It is about 3 m long , and contains villi similar to the jejunum . It absorbs mainly vitamin B12 and bile acids , as well as any other remaining nutrients . The ileum joins to the cecum of the large intestine at the ileocecal junction . The jejunum and ileum are suspended in the abdominal cavity by mesentery . The mesentery is part of the peritoneum . Arteries , veins , lymph vessels and nerves travel within the mesentery . Blood supply ( edit ) The small intestine receives a blood supply from the coeliac trunk and the superior mesenteric artery . These are both branches of the aorta . The duodenum receives blood from the coeliac trunk via the superior pancreaticoduodenal artery and from the superior mesenteric artery via the inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery . These two arteries both have anterior and posterior branches that meet in the midline and anastomose . The jejunum and ileum receive blood from the superior mesenteric artery . Branches of the superior mesenteric artery form a series of arches within the mesentery known as arterial arcades , which may be several layers deep . Straight blood vessels known as vasa recta travel from the arcades closest to the ileum and jejunum to the organs themselves . Histology ( edit ) Main article : Gastrointestinal wall Micrograph of the small intestine mucosa showing the intestinal villi and crypts of Lieberkühn . The three sections of the small intestine look similar to each other at a microscopic level , but there are some important differences . The parts of the intestine are as follows : Layer Duodenum Jejunum Ileum Serosa 1st part serosa , 2nd -- 4th adventitia Normal Normal Muscularis externa Longitudinal and circular layers , with Auerbach 's ( myenteric ) plexus in between Same as duodenum Same as duodenum Submucosa Brunner 's glands and Meissner 's ( submucosal ) plexus No BG No BG Mucosa : muscularis mucosae Normal Normal Normal Mucosa : lamina propria No PP No PP Peyer 's patches Mucosa : intestinal epithelium Simple columnar . Contains goblet cells , Paneth cells Similar to duodenum ? Development ( edit ) See also : Development of the digestive system The small intestine develops from the midgut of the primitive gut tube . By the fifth week of embryological life , the ileum begins to grow longer at a very fast rate , forming a U-shaped fold called the primary intestinal loop . The loop grows so fast in length that it outgrows the abdomen and protrudes through the umbilicus . By week 10 , the loop retracts back into the abdomen . Between weeks six and ten the small intestine rotates anticlockwise , as viewed from the front of the embryo . It rotates a further 180 degrees after it has moved back into the abdomen . This process creates the twisted shape of the large intestine . Function ( edit ) Food from the stomach is allowed into the duodenum through the pylorus by a muscle called the pyloric sphincter . Digestion ( edit ) The small intestine is where most chemical digestion takes place . Many of the digestive enzymes that act in the small intestine are secreted by the pancreas and liver and enter the small intestine via the pancreatic duct . Pancreatic enzymes and bile from the gallbladder enter the small intestine in response to the hormone cholecystokinin , which is produced in the small intestine in response to the presence of nutrients . Secretin , another hormone produced in the small intestine , causes additional effects on the pancreas , where it promotes the release of bicarbonate into the duodenum in order to neutralize the potentially harmful acid coming from the stomach . The three major classes of nutrients that undergo digestion are proteins , lipids ( fats ) and carbohydrates : Proteins are degraded into small peptides and amino acids before absorption . Chemical breakdown begins in the stomach and continues in the small intestine . Proteolytic enzymes , including trypsin and chymotrypsin , are secreted by the pancreas and cleave proteins into smaller peptides . Carboxypeptidase , which is a pancreatic brush border enzyme , splits one amino acid at a time . Aminopeptidase and dipeptidase free the end amino acid products . Lipids ( fats ) are degraded into fatty acids and glycerol . Pancreatic lipase breaks down triglycerides into free fatty acids and monoglycerides . Pancreatic lipase works with the help of the salts from the bile secreted by the liver and stored in the gall bladder . Bile salts attach to triglycerides to help emulsify them , which aids access by pancreatic lipase . This occurs because the lipase is water - soluble but the fatty triglycerides are hydrophobic and tend to orient towards each other and away from the watery intestinal surroundings . The bile salts emulsify the triglycerides in the watery surroundings until the lipase can break them into the smaller components that are able to enter the villi for absorption . Some carbohydrates are degraded into simple sugars , or monosaccharides ( e.g. , glucose ) . Pancreatic amylase breaks down some carbohydrates ( notably starch ) into oligosaccharides . Other carbohydrates pass undigested into the large intestine and further handling by intestinal bacteria . Brush border enzymes take over from there . The most important brush border enzymes are dextrinase and glucoamylase , which further break down oligosaccharides . Other brush border enzymes are maltase , sucrase and lactase . Lactase is absent in some adult humans and , for them , lactose , like most poly - saccharides , is not digested in the small intestine . Some carbohydrates , such as cellulose , are not digested at all , despite being made of multiple glucose units . This is because the cellulose is made out of beta - glucose , making the inter-monosaccharidal bindings different from the ones present in starch , which consists of alpha - glucose . Humans lack the enzyme for splitting the beta - glucose - bonds , something reserved for herbivores and bacteria from the large intestine . Absorption ( edit ) Digested food is now able to pass into the blood vessels in the wall of the intestine through either diffusion or active transport . The small intestine is the site where most of the nutrients from ingested food are absorbed . The inner wall , or mucosa , of the small intestine is lined with simple columnar epithelial tissue . Structurally , the mucosa is covered in wrinkles or folds called plicae circulares , which are considered permanent features in the wall of the organ . They are distinct from rugae which are considered non-permanent or temporary allowing for distention and contraction . From the plicae circulares project microscopic finger - like pieces of tissue called villi ( Latin for `` shaggy hair '' ) . The individual epithelial cells also have finger - like projections known as microvilli . The functions of the plicae circulares , the villi , and the microvilli are to increase the amount of surface area available for the absorption of nutrients , and to limit the loss of said nutrients to intestinal fauna . Each villus has a network of capillaries and fine lymphatic vessels called lacteals close to its surface . The epithelial cells of the villi transport nutrients from the lumen of the intestine into these capillaries ( amino acids and carbohydrates ) and lacteals ( lipids ) . The absorbed substances are transported via the blood vessels to different organs of the body where they are used to build complex substances such as the proteins required by our body . The material that remains undigested and unabsorbed passes into the large intestine . Absorption of the majority of nutrients takes place in the jejunum , with the following notable exceptions : Iron is absorbed in the duodenum . Vitamin B12 and bile salts are absorbed in the terminal ileum . Water and lipids are absorbed by passive diffusion throughout the small intestine . Sodium bicarbonate is absorbed by active transport and glucose and amino acid co-transport . Fructose is absorbed by facilitated diffusion . Immunological ( edit ) The small intestine supports the body 's immune system . The presence of gut flora appears to contribute positively to the host 's immune system . Peyer 's patches , located within the ileum of the small intestine , are an important part of the digestive tract 's local immune system . They are part of the lymphatic system , and provide a site for antigens from potentially harmful bacteria or other microorganisms in the digestive tract to be sampled , and subsequently presented to the immune system . Gene and protein expression ( edit ) Further information : Bioinformatics § Gene and protein expression About 20,000 protein coding genes are expressed in human cells and 70 % of these genes are expressed in the normal duodenum . Some 300 of these genes are more specifically expressed in the duodenum with very few genes expressed only in the small intestine . The corresponding specific proteins are expressed in glandular cells of the mucosa , such as fatty acid binding protein FABP6 . Most of the more specifically expressed genes in the small intestine are also expressed in the duodenum , for example FABP2 and the DEFA6 protein expressed in secretory granules of Paneth cells . Clinical significance ( edit ) See also : Gastrointestinal disease The small intestine is a complex organ , and as such , there are a very large number of possible conditions that may affect the function of the small bowel . A few of them are listed below , some of which are common , with up to 10 % of people being affected at some time in their lives , while others are vanishingly rare . Small intestine obstruction or obstructive disorders Paralytic ileus Volvulus Hernia Intussusception Adhesions Obstruction from external pressure Obstruction by masses in the lumen ( foreign bodies , bezoar , gallstones ) Infectious diseases Giardiasis Ascariasis Tropical sprue Tape worm ( Diphyllobothrium latum , Taenia solium , Hymenolepsis nana ) Hookworm ( e.g. Necator americanus , Ancylostoma duodenale ) Nematodes ( e.g. Ascaris lumbricoides ) Other Protozoa ( e.g. Cryptosporidium parvum , Cyclospora , Microsporidia , Entamoeba histolytica ) Bacterial infections Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Salmonella enterica Campylobacter Shigella Yersinia Clostridium difficile ( antibiotic - associated colitis , Pseudomembranous colitis ) Mycobacterium ( Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis , disseminated Mycobacterium tuberculosis ) Whipple 's disease Vibrio ( cholera ) Enteric ( typhoid ) fever ( Salmonella enterica var . typhii ) and paratyphoid fever Bacillus cereus Clostridium perfringens ( gas gangrene ) Viral infections Rotavirus Norovirus Astrovirus Adenovirus Calicivirus Neoplasms ( cancers ) Adenocarcinoma Carcinoid Gastrointestinal stromal tumor ( GIST ) Lymphoma Sarcoma Leiomyoma Metastatic tumors , especially SCLC or melanoma Developmental , congenital or genetic conditions Duodenal ( intestinal ) atresia Hirschsprung 's disease Meckel 's diverticulum Pyloric stenosis Pancreas divisum Ectopic pancreas Enteric duplication cyst Situs inversus Cystic fibrosis Malrotation Persistent urachus Omphalocele Gastroschisis Disaccharidase ( lactase ) deficiencies Primary bile acid malabsorption Gardner syndrome Familial adenomatous polyposis syndrome ( FAP ) Other conditions Crohn 's disease , and the more general inflammatory bowel disease Typhlitis ( neutropenic colitis in the immunosuppressed Coeliac disease ( sprue or non-tropical sprue ) Mesenteric ischemia Embolus or thrombus of the superior mesenteric artery or the superior mesenteric vein Arteriovenous malformation Gastric dumping syndrome Irritable bowel syndrome Duodenal ( peptic ) ulcers Gastrointestinal perforation Hyperthyroidism Diverticulitis Radiation enterocolitis Mesenteric cysts Peritoneal Infection Sclerosing retroperitonitis Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth Other animals ( edit ) The small intestine is found in all tetrapods and also in teleosts , although its form and length vary enormously between species . In teleosts , it is relatively short , typically around one and a half times the length of the fish 's body . It commonly has a number of pyloric caeca , small pouch - like structures along its length that help to increase the overall surface area of the organ for digesting food . There is no ileocaecal valve in teleosts , with the boundary between the small intestine and the rectum being marked only by the end of the digestive epitheliu In tetrapods , the ileocaecal valve is always present , opening into the colon . The length of the small intestine is typically longer in tetrapods than in teleosts , but is especially so in herbivores , as well as in mammals and birds , which have a higher metabolic rate than amphibians or reptiles . The lining of the small intestine includes microscopic folds to increase its surface area in all vertebrates , but only in mammals do these develop into true villi . The boundaries between the duodenum , jejunum , and ileum are somewhat vague even in humans , and such distinctions are either ignored when discussing the anatomy of other animals , or are essentially arbitrary . There is no small intestine as such in non-teleost fish , such as sharks , sturgeons , and lungfish . Instead , the digestive part of the gut forms a spiral intestine , connecting the stomach to the rectum . In this type of gut , the intestine itself is relatively straight , but has a long fold running along the inner surface in a spiral fashion , sometimes for dozens of turns . This valve greatly increases both the surface area and the effective length of the intestine . The lining of the spiral intestine is similar to that of the small intestine in teleosts and non-mammalian tetrapods . In lampreys , the spiral valve is extremely small , possibly because their diet requires little digestion . Hagfish have no spiral valve at all , with digestion occurring for almost the entire length of the intestine , which is not subdivided into different regions . Society and culture ( edit ) In traditional Chinese medicine , the small intestine is a yang organ . Additional images ( edit ) Small intestine in situ , greater omentum folded upwards . Third state of the development of the intestinal canal and peritoneum , seen from in front ( diagrammatic ) . The mode of preparation is the same as in Fig 400 Second stage of development of the intestinal canal and peritoneum , seen from in front ( diagrammatic ) . The liver has been removed and the two layers of the ventral mesogastrium ( lesser omentum ) have been cut . The vessels are represented in black and the peritoneum in the reddish tint . First stage of the development of the intestinal canal and the peritoneum , seen from the side ( diagrammatic ) . From colon 1 the ascending and transverse colon will be formed and from colon 2 the descending and sigmoid colons and the rectum . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Small intestine . Large intestine Stomach Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ Physiology : 6 / 6ch2 / s6ch2_30 - Essentials of Human Physiology Jump up ^ human body Britannica.com ^ Jump up to : DiBaise , John K. ; Parrish , Carol Rees ; Thompson , Jon S. ( 2016 ) . Short Bowel Syndrome : Practical Approach to Management . CRC Press . p. 31 . ISBN 9781498720809 . Jump up ^ Tortora , Gerard ( 2014 ) . Principles of Anatomy & Physiology . USA : Wiley . p. 913 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 118 - 34500 - 9 ... its length is about 3m in a living person and about 6.5 m in a cadaver due to loss of smooth muscle tone after death . Jump up ^ Standring , Susan ( 2016 ) . Gray 's Anatomy . UK : Elsevier . p. 1124 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7020 - 5230 - 9 ... and has a mean length of 5 metres ( 3 - 8.5 metres ) when measured intraoperatively in the living adult ( Tietelbaum et al 2013 ) . Jump up ^ Debora Duro , Daniel Kamin ( 2007 ) . `` Overview of short bowel syndrome and intestinal transplantation '' . Colombia Médica. 38 ( 1 ) . ^ Jump up to : Ali Nawaz Khan ( 2016 - 09 - 22 ) . `` Small - Bowel Obstruction Imaging '' . Medscape . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Abdominal X-ray - Abnormal bowel gas pattern '' . radiologymasterclass.co.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ Gazelle , GS ; Goldberg , MA ; Wittenberg , J ; Halpern , EF ; Pinkney , L ; Mueller , PR ( 1994 ) . `` Efficacy of CT in distinguishing small - bowel obstruction from other causes of small - bowel dilatation . '' . American Journal of Roentgenology. 162 ( 1 ) : 43 -- 47 . ISSN 0361 - 803X . doi : 10.2214 / ajr. 162.1. 8273687 . Jump up ^ Helander , Herbert F ; Fändriks , Lars ( 2015 ) . `` Surface area of the digestive tract -- revisited '' . Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 49 ( 6 ) : 681 -- 689 . ISSN 0036 - 5521 . PMID 24694282 . doi : 10.3109 / 00365521.2014. 898326 . Jump up ^ Drake , Richard L. ; Vogl , Wayne ; Tibbitts , Adam W.M. Mitchell ; illustrations by Richard ; Richardson , Paul ( 2005 ) . Gray 's anatomy for students . Philadelphia : Elsevier / Churchill Livingstone . p. 273 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8089 - 2306 - 0 . Jump up ^ Drake , Richard L. ; Vogl , Wayne ; Tibbitts , Adam W.M. Mitchell ; illustrations by Richard ; Richardson , Paul ( 2005 ) . Gray 's anatomy for students . Philadelphia : Elsevier / Churchill Livingstone . p. 271 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8089 - 2306 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Drake , Richard L. ; Vogl , Wayne ; Tibbitts , Adam W.M. Mitchell ; illustrations by Richard ; Richardson , Paul ( 2005 ) . Gray 's anatomy for students . Philadelphia : Elsevier / Churchill Livingstone . pp. 295 -- 299 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8089 - 2306 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Schoenwolf , Gary C. ; Bleyl , Steven B. ; Brauer , Philip R. ; Francis - West , Philippa H. ( 2009 ) . `` Development of the Urogenital system '' . Larsen 's human embryology ( 4th ed . ) . Philadelphia : Churchill Livingstone / Elsevier . p. 237 . ISBN 9780443068119 . Jump up ^ Silk DB ( 1974 ) . `` Progress report . Peptide absorption in man '' . Gut. 15 ( 6 ) : 494 -- 501 . PMC 1413009 . PMID 4604970 . doi : 10.1136 / gut. 15.6. 494 . Jump up ^ `` Intestinal immune cells play an unexpected role in immune surveillance of the bloodstream '' . Massachusetts General Hospital . 13 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Canny , G.O. ; McCormick , B.A. ( 2008 ) . `` Bacteria in the Intestine , Helpful Residents or Enemies from Within ? '' . Infection and Immunity. 76 ( 8 ) : 3360 -- 3373 . ISSN 0019 - 9567 . doi : 10.1128 / IAI. 00187 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` The human proteome in small intestine - The Human Protein Atlas '' . www.proteinatlas.org . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ Uhlén , Mathias ; Fagerberg , Linn ; Hallström , Björn M. ; Lindskog , Cecilia ; Oksvold , Per ; Mardinoglu , Adil ; Sivertsson , Åsa ; Kampf , Caroline ; Sjöstedt , Evelina ( 2015 - 01 - 23 ) . `` Tissue - based map of the human proteome '' . Science . 347 ( 6220 ) : 1260419 . ISSN 0036 - 8075 . PMID 25613900 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1260419 . Jump up ^ Gremel , Gabriela ; Wanders , Alkwin ; Cedernaes , Jonathan ; Fagerberg , Linn ; Hallström , Björn ; Edlund , Karolina ; Sjöstedt , Evelina ; Uhlén , Mathias ; Pontén , Fredrik ( 2015 - 01 - 01 ) . `` The human gastrointestinal tract - specific transcriptome and proteome as defined by RNA sequencing and antibody - based profiling '' . Journal of Gastroenterology. 50 ( 1 ) : 46 -- 57 . ISSN 0944 - 1174 . doi : 10.1007 / s00535 - 014 - 0958 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Romer , Alfred Sherwood ; Parsons , Thomas S. ( 1977 ) . The Vertebrate Body . Philadelphia , PA : Holt - Saunders International . pp. 349 -- 353 . ISBN 0 - 03 - 910284 - X . Jump up ^ Porter ( ed . ) , Roy ( 1997 ) . Medicine : a history of healing . ( S.l. ) : Diane Pub Co. p. 104 . ISBN 9780756751432 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Bibliography ( edit ) Sherwood , Lauralee ( 2006 ) . Fundamentals of physiology : a human perspective ( Third ed . ) . Florence , KY : Cengage Learning . p. 768 . ISBN 0 - 534 - 46697 - 4 . Solomon et al. ( 2002 ) Biology Sixth Edition , Brooks - Cole / Thomson Learning ISBN 0 - 03 - 033503 - 5 Townsend et al. ( 2004 ) Sabiston Textbook of Surgery , Elsevier ISBN 0 - 7216 - 0409 - 9 Thomson A , Drozdowski L , Iordache C , Thomson B , Vermeire S , Clandinin M , Wild G ( 2003 ) . `` Small bowel review : Normal physiology , part 1 . '' . Dig Dis Sci. 48 ( 8 ) : 1546 -- 64 . PMID 12924651 . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1024719925058 . Thomson A , Drozdowski L , Iordache C , Thomson B , Vermeire S , Clandinin M , Wild G ( 2003 ) . `` Small bowel review : Normal physiology , part 2 . '' . Dig Dis Sci. 48 ( 8 ) : 1565 -- 81 . PMID 12924652 . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1024724109128 . External links ( edit ) Small intestine at the Human Protein Atlas ( hide ) Anatomy of the gastrointestinal tract , excluding the mouth Upper Pharynx Muscles Spaces peripharyngeal retropharyngeal parapharyngeal retrovisceral danger prevertebral Pterygomandibular raphe Pharyngeal raphe Buccopharyngeal fascia Pharyngobasilar fascia Piriform sinus Esophagus Sphincters upper lower glands Stomach Curvatures greater lesser Angular incisure Cardia Body Fundus Pylorus antrum canal sphincter Gastric mucosa Gastric folds Microanatomy Gastric pits Gastric glands Cardiac glands Fundic glands Pyloric glands Foveolar cell Parietal cell Gastric chief cell Enterochromaffin - like cell Lower Small intestine Microanatomy Intestinal villus Intestinal gland Enterocyte Enteroendocrine cell Goblet cell Paneth cell Duodenum Suspensory muscle Major duodenal papilla Minor duodenal papilla Duodenojejunal flexure Brunner 's glands Jejunum No substructures Ileum Ileocecal valve Peyer 's patches Microfold cell Large intestine Cecum Appendix Colon Ascending colon Hepatic flexure Transverse colon Splenic flexure Descending colon Sigmoid colon Continuous taenia coli haustra epiploic appendix Rectum Transverse folds Ampulla Anal canal Anus Anal columns Anal valves Anal sinuses Pectinate line Internal anal sphincter Intersphincteric groove External anal sphincter Wall Serosa / Adventitia Subserosa Muscular layer Submucosa Circular folds Mucosa Muscularis mucosa GND : 4013218 - 3 NDL : 00987719 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Small_intestine&oldid=804890810 '' Categories : Abdomen Digestive system Organs ( anatomy ) Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Medicine infobox template using GraySubject or GrayPage Medicine infobox template using Dorlands parameter Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kapampangan Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Lingála Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Vahcuengh Tiếng Việt Winaray ייִדיש 粵語 Zazaki 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 October 2017 , at 19 : 09 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where does most of the digestion and absorption take place | [
"The small intestine or small bowel is the part of the gastrointestinal tract between the stomach and the large intestine, and is where most of the end absorption of food takes place. The small intestine has three distinct regions – the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. The duodenum is the shortest part of the small intestine and is where preparation for absorption begins. It also receives bile and pancreatic juice through the pancreatic duct, controlled by the sphincter of Oddi. The primary function of the small intestine is the absorption of nutrients and minerals from food, using small finger-like protrusions called villi.[2]"
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"small intestine"
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6021711080028506110 | 2019 College Football Playoff National Championship | 2019 College football Playoff National Championship - Wikipedia 2019 College football Playoff National Championship Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 2019 College Football Playoff National Championship Date January 7 , 2019 College Football Playoff National Championship Stadium Levi 's Stadium Location Santa Clara , California National anthem TBD Referee TBD Halftime show TBD Attendance TBD United States TV coverage Network ESPN / ESPN Radio / ESPN Deportes Announcers Chris Fowler , Kirk Herbstreit , Tom Rinaldi and Maria Taylor ( ESPN ) Joe Tessitore , Todd Blackledge , Holly Rowe and Ian Fitzsimmons ( ESPN Radio ) International TV coverage Network TBA Announcers TBA The 2019 College Football Playoff National Championship is a college football bowl game that will determine the national champion in the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision for the 2018 season . It will be played at Levi 's Stadium in Santa Clara , California on January 7 , 2019 . and will be the culmanting game of the 2018 -- 19 bowl season . The teams playing in the national championship will be the winners of the two semifinal games the 2018 Orange Bowl and the 2018 Cotton Bowl Classic Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 2019 College Football Playoff 3 Teams 4 Starting lineups 5 Game Summary 5.1 Scoring summary 5.2 Statistics 6 Broadcasting 7 Notes 8 See also 9 References Background ( edit ) Levi 's Stadium in Santa Clara , California was announced as the host site for the fifth College Football Playoff National Championship on November 4 , 2015. . 2019 College Football Playoff ( edit ) Template : 2019 College Football Playoff The College Football Playoff ( CFP ) will select four teams to advance to the playoff : Teams ( edit ) TBD Starting lineups ( edit ) TBA Game summary ( edit ) Scoring summary ( edit ) ( hide ) Scoring summary Quarter Time Drive Team Scoring information Score Plays Yards TOP TBA TBA `` TOP '' = time of possession . For other American football terms , see Glossary of American football . TBD ( ( ( Home ) ) ) Statistics ( edit ) Total TBA 0 0 0 0 0 TBA 0 0 0 0 0 Broadcasting ( edit ) The game will be televised nationally by ESPN Notes ( edit ) December 1 -- 2 Selection Weekend January 4 , 2019 -- The National Football Foundation ( NFF ) to announce the newest College Football Hall of Fame class . See also ( edit ) College football national championships in NCAA Division I FBS References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Alex Scarbough ( November 4 , 2015 ) . `` Atlanta , Santa Clara , and New Orleans land CFP title games for 2018 - 20 '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . College Football Playoff Championships Overview College Football Playoff National Championship Games 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 2018 -- 19 2019 -- 20 2020 -- 21 Semifinal Bowls Rose 2014 ( Jan 2015 ) 2017 ( Jan 2018 ) 2020 ( Jan 2021 ) Sugar 2014 ( Jan 2015 ) 2017 ( Jan 2018 ) 2020 ( Jan 2021 ) Orange 2015 ( Dec 2015 ) 2018 ( Dec 2018 ) Cotton 2015 ( Dec 2015 ) 2018 ( Dec 2018 ) Peach 2016 ( Dec 2016 ) 2019 ( Dec 2019 ) Fiesta 2016 ( Dec 2016 ) 2019 ( Dec 2019 ) Other List of College Football Playoff games New Year 's Six College Football Playoff National Championship Trophy NCAA Division I FBS champions Mythical national championship Plus - One system Power Five conferences Championship games for each season are played in January , while semifinal games are identified by season year , alternating between December and January Links to related articles Template : 2018 bowl game navbox NCAA Football Championship Games Division I FBS 2007 * 2008 * 2009 * 2010 * 2011 * 2012 * 2013 * 2014 * 2015 * 2016 * 2017 * 2018 * 2019 * I-A 1993 * 1994 * 1995 * 1996 * 1997 * 1998 * 1999 * 2000 * 2001 * 2002 * 2003 * 2004 * 2005 * 2006 * FCS 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 * 2012 * 2013 * 2014 * 2015 * 2016 * 2017 * 2018 * 2019 * I - AA 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 Division II 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Division III 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Games played in January are denoted by an asterisk 2018 -- 19 NCAA Division I championships Baseball Men 's basketball Women 's basketball Beach volleyball Bowling Cross country Fencing Field hockey Football ( FBS ) † Football ( FCS ) Men 's golf Women 's golf Men 's gymnastics Women 's gymnastics Men 's ice hockey Women 's ice hockey Indoor track and field Men 's lacrosse Women 's lacrosse Outdoor track and field Rifle Rowing Skiing Men 's soccer Women 's soccer Softball Men 's swimming and diving Women 's swimming and diving Tennis Men 's volleyball Women 's volleyball Men 's water polo Women 's water polo Wrestling † Not an officially sanctioned NCAA championship This American football -- related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . This article related to sports in California is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2019_College_Football_Playoff_National_Championship&oldid=839761026 '' Categories : 2018 -- 19 NCAA football bowl games 2018 -- 19 College Football Playoff 2019 in sports in California Sports in Santa Clara , California American football in California January 2019 sports events in the United States American football stubs California sport stubs Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from January 2018 All articles needing additional references All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 5 May 2018 , at 13 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where will the 2019 college football championship be played | [
"The 2019 College Football Playoff National Championship is a college football bowl game that will determine the national champion in the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision for the 2018 season. It will be played at Levi's Stadium in Santa Clara, California on January 7, 2019. and will be the culmanting game of the 2018–19 bowl season."
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"at Levi's Stadium in Santa Clara, California"
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6842310705348083457 | Tennessee Flat Top Box | Tennessee Flat Top Box - wikipedia Tennessee Flat Top Box `` Tennessee Flat Top Box '' Single by Johnny Cash from the album Ring of Fire : The Best of Johnny Cash B - side `` Tall Men '' Released December 1961 Format 7 '' single Genre Country Length 3 : 00 Label Columbia # 42147 Songwriter ( s ) Johnny Cash Producer ( s ) Don Law , Frank Jones Johnny Cash singles chronology `` The Rebel Johnny Yuma '' ( 1961 ) `` Tennessee Flat Top Box '' ( 1961 ) `` The Big Battle '' ( 1962 ) `` The Rebel Johnny Yuma '' ( 1961 ) `` Tennessee Flat Top Box '' ( 1961 ) `` The Big Battle '' ( 1962 ) `` Tennessee Flat Top Box '' is a song written and recorded by American country music singer Johnny Cash . It was released as a single in late 1961 , reaching 11 on the Billboard country singles charts and 84 on the pop charts . The song 's name refers to a steel - stringed acoustic guitar . Contents 1 Content 1.1 Charts 2 Rosanne Cash version 2.1 Charts 3 Use in video game 4 References Content ( edit ) The song is a story of a little boy aspiring to be a country singer , who starts his career at a local cabaret in a South Texas border town . He has no physical abilities , only his ability to play the guitar , which he loves so much that making money is secondary to him . He becomes so popular that girls `` from there to Austin '' would secretly leave home and pawn jewelry for money to make the trip to hear him play , and `` all the girls from nine to ninety , were snapping fingers , tapping toes , and begging him : ' Do n't stop . ' '' Ultimately he disappears from the local scene , only to re-emerge on television , having fulfilled his dream . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1961 ) Peak position US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 11 US Billboard Hot 100 84 Rosanne Cash version ( edit ) `` Tennessee Flat Top Box '' Single by Rosanne Cash from the album King 's Record Shop B - side `` Why Do n't You Quit Leaving Me Alone '' Released November 1987 Format 7 '' single Genre Country Length 3 : 09 Label Columbia # 07624 Songwriter ( s ) Johnny Cash Producer ( s ) Rodney Crowell Rosanne Cash singles chronology `` The Way We Make a Broken Heart '' ( 1987 ) `` Tennessee Flat Top Box '' ( 1987 ) `` It 's Such a Small World '' ( 1988 ) `` The Way We Make a Broken Heart '' ( 1987 ) `` Tennessee Flat Top Box '' ( 1987 ) `` It 's Such a Small World '' ( 1988 ) Cash 's daughter Rosanne Cash recorded a cover version of `` Tennessee Flat Top Box '' in 1987 on her album King 's Record Shop . Released in November 1987 as that album 's third single , it was also the third of four consecutive number - one country hits from that album , peaking in February 1988 . Randy Scruggs played the acoustic guitar solos on it . Rosanne Cash recorded the song at the suggestion of her then - husband and fellow country singer , Rodney Crowell . When she recorded the song , she was unaware that her father wrote it , and assumed that it was in the public domain . Johnny later told Rosanne that her success with the song was `` one of ( his ) greatest fulfillments . '' The Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock & Roll cited Rosanne 's cover as a `` healing of her strained relationship with her dad . '' Following her father 's death in 2003 , Rosanne Cash performed the song during The Johnny Cash Memorial Tribute concert TV special . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1987 -- 1988 ) Peak position US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) Canadian RPM Country Tracks Use in video game ( edit ) A version was made available to download on January 4 , 2011 , for use in the Rock Band 3 music gaming platform in both basic rhythm , and PRO mode which allows use of a real guitar / bass guitar , and MIDI compatible electronic drum kits / keyboards in addition to vocals . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Whitburn , Joel ( 2008 ) . Hot Country Songs 1944 to 2008 . Record Research , Inc. p. 85 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 177 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Cash Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Cash Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn , p. 87 Jump up ^ Brackett , Nathan . The New Rolling Stone Album Guide . Simon & Schuster . p. 150 . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 0169 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Miller , Stephen ( 2003 ) . Johnny Cash : The Life of an American Icon . Omnibus Press . p. 297 . ISBN 0 - 7119 - 9626 - 1 . Jump up ^ George - Warren , Holly . The Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock & Roll . 2001 . et al. ( 3 ed . ) . p. 158 . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 0120 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Rosanne Cash Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Johnny Cash Studio albums With His Hot and Blue Guitar Sings the Songs That Made Him Famous The Fabulous Johnny Cash Greatest ! Songs of Our Soil Sings Hank Williams Now , There Was a Song ! Now Here 's Johnny Cash The Sound of Johnny Cash All Aboard the Blue Train Ring of Fire : The Best of Johnny Cash The Original Sun Sound of Johnny Cash I Walk the Line Orange Blossom Special Everybody Loves a Nut Happiness Is You Old Golden Throat More of Old Golden Throat Hello , I 'm Johnny Cash The World of Johnny Cash Man in Black A Thing Called Love Any Old Wind That Blows Ragged Old Flag The Junkie and the Juicehead Minus Me John R. Cash Look at Them Beans One Piece at a Time The Last Gunfighter Ballad I Would Like to See You Again Gone Girl Silver Rockabilly Blues The Baron The Adventures of Johnny Cash Johnny 99 Rainbow Johnny Cash Is Coming to Town Classic Cash : Hall of Fame Series Water from the Wells of Home Boom Chicka Boom The Mystery of Life American Recordings Unchained American III : Solitary Man American IV : The Man Comes Around Personal File American V : A Hundred Highways American VI : Ai n't No Grave Out Among the Stars Concept albums Ride This Train Blood , Sweat and Tears Bitter Tears : Ballads of the American Indian Sings the Ballads of the True West From Sea to Shining Sea America : A 200 - Year Salute in Story and Song The Johnny Cash Children 's Album The Rambler Gospel albums Hymns by Johnny Cash Hymns from the Heart The Holy Land The Gospel Road Sings Precious Memories A Believer Sings the Truth Believe in Him Return to the Promised Land My Mother 's Hymn Book Christmas albums The Christmas Spirit The Johnny Cash Family Christmas Classic Christmas Johnny Cash Country Christmas Collaborations The Lure of the Grand Canyon Carryin ' On with Johnny Cash and June Carter Johnny Cash and His Woman The Legend of Jesse James Million Dollar Quartet The Survivors Live Highwayman Class of ' 55 Heroes Highwayman 2 The Road Goes on Forever VH1 Storytellers Live albums At Folsom Prison At San Quentin The Johnny Cash Show På Österåker Strawberry Cake Koncert v Praze ( In Prague -- Live ) At Madison Square Garden A Concert Behind Prison Walls Non-gospel soundtracks I Walk the Line Little Fauss and Big Halsy Compilations Greatest Hits , Vol. 1 Heart of Cash Greatest Hits , Vol. 2 Sunday Morning Coming Down International Superstar Five Feet High and Rising Destination Victoria Station Greatest Hits , Vol. 3 The Unissued Johnny Cash Johnny & June Tall Man Encore Biggest Hits The Man in Black 1954 -- 1958 The Man in Black 1959 -- 1962 Come Along and Ride This Train The Essential Johnny Cash ( 1992 ) Wanted Man The Man in Black 1963 -- 1969 The Man in Black -- His Greatest Hits 16 Biggest Hits Love , God , Murder The Essential Johnny Cash ( 2002 ) Unearthed The Legend The Legend of Johnny Cash Johnny Cash : Patriot 16 Biggest Hits : Johnny Cash & June Carter Cash The Legend of Johnny Cash Vol. II The Complete Columbia Album Collection Songs `` 25 Minutes to Go '' `` Seasons of My Heart '' `` Any Old Wind That Blows '' `` A Wonderful Time Up There '' `` The Ballad of Boot Hill '' `` The Ballad of Ira Hayes '' `` Ballad of a Teenage Queen '' `` Big River '' `` Blistered '' `` A Boy Named Sue '' `` Busted '' `` Cat 's in the Cradle '' `` Cocaine Blues '' `` Cry ! Cry ! Cry ! '' `` Daddy Sang Bass '' `` Dark as a Dungeon '' `` Do n't Take Your Guns to Town '' `` Engine 143 '' `` Flesh and Blood '' `` The Folk Singer '' `` Folsom Prison Blues '' `` Forty Shades of Green '' `` Get Rhythm '' `` Give My Love to Rose '' `` Goodnight , Irene '' `` Green , Green Grass of Home '' `` Greystone Chapel '' `` Guess Things Happen That Way '' `` Hey , Porter '' `` Home of the Blues '' `` Hurt '' `` I Could n't Keep from Crying '' `` I Love You Because '' `` I Still Miss Someone '' `` I Walk the Line '' `` If I Had a Hammer '' `` If I Were a Carpenter '' `` In My Life '' `` In the Jailhouse Now '' `` It Ai n't Me Babe '' `` Jackson '' `` Kate '' `` The Man Comes Around '' `` Man in Black '' `` The Matador '' `` Oh Lonesome Me '' `` One Piece at a Time '' `` Oney '' `` Orange Blossom Special '' `` The One on the Right Is on the Left '' `` Remember the Alamo '' `` ( Ghost ) Riders in the Sky '' `` Ring of Fire '' `` Rock Island Line '' `` So Doggone Lonesome '' `` Sunday Mornin ' Comin ' Down '' `` Tennessee Flat Top Box '' `` There Ai n't No Good Chain Gang '' `` A Thing Called Love '' `` Understand Your Man '' `` What Is Truth '' `` What 'd I Say '' Television The Johnny Cash Show Family June Carter Cash John Carter Cash Rosanne Cash Carlene Carter Tommy Cash Carter Family Related Albums discography Singles discography Sun Records discography The Highwaymen Carter Family Fold Man in Black : His Own Story in His Own Words Cash : The Autobiography Johnny Cash ! The Man , His World , His Music Walk the Line We Walk the Line : A Celebration of the Music of Johnny Cash Ring of Fire ( 2013 film ) Ring of Fire ( musical ) My Father and the Man in Black Forever Words Dyess , Arkansas The Tennessee Three Book Rosanne Cash Studio albums Rosanne Cash Right or Wrong Seven Year Ache Somewhere in the Stars Rhythm & Romance King 's Record Shop Interiors The Wheel 10 Song Demo Rules of Travel Black Cadillac The List The River & the Thread Compilation albums Hits 1979 -- 1989 Retrospective The Very Best of Rosanne Cash Notable singles `` No Memories Hangin ' Round '' `` Could n't Do Nothin ' Right '' `` Seven Year Ache '' `` My Baby Thinks He 's a Train '' `` Blue Moon with Heartache '' `` Ai n't No Money '' `` I Wonder '' `` It Has n't Happened Yet '' `` I Do n't Know Why You Do n't Want Me '' `` Never Be You '' `` Hold On '' `` Second to No One '' `` The Way We Make a Broken Heart '' `` Tennessee Flat Top Box '' `` If You Change Your Mind '' `` Runaway Train '' `` I Do n't Want to Spoil the Party '' `` What We Really Want '' Guest singles `` If It Were n't for Him '' ( with Vince Gill ) `` It 's Such a Small World '' ( with Rodney Crowell ) Related articles Discography Johnny Cash Tommy Cash John Carter Cash Rodney Crowell John Leventhal `` Never Alone '' Ghost Brothers of Darkland County Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tennessee_Flat_Top_Box&oldid=847127855 '' Categories : 1961 singles 1987 singles Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles Johnny Cash songs Rosanne Cash songs RPM Country Tracks number - one singles Songs written by Johnny Cash Song recordings produced by Rodney Crowell Columbia Records singles 1961 songs Songs about music Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 23 June 2018 , at 04 : 08 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | who is the song tennessee flat top box about | [
"The song is a story of a little boy aspiring to be a country singer, who starts his career at a local cabaret in a South Texas border town. He has no physical abilities, only his ability to play the guitar, which he loves so much that making money is secondary to him. He becomes so popular that girls \"from there to Austin\" would secretly leave home and pawn jewelry for money to make the trip to hear him play, and \"all the girls from nine to ninety, were snapping fingers, tapping toes, and begging him: 'Don't stop.'\"\n"
] | [
"a little boy aspiring to be a country singer"
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-8273386933631033413 | Soul Surfer (film) | Soul Surfer ( film ) - wikipedia Soul Surfer ( film ) Soul Surfer Theatrical release poster Directed by Sean McNamara Produced by David Zelon Douglas Schwartz Dutch Hofstetter David Brookwell Sean McNamara Screenplay by Sean McNamara Deborah Schwartz Douglas Schwartz Michael Berk Story by Sean McNamara Deborah Schwartz Douglas Schwartz Michael Berk Matt Allen Caleb Wilson Brad Gann Based on Soul Surfer : A True Story of Faith , Family , and Fighting to Get Back on the Board by Bethany Hamilton Sheryl Berk Rick Bundschuh Starring AnnaSophia Robb Helen Hunt Lorraine Nicholson Carrie Underwood Dennis Quaid Music by Marco Beltrami Cinematography John R. Leonetti Edited by Jeff Canavan Production company Mandalay Vision Brookwell McNamara Entertainment Island Film Group Enticing Entertainment Affirm Films Life 's a Beach Entertainment Distributed by TriStar Pictures FilmDistrict Release date April 8 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 08 ) Running time 106 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $18 million Box office $47.1 million Soul Surfer is a 2011 American biographical drama film directed by Sean McNamara , based on the 2004 autobiography Soul Surfer : A True Story of Faith , Family , and Fighting to Get Back on the Board by Bethany Hamilton about her life as a surfer after a horrific shark attack and her recovery . The film stars AnnaSophia Robb , Helen Hunt , Dennis Quaid , and Lorraine Nicholson with Carrie Underwood , Kevin Sorbo , Sonya Balmores , Branscombe Richmond , and Craig T. Nelson . Filming took place in Hawaii in early 2010 , with additional filming taking place in Tahiti in August 2010 . Soul Surfer was released in theaters on April 8 , 2011 in the United States and Canada by a partnership between FilmDistrict and TriStar Pictures , and was a commercial success , earning $47.1 million on a $18 million budget , but received mixed reviews from critical audiences . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Release 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical reception 4.3 Home media 4.4 Accolades 5 Further reading 6 References 7 External links Plot ( Edit ) In 2003 , teenager Bethany Hamilton lives in Kauai , Hawaii with her parents Tom and Cheri , and two brothers , Noah and Timmy . All are surfers , but she and her best friend Alana Blanchard have grown up with a passion for the sport and enter a competition . Her church youth ministry leader , Sarah Hill , is disappointed when she has to withdraw from a planned mission trip to Mexico because of the contest . In the competition , Bethany and Alana place first and third , respectively . A few days later , Tom goes to the hospital for knee surgery , and the girls go surfing with Alana 's father Holt and brother Byron . As Bethany dangles her left arm in the water , a tiger shark is swimming just under her surfboard and notices her arm floating in the water . It unexpectedly attacks , ripping off her arm below the shoulder . Holt , Alana , and Byron get her out of the water where Holt makes a tourniquet out of his swimshirt to put on her while Byron calls 911 as Cheri is also informed . An ambulance meets them on the way to the hospital . Just before starting Tom 's knee surgery , Dr. David Rovinsky is called to the emergency room to treat Bethany . Besides losing her left arm , she also lost 60 % of her blood and Dr. Rovinsky calls her survival a miracle . The onslaught of paparazzi also proves to be a great strain on her family and their privacy . The Hamiltons are grateful to Holt for his quick and active thinking and decisive action that saved her life . Her injury prevents her from participating in the Rip Curl photo shoots , but she wishes Alana well . Bethany perseveres and after a recuperation period , gets back in the water , and learns to surf with one arm . Inside Edition offers to provide a prosthetic one that is cosmetically perfect and has bendable joints , in exchange for an interview . She angrily rejects it when she learns it will not help her surf as it is not weight bearing , as a result of the size of her arm stump . Bethany eventually re-enters the competition , telling rival Malina not to go easy on her , and rejects a five - minute head start offered by the judges . She does not perform well because she can not stay on the board long enough to go out and catch a competitive wave so Malina wins . Disappointed at this loss , she decides to give up competitive surfing and her friendship with Alana is strained following an argument . Bethany decides to surprise Sarah by joining the youth group on another mission trip to help the people of Phuket , Thailand who were devastated by the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami . Despite her recent tragedy , she joins her youth group to help the Thai children get over their fear of the ocean . They are understandably afraid of the water , including a little boy . She decides to go into it with a surfboard , hoping this will coax him into it . It works , and the realization that she can use her gift to inspire people motivates her to take up surfing again . Tom , who believes that Bethany possesses a great surfer 's instinct for sensing when the best waves will form , rigs a handle on her surfboard which she can use to prevent falling off while paddling out to the waves , which is not prohibited by the competition 's rules . Bethany trains for the competition while rekindling her friendship with Alana . She enters the national championship . During the competition , she performs respectably , though she is still chasing third place . Suddenly , with only minutes left on the clock , the waves die down and all the surfers can only loiter , waiting for the waves to start back up . Tom 's belief in his daughter 's instinct is proven when she is the only one to sense a big wave forming , and she alone paddles out . When it forms , the others can not get out in time and she catches it just as the horn sounds . If it is in time , she will win , but the judges rule that the time has expired . Malina is the winner , but she has finally gotten over her differences with Bethany , inviting her up on the platform to share first place . Subsequently , Bethany lets the reporters interview her . One asks her what she would do if given the chance to undo the loss of her arm . She says that she would still lose it because she can embrace more people now than she ever could with both . Cast ( Edit ) AnnaSophia Robb as Bethany Hamilton Helen Hunt as Cheri Hamilton Dennis Quaid as Tom Hamilton Carrie Underwood as Sarah Hill Kevin Sorbo as Holt Blanchard Ross Thomas as Noah Hamilton Chris Brochu as Timmy Hamilton Lorraine Nicholson as Alana Blanchard Jeremy Sumpter as Byron Blanchard Sonia Balmores Chung as Malina Birch , Bethany 's rival Craig T. Nelson as Dr. David Rovinsky Cody Gomes as Keoki Branscombe Richmond as Ben Bethany Hamilton as Herself ( archive footage ) Alana Blanchard as Herself ( archive footage ) Sean McNamara cameos as a Rip Curl executive . Production ( Edit ) Plans for a biopic film about Hamilton have existed since months after her shark attack and her subsequent recovery in 2004 . During Hamilton 's media attention , the father of Bethany 's friends Chantilly and Tiffany , Roy `` Dutch '' Hofstetter , became the Hamilton family 's media manager . Hofstetter , in February 2004 , envisioned a film based on Bethany 's experience , provisionally titled The Bethany Hamilton Story . Bethany published her biographical book Soul Surfer in 2004 , and BBC reported that a film about her life was scheduled to begin filming in January 2005 . Production did not begin as anticipated , and Time reported in July 2006 that production was scheduled for later in the year . Variety reported that the project at one point had an investment of $7.5 million and the backing of Peter Schlessel , a Sony Pictures executive . Though production had not begun by the end of 2006 , in January 2007 Sean McNamara was announced to be directing the biographical film . While Hamilton had a series of surfing successes , turning pro in 2007 , McNamara and producer David Brookwell with her manager Roy `` Dutch '' Hofstetter sought more material for the film . The book was considered `` a straightforward account '' that was targeted to Christian readers , so the filmmakers met with the Hamilton family to determine if there were any unpublished conflicts that could be highlighted in the film . They discovered that the incident had strained the family , that family members questioned their Christian faith , and that Bethany Hamilton struggled with her physical appearance and how boys would perceive her . The media attention on the family was described by Brookwell as `` a second shark attack '' that had made their lives uncomfortably public . `` She was actually my suggestion . I 'd seen her in several films like Bridge to Terabithia and Charlie and the Chocolate Factory and thought she could play me really well . She visited me in Hawaii and my surf coach and I taught her how to surf , so she at least looked like she knew what she was doing ! '' -- Bethany Hamilton on suggesting AnnaSophia Robb to portray her McNamara , Brookwell , Hofstetter and Douglas Schwartz spent several years raising money for production . The director wrote an adapted screenplay with Michael Berk , Douglas Schwartz and Deborah Schwartz . Additional uncredited writing was performed by Ron Bass , Jen Smolka and Kara Holden . Before the film entered production , Sony Pictures Worldwide Acquisitions acquired distribution rights for North America and most other territories . The production companies Mandalay Vision , Brookwell McNamara Entertainment and Life 's a Beach Entertainment collaborated for the production , with Enticing Entertainment and Island Film Group providing financing . Bethany Hamilton chose with her mother AnnaSophia Robb to portray her , as well as Sonia Balmores Chung and Jeremy Sumpter to play Malina and Alana 's brother , Byron . In February 2010 , Robb was announced to be part of the film as Bethany Hamilton , along with Dennis Quaid and Helen Hunt who were cast as Bethany 's parents . Singer Carrie Underwood , in her feature film debut , was cast as a church youth leader . All the surfing scenes after the shark attack were done by Hamilton herself . Filming began the same month in Hawaii . Principal photography and second - unit aerial work took place for 40 days ; cinematographer John R. Leonetti shot on 35mm film . During filming , Robb wore a green sleeve on her arm so visual effects could be included later . Though McNamara was editing the film by May 2010 , additional filming took place in August 2010 in Tahiti . During post-production , the VFX company Engine Room worked on 450 arm - removal shots , digitally inserting the upper arm residuum in place of Robb 's green sleeve . The Hamilton family was involved in the choice of music . Ultimately , the film 's production budget was $18 million . Release ( Edit ) In July 2010 , USA Today reported Soul Surfer as one of several faith - based films similar to The Blind Side , Get Low , Like Dandelion Dust , and Jumping the Broom . In September 2010 , independent studio FilmDistrict was launched , and the company formed a partnership with TriStar Pictures to release Soul Surfer . FilmDistrict originally committed to release the film at 300 theaters , but when executives saw the final product , they invested $26 million in a print and advertising commitment with the goal of releasing Soul Surfer in 2,000 theaters . Prior to the film 's commercial release , it was screened for religious leaders . A scene in which Dennis Quaid 's character reads the Bible in the hospital at his daughter 's bedside had the words `` Holy Bible '' digitally removed from the cover . Bethany Hamilton 's father said that David Zelon , an executive at Mandalay Pictures , lobbied to reduce the Soul Surfer 's Christian elements so the film could appeal more to non-Christian audiences . The Hamilton family objected , and the words `` Holy Bible '' were restored in the scene in a follow - up screening . Another debated scene was one in which Carrie Underwood 's character , a church youth leader , quotes biblical scripture ( Jeremiah 29 : 11 ) . While those involved with the film were fine with the verse , they did not want the scene to explicitly indicate that its origin was the Bible . Their stance was challenged , and the scene indicates the verse being from the Bible . The Hollywood Reporter cited the dust - up as an example of Hollywood learning to appeal to the faith - based community while still attracting secular audiences . The Blind Side , which accomplished both , had grossed $256 million in the United States and Canada . Box office ( Edit ) The film was released in 2,214 theaters in the United States and Canada on April 8 , 2011 . It grossed $10.6 million over its opening weekend , ranking fourth at the box office . Sony Pictures reported that 80 % of the audience was female and that 56 % were under 25 years old . Critical reception ( Edit ) Soul Surfer has received mixed reviews from critics . Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives a score of 46 % based on reviews from 101 critics , with an average rating of 5.3 / 10 . The site 's consensus is : `` There 's an amazing true story at the heart of Soul Surfer -- and unfortunately , it 's drowned by waves of Hollywood cheese . '' CinemaScore reported that audiences gave the film a rare `` A + '' grade . Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times was mildly positive in his review , giving the film two - and - a-half stars out of four and writing `` Soul Surfer is a wholesome movie , intended as inspirational . Whether it will cheer viewers who are not as capable as Bethany is an excellent question . AnnaSophia Robb is a convincing , cheerful heroine . Dennis Quaid and Helen Hunt , as Bethany 's parents , are stalwart and supportive , although the script indeed leaves them with no other choice . '' Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a B grade , writing `` ( t ) he more cynical viewers out there may say , ' Not for me . ' But Soul Surfer , while formulaic in design , is an authentic and heartfelt movie . '' S. Jhoanna Robledo of Common Sense Media gave the film three stars out of five , writing `` Yes , it 's a message movie , but the message burrows deep enough under your skin to make the movie , given its utter conventionality , unexpectedly stirring . '' Despite mixed critical reception , it was a hit among audiences ; CinemaScore polls reports that the average grade moviegoers gave it was a rare A+ . Home media ( Edit ) Soul Surfer was released on DVD and Blu - ray on August 2 , 2011 by TriStar Pictures and FilmDistrict . Accolades ( edit ) Awards and nominations Association Nominee ( s ) Result Ref . Casting Society of America Outstanding Achievement in Casting : Feature -- Studio or Independent Comedy Joey Paul Jensen Nominated Crystal Dove Seal Award Best Drama Soul Surfer Won ESPY Awards Best Sports Movie Soul Surfer Nominated Movieguide Awards Best Film for Family Audiences Soul Surfer Won Movieguide Awards Most Inspiring Performance in Movies in 2011 Dennis Quaid , AnnaSophia Robb , Kevin Sorbo Nominated People 's Choice Awards Favorite Book Adaptation Soul Surfer Nominated Satellite Awards Best Original Score Marco Beltrami Won Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie Drama Soul Surfer Nominated Choice Movie Drama Actress AnnaSophia Robb Nominated Women Film Critics Circle Best Female Images in a Movie Soul Surfer Nominated Further reading ( Edit ) Hamilton , Bethany ; Berk , Sheryl ; Bundschuh , Rick ( 2006 ) . Soul Surfer : A True Story of Faith , Family , and Fighting to Get Back on the Board . MTV . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4165 - 0346 - 0 . References ( Edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Soul Surfer ( 2011 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDB . Retrieved August 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Duncan ( February 8 , 2004 ) . `` To the power of one '' . The Observer . London . Jump up ^ `` Surfer Girl Makes Comeback After Shark Attack '' . cbs News . April 7 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Shark girl surfer hits the waves '' . BBC . April 6 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Stinchfield , Kate ( July 30 , 2006 ) . `` Milestones : Bethany Hamilton '' . Time . ^ Jump up to : Caranicas , Peter ( February 1 , 2011 ) . `` Splashy finish for ' SoulSurfer ' '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Stewart , Ryan ( January 27 , 2007 ) . `` Soul Surfer Gets a Director , Now Needs a Star '' . Moviefone . ^ Jump up to : Pilkington , Maria ( September 27 , 2011 ) . `` Bethany Hamilton ( Soul Surfer ) Interview '' . The 405 . Retrieved December 15 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : McClintock , Pamela ( November 1 , 2010 ) . `` ' Soul Surfer ' is first FilmDistrict pickup '' . Variety . ^ Jump up to : Clark , Mark ( September 24 , 2011 ) . `` SOUL SURFER Interview With Bethany Hamilton ! '' . WhatCulture ! . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2013 . Retrieved December 15 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Siegel , Tatiana ( February 3 , 2010 ) . `` Carrie Underwood to star in ' Surfer ' film '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Agence France - Presse ( May 18 , 2010 ) . `` Shark bite surf princess still making waves '' . Bangkok Post . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Amy ( April 7 , 2011 ) . `` Movie Projector : With ' Hop ' and ' Arthur , ' Russell Brand should top box office '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ `` More faith - based films along lines of ' Blind Side ' '' . USA Today . July 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Soul Surfer DVD , scene 3 . The Underwood character states chapter and verse . Jump up ^ Bond , Paul ( February 16 , 2011 ) . `` Producer Tried to Edit Bible Out of Sony 's ' Soul Surfer ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` Soul Surfer '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixter . Retrieved 14 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( August 19 , 2011 ) . `` Why CinemaScore Matters for Box Office '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Soul Surfer Movie Review & Film Summary ( 2011 ) '' . Chicago Sun - Times . April 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Movie Review : Soul Surfer '' . Entertainment Weekly . April 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ http://www.commonsensemedia.org/movie-reviews/soul-surfer Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( August 12 , 2011 ) . `` 15 Movies That Made The Grade : A+ CinemaScore Posse '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Artios Award Nominations for Outstanding Achievement in Casting '' . Casting Society of America . 2011 . Retrieved January 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Crystal Dove Seal Award Winners '' . Dove.org . Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ESPY Awards 2011 '' . International Business Times . July 14 , 2011 . Retrieved January 7 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` 20th Annual MOVIEGUIDE ® Faith & Values Awards Gala and Report to the Entertainment Industry Winners List '' . Movieguide.org . February 11 , 2012 . Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Satellite Awards - Soul Surfer '' . International Press Academy . Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Blake Lively Wins Choice TV Drama Actress The Teen Choice Awards ! Here Are More Winners ! '' . Hollywood Life . August 7 , 2011 . Retrieved June 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Blake Lively Wins Choice TV Drama Actress The Teen Choice Awards ! Here Are More Winners ! '' . Hollywood Life . August 7 , 2011 . Retrieved June 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Iron Lady ' and ' Kevin ' Top Women Film Critics ' Awards '' . indieWire . December 19 , 2011 . Retrieved January 7 , 2012 . External links ( Edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Soul Surfer Official website Soul Surfer on IMDb Soul Surfer at the TCM Movie Database Soul Surfer at AllMovie Soul Surfer at Rotten Tomatoes Soul Surfer at Box Office Mojo Films directed by Sean McNamara Hollywood Chaos ( 1989 ) Galgameth ( 1996 ) Casper : A Spirited Beginning ( 1997 ) 3 Ninjas : High Noon at Mega Mountain ( 1998 ) Casper Meets Wendy ( 1998 ) P.U.N.K.S. ( 1999 ) Treehouse Hostage ( 1999 ) Race to Space ( 2001 ) The Even Stevens Movie ( 2003 ) Raise Your Voice ( 2004 ) The Cutting Edge : Going for the Gold ( 2006 ) Bratz ( 2007 ) The Suite Life Movie ( 2011 ) Soul Surfer ( 2011 ) Field of Lost Shoes ( 2013 ) Robosapien : Rebooted ( 2013 ) Spare Parts ( 2015 ) The Miracle Season ( 2018 ) The Three Little Stooges ( 2018 ) The King 's Daughter ( TBA ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Soul_Surfer_(film)&oldid=854793195 '' Categories : 2011 films English - language films American films American biographical films Sea adventure films Affirm Films films Brookwell McNamara Entertainment films FilmDistrict films Films scored by Marco Beltrami Films about amputees Films about religion Films about sharks Films based on biographies Films directed by Sean McNamara Films set in Hawaii Films set in Thailand Films set in 2003 Films set in 2004 Films shot in Hawaii Films shot in Tahiti Mandalay Pictures films Surfing films TriStar Pictures films Films about women 's sports Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 20 : 24 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who does bethany hamilton play in soul surfer | [
"AnnaSophia Robb as Bethany Hamilton\nHelen Hunt as Cheri Hamilton\nDennis Quaid as Tom Hamilton\nCarrie Underwood as Sarah Hill\nKevin Sorbo as Holt Blanchard\nRoss Thomas as Noah Hamilton\nChris Brochu as Timmy Hamilton\nLorraine Nicholson as Alana Blanchard\nJeremy Sumpter as Byron Blanchard\nSonia Balmores Chung as Malina Birch, Bethany's rival\nCraig T. Nelson as Dr. David Rovinsky\nCody Gomes as Keoki\nBranscombe Richmond as Ben\nBethany Hamilton as Herself (archive footage)\nAlana Blanchard as Herself (archive footage)\nSean McNamara cameos as a Rip Curl executive."
] | [
"Herself"
] |
443774461721611780 | Imagine (John Lennon song) | Imagine ( John Lennon song ) - wikipedia Imagine ( John Lennon song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Imagine '' Single by John Lennon from the album Imagine B - side `` It 's So Hard '' ( US ) `` Working Class Hero '' ( UK ) Released 11 October 1971 ( 1971 - 10 - 11 ) Format 7 - inch single Recorded May -- July 1971 Studio Ascot Sound Studios , Ascot Record Plant East , New York Genre Soft rock pop Length 3 : 03 Label Apple Songwriter ( s ) John Lennon Producer ( s ) John Lennon Yoko Ono Phil Spector John Lennon US singles chronology `` Power to the People '' ( 1971 ) `` Imagine '' ( 1971 ) `` Happy Xmas ( War Is Over ) '' ( 1971 ) `` Power to the People '' ( 1971 ) `` Imagine '' ( 1971 ) `` Happy Xmas ( War Is Over ) '' ( 1971 ) John Lennon UK singles chronology `` Stand by Me '' ( 1975 ) Stand by Me 1975 `` Imagine '' ( 1975 ) Imagine1975 `` ( Just Like ) Starting Over '' ( 1980 ) ( Just Like ) Starting Over 1980 `` Imagine '' is a song written and performed by English musician John Lennon . The best - selling single of his solo career , its lyrics encourage the listener to imagine a world at peace without the barriers of borders or the divisions of religion and nationality , and to consider the possibility that the whole of humanity would live unattached to material possessions . Lennon and Yoko Ono co-produced the song and album of the same name with Phil Spector . Recording began at Lennon 's home studio at Tittenhurst Park , England , in May 1971 , with final overdubs taking place at the Record Plant , in New York City , during July . One month after the September release of the LP , Lennon released `` Imagine '' as a single in the United States ; the song peaked at number three on the Billboard Hot 100 and the LP reached number one on the UK chart in November , later becoming the most commercially successful and critically acclaimed album of Lennon 's solo career . Although not originally released as a single in the United Kingdom , it was released in 1975 to promote a compilation LP and it reached number six in the chart that year . The song has since sold more than 1.6 million copies in the UK ; it reached number one following Lennon 's murder in December 1980 . In 1985 , the Central Park Conservancy memorialised a portion of the park in honour of Lennon , called Strawberry Fields , with a mosaic that reads `` Imagine '' . Shortly before his death , Lennon acknowledged Ono 's role in inspiring the concept behind `` Imagine '' ; as of June 2017 , plans were underway to ensure that she receives a co-writing credit for the song . BMI named `` Imagine '' one of the 100 most - performed songs of the 20th century . The song ranked number 30 on the Recording Industry Association of America 's list of the 365 Songs of the Century bearing the most historical significance . It earned a Grammy Hall of Fame Award and an induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame 's 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll . A UK survey conducted by the Guinness World Records British Hit Singles Book named it the second best single of all time , while Rolling Stone ranked it number three in their list of `` The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' . Since 2005 , event organisers have played it just before the New Year 's Times Square Ball drops in New York City . Dozens of artists have performed or recorded versions of `` Imagine '' , including Madonna , Stevie Wonder , Joan Baez , Elton John and Diana Ross . Emeli Sandé recorded a cover for the BBC to use during the end credits montage at the close of the 2012 Summer Olympics coverage in August 2012 . `` Imagine '' subsequently re-entered the UK Top 40 , reaching number 18 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition and writing 2 Recording and commercial reception 3 Film and re-releases 4 Recognition and criticism 5 Notable performances and cover versions 6 Personnel 7 Charts and certifications 7.1 Weekly charts 7.1. 1 Original release 7.1. 2 1975 release 7.1. 3 Posthumous releases 7.2 Year - end charts 7.3 Decade - end charts 7.4 All - time charts 7.5 Certification and sales 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 10.1 Bibliography 11 Further reading 11.1 Documentaries 12 External links Composition and writing ( edit ) Several poems from Yoko Ono 's 1964 book Grapefruit inspired Lennon to write the lyrics for `` Imagine '' -- in particular , one which Capitol Records reproduced on the back cover of the original Imagine LP titled `` Cloud Piece '' , reads : `` Imagine the clouds dripping , dig a hole in your garden to put them in . '' Lennon later said the composition `` should be credited as a Lennon / Ono song . A lot of it -- the lyric and the concept -- came from Yoko , but in those days I was a bit more selfish , a bit more macho , and I sort of omitted her contribution , but it was right out of Grapefruit . '' When asked about the song 's meaning during a December 1980 interview with David Sheff for Playboy magazine , Lennon told Sheff that Dick Gregory had given Ono and him a Christian prayer book , which inspired him the concept behind `` Imagine '' . The concept of positive prayer ... If you can imagine a world at peace , with no denominations of religion -- not without religion but without this my God - is - bigger - than - your - God thing -- then it can be true ... the World Church called me once and asked , `` Can we use the lyrics to ' Imagine ' and just change it to ' Imagine one religion ' ? '' That showed ( me ) they did n't understand it at all . It would defeat the whole purpose of the song , the whole idea . `` Imagine '' An excerpt from the second chorus Problems playing this file ? See media help . With the combined influence of `` Cloud Piece '' and the prayer book given to him by Gregory , Lennon wrote what author John Blaney described as `` a humanistic paean for the people '' . Blaney wrote , `` Lennon contends that global harmony is within our reach , but only if we reject the mechanisms of social control that restrict human potential . '' In the opinion of Blaney , with `` Imagine '' , Lennon attempted to raise people 's awareness of their interaction with the institutions that affect their lives . Rolling Stone 's David Fricke commented : `` ( Lennon ) calls for a unity and equality built upon the complete elimination of modern social order : geopolitical borders , organised religion , ( and ) economic class . '' Lennon stated : `` ' Imagine ' , which says : ' Imagine that there was no more religion , no more country , no more politics , ' is virtually the Communist manifesto , even though I 'm not particularly a Communist and I do not belong to any movement . '' He told NME : `` There is no real Communist state in the world ; you must realize that . The Socialism I speak about ... ( is ) not the way some daft Russian might do it , or the Chinese might do it . That might suit them . Us , we should have a nice ... British Socialism . '' Ono described the lyrical statement of `` Imagine '' as `` just what John believed : that we are all one country , one world , one people . '' Rolling Stone described its lyrics as `` 22 lines of graceful , plain - spoken faith in the power of a world , united in purpose , to repair and change itself '' . Some observers have described the song has having a distinctly anti-religious viewpoint , to the point that some have embraced it as an `` atheist anthem '' . Lennon composed `` Imagine '' one morning in early 1971 , on a Steinway piano , in a bedroom at his Tittenhurst Park estate in Ascot , Berkshire , England . Ono watched as he composed the melody , chord structure and almost all the lyrics , nearly completing the song in one brief writing session . Described as a piano ballad performed in the soft rock genre , the song is in the key of C major . Its 4 - bar piano introduction begins with a C chord then moves to Cmaj before changing to F ; the 12 - bar verses also follow this chord progression , with their last 4 bars moving from Am / E to Dm and Dm / C , finishing with G , G then G , before resolving back to C. The 8 - bar choruses progress from F to G to C , then Cmaj and E before ending on E , a C chord substituted for E7 in the final bar . The 4 - bar outro begins with F , then G , before resolving on C. With a duration of 3 minutes and 3 seconds and a time signature of 4 / 4 , the song 's tempo falls around 75 beats per minute . Recording and commercial reception ( edit ) A 1971 Billboard advertisement for `` Imagine '' Lennon and Ono co-produced the song and album with Phil Spector , who commented on the track : `` We knew what we were going to do ... It was going to be John making a political statement , but a very commercial one as well ... I always thought that ' Imagine ' was like the national anthem . '' Lennon described his working arrangement with Ono and Spector : `` Phil does n't arrange or anything like that -- ( Ono ) and Phil will just sit in the other room and shout comments like , ' Why do n't you try this sound ' or ' You 're not playing the piano too well ' ... I 'll get the initial idea and ... we 'll just find a sound from ( there ) . '' Recording began at Ascot Sound Studios , Lennon 's newly built home studio at Tittenhurst Park , in May 1971 , with final overdubs taking place at the Record Plant , in New York City , during July . Relaxed and patient , the sessions began during the late morning , running to just before dinner in the early evening . Lennon taught the musicians the chord progression and a working arrangement for `` Imagine '' , rehearsing the song until he deemed the musicians ready to record . In his attempt to recreate Lennon 's desired sound , Spector had some early tapings feature Lennon and Nicky Hopkins playing in different octaves on one piano . He also initially attempted to record the piano part with Lennon playing the white baby grand in the couple 's all - white room . However , after having deemed the room 's acoustics unsuitable , Spector abandoned the idea in favour of the superior environment of Lennon 's home studio . They completed the session in minutes , recording three takes and choosing the second one for release . The finished recording featured Lennon on piano and vocal , Klaus Voormann on bass guitar , Alan White on drums and the Flux Fiddlers on strings . Issued by Apple Records in the United States in October 1971 , `` Imagine '' became the best - selling single of Lennon 's solo career . It peaked at number three on the Billboard Hot 100 and reached number one in Canada on the RPM national singles chart , remaining there for two weeks . Upon its release the song 's lyrics upset some religious groups , particularly the line : `` Imagine there 's no heaven '' . When asked about the song during one of his final interviews , Lennon said he considered it to be as strong a composition as any he had written with the Beatles . He described the song 's meaning and explicated its commercial appeal : `` Anti-religious , anti-nationalistic , anti-conventional , anti-capitalistic , but because it is sugarcoated it is accepted ... Now I understand what you have to do . Put your political message across with a little honey . '' In an open letter to Paul McCartney published in Melody Maker , Lennon said that `` Imagine '' was `` ' Working Class Hero ' with sugar on it for conservatives like yourself '' . On 30 November 1971 , the Imagine LP reached number one on the UK chart . It became the most commercially successful and critically acclaimed album of Lennon 's solo career . Film and re-releases ( edit ) Lennon 's Steinway piano , on which he composed `` Imagine '' In 1972 , Lennon and Ono released an 81 - minute film to accompany the Imagine album which featured footage of the couple in their home , garden and the recording studio of their Berkshire property at Tittenhurst Park as well as in New York City . A full - length documentary rock video , the film 's first scene features a shot of Lennon and Ono walking through a thick fog , arriving at their house as the song `` Imagine '' begins . Above the front door to their house is a sign that reads : `` This Is Not Here '' , the title of Ono 's then New York art show . The next scene shows Lennon sitting at a white grand piano in a dimly lit , all - white room . Ono gradually walks around opening curtains that allow in light , making the room brighter with the song 's progression . At the song 's conclusion , Ono sits beside Lennon at the piano , and they share a quaint gaze , then a brief kiss . Several celebrities appeared in the film , including Andy Warhol , Fred Astaire , Jack Palance , Dick Cavett and George Harrison . Derided by critics as `` the most expensive home movie of all time '' , it premiered to an American audience in 1972 . In 1986 , Zbigniew Rybczyński made a music video for the song , and in 1987 , it won both the `` Silver Lion '' award for Best Clip at Cannes and the Festival Award at the Rio International Film Festival . Released as a single in the United Kingdom in 1975 in conjunction with the album Shaved Fish , `` Imagine '' peaked at number six on the UK Singles Chart . Following Lennon 's murder in 1980 , the single re-entered the UK chart , reaching number one , where it remained for four weeks in January 1981 . `` Imagine '' was re-released as a single in the UK in 1988 , peaking at number 45 , and again in 1999 , reaching number three . It has sold 1,640,000 copies in the UK as of June 2013 , making it Lennon 's best - selling single . In 1999 , on National Poetry Day in the United Kingdom , the BBC announced that listeners had voted `` Imagine '' Britain 's favourite song lyric . In 2003 , it reached number 33 as the B - side to a re-release of `` Happy Xmas ( War Is Over ) '' . Recognition and criticism ( edit ) Rolling Stone described `` Imagine '' as Lennon 's `` greatest musical gift to the world '' , praising `` the serene melody ; the pillowy chord progression ; ( and ) that beckoning , four - note ( piano ) figure '' . Included in several song polls , in 1999 , BMI named it one of the top 100 most - performed songs of the 20th century . Also that year , it received the Grammy Hall of Fame Award and an induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame 's 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll . `` Imagine '' ranked number 23 in the list of best - selling singles of all time in the UK , in 2000 . In 2002 , a UK survey conducted by the Guinness World Records British Hit Singles Book ranked it the second best single of all time behind Queen 's `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' . Gold Radio ranked the song number three on its `` Gold 's greatest 1000 hits '' list . Rolling Stone ranked `` Imagine '' number three on its list of `` The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' , describing it as `` an enduring hymn of solace and promise that has carried us through extreme grief , from the shock of Lennon 's own death in 1980 to the unspeakable horror of September 11th . It is now impossible to imagine a world without ' Imagine ' , and we need it more than he ever dreamed . '' Despite that sentiment , Clear Channel Communications included the song on its post-9 / 11 `` do not play '' list . On 1 January 2005 , the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation named `` Imagine '' the greatest song in the past 100 years as voted by listeners on the show 50 Tracks . The song ranked number 30 on the Recording Industry Association of America 's list of the 365 Songs of the Century bearing the most historical significance . Virgin Radio conducted a UK favourite song survey in December 2005 , and listeners voted `` Imagine '' number one . Australians selected it the greatest song of all time on the Nine Network 's 20 to 1 countdown show on 12 September 2006 . They voted it eleventh in the youth radio network Triple J 's Hottest 100 Of All Time on 11 July 2009 . Peace & Harmony , John Lennon Peace Monument in Liverpool , England Jimmy Carter said , `` in many countries around the world -- my wife and I have visited about 125 countries -- you hear John Lennon 's song ' Imagine ' used almost equally with national anthems . '' On 9 October 2010 , which would have been Lennon 's 70th birthday , the Liverpool Singing Choir performed `` Imagine '' along with other Lennon songs at the unveiling of the John Lennon Peace Monument in Chavasse Park , Liverpool , England . Beatles producer George Martin praised Lennon 's solo work , singling out the composition : `` My favourite song of all was ' Imagine ' '' . Music critic Paul Du Noyer described `` Imagine '' as Lennon 's `` most revered '' post-Beatles song . Urish and Bielen called it `` the most subversive pop song recorded to achieve classic status '' . Fricke commented : `` ' Imagine ' is a subtly contentious song , Lennon 's greatest combined achievement as a balladeer and agitator . '' Authors Ben Urish and Ken Bielen criticised the song 's instrumental music as overly sentimental and melodramatic , comparing it to the music of the pre-rock era and describing the vocal melody as understated . According to Blaney , Lennon 's lyrics describe hypothetical possibilities that offer no practical solutions ; lyrics that are at times nebulous and contradictory , asking the listener to abandon political systems while encouraging one similar to communism . Author Chris Ingham indicated the hypocrisy in Lennon , the millionaire rock star living in a mansion , encouraging listeners to imagine living their lives without possessions . Others argue that Lennon intended the song 's lyrics to inspire listeners to imagine if the world could live without possessions , not as an explicit call to give them up . Blaney commented : `` Lennon knew he had nothing concrete to offer , so instead he offers a dream , a concept to be built upon . '' Blaney considered the song to be `` riddled with contradictions . Its hymn - like setting sits uncomfortably alongside its author 's plea for us to envision a world without religion . '' Urish and Bielen described Lennon 's `` dream world '' without a heaven or hell as a call to `` make the best world we can here and now , since this is all this is or will be '' . In their opinion , `` because we are asked merely to imagine -- to play a ' what if ' game , Lennon can escape the harshest criticisms '' . Former Beatle Ringo Starr defended the song 's lyrics during a 1981 interview with Barbara Walters , stating : `` ( Lennon ) said ' imagine ' , that 's all . Just imagine it . '' The morning after the November 2015 Paris attacks , German pianist Davide Martello brought a grand piano to the street out in front of the Bataclan , where 89 concertgoers had been shot dead the night before , and performed an instrumental version to honour the victims of the attacks ; video of his performance went viral . This led Katy Waldman of Slate to ponder why `` Imagine '' had become so frequently performed as a response to tragedy . In addition to its general popularity , she noted its musical simplicity , its key of C major , `` the plainest and least complicated key , with no sharps or flats '' aside from one passage with `` a plaintive major seventh chord that allows a tiny bit of E minor into the tonic '' . That piano part , `` gentle as a rocking chair '' , underpins lyrics that , Waldman says , `` belongs to the tradition of hymns or spirituals that visualize a glorious afterlife without prophesizing any immediate end to suffering on earth '' . This understanding is also compounded by the historical context of Lennon 's own violent death , `` remind ( ing ) us that the universe can run ramshod over idealistic people '' . Ultimately , the song `` captures the fragility of our hope after a violent or destructive event ... ( bu ) t also reveals its tenacity '' . In June 2017 , the National Music Publishers Association awarded `` Imagine '' a Centennial Song Award and recognized Yoko Ono as a co-author of the song . Notable performances and cover versions ( edit ) In December 1971 , Lennon and Ono appeared at the Apollo Theater in Harlem . Lennon performed `` Imagine '' with an acoustic guitar , yielding the earliest known live recording of the song , later included on the John Lennon Anthology ( 1998 ) . In 1975 , he sang `` Imagine '' during his final public performance , a birthday celebration for Lew Grade . Elton John performed the song regularly on his world tour in 1980 , including at his free concert in Central Park , a few blocks away from Lennon 's apartment in the Dakota building . On 9 December 1980 , the day after Lennon 's murder , Queen performed `` Imagine '' as a tribute to him during their Wembley Arena show in London . On 9 October 1990 , more than one billion people listened to a broadcast of the song on what would have been Lennon 's 50th birthday . Ratau Mike Makhalemele covered the song on an EP of Lennon covers in 1990 . In 1991 -- 92 , Liza Minnelli performed the song in her show at Radio City Music Hall . Stevie Wonder gave his rendition of the song , with the Morehouse College Glee Club , during the closing ceremony of the 1996 Summer Olympics as a tribute to the victims of the Centennial Olympic Park bombing . In 2001 , Neil Young performed it during the benefit concert America : A Tribute to Heroes . Madonna performed `` Imagine '' during the benefit Tsunami Aid : A Concert of Hope . Peter Gabriel performed the song during the 2006 Winter Olympics opening ceremony . Since 2005 , `` Imagine '' has been played prior to the New Year 's Eve ball drop at New York City 's Times Square . Beginning in 2010 , the song has been performed live ; first by Taio Cruz , then in 2011 by CeeLo Green and in 2012 by Train . However , Green received criticism for changing the lyric `` and no religion too '' to `` and all religions true '' , resulting in an immediate backlash from fans who believed that he had disrespected Lennon 's legacy by changing the lyrics of his most iconic song . Green defended the change by saying it meant to represent `` a world ( where you ) could believe what ( you ) wanted '' . The event got media attention outside of the US , with Britain 's The Guardian stating `` Lennon 's original lyrics do n't praise pluralism or interchangeable religious truths -- they damn them '' . More than 200 artists have recorded cover versions of `` Imagine '' . Joan Baez included it on 1972 's Come from the Shadows and Diana Ross recorded a version for her 1973 album , Touch Me in the Morning . In 1995 , Blues Traveler recorded the song for the Working Class Hero : A Tribute to John Lennon album and Dave Matthews has performed the song live with them . A Perfect Circle covered the song for the album eMOTIVe , released in 2004 . Dolly Parton recorded the song for her 2005 covers album Those Were the Days . A cover version of the song , performed by Italian singer Marco Carta , entered the top 20 in Italy in 2009 , peaking at number 13 . Seal , Pink , India. Arie , Jeff Beck , Konono No1 , Oumou Sangaré and others recorded a version for Herbie Hancock 's 2010 album The Imagine Project . Hancock performed it with Arie , Kristina Train and Greg Phillinganes at the 2010 Nobel Peace Prize Concert on 11 December . On 13 February 2011 , the recording -- with Pink , Seal , Malian singer Oumou Sangaré , India. Arie and Jeff Beck won a Grammy award for Best Pop Vocal Collaboration . The song was performed as part of the closing ceremony of the 2012 Summer Olympics . Performed by the Liverpool Philharmonic Youth Choir and the Liverpool Signing Choir , the choirs sang the first verse and accompanied Lennon 's original vocals during the rest of the song . A cover performed by Emeli Sandé was also used by the BBC for a closing montage that ended its coverage . `` Imagine '' subsequently re-entered the UK Top 40 , reaching number 18 . In 2015 , American singer and songwriter Lady Gaga performed the song at the 2015 European Games opening ceremony . The song was played for 70,000 people in Baku , Azerbaijan that served as host of the event . Personnel ( edit ) John Lennon -- vocals , piano Klaus Voormann -- bass Alan White -- drums The Flux Fiddlers -- strings Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Original release ( edit ) Chart ( 1971 -- 1972 ) Peak position Australia ( Go - Set National Top 40 ) Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 12 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 18 Japan ( Oricon ) 14 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 6 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 5 Norway ( VG - lista ) 6 South Africa ( Springbok Radio ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 5 US Billboard Easy Listening 7 US Billboard Hot 100 US Cash Box US Record World 1975 release ( edit ) Chart ( 1975 ) Peak position Ireland ( IRMA ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 5 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 19 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 6 Posthumous releases ( edit ) Chart ( 1981 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 43 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 6 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 7 Ireland ( IRMA ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 5 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 23 Norway ( VG - lista ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) Year Chart ( 1986 -- 2013 ) Peak position 1986 US Billboard Top Rock Tracks 20 Ireland ( IRMA ) 29 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 45 Australia ( ARIA ) 21 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 83 France ( SNEP ) 88 France ( SNEP ) 9 1999 -- 2000 Canada ( Canadian Singles Chart ) 10 Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) 12 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 56 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 5 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 2007 Canada ( Hot Canadian Digital Singles ) 47 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 37 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 59 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 75 US Billboard Hot Digital Songs 47 2008 Australia ( ARIA ) 94 Australia ( ARIA ) 85 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 66 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 94 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 49 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 46 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 50 2012 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 42 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 18 2013 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 44 2015 France ( SNEP ) 11 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 67 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 40 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 61 2016 France ( SNEP ) 169 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1971 ) Rank Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 15 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 67 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 82 Chart ( 1972 ) Rank Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 19 Japan ( Oricon ) 98 South Africa ( Springbok Radio ) 5 Chart ( 1981 ) Rank Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 86 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 70 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 73 Decade - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1980 -- 1989 ) Rank UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 25 All - time charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1952 -- 2013 ) Rank UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 19 Certification and sales ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Italy ( FIMI ) Gold 15,000 Japan ( Oricon Charts ) 118,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 1,640,000 shipments figures based on certification alone See also ( edit ) List of anti-war songs List of best - selling singles in the United Kingdom List of best - selling singles of the 1980s in the United Kingdom List of Billboard Hot 100 top 10 singles in 1971 List of number - one singles in Australia during the 1970s List of number - one singles of 1971 ( Canada ) List of number - one singles of 1975 ( Ireland ) List of number - one singles of 1981 ( Ireland ) List of number - one hits ( Italy ) List of UK Singles Chart number ones of the 1980s Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The lyrical content of `` Imagine '' relates to Lennon 's concept of Nutopia : The Country of Peace , which he invented in 1973 . Lennon included a symbolically mute anthem to this country on his album Mind Games released later that year . Jump up ^ In 1991 , the BBC restricted `` Imagine '' from airplay during the Gulf War . Jump up ^ Yoko Ono dedicated the Imagine Peace Tower in Iceland , in 2007 . Jump up ^ Madonna included the song in her set list during the 2004 Re-Invention World Tour and released it on the live album and DVD documentary I 'm Going to Tell You a Secret in 2006 . Jump up ^ The first adaptation of the original 8 - track recording of `` Imagine '' , Lennon also appeared in video . Jump up ^ Album track from Live in New York City . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Strawberry Fields '' . Central Park Conservancy . Retrieved 9 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Shea , Christopher D. ( 15 June 2017 ) . `` Yoko Ono Will Share Credit for John Lennon 's ' Imagine ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 16 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Sheff 1981 , pp. 212 -- 13 . Jump up ^ Spizer , Bruce ( 2005 ) . The Beatles Solo on Apple Records . 498 Productions , LLC . p. 54 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9662649 - 5 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Blaney 2007 , p. 51 . ^ Jump up to : Blaney 2007 , p. 52 . ^ Jump up to : Fricke 2012 , p. 59 . ^ Jump up to : Wenner 2010 , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Blaney 2007 , p. 82 . Jump up ^ Eyre , Hermione ( 1 November 2006 ) . `` Atheists should be louder and prouder '' . The Independent . Retrieved 23 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Floman , Scott . `` John Lennon -- Overview '' . Archived from the original on 29 November 2014 . Retrieved 22 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( 10 April 2013 ) . `` A History Of Hit Piano Ballads On The Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 22 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Otte , Jef ( 11 January 2012 ) . `` Imagine that : John Lennon fans turn into zealots over Cee Lo 's change in lyrics '' . Westword . Retrieved 22 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Lennon 1983 , pp. 5 -- 9 . Jump up ^ For the musical notation to `` Imagine '' see : Lennon 1983 , pp. 5 -- 9 ; for the piano on which Lennon composed `` Imagine '' see : `` George Michael buys Lennon 's piano '' . BBC News Online . 18 October 2000 . Retrieved 2 September 2012 . Jump up ^ For Spector co-producing with Lennon and Ono see : Du Noyer 1971 , pp. 1 -- 14 ; for `` I always thought that song was like the national anthem '' see : Levy 2005 , p. 87 . ^ Jump up to : Blaney 2007 , pp. 50 -- 51 . Jump up ^ Fricke 2012 , p. 58 . Jump up ^ Blaney 2007 , p. 53 . Jump up ^ Roberts 2005 , p. 292 . Jump up ^ Blaney 2007 , p. 57 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 7536 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 21 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` RPM 100 Singles '' . RPM. 4 December 1971 . Retrieved 21 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Harry 2000 , p. 382 . Jump up ^ Levy 2005 , p. 87 . Jump up ^ Doggett , Peter ( 2009 ) . You Never Give Me Your Money : The Beatles After the Breakup ( 1st US hardcover ed . ) . Harper . p. 179 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 177446 - 1 . Jump up ^ Badman , Keith ( 1999 ) . The Beatles After the Breakup 1970 -- 2000 : A Day - by - Day Diary ( 2001 ed . ) . Omnibus . p. 55 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7119 - 8307 - 6 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Albert ( 1988 ) . The Lives of John Lennon . William Morrow and Company . p. 397 . ISBN 1 - 55652 - 399 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` George Michael buys Lennon 's piano '' . BBC News Online . 18 October 2000 . Retrieved 2 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Harry 2000 , p. 378 . Jump up ^ For a description of the room and Ono opening shutters see : Edmondson , Jacqueline ( 2010 ) . John Lennon : A Biography . Greenwood . p. 140 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 37938 - 3 . ; for the title of Ono 's then New York art show see : Harry 2000 , pp. 907 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Norman , Philip ( 2008 ) . John Lennon : The Life . ECCO ( Harper Collins ) . p. 763 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 075401 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Artist / VIP gallery : Zbigniew Rybczynski '' . Polish American Film Society . Retrieved 25 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` John Lennon '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 21 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Roberts 2005 , p. 292 : Lennon 's best - selling single ; for 1.64 million copies sold in the UK see : Lane , Daniel ( 27 June 2013 ) . `` Daft Punk 's Get Lucky becomes one of the UK 's biggest selling singles of all - time ! '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 21 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Roberts 2005 , p. 292 : The 2003 re-release and peak UK chart position of `` Happy Xmas ( War Is Over ) '' ; Blaney 2007 , p. 282 : `` Imagine '' as the B - side of the 2003 re-release of `` Happy Xmas ( War Is Over ) '' . Jump up ^ `` BMI Announces Top 100 Songs of the Century '' . BMI. 13 December 1999 . Retrieved 24 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` GRAMMY Hall Of Fame -- i '' . Grammy Hall of Fame Award . Retrieved 11 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Songs that shaped Rock and Roll : `` Imagine '' `` . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 1999 . Retrieved 11 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Morgan - Gan , Theo . `` The UK 's Best Selling Singles '' . Ukcharts.20m.com . Retrieved 4 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Queen rock on in poll '' . BBC News Online . 8 May 2002 . Retrieved 24 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Gold 's Top 1000 : Day 4 '' . Gold . Archived from the original on 6 October 2014 . Retrieved 25 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Morello , Tom ( 1 November 2001 ) . `` The New Blacklist : The nation 's largest radio network 's list of ' questionable ' songs '' . FAIR . Retrieved 23 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Peddie , Ian ( 2006 ) . The Resisting Muse : Popular Music And Social Protest . Ashgate Publishing , Ltd. p. 13 . ISBN 0 - 7546 - 5114 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Jackson , Andrew Grant ( 2012 ) . Still the Greatest : The Essential Songs of the Beatles ' Solo Careers . Scarecrow Press . p. 30 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 8222 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Virgin Radio All Time Top 500 Songs '' . Last.fm. 31 December 2005 . Retrieved 21 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hottest 100 Of All Time 2009 '' . ABC Online . Retrieved 21 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Elliott , Debbie ( 5 November 2006 ) . `` Carter helps monitor Nicaragua presidential election '' . NPR . Retrieved 1 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Marter , Joan ( 2011 ) . The Grove Encyclopedia of American Art , Volume 1 . Oxford University Press . p. 596 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 533579 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Peace monument unveiled in Liverpool for John Lennon 's 70th ( VIDEO & PICS ) '' . Archived from the original on 13 October 2010 . Retrieved 23 November 2010 ... Liverpool Daily Post . 9 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Imagine ... if he was still alive : Sculpture of Peace unveiled to mark John Lennon 's life on his 70th birthday '' . Daily Mail . London . 10 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Coleman , Ray ( 1992 ) . Lennon : The Definitive Biography ( Updated ed . ) . Harper Perennial . p. 370 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 098608 - 7 . Jump up ^ Du Noyer 1971 , p. 1 . ^ Jump up to : Urish & Bielen 2007 , p. 27 . ^ Jump up to : Ingham 2009 , p. 99 . Jump up ^ `` Paris attacks : What we know so far '' . France 24 . 15 November 2015 . Retrieved 21 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Waldman , Katy ( 18 November 2015 ) . `` Why Do We Always Turn to John Lennon 's ' Imagine ' After a Violent Tragedy '' . Slate . Retrieved 19 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` '' Imagine '' après les attentats : entretien avec le pianiste qui a ému Paris '' ( in French ) . Metronews. 14 November 2015 . Retrieved 19 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Aswad , Jem ( 14 June 2017 ) . `` Yoko Ono to Receive Songwriting Credit on John Lennon 's ' Imagine ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 15 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Blaney 2007 , p. 56 . Jump up ^ Bernardin , Claude ; Stanton , Tom ( 1995 ) . Rocket Man : The Encyclopedia of Elton John . Greenwood . p. 158 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 29700 - 7 . Jump up ^ Sutcliffe , Phil ( 2009 ) . Queen : The Ultimate Illustrated History of the Crown Kings of Rock . Voyageur Press . p. 150 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7603 - 3719 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Today in Music History : A look at events from past Oct. 9ths '' . The Province . 9 October 2012 . Archived from the original on 14 October 2012 . Retrieved 9 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Currin , Brian . `` Mike Makhalemele -- Mind Games '' . Rock.co.za . Retrieved 23 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Holden , Stephen ( 25 April 1991 ) . `` Review / Pop ; Liza Minnelli Pays A Musical Tribute '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 14 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Frey , Jennifer ( 5 August 1996 ) . `` A Curtain Call in Atlanta '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 1 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Melnick , Jeffrey ( 2009 ) . 9 / 11 Culture . Wiley - Blackwel . pp. 39 , 61 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 7372 - 8 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Claudia A. ; Reid - Walsh , Jacqueline , eds. ( 2007 ) . Girl Culture : An Encyclopedia , Volume 1 . Greenwood . p. 413 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 33909 - 7 . Jump up ^ For the inclusion of `` Imagine '' in the set - list for the Re-Invention World Tour , see : Timmerman , Dirk ( 2007 ) . Madonna Live ! Secret Re-inventions and Confessions on Tour . Maklu . p. 27 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 8595 - 002 - 8 . and : Mervis , Scott ( 4 November 2012 ) . `` Madonna to perform Tuesday at Consol Energy Center '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved 19 November 2012 ... For the inclusion of `` Imagine '' in the DVD documentary I 'm Going to Tell You a Secret , see : `` Madonna Spilling ' Secrets ' In June '' . Billboard. 27 April 2006 . Retrieved 11 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gabriel , Pavarotti Participate In Surreal Olympic Opening '' . Billboard. 10 February 2006 . Retrieved 14 September 2014 . Jump up ^ For `` Imagine '' being played in 2005 's New Year 's Eve celebration in New York see : Gilmore , Hugh ( 17 May 2012 ) . `` John Lennon 's `` Imagine '' meets the DSM `` . Chestnut Hill Local . Retrieved 19 October 2012 . ; for `` Imagine '' being played `` in its customary spot leading up to midnight '' during 2010 's New Year 's Eve celebration in New York see : `` Hello 2010 : Huge , Wet Crowd Rings In New Year In Times Square '' . NY1. 1 January 2010 . Archived from the original on 22 November 2012 . Retrieved 19 October 2012 ... For `` Imagine '' being played in 2011 's New Year 's Eve celebration in New York see : Golgowski , Nina ( 2 January 2012 ) . `` Cee Lo Green changes lyrics to Lennon 's Imagine to include pro-religion message enraging fans '' . Daily Mail . London . Retrieved 19 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Cooper , Gael Fashingbauer ( 1 January 2012 ) . `` Fans angry that Cee Lo changed ' Imagine ' lyrics '' . NBC News . Archived from the original on 29 April 2012 . Retrieved 18 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cee Lo Green criticised for changing lyrics to John Lennon 's Imagine '' . The Guardian . Baku 2015 . 3 January 2012 . Retrieved 7 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cover versions of Imagine written by John Lennon '' . Second Hand Songs . Retrieved 21 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Imagine a World With Only Good Covers '' . UpVenue. 19 November 2012 . Retrieved 19 November 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Fricke 2012 , p. 63 . Jump up ^ Gnatt , Brian ( 1 November 1995 ) . `` Records '' . The Michigan Daily . Retrieved 18 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Erlewine , Stephen Thomas . `` Dolly Parton -- Those Were the Days '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved 7 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Marco Carta -- Imagine '' . Italiancharts.com . Hung Medien . Retrieved 22 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Kelman , John ( 21 June 2010 ) . `` Herbie Hancock : The Imagine Project ( 2010 ) '' . All About Jazz . Retrieved 29 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Past Winners Search '' . Grammy.com . Retrieved 21 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Makarechi , Kia ( 12 August 2012 ) . `` John Lennon & Closing Ceremony : Video Of Late Beatle Singing ' Imagine ' Wows At London Olympics '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 1 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Holden , Steve ( 15 August 2012 ) . `` Olympics closing ceremony sales boost for music artists '' . Newsbeat . BBC Online . Retrieved 25 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Szalai , Georg ( 20 August 2012 ) . `` Summer Olympics Opening , Closing Ceremony Performers Rise on U.K. Charts '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 25 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Lady Gaga stars in Baku 2015 Opening Ceremony '' . Baku 2015 . 12 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Go - Set Australian charts -- 1 January 1972 '' . Go - Set . Retrieved 1 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 ( Illustrated ed . ) . St Ives , N.S.W. : Australian Chart Book . p. 175 . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ultratop.be -- John Lennon / Plastic Ono Band -- Imagine '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 21 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Adult Contemporary : Issue 7554 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 21 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Offiziellecharts.de -- John Lennon / Plastic Ono Band -- Imagine '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 21 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Okamoto , Satoshi ( 2011 ) . Single Chart Book : Complete Edition 1968 -- 2010 ( in Japanese ) . Roppongi , Tokyo : Oricon Entertainment . ISBN 4 - 87131 - 088 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- John Lennon - Imagine search results '' ( in Dutch ) Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved 21 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dutchcharts.nl -- John Lennon / Plastic Ono Band -- Imagine '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 21 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Norwegiancharts.com -- John Lennon / Plastic Ono Band -- Imagine '' . VG - lista . Retrieved 21 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` South African Rock Lists Website SA Charts 1969 -- 1989 Acts ( L ) '' . Rock.co.za . Retrieved 21 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Swisscharts.com -- John Lennon / Plastic Ono Band -- Imagine '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 21 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Imagine -- Awards '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved 21 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CASH BOX Top 100 Singles -- Week ending NOVEMBER 20 , 1971 '' . Cash Box . Archived from the original on 14 August 2012 . Retrieved 21 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Singles Chart '' ( PDF ) . Record World . 20 November 1971 . p. 33 . ISSN 0034 - 1622 . Retrieved 17 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Imagine '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 21 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Swedishcharts.com -- John Lennon / Plastic Ono Band -- Imagine '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved 21 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 21 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Austriancharts.at -- John Lennon / Plastic Ono Band -- Imagine '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 21 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- John Lennon / Plastic Ono Band -- Imagine '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 21 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 21 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` John Lennon : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 21 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- John Lennon / Plastic Ono Band -- Imagine '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved 21 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Le Détail par Artiste '' ( in French ) . InfoDisc . Select `` John Lennon '' from the artist drop - down menu . Retrieved 21 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lescharts.com -- John Lennon / Plastic Ono Band -- Imagine '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved 21 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- John Lennon / Plastic Ono Band -- Imagine '' . Top Digital Download . Retrieved 21 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Spanishcharts.com -- John Lennon / Plastic Ono Band -- Imagine '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved 21 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 21 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 21 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan , Gavin ( 2011 ) . Australia 's Music Charts 1988 -- 2010 . Mt . Martha , VIC , Australia : Moonlight Publishing . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 21 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` RPM 100 Top Singles of ' 71 '' . RPM. 8 January 1972 . Retrieved 21 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 - Jaaroverzicht van 1971 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved 21 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten -- Single 1971 '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Hung Medien . Retrieved 21 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 ( Illustrated ed . ) . St Ives , N.S.W. : Australian Chart Book . p. 424 . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Hit Singles of 1972 '' . Rock.co.za . Retrieved 21 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 1981 '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved 21 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 - Jaaroverzicht van 1981 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved 21 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten -- Single 1981 '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Hung Medien . Retrieved 21 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Rice , Tim ; Rice , Jonathan ; Gambaccini , Paul ( 1990 ) . Guinness Hits of the 80s . Guinness Publishing . p. 288 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85112 - 398 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Lane , Daniel ( 27 June 2013 ) . `` Daft Punk 's Get Lucky becomes one of the UK 's biggest selling singles of all - time ! '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 21 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- John Lennon -- Imagine '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved 19 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- John Lennon -- Imagine '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 19 May 2016 . Enter Imagine in the search field and then press Enter . Bibliography ( edit ) Blaney , John ( 2007 ) . Lennon and McCartney : Together Alone ( 1st ed . ) . Jawbone Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 906002 - 02 - 2 . Comfort , Ray ( 2014 ) . Famous Atheists . ReadHowYouWant . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61036 - 134 - 7 . Du Noyer , Paul ( 1971 ) . Imagine ( Media notes ) . John Lennon . Capitol Records . Ingham , Chris ( 2009 ) . The Rough Guide to the Beatles ( 3rd ed . ) . Rough Guides . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84836 - 525 - 4 . Fricke , David ( 2012 ) ( 2002 ) . `` The Making of ' Imagine ' '' . In Wenner , Jann . John Lennon : The Ultimate Guide to His Life , Music , and Legend . Rolling Stone . ISBN 7 - 09 - 893419 - 4 . Harry , Bill ( 2000 ) . The John Lennon Encyclopedia . Virgin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7535 - 0404 - 8 . Levy , Joe , ed. ( 2005 ) . Rolling Stone 's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time ( First Paperback ed . ) . Wenner Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 932958 - 61 - 4 . Lennon , John ( 1983 ) . The John Lennon Collection . Hal Leonard . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7935 - 0265 - 3 . Roberts , David , ed. ( 2005 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 18 ed . ) . Guinness World Records Limited . ISBN 978 - 1 - 904994 - 00 - 8 . Sheff , David ( 1981 ) . Golson , G. Barry , ed . All We Are Saying : The Last Major Interview with John Lennon and Yoko Ono ( 2000 ed . ) . St Martin 's Griffin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 25464 - 3 . Urish , Ben ; Bielen , Ken ( 2007 ) . The Words and Music of John Lennon . Praeger . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 99180 - 7 . Wenner , Jann ( 2010 ) ( 2004 ) . 500 Greatest Songs of All Time . OCLC 641731526 . Further reading ( edit ) Borack , John ( 2010 ) . John Lennon : Life Is What Happens . Krause Publications . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4402 - 1391 - 5 . George - Warren , Holly , ed. ( 2001 ) . The Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock & Roll ( 2005 revised and updated ed . ) . Fireside . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 9201 - 6 . Riley , Tim ( 2011 ) . Lennon : The Man , the Myth , the Music -- The Definitive Life . Hyperion . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4013 - 2452 - 0 . Tillery , Gary ( 2009 ) . The Cynical Idealist : A Spiritual Biography of John Lennon . Quest Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8356 - 0875 - 6 . Wenner , Jann ( 2000 ) . George - Warren , Holly , ed . Lennon Remembers . Verso . ISBN 1 - 85984 - 600 - 9 . Documentaries ( edit ) Yoko Ono , Phil Spector ( Producers ) ( 2000 ) . Gimme Some Truth -- The Making of John Lennon 's `` Imagine '' ( DVD ) . Capitol . ASIN B000AYELY2 . Andrew Solt ( Director ) ( 2005 ) . Imagine : John Lennon ( DVD ) . Warner Home Video . ASIN 6305847118 . CS1 maint : ASIN uses ISBN ( link ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Imagine ( John Lennon song ) . Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics John Lennon Discography Song list Studio albums John Lennon / Plastic Ono Band Imagine Mind Games Walls and Bridges Rock ' n ' Roll with Yoko Ono Unfinished Music No. 1 : Two Virgins Unfinished Music No. 2 : Life with the Lions Wedding Album Some Time in New York City Double Fantasy Milk and Honey Live albums Live Peace in Toronto 1969 Live Jam Live in New York City Compilations Shaved Fish The John Lennon Collection Menlove Ave . Lennon Legend : The Very Best of John Lennon Wonsaponatime Instant Karma : All - Time Greatest Hits Acoustic Peace , Love & Truth Working Class Hero : The Definitive Lennon Power to the People : The Hits Icon Box sets Lennon John Lennon Anthology John Lennon Signature Box Gimme Some Truth Books In His Own Write A Spaniard in the Works Skywriting by Word of Mouth Films Beatles films Erection ( 1971 ) Sweet Toronto ( 1971 ) Imagine ( 1972 ) John and Yoko : A Love Story ( 1985 ) Imagine : John Lennon ( 1988 ) Two of Us ( 2000 ) In His Life : The John Lennon Story ( 2000 ) The U.S. vs. John Lennon ( 2006 ) The Killing of John Lennon ( 2006 ) Chapter 27 ( 2007 ) I Met the Walrus ( 2007 ) Nowhere Boy ( 2009 ) Lennon Naked ( 2010 ) LennoNYC ( 2010 ) Family Cynthia Lennon ( first wife ) Julian Lennon ( son ) Yoko Ono ( second wife ) Sean Lennon ( son ) Alfred Lennon ( father ) Julia Lennon ( mother ) Julia Baird ( half - sister ) Mimi Smith ( aunt ) George Smith ( marital uncle ) Related People / artists The Quarrymen The Beatles Plastic Ono Band The Dirty Mac May Pang Harry Nilsson John Sinclair Rosaura Lopez Albums Pussy Cats Roots : John Lennon Sings the Great Rock & Roll Hits A Toot and a Snore in ' 74 Imagine : John Lennon Working Class Hero : A Tribute to John Lennon S.I.R. John Winston Ono Lennon The U.S. vs. John Lennon Instant Karma : The Amnesty International Campaign to Save Darfur The 30th Annual John Lennon Tribute : Live from the Beacon Theatre , NYC Lennon Bermuda Songs `` That 's My Life ( My Love And My Home ) '' `` The Immigrant '' `` All Those Years Ago '' `` Empty Garden ( Hey Hey Johnny ) '' `` Here Today '' `` Life Is Real ( Song for Lennon ) '' `` Roll On John '' `` The Late Great Johnny Ace '' `` Working Class Hero '' Other media Marx & Lennon : The Parallel Sayings The Lost Lennon Tapes Toronto Rock and Roll Revival Come Together : A Night for John Lennon 's Words and Music ( concert ) Lennon ( musical ) Lennon Legend : The Very Best of John Lennon ( DVD ) The Rolling Stones Rock and Roll Circus Articles Death 251 Menlove Avenue Bagism Bed - In The Beatles discography Nutopia Lennon -- McCartney Liverpool John Lennon Airport More popular than Jesus John Lennon Museum John Lennon 's musical instruments Songwriting Contest The Dakota Strawberry Fields John Lennon Park John Lennon Peace Monument Imagine Peace Tower LennonOno Grant for Peace Lennon Wall Book John Lennon singles discography Lifetime 1969 `` Give Peace a Chance '' / `` Remember Love '' ( Ono ) `` Cold Turkey '' / `` Do n't Worry Kyoko ( Mummy 's Only Looking for Her Hand in the Snow ) '' ( Ono ) 1970 `` Instant Karma ! '' / `` Who Has Seen the Wind ? '' ( Ono ) `` Mother '' / `` Why '' ( Ono ) 1971 `` Power to the People '' / `` Open Your Box '' ( Ono ) ( UK ) `` Power to the People '' / `` Touch Me '' ( Ono ) ( US ) `` Imagine '' / `` It 's So Hard '' ( US ) `` Happy Xmas ( War Is Over ) '' / `` Listen , the Snow Is Falling '' ( Ono ) 1972 `` Woman Is the Nigger of the World '' / `` Sisters O Sisters '' ( Ono ) 1973 `` Mind Games '' / `` Meat City '' `` Whatever Gets You thru the Night '' / `` Beef Jerky '' `` # 9 Dream '' / `` What You Got '' `` Ya Ya '' / `` Be-Bop - A-Lula '' ( Germany only ) `` Stand by Me '' / `` Move Over Ms. L '' `` Imagine '' / `` Working Class Hero '' ( UK ) 1977 `` Stand by Me '' / `` Woman Is the Nigger of the World '' ( reissue ) ( US ) 1980 `` ( Just Like ) Starting Over '' / `` Kiss Kiss Kiss '' ( Ono ) Posthumous 1981 `` Woman '' / `` Beautiful Boys '' ( Ono ) `` Watching the Wheels '' / `` Yes , I 'm Your Angel '' ( Ono ) ( UK ) `` Watching the Wheels '' / `` Beautiful Boy ( Darling Boy ) '' ( US ) 1982 `` Love '' / `` Give Me Some Truth '' 1984 `` Nobody Told Me '' / `` O ' Sanity '' ( Ono ) `` Borrowed Time '' / `` Your Hands '' ( Ono ) `` I 'm Stepping Out '' / `` Sleepless Night '' ( Ono ) `` Every Man Has a Woman Who Loves Him '' / `` It 's Alright '' ( Ono ) 1985 `` Jealous Guy '' / `` Going Down on Love '' 1986 `` Rock and Roll People '' ( promo ) 1998 `` I 'm Losing You '' ( promo ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imagine_(John_Lennon_song)&oldid=803751273 '' Categories : 1970s ballads 1971 songs 1971 singles 1975 singles 1981 singles John Lennon songs Apple Records singles Song recordings produced by John Lennon Song recordings produced by Phil Spector Song recordings produced by Yoko Ono Songs written by John Lennon British pop songs Compositions in C major Pop ballads Rock ballads British soft rock songs Anti-war songs Peace symbols Songs critical of religion Inspirational songs Grammy Award for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in Italy Number - one singles in South Africa RPM Top Singles number - one singles UK Singles Chart number - one singles A Perfect Circle songs Blues Traveler songs Joan Baez songs Madonna ( entertainer ) songs Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Use British English from June 2011 Use dmy dates from December 2013 Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Canadaadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for United Kingdom Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for UKchartarchive Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Spain Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for unsupported region Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom CS1 maint : ASIN uses ISBN Featured articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Latviešu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Русский Sardu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 October 2017 , at 11 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was the song imagine written by john lennon | [
"Lennon composed \"Imagine\" one morning in early 1971, on a Steinway piano, in a bedroom at his Tittenhurst Park estate in Ascot, Berkshire, England. Ono watched as he composed the melody, chord structure and almost all the lyrics, nearly completing the song in one brief writing session.[8] Described as a piano ballad[11][12] performed in the soft rock genre,[13] the song is in the key of C major.[14] Its 4-bar piano introduction begins with a C chord then moves to Cmaj7 before changing to F; the 12-bar verses also follow this chord progression, with their last 4 bars moving from Am/E to Dm and Dm/C, finishing with G, G11 then G7, before resolving back to C.[14] The 8-bar choruses progress from F to G to C, then Cmaj7 and E before ending on E7, a C chord substituted for E7 in the final bar. The 4-bar outro begins with F, then G, before resolving on C. With a duration of 3 minutes and 3 seconds and a time signature of 4/4, the song's tempo falls around 75 beats per minute.[15]"
] | [
"1971"
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-8270242487200584513 | List of Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles of 1979 | List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one Singles of 1979 - wikipedia List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one Singles of 1979 This article uses bare URLs for citations , which may be threatened by link rot . Please consider converting them to full citations to ensure the article remains verifiable and maintains a consistent citation style . Several templates and the reFill tool are available to assist in formatting . ( reFill documentation ) ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) These are the Billboard Hot 100 number one hits of 1979 . Key The yellow background indicates the # 1 song on Billboard 's 1979 Year - End Chart of Pop Singles . Issue Date Song Artist ( s ) Reference January 6 `` Too Much Heaven '' Bee Gees January 13 January 20 `` Le Freak '' Chic January 27 February 3 February 10 `` Da Ya Think I 'm Sexy ? '' Rod Stewart February 17 February 24 March 3 March 10 `` I Will Survive '' Gloria Gaynor March 17 March 24 `` Tragedy '' Bee Gees March 31 April 7 `` I Will Survive '' Gloria Gaynor April 14 `` What a Fool Believes '' The Doobie Brothers April 21 `` Knock on Wood '' Amii Stewart April 28 `` Heart of Glass '' Blondie May 5 `` Reunited '' Peaches & Herb May 12 May 19 May 26 June 2 `` Hot Stuff '' Donna Summer June 9 `` Love You Inside Out '' Bee Gees June 16 `` Hot Stuff '' Donna Summer June 23 June 30 `` Ring My Bell '' Anita Ward July 7 July 14 `` Bad Girls '' Donna Summer July 21 July 28 August 4 August 11 August 18 `` Good Times '' Chic August 25 `` My Sharona '' The Knack September 1 September 8 September 15 September 22 September 29 October 6 `` Sad Eyes '' Robert John October 13 `` Do n't Stop ' Til You Get Enough '' Michael Jackson October 20 `` Rise '' Herb Alpert October 27 November 3 `` Pop Muzik '' November 10 `` Heartache Tonight '' Eagles November 17 `` Still '' Commodores November 24 `` No More Tears ( Enough Is Enough ) '' Barbra Streisand and Donna Summer December 1 December 8 `` Babe '' Styx December 15 December 22 `` Escape ( The Piña Colada Song ) '' Rupert Holmes December 29 See also ( edit ) 1979 in music List of Cash Box Top 100 number - one singles of 1979 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://www.billboard.com/charts/hot-100/1979-01-06 Jump up ^ https://www.billboard.com/charts/hot-100/1979-01-13 Jump up ^ https://www.billboard.com/charts/hot-100/1979-01-20 Jump up ^ https://www.billboard.com/charts/hot-100/1979-01-27 Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1979-02-03/hot-100 Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1979-02-10/hot-100 Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1979-02-17/hot-100 Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1979-02-24/hot-100 Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1979-03-03/hot-100 Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1979-03-10/hot-100 Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1979-03-17/hot-100 Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1979-03-24/hot-100 Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1979-03-31/hot-100 Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1979-04-07/hot-100 Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1979-04-14/hot-100 Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1979-04-21/hot-100 Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1979-04-28/hot-100 Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1979-05-05/hot-100 Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1979-05-12/hot-100 Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1979-05-19/hot-100 Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1979-05-26/hot-100 Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1979-06-02/hot-100 Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1979-06-09/hot-100 Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1979-06-16/hot-100 Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1979-06-23/hot-100 Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1979-06-30/hot-100 Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1979-07-07/hot-100 Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1979-07-14/hot-100 Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1979-07-21/hot-100 Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1979-07-28/hot-100 Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1979-08-04/hot-100 Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1979-08-11/hot-100 Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1979-08-18/hot-100 Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1979-08-25/hot-100 Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1979-09-01/hot-100 Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1979-09-08/hot-100 Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1979-09-15/hot-100 Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1979-09-22/hot-100 Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1979-09-29/hot-100 Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1979-10-06/hot-100 Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1979-10-13/hot-100 Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1979-10-20/hot-100 Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1979-10-27/hot-100 Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1979-11-03/hot-100 Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1979-11-10/hot-100 Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1979-11-17/hot-100 Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1979-11-24/hot-100 Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1979-12-01/hot-100 Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1979-12-08/hot-100 Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1979-12-15/hot-100 Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1979-12-22/hot-100 Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1979-12-29/hot-100 Sources ( edit ) Fred Bronson 's Billboard Book of Number 1 Hits , 5th Edition ( ISBN 0 - 8230 - 7677 - 6 ) Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 1955 - 2008 , 12 Edition ( ISBN 0 - 89820 - 180 - 2 ) Joel Whitburn Presents the Billboard Hot 100 Charts : The Seventies ( ISBN 0 - 89820 - 076 - 8 ) Additional information obtained can be verified within Billboard 's online archive services and print editions of the magazine . Lists of Billboard number - one singles 1940 -- 1959 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 -- 1979 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 -- 1999 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2000 -- present 2017 2018 By decade 1940s 1950 -- 1958 1958 -- 1969 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s See also Top - ten singles Hot 100 Year - end List of Billboard Hot 100 chart achievements and milestones Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number-one_singles_of_1979&oldid=850564107 '' Categories : 1979 record charts Lists of Billboard Hot 100 number - one songs Hidden categories : Articles needing cleanup from July 2018 Articles with bare URLs for citations from July 2018 All articles with bare URLs for citations Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from July 2018 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Talk About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano Nederlands Polski Русский Slovenčina Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 July 2018 , at 16 : 53 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | what song was number 1 in february 1979 | [
"\n\nIssue Date\n\nSong\n\nArtist(s)\n\nReference\n\n\nJanuary 6\n\n\"Too Much Heaven\"\n\nBee Gees\n\n[1]\n\n\nJanuary 13\n\n[2]\n\n\nJanuary 20\n\n\"Le Freak\"\n\nChic\n\n[3]\n\n\nJanuary 27\n\n[4]\n\n\nFebruary 3\n\n[5]\n\n\nFebruary 10\n\n\"Da Ya Think I'm Sexy?\"\n\nRod Stewart\n\n[6]\n\n\nFebruary 17\n\n[7]\n\n\nFebruary 24\n\n[8]\n\n\nMarch 3\n\n[9]\n\n\nMarch 10\n\n\"I Will Survive\"\n\nGloria Gaynor\n\n[10]\n\n\nMarch 17\n\n[11]\n\n\nMarch 24\n\n\"Tragedy\"\n\nBee Gees\n\n[12]\n\n\nMarch 31\n\n[13]\n\n\nApril 7\n\n\"I Will Survive\"\n\nGloria Gaynor\n\n[14]\n\n\nApril 14\n\n\"What a Fool Believes\"\n\nThe Doobie Brothers\n\n[15]\n\n\nApril 21\n\n\"Knock on Wood\"\n\nAmii Stewart\n\n[16]\n\n\nApril 28\n\n\"Heart of Glass\"\n\nBlondie\n\n[17]\n\n\nMay 5\n\n\"Reunited\"\n\nPeaches & Herb\n\n[18]\n\n\nMay 12\n\n[19]\n\n\nMay 19\n\n[20]\n\n\nMay 26\n\n[21]\n\n\nJune 2\n\n\"Hot Stuff\"\n\nDonna Summer\n\n[22]\n\n\nJune 9\n\n\"Love You Inside Out\"\n\nBee Gees\n\n[23]\n\n\nJune 16\n\n\"Hot Stuff\"\n\nDonna Summer\n\n[24]\n\n\nJune 23\n\n[25]\n\n\nJune 30\n\n\"Ring My Bell\"\n\nAnita Ward\n\n[26]\n\n\nJuly 7\n\n[27]\n\n\nJuly 14\n\n\"Bad Girls\"\n\nDonna Summer\n\n[28]\n\n\nJuly 21\n\n[29]\n\n\nJuly 28\n\n[30]\n\n\nAugust 4\n\n[31]\n\n\nAugust 11\n\n[32]\n\n\nAugust 18\n\n\"Good Times\"\n\nChic\n\n[33]\n\n\nAugust 25\n\n\"My Sharona\"\n\nThe Knack\n\n[34]\n\n\nSeptember 1\n\n[35]\n\n\nSeptember 8\n\n[36]\n\n\nSeptember 15\n\n[37]\n\n\nSeptember 22\n\n[38]\n\n\nSeptember 29\n\n[39]\n\n\nOctober 6\n\n\"Sad Eyes\"\n\nRobert John\n\n[40]\n\n\nOctober 13\n\n\"Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough\"\n\nMichael Jackson\n\n[41]\n\n\nOctober 20\n\n\"Rise\"\n\nHerb Alpert\n\n[42]\n\n\nOctober 27\n\n[43]\n\n\nNovember 3\n\n\"Pop Muzik\"\n\nM\n\n[44]\n\n\nNovember 10\n\n\"Heartache Tonight\"\n\nEagles\n\n[45]\n\n\nNovember 17\n\n\"Still\"\n\nCommodores\n\n[46]\n\n\nNovember 24\n\n\"No More Tears (Enough Is Enough)\"\n\nBarbra Streisand and Donna Summer\n\n[47]\n\n\nDecember 1\n\n[48]\n\n\nDecember 8\n\n\"Babe\"\n\nStyx\n\n[49]\n\n\nDecember 15\n\n[50]\n\n\nDecember 22\n\n\"Escape (The Piña Colada Song)\"\n\nRupert Holmes\n\n[51]\n\n\nDecember 29\n\n[52]\n\n"
] | [
"\"Da Ya Think I'm Sexy?\""
] |
-6116438894244617221 | Hank Schrader | Hank Schrader - wikipedia Hank Schrader Jump to : navigation , search This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( September 2013 ) Hank Schrader Breaking Bad character Hank , as portrayed by Dean Norris First appearance `` Pilot '' Last appearance `` Ozymandias '' Created by Vince Gilligan Portrayed by Dean Norris Information Occupation Drug Enforcement Administration agent Family Walter White ( brother - in - law ) Skyler White ( sister - in - law ) Walter White Jr. ( nephew ) Holly White ( niece ) Spouse ( s ) Marie Schrader Henry R. `` Hank '' Schrader is a fictional character in the AMC drama series Breaking Bad . He is portrayed by Dean Norris and was created by series creator Vince Gilligan . Hank is the brother - in - law of main character Walter White , and is a DEA agent in Albuquerque , New Mexico . Throughout the series , he leads the investigation of the methamphetamine cook `` Heisenberg '' -- unaware that the elusive drug kingpin is his own brother - in - law . Hank is also faced with numerous threats from the rival drug cartels which take a toll on Hank 's sanity as the series progresses , and eventually starts taking more extreme measures to find `` Heisenberg '' and arrest him . Hank 's character development over the course of the series and Norris ' performance has been critically acclaimed . Contents ( hide ) 1 Character biography 1.1 Background 1.2 Season one 1.3 Season two 1.4 Season three 1.5 Season four 1.6 Season five 1.6. 1 Part 1 1.6. 2 Part 2 2 Casting and creation 3 Development 4 Reception 5 References 6 External links Character biography ( edit ) Background ( edit ) Hank is a special agent with the DEA , where he rose through the ranks to become the supervisor of all investigations handled by his Albuquerque office , under the watchful eye of ASAC George Merkert ( Michael Shamus Wiles ) and SAC Ramey . He is married to Marie ( Betsy Brandt ) , with whom he has no children . He is close to his family - by - marriage , the Whites : Walt , his wife ( and Marie 's sister ) Skyler ( Anna Gunn ) , and their son Walter Jr . ( R.J. Mitte ) . In contrast with the mild - mannered Walt , Hank is extroverted , ambitious and apparently fearless , eager to take on dangerous investigations to further his career . Beneath his tough , unflappable exterior , however , he struggles with some of his own vulnerabilities : he had cold feet when it came to marrying Marie , and despite his ambition he is afraid to move outside his comfort zone at work . As a hobby , Hank home brews his own beer , which he calls `` Schraderbräu '' . After he gets shot by the Salamanca cousins , he spends part of season 4 taking up mineral collecting , much to Marie 's chagrin . Season one ( edit ) Hank is first seen during Walt 's fiftieth birthday party , where the attendees watch a news broadcast covering Hank 's involvement in a local methamphetamine bust . Walt takes up Hank 's offer to go on a ride along to another meth bust , and is allowed to inspect the meth lab 's equipment . Hank 's intended target , Jesse Pinkman ( Aaron Paul ) , escapes before they can arrest him . Walt later makes Jesse his partner in a meth operation and enters the production side of Albuquerque 's drug trade , using his scientific knowledge to cook meth of unprecedented purity . As Walt establishes his product in the local drug scene , he begins using the pseudonym `` Heisenberg '' . His signature `` blue meth '' soon gets the DEA 's attention , and Hank begins investigating Heisenberg , completely unaware that he is actually searching for his own brother - in - law . He does discover that the equipment used to manufacture the meth came from a classroom at the high school where Walt teaches , but wrongly arrests the school 's janitor . In the first few episodes of the season , Hank frequently dominates and pokes fun at Walt . When Walt tells the family that he is suffering from inoperable lung cancer , however , Hank promises to be there for him , and to take care of Walter Jr. and Walt 's unborn daughter should he die . He also takes Walter Jr. under his wing , trying to `` scare him straight '' when he believes the boy is smoking marijuana . Season two ( edit ) When Walt goes missing after having been kidnapped by Tuco Salamanca ( Raymond Cruz ) , Hank , along with the rest of the family , attempts to find him . During his search process , he follows the evidence to Tuco 's hideout , and kills him in a shootout . Unknown to him , Walt and Jesse had wounded Tuco moments before , and had barely escaped his detection . Hank believes that Tuco had ties to Heisenberg and questions Tuco 's uncle , retired drug cartel boss Hector Salamanca ( Mark Margolis ) , but Hector refuses to help , defiantly defecating on the interrogation room floor . Hank also questions Jesse about Heisenberg , but is unable to find any conclusive evidence connecting the two . Hank 's heroics in killing Tuco earn him a promotion at the office and , eventually , a transfer to El Paso , Texas . Hank is at first excited about the opportunity , but the trauma of the shooting , and his own insecurity about the higher - risk job , triggers several panic attacks . While in El Paso , Hank joins a group of fellow DEA agents , preparing to meet an informant named Tortuga ( Danny Trejo ) , when they find a tortoise with the informant 's severed head atop its shell , the words `` HOLA DEA '' painted on it . This triggers one of Hank 's panic attacks , and he flees to his car . Removing the informant 's head from the tortoise shell triggers an explosive , killing and wounding the DEA agents and Mexican police officers who were nearby . Although physically unharmed , Hank is emotionally traumatized and passes up the promotion , going back into his home office in New Mexico . When one of Jesse 's dealers , Badger ( Matt L. Jones ) , is arrested in a sting operation , Hank leans on him to set Heisenberg up . To throw the DEA off the trail , Walt 's new attorney Saul Goodman ( Bob Odenkirk ) hires a professional fall guy named James Edward `` Jimmy In - N ' - Out '' Kilkelly to pose as Heisenberg and go to prison . Hank nearly discovers the truth when Badger botches the job by talking to the wrong man , but Walt uses his own car to temporarily block Hank 's viewpoint under the pretense of innocently wandering onto his surveillance , buying Jesse enough time to fix the situation . The imposter is arrested , but Hank is convinced that the real Heisenberg is still at large . Season three ( edit ) Nagged by feelings of inadequacy , Hank becomes obsessed with the Heisenberg case , and overly aggressive on the job . He starts a fight with two men in a bar whom he suspects of dealing drugs , only avoiding being disciplined because Gomez covers for him . He begins trailing Jesse , and finds the recreational vehicle that he and Walt use to cook meth ; he is unaware that Jesse and Walt are both inside . To throw Hank off the trail , Walt has Saul 's secretary call Hank and tell him that Marie is in the hospital , giving Walt and Jesse extra time to get rid of the RV . Upon finding out that the call was a hoax , an enraged Hank goes to Jesse 's house and beats him within an inch of his life . Jesse is hospitalized , and Hank is suspended without pay . Jesse plans to sue Hank and ruin his career , but ultimately decides to drop the charges after Walt lets him in on a lucrative deal cooking meth for cartel middle man Gus Fring ( Giancarlo Esposito ) . Unknown to Hank , Tuco 's cousins Leonel and Marco Salamanca ( Daniel and Luis Moncada ) have been following Walt , planning to avenge Tuco 's death . Gus needs Walt to cook meth , so he tells them to kill Hank instead . Gus then anonymously tips Hank off about the hit moments before Leonel and Marco attack . Leonel and Marco shoot Hank several times , but Hank still manages to kill Marco by shooting him in the head , and severely injures Leonel by crushing his legs with his car . Hank survives the shooting , but is unable to walk , and doctors tell Marie that he may be rendered a paraplegic . Marie , however , insists on putting Hank into expensive physical therapy . When told that insurance wo n't cover the treatment Hank needs , Skyler and Walt agree to pay for it without telling Hank . When Marie suggests taking care of Hank at home , Hank refuses , saying that he wo n't go home until he can walk again . Marie makes a bet that he can still get an erection , and if he does , he has to return home . She then proceeds to give him a hand job . It is implied that she is successful , as the scene immediately cuts to Marie triumphantly wheeling Hank out of the hospital . Season four ( edit ) During his recovery , Hank begins collecting minerals to pass the time . He becomes uncharacteristically harsh towards Marie , feeling despondent at being so dependent on her . He is approached by the Albuquerque Police Department to offer his insights into Jesse 's murder of Walt 's lab assistant Gale Boetticher ( David Costabile ) , including a review of the man 's lab notebook . He eventually formulates a theory that Gale was Heisenberg , and turns the evidence back over to the APD . At a dinner with Walt and his family , Hank says that Gale must have been a genius ; Walt drunkenly replies that he thinks Gale was merely copying the real Heisenberg 's work . Suspicious , Hank has APD Homicide send over the evidence once more . This time he notices that Gale , a vegan , had a napkin from Los Pollos Hermanos , the fast food chain Gus uses as a front for his drug operations , and questions why a vegan would eat fried chicken . He procures a fingerprint from Gus while eating with Walter Jr. at one of Gus ' restaurants , and finds that it matches a fingerprint found in Gale 's apartment . When asked about this , Gus comes up with an alibi , but Hank remains suspicious . He even has Walt drive him to the restaurant and , when there , tells his alarmed brother - in - law to place a tracking device on Gus ' car , which Walt tips off Gus to . The tracking device reveals nothing about Gus ' whereabouts , however . Hank comes to suspect ( correctly ) that the cartel 's meth is manufactured at a laundry facility owned by Madrigal Electromotive , Los Pollos Hermanos ' parent company , and tells Walt that he wants to check it out . To deflect Hank 's investigation , Walt intentionally drives into oncoming traffic on the way there , and the two receive minor injuries . Hank 's plans to investigate are cut short when he is placed under DEA protective custody , after Walt places a tip off -- via Saul -- of Gus ' intentions to kill him . Hank then pushes Gomez to search the laundry facility , which fails to uncover anything incriminating , despite a few minor intriguing details . Hector offers to give Hank information on Gus , but during the meeting merely taunts and curses him . This turns out to be part of Walt 's ultimately successful plan to draw Gus in and kill him , thus eliminating an enemy and drawing Hank 's attention away from Heisenberg . Season five ( edit ) Part 1 ( edit ) Following Gus ' death , Hank is hailed as a hero for investigating him , and proceeds to pursue numerous leads in order to learn more about Gus ' drug empire . He and Gomez search the decimated remains of the laundromat lab , and recover many pieces of evidence , including the security camera . He also recovers Gus ' laptop in his office at the Albuquerque Los Pollos branch , but Walt and Jesse destroy it before he can uncover its contents . After sorting through various records and bank accounts associated with Gus , Hank becomes highly suspicious of Gus ' enforcer Mike Ehrmantraut ( Jonathan Banks ) ; Hank ultimately fails to get any information from him , however . After Merkert is fired for mishandling the Fring leads , Hank is given his job . He and Marie celebrate with Walt and his family , and witness Skyler attempt to drown herself . Hank offers to let Walter Jr. and Walt 's infant daughter Holly stay with him and Marie ; he is unaware that Skyler had staged the suicide attempt to get the children away from Walt . Hank 's superiors eventually order him to drop the Heisenberg case . Undeterred , Hank tells Gomez to lean on Mike 's nine recently incarcerated dealers and their lawyer for information on Heisenberg and his connection to Madrigal . When the dealers and the lawyer are murdered ( at Walt 's direction ) , however , the investigation is ruined . After Walt quits the meth business , the blue meth disappears from the streets , and Hank begins to believe that Heisenberg has eluded him for good . During a family dinner , however , Hank finds Gale 's copy of Leaves of Grass in Walt 's bathroom . Thumbing through the book , he discovers a handwritten note from Gale to Walt , and finally realizes that Walt is Heisenberg . Part 2 ( edit ) After Hank 's realization , he leaves the Whites ' house under the ruse of a stomach bug and suffers from a panic attack while driving home . After Walt realizes his copy of Leaves of Grass is missing , he finds a GPS tracking device planted on his car , resembling the one Hank used to track Gus . Walt confronts Hank in his garage , and Hank punches him in the face and accuses him of being Heisenberg , which Walt neither confirms nor denies . Walt reveals to Hank that his cancer has returned and that , even if Hank were to prove anything , Walt would never live to stand trial . When Hank demands that Walt have Skyler bring the children over to the Schrader house , Walt refuses , and tells him to `` tread lightly '' . Assuming that Walt forced Skyler to keep his secret , Hank meets her at a diner and asks her to divulge what she knows . When Skyler refuses to help , Hank tells Marie what is going on . Marie then confronts Skyler and is outraged to learn that Skyler knew what Walt was doing before Hank was shot . After breaking up an argument between the sisters , Hank returns home with his wife . Marie urges him to `` get '' Walt , but Hank tells her that he has no concrete proof yet ( his theft of Leaves of Grass renders it inadmissible as evidence ) and ca n't go to the DEA , because his career will be ruined once they find out that Heisenberg was right under his nose for more than a year . When he hears Jesse has been arrested , Hank goes to see him in jail , hoping to turn him against Walt . He attempts to talk Jesse into a deal , appealing to Jesse 's resentment of his onetime partner . Jesse hates Hank more than he does Walt , however , and refuses to help . Walt and Skyler arrange a meeting with the Schraders in which Walt maintains his innocence and insists that the kids stay with them . The Schraders refuse . Walt then gives Hank a DVD , in which Walt falsely implicates Hank as the mastermind behind the meth empire . In addition , Hank learns that Walt has paid for his medical bills after his shooting , which makes him an accessory after the fact . He later follows Jesse to Walt 's house and stops him from burning it down . He convinces Jesse that they should work together . He brings Jesse back to his house and tapes Jesse 's confession the following day . After Walt calls Jesse and asks to meet in downtown Albuquerque , Hank plans to have Jesse wear a wire tap in order to record the conversation . Jesse reluctantly agrees , even though he thinks that Walt will kill him during the meeting . Jesse abruptly backs out of the meeting , however , and tells Hank that he has a better way to get Walt : through his drug money . Hank visits Saul 's bodyguard Huell ( Lavell Crawford ) and manipulates him into believing that Walt has put a hit on him . Huell confesses that he and his partner Kuby ( Bill Burr ) helped move Walt 's money from a storage unit with a rental van , but that he does not know where Walt hid it . Hank then checks with the rental company to learn that the van no longer has GPS . Hoping to learn the money 's whereabouts , Hank and Jesse devise a plan to trick Walt . Jesse calls Walt claiming that he has found the money and threatens to burn it if he does n't meet with him . Hank and Jesse follow Walt to the money 's location via the cell phone signal . Upon seeing that nobody is there , Walt realizes that Jesse has tricked him and calls his associate Jack Welker ( Michael Bowen ) , telling him to bring his gang of neo-Nazis to kill Jesse . He calls off the hit when he sees Hank and Gomez are accompanying Jesse . Walt gives himself up and lets Hank arrest him . When Jack 's crew arrive , a gunfight erupts in which Gomez is killed and Hank is wounded . Walt begs Jack to spare Hank , offering him $80 million in exchange for his brother - in - law 's life . Hank refuses to beg for his life , however , and asks how such an intelligent man as Walt could be too naive to see that Jack had already made his decision . Hank then tells Jack to do what he has to do , at which point Jack shoots him in the head , killing him . Casting and creation ( edit ) Prior to being cast in Breaking Bad , Dean Norris had a history of being typecast as law enforcement and military type characters . Norris reasons `` I guess you have a certain look , it 's kind of an authoritative law enforcement - type look , and that look is certainly the first thing that people cast you with before you get a chance to do some acting . '' Vince Gilligan had talked to an actual DEA agent about creating Hank 's character . Development ( edit ) Critics have commented on the character 's development . NPR writes of his character 's evolution `` Hank Schrader has evolved from a knuckleheaded jock into a complex , sympathetic and even heroic counterpoint to the show 's anti-hero , ( ... ) Walter White . '' Mary Kaye Schilling of Vulture opines `` It 's thanks to ( Norris ) that Breaking Bad 's Hank Schrader has gone from a cliché - spewing booya DEA agent -- essentially comic relief -- to a savvy , vulnerable mensch who could be the show 's ultimate hero . '' Norris notes the realism of Hank 's `` tough cop '' and `` cliché machine '' persona , comparing his mannerisms to his best friend growing up , also a cop . Norris explains that people with jobs in law enforcement have to put on a bravado facade because they have to deal with unscrupulous people all day ; the only other option would be to let the job affect them personally , which would compromise their effectiveness . Gilligan says Hank was supposed to be a `` hail fellow well met and a figure of worship for Walt , Jr. , '' but developed him when he realized how `` smart , sensitive , and well educated '' Norris was . Norris and Gilligan both wanted Hank to be smart and capable ; `` Otherwise , '' Norris said , `` he 's just a doofus and you 'll dismiss him . '' Norris notes that Hank bullies Walt in the pilot and the first season , and makes racist jokes about his DEA partner Steven Gomez . However , his racist jokes toward Gomez were toned down as the series progressed and were turned into good - natured ribbing . Sean Collins of Rolling Stone considered Hank in the pilot to be an `` obnoxious blowhard '' . Gilligan had not considered the character as much more than a foil to Walt at first . However , as Gilligan got to know Norris , he developed Hank into a `` more nuanced and complex character '' who makes both `` personal and professional growth '' . Frazier Moore of The Associated Press writes of Hank 's introduction in the pilot ; `` Hank seemed a potentially problematic character . With his cocky , macho style , he was perilously close to a stereotype '' ; however , he has said `` Norris has brought depth and nuance to his character , emerging as fully the equal of his fine fellow cast mates ( ... ) as he displayed not just braggadocio but also emotional trauma . '' Norris and Gilligan admitted that Hank began as a `` mechanical construct '' whose main purpose was to provide comic relief . Hank begins showing signs of post-traumatic stress disorder in `` Breakage '' after killing Tuco Salamanca in `` Grilled '' , the first deconstruction of his `` tough cop '' persona . Norris attributed the PTSD to the fact that it is actually very rare for law enforcement officers to draw their weapons , let alone kill someone in a combat situation . Mary Kaye Schilling praised the way the writers handled the PTSD and how they waited an entire season to explain the cause of it . Noel Murray of The A.V. Club compared season 1 - era Hank to a `` veiled ( and unacknowledged ) Vic Mackey parody , '' but praised his development which began with his suffering PTSD . Seth Amitin of IGN noted that Hank 's PTSD humanized the character , as Amitin thought of him as an `` emotional rock '' who is usually unfazed . However , Amitin thought that Hank 's humanization and inner struggle fit in with the other character 's arcs and the series ' themes . Emily Nussbaum of The New Yorker writes of Hank 's fight with Walt , the series `` placed Hank , once a minor , comic character on the show , dead center in the role of hero . '' Graeme Virtue of The Guardian writes Norris `` evolved his character Hank Schrader from cocksure DEA meathead to the closest thing the show has to a moral center . '' Hank would go through significant character development in the third season episode , `` One Minute '' . Norris felt that Hank 's self - realization in the episode was the turning point toward his becoming a better man , and set the stage for his decisions later in the series : Norris opined that `` Hank wants a clean soul . '' Norris kept tearing up while filming a particularly dramatic speech , though the director kept telling him not to . Norris was eventually filmed from the side to obscure the fact that he was crying . In the early fourth season episodes , Hank is bedridden after being shot multiple times in the chest by Tuco Salamanca 's cousins , and is increasingly hostile toward Marie while she tries to take care of him . Gilligan and the writers liked the idea of Hank not acting heroically or noble in his suffering . The writers felt this arc would be most true to Hank 's character . When asked about how Hank could have not known his brother - in - law was Heisenberg , Norris said that Walt was Hank 's blind spot ; Hank had this preconceived notion of a drug kingpin in his head and it did not coincide with his image of Walt as meek and oblivious . After Hank finally discovers that Walt is Heisenberg , Norris had to balance betrayal with rage , citing the hurt of Walt 's betrayal of his trust as his most significant emotion . Norris said that , in the episode `` Blood Money , '' Hank 's emotions finally take over . Norris has said that he thinks Hank 's moral code is concretely defined in `` One Minute , '' when he accepts the consequences for assaulting Jesse even though he could have gotten away with it . In an interview during the first half of season 5 , Norris expressed his puzzlement at viewers who `` do n't know who to root for , '' and that he sees Walt as a straightforward villain . Norris asked Gilligan to kill Hank off midway through the fifth season , as Norris had already booked a comedy pilot before he knew AMC would stretch the fifth into two years . Gilligan declined his request , as Hank 's arc was integral to the series ' final episodes . Reception ( edit ) Hank 's development as a character and Norris ' performance have both received critical acclaim . Frank Girardot of Pasadena Star - News , an old friend of Norris ' , says that he watched Norris grow into the role , and praised him as `` a damn good actor . Certainly the best on TV right now . '' Dean Norris ' acting in `` Blood Money '' , especially the climactic scene where Hank confronts Walt over the latter 's identity as Heisenberg , was lauded by critics . James Poniewozik of TIME wrote `` Norris and Cranston are both eye magnets here , and the force just arcs between them as your attention is drawn irresistibly to both at once . '' Cinema Blend ' s Kelly West said Walt and Hank 's conversation might have been the `` most heated and emotional moments of the series , '' praising Cranston and Norris . David Berry of National Post and Scott Meslow of The Week also praised Norris . Steve Marsi of TV Fanatic wrote of the climax `` Dean Norris ' expressions conveyed how dismayed , distraught , vengeful and stunned he was at the same time . '' TVLine named Dean Norris the `` Performer of the Week '' for his work in `` Blood Money . '' Ross Douthat of The New York Times called Hank the hero of Breaking Bad and wrote that `` one of the show 's most impressive and important achievements has been the construction of a compelling , interesting , entertaining good person , capable of competing with Walter White , the anti-hero , for the audience 's attention and interest and affection . '' In 2011 , Norris was nominated at the 37th Saturn Awards for Best Supporting Actor on Television for the third season , but lost to John Noble for his performance as Dr. Walter Bishop in Fringe . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Gross , Terry ( July 19 , 2013 ) . `` Breaking Bad `` Blood Money '' Review `` Hello , Carol . '' `` . NPR . Retrieved August 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Breaking Bad ' : Dean Norris Asked Vince Gilligan To Kill Hank Off So He Could Do A Comedy Pilot '' . Huffington Post . February 4 , 2013 . Retrieved August 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Schilling , Mary Kaye ( August 11 , 2013 ) . `` Dean Norris on the Breaking Bad Premiere , Hank 's Machismo , and Bryan Cranston 's Overachiever E-mails '' . Vulture . Retrieved August 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Moore , Frazier ( August 22 , 2013 ) . `` ' Breaking Bad ' star Dean Norris never misses it '' . The Associated Press . Retrieved August 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Collins , Sean T. ( August 13 , 2013 ) . `` Q&A : ' Breaking Bad ' Star Dean Norris on the Many Faces of Hank '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved August 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Murray , Noel ( April 5 , 2009 ) . `` ' Breaking Bad ' Breakage Review '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved August 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Amitin , Seth ( April 6 , 2009 ) . `` Breaking Bad : `` Breakage '' Review `` . IGN . Retrieved August 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Nussbaum , Emily ( August 12 , 2013 ) . `` Breaking Bad Season Premiere Reviewed '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved August 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Virtue , Graeme ( August 19 , 2013 ) . `` Dean Norris in Under the Dome -- the triumph of the TV co-star '' . The Guardian . Retrieved August 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ VanDerWerff , Todd ( October 10 , 2011 ) . `` Vince Gilligan walks us through season four of Breaking Bad ( part 1 of 4 ) '' . The A.V. Club . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2011 . Retrieved October 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Collins , Sean T. ( August 15 , 2013 ) . `` ' Breaking Bad ' Q&A : Dean Norris Treads Lightly With Hank Schrader '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved August 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tannenbaum , Rob ( September 12 , 2013 ) . `` Dean Norris Explains Hank 's Moral Code on ' Breaking Bad . ' '' Retrieved 19 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Dean Norris on Playing Hank in `` Breaking Bad . '' Conan . August 29 , 2012 . Retrieved September 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Eby , Margaret ( August 1 , 2013 ) . `` ' Breaking Bad ' actor Dean Norris asked for his character Hank to be killed off show '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved August 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dekel , Jon ( January 31 , 2013 ) . `` Breaking Bad 's Dean Norris to series creator : Please kill my character '' . National Post . Retrieved August 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Girardot , Frank ( August 12 , 2013 ) . `` ' Breaking Bad 's ' Dean Norris shines '' . Pasadena Star - News . Retrieved August 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Poniewozik , James ( August 11 , 2013 ) . `` Breaking Bad Watch : I Am the One Who Gets Knocked Out '' . TIME . Retrieved August 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ West , Kelly ( August 11 , 2013 ) . `` Breaking Bad 's Blood Money : A Closer Look At Those Intense Final Moments '' . Cinema Blend . Retrieved August 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Berry , David ( August 12 , 2013 ) . `` Tread lightly : The final season premiere of Breaking Bad , ' Blood Money ' recapped '' . National Post . Retrieved August 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Meslow , Scott ( August 11 , 2013 ) . `` Breaking Bad premiere recap : ' Blood Money ' '' . The Week . Retrieved August 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking Bad Round Table : `` Blood Money '' `` . TV Fanatic . August 12 , 2013 . Retrieved August 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` TVLine 's Performer of the Week : Dean Norris '' . TVLine . August 16 , 2013 . Retrieved August 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Douthat , Ross ( September 18 , 2013 ) . `` The Hero of `` Breaking Bad '' `` . The New York Times . Retrieved September 20 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Hank Schrader on IMDb ( hide ) Breaking Bad Characters Walter White Skyler White Jesse Pinkman Hank Schrader Saul Goodman Gustavo Fring Mike Ehrmantraut Episodes Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Related shows Talking Bad Metástasis Better Call Saul Related articles Awards and nominations Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hank_Schrader&oldid=810531057 '' Categories : Breaking Bad characters Fictional American people of German descent Fictional American people Fictional characters introduced in 2008 Fictional characters with posttraumatic stress disorder Fictional police detectives Fictional characters of the Drug Enforcement Administration Police misconduct in fiction Hidden categories : Wikipedia introduction cleanup from September 2013 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from September 2013 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 15 November 2017 , at 20 : 53 . About Wikipedia | what happens to hank at the end of breaking bad | [
"Hank visits Saul's bodyguard Huell (Lavell Crawford) and manipulates him into believing that Walt has put a hit on him. Huell confesses that he and his partner Kuby (Bill Burr) helped move Walt's money from a storage unit with a rental van, but that he does not know where Walt hid it. Hank then checks with the rental company to learn that the van no longer has GPS. Hoping to learn the money's whereabouts, Hank and Jesse devise a plan to trick Walt. Jesse calls Walt claiming that he has found the money and threatens to burn it if he doesn't meet with him. Hank and Jesse follow Walt to the money's location via the cell phone signal. Upon seeing that nobody is there, Walt realizes that Jesse has tricked him and calls his associate Jack Welker (Michael Bowen), telling him to bring his gang of neo-Nazis to kill Jesse. He calls off the hit when he sees Hank and Gomez are accompanying Jesse. Walt gives himself up and lets Hank arrest him. When Jack's crew arrive, a gunfight erupts in which Gomez is killed and Hank is wounded. Walt begs Jack to spare Hank, offering him $80 million in exchange for his brother-in-law's life. Hank refuses to beg for his life, however, and asks how such an intelligent man as Walt could be too naive to see that Jack had already made his decision. Hank then tells Jack to do what he has to do, at which point Jack shoots him in the head, killing him."
] | [
"Jack shoots him in the head, killing him"
] |
-8941463995593971864 | List of The X Factor finalists (UK series 6) | List of the X Factor finalists ( UK series 6 ) - wikipedia List of the X Factor finalists ( UK series 6 ) Jump to : navigation , search This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The sixth UK series of The X Factor was broadcast on ITV . It began airing on 22 August 2009 and finished with a grand finale on 13 December 2009 . Each category was mentored by one of the show 's four judges : Simon Cowell , Dannii Minogue , Louis Walsh and Cheryl Cole . Cowell mentored the Over 25s , Minogue was looking after the Girls , Walsh had the Groups and Cole mentored the Boys . In the final , Joe McElderry was declared the winner , Olly Murs was the runner - up and Stacey Solomon finished in third place . Contents ( hide ) 1 Boys 1.1 Lloyd Daniels 1.2 Rikki Loney 1.3 Joe McElderry 2 Girls 2.1 Rachel Adedeji 2.2 Lucie Jones 2.3 Stacey Solomon 3 Over 25s 3.1 Jamie `` Afro '' Archer 3.2 Danyl Johnson 3.3 Olly Murs 4 Groups 4.1 John & Edward 4.2 Kandy Rain 4.3 Miss Frank 5 References 6 External links Boys ( edit ) Lloyd Daniels ( edit ) Lloyd Michael Daniels , ( born 14 December 1992 ) , was the youngest act in the X Factor of 2009 . He is from Treharris , in Merthyr Tydfil , Wales . In his first audition , Cheryl Cole described him as `` the first person I 'm going to say you 've got the X Factor to . '' He was placed in the bottom two after the rock - themed week , but the public vote saved him at the expense of Rachel Adedeji . He was in the bottom two again in week 6 but was saved when the vote went to deadlock and Jamie Archer was sent home . On 29 November , Daniels was eliminated from the competition , finishing in fifth place . On 7 December 2009 , he performed a homecoming concert outside the St David 's Centre in Cardiff , and toured with the X Factor live tour . Since then , Lloyd has regularly sung a gigs across the country and performed in many pantomimes and a touring naked comedy alongside big brother star nikki graham called ' Up4aMeet ' . Daniels has been a part of many shoots , including Gay Times magazine , and Coitus . His EP ' Suburbian Girl ' was released in December 2011 making it into the top 40 iTunes chart . In November 2014 Daniels performed the leading role of Joseph in the UK tour of Joseph & the Amazing Technicolor Dream coat , his first stage musical role . ( show ) The X Factor performances and results Show Song choice Theme Result Audition `` I 'm Yours '' / `` If I Could Turn Back the Hands of Time '' - Jason Mraz / R. Kelly N / A Through to bootcamp Bootcamp ( Part 1 ) Unknown Through to the next day of bootcamp Bootcamp ( Part 2 ) `` You Are Not Alone '' - Michael Jackson Through to judges ' houses Judges ' houses `` I 'm Yours '' - Jason Mraz Through to live shows Live show 1 `` Cry Me a River '' - Justin Timberlake Musical heroes Safe ( 6th ) Live show 2 `` Bleeding Love '' - Leona Lewis Divas Safe ( 2nd ) Live show 3 `` Fly Me to the Moon '' - Frank Sinatra Big band Safe ( 8th ) Live show 4 `` I Kissed a Girl '' - Katy Perry Rock Bottom two ( 8th ) `` You Are So Beautiful '' - Joe Cocker Sing - Off Safe ( Deadlock ) Live show 5 `` Stand by Me ( Ben E. King song ) '' / `` Beautiful Girls '' - Ben E. King / Sean Kingston Songs from films Safe ( 4th ) Live show 6 `` Crazy Little Thing Called Love '' - Queen Queen Bottom two ( 6th ) `` Last Request '' - Paolo Nutini Sing - Off Safe ( Deadlock ) Live show 7 `` Faith '' - George Michael Wham ! or George Michael Safe ( 4th ) Live show 8 `` A Million Love Songs '' - Take That Take That Eliminated ( Fifth place ) `` I 'm Still Standing '' - Elton John Elton John Rikki Loney ( edit ) Rikki Loney ( born 30 September 1987 ) is from Glasgow . He auditioned in 2008 but was rejected on day two of bootcamp , narrowly missing out on a spot at the Judges ' Homes round . He re-auditioned in 2009 without telling his parents . Loney was in the bottom two in the second week along with Rachel Adedeji ( 17 / 18 October 2009 ) after he sang `` Respect '' . The judges voted to eliminate him after his rendition of `` Flying Without Wings '' , with only his mentor voting to save him . Walsh was absent but confirmed on the Xtra Factor that he would have eliminated him . Loney is currently a member of G * Mania . ( show ) The X Factor performances and results Show Song choice Theme Result Audition `` These Arms of Mine '' - Otis Redding N / A Through to bootcamp Bootcamp ( Part 1 ) Unknown Through to next day of bootcamp Bootcamp ( Part 2 ) `` Chasing Pavements '' - Adele Through to judges ' houses Judges ' houses `` You 've Got a Friend '' - Carole King Through to live shows Live show 1 `` Back to Black '' - Amy Winehouse Musical heroes Safe ( 10th ) Live show 2 `` R.E.S.P.E.C.T '' - Aretha Franklin Divas Bottom two ( 11th ) `` Flying Without Wings '' - Westlife Sing - Off Eliminated ( Eleventh place ) Joe McElderry ( edit ) Joe McElderry singing on 20 March 2010 at The O2 Arena on the X Factor tour Main article : Joe McElderry Joseph `` Joe '' McElderry ( born 16 June 1991 ) is from South Shields , Tyne & Wear and is a student at Newcastle College . He started singing when he was 14 . He took the role of Danny in Grease , performed at Harton Technology College . He auditioned for The X Factor in 2007 , but felt too young compared to the other contestants and opted to walk away . He was the Pride of South Tyneside 's Young Performer of the Year in 2008 . In 2009 he auditioned in Manchester singing `` Dance with My Father '' . After he sang `` Where Do Broken Hearts Go '' in the second week of live shows , Simon Cowell said his performance was `` note - perfect '' . After week 3 `` big band '' week , Cowell said : `` I have to give it to you . Whatever is thrown up at you , you just rise up to the challenge '' . Louis Walsh tipped him for the final , after his rendition of `` Do n't Stop Believin ' '' on the fourth live show . This performance caused the original song to briefly re-enter the UK Singles Chart . After his rendition of `` Do n't Let the Sun Go Down on Me '' , on the seventh live show , he received a standing ovation from all four judges ( the first this series ) , with Cowell calling it `` the performance of his life '' . He received another standing ovation after he sang `` Sorry Seems to Be the Hardest Word '' on the eighth live show , with Dannii Minogue and Louis Walsh admitting they had to see him in the final . By 29 November , he was the only remaining competitor in Cheryl 's category . After singing three separate songs in the final , `` Do n't Let The Sun Go Down on Me '' as a duet with George Michael , `` Do n't Stop Believin ' '' , and `` Sorry Seems to be the Hardest Word '' , McElderry made it into the final two , with Olly Murs and himself beating Stacey Solomon to the final two . He was then voted the winner . He has released four albums since winning the show , Wide Awake , Classic , Classic Christmas and Here 's What I Believe . ( show ) The X Factor performances and results Show Song choice Theme Result Audition `` Dance with My Father '' - Luther Vandross N / A Through to bootcamp Bootcamp ( Part 1 ) Unknown Through to the next day of bootcamp Bootcamp ( Part 2 ) `` Praying for Time '' - George Michael Through to judges ' houses Judges ' houses `` Sorry Seems to Be the Hardest Word '' - Elton John Through to live shows Live show 1 `` No Regrets '' - Robbie Williams Musical heroes Safe ( 3rd ) Live show 2 `` Where Do Broken Hearts Go '' - Whitney Houston Divas Safe ( 4th ) Live show 3 `` Sway '' - Michael Bublé Big band Safe ( 2nd ) Live show 4 `` Do n't Stop Believin ' '' - Journey Rock Safe ( 3rd ) Live show 5 `` Circle of Life '' - Elton John Songs from films Safe ( 2nd ) Live show 6 `` Somebody to Love '' - Queen Queen Safe ( 2nd ) Live show 7 `` Do n't Let the Sun Go Down on Me '' - George Michael Wham ! or George Michael Safe ( 1st ) Live show 8 `` Could It Be Magic '' - Take That Take That Safe ( 1st ) `` Sorry Seems to Be the Hardest Word '' - Elton John Elton John Semi-final `` She 's Out of My Life '' - Michael Jackson Michael Jackson Safe ( 1st ) `` Open Arms '' - Journey Mentor 's choice Final ( Part 1 ) `` Dance with My Father '' - Luther Vandross Audition song Safe ( 1st ) `` Do n't Let the Sun Go Down on Me '' - ( with George Michael ) Celebrity duet `` Sorry Seems to Be the Hardest Word '' - Elton John Song of the series ( chosen by mentor ) Final ( Part 2 ) `` Do n't Stop Believin ' '' - Journey Song of the series ( chosen by contestant ) Winner `` The Climb '' Winners single Girls ( edit ) Rachel Adedeji ( edit ) Rachel Adedeji ( born 22 August 1991 ) previously auditioned for the show 's fifth series in 2008 , reaching the bootcamp final 50 stage , narrowly missing out on a spot at judges ' houses . She is friends with the winner from that year , Alexandra Burke . She is studying musical theatre and has performed at many musical productions and had a role in the musical Mamma Mia ! . For the first live show , Rachel sang `` Let Me Entertain You '' , but was in the bottom two alongside girl group with Kandy Rain received the fewest votes . For the second show Adedeji sang `` If I Were a Boy '' , and was in the bottom two again , against Rikki Loney , surviving once again after singing `` With or Without You '' . In week 3 , Rachel sang `` Proud Mary '' , progressing onto the next week and also receiving the highest number of votes . In week four she sang `` One '' , but once again ended up in the bottom two , against Lloyd Daniels . She sang `` Stop Crying Your Heart Out '' , but Simon Cowell did n't think Rachel had a connection with the audience , as she 'd been in the bottom two three times . The result was taken to deadlock , with Rachel receiving the lowest number of votes and finishing 9th overall . Adedeji had a single due out in April 2011 , named `` Follow the DJ '' . The music video for the single premiered on 18 December 2010 , but the single was never released . Adedeji released a new single , titled `` Club Lights '' , on 20 February 2012 . The song was written by Starley Hope , Christos Papathanasiou and Maria Marcus . The video premiered on 20 January and was directed by Drew Cox . The song was released as part of a four - track EP , which also includes songs titled `` On My Own '' , `` Young Hearts '' and her previous single `` Follow the DJ '' . Adedeji was then signed by the EDM labels Hailstorm and Fat Banker , and two tracks were released between June and August 2013 called `` House Dance '' ( Nolan feat . Rachel Adedeji ) with remixes by ATFC , Climbers and DJ T. , and `` Every Time I Hear Your Name '' ( written by Phil Ramacon ( Buffalo Stance , Playa Boi ) ) . Since April 2016 , Adedeji has been playing Lisa Loveday in the Channel 4 soap opera , Hollyoaks . ( show ) The X Factor performances and results Show Song choice Theme Result Audition `` If I Ai n't Got You '' - Alicia Keys N / A Through to bootcamp Bootcamp ( Part 1 ) ' ' Unknown ' ' Through to the next day of bootcamp Bootcamp ( Part 2 ) `` Last Request '' - Paolo Nutini Through to judges ' houses Judges ' houses `` Nobody Knows '' - Pink Through to live shows Live show 1 `` Let Me Entertain You '' - Robbie Williams Musical heroes Bottom two ( 11th ) `` Nobody Knows '' - Pink Sing - Off Safe ( Deadlock ) Live show 2 `` If I Were a Boy '' - Beyoncé Divas Bottom two ( 10th ) `` With or Without You '' - U2 Sing - Off Safe ( Majority vote ) Live show 3 `` Proud Mary '' - Ike & Tina Turner Big band Safe ( 1st ) Live show 4 `` One '' - U2 Rock Bottom two ( 9th ) `` Stop Crying Your Heart Out '' - Oasis Sing - Off Eliminated ( Ninth place ) Lucie Jones ( edit ) Main article : Lucie Jones Lucie Bethan Jones ( born 20 March 1991 ) is a student from Pentyrch , a village on the outskirts of Cardiff , Wales . She has had vocal training from Louise Ryan , who trained Charlotte Church . In 2007 , as a Scout , she went to the World Scout Jamboree , where she was a main singer singing the song ' Jambo , ' which was the theme tune of the Jamboree in Hylands Park , Essex . She auditioned with `` I Will Always Love You '' . In the first week of live shows she sang `` Footprints in the Sand '' . In Week Two she sang `` How Will I Know '' . In week three she sang `` My Funny Valentine '' . In week four she sang `` Sweet Child o ' Mine '' . In week five she sang `` This Is Me '' and `` One Moment in Time '' . She became the fifth act to be sent home from The X Factor after losing out to John & Edward in the final showdown . She was eliminated via deadlock in a controversial vote - off , where 1,113 viewers complained to UK TV Watchdog Ofcom about the show being fixed in favour of John & Edward . Ofcom refused to investigate , however . Jones has since gone on to be signed by Select Model Management , and in late January 2010 released her first modelling shots . She is also one of the many celebrities who have teamed up with Cancer Research UK to re-release `` Girls Just Want to Have Fun '' . In May 2010 , Jones was signed by Cameron Mackintosh to play Cosette in the West End production of Les Misérables , a role she missed out on the previous year owing to commitments to X Factor . In September 2010 she was revealed to be the face of Wonderbra 's new Full Effects campaign . In 2010 , she appeared in The Sarah Jane Adventures episode , Lost in Time : Part Two `` . On 21 November 2010 , Jones performed at The Mall Luton and helped turn on the Christmas Lights . On 5 December 2010 Jones performed at Clothes Show Live , an event which is held annually at the NEC in Birmingham . She performed `` Sweet Child o ' Mine '' . Also at this event Jones helped her modelling agency select Model in Scouting for the face of clothes show 2011 . Owing to her leap in the public eye Jones has been linked to many celebrities who include Leigh Halfpenny and Nick Jonas . Jones has now moved to London and is close friends with her Les Misérables , co-star Samantha Barks . She played Kelly in The Prodigals at the Edinburgh Fringe throughout August 2011 alongside Aaron Sidwell . Jones was one of eight celebrities chosen to participate in an intense week learning Welsh in an eco-friendly chic campsite in Pembrokeshire in the series cariad@iaith : love4language shown on S4C in May 2012 . She turned to TV presenting , fronting the Beach Break Live and Wakestock music festivals for MTV in July 2012 . In 2013 , Jones released a line of lingerie , ' Loved By Lucie ' , designed by Hannah Dulcie . She was also cast as ' Meat ' in the We Will Rock You World Tour . Jones also played the role of Victoria in the new musical American Psycho at London 's Almeida Theatre in December 2013 . Since 2010 , Jones has been working with Sony ATV to record songs for her debut album . It was due to be released in Summer 2012 , but it never occurred and no exact released date has yet to have been given . In February 2015 Jones appeared as Melody Carver in ITV 's Midsomer Murders , in the episode `` The Ballad of Midsomer County '' . In April 2015 , Jones played the role of ' Emma ' in the showcase performance of Like Me ( musical ) at The Waterloo East Theatre . In March 2015 , she was cast as Molly in an upcoming Chinese tour of Ghost the Musical , due to start in May 2015 . In 2016 Lucie was cast as Maureen Johnson in the UK tour of Rent . Jones represented the United Kingdom in the Eurovision Song Contest 2017 , with her song `` Never Give Up on You '' . She placed 15th out of 26 entries . ( show ) The X Factor performances and results Show Song choice Theme Result Audition `` I Will Always Love You '' - Whitney Houston N / A Through to bootcamp Bootcamp ( Part 1 ) `` Hero '' - Mariah Carey Through to the next day of bootcamp Bootcamp ( Part 2 ) `` Hurt '' - Christina Aguilera Through to judges ' houses Judges ' houses `` Anything for You '' - Gloria Estefan & Miami Sound Machine Through to live shows Live show 1 `` Footprints in the Sand '' - Leona Lewis Musical heroes Safe ( 4th ) Live show 2 `` How Will I Know '' - Whitney Houston Divas Safe ( 6th ) Live show 3 `` My Funny Valentine '' - Ella Fitzgerald Big band Safe ( 3rd ) Live show 4 `` Sweet Child o ' Mine '' - Guns N ' Roses Rock Safe ( 7th ) Live show 5 `` This Is Me '' - Demi Lovato & Joe Jonas Songs from films Bottom two ( 8th ) `` One Moment in Time '' - Whitney Houston Sing - Off Eliminated ( Eighth place ) Stacey Solomon ( edit ) Main article : Stacey Solomon Stacey Solomon ( born 4 October 1989 ) is a singer from Dagenham , Essex . She studies Theatre Arts and was a single mother to one - year - old Zach , who is now five , at the time of her audition . Stacey attended the Jewish faith school King Solomon High School in Barkingside in the London Borough of Redbridge . In week 1 , Stacey sang `` The Scientist '' and in Week 2 she sang At Last and received the most votes for this week . In Week 3 , Stacey performed `` When You Wish Upon a Star '' . She sang `` Somewhere Only We Know '' in Week 4 and `` Son of a Preacher Man '' in Week 5 . In Week 6 , after Lucie Jones 's elimination , she became the last female act in the competition . She sang `` Who Wants to Live Forever '' where she received the most votes again . She received positive comments from the panel , with Louis Walsh saying `` You look like a diva '' . Cheryl Cole said `` That was stunning and you totally sang your socks off '' , while Simon Cowell told her `` That was the performance of the night '' . Stacey went on to reach the last three , appearing in the penultimate show on 12 December , singing `` What a Wonderful World '' and `` Feeling Good '' in a duet with Michael Bublé and Who Wants to Live Forever , but when she received fewer votes than Joe McElderry and Olly Murs , she was eliminated , thus coming third overall in the competition . Stacey has since recorded the song At Last on an album by the Royal Air Force Squadronaires . The album , In The Mood : A Glenn Miller Celebration , was released on 31 May 2010 . Solomon performed at the boxing match between Dagenham boxer Kevin Mitchell and Michael Katsidis on 15 May at Upton Park . In October 2010 she won the Living TV show Party Wars . She won series 10 of ITV 's I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here . In December 2011 Stacey signed a record deal with Conehead Records , and began working on her debut album , which is due for release in 2012 . Her debut single was originally scheduled for release in February 2012 , but was delayed to a later date . The new release date has not yet been confirmed . Solomon is also the host of new TV series `` The Love Machine '' , alongside co-host , Radio 1 presenter Chris Moyles . The series premiered on 11 March 2012 . ( show ) The X Factor performances and results Show Song choice Theme Result Audition `` What a Wonderful World '' - Louis Armstrong N / A Through to bootcamp Bootcamp ( Part 1 ) Unknown Through to the next day of bootcamp Bootcamp ( Part 2 ) `` There You 'll Be '' - Faith Hill Through to judges ' houses Judges ' houses `` Over the Rainbow '' - Judy Garland Through to live shows Live show 1 `` The Scientist '' - Coldplay Musical heroes Safe ( 2nd ) Live show 2 `` At Last '' - Etta James Divas Safe ( 1st ) Live show 3 `` When You Wish upon a Star '' - Cliff Edwards Big band Safe ( 5th ) Live show 4 `` Somewhere Only We Know '' - Keane Rock Safe ( 5th ) Live show 5 `` Son of a Preacher Man '' - Dusty Springfield Songs from films Safe ( 5th ) Live show 6 `` Who Wants to Live Forever '' - Queen Queen Safe ( 1st ) Live show 7 `` I Ca n't Make You Love Me '' - George Michael Wham ! or George Michael Safe ( 2nd ) Live show 8 `` Rule the World '' - Take That Take That Safe ( 2nd ) `` Something About the Way You Look Tonight '' - Elton John Elton John Semi-final `` The Way You Make Me Feel '' - Michael Jackson Michael Jackson Safe ( 3rd ) `` Somewhere '' - Barbra Streisand Mentor 's choice Final ( Part 1 ) `` What a Wonderful World '' - Louis Armstrong Audition song Eliminated ( Third place ) `` Feeling Good '' - ( with Michael Bublé ) Celebrity duet `` Who Wants to Live Forever '' - Queen Song of the series ( chosen by mentor ) Over 25s ( edit ) Jamie `` Afro '' Archer ( edit ) Jamie Archer singing on 20 March 2010 at The O2 Arena on the X Factor tour James `` Jamie '' Archer ( also nicknamed `` Jamie Afro '' due to his hairstyle ) ( born 26 July 1975 ) is a musician from Putney , London , England . He was the oldest of the 12 finalists in this series . He has had considerable experience on the London gig circuit , and plays a number of instruments , mainly the guitar . He sang `` Sex on Fire '' in his first audition . In week 3 of the live shows , he had chosen to sing `` If I Can Dream '' , but his mentor Cowell strongly disagreed and suggested `` Angel of Harlem '' . Eventually Archer gave in although he only had 24 hours to rehearse the new song . Walsh accused Cowell of bending the rules , as the theme that week was big band . Walsh said : `` I 'm a bit confused because the theme is big band and you came out and sang a U2 song . I feel it 's cheating . I would n't get away with it and neither would the girls -- I do n't know why Simon does . '' During the judges ' comments after his performance on the fourth live show , Walsh called him `` a Lenny Kravitz impersonator '' . He was voted out in week 6 , having been in the bottom two with Lloyd Daniels , as the result went to deadlock . On 13 August 2011 Archer sang at the Npower Football League Championship match between Leicester City and Reading . He was an official celebrity supporter of the World Animal Protection ' campaign against intensive dairy farming , Not in My Cuppa . ( show ) The X Factor performances and results Show Song choice Theme Result Audition `` Sex on Fire '' - Kings of Leon N / A Through to bootcamp Bootcamp ( Part 1 ) `` One '' - U2 Through to the next day of bootcamp Bootcamp ( Part 2 ) `` With or Without You '' - U2 Through to judges ' houses Judges ' houses `` Stop Crying Your Heart Out '' - Oasis Through to live shows Live show 1 `` Get It On '' - T. Rex Musical heroes Safe ( 5th ) Live show 2 `` Hurt '' - Christina Aguilera Divas Safe ( 3rd ) Live show 3 `` Angel of Harlem '' - U2 Big band Safe ( 4th ) Live show 4 `` Rocks '' - Primal Scream Rock Safe ( 4th ) Live show 5 `` Crying '' - Roy Orbison Songs from films Safe ( 6th ) Live show 6 `` Radio Ga Ga '' - Queen Queen Bottom two ( 7th ) `` The Show Must Go On '' - Queen Sing - Off Eliminated ( Seventh place ) Danyl Johnson ( edit ) Danyl Johnson performing at Silverstone , July 2010 Danyl Aaron Johnson ( born 17 June 1982 ) is from Arborfield , near Reading , Berkshire , England . He works as a dance and drama teacher , having taught at three stage schools , including the Southcote - based renowned stage school Starmaker and School of the Arts ( SOTA ) in Windsor . He also revealed that he survived testicular cancer as a boy . He opened up about his experience while answering questions from fans at a secret X Factor gig held at The O2 Arena in London on 5 December . He said his brush with cancer had left him feeling passionate about encouraging men to get themselves checked out . Johnson was previously a member of two boy bands , Upfrunt , a duo with bandmate Steven Blackie , and StreetLevel , with band members Adam Harris , Dean Brindley and Steven Blackie . StreetLevel disbanded when Johnson left in 2006 to audition for The X Factor 's third series , but he failed to make it past the early stages and did not get to audition for the judges . Johnson is also member of the band Empty Spaces , but he was forced to put the project on hold because his bandmate Nick Burrage did not want to be involved in The X Factor . At the auditions in 2009 , Simon Cowell described his performance of `` With a Little Help From My Friends '' as `` the best first audition I have ever heard . '' Johnson came out as bisexual in August 2009 in the national press , fearing kiss - and - tell stories . Following his performance of `` And I Am Telling You I 'm Not Going '' in the first live show , Minogue said , `` If we 're to believe what we read in the papers , there was no need to change the gender reference '' ( referring to the song 's lyrics ) , causing outrage amongst viewers . Minogue later apologised for any offence caused . In week 2 , Johnson sang a yet unreleased and largely unknown composition , `` I Did n't Know My Own Strength '' , from Whitney Houston 's `` I Look to You '' album , for which Cowell stated on air during an interview that he got special permission from Houston . However , Johnson revealed later that he had infuriated Houston by choosing to sing her unreleased album track . He admitted : `` Whitney absolutely hated me and she was the worst guest . '' In week 3 , Johnson sang `` Feeling Good '' , receiving glowing comments from the show 's judges , including one from Walsh that he was `` unstoppable '' . However , after the public vote , he found himself in the bottom two with Miss Frank . After the judging vote went to deadlock , he was saved by the public vote . In week 4 , Johnson sang `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' , however many of the judges felt he had lost his `` mojo '' having been in the bottom two the previous week . In week 5 , Johnson came on stage with a new look while singing `` Purple Rain '' . He received praise from the judges who approved of his new demeanour . In the following 4 weeks Danyl remained on the show , his performances received multiple praise and criticism from the judge panel until his departure in week 9 . Johnson left The X Factor in the semi-finals on 6 December 2009 , receiving the fewest votes of the remaining finalists and thus finishing fourth . His mentor said : `` I said to him before we went on stage , there is nothing I would have changed , nothing more he could have done . '' The official Danyl Johnson website also featured an original song from his Enchanced CD , an original composition entitled Beautiful Life . Johnson has stressed that he wishes to record a `` really good album '' . On 31 August 2010 he revealed he is going to go to New York at some point to record an album , which he plans to release fall 2011 , having worked with artists such as Marc Broussard . On 8 April 2011 he appeared on an episode of Benidorm performing in a bar . Johnson was one of six entries shortlisted for the UK 's entry to the Eurovision Song Contest 2017 , with his song `` Light Up the World '' ; fellow X Factor finalist Lucie Jones was ultimately selected . ( show ) The X Factor performances and results Show Song choice Theme Result Audition `` With a Little Help from My Friends '' - The Beatles N / A Through to bootcamp Bootcamp ( Part 1 ) Unknown Through to the next day of bootcamp Bootcamp ( Part 2 ) `` Holding Back the Years '' - Simply Red Through to judges ' houses Judges ' houses `` Fallin ' '' - Alicia Keys Through to live shows Live show 1 `` And I Am Telling You I 'm Not Going '' - Jennifer Hudson Musical heroes Safe ( 1st ) Live show 2 `` I Did n't Know My Own Strength '' - Whitney Houston Divas Safe ( 7th ) Live show 3 `` Feeling Good '' - Michael Bublé Big band Bottom two ( 9th ) `` With a Little Help from My Friends '' - The Beatles Sing - Off Safe ( Deadlock ) Live show 4 `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' - Aerosmith Rock Safe ( 1st ) Live show 5 `` Purple Rain '' - Prince & The Revolution Songs from films Safe ( 1st ) Live show 6 `` We Are the Champions '' - Queen Queen Safe ( 3rd ) Live show 7 `` Careless Whisper '' - George Michael Wham ! or George Michael Safe ( 3rd ) Live show 8 `` Relight My Fire '' - Take That Take That Safe ( 4th ) `` Your Song '' - Elton John Elton John Semi-final `` Man in the Mirror '' - Michael Jackson Michael Jackson Eliminated ( Fourth place ) `` I Have Nothing '' - Whitney Houston Mentor 's choice Olly Murs ( edit ) Olly Murs singing on 20 March 2010 at The O2 Arena on the X Factor tour Main article : Olly Murs Oliver `` Olly '' Stanley Murs ( born 14 May 1984 ) is from Witham , Essex , England . He was born to Vicky - Lynn and Peter Murs , who is of Latvian descent . Murs has two siblings , sister Fay and twin brother Ben . He attended Notley High School where he was a star striker in the school 's football team . He also played semi-professionally for Witham Town . He is a supporter of Manchester United . He works as an energy advisor in a call centre . He previously appeared on the TV show Deal or No Deal , where in his game he won £ 10 after inadvertently swapping his box which contained £ 1,000 . He performed `` Superstition '' in his first audition and Simon Cowell said it was `` the easiest yes I have ever given '' . On the first live show he sang `` She 's the One '' and on the second , `` A Fool in Love '' , a performance which Cowell described as being `` in a different league . '' For week three he took on `` Bewitched '' . Walsh commented that he was the `` dark horse of the competition , '' and Cole said he was `` coming into his own each week . '' He frequently employed dance moves in his performance including his trademark `` Olly wiggle . '' In week 4 he sang `` Come Together '' and again received positive comments , with Walsh predicting , `` I think you 're in the final three , '' and Cowell saying he was `` progressing better than just about everybody . '' In week 5 he performed `` Twist and Shout '' and in week 6 `` Do n't Stop Me Now '' , after which he was labelled by Minogue as , `` absolutely the best performer we have on the show by far . '' After a performance of `` Fastlove '' , he was in the bottom two in week 7 , with John & Edward . Cowell and Cole decided to send John & Edward home , but Walsh voted against Murs . Minogue then voted against sending the judges ' vote to deadlock and sent home John & Edward . However , voting statistics revealed that John & Edward had received more votes than Murs , meaning if Minogue sent the result to deadlock , John & Edward would 've been sent through to the quarter - final and Murs would have been eliminated . In the semi-finals Murs had to miss the wedding of his brother . The ceremony took place just 16 miles from the show 's studio , but Cowell , his mentor , was against letting him off for a few hours on this crucial semi-final day . He sang `` Can You Feel It '' and `` We Can Work It Out '' in the semi-final and ended up as one of the three finalists , breaking down in tears upon hearing the result . In the final on 12 December , he repeated his audition song , `` Superstition '' , following which Cowell said putting him in the final 12 was `` the best risk I have ever taken in my life '' . Murs then sang with Robbie Williams on a duet of `` Angels '' . Williams fluffed his lines as he walked on stage to join Murs and came in at the wrong time , singing the second line of the song , but was helped by Murs to find the right spot . There was then a repeat performance of his week 2 song `` Fool in Love '' . Murs qualified for the final two and first sang a repeat performance of `` Twist and Shout '' , following which Louis Walsh commented , `` You 're a born , born showman and no matter what happens tonight you 're going to have a great career in music . '' In his final performance on the show he performed the winner 's song , `` The Climb '' , finishing it in tears . He was told by Cole , `` You absolutely tore it from your soul . I 've never heard you sing like that . I thought it was a beautiful version of the song . '' He lost the final to Joe McElderry the next day and finished as the runner - up . On 15 December , two days after the final , it was reported that Simon was going to offer Murs a record deal in early 2010 . Following his defeat , Murs was reportedly texted by duet partner Robbie Williams and invited to visit him in his Los Angeles mansion and participate in the upcoming Soccer Aid , organised by Williams . Olly performed in the X Factor tour , alongside Joe McElderry , John & Edward , Stacey Solomon , Lucie Jones and several other finalists . It was later revealed on The Xtra Factor that Murs was predicted by all the judges and presenters ( except Minogue who said Nicole Jackson and Cole who said Miss Frank as a second choice ) as the favourite to win the series at the Boot Camp stage . As with all other finalists save the winner , Murs began gigging around the country following the end of the show . A fight broke out at one New Year 's Eve gig in London prompted by enthusiastic fans . He was also booked to appear at the engagement party of model Danielle Lloyd . Footage of Murs appearing on Deal or No Deal was later featured in an edition of the BBC 's Almost Famous on 2 January 2010 . Murs was signed to a joint deal between Epic Records and Syco Music in February 2010 . His debut album , Olly Murs was released on 29 November 2010 with the single , `` Please Do n't Let Me Go '' , out on 29 August 2010 which debuted at No1 . ( show ) The X Factor performances and results Show Song choice Theme Result Audition `` Superstition '' - Stevie Wonder N / A Through to bootcamp Bootcamp ( Part 1 ) `` One '' - U2 Through to the next day of bootcamp Bootcamp ( Part 2 ) `` Your Song '' - Elton John Through to judges ' houses Judges ' houses `` A Song for You '' - Donny Hathaway Through to live shows Live show 1 `` She 's the One '' - Robbie Williams Musical heroes Safe ( 7th ) Live show 2 `` A Fool in Love '' - Ike & Tina Turner Divas Safe ( 5th ) Live show 3 `` Bewitched '' - Peggy Lee Big band Safe ( 7th ) Live show 4 `` Come Together '' - The Beatles Rock Safe ( 2nd ) Live show 5 `` Twist and Shout '' - The Isley Brothers Songs from films Safe ( 3rd ) Live show 6 `` Do n't Stop Me Now '' - Queen Queen Safe ( 5th ) Live show 7 `` Fastlove '' - George Michael Wham ! or George Michael Bottom two ( 6th ) `` Wonderful Tonight '' - Eric Clapton Sing - Off Safe ( Majority vote ) Live show 8 `` Love Ai n't Here Anymore '' - Take That Take That Safe ( 3rd ) `` Saturday Night 's Alright for Fighting '' - Elton John Elton John Semi-final `` Can You Feel It '' - The Jackson 5 Michael Jackson Safe ( 2nd ) `` We Can Work It Out '' - The Beatles Mentor 's choice Final ( Part 1 ) `` Superstition '' - Stevie Wonder Audition song Safe ( 2nd ) `` Angels '' - ( with Robbie Williams ) Celebrity duet `` A Fool in Love '' - Ike & Tina Turner Song of the series ( chosen by mentor ) Final ( Part 2 ) `` Twist and Shout '' - The Isley Brothers Song of the series ( chosen by contestant ) Runner - up `` The Climb '' Winners single Groups ( edit ) John & Edward ( edit ) Main article : Jedward Jedward performing on 20 March 2010 at The O2 Arena on the X Factor tour John & Edward , now known as Jedward , are identical twin brothers John and Edward Grimes ( born 16 October 1991 ) , from Dublin , Republic of Ireland . They both attended the Dublin Institute of Education and are known for their distinctive blonde quiffs . The twins started singing at the age of five . There was controversy surrounding the two of them when they sang over the other people in their section during the bootcamp auditions . Cowell said that they had put the people in their group at a disadvantage , but the other contestants were eliminated after Louis Walsh championed the twins . On the first live show , John & Edward performed Robbie Williams ' hit `` Rock DJ '' . Cowell said afterwards , `` It was a musical nightmare . '' and that `` The truth is ... is that Louis has put you through because you 're Irish . '' In week 3 , after singing Ricky Martin 's `` She Bangs '' , the studio audience heckled the twins , but Walsh confronted the audience by saying : `` Boo all you bloody want . I do n't like bullying . '' John & Edward were in the bottom two with Lucie Jones in week 5 , but were saved after the judges ' vote went to deadlock . In week 6 , John & Edward sang a mashup of `` Under Pressure '' and `` Ice Ice Baby '' . During the song , Scottish DJ Calvin Harris invaded the stage with a pineapple on his head to poke fun at their quiffs and was thrown out of the studio . Harris later apologised for his behaviour , posting on his Twitter page : `` At the end of the day , I had a pineapple on my head . Sorry if I caused anyone embarrassment . P.S. I love Jedward . '' The twins were praised by Walsh , who said that it was their best performance of the competition . He also praised them for ignoring Harris 's stage invasion . John & Edward 's performance also won over harshest critic Cowell , who said : `` I ca n't judge you in the real world any more . I have to judge you in Jedwardland , wherever that planet exists ; and so if I kind of take myself there , I would say that was your best performance . And I have to say this : There 's no point in me getting angry or serious about this , if people like you , they like you . I have to tell this as well guys . You 've conducted yourself very well in this competition . You just get on with it '' . John & Edward were eliminated from the competition in week 7 by the judges after being in the bottom two with Olly Murs . However voting statistics showed that John & Edward had received more votes than Murs , meaning if Minogue sent the result to deadlock , John & Edward would 've been sent through to the quarter - final and Murs would 've been eliminated . Since , The X Factor , Jedward have released three albums , Planet Jedward , Victory and Young Love , all of which went double platinum in Ireland . They have released ten singles , including `` Under Pressure ( Ice Ice Baby ) '' ( a mash - up of `` Under Pressure '' by Queen and Vanilla Ice 's track `` Ice Ice Baby '' ) and `` Lipstick '' , the song with which they represented Ireland at the Eurovision Song Contest 2011 . They finished in eight place overall . Jedward also represented Ireland at the Eurovision Song Contest 2012 with their song `` Waterline '' and finished in 19th place . Jedward have also become known for their television work , including hosting children 's series Jedward 's Big Adventure and OMG ! Jedward 's Dream Factory , and for participating in Celebrity Big Brother 8 , where they finished in third place . ( show ) The X Factor performances and results Show Song choice Theme Result Audition `` As Long as You Love Me '' - Backstreet Boys N / A Through to bootcamp Bootcamp ( Part 1 ) `` Apologize '' - OneRepublic Through to the next day of bootcamp Bootcamp ( Part 2 ) Unknown Through to judges ' houses Judges ' houses `` I Want It That Way '' - Backstreet Boys Through to live shows Live show 1 `` Rock DJ '' - Robbie Williams Musical heroes Safe ( 8th ) Live show 2 `` Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' - Britney Spears Divas Safe ( 8th ) Live show 3 `` She Bangs '' - Ricky Martin Big band Safe ( 6th ) Live show 4 `` We Will Rock You '' - Queen Rock Safe ( 6th ) Live show 5 `` Ghostbusters '' - Ray Parker Jr . Songs from films Bottom two ( 7th ) `` Rock DJ '' - Robbie Williams Sing - Off Safe ( Deadlock ) Live show 6 `` Under Pressure '' / `` Ice Ice Baby '' - Queen / Vanilla Ice Queen Safe ( 4th ) Live show 7 `` I 'm Your Man '' / `` Wham Rap ! '' - Wham ! Wham ! or George Michael Bottom two ( 5th ) `` Last Request '' - Paolo Nutini Sing - Off Eliminated ( Sixth place ) Kandy Rain ( edit ) Kandy Rain are a four piece girl group comprising Azi Jegbefume ( born 19 April 1984 ) , Vicky `` Coco '' Lloyd ( born 11 February 1987 ) , Khatereh Dovani ( Born 24 April 1984 ) and Chemmane Applewhaite ( Born 26 January 1984 ) . Prior to joining the band , Azi was a member of Trinity Stone , a girl group which included future Sugababe Jade Ewen . They were criticised by judges Cole and Minogue for dressing provocatively during the live shows , despite claiming that they intended to move away from their past as strippers , although Cole later apologised . Kandy Rain were eliminated in Week 1 of the competition after the results went to deadlock and the girls received the fewest votes . They lost to Rachel Adedeji . The band told BBC Radio 1 's Newsbeat that they had vowed to stay together despite their early exit , and in 2010 , they appeared on episode 9 of series 3 of Snog Marry Avoid ? . Kandy Rain have recorded their debut single , titled `` Radio '' , which was due for release in the Summer , 2010 . The music video for the song premiered on 14 February 2010 , but the single was never released . However , they are said to have recorded a new single , titled `` Your Love Is Like a Sugar Rush '' , which was due for release in 2012 , but later cancelled . It was later reported that Azi had left the group , and has recorded a new solo single titled `` DJ on Stage '' , which was to be released on 21 April 2012 . ( show ) The X Factor performances and results Show Song choice Theme Result Audition `` Do n't Cha '' - The Pussycat Dolls feat . Busta Rhymes N / A Through to bootcamp Bootcamp ( Part 1 ) `` Apologize '' - OneRepublic Through to next day of bootcamp Bootcamp ( Part 2 ) `` Stop Crying Your Heart Out '' - Oasis Through to judges ' houses Judges ' houses `` Paparazzi '' - Lady Gaga Through to live shows Live show 1 `` Addicted to Love '' - Tina Turner Musical heroes Bottom two ( 12th ) `` Fighter '' - Christina Aguilera Musical heroes Eliminated ( Twelfth place ) Miss Frank ( edit ) Miss Frank are a three - piece girl group consisting of rapper Graziella Affinita ( born 13 February 1984 ) and singers Shar Alexandra ( born 14 April 1984 ) , and Shaniece Davis ( born 28 November 1987 ) . They formed at bootcamp when the judges offered them the chance to enter the competition as a group after being rejected as solo artists . The first song Miss Frank performed together was `` That 's Life '' , which they later sang again in week 3 . The group were put in the bottom two alongside Danyl Johnson . The judging vote deadlocked and it was revealed Miss Frank had the lower public vote and they were eliminated . After hearing the decision , Miss Frank promised to stay together , with their mentor Walsh encouraging them to do so , saying : `` I hope they stay together as a group . They 've got a lot more to give and they 're great girls . I love them . '' On GMTV , the girls announced that they were working in the Sony BMG studio with different people including artist Remi Nicole , trying to ' find their sound ' . The trio have been spending a lot of time penning their own songs in the studio and recently uploaded one of their original tracks , a midtempo number entitled ' Caught Up ' on YouTube . On 27 July 2010 , it was revealed that Shaniece had left the band , replaced by one of the 2008 bootcamp contestants Cherelle . Due to this sudden activity , the three tried to come up with a new band name , asking visitors to the HeatWorld website to help them . However , Cherelle has since left the band , leaving original members Graziella and Shar to form new duo `` Scarlet Lowe '' . ( show ) The X Factor performances and results Show Song choice Theme Result Audition N / A N / A N / A Bootcamp ( Part 1 ) `` That 's Life '' - Marion Montgomery ( Performed as solo artists in group task ) Eliminated as solo artists , re-instated as a girl group for next day of bootcamp Bootcamp ( Part 2 ) `` Wishing on a Star '' - Rose Royce Through to judges ' houses Judges ' houses `` R.E.S.P.E.C.T '' - Aretha Franklin Through to live shows Live show 1 `` Who 's Lovin ' You '' - The Jackson 5 Musical heroes Safe ( 9th ) Live show 2 `` All the Man That I Need '' - Whitney Houston Divas Safe ( 9th ) Live show 3 `` That 's Life '' - Marion Montgomery Big band Bottom two ( 10th ) `` Love Do n't Live Here Anymore '' - Rose Royce Sing - Off Eliminated ( Tenth place ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Daly , Susan ( 8 August 2009 ) . `` The boo hoo factor '' . Irish Independent . Retrieved 9 August 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Fletcher , Alex ( 1 October 2009 ) . `` Feature : ' X Factor ' Final 24 -- Over-25s '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 4 October 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Fletcher , Alex ( 3 October 2009 ) . `` Feature : ' X Factor ' Final 24 -- The Girls '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 4 October 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Fletcher , Alex ( 30 September 2009 ) . `` Feature : ' X Factor ' Final 24 -- The Groups '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 4 October 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Fletcher , Alex ( 2 October 2009 ) . `` Feature : ' X Factor ' Final 24 -- The Boys '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 4 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Williams , Kathryn ( 8 December 2009 ) . `` Fans flock to see X Factor 's Lloyd perform return gig in Cardiff '' . walesonline.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` You can never have enough hot X Factor contestants -- Blogs '' . GayTimes. 30 June 2011 . Archived from the original on 28 March 2012 . Retrieved 7 November 2012 . Jump up ^ G * Mania Archived 8 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` The X Factor : Joseph McElderry '' . Samtsai.com. 23 August 2009 . Archived from the original on 8 October 2009 . Retrieved 12 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Strug , Leah ( 8 October 2009 ) . `` Support for X Factor Joe is top class '' . The Shields Gazette . Retrieved 26 October 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Ann Gripper ( 8 October 2009 ) . `` All you need to know about Joe McElderry '' . Daily Mirror . Retrieved 24 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Katy Simpson ( 22 August 2009 ) . `` Tyneside teen Joe McElderry set to wow X-Factor '' . JournalLive . Retrieved 24 October 2009 . Jump up ^ X Factor Crew ( 21 November 2009 ) . `` Who 'll keep your faith ? '' . X Factor . Retrieved 29 November 2009 . Jump up ^ X Factor Crew ( 28 November 2009 ) . `` The Elton John Collection '' . X Factor . Retrieved 29 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Alexandra Burke backs Rachel to win The X Factor '' . STV. 4 October 2009 . Retrieved 6 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Stewart , Mike ( 7 October 2009 ) . `` Rachel Adedeji -- X Factor 2009 '' . Telly Zone . Retrieved 17 October 2009 . Jump up ^ SERIES 6 VOTE PERCENTAGES ITV -- X Factor Jump up ^ `` Rachel Adedeji premieres video for Follow The DJ '' . We Are Pop Slags. 18 December 2010 . Archived from the original on 20 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` X Factor 's Lucie Jones to star in Les Miserables '' . Wales Online . 20 May 2010 . Retrieved 20 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` X Factor reject Lucie Jones lands Wonderbra deal '' . metro.co.uk. 15 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Lucie Jones '' . Retrieved 6 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Woodrow , Emily ( 22 March 2010 ) . `` X Factor star Lucie reveals she 's seeing Cardiff Blues player Leigh Halfpenny '' . walesonline.co.uk . Jump up ^ Nick Jonas and Lucie Jones : Thorpe Park Pair Celebrity-gossip.net Archived 12 July 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Elms , Emma ; Geraghty , Clare ( 27 November 2010 ) . `` Jo Wood and 4 more celebrities on the best friends who keep them grounded -- Mail Online '' . Daily Mail . London . Jump up ^ `` American Psycho Cast '' . almeida.co.uk . Almeida Theatre . Retrieved 7 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Doctor Who 's Matt Smith set to regenerate ... as American Psycho '' . theguardian.com . The Guardian . 7 October 2013 . Retrieved 7 October 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.broadwayworld.com/westend/article/Lucie-Jones-Georgina-Hagen-to-Showcase-New-Social-Media-Musical-LIKE-ME-at-Waterloo-East-Next-Month-20150410 Broadway World retrieved 12 / 04 / 15 Jump up ^ McIntosh , Steven ; Savege , Mark ( 23 January 2017 ) . `` Eurovision 2017 : Which former X Factor contestant will represent the UK ? '' . BBC News . BBC . Retrieved 23 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Stacey Solomon BBC Music . Retrieved 8 December 2009 Jump up ^ Exclusive interview : X Factor 's Stacey Solomon The Jewish Chronicle , 29 October 2009 Jump up ^ `` LIVING commissions a war on parties ... '' Living TV . 18 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Jody Thompson ( 22 October 2010 ) . `` Oh my god ! Last year 's X Factor favourite Stacey Solomon heading for this year 's I 'm A Celebrity Get Me Out of Here '' . Daily Mail . London . Retrieved 22 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jamie `` Afro '' Archer Official `` . London . 16 January 2011 . Retrieved 3 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Harrison , David ( 24 October 2009 ) . `` Simon Cowell in backstage row with X Factor singer Jamie Archer '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 26 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Walsh accuses Cowell of cheating '' . IrelandOnline. 25 October 2009 . Retrieved 26 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Louis Walsh 's comments on Jamie Archer in X Factor 2009 Live Show 4 on YouTube Jump up ^ Dairy farming # Milking parlors Jump up ^ `` Putney 's Jamie ' Afro ' backs nationwide milk campaign '' . London : Wandsworth Guardian . 4 March 2011 . Retrieved 9 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Lucy Ballinger ( 24 August 2009 ) . `` Family heartache behind X Factor Danyl Johnson who gave best ever first audition '' . Daily Mail . London . Retrieved 22 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` X Factor profile : Who is the real Danyl Johnson ? '' . Metro. 26 August 2009 . Retrieved 12 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` X Factor : Danyl Johnson reveals his secret battle with cancer '' . dailymail.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Danyl Johnson 's X Factor Audition a YouTube video hit '' . Ready2Beat . Retrieved 12 October 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Robertson , Colin ( 21 August 2009 ) . `` Boob camp '' . The Sun . London . Retrieved 12 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Hind , Katie ; Baker , Marc ( 23 August 2009 ) . `` X Factor 's Danyl Johnson failed auditions three years ago '' . The People . Retrieved 12 October 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Lizzie ( 10 October 2009 ) . `` X Factor : Dannii Minogue 's bisexual jibe nearly costs her job , while Simon Cowell 's stripper insult angers Cheryl Cole '' . Daily Mail . London . Retrieved 10 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Wiley , Jennifer ( 23 August 2009 ) . `` X Factor hunk Danyl Johnson 's sex - secret confession '' . News of the World . Retrieved 10 October 2009 . Jump up ^ STV : Danyl Johnson Upset Whitney '' Jump up ^ `` X Factor : Three 's a crowd as Olly Murs and Stacey Solomon share a car to rehearsals ... and Joe 's the odd one out '' . dailymail.co.uk . Jump up ^ Olly 's diary -- Week 10 -- Part 1 ITV -- X Factor , 9 December 2009 Jump up ^ Olly Murs does Talk Talk ( AOL ) Facebook Jump up ^ McGrath , Kate ( 17 October 2009 ) . `` X Factor 's Olly : ' I wo n't win , but I 'm enjoying every second ' '' . Evening Star . Retrieved 19 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Olly always had the X Factor at school ... '' Daily Gazette. 9 October 2009 . Retrieved 19 October 2009 . ^ Jump up to : BFF ALERT : Robbie Williams Bombards Olly Murs With Texts ... Archived 20 December 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Mr Paparazzi , 17 December 2009 Jump up ^ Olly Murs -- All finalists ITV -- The X Factor Jump up ^ ' X Factor ' Week Four : What The Judges Said Digital Spy , 31 October 2009 Jump up ^ ' X Factor ' Week Six : What the judges said Digital Spy , 14 November 2009 Jump up ^ `` UK news : breaking stories , comment , analysis & debate - Mirror Online '' . www.mirror.co.uk . Jump up ^ X Factor : Three 's a crowd as Olly Murs and Stacey Solomon share a car to rehearsals ... and Joe 's the odd one out Daily Mail , 8 December 2009 Jump up ^ Robbie Williams fluffs lines to Angels as he walks on stage to duet with Olly Murs in X Factor news.com.au , 14 December 2009 Jump up ^ Joe McElderry wins The X Factor with 61 % of the vote Daily Mail , 14 December 2009 Jump up ^ ' X Factor ' Final : What the judges said Digital Spy , 13 December 2009 Jump up ^ `` Joe McElderry wins X Factor crown '' . BBC News . 13 December 2009 . Retrieved 14 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Cowell in disc deal with Olly The Sun , 15 December 2009 Jump up ^ Judges , hosts predicted Olly Murs win Digital Spy , 14 December 2009 Jump up ^ Xtra Final : Guess Who ? ITV -- X Factor 18 December 2009 Jump up ^ Olly Murs mania as the hordes turn out to see X Factor runner - up Daily Mail , 29 December 2009 Jump up ^ Brawl at Olly Murs gig The Sun , 2 January 2010 Jump up ^ Stacey Solomon lives it up in Essex ... as Olly Murs lands a gig singing at Danielle Lloyd 's engagement party Daily Mail , 10 January 2010 Jump up ^ BBC Three Programmes -- Almost Famous BBC Jump up ^ `` Olly Murs signs to Cowell 's label '' . BBC News . 23 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Video on YouTube Jump up ^ The terrible twins : Everything you never knew you wanted to know about Jedward Daily Mail , 20 November 2009 Jump up ^ `` The Institute of Education - 49 Years of Academic Excellence '' . Institute of Education . Jump up ^ Gripper , Ann ( 8 October 2009 ) . `` X Factor Top 10 : All you need to know about the Grimes twins John and Edward '' . Daily Mirror . Retrieved 8 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Unrealityshout -- X Factor : John and Edward Grimes Sing ' Rock DJ ' Archived 11 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Unrealityshout Jump up ^ Robertson , Colin ( 26 October 2009 ) . `` The Sun Showbiz , TV , X Factor '' . The Sun . London . Retrieved 9 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Judges comments on John @ Edward 's performance in Queen night on YouTube Jump up ^ `` ' X Factor ' releases weekly vote results '' . Digital Spy. 13 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Certification Awards '' . The Irish Charts . Retrieved 5 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Certification Awards '' . The Irish Charts . Retrieved 5 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jedward finish third in Celebrity Big Brother '' . 8 September 2011 . Retrieved 8 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Jody ( 8 October 2009 ) . `` X Factor Top 10 : All you need to know about Kandy Rain '' . Daily Mirror . Retrieved 8 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` X Factor : one in four acts ' former contestants or pop stars ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . 28 September 2009 . Retrieved 28 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` UK 's not scared of the Brussels bunny boilers who reacted to May 's Brexit plans '' . thesun.co.uk. 22 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cheryl Cole and Kandy Rain kiss and make up as sexy girl band become first X Factor casualty '' . dailymail.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Kandy Rain first out of X Factor '' . BBC News . 12 October 2009 . Retrieved 17 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Episode 9 , Series 3 , Snog Marry Avoid ? - BBC Three '' . BBC . Jump up ^ `` Miss Frank ( F.R.A.N.K ) form at bootcamp '' . Unreality TV . 25 September 2009 . Archived from the original on 1 October 2009 . Retrieved 4 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Wightman , Catriona ( 25 October 2009 ) . `` Miss Frank voted off ' The X Factor ' '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 25 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Give Miss Frank a name ! heatworld.com Archived 30 July 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 27 August 2011 . Retrieved 18 March 2011 . External links ( edit ) The X Factor at itv.com The X Factor ( UK ) Discography Controversy and criticism Series Main 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Celebrity Battle of the Stars Finalists Series 1 Steve Brookstein G4 Tabby Callaghan Rowetta Satchell Roberta Howett Series 2 Shayne Ward Andy Abraham Journey South Brenda Edwards Chico Slimani The Conway Sisters Maria Lawson Series 3 Leona Lewis Ray Quinn Ben Mills The MacDonald Brothers Kerry McGregor Series 4 Leon Jackson Rhydian Roberts Same Difference Niki Evans Hope Matthew Protheroe Daniel de Bourg Series 5 Alexandra Burke JLS Eoghan Quigg Diana Vickers Ruth Lorenzo Laura White Series 6 Joe McElderry Olly Murs Stacey Solomon Jedward Lucie Jones Series 7 Matt Cardle Rebecca Ferguson One Direction Cher Lloyd Mary Byrne Katie Waissel Aiden Grimshaw Belle Amie John Adeleye Series 8 Little Mix Marcus Collins Amelia Lily Misha B Janet Devlin Kitty Brucknell Frankie Cocozza Series 9 James Arthur Jahméne Douglas Christopher Maloney Union J Rylan Clark Ella Henderson Lucy Spraggan Carolynne Poole Series 10 Sam Bailey Nicholas McDonald Luke Friend Rough Copy Kingsland Road Series 11 Ben Haenow Fleur East Andrea Faustini Lauren Platt Stereo Kicks Stevi Ritchie Only the Young Jake Quickenden Chloe Jasmine Blonde Electra Series 12 Louisa Johnson Reggie ' n ' Bollie 4th Impact Series 13 Matt Terry Saara Aalto 5 After Midnight Ryan Lawrie Series 14 Rak - Su Alisah Bonaobra Spencer Sutherland Singles Winners singles `` Against All Odds '' `` That 's My Goal '' `` A Moment Like This '' `` When You Believe '' `` Hallelujah '' `` The Climb '' `` When We Collide '' `` Cannonball '' `` Impossible '' `` Skyscraper '' `` Something I Need '' `` Forever Young '' `` When Christmas Comes Around '' `` Dimelo '' Charity singles `` Hero '' `` You Are Not Alone '' `` Heroes '' `` Wishing on a Star '' Related articles The X Factor franchise I Ca n't Sing ! The X Factor Musical X Factor Around the World Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_The_X_Factor_finalists_(UK_series_6)&oldid=841762233 '' Categories : The X Factor ( UK TV series ) contestants Lists of reality show participants Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links BLP articles lacking sources from January 2017 All BLP articles lacking sources EngvarB from July 2013 Use dmy dates from July 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Gaeilge Magyar Edit links This page was last edited on 17 May 2018 , at 22 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who won xfactor the year olly murs was in it | [
"The sixth UK series of The X Factor was broadcast on ITV. It began airing on 22 August 2009[1] and finished with a grand finale on 13 December 2009. Each category was mentored by one of the show's four judges: Simon Cowell, Dannii Minogue, Louis Walsh and Cheryl Cole. Cowell mentored the Over 25s,[2] Minogue was looking after the Girls,[3] Walsh had the Groups[4] and Cole mentored the Boys.[5] In the final, Joe McElderry was declared the winner, Olly Murs was the runner-up and Stacey Solomon finished in third place."
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"Joe McElderry"
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-5162372214913453852 | Polder | Polder - wikipedia Polder Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Polder ( disambiguation ) . Satellite image of Noordoostpolder , Netherlands ( 595.41 km2 ) A polder ( Dutch pronunciation : ( ˈpɔldər ) ( listen ) ) is a low - lying tract of land enclosed by dikes that forms an artificial hydrological entity , meaning it has no connection with outside water other than through manually operated devices . There are three types of polder : Land reclaimed from a body of water , such as a lake or the sea bed Flood plains separated from the sea or river by a dike Marshes separated from the surrounding water by a dike and subsequently drained ; these are also known as koogs especially in Germany The ground level in drained marshes subsides over time . All polders will eventually be below the surrounding water level some or all of the time . Water enters the low - lying polder through infiltration and water pressure of ground water , or rainfall , or transport of water by rivers and canals . This usually means that the polder has an excess of water , which is pumped out or drained by opening sluices at low tide . Care must be taken not to set the internal water level too low . Polder land made up of peat ( former marshland ) will sink in relation to its previous level , because of peat decomposing when exposed to oxygen from the air . Polders are at risk from flooding at all times , and care must be taken to protect the surrounding dikes . Dikes are typically built with locally available materials , and each material has its own risks : sand is prone to collapse owing to saturation by water ; dry peat is lighter than water and potentially unable to retain water in very dry seasons . Some animals dig tunnels in the barrier , allowing water to infiltrate the structure ; the muskrat is known for this activity and hunted in certain European countries because of it . Polders are most commonly , though not exclusively , found in river deltas , former fenlands and coastal areas . Flooding of polders has also been used as a military tactic in the past . One example is the flooding of the polders along the Yser river during World War I. Opening the sluices at high tide and closing them at low tide turned the polders into an inaccessible swamp , which allowed the Allied armies to stop the German army . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Polders and the Netherlands 3 Examples of polders 3.1 Bangladesh 3.2 Belgium 3.3 Canada 3.4 Finland 3.5 France 3.6 Germany 3.7 Guyana 3.8 India 3.9 Ireland 3.10 Italy 3.11 Japan 3.12 Lithuania 3.13 Netherlands 3.14 Poland 3.15 Slovenia 3.16 South Korea 3.17 United Kingdom 3.18 United States 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Etymology ( edit ) From Dutch polder ( `` polder '' ) , from Middle Dutch polre , from Old Dutch polra , ultimately from pol - `` part of land , elevated above its surroundings '' ; with augmentative suffix - er and epenthetical - d - . Polders and the Netherlands ( edit ) Pumping station in Zoetermeer , Netherlands . The polder lies lower than the surrounding water on the other side of the dike . The Archimedes ' screws are clearly visible . The Netherlands is frequently associated with polders , as its engineers became noted for developing techniques to drain wetlands and make them usable for agriculture and other development . This is illustrated by the English saying : `` God created the world , but the Dutch created the Netherlands '' . The Dutch have a long history of reclamation of marshes and fenland , resulting in some 3,000 polders nationwide . By 1961 6,800 square miles ( 18,000 km ) , about half of the country 's land , was reclaimed from the sea . About half the total surface area of polders in north - west Europe is in the Netherlands . The first embankments in Europe were constructed in Roman times . The first polders were constructed in the 11th century . As a result of flooding disasters , water boards called waterschap ( when situated more inland ) or hoogheemraadschap ( near the sea , mainly used in the Holland region ) were set up to maintain the integrity of the water defences around polders , maintain the waterways inside a polder , and control the various water levels inside and outside the polder . Water boards hold separate elections , levy taxes , and function independently from other government bodies . Their function is basically unchanged even today . As such they are the oldest democratic institution in the country . The necessary cooperation among all ranks to maintain polder integrity gave its name to the Dutch version of third way politics -- the Polder Model . The 1953 flood disaster prompted a new approach to the design of dikes and other water - retaining structures , based on an acceptable probability of overflowing . Risk is defined as the product of probability and consequences . The potential damage in lives , property and rebuilding costs is compared to the potential cost of water defences . From these calculations follows an acceptable flood risk from the sea at one in 4,000 -- 10,000 years , while it is one in 100 -- 2,500 years for a river flood . The particular established policy guides the Dutch government to improve flood defences as new data on threat levels becomes available . Some famous Dutch polders and the year they were laid dry are : Beemster ( 1609 - 1612 ) Schermer ( 1633 - 1635 ) Haarlemmermeerpolder ( 1852 ) As part of the Zuiderzee Works : Wieringermeerpolder ( 1930 ) Noordoostpolder ( 1942 ) Flevopolder ( 1956 - 1966 ) Examples of polders ( edit ) Bangladesh ( edit ) Bangladesh has 123 polders , of which 49 are sea - facing . These were constructed in the 1960s to protect the coast from tidal flooding and reduce salinity incursion . They reduce long - term flooding and waterlogging following storm surges from tropical cyclones . They are also cultivated for agriculture . Belgium ( edit ) De Moeren , near Veurne in West Flanders Polders along the Yser rive between Nieuwpoort and Diksmuide Polders of Muisbroek and Ettenhoven , in Ekeren and Hoevenen Polder of Stabroek , in Stabroek Kabeljauwpolder , in Zandvliet Scheldepolders on the left bank of the Scheldt Uitkerkse polders , near Blankenberge in West Flanders Prosperpolder , near Doel , Antwerp and Kieldrecht . Canada ( edit ) Holland Marsh Pitt Polder Ecological Reserve Grand Pré , Nova Scotia Finland ( edit ) Söderfjärden Munsmo Two polders ( totally 3 km ) near Vassor in Korsholm France ( edit ) Marais Poitevin Les Moëres , adjacent to the Flemish polder De Moeren in Belgium . Germany ( edit ) Main article : Koog In Germany , land reclaimed by dyking is called a koog . The German Deichgraf system was similar to the Dutch and is widely known from Theodor Storm 's novella The Rider on the White Horse . Altes Land near Hamburg Blockland & Hollerland near Bremen Nordstrand , Germany Bormerkoog and Meggerkoog near Friedrichstadt 36 koogs in the district of Nordfriesland 12 koogs in the district of Dithmarschen Polder operating In southern Germany , the term polder is used for retention basins recreated by opening dikes during river floodplain restoration , a meaning somewhat opposite to that in coastal context . Guyana ( edit ) Black Bush Polder , Corentyne , Berbice . India ( edit ) Kuttanad Region , Kerala Ireland ( edit ) Lough Swilly , Co . Donegal . Near Inch Island and Newtowncunningham . Italy ( edit ) Delta of the river Po , such as Bonifica Valle del Mezzano Japan ( edit ) Hachirogata in Akita Prefecture Isahaya Bay ( ja ) in Kyushu Kojima Bay in Okayama Prefecture Lithuania ( edit ) Rusnė Island Netherlands ( edit ) Alblasserwaard , containing the windmills of Kinderdijk , a World Heritage Site Alkmaar Andijk Anna Paulownapolder Beemster , a World Heritage Site Bijlmermeer Eempolder ' s - Gravesloot Haarlemmermeer , containing Schiphol airport Krimpenerwaard Lauwersmeer Mastenbroek Noordoostpolder Ooijpolder Prins Alexanderpolder Purmer Schermer Rosandepolder Watergraafsmeer Wieringermeer Wieringerwaard Wijdewormer Zijpe - en Hazepolder Zuidplaspolder , along with Lammefjord in Denmark the lowest point of the European Union Flevopolder , the largest artificial island in the world Poland ( edit ) Vistula delta near Elbląg and Nowy Dwór Gdański Warta delta near Kostrzyn nad Odra Slovenia ( edit ) The Ankaran Polder ( Slovene : Ankaranska bonifika ) , Semedela Polder ( Semedelska bonifika ) , and Škocjan Polder ( Škocjanska bonifika ) in reclaimed land around Koper South Korea ( edit ) Parts of the coast of Ganghwa Island , adjacent to the river Han in Incheon Delta of the river Nakdong in Busan Saemangeum in Jeollabuk - do United kingdom ( edit ) Traeth Mawr Sunk Island , on the north shore of the Humber east of Hull Parts of The Fens Branston Island , by the River Witham outside the conventional area of the fens but connected to them . Parts of the coast of Essex Some land along the River Plym in Plymouth Some land around Meathop east of Grange - over-Sands , reclaimed as a side - effect of building a railway embankment The Somerset Levels and North Somerset Levels Romney Marsh United States ( edit ) New Orleans Sacramento -- San Joaquin River Delta See also ( edit ) Flood control in the Netherlands Afsluitdijk Land reclamation IJsselmeer Zuiderzee Works Windpump References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Kijk naar de geschiedenis '' . Rijkswaterstaat . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ Ley , Willy ( October 1961 ) . `` The Home - Made Land '' . For Your Information . Galaxy Science Fiction . pp. 92 -- 106 . Jump up ^ `` waterschap '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 11 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Bangladesh polders under threat '' , Irin News Jump up ^ `` Bangladeshi project to enhance polders amidst climate woes '' Archived 2014 - 04 - 08 at the Wayback Machine. , Unearth News Jump up ^ `` Rain continues to throw a challenge in Kuttanad '' . The Hindu . The Hindu Group . 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ Thampatti , Manorama ( March 1999 ) . `` Rice Bowl in Turmoil : The Kuttanad Wetland Ecosystem '' . Resonance . Indian Academy of Sciences . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Inch Wildfowl Reserve History '' . Inch and Foyle Wildfowl Project . Retrieved 5 June 2015 . Farjon , J.M.J. , J. Dirkx , A. Koomen , J. Vervloet & W. Lammers. 2001 . Neder - landschap Internationaal : bouwstenen voor een selectie van gebieden landschapsbehoud . Alterra , Wageningen . Rapport 358 . Morten Stenak. 2005 . De inddæmmede Landskaber - En historisk geografi . Landbohistorik Selskab . Ven , G.P. van de ( red . ) 1993 . Leefbaar laagland : geschiedenis van waterbeheersing en landaanwinning in Nederland . Matrijs , Utrecht . Wagret , P. 1972 . Polderlands . London : Methuen . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Polders . Polder landscapes in the Netherlands -- in a northwest European and a landmark context . How to make a polder -- online film GND : 4174996 - 0 NDL : 00564979 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polder&oldid=814929656 '' Categories : Polders Artificial landforms Land reclamation Environmental soil science Riparian zone Coastal construction Freshwater ecology Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2010 Articles containing Slovene - language text Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Aragonés Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Nederlands Nedersaksies 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt West - Vlams 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 December 2017 , at 19 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | a low-lying land that has been reclaimed and is protected by dikes (especially in the netherlands) | [
"A polder (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈpɔldər] ( listen)) is a low-lying tract of land enclosed by dikes that forms an artificial hydrological entity, meaning it has no connection with outside water other than through manually operated devices. There are three types of polder:"
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"polder"
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6615992255523868076 | West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette | West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette - wikipedia West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette United States Supreme Court case West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette Supreme Court of the United States Argued March 11 , 1943 Decided June 14 , 1943 Full case name West Virginia State Board of Education , et al. v. Walter Barnette , et al . Citations 319 U.S. 624 ( more ) 63 S. Ct. 1178 ; 87 L. Ed . 1628 ; 1943 U.S. LEXIS 490 ; 147 A.L.R. 674 Prior history Injunction granted , 47 F. Supp. 251 ( S.D.W. Va . 1942 ) Holding The Free Speech clause of the First Amendment prohibits public schools from forcing students to salute the American flag and say the Pledge of Allegiance . District Court affirmed . Court membership Chief Justice Harlan F. Stone Associate Justices Owen J. Roberts Hugo Black Stanley F. Reed Felix Frankfurter William O. Douglas Frank Murphy Robert H. Jackson Wiley B. Rutledge Case opinions Majority Jackson , joined by Stone , Black , Douglas , Murphy , Rutledge Concurrence Black , joined by Douglas Concurrence Murphy Dissent Frankfurter Dissent Roberts , Reed Laws applied U.S. Const . amend . I ; W. Va . Code § 1734 ( 1941 ) This case overturned a previous ruling or rulings Minersville School District v. Gobitis ( 1940 ) West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette , 319 U.S. 624 ( 1943 ) , is a decision by the United States Supreme Court holding that the Free Speech Clause of the First Amendment protects students from being forced to salute the American flag or say the Pledge of Allegiance in public school . The Court 's 6 -- 3 decision , delivered by Justice Robert H. Jackson , is remembered for its forceful defense of free speech and constitutional rights generally as being placed `` beyond the reach of majorities and officials '' . Barnette overruled a 1940 decision on the same issue , Minersville School District v. Gobitis , in which the Court stated that the proper recourse for dissent was to try to change the public school policy democratically . It was a significant court victory won by Jehovah 's Witnesses , whose religion forbade them from saluting or pledging to symbols , including symbols of political institutions . However , the Court did not address the effect the compelled salutation and recital ruling had upon their particular religious beliefs but instead ruled that the state did not have the power to compel speech in that manner for anyone . In overruling Gobitis the Court primarily relied on the Free Speech Clause of the First Amendment rather than the Free Exercise Clause . Contents 1 Background 2 Facts of the case 3 Arguments 4 Decision of the Court 4.1 Majority opinion 4.2 Concurring opinion 4.3 Dissenting opinion 5 Subsequent history 6 See also 7 Footnotes 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Background ( edit ) In the 1930s , the government of Nazi Germany began arresting thousands of Jehovah 's Witnesses who refused to salute the Nazi flag and sent them to concentration camps . Jehovah 's Witnesses teach that the obligation imposed by the law of God is superior to that of laws enacted by temporal government . Their religious beliefs include a literal version of Exodus , Chapter 20 , verses 4 and 5 , which says : `` Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image , or any likeness of anything that is in heaven above , or that is in the earth beneath , or that is in the water under the earth ; thou shalt not bow down thyself to them nor serve them . '' They consider that the flag is an ' image ' within this command . For this reason , they refused to salute the flag . In the United States , children of Jehovah 's Witnesses had been expelled from school and were threatened with exclusion for no other cause . Officials threatened to send them to reformatories maintained for criminally inclined juveniles . Parents of such children had been prosecuted and were being threatened with prosecutions for causing delinquency . In 1935 , 9 - year - old Carlton Nichols was expelled from school and his father arrested in Lynn , Massachusetts for such a refusal . Additional refusals followed , one such leading to Minersville School District v. Gobitis ( 1940 ) Even after the Gobitis decision , Jehovah 's Witnesses continued to refuse to say the pledge . Facts of the case ( edit ) Following the Gobitis decision , the West Virginia Legislature amended its statutes to require all schools in the state to conduct courses of instruction in history , civics , and in the Constitutions of the United States and of the State `` for the purpose of teaching , fostering and perpetuating the ideals , principles and spirit of Americanism , and increasing the knowledge of the organization and machinery of the government '' . The West Virginia State Board of Education was directed to `` prescribe the courses of study covering these subjects '' for public schools . The Board of Education on January 9 , 1942 , adopted a resolution containing recitals taken largely from the Court 's Gobitis opinion and ordering that the salute to the flag become `` a regular part of the program of activities in the public schools '' , that all teachers and pupils `` shall be required to participate in the salute honoring the Nation represented by the Flag ; provided , however , that refusal to salute the Flag be regarded as an Act of insubordination , and shall be dealt with accordingly '' . The resolution originally required the `` commonly accepted salute to the Flag '' which it defined . Objections to the salute as `` being too much like Hitler 's '' were raised by a variety of organizations , including the Parent and Teachers Association , the Boy Scouts and Girl Scouts , the Red Cross , and the General Federation of Women 's Clubs . Some modification appears to have been made in deference to these objections , but no concession was made to Jehovah 's Witnesses . What was required after the modification was a `` stiff - arm '' salute , the saluter to keep the right hand raised with palm turned up while the following is repeated : `` I pledge allegiance to the Flag of the United States of America and to the Republic for which it stands ; one Nation indivisible , with liberty and justice for all . '' Students pledging to the flag with the Bellamy salute , March 1941 . Failure to comply was considered `` insubordination '' and dealt with by expulsion . Readmission was denied by statute until the student complied . This expulsion , in turn , automatically exposed the child and their parents to criminal prosecution ; the expelled child was considered `` unlawfully absent '' and could be proceeded against as a delinquent , and their parents or guardians could be fined as much as $50 and jailed up to thirty days . Marie and Gathie Barnett were Jehovah 's Witnesses attending Slip Hill Grade School near Charleston , West Virginia , who were instructed by their father not to salute the flag or recite the pledge , and were expelled for their refusal . On the advice of an early attorney , Mr. Horace S. Meldahl of Charleston , the Barnetts had avoided the further complications by having their expelled girls return to school each day , though the school would send them home . The Barnetts brought suit in the United States District Court for themselves and others similarly situated asking its injunction to restrain enforcement of these laws and regulations against Jehovah 's Witnesses , and prevailed , with the 3 - judge panel stating : Ordinarily we would feel constrained to follow an unreversed decision of the Supreme Court of the United States , whether we agreed with it or not ... The developments with respect to the Gobitis case , however , are such that we do not feel that it is incumbent upon us to accept it as binding authority . The school district subsequently appealed . Arguments ( edit ) The board 's argument was that the plaintiffs raised no substantial federal question , and their brief relied extensively on Justice Frankfurter 's Gobitis opinion . Hayden Covington answered the state 's appeal in a brief that was a mixture of Jehovah 's Witnesses Bible teachings and Constitutional arguments . He explicitly called for the overturning of the Gobitis opinion , especially rejecting Justice Frankfurter 's deference to legislative policymaking authority . Such deference , he argued , allowed the legislature to define its own powers . He emphasized the nationwide persecution of Jehovah 's Witnesses that had followed Gobitis and concluded with a long list of law journal and newspaper articles that criticized the decision . The American Bar Association 's Committee on the Bill of Rights and the American Civil Liberties Union filed amicus curiae briefs that argued Gobitis was bad law and should be overruled . It was widely expected that Gobitis would be overturned . The resignation of James Byrnes the previous year , and Franklin D. Roosevelt 's subsequent appointment of Wiley Rutledge , had created a shift on views of the First Amendment -- for instance , the Court overturned a precedent set a mere nine months prior in Jones v. City of Opelika ( 1942 ) through its ruling in Murdock v. Pennsylvania ( 1943 ) . Decision of the Court ( edit ) The Court held , in a 6 - to - 3 decision delivered by Justice Jackson , that it was unconstitutional for public schools to compel students to salute the flag . It thus overruled its decision in Minersville School District v. Gobitis ( 1940 ) , finding that the flag salute was `` a form of utterance '' and `` a primitive but effective means of communicating ideas '' . The Court wrote that any `` compulsory unification of opinion '' was doomed to failure and was antithetical to the values set forth in the First Amendment . The Court stated : If there is any fixed star in our constitutional constellation , it is that no official , high or petty , can prescribe what shall be orthodox in politics , nationalism , religion , or other matters of opinion or force citizens to confess by word or act their faith therein . The Supreme Court announced its decision on June 14 , Flag Day . Majority opinion ( edit ) Justice Robert Jackson , who had joined the court only two years earlier , wrote the decision , echoing the free - expression sentiments of Stromberg v. California ( 1931 ) . The opinion that Justice Felix Frankfurter had authored three years earlier in Gobitis rested on four arguments . In Barnette Justice Jackson addressed each element of Frankfurter 's Gobitis decision . Jackson began with Frankfurter 's designation of the flag as a national symbol . He did not question Frankfurter 's designation of the flag as a national symbol ; instead , he criticized the pedestal on which Frankfurter put such national symbols . Jackson called symbols a `` primitive but effective way of communicating ideas '' , and explained that `` a person gets from a symbol the meaning he puts into it , and what is one man 's comfort and inspiration is another 's jest and scorn '' . Next Jackson denied Frankfurter 's argument that flag - saluting ceremonies were an appropriate way to build the `` cohesive sentiment '' that Frankfurter believed national unity depended on . Jackson rejected Frankfurter 's argument , citing the Roman effort to drive out Christianity , the Spanish Inquisition of the Jews and the Siberian exile of Soviet dissidents as evidence of the `` ultimate futility '' of efforts to coerce unanimous sentiment out of a populace . Jackson warned that `` ( t ) hose who begin coercive elimination of dissent soon find themselves exterminating dissenters . Compulsory unification of opinion achieves only the unanimity of the graveyard . '' Then Jackson dealt with Frankfurter 's assertion that forcing students to salute the flag , and threatening them with expulsion if they chose not to , was a permissible way to foster national unity . Jackson 's rejection of this section of Frankfurter 's argument has proved the most quoted section of his opinion . In his Gobitis opinion Frankfurter 's solution was for the dissenters to seek out solutions to their problems at the ballot box . Jackson responded that the conflict , in this case , was between authority and the individual and that the founders intended the Bill of Rights to put some rights out of reach from majorities , ensuring that some liberties would endure beyond political majorities . Jackson wrote : The very purpose of a Bill of Rights was to withdraw certain subjects from the vicissitudes of political controversy , to place them beyond the reach of majorities and officials and to establish them as legal principles to be applied by the courts . One 's right to life , liberty , and property , to free speech , a free press , freedom of worship and assembly , and other fundamental rights may not be submitted to vote ; they depend on the outcome of no elections . The last leg of Frankfurter 's Gobitis opinion reasoned that matters like saluting the flag were issues of `` school discipline '' that are better left to local officials rather than federal judges . Justice Jackson rejected this argument as well : The case is made difficult not because the principles of its decision are obscure but because the flag involved is our own . Nevertheless , we apply the limitations of the Constitution with no fear that freedom to be intellectually and spiritually diverse or even contrary will disintegrate the social organization . To believe that patriotism will not flourish if patriotic ceremonies are voluntary and spontaneous instead of a compulsory routine is to make an unflattering estimate of the appeal of our institutions to free minds . We can have intellectual individualism and the rich cultural diversities that we owe to exceptional minds only at the price of occasional eccentricity and abnormal attitudes . When they are so harmless to others or to the State as those we deal with here , the price is not too great . But freedom to differ is not limited to things that do not matter much . That would be a mere shadow of freedom . The test of its substance is the right to differ as to things that touch the heart of the existing order . If there is any fixed star in our constitutional constellation , it is that no official , high or petty , can prescribe what shall be orthodox in politics , nationalism , religion , or other matters of opinion or force citizens to confess by word or act their faith therein . If there are any circumstances which permit an exception , they do not now occur to us . Concurring opinion ( edit ) Two of the justices who changed their minds between Minersville and West Virginia v. Barnette -- Hugo Black and William O. Douglas -- would become the most ardent supporters of the First Amendment . Black and Douglas in a concurring opinion : `` Words uttered under coercion are proof of loyalty to nothing but self - interest ... Love of country must spring from willing hearts and free minds , inspired by a fair administration of wise laws enacted by the people 's elected representatives within the bounds of express constitutional prohibitions . '' Dissenting opinion ( edit ) Justice Felix Frankfurter Three years earlier seven justices had followed Frankfurter 's reasoning and joined his majority opinion in Gobitis . In Barnette however , only Frankfurter filed a written dissent , while Justices Owen Roberts and Stanley Reed dissented in silence . Frankfurter said that the court was overstepping its bounds in striking down the West Virginia law . He said , too , that freedom of religion did not allow individuals to break laws simply because of religious conscience . Frankfurter argued that `` Otherwise each individual could set up his own censor against obedience to laws conscientiously deemed for the public good by those whose business it is to make laws . '' Frankfurter 's response to Jackson 's systematic destruction of his Gobitis decision was one of anger , and Justices Roberts and Murphy tried to get him to revise his opinion , arguing that the first two lines were `` much too personal '' . However , Frankfurter ignored the advice of his fellow justices , taking the overruling of his Gobitis decision as a personal affront and insisting on speaking his mind . Frankfurter began with a reference to his Jewish roots : `` One who belongs to the most vilified and persecuted minority in history is not likely to be insensible to the freedoms guaranteed by our Constitution . '' This was the passage Justices Roberts and Frank Murphy felt was out of place . Frankfurter , however , insisted that the passage was necessary since he claimed he was `` literally flooded with letters '' following the Court 's decision in Gobitis that said he should be more sensitive to the protection of minorities due to his Jewish heritage . Frankfurter 's dissent continued , `` Were my purely personal attitudes relevant I should wholeheartedly associate myself with the generally libertarian views in the Court 's opinion ... But as judges we are neither Jew nor Gentile , neither Catholic nor agnostic . '' Having responded to his critics and the Court 's reversal on a personal level , he now responded on a judicial one , with the remainder of his opinion focusing on judicial restraint . `` As a member of this Court , I am not justified in writing my private notions of policy into the Constitution ... It can never be emphasized too much that one 's own opinion about the wisdom or evil of a law should be excluded altogether when one is doing one 's duty on the bench . '' Frankfurter continued , arguing that if the Court is frequently striking down laws it is circumventing the democratic process since the Court can not work to reach a compromise . It either strikes down a law or lets it stand ; it can not simply modify or qualify a law as a legislature can . Finally , Frankfurter rejected Justice Stone 's rational basis test that Stone laid out in United States v. Carolene Products Co. ( 1938 ) . Instead , Frankfurter focused on his belief that there were no provisions within the constitution that occupied a `` preferred position '' over others . Subsequent history ( edit ) The majority opinion in Barnette is considered one of the Court 's greatest and most sweeping statements about the fundamental freedoms established by the Bill of Rights . After Barnette the Court began to turn away from the belief - action doctrine altogether , creating a religious exemption for believers of different creeds . In Sherbert v. Verner ( 1963 ) , for example , the Court upheld a Seventh - day Adventist 's claim to unemployment benefits even though she declined to make herself available to work on Saturday ( her Sabbath ) as the law required . In Wisconsin v. Yoder ( 1972 ) , the Court upheld the right of Amish parents not to send their children to public schools past the eighth grade . At 2006 proceedings cosponsored by the Justice Robert H. Jackson Center and the Supreme Court Historical Society , Supreme Court law clerks from that Court were on a panel with the two eponymous Barnetts . Just as she and her sister had been in 1942 , Gathie Barnett Edmonds noted that her own son was also sent to the principal 's office for not saluting the flag . See also ( edit ) Wooley v. Maynard ( 1977 ) Criticism of the Pledge of Allegiance List of United States Supreme Court cases , volume 319 Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ This was the wording of the pledge at the time ; the words `` under God '' were added later , in 1954 . Jump up ^ `` Barnett '' is the correct family spelling . A court clerk misspelled the name when filing the papers ; see http://www.firstamendmentcenter.org/woman-in-barnette-reflects-on-famous-flag-salute-case References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Johnson , John W. ( 2001 ) . Historic U.S. Court Cases : An Encyclopedia . Taylor & Francis . p. 953 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 93756 - 6 . Though the Flag Salute Cases are generally seen as involving freedom of religion , that issue is virtually absent from Jackson 's majority opinion . He accepted , without question , that the Jehovah 's Witnesses sincerely held beliefs which made it impossible for them to conscientiously salute the flag . But Jackson did not offer any analysis of the importance of that belief or even of the role of religious freedom in striking down the mandatory flag salute . Rather than grounding his opinion in terms of freedom of religion , Jackson analyzed the case as one of freedom of speech and expression . Jump up ^ `` Hanstein , Woody . From the Bulldog 's Desk : A lesson on patriotism from a 9 - year - old boy '' . The Daily Bulldog '. 16 January , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Article : Recollections of West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette '' , St. John 's Law Review , Fall 2007 , Volume 81 , Number 4 , page 770 - 771 , from April 28 , 2006 , proceedings cosponsored by the Robert H. Jackson Center and the Supreme Court Historical Society , at the Jackson Center in Jamestown , New York : Moderator : What was your parents ' decision about how to handle this situation : The school has a mandatory flag salute , thanks to the State Education Department regulation , and you have your religious belief ? ( Gathie Barnette ) Edmonds : When we went home , of course , they understood and they said not to worry about it . And our uncle helped us get a lawyer , Mr. Horace Meldahl in Charleston , who was a very understanding person , a nice person . He told us that we had to go back to school every morning for a while . Moderator : Why was that ? Edmonds : So they would n't fine our dad or put him in jail . ( Marie Barnette ) Snodgrass : So they could n't say we were just being truant . And so we went every morning and stayed until the flag salute , and they 'd tell us to go home . It was fortunate that we lived fairly close -- we did n't have a long distance to go . Moderator : And that was the end of the school day for you ? Edmonds : Yes . Once the truant officer came and asked my mother why we were n't in school , and she could say , `` Well , we sent ' em and they sent ' em home . '' So that kind of took , you know , the edge off of them . Our parents did n't keep us home . Jump up ^ Hudson , David . `` Hudson , David . Woman in Barnette reflects on the famous flag - salute case '' . First Amendment Center , December 28 , 2009 ^ Jump up to : Manwaring , Render Unto Caesar Jump up ^ West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette , 319 U.S. 624 , Majority Opinion , item 3 ( US 1943 ) . Jump up ^ `` Article : Recollections of West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette '' , St. John 's Law Review , Fall 2007 , Volume 81 , Number 4 , page 792 ( 38 / 42 ) , from April 28 , 2006 proceedings cosponsored by the Robert H. Jackson Center and the Supreme Court Historical Society , at the Jackson Center in Jamestown , New York , `` ( The older of the two Barnett girls , Gathie Barnett ) Edmonds : ... I remember when my older son was sent to the office for not saluting the flag . The principal came back and said your teacher obviously does n't remember the Supreme Court decision . '' Further reading ( edit ) Alley , Robert S. ( 1999 ) . The Constitution & Religion : Leading Supreme Court Cases on Church and State . Amherst , NY : Prometheus Books . pp. 428 -- 436 . ISBN 1 - 57392 - 703 - 1 . Irons , Peter H. ( 1999 ) . A People 's History of the Supreme Court . New York : Viking . ISBN 0 - 670 - 87006 - 4 . Kommers , Donald P. ; Finn , John E. ; Jacobsohn , Gary J. ( 2004 ) . American Constitutional Law . Vol. 2 ( 2nd ed . ) . Lanham , MD : Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 0 - 7425 - 2688 - 7 . Sandmann , Warren ( 2003 ) . `` West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette '' . In Parker , Richard A. ( ed . ) . Free Speech on Trial : Communication Perspectives on Landmark Supreme Court Decisions . Tuscaloosa , AL : University of Alabama Press . pp. 100 -- 115 . ISBN 0 - 8173 - 1301 - X . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette Text of West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette , 319 U.S. 624 ( 1943 ) is available from : Cornell CourtListener Findlaw Justia OpenJurist Google Scholar First Amendment Library entry on West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnett What We Owe Jehovah 's Witnesses , by Sarah Barringer Gordon , April / May 2011 American History magazine ; article on Barnette 's effects on Constitutional Law . State Board of Education Resolution on Salute to the Flag West Virginia State Board of Education , Record of Proceedings hide United States First Amendment case law Establishment Clause Public funding Everson v. 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"West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette, 319 U.S. 624 (1943), is a decision by the United States Supreme Court holding that the Free Speech Clause of the First Amendment protects students from being forced to salute the American flag or say the Pledge of Allegiance in public school. The Court's 6–3 decision, delivered by Justice Robert H. Jackson, is remembered for its forceful defense of free speech and constitutional rights generally as being placed \"beyond the reach of majorities and officials\". \n"
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"West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette, 319 U.S. 624 (1943)"
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6553153650589097987 | The God of Small Things | The God of Small Things - Wikipedia The God of Small Things For the unrelated film of the same name , see The God of Small Things ( film ) . hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( November 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( July 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The God of Small Things First edition Author Arundhati Roy Cover artist Sanjeev Saith Country India Language English Publisher IndiaInk , India Publication date 1997 Media type Print ( hardback & paperback ) ISBN 0 - 06 - 097749 - 3 OCLC 37864514 Followed by The Ministry of Utmost Happiness ( 2017 ) Arundhati Roy The God of Small Things ( 1996 ) is the debut novel of Indian writer Arundhati Roy . It is a story about the childhood experiences of fraternal twins whose lives are destroyed by the `` Love Laws '' that lay down `` who should be loved , and how . And how much . '' The book explores how the small things affect people 's behavior and their lives . It won the Booker Prize in 1997 . The God of Small Things was Roy 's first book and only novel , until the 2017 publication of The Ministry of Utmost Happiness , twenty years later . She began writing the manuscript in 1992 and finished four years later in 1996 . It was published the following year . The potential of the story was first recognized by Pankaj Mishra , an editor with HarperCollins , who sent it to three British publishers . Roy received 500,000 Pounds in advance and rights to the book were sold in 21 countries . In 2013 , Talkhiyan , a Pakistani serial based on the novel , was aired on Express Entertainment . Contents 1 Plot 2 Characters 3 Themes 3.1 Indian history and politics 3.2 Class relations and cultural tensions 3.3 Forbidden love 3.4 Social discrimination 3.5 Betrayal 3.6 Misogyny and women in India 4 Style 4.1 Non-sequential narrative 4.2 Point of view 4.3 Setting 5 Techniques 6 Reception 7 In popular culture 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Plot ( edit ) This section 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. ( April 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The story is set in Ayemenem , now part of Kottayam district in Kerala , India . The temporal setting shifts back and forth between 1969 , when fraternal twins Rahel and Esthappen are seven years old , and 1993 , when the twins are reunited . Lacking sufficient dowry to marry , Ammu Ipe is desperate to escape her ill - tempered father , known as Pappachi , and her bitter , long - suffering mother , known as Mammachi . She persuades her parents to let her spend a summer with a distant aunt in Calcutta . To avoid returning to Ayemenem , she marries a man there but later discovers that he is an alcoholic , and he physically abuses her and tries to pimp her to his boss . She gives birth to Rahel and Estha , leaves her husband , and returns to Ayemenem to live with her parents and brother , Chacko . Chacko has returned to India from England after his divorce from an English woman , Margaret , and the subsequent death of Pappachi . The multi-generational family home in Ayemenem also includes Pappachi 's sister , Navomi Ipe , known as Baby Kochamma . As a young girl , Baby Kochamma fell in love with Father Mulligan , a young Irish priest who had come to Ayemenem . To get closer to him , Baby Kochamma converted to Roman Catholicism and joined a convent against her father 's wishes . After a few months in the convent , she realized that her vows brought her no closer to the man she loved . Her father eventually rescued her from the convent and sent her to America . Because of her unrequited love for Father Mulligan , Baby Kochamma remained unmarried for the rest of her life , becoming deeply embittered over time . Throughout the book , she delights in the misfortune of others and constantly manipulates events to bring calamity . `` `` It did n't matter that the story had begun , because Kathakali discovered long ago that the secret of the Great Stories is that they have no secrets . The Great Stories are the ones you have heard and want to hear again . The ones you can enter anywhere and inhabit comfortably . They do n't deceive you with thrills and trick endings . '' '' -- The God of Small Things The death of Margaret 's second husband in a car accident prompts Chacko to invite her and Sophie ( Margaret 's and Chacko 's daughter ) to spend Christmas in Ayemenem . One day on the way to a theatre , the family encounters a group of Communist protesters who surround the car and force Baby Kochamma to wave a red flag and chant a Communist slogan , thus humiliating her . Rahel thinks she sees Velutha , a servant who works for the family 's pickle factory among the protesters . Later at the theater , Estha is sexually molested by the `` Orangedrink Lemondrink Man , '' a vendor working the snack counter . Estha 's experience factors into the tragic events at the heart of the narrative . Rahel 's assertion that she saw Velutha in the Communist mob causes Baby Kochamma to associate Velutha with her humiliation at the protesters ' hands , and she begins to harbor enmity toward him . Velutha is a dalit ( lower caste in India ) . Rahel and Estha form an unlikely bond with Velutha and come to love him despite his caste status . It is her children 's love for Velutha that causes Ammu to realize her own attraction to him , and eventually , she comes to `` love by night the man her children loved by day . '' Ammu and Velutha begin a short - lived affair that culminates in tragedy for the family . When her relationship with Velutha is discovered , Ammu is locked in her room and Velutha is banished . In her rage , Ammu blames the twins for her misfortune and calls them `` millstones around her neck . '' Distraught , Rahel and Estha decide to run away . Their cousin , Sophie also joins them . During the night , as they try to reach an abandoned house across the river , their boat capsizes and Sophie drowns . When Margaret and Chacko return from a trip , they see Sophie 's body laid out on the sofa . Baby Kochamma goes to the police and accuses Velutha of being responsible for Sophie 's death . A group of policemen hunt Velutha down , savagely beat him for crossing caste lines , and arrest him on the brink of death . The twins , huddling in the abandoned house , witness the horrific scene . Later , when they reveal the truth to the chief of police he is alarmed . He knows that Velutha is a Communist , and is afraid that if word gets out that the arrest and beating were wrongful , it will cause unrest among the local Communists . He threatens to hold Baby Kochamma responsible for falsely accusing Velutha . To save herself , Baby Kochamma tricks Rahel and Estha into believing that the two of them would be implicated as having murdered Sophie out of jealousy and were facing sure imprisonment for them and their Ammu . She thus convinces them to lie to the inspector that Velutha had kidnapped them and had murdered Sophie . Velutha dies of his injuries overnight . After Sophie 's funeral , Ammu goes to the police to tell the truth about her relationship with Velutha . Afraid of being exposed , Baby Kochamma convinces Chacko that Ammu and the twins were responsible for his daughter 's death . Chacko kicks Ammu out of the house and forces her to send Estha to live with his father . Estha never sees Ammu again . She dies alone a few years later at the age of 31 . After a turbulent childhood and adolescence in India , Rahel gets married and goes to America . There , she divorces before returning to Ayemenem after years of working dead - end jobs . Rahel and Estha , now 31 , are reunited for the first time since they were children . They had been haunted by their guilt and their grief - ridden pasts . It becomes apparent that neither twin ever found another person who understood them in the way they understand each other . Toward the end of the novel , the twins have sex . The novel comes to a close with a nostalgic recounting of Ammu and Velutha 's love affair . Characters ( edit ) Estha Estha , which is short for Esthappen Yako , is Rahel 's twin brother . He is a serious , intelligent , and somewhat nervous child who wears `` beige and pointy shoes '' and has an `` Elvis puff . '' His experience of the circumstances surrounding Sophie 's visit is somewhat more traumatic than Rahel 's , beginning when he is sexually abused by a man at a theater . The narrator emphasizes that Estha 's `` Two Thoughts '' in the pickle factory , stemming from this experience -- that `` Anything can happen to Anyone '' and that `` It 's best to be prepared '' -- are critical in leading to his cousin 's death . Estha is the twin chosen by Baby Kochamma , because he is more `` practical '' and `` responsible , '' to go into Velutha 's cell at the end of the book and condemn him as his and Rahel 's abductor . This trauma , in addition to the trauma of being shipped ( or `` Returned '' ) to Calcutta to live with his father , contributes to Estha 's becoming mute at some point in his childhood . He never goes to college and acquires a number of habits , such as wandering on very long walks and obsessively cleaning his clothes . He is so close to his sister that the narrator describes them as one person , despite having been separated for most of their lives . He is repeatedly referred to as `` Silent . '' Rahel Rahel is the partial narrator of the story , and is Estha 's younger sister by 18 minutes . As a girl of seven , her hair sits `` on top of her head like a fountain '' in a `` Love - in - Tokyo '' band , and she often wears red - tinted plastic sunglasses with yellow rims . An intelligent and straightforward person who has never felt socially comfortable , she is impulsive and wild , and it is implied that everyone but Velutha treats her as somehow lesser than her brother . In later life , she becomes something of a drifter ; several times , the narrator refers to her `` Emptiness . '' After the tragedy that forms the core of the story , she remains with her mother , later training as an architectural draftsman and engaging in a failed relationship with a European , elements of which parallel the author 's own life story . Ammu Ammu is Rahel 's and Estha 's mother . She married their father ( referred to as Baba ) only to get away from her family . He was an alcoholic , and she divorced him when he started to be violent toward her and her children . She went back to Ayemenem , where people avoided her on the days when the radio played `` her music '' and she got a wild look in her eyes . When the twins are seven , she has an affair with Velutha . This relationship is one of the cataclysmic events in the novel . She is a strict mother , and her children worry about losing her love . Velutha Velutha is a Paravan , an Untouchable , who is exceptionally smart and works as a carpenter at the Ipe family 's pickle factory . His name means white in Malayalam , because he is so dark . He returns to Ayemenem to help his father , Vellya Paapen , take care of his brother , who was paralyzed in an accident . He is an active member of the Marxist movement . Velutha is extremely kind to the twins , and has an affair with Ammu for which he is brutally punished . Chacko Chacko is Estha 's and Rahel 's maternal uncle . He is four years elder to Ammu . He meets Margaret in his final year at Oxford and marries her afterward . They have a daughter , Sophie , whose death in Ayemenem is central to the story . Baby Kochamma Baby Kochamma is the twins ' maternal great aunt . She is of petite build as a young woman but becomes enormously overweight , with `` a mole on her neck , '' by the time of Sophie 's death . She maintains an attitude of superiority because of her education as a garden designer in the United States and her burning , unrequited love for an Irish Catholic priest , her relationship with whom is the only meaningful event in her life . Her own emptiness and failure spark bitter spite for her sister 's children , further driven by her prudish code of conventional values . Her spite ultimately condemns the twins , the lovers , and herself to a lifetime of misery . Themes ( edit ) Indian history and politics ( edit ) Indian history and politics shape the plot and meaning of The God of Small Things in a variety of ways . Some of Roy 's commentary is on the surface , with jokes and snippets of wisdom about political realities in India . However , the novel also examines the historical roots of these realities and develops profound insights into the ways in which human desperation and desire emerge from the confines of a firmly entrenched caste society . During the time in India , class was a major issue and still is in many parts of India . Class relations and cultural tensions ( edit ) In addition to her commentary on Indian history and politics , Roy evaluates the Indian post-colonial complex , or the cultural attitudes of many Indians toward their former British rulers . After Ammu calls her father a `` ( shit ) - wiper '' in Hindi for his blind devotion to the British , Chacko explains to the twins that they come from a family of Anglophiles , or lovers of British culture , `` trapped outside their own history and unable to retrace their steps . '' He goes on to say that they despise themselves because of this . A related inferiority complex is evident in the interactions between Untouchables and Touchables in Ayemenem . Vellya Paapen is an example of an Untouchable so grateful to the Touchable class that he is willing to kill his son , Velutha , when he discovers that Velutha has broken the most important rule of class segregation -- that there be no inter-caste sexual relations . In part , this reflects how many Untouchables have internalized caste segregation . Nearly all of the relationships in the novel are somehow colored by cultural and class tension , including the twins ' relationship with Sophie , Chacko 's relationship with Margaret , Pappachi 's relationship with his family , and Ammu 's relationship with Velutha . Characters such as Baby Kochamma and Pappachi are the most rigid and vicious in their attempts to uphold that social code , while Ammu and Velutha are the most unconventional and daring in unraveling it . Roy implies that this is why they are punished so severely for their transgression . Forbidden love ( edit ) One interpretation of Roy 's theme of forbidden love is that love is such a powerful and uncontrollable force that it can not be contained by any conventional social code . Another is that conventional society somehow seeks to destroy real love , which is why love in the novel is consistently connected to loss , death , and sadness . Also , because all romantic love in the novel relates closely to politics and history , it is possible that Roy is stressing the connection of personal desire to larger themes of history and social circumstances . Love would therefore be an emotion that can be explained only in terms of two peoples ' cultural backgrounds and political identities . Social discrimination ( edit ) The story is set in the caste society of India , at a time when members of the Untouchable Paravan or Paryan caste were not permitted to touch members of higher castes or enter their houses . The Untouchables were considered polluted beings . They had the lowliest jobs and lived in subhuman conditions . In India , the caste system was considered a way to organize society . Roy 's book shows how terribly cruel such a system can be . Along with the caste system , readers see an economic class struggle . The Ipes are considered upper class . They are factory owners , the dominating class . Mammachi and Baby Kochamma would not deign to mix with those of a lower class . However , Roy shows other types of less evident discrimination . For example , there is religious discrimination . It is unacceptable for a Syrian Christian to marry a Hindu and vice versa , and Hindus can only marry a Hindu from the same caste . In more than one passage of the book , the reader feels Rahel 's and Estha 's discomfort at being half Hindu . Baby Kochamma constantly makes disparaging comments about Hindus . On the other hand , there is discomfort even between Christian denominations as is shown by Pappachi 's negative reaction when Baby Kochamma converts to Catholicism . Chacko suffers more veiled racial discrimination , as it seems his daughter also does . His English wife 's parents were shocked and disapproving that their daughter would marry an Indian , no matter how well educated . Sophie , at one point , mentions to her cousins that they are all `` wog , '' while she is `` half - wog . '' The Ipes are very class - conscious and feel a need to maintain their status . Discrimination is a way of protecting their privileged position in society . Betrayal ( edit ) Betrayal is a constant element in this story . Love , ideals , and confidence are all forsaken , consciously and unconsciously , innocently and maliciously , and these deceptions affect all of the characters deeply . Baby Kochamma is capable of lying and double - crossing anyone whom she sees as a threat to her social standing . This is a consequence of her loss of respectability after becoming a Roman Catholic nun to be close to Father Mulligan , despite her father 's disapproval . Her fear is reminiscent of that of Comrade Pillai , who betrays both Velutha and Chacko to further his own interests and that of his political party . The greatest tragedy is that of Velutha , the only truly non-corrupt adult in the story , who becomes the repeated victim of everyone 's deception -- from Comrade Pillai 's to Baby Kochamma 's , to his own father 's and , most heartbreakingly , that of Estha , who at seven years old is manipulated into accusing Velutha of crimes that he did not commit . With this in mind , the novel asks the question : Up until what point can we trust others , or even ourselves ? How easy is it to put our own interests and convenience over loyalty ? Misogyny and women in India ( edit ) Another important aspect of social discrimination that Roy deals with is misogyny , mainly through the character of Ammu . She often draws attention to the different opportunities on offer for women and men in India and the fact that , since Ammu has been married and divorced , she sees her life as effectively over . This is one of the main factors that influences her to start her love affair with Velutha . We also see her treatment by a police officer , who taps her breasts with his baton as ' though he was choosing mangoes from a basket , ' commenting on objectification of women . A number of times throughout the novel Ammu expresses her fear that her son will grow up into a ' male chauvinistic pig ' , a description that fits the majority of the male characters represented in the novel . Style ( edit ) Non-sequential narrative ( edit ) The God of Small Things is not written in a sequential narrative style in which events unfold chronologically . Instead , the novel is a patchwork of flashbacks and lengthy sidetracks that weave together to tell the story of the Ipe family . The main events of the novel are traced back through the complex history of their causes , and memories are revealed as they relate to one another thematically and as they might appear in Rahel 's mind . Although the narrative voice is omniscient , it is loosely grounded in Rahel 's perspective , and all of the episodes of the novel progress toward the key moments in Rahel 's life . Point of view ( edit ) The book is narrated in the third person . However , during a great part of the narrative , the reader sees everything through Rahel 's eyes . This gives the reader special insight into the happenings and characters . Throughout the book , there are various moments that intersect . In one moment , everything is seen through a child 's eyes , with a child 's feelings and rationales . Later , the same facts , objects , and people are seen in a completely different light . Setting ( edit ) The story is set in the village of Ayemenem in the Kottayam district of Kerala , India . The main part of the plot takes place in 1969 , a time of changes in ideology and influence . India is a very complex society with various cultural and religious habits and beliefs . Hindus , Buddhists , Sikhs , Christians , and Muslims share the same space . Society is divided not only by the very strict caste system but also by class consciousness . Many languages are spoken in India , but the higher classes make a point of speaking English , sending their sons to study in England and adopting certain English habits . Kerala itself , where the story is set , has a complex social setup , with Hindus , Muslims , and Christians displaying different lifestyles and traditions . It also has the largest Christian population in India , predominantly Saint Thomas Christians or Syrian Christians . In the Kottayam district , Christians are a majority . Roy has described the book as `` an inextricable mix of experience and imagination . '' Techniques ( edit ) Roy uses various techniques to represent the children 's viewpoints and their innocence . One technique she employs is the capitalization of certain words and phrases to give them significance . The children also restate things that adults say in a phonetic way , separating and recombining words . This echoes the children 's way of looking at the world , distinct from the perspective of the grown - ups who surround them . Roy often uses metaphors that feature elements that are more prominent in the lives of children , such as toothpaste , secrets , or portable pianos . They place significance on words and ideas differently from the adults , thereby creating a new way of viewing the world around them . They pick up on certain feelings and ideas that the adults around them either fail or refuse to recognize , and give new significance to things that the adults ignore for their own purposes . The children use and repeat these phrases throughout the story so that the phrases themselves gain independence and representational meanings . Another way she plays with language is to join words together without punctuation , which we see in the description of the ' orangedrink lemondrink man ' or ' bluegreyblue eyes ' . This subversion of the usual rules of syntax and grammar not only places us in a child 's view of the world , but it also draws attention to the role of language in colonialism . By corrupting standard use of English ( the colonial language of India ) Roy is rebelling against colonial influence still present in India , represented by characters such as Margaret Kochamma and Chacko who always speak correctly . Roy also employs a disjointed , non-sequential narrative style that echoes the process of memory , especially the resurfacing of a previously suppressed , painful memory . The uncovering of the story of Sophie 's death , concurrently with the forward - moving story of Rahel 's return to Ayemenem and reunion with Estha , creates a complex narrative that emphasizes the difficulty of the subject of the story and the complexity of the culture from which the story originates . Time is rendered somewhat static as parts of one narrative line are intertwined through repetition and non-sequential discovery . This is also part of the way Roy uses real - life places and people that she has shifted and altered for use in the story . The story 's many elements come together to construct a diverse look at one instance of Indian culture and the effect of the caste system on life and love during a time of post-colonialism . As the children try to form their own identities , naming and renaming themselves in the process , Roy places in parallel the effect of the process by intertwining the past and the present . This process also echoes the progression of the Indian people , like that of all cultures that try to find ways to maintain their traditions in a time of increasing globalization . Reception ( edit ) The God of Small Things received stellar reviews in major American newspapers such as The New York Times ( a `` dazzling first novel , '' `` extraordinary '' , `` at once so morally strenuous and so imaginatively supple '' ) and the Los Angeles Times ( `` a novel of poignancy and considerable sweep '' ) , and in Canadian publications such as the Toronto Star ( `` a lush , magical novel '' ) . By the end of the year , it had become one of the five best books of 1997 by Time . Critical response in the United Kingdom was less positive , and the awarding of the Booker Prize caused controversy ; Carmen Callil , a 1996 Booker Prize judge , called the novel `` execrable '' , and The Guardian described the contest as `` profoundly depressing '' . In India , the book was criticised especially for its unrestrained description of sexuality by E. K. Nayanar , then Chief Minister of Roy 's home state Kerala , where she had to answer charges of obscenity . In popular culture ( edit ) The band Darlingside credits the novel as the inspiration for their song `` The God of Loss . '' See also ( edit ) Caste system in India References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Roy , Arundhati . The God of Small Things . IndiaInk . p. 37 . ISBN 8186939024 . Jump up ^ Kakutani , Michiko ( 3 June 1997 ) . `` Melodrama as Structure for Subtlety '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Truax , Alice ( 25 May 1997 ) . `` A Silver Thimble in Her Fist '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Eder , Richard ( 1 June 1997 ) . `` As the world turns : rev. of The God of Small Things '' . Los Angeles Times . p. 2 . Retrieved 18 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Carey , Barbara ( 7 June 1997 ) . `` A lush , magical novel of India '' . Toronto Star . p . M. 21 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Books : The best of 1997 '' . Time . 29 December 1997 . Retrieved 18 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The scene is set for the Booker battle '' . BBC News . 24 September 1998 . Retrieved 18 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Kutty , N. Madhavan ( 9 November 1997 ) . `` Comrade of Small Jokes '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved 18 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Bumiller , Elisabeth ( 29 July 1997 ) . `` A Novelist Beginning with a Bang '' . New York Times . Retrieved 18 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Boilen , Bob ( October 29 , 2015 ) . `` First Watch : Darlingside , ' God of Loss ' '' . npr.org . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . The character Velutha is tangled in a web of familial , cultural and romantic loyalties . The lyrics for ' The God of Loss ' were inspired by Velutha 's attempts to preserve his humanity in the face of those competing forces . Ch'ien , Evelyn . `` The Politics of Design : Arundhati Roy . '' In Weird English . Harvard University Press , 2004 . Further reading ( edit ) Arundhati Roy 's The God of Small Things : Critique and Commentary , by R.S. Sharma , Shashi Bala Talwar . Published by Creative Books , 1998 . ISBN 81 - 86318 - 54 - 2 . Explorations : Arundhati Roy 's the God of small things , by Indira Bhatt , Indira Nityanandam . Published by Creative Books , 1999 . ISBN 81 - 86318 - 56 - 9 . The God of Small Things : A Saga of Lost Dreams , by K.V. Surendran . Published by Atlantic Publishers & Distributors , 2000 . ISBN 81 - 7156 - 887 - 4 . Excerpts Arundhati Roy 's The God of small things : a reader 's guide , by Julie Mullaney . Published by Continuum International Publishing Group , 2002 . ISBN 0 - 8264 - 5327 - 9 . Reading Arundhati Roy 's The God of Small Things , by Carole Froude - Durix , Jean - Pierre Durix . Published by Editions universitaires de Dijon , 2002 . ISBN 2 - 905965 - 80 - 0 , . Arundhati Roy 's The god of small things : a critical appraisal , by Amar Nath Prasad . Published by Sarup & Sons , 2004 . ISBN 81 - 7625 - 522 - X . Derozio To Dattani : Essays in Criticism , by Sanjukta Das . Published by Worldview Publications , 2009 . ISBN 81 - 86423 - 19 - 2 The God of Small Things : A Novel of Social Commitment , by Amitabh Roy . Published by Atlantic Publishers & Distributors , 2005 . ISBN 81 - 269 - 0409 - 7 . Excerpts Arundhati Roy 's The god of small things , by Alex Tickell . Published by Routledge , 2007 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 35843 - 4 . Excerpts Caste and The God of Small Things Emory University . The God of Small Things , Chapter One -- Paradise Pickles and Preserves New York Times External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The God of Small Things This article 's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia 's policies or guidelines . Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links , and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references . ( January 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) God of Small Things on Scribblesofsoul.com Arundhati Roy discusses The God of Small Things on the BBC World Book Club An article on the concepts of `` migration '' , `` return '' and other related post-colonial topics in The God of Small Things . Analysis of The God of Small Things on Lit React Awards Preceded by Last Orders Booker Prize recipient 1997 Succeeded by Amsterdam BNF : cb14429411r ( data ) GND : 4595927 - 4 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_God_of_Small_Things&oldid=854090784 '' Categories : 1969 in fiction 1993 in fiction 1997 novels Debut novels Indian English - language novels Booker Prize - winning works Incest in fiction Novels set in Kerala Postcolonial literature Culture of Kottayam district Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from November 2014 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Articles that may contain original research from July 2010 All articles that may contain original research Articles with multiple maintenance issues EngvarB from August 2013 Use dmy dates from August 2013 Pages to import images to Wikidata Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from April 2010 Wikipedia external links cleanup from January 2016 Wikipedia spam cleanup from January 2016 Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote অসমীয়া Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Lietuvių മലയാളം ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Português Русский Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 August 2018 , at 22 : 14 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | what is the book god of small things about | [
"The God of Small Things (1996) is the debut novel of Indian writer Arundhati Roy. It is a story about the childhood experiences of fraternal twins whose lives are destroyed by the \"Love Laws\" that lay down \"who should be loved, and how. And how much.\" The book explores how the small things affect people's behavior and their lives. It won the Booker Prize in 1997.\n"
] | [
"the childhood experiences of fraternal twins whose lives are destroyed by the \"Love Laws\" that lay down \"who should be loved, and how. And how much.\""
] |
1896169098323658928 | Danny Phantom | Danny Phantom - wikipedia Danny Phantom Jump to : navigation , search Danny Phantom Genre Comedy Teen drama Superhero Supernatural Action - Adventure Created by Butch Hartman Developed by Steve Marmel Voices of David Kaufman Grey DeLisle Rickey D'Shon Collins Colleen O'Shaughnessey Rob Paulsen Kath Soucie Martin Mull Theme music composer Guy Moon and Butch Hartman Opening theme `` Danny Phantom '' , performed by Deric Battiste and Guy Moon Ending theme `` Danny Phantom '' ( instrumental ) Composer ( s ) Guy Moon Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 53 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Butch Hartman Steve Marmel ( season 1 - 2 ) Mark Banker Marty Isenberg ( season 1 - 2 ) Kevin Sullivan ( season 3 ) Producer ( s ) Bob Boyle ( season 1 ) Running time 22 minutes Production company ( s ) Billionfold Inc . Nickelodeon Animation Studios Distributor Viacom International Inc ( International ) Nelvana ( Canada ) Release Original network Nickelodeon Picture format 480i ( 4 : 3 SDTV ) Audio format Dolby Digital 5.1 Original release April 3 , 2004 ( 2004 - 04 - 03 ) -- August 24 , 2007 Chronology Related shows T.U.F.F. Puppy Bunsen Is a Beast The Fairly OddParents External links Website www.nick.com/danny-phantom/ Danny Phantom is an American superhero animated series created by Butch Hartman for Nickelodeon . It was produced by Billionfold Studios and distributed in Canada by Nelvana , a Canadian animation company . The series follows a teenage boy who , after an accident with an unpredictable portal between the human world and the `` Ghost Zone '' , becomes a human - ghost hybrid and takes on the task of saving his town ( and the world ) from subsequent ghost attacks using an evolving variety of supernatural powers . He is aided in his quest by his two best friends , and later , his older sister , who for most of the series ' run are among the only people who know of his double life . The series premiered on April 3 , 2004 , its first episode airing after the 2004 Kids ' Choice Awards , and ended on August 24 , 2007 , totalling 53 episodes over three seasons . Danny Phantom has received critical and audience acclaim , with praise primarily directed at its ensemble cast and comic book - influenced themes and storyline . Hartman himself has noted that the series is arguably his most popular and acclaimed work , despite its relatively short production life compared to The Fairly OddParents . Danny Phantom has spawned video games , home video releases , as well as toys and various other merchandise . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Episodes 3 Characters 4 Home media 4.1 VHS 4.2 DVD 's 4.3 Nick Picks releases 5 Video games 6 Cast 6.1 Main cast 6.2 Additional cast 7 Internet short and possible revival 8 Spiritual successor series 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Premise ( edit ) Danny Phantom centers on the life and adventures of Daniel `` Danny '' Fenton , a 14 - year - old boy living in the small town of Amity Park . He lives with his ghost - hunting parents , Maddie and Jack , and his overprotective but caring 16 - year - old sister , Jazz ( short for Jasmine ) . Upon pressure from his two best friends , Samantha `` Sam '' Manson and Tucker Foley , Danny decides to explore the Ghost Portal that his parents had created in an attempt to bridge the real world and the Ghost Zone ( the parallel universe in which ghosts reside ) , that , when plugged in , failed to work . Once inside , he inadvertently presses the `` On '' button ( which his parents failed to do ) , thus activating the Portal , and infusing his DNA with ectoplasm , transforming him into a half - ghost . Danny , who calls himself `` Danny Phantom '' in ghost form , develops the ability to fly , to become invisible , to become intangible , and to `` overshadow '' ( possess and control ) people after first learning how to switch back and forth at will between his ghost and human forms . Over time , he develops much stronger abilities , such as his Ghost Ray ( a concentrated blast of energy he fires from his hand ) , his Ghostly Wail ( an intensely powerful scream with sonic capabilities that knocks back anything caught in its path ) , and even cryokinesis . Danny is initially frightened by his new abilities and has little control over them , but he soon learns to use them to protect his town from malevolent ghosts . Danny turns to the life of a superhero , using his powers to rid his hometown from the various ghosts who plague it and are almost always brought into the world thanks to the sporadic activation of the Fentons ' Ghost Portal . Sam , Tucker , and Jazz are Danny 's primary allies in his ghost - fighting activities . Danny 's ghost form is a polarization of what he looked like when he first entered the Ghost Portal . When he `` goes ghost '' , his black hair turns white , his blue eyes turn green , and the black - and - white jumpsuit he was wearing during the accident appears in negative color , with the originally white areas of the suit appearing black , and vice versa . In the premiere episode of season two , a ghost grants Sam 's inadvertent wish that she and Danny had never met ; in consequence , Danny loses his ghost powers , as Sam had primarily been the one to persuade Danny to investigate the Portal in the first place , which led to the accident . Sam then persuades the now fully human Danny to regain his powers by re-enacting the accident . This time , before Danny enters the Portal , Sam replaces the logo of his dad 's face on the jumpsuit ( which she also had removed the first time , and if she had n't , it would have been part of Danny 's ghost form ) , with her newly designed `` DP '' fused - letter logo on the chest so that it appears when he goes ghost from then on . Danny faces threats of many kinds , including vengeful ghost hunter Valerie Gray , who , for a short period of time , becomes his love interest , an enemy half - ghost Vlad Masters , an old college friend of his father 's and considered to be Danny 's true arch - rival , and even his own parents who , as ghost hunters , view Danny Phantom ( and any other ghosts ) as a menace to society . In addition , Danny tries to keep his secret safe from his classmates , teachers , and family . Throughout the series , Danny slowly realizes his own potential and his purpose , while both worlds slowly begin to accept him as their defender . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Danny Phantom episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 20 April 3 , 2004 ( 2004 - 04 - 03 ) June 17 , 2005 ( 2005 - 06 - 17 ) 20 June 24 , 2005 ( 2005 - 06 - 24 ) June 9 , 2006 ( 2006 - 06 - 09 ) 13 October 9 , 2006 ( 2006 - 10 - 09 ) August 24 , 2007 ( 2007 - 08 - 24 ) Characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Danny Phantom characters Daniel `` Danny '' Fenton / Danny `` Phantom '' ( voiced by David Kaufman ) is the series ' titular protagonist . Danny is a 14 - year - old boy who gains ghost powers in a lab accident when he steps into and activates his parents ' Ghost Portal . Now half - ghost , he chooses to use his powers to fight against malevolent ghosts who have begun to regularly escape the mysterious Ghost Zone and plague his hometown of Amity Park . A rather unpopular student in high school along with his friends , Danny also faces the typical hardships of a teenager , but with the additional challenges of protecting Amity Park from frequent ghost attacks , learning to control his ghost powers , and maintaining his secret identity as `` Danny Phantom . '' An ongoing story arc is his struggle to use his powers for the benefit of others rather than abuse them for his own needs , though he ultimately makes the right decision with the help of his friends . Danny can also be benevolent and decisive despite frequently struggling with his self - confidence . He a lover of science , especially astronomy , and aspires to become an astronaut . Samantha `` Sam '' Manson ( voiced by Grey DeLisle ) is Danny 's female best friend and eventually girlfriend at the end of the series ; she is also responsible for the accident in which Danny gains his powers . A strident individualist , Sam is a practitioner of a dramatized form of vegetarianism called `` Ultra Recyclo - Vegetarianism '' ( often generalized as `` not eating anything that had a face '' ) , a frequent protester for causes such as animal rights , and a self - proclaimed goth . At first , she is Danny 's best friend . Over time , however , her feelings for Danny begin to strengthen ; she eventually falls in love with him but can not bring herself to tell him for fear of ruining their friendship . Her patience pays off , as Danny secretly falls in love with her as well ; they ultimately share their true feelings with each other and become a couple . Tucker Foley ( voiced by Rickey D'Shon Collins ) is Danny 's male best friend , a nerdy teenager who is obsessed with technology and carries a PDA at all times . When not obsessing over gadgets , he obsesses over girls . Like Sam , he shares in Danny 's secret and often helps battle ghosts back into the Ghost Zone . He generally provides comic relief . Tucker 's gadgets sometimes seem redundant but , ironically , work well in the Ghost Zone or against ghosts . Tucker and Sam frequently handle the toils and triumphs of aiding Danny , especially when he 's `` going ghost . '' Jasmine `` Jazz '' Fenton ( voiced by Colleen O'Shaughnessey ) is Danny 's somewhat overprotective but loving older sister , an intelligent and highly sociable overachiever who thinks of herself as an adult . Jazz considers her parents ' obsession with ghosts a sign of needing psychological help . She eventually learns about Danny 's powers , but chooses not to reveal her knowledge until he is ready to talk about them with her . Jack Fenton ( voiced by Rob Paulsen ) is Danny and Jazz 's father and Maddie 's husband . Jack expresses an obsession with destroying ghosts , blindly holding the belief that all ghosts are evil and must be destroyed , including Danny Phantom . He is generally incompetent in nature , but can be an effective fighter when provoked . Jack cares about his family but does not know about Danny 's powers . He is almost never seen without his orange jumpsuit . Maddie Fenton ( voiced by Kath Soucie ) is Danny and Jazz 's mother and Jack 's wife . She is a gifted genius and dedicated hunter of ghosts , though she usually aims to dissect and study them rather than destroy them . A ninth - degree black belt , she is an excellent , competent fighter from whom Danny probably inherited his own talent for combat . Like her husband , she does not know about Danny 's powers and is almost never seen without her blue jumpsuit . Vlad Plasmius ( voiced by Martin Mull ) is Danny 's arch - nemesis throughout the series . Vlad had attended college at the University of Wisconsin - Madison with Jack and Maddie until Jack 's prototype Ghost Portal beamed ecto - acne into Vlad 's face , giving Vlad ghost powers and ruining his social life . Half - ghost for 20 years , Vlad has much more experience with his ghost powers than Danny . Vlad serves as the main antagonist throughout the entire series as he always tries to steal Maddie away from Jack and to persuade Danny to join his side and destroy his friends . He first appears in `` Bitter Reunions . '' Home media ( edit ) VHS ( edit ) Title Released `` Classes of Ghostes ! '' March 15 , 2005 `` Teacher of the Year '' , `` Parental Bonding '' , `` Splitting Images '' , `` My Brother 's Keeper '' `` Spooky Ghost '' April 12 , 2005 `` Control Freaks '' , `` Prisoners of Love '' , `` What You Want '' , `` Bitter Reunions '' , `` 13 '' `` Fighting Ghost '' July 26 , 2005 `` Life Lessons '' , `` Lucky in Love '' , `` Fanning the Flames '' , `` Doctor 's Disorders '' `` Reign Storm '' December 13 , 2005 `` Reign Storm '' `` Superhero Danny '' June 6 , 2006 `` Identity Crisis '' , `` Kindred Spirits '' , `` Masters of All Time '' , `` Micro-Management '' , `` Flirting With Disaster '' DVD 's ( edit ) Title Released `` Classes of Ghostes ! '' March 15 , 2005 December 24 , 2013 ( re-release ) `` Teacher of the Year '' , `` Parental Bonding '' , `` Splitting Images '' , `` My Brother 's Keeper '' , `` Public Enemies '' , `` Shades of Gray '' , `` Mystery Meat '' and `` One of a Kind '' `` Spooky Ghost '' April 12 , 2005 December 24 , 2013 ( re-release ) `` Control Freaks '' , `` Prisoners of Love '' , `` What You Want '' , `` Bitter Reunions '' , `` 13 '' , `` Attack of the Killer Garage Sale '' , `` The Million Dollar Ghost '' and `` Maternal Instincts '' `` Fighting Ghost '' July 26 , 2005 December 24 , 2013 ( re-release ) `` Life Lessons '' , `` Lucky in Love '' , `` Fanning the Flames '' , `` Doctor 's Disorders '' , `` Memory Blank '' , `` Pirate Radio '' and `` Fright Night '' `` Regin Storm '' December 13 , 2005 `` Regin Storm '' , `` The Fenton Menace '' , `` The Fright Before Christmas '' `` Secret Weapons '' and a Bonus Episode from Special Features `` The Ultimate Enemy '' `` Superhero Danny '' June 6 , 2006 `` Identity Crisis '' , `` Kindred Spirits '' , `` Masters of All Time '' , `` Micro-Management '' and `` Flirting With Disaster '' `` Public Enemies '' September 11 , 2007 `` Eye for an Eye '' , `` Livin ' Large '' , `` D - Stabilized '' , `` Boxed Up Fury '' , `` Urban Jungle '' , `` Girls Night Out '' and `` Infinite Realms '' `` The Phantom Planet '' March 11 , 2008 `` Phantom Planet '' `` The Adventures of Danny Phantom '' August 19 , 2008 `` Claw of the Wild '' , `` Forever Phantom '' , `` Frightmare '' and `` Torrent of Terror '' `` Reaillty Trip '' September 23 , 2008 `` Double Cross My Heart '' , `` King Tuck '' , `` Beauty Marked '' and `` Reaillty Trip '' , Danny Phantom first appeared on DVD in the Nick Picks DVD sets , appearing in all five volumes and the Christmas special . Nickelodeon and Amazon.com later struck a deal to produce DVDs of various Nickelodeon shows . Amazon made the discs , cover art and disc art , and released Danny Phantom Season One and Two on Sept 16 . Despite its claim , each set only contains thirteen episodes each , the first set including the first thirteen episodes and the second set continuing with the next thirteen . The third Danny Phantom DVD was released on June 9 . This set contains the entirety of Season Three , rather than the previous thirteen episode sets , skipping over the rest of Season Two . Later editions of the first two seasons contained the entire first and second seasons of Danny Phantom and was released in Nov. 2009 . Those , and all the other episodes , can be found on iTunes . Amazon has now discontinued the Create Space DVD releases with the announcement of Shout ! Factory releasing their own DVD sets . On March 22 , 2011 , it was announced that Shout ! Factory had secured the home video rights to the series from Nickelodeon . They released Season 1 in a 4 - disc set on September 13 , 2011 . Season 2 : Part 1 was released in a 2 - disc set on April 3 , 2012 . Season 2 : Part 2 was released on August 28 , 2012 . Shout Factory Releases Release Date Discs Episodes Season 1 September 13 , 2011 20 Season 2 : Part 1 Season 2 : Part 2 April 3 , 2012 August 28 , 2012 10 10 Season 3 October 14 , 2014 13 The Complete Series January 28 , 2014 9 53 Nick Picks releases ( edit ) DVD name Release date Ep # Title Nick Picks Vol. 1 May 24 , 2005 1x07 Bitter Reunions Nick Picks Vol. 2 October 18 , 2005 1x05 Splitting Images Nick Picks Vol. 3 February 7 , 2006 1x15 Fright Night Nick Picks Vol. 4 June 6 , 2006 1x12 Teacher of the Year Nick Picks Holiday September 26 , 2006 2x11 The Fright Before Christmas Nick Picks Vol. 5 March 13 , 2007 1x11 Fanning the Flames Nick Picks Vol. 6 N / A 2x02 Doctor 's Disorders Video games ( edit ) There have been two video games released for the series . Danny Phantom : The Ultimate Enemy ( for the Game Boy Advance ) was made to promote the then upcoming special `` The Ultimate Enemy '' with the main gameplay consisting of events from the TV movie . It is a 2D platformer and was released in Sept. 8 , 2005 . Danny Phantom : Urban Jungle for both the Game Boy Advance and Nintendo DS was to promote the Danny Phantom episode `` Urban Jungle '' . It is loosely based on the episode and is strictly a shooter game . It was released Sept. 19 , 2006 . Danny plays one of the main heroes in the Nicktoons Unite ! series , appearing in all four games across multiple platforms , Nicktoons Unite ! , Nicktoons : Battle for Volcano Island , Nicktoons : Attack of the Toybots , and SpongeBob SquarePants featuring Nicktoons : Globs of Doom . Danny and other characters have also been featured in other Nickelodeon crossover video games : Nicktoons MLB , Nicktoons : Summer Camp , Nicktoons Basketball for the PC , and Nicktoons Movin ' Eyetoy for the ( PlayStation 2 ) . He is a playable character in the kart racer Nicktoons Winners Cup Racing ( PC ) and the latter Nicktoons Nitro developed by Raw Thrills for the arcade . Nicktoons : Freeze Frame Frenzy for the ( Game Boy Advance ) , and Nicktoons : Android Invasion ( LeapFrog Didj ) . Danny Phantom has appeared in two mobile games , Nicktoons Mini Golf ( USA , www.nick.com ) and Danny Phantom : El secuestro de Jazz , available only in Chile . Cast ( edit ) Main cast ( edit ) David Kaufman as Daniel `` Danny '' Fenton / Danny Phantom Grey DeLisle as Samantha `` Sam '' Manson , Star ( 1st voice ) , Valerie Gray ( 1st voice ) , Princess Dora ( 1st Voice ) . Rickey D'Shon Collins as Tucker Foley Colleen O'Shaughnessey as Jasmine `` Jazz '' Fenton , Vid Rob Paulsen as Jack Fenton , Nicolai Technus , The Box Ghost , Download Kath Soucie as Maddie Fenton , The Lunch Lady Ghost ( 2nd voice ) , Box Lunch , Grandma Ida Manson Martin Mull as Vladimir `` Vlad '' Masters / Vlad Plasmius Additional cast ( edit ) June Angela as Principal Ishiyama and Shelly Makamoto Will Arnett as the Ghost Writer Dee Bradley Baker as Wulf , Observant # 1 , Prince Aragon , Mikey , Gregor , Nathan , Thrash William Baldwin as Johnny 13 Maria Canals - Barrera as Paulina Susanne Blakeslee as Dora Mattingly ( 2nd Voice ) , ( Dorethea the Dragon Ghost ) ( 2nd Voice ) Dave Boat as Vortex Kimberly Brooks as Mrs. Foley S. Scott Bullock as Dash Baxter , Klemper , Mr. Jeremy Manson , Hotep Ra , Ghost Dog , Dairy King , Operative O , Agent Alpha David Carradine as Clockwork Brian Cox as Pariah Dark Jon Cryer as Freakshow Michael Dorn as Fright Knight Peri Gilpin as Desiree Mark Hamill as Undergrowth Patricia Heaton as The Lunch Lady Ghost ( in `` Mystery Meat '' ) Bob Joles as Frostbite James Garrett as Nocturn Phil LaMarr as Mr. Maurice Foley Taylor Lautner as Youngblood Peter MacNicol as Sidney Poindexter Danny Mann as Amorpho Krista Swan as Dani Phantom ( in D - Stabilized ) Phil Morris as Damon Gray , Observant # 2 Laraine Newman as Mrs. Tetslaff , Mrs. Pamela Manson Daran Norris as Bullet Mathew St. Patrick as Skulker ( 1st Voice ) ( in `` One of a Kind '' , `` Bitter Reunions '' , and `` Prisoners of Love '' ) Ron Perlman as Mr. Lancer Dat Phan as Kwan ( 1st voice ) Chynna Phillips as Kitty Kevin Michael Richardson as The Dragon Ghost except ( `` Beauty Marked '' ) , Skulker ( 2nd Voice ) ( `` Life Lessons '' onwards for the rest of the series ) AnnaSophia Robb as Dani Phantom ( in `` Kindred Spirits '' ) Eric Roberts as Dark Danny James Sie as Kwan ( 2nd voice ) April Stewart as Pandora Tara Strong as Ember , Penelope Spectra , Tiffany Snow , Star ( 2nd voice ) Cree Summer as Valerie Gray ( 2nd voice ) James Arnold Taylor as Walker Jim Ward as Bertrand , Operative L Internet short and possible revival ( edit ) For years following the series ' end , Hartman has teased fans of Danny Phantom of a possible sequel or reboot of the franchise . In August 2016 , on YouTube , Hartman released concept artwork for a potential revival while alluding to ideas about what has happened to the characters over the last 10 years . In May 2017 , Hartman released a second video containing more concept art for characters from the show 10 years later . Love for the series has also sparked a social media campaign , `` # GoGhostAgain , '' dedicated to bringing back the series after its ten - year cancellation . On February 21 , 2017 , Nickelodeon released an online animated Danny Phantom short , `` The Fairly Odd Phantom , '' a crossover featuring characters from The Fairly OddParents , T.U.F.F. Puppy , and Bunsen Is a Beast . Following the success of the short , Butch Hartman released an exclusive crossover comic , `` Fairly Odd Phantom , '' based on the short at San Diego Comic - Con 2017 . Spiritual successor series ( edit ) On July 20 , 2017 , Butch Hartman announced that he was working on a Danny Phantom - like show for YouTube . It is unknown when the series will be released . This series will also serve as a spiritual successor to Danny Phantom . Hartman stated that `` I 'm working on a series right now that will only be available on YouTube , '' Hartman said . `` It 's going to be a little bit of anime , a little bit in the Danny Phantom range . It wo n't be Danny Phantom , of course , but it will be a show like that . It 's still a ways away and we 're putting the pieces together , but the Butch Hartman channel is going to be where I 'm bringing more of my series . '' See also ( edit ) List of ghost films References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` DANNY PHANTOM IS GOIN ' GHOST ! BUTCH TELLS ALL ABOUT DANNY PHANTOM ! '' . YouTube . Retrieved 25 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Memory Blank . Director : Butch Hartman , Ken Bruce , Gary Conrad ; Writer : Steve Marmel . '' . Danny Phantom . Season 2 . Episode 21 . 2005 - 06 - 24 . Nickelodeon . ^ Jump up to : `` Mystery Meat . Director : Butch Hartman ; Writer : Butch Hartman , Mark Banner , Steve Marmel . '' . Danny Phantom . Season 1 . Episode 01 . 2004 - 04 - 03 . Nickelodeon . Jump up ^ `` Shades of Gray . Director : Butch Hartman , Wincat Alcala , Juli Hashiguchi ; Writer : Sib Ventress . '' . Danny Phantom . Season 1 . Episode 10 . 2004 - 09 - 24 . Nickelodeon . Jump up ^ `` Bitter Reunions . Director : Butch Hartman , Wincat Alcala , Juli Hashiguchi ; Writer : Steve Marmel , Sib Ventress . '' . Danny Phantom . Season 1 . Episode 07 . 2004 - 05 - 08 . Nickelodeon . ^ Jump up to : `` Reign Storm . Director : Butch Hartman , Wincat Alcala , Kevin Petrilak ; Writer : Steve Marmel . '' . Danny Phantom . Season 2 . Episode 24 / 25 . 2005 - 07 - 29 . Nickelodeon . ^ Jump up to : `` Splitting Images . Director : Butch Hartman , Wincat Alcala , Richard Bowman ; Writer : Marty Isenberg . '' . Danny Phantom . Season 1 . Episode 05 . 2004 - 04 - 24 . Nickelodeon . Jump up ^ `` The Ultimate Enemy . Director : Butch Hartman , Wincat Alcala , Kevin Petrilak ; Writer : Marty Isenberg , Steve Marmel , Sib Ventress . '' . Danny Phantom . Season 5 . Episode 28 / 29 . 2005 - 09 - 16 . Nickelodeon . Jump up ^ `` Lucky in Love . Director : Butch Hartman , Gary Conrad , Ken Bruce ; Writer : Sib Ventress . '' . Danny Phantom . Season 1 . Episode 17 . 2005 - 02 - 11 . Nickelodeon . Jump up ^ `` Flirting with Disaster . Director : Butch Hartman , Wincat Alcala , Kevin Petrilak ; Writer : Steve Marmel . '' . Danny Phantom . Season 2 . Episode 32 . 2006 - 01 - 13 . Nickelodeon . Jump up ^ `` Parental Bonding . Director : Butch Hartman , Wincat Alcala , Sean Dempsey ; Writer : Steve Marmel , Sib Ventress . '' . Danny Phantom . Season 1 . Episode 02 . 2005 - 04 - 07 . Nickelodeon . Jump up ^ `` Torrent of Terror . Director : Butch Hartman , Wincat Alcala , Gary Conrad ; Writer : Butch Hartman , Sib Ventress . '' . Danny Phantom . Season 3 . Episode 44 . 2007 - 07 - 11 . Nickelodeon . Jump up ^ `` Kindred Spirits '' ^ Jump up to : `` One of a Kind . Director : Butch Hartman ; Writer : Butch Hartman , Mark Banner , Steve Marmel . '' . Danny Phantom . Season 1 . Episode 03 . 2004 - 04 - 10 . Nickelodeon . Jump up ^ `` My Brother 's Keeper . Director : Butch Hartman , Wincat Alcala , Juli Hashiguchi ; Writer : Sib Ventress . '' . Danny Phantom . Season 1 . Episode 09 . 2004 - 06 - 25 . Nickelodeon . ^ Jump up to : `` The Million Dollar Ghost . Director : Butch Hartman , Ken Bruce , Gary Conrad ; Writer : Sib Ventress . '' . Danny Phantom . Season 1 . Episode 19 . 2005 - 06 - 03 . Nickelodeon . ^ Jump up to : `` Maternal Instincts . Director : Butch Hartman , Gary Conrad , Juli Hashiguchi ; Writer : Sib Ventress . '' . Danny Phantom . Season 1 . Episode 16 . 2005 - 02 - 18 . Nickelodeon . Jump up ^ `` Girls ' Night Out . Director : Butch Hartman , Wincat Alcala , Gary Conrad ; Writer : Kevin Sullivan . '' . Danny Phantom . Season 3 . Episode 43 . 2007 - 07 - 10 . Nickelodeon . Jump up ^ `` Public Enemies . Ghost Director : Butch Hartman , Wincat Alcala , Juli Hashiguch ; Writer : Steve Marmel , Sib Ventress . '' . Danny Phantom . Season 1 . Episode 14 . 2005 - 02 - 04 . Nickelodeon . Jump up ^ Amazon.com : Nick Picks Boxed Set ( Vol , 1 - 3 ) : Tom Kenny , Bill Fagerbakke , Rodger Bumpass , Clancy Brown , Dee Bradley Baker , Mr. Lawrence , Carolyn Lawrence , Sirena Irwin , Jill Ta ... Jump up ^ Amazon.com : Nick Picks , Vol. 4 : Tom Kenny , Bill Fagerbakke , Rodger Bumpass , Clancy Brown , Dee Bradley Baker , Mr. Lawrence , Carolyn Lawrence , Sirena Irwin , Jill Talley , Mary Jo ... Jump up ^ Amazon.com : Nick Picks , Vol. 5 : Tom Kenny , Bill Fagerbakke , Rodger Bumpass , Clancy Brown , Dee Bradley Baker , Mr. Lawrence , Carolyn Lawrence , Sirena Irwin , Jill Talley , Mary Jo ... Jump up ^ Amazon.com : Nick Picks - Holiday : Elizabeth Daily , Christine Cavanaugh , Nancy Cartwright , Tom Kenny , Bill Fagerbakke , Rodger Bumpass , Clancy Brown , Dee Bradley Baker , Mr. Lawr ... Jump up ^ Site News DVD news : Amazon and Nickelodeon / Paramount Strike Deal for Burn - on - Demand Titles TVShowsOnDVD.com Jump up ^ Danny Phantom DVD news : Release Date for Danny Phantom - Season 3 TVShowsOnDVD.com Jump up ^ The Wild Thornberrys DVD news : Press Release for The Wild Thornberrys - Season 1 TVShowsOnDVD.com Jump up ^ Danny Phantom DVD news : Announcement for Danny Phantom - Season 1 ( general retail ) TVShowsOnDVD.com Jump up ^ Amazon.com : Danny Phantom : Season 2 , Part 1 : Movies & TV Jump up ^ Danny Phantom DVD news : Announcement for Danny Phantom - Season 2 , Part 2 TVShowsOnDVD.com Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Search Reviews , Articles , People , Trailers and more at Metacritic - Metacritic Jump up ^ Danny Phantom : Urban Jungle for DS Reviews , Ratings , Credits , and More - Metacritic Jump up ^ Games Raw Thrills , Inc Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AJN2R1QfmkY Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jXpow35PuD8 Jump up ^ Fairly OddParents , Danny Phantom , T.U.F.F. Puppy & Bunsen is a Beast The Fairly Odd Phantom Short Jump up ^ https://www.polygon.com/2017/7/20/16003066/danny-phantom-series-youtube-butch-hartman External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Danny Phantom Official website Danny Phantom on IMDb Danny Phantom at TV.com Danny Phantom at the Big Cartoon DataBase Danny Phantom on Twitter Danny Phantom Video games Ultimate Enemy Urban Jungle Featuring Danny Phantom Nicktoons Basketball Nicktoons : Freeze Frame Frenzy Nicktoons Movin ' Nicktoons Unite ! Nicktoons Winners Cup Racing Nicktoons : Battle for Volcano Island Nicktoons : Attack of the Toybots Nicktoons : Globs of Doom Nicktoons Nitro Nicktoons MLB Amusement rides Danny Phantom Ghost Zone Related articles Butch Hartman Episodes Characters Butch Hartman Animated TV series The Fairly OddParents ( 2001 - 17 ) Danny Phantom ( 2004 -- 07 ) T.U.F.F. Puppy ( 2010 -- 15 ) Bunsen Is a Beast ( since 2017 ) Feature films A Fairly Odd Movie : Grow Up , Timmy Turner ! ( 2011 ) A Fairly Odd Christmas ( 2012 ) A Fairly Odd Summer ( 2014 ) Other Oh Yeah ! Cartoons ( 1998 -- 2001 ) List of Oh Yeah ! Cartoons episodes Zoomates ( 1998 ) Nickelodeon original programming Former 1970s debuts Pinwheel ( 1977 -- 90 ) America Goes Bananaz ( 1979 -- 80 ) Nickel Flicks ( 1979 -- 80 ) Hocus Focus ( 1979 -- 80 ) Video Comic Book ( 1979 -- 81 ) 1980s debuts First Row Features ( 1980 -- 82 ) Special Delivery ( 1980 -- 93 ) Standby ... Lights ! Camera ! Action ! ( 1982 -- 87 ) You Ca n't Do That on Television ( 1982 -- 90 ) The Third Eye ( 1983 ) Mr. Wizard 's World ( 1983 - 90 ) Nick Rocks ( 1984 - 89 ) Out of Control ( 1984 -- 85 ) Double Dare ( 1986 -- 93 ; 2000 ) Finders Keepers ( 1987 -- 88 ) Do n't Just Sit There ( 1988 -- 91 ) Think Fast ( 1989 -- 91 ) Make the Grade ( 1989 -- 91 ) Hey Dude ( 1989 -- 91 ) 1990s debuts Wild & Crazy Kids ( 1990 -- 92 ; 2002 ) Outta Here ! 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who did the theme song for danny phantom | [
"\n\nDanny Phantom\n\n\n\n\n\nGenre\nComedy\nTeen drama\nSuperhero\nSupernatural\nAction-Adventure\n\n\nCreated by\nButch Hartman\n\n\nDeveloped by\nSteve Marmel\n\n\nVoices of\nDavid Kaufman\nGrey DeLisle\nRickey D'Shon Collins\nColleen O'Shaughnessey\nRob Paulsen\nKath Soucie\nMartin Mull\n\n\nTheme music composer\nGuy Moon and Butch Hartman\n\n\nOpening theme\n\"Danny Phantom\", performed by Deric Battiste and Guy Moon\n\n\nEnding theme\n\"Danny Phantom\" (instrumental)\n\n\nComposer(s)\nGuy Moon\n\n\nCountry of origin\nUnited States\n\n\nOriginal language(s)\nEnglish\n\n\nNo. of seasons\n3\n\n\nNo. of episodes\n53 (list of episodes)\n\n\nProduction\n\n\nExecutive producer(s)\nButch Hartman\nSteve Marmel (season 1-2)\nMark Banker\nMarty Isenberg (season 1-2)\nKevin Sullivan (season 3)\n\n\nProducer(s)\nBob Boyle (season 1)\n\n\nRunning time\n22 minutes\n\n\nProduction company(s)\nBillionfold Inc.\nNickelodeon Animation Studios\n\n\nDistributor\nViacom International Inc (International)\nNelvana (Canada)\n\n\nRelease\n\n\nOriginal network\nNickelodeon\n\n\nPicture format\n480i (4:3 SDTV)\n\n\nAudio format\nDolby Digital 5.1\n\n\nOriginal release\nApril 3, 2004 (2004-04-03) – August 24, 2007\n\n\nChronology\n\n\nRelated shows\nT.U.F.F. Puppy\nBunsen Is a Beast\nThe Fairly OddParents\n\n\nExternal links\n\n\nWebsite\nwww.nick.com/danny-phantom/\n\n",
"\n\nDanny Phantom\n\n\n\n\n\nGenre\nComedy\nTeen drama\nSuperhero\nSupernatural\nAction-Adventure\n\n\nCreated by\nButch Hartman\n\n\nDeveloped by\nSteve Marmel\n\n\nVoices of\nDavid Kaufman\nGrey DeLisle\nRickey D'Shon Collins\nColleen O'Shaughnessey\nRob Paulsen\nKath Soucie\nMartin Mull\n\n\nTheme music composer\nGuy Moon and Butch Hartman\n\n\nOpening theme\n\"Danny Phantom\", performed by Deric Battiste and Guy Moon\n\n\nEnding theme\n\"Danny Phantom\" (instrumental)\n\n\nComposer(s)\nGuy Moon\n\n\nCountry of origin\nUnited States\n\n\nOriginal language(s)\nEnglish\n\n\nNo. of seasons\n3\n\n\nNo. of episodes\n53 (list of episodes)\n\n\nProduction\n\n\nExecutive producer(s)\nButch Hartman\nSteve Marmel (season 1-2)\nMark Banker\nMarty Isenberg (season 1-2)\nKevin Sullivan (season 3)\n\n\nProducer(s)\nBob Boyle (season 1)\n\n\nRunning time\n22 minutes\n\n\nProduction company(s)\nBillionfold Inc.\nNickelodeon Animation Studios\n\n\nDistributor\nViacom International Inc (International)\nNelvana (Canada)\n\n\nRelease\n\n\nOriginal network\nNickelodeon\n\n\nPicture format\n480i (4:3 SDTV)\n\n\nAudio format\nDolby Digital 5.1\n\n\nOriginal release\nApril 3, 2004 (2004-04-03) – August 24, 2007\n\n\nChronology\n\n\nRelated shows\nT.U.F.F. Puppy\nBunsen Is a Beast\nThe Fairly OddParents\n\n\nExternal links\n\n\nWebsite\nwww.nick.com/danny-phantom/\n\n"
] | [
"Deric Battiste",
"Guy Moon"
] |
7007176913425291748 | Wynonna Earp (TV series) | Wynonna Earp ( TV series ) - wikipedia Wynonna Earp ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search For the comic book series , see Wynonna Earp . Wynonna Earp Wynonna Earp title card Genre Dark fantasy Drama Horror Western Supernatural Created by Emily Andras Based on Wynonna Earp by Beau Smith Starring Melanie Scrofano Shamier Anderson Tim Rozon Dominique Provost - Chalkley Opening theme `` Tell That Devil '' by Jill Andrews Composer ( s ) Robert Carli Peter Chapman Country of origin Canada United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 25 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Brian Dennis Ted Adams David Ozer Rick Jacobs Todd Berger Jordy Randall Tom Cox Emily Andras Location ( s ) Canada : Calgary , Alberta Didsbury , Alberta Springbank , Alberta Running time 43 minutes Production company ( s ) SEVEN24 Films IDW Entertainment Distributor IDW Entertainment Dynamic Television Release Original network Syfy CHCH - DT ( season 1 ) Space ( season 2 -- ) Original release April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) -- present ( USA ) April 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 04 ) -- present ( Canada ) External links Syfy www.syfy.com/wynonnaearp Seven24 Films seven24films.com/production/wynonna-earp/ Wynonna Earp ( / waɪˈnoʊnə ɜːr p / weye - NOH - nə urp ) is a Canadian - American supernatural Western horror television series . Developed by Emily Andras , it is based on the comic book series by Beau Smith . Melanie Scrofano plays the series ' titular character . Wynonna Earp premiered in the United States on Syfy on April 1 , 2016 , at 10 p.m. ET . Originally scheduled to premiere in Canada on March 28 , 2016 , at 10 p.m. on CHCH - DT , the series debut was moved to April 4 , 2016 , at 9 p.m. ET . On July 23 , 2016 , the renewal for a second season was announced at the Wynonna Earp panel at San Diego Comic - Con . Originally slated for ten episodes , the season was increased to 12 episodes in October 2016 . In Canada , Wynonna Earp moved from CHCH - DT to Space effective April 15 , 2017 . In anticipation of the premiere of Season 2 , Space began airing Season 1 on the same date with a special double - episode series debut . Season 2 premiered simultaneously on Syfy and Space on June 9 , 2017 , at 10 p.m. On July 22 , 2017 , David Ozer , president of IDW Entertainment , announced at the show 's San Diego Comic - Con panel that the series had been renewed for a third season with the premiere scheduled for 2018 . Space announced on the same day that it had ordered 12 episodes for a third season , together with Syfy . Andras credited Wynonna Earp 's passionate fan base ( nicknamed `` Earpers '' ) with gaining the renewal . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Episodes 3 Cast and characters 3.1 Main 3.2 Recurring 4 Development and production 4.1 Season 1 4.2 Season 2 5 Release 5.1 Broadcast 5.2 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Media information 6.2 Awards and nominations 6.2. 1 Canadian Screen Awards 6.2. 2 Dragon Awards 6.2. 3 GLAAD Media Award 6.2. 4 Rockie Awards 6.2. 5 Rosie Awards 6.2. 6 WGC Screenwriting Awards 6.3 Contests 6.3. 1 E ! Online 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Plot ( edit ) Wynonna Earp , the outcast great - great - granddaughter of legendary lawman Wyatt Earp , battles demons and other supernatural beings that inhabit the Ghost River Triangle , a cursed territory near the Canadian Rockies that includes Purgatory , her home town . Upon her 27th birthday , Wynonna inherited the power to use her ancestor 's 16 - inch barrel special `` Peacemaker '' revolver . With Peacemaker , together with a close circle of allies centered on her younger sister Waverly , she is the only one that can bring the paranormal evil to justice . Her primary foes are revenants , outlaws executed by Wyatt Earp who revive with the death of the previous Earp heir . In Wynonna 's case , she inherited the position from her father Ward , who was accidentally killed by a teenage Wynonna during a revenant attack . The first season centers on the threat posed by Bobo Del Ray , the leader of the local revenants . Alongside Bobo is a woman revealed to be Willa Earp , Wynonna 's elder sister who was believed dead . Initially set up to resume her position as the true heir , Willa is too corrupted and the season finale sees Wynonna executing Bobo and mercy - killing Willa , resuming the position of undisputed heir . Over the course of the season , Waverly also realizes and then acts on her attraction to a local police officer , Nicole Haught . The second season sees Waverly ( and briefly Wynonna ) fighting off a possession brought on by the previous season finale . In the process , the sisters discover that Wynonna is pregnant , with the father being revealed to be Doc Holliday . To protect the child from the revenants , once Wynonna gives birth to a daughter the infant is smuggled out of the Ghost River Triangle . During her pregnancy , Wynonna also confronts the threat of two witches in the form of black widows who take human form to revive an ancient demon . The season ends with Wynonna re-contacting her absentee mother for advice on overcoming the newly - risen demon . Meanwhile , Waverly struggles with the revelation that a yet unknown supernatural force , not Ward Earp , was her father . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Wynonna Earp episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 13 April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) June 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 24 ) 12 June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) August 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 25 ) Cast and characters ( edit ) Cast at `` Camp Conival '' during 2016 San Diego Comic - Con . From left : Melanie Scrofano , Shamier Anderson , Dominique Provost - Chalkley , Katherine Barrell and Tim Rozon . Main ( edit ) Melanie Scrofano as Wynonna Earp , a great - great - granddaughter of Wyatt Earp , who wields the power of Wyatt 's `` Peacemaker '' handgun . Shamier Anderson as Deputy Marshal Xavier Dolls , a special agent with the Black Badge division of the United States Marshals Service , a combustible mutant lizard - man generated by Black Badge . Tim Rozon as Doc Holliday , Wyatt Earp 's famed partner , cursed by the Stone Witch who cured his tuberculosis by way of eternal health . Dominique Provost - Chalkley as Waverly Earp , Wynonna 's younger sister and expert on Earp history who studied ancient cultures and languages . Recurring ( edit ) Greg Lawson as Sheriff Randy Nedley , the sheriff of Purgatory who is aware of the town 's supernatural nature . ( First appearance : `` Purgatory '' ) Michael Eklund as Bobo Del Rey ( né Robert Svane ) , leader of the revenants and former friend to Wyatt Earp . Executed by Wynonna in the season 1 finale but unexpectedly revived in season 2 . ( First appearance : `` Keep the Home Fires Burning '' ) Katherine Barrell as Officer Nicole Haught , a deputy sheriff of Purgatory and Nedley 's intended successor who becomes Waverly 's girlfriend and collaborates with Black Badge . She has a cat , Calamity Jane , that dislikes men except for Sheriff Nedley . ( First appearance : `` Keep the Home Fires Burning '' ) Rayisa Kondracki as Constance Clootie , also known as the Stone Witch . ( First appearance : `` Diggin ' Up Bones '' ; Season 1 ) Kate Drummond as Agent Lucado , Dolls ' superior officer at Black Badge . Killed by a demon . ( First appearance : `` Walking After Midnight '' ; Seasons 1 -- 2 ) Natalie Krill as Willa Earp ( first known by the name Eve ) , Wynonna and Waverly 's older sister , also able to wield the power of Wyatt 's `` Peacemaker '' . Mercy - killed by Wynonna in the Season 1 finale . ( First appearance : `` She Would n't Be Gone '' ; Season 1 ) Shaun Johnston as Juan Carlo , a mysterious local revealed to be Purgatory 's non-ageing priest . Mercy - killed by Dolls after being fatally wounded by The Widows . ( First appearance : `` Landslide '' ; Seasons 1 -- 2 ) Varun Saranga as Jeremy Chetri , a Black Badge Division scientist who helps the Earps against their BBD blood contract . ( First appearance : `` Steel Bars and Stone Walls '' ; Season 2 ) Tamara Duarte as Rosita Bustillos , a revenant and Doc 's girlfriend with advanced degrees in biochemistry and engineering whom he recruits , in exchange for his protection , to work as a bartender at Shorty 's while also helping to create Dolls 's serum . ( First appearance : `` Shed Your Skin '' ; Season 2 ) Dani Kind as Mercedes Gardner , Wynonna 's rich high - school best friend , head of the Gardner Family and its purse strings , but disliked by her siblings Beth and Tucker . Along with her sister Beth , her face is stolen by demonic widow spiders ( The Widows ) , leaving human Mercedes comatose . The possessing Widow is executed by Wynonna in the Season 2 finale . ( First appearance : `` Shed Your Skin '' ; Season 2 ) Caleb Ellsworth - Clark as Tucker Gardner , younger brother of the Gardner sisters and local miscreant , who has an unhealthy obsession with Waverly . He is killed by the Widow possessing Beth Gardner . ( First appearance : `` Gonna Getcha Good '' ; Season 2 ) Meghan Heffern as Beth Gardner , the younger of the two Gardner sisters . Along with her sister Mercedes , her face is stolen by demonic widow spiders ( The Widows ) , killing human Beth . Widow Beth is executed by Wynonna in the Season 2 finale . ( First appearance : `` Gonna Getcha Good '' ; Season 2 ) Episodes of Season 1 featured Dylan Koroll as Champ Hardy , Waverly 's boyfriend before she met Officer Nicole Haught ; Natascha Girgis as Gus McCready , aunt of the Earp girls ; and David LeReaney as Judge Cryderman , an antagonist of Wynonna Earp . Development and Production ( edit ) Syfy acquired the U.S. rights to Wynonna Earp from SEVEN24 Films and IDW Entertainment in July 2015 and placed an order for 13 episodes . International distribution of the series was acquired by Dynamic Television in September 2015 . On September 30 , 2015 , SEVEN24 Films announced the acquisition of Canadian broadcast rights by over-the - air independent station CHCH - DT . Melanie Scrofano was cast in the title role , with Tim Rozon as Doc Holliday and Shamier Anderson as Agent Dolls . Dominique Provost - Chalkley was cast as Waverly Earp . In recurring roles , Michael Eklund was cast as villain Bobo Del Rey and Katherine Barrell as Officer Nicole Haught . `` Tell That Devil '' by singer - songwriter Jill Andrews was selected as the theme music for the series . The titles of Wynonna Earp episodes are based on country and western songs . Viacom International Media Networks acquired the rights to broadcast Wynonna Earp on its multinational Spike channels in July 2016 . In March 2017 , Bell Media announced the new partnership between Space and SEVEN24 Films as Canadian co-producers of the series . Season 1 ( edit ) Filming of Season 1 took place from September 14 , 2015 , to February 12 , 2016 , in Calgary , Alberta , Canada . Locations included Bridgeland , Inglewood , and Heritage Park . Didsbury , Alberta , was used as the setting for the series ' small town of Purgatory . Syfy released the first promotional images and synopsis for the series on November 6 , 2015 . The teaser trailer was released through IGN in January 2016 . Wynonna Earp premiered on April 1 , 2016 , on Syfy ; and on April 4 , 2016 , on CHCH - DT . Season 2 ( edit ) After the series was renewed for a second season , Melanie Scrofano found out that she was pregnant . Emily Andras decided to incorporate her pregnancy in the arc of the titular character , she informed IDW Entertainment of the prospective storyline , and Syfy added two more episodes , increasing Season 2 from 10 to 12 episodes . Season 2 began filming in Calgary and surrounding areas from December 12 , 2016 , to April 13 , 2017 . Additional location shooting took place in Springbank , Alberta . The recurring cast was joined by Varun Saranga in the role of Jeremy Chetri and Tamara Duarte as Rosita . The ' sneak peek ' of the teaser trailer for the new season was released on April 1 , 2017 , and the trailer released officially by IGN on May 19 , 2017 . Syfy released the poster for the season on May 24 , 2017 . Season 2 premiered on June 9 , 2017 , on Syfy and Space . Release ( edit ) Broadcast ( edit ) Wynonna Earp premiered in the United Kingdom on Spike on July 29 , 2016 , at 9 : 00 p.m. Season 2 premiered in the UK on June 13 , 2017 , at 10 : 00 p.m. The series premiered in Australia on Spike on February 5 , 2017 . Home Media ( edit ) Wynonna Earp became available on Amazon Video as video on demand on May 6 , 2016 . In December 2016 , SEVEN24 Films producer Jordy Randall announced in an interview with the Calgary Herald that Season 1 would be streaming on Netflix . The series became available on Netflix on April 1 , 2017 . The Season 1 DVD and Blu - ray were released first in Australia ( Region 4 ) by Roadshow Entertainment on May 3 , 2017 . A crowdfunding campaign for a region free Blu - ray release was launched on May 23 , 2017 , by IDW Entertainment on Indiegogo . Reception ( edit ) In its new series review , Collider gave Wynonna Earp four stars , calling it `` a fresh and familiar take on zombies , the Wild West , and gunslinger culture '' and `` something that also feels different to anything we 're seeing on TV currently , thanks not only to its setting , but its prominent placement of so many strong , profane , kickass female characters . '' Digital Journal said the series was `` smart '' and `` complex '' with `` a lot going for it '' . The A.V. Club called Melanie Scrofano `` the right woman for the job ... an easy , authoritative presence '' ; and `` when it 's allowed the room to run , Wynonna Earp delights in itself , '' adding that the series `` could grow into the good - time Western pulp it has the potential to be . '' In a post-Season 1 review for Salon , Melanie McFarland wrote : `` This modern Western proved its mettle by dint of unexpectedly weird plotting and witty dialogue ... ( Melanie ) Scrofano lends a hardened and slightly feral swagger to Wynonna that 's vastly entertaining ... Much of the show 's winning spirit rests in its exploration of family loyalty and the popular conviction that one 's blood and dynastic ties compel one to fulfill a prescribed destiny . '' E ! Entertainment Television named Wynonna Earp the `` Best New Show '' of 2016 . It was chosen by Variety as one of the 20 best new series of 2016 , stating `` what this prairie - set Canadian import lacks in budget , it makes up for in gumption , sass and camaraderie . '' In its annual `` Best of TV '' highlight , Collider named Wynonna Earp the `` Best New Sci - Fi '' show of 2016 . In the United States , Season 1 averaged a total rating of 0.13 with 0.56 viewers . The season received a 75 % approval rating on review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes with an average rating of 6.11 / 10 . Metacritic gave the season an average score of 68 out of 100 . Season 2 averaged a 0.12 rating in the United States with 0.50 viewers . In Canada , overall viewership increased 52 % on Space compared to Season 1 on CHCH - DT . The season received an average rating of 8.67 / 10 on Rotten Tomatoes . There is no average score ( yet ) on Metacritic . Media information ( edit ) Wynonna Earp producers and cast members appeared at the Calgary International Film Festival on September 30 , 2017 , in a special program showcasing film and television productions in Alberta , Canada . The event was live - streamed and featured behind - the - scenes stories , insights , and a Q&A session . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Canadian Screen Awards ( edit ) Year Category Nominee Result Ref 2017 Best Writing in a Dramatic Series Emily Andras ( episode : `` Purgatory '' ) Nominated Best Achievement in Make - Up Joanne Jacobsen , Jo - Dee Thomson ( episode : `` Diggin ' Up Bones '' ) Nominated Best Costume Design Jennifer Haffenden ( episode : `` Keep the Home Fires Burning '' ) Nominated Best Original Music Score for a Series Robert Carli and Peter Chapman ( episode : `` House of Memories '' ) Nominated Best Visual Effects Geoff Scott , William Garrett , Sarah Wormsbecher , Eric Doiron , Nathan Larouche , Anthony DeChellis , Lon Molnar ( episode : `` I Walk the Line '' ) Nominated Best Cross-Platform Project -- Fiction Wynonna Earp Interactive ( Digital Howard Inc . ) , Daniel Dales , Jarrett Sherman , Alex Lalonde , Jordy Randall , Emily Andras Won Dragon Awards ( edit ) Year Category Nominee Result Ref 2017 Best Science Fiction or Fantasy TV Series Wynonna Earp Nominated GLAAD Media Award ( edit ) Year Category Nominee Result Ref 2017 Outstanding Drama Series Wynonna Earp Nominated Rockie Awards ( edit ) Year Category Nominee Result Ref 2017 Sci - Fi , Fantasy and Action Wynonna Earp Nominated Rosie Awards ( edit ) Year Category Nominee Result Ref 2017 Best Dramatic Series Tom Cox and Jordy Randall , Producers , SEVEN24 Films Won Best Performance by an Alberta Actor Peter Skagen ( episode : `` Leavin On Your Mind '' ) Nominated Shaun Johnston ( episode : `` Landslide '' ) Nominated Best Overall Sound ( Drama Over 30 Minutes ) Michael Playfair , Robert `` Arjay '' Joly , Steve Forst , & Paul Shubat ( episode : `` I Walk the Line '' ) Nominated Best Production Designer / Art Director Trevor Smith ( episode : `` Two - Faced Jack '' ) Nominated Best Costume Designer Jennifer Haffenden ( episode : `` She Would n't Be Gone '' ) Nominated Best Make - Up & Hair Artist ( s ) Joanne Jacobsen , Jo - Dee Thomson , Gunther Schetterer & Linda Nelson ( episode : `` Diggin Up Bones '' ) Nominated WGC Screenwriting Awards ( edit ) Year Category Nominee Result Ref 2017 Best Script from a Rookie Series Alexandra Zarowny ( episode : `` Bury Me With My Guns On '' ) Won Contests ( edit ) E ! Online ( edit ) Year Category Nominee Result Ref 2017 Girl on Top Melanie Scrofano Won See also ( edit ) Ghost Town Jonah Hex List of dramatic television series with LGBT characters List of fantasy television programs List of LGBT characters in television and radio List of science fiction TV and radio shows produced in Canada Weird West References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( July 22 , 2015 ) . `` Syfy Acquires ' Wynonna Earp ' Series ; Melanie Scrofano To Star '' . Deadline.com . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved November 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Reid , Regan ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` Emily Andras wrangles Wynonna Earp '' . Playback . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Logan , Megan ( June 3 , 2016 ) . `` This is How You Carry A Show : Melanie Scrofano Dominates As Wynonna Earp '' . Inverse . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nicholson , Max ( January 29 , 2016 ) . `` Wynonna Earp : First Teaser Trailer for Syfy 's Comic Book Adaptation '' . IGN . Retrieved January 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Knoop , Doug ( April 1 , 2016 ) . `` TV Picks for Friday , April 1 : ' Wynonna Earp ' series premiere on Syfy '' . The Seattle Times . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Media Release ( September 30 , 2015 ) . `` CHCH announced as the Canadian Broadcaster for SEVEN24Films WYNONNA EARP '' ( PDF ) . CHCH - DT . Channel Zero . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Liszewski , Bridget ( March 24 , 2016 ) . `` Wynonna Earp now has US and Canada Premiere Dates '' . The TV Junkies . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Morning Live ( April 4 , 2016 ) . `` Wynonna Earp premieres tonight on CHCH '' . CHCH - DT . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( July 23 , 2016 ) . `` Comic - Con : ' Wynonna Earp ' Renewed for Second Season at Syfy '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Press Release ( July 23 , 2016 ) . `` Syfy Renews Wynonna Earp From SEVEN24 Films and IDW Entertainment , a Subsidiary of IDW Media Holdings '' . Marketwired . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wynonna Earp Renewed for Season 2 '' . TVLine . July 24 , 2016 . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wynonna Earp ( @ WynonnaEarp ) ( October 7 , 2016 ) . `` Breaking - Wynonna Earp season 2 was upped to 12 episodes '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Volmers , Eric ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` Wynonna Earp : More depth , more villains and plenty of action planned for Season 2 of Calgary - shot sci - fi favourite '' . Calgary Herald . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ News ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` Wynonna Earp Brings The Wild , Supernatural West To Space '' . Space . Bell Media . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Press Release ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` Canadian Supernatural Sensation WYNONNA EARP Joins Space , Premiering April 15 '' . Bell Media . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Liszewski , Bridget ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` Wynonna Earp Season 2 to Air on Space Channel in Canada '' . thetvjunkies.com . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pinto , Jordan ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` Wynonna Earp swaps CHCH for Space '' . Playback . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Maureen ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wynonna Earp ' Gets Season 2 Premiere Date , Cast Talks What 's Next '' . Variety . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ahr , Michael ( April 2 , 2017 ) . `` Wynonna Earp Season 2 Trailer , Return Date , and Other News '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ David , Greg ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` Canadian supernatural sensation Wynonna Earp joins Space ; Season 2 begins June 9 '' . TV , eh ? . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Maureen ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wynonna Earp ' Renewed for Third Season by Syfy '' . Variety . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wynonna Earp Renewed for Season 3 '' . Entertainment Weekly . July 22 , 2017 . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Press Release ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` Space Renews Canadian Supernatural Sensation WYNONNA EARP for Third Season '' . Space . Bell Media . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Volmers , Eric ( July 23 , 2017 ) . `` Calgary - shot Wynonna Earp picked up for a third season '' . Calgary Herald . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Liszewski , Bridget ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` Wynonna Earp : Emily Andras Credits Fans With That Season 3 Renewal '' . The TV Junkies . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jetson , Kat ( August 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wynonna Earp 's ' Secret Weapon : Feminism in a Demon - Haunted World '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 18 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Press Release ( July 22 , 2015 ) . `` Syfy Acquires WYNONNA EARP from SEVEN24 Films and IDW Entertainment '' . IDW Publishing . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2015 . Retrieved January 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Press Release ( September 16 , 2015 ) . `` IDW Entertainment And Seven24 Partner With Dynamic Television For International Distribution Of Wynonna Earp '' . IDW Media Holdings . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Amaya , Erik ( March 29 , 2016 ) . `` Wynonna Earp Star Melanie Scrofano On Getting The Part ; Playing Her Strengths And Weaknesses '' . Bleeding Cool . Retrieved July 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wilson , A.R. ( April 25 , 2016 ) . `` Wynonna Earp 's Dominique Provost - Chalkley on Waverly '' . Digital Journal . Retrieved July 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Staff ( June 10 , 2016 ) . `` Exclusive : Michael Eklund Talks Wynonna Earp '' . SciFi Vision . Retrieved July 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bojarski , Jackie ( May 13 , 2016 ) . `` Exclusive Interview with `` Wynonna Earp '' Star Katherine Barrell `` . Talk Nerdy With Us . Retrieved July 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ David , Greg ( May 12 , 2016 ) . `` Andrea Higgins makes sweet music for Wynonna Earp and Heartland '' . TV , eh ? . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Emily Andras @ emtothea ( June 24 , 2017 ) . `` Yep ! All # WynonnaEarp episodes are named after country and western songs . '' . Twitter . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Songs Associated With Wynonna Earp Episode Titles '' . Pixel 51 . 3 October 2016 . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Reid , Regan ( July 27 , 2016 ) . `` Wynonna Earp sharpens its int'l presence '' . Playback . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Press Release ( August 1 , 2016 ) . `` IDW Entertainment , a Subsidiary of IDW Media Holdings , Goes Global with Wynonna Earp '' . IDW Media Holdings . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Volmers , Eric ( July 23 , 2015 ) . `` New supernatural western series , Wynonna Earp , to shoot in Calgary '' . Calgary Herald . Postmedia Network . Retrieved October 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Alberta Film List for September 2015 -- TV Series '' . Reel West Magazine . 2015 . Retrieved October 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Behind the Scenes - Wynonna Earp '' . Calgary Economic Development . April 29 , 2016 . Retrieved May 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Volmers , Eric ( February 5 , 2016 ) . `` Calgary - shot Wynonna Earp a supernatural western '' . Calgary Herald . Postmedia Network . Retrieved October 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dabbs , Frank ( February 9 , 2016 ) . `` Wynonna 's crew makes filming possible '' . Innisfail Province . Retrieved October 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ching , Albert ( November 6 , 2015 ) . `` First `` Wynonna Earp '' Promotional Images Released `` . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved July 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nicholson , Max ( 29 January 2016 ) . `` Wynonna Earp : First Teaser Trailer for Syfy 's Comic Book Adaptation '' . IGN . Retrieved July 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ NBCUniversal Media ( 2016 ) . `` Syfy / Wynonna Earp ( credits ) '' . NBCUniversal . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2016 . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Liszewski , Bridget ( July 10 , 2017 ) . `` Wynonna Earp 's Melanie Scrofano On Her Pregnant Demon - Hunting Superhero '' . The TV Junkies . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Volmers , Eric ( August 4 , 2017 ) . `` No pregnant pause : Expecting a baby did n't slow down Wynonna Earp or the actress playing her '' . Calgary Herald . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Volmers , Eric ( December 17 , 2016 ) . `` Passionate fan base has high expectations for second season of Alberta - shot Wynonna Earp '' . Calgary Herald . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ACTRA ( April 2017 ) . `` What 's Shooting '' . ACTRA Alberta . Retrieved May 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan , Maureen ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wynonna Earp ' Has Flaming Hot Key Art for Season 2 ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved July 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harnick , Chris ( April 1 , 2017 ) . `` The Wynonna Earp Season 2 Trailer Is As Badass As You Hoped It Would Be '' . E ! News . E ! Entertainment Television . Retrieved July 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fowler , Matt ( 19 May 2017 ) . `` Wynonna Earp : Exclusive Season 2 Trailer '' . IGN . Retrieved July 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ NBCUniversal Media ( 2017 ) . `` Syfy / Wynonna Earp ( credits ) '' . NBCUniversal . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2017 . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Press Release ( June 5 , 2017 ) . `` Space Stacks Summer Schedule with Premieres of Original Hits and New Series BLOOD DRIVE , COSPLAY MELEE , and SHARKNADO 5 : GLOBAL SWARMING '' . Space . Bell Media . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Munn , Patrick ( July 11 , 2016 ) . `` Spike Picks Up UK Rights To Syfy 's ' Wynonna Earp ' '' . TVWise . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Munn , Patrick ( July 13 , 2016 ) . `` Spike Sets UK Premiere Date For ' Wynonna Earp ' '' . TVWise . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Munn , Patrick ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` Spike Sets UK Premiere Date For ' Wynonna Earp ' Season 2 '' . TVWise . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tim Rozon @ realtimrozon ( February 5 , 2017 ) . `` Wynonna Earp premieres tonight in Australia mate it 's gon na be Dry as a dead dingo 's donger ! '' . Twitter . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wynonna Earp , Season 1 '' . Instantwatcher . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wynonna Earp ( @ WynonnaEarp ) ( May 12 , 2016 ) . `` # WynonnaEarp is now on @ amazon ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Wynonna Earp '' . New On Netflix . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wynonna Earp '' . Netflix . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wynonna Earp : Season 1 : DVD '' . DVD Warehouse . May 3 , 2017 . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wynonna Earp : Season 1 : Blu Ray '' . DVD Warehouse . May 3 , 2017 . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sobon , Nicole ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` IDW Turns to IndieGoGo for Wynonna Earp Blu - ray '' . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ IDW Entertainment ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` Wynonna Earp Season One Blu - Ray '' . Indiegogo . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Keene , Allison ( March 31 , 2016 ) . `` ' Wynonna Earp ' Review : Syfy 's Supernatural Western Is Smart , Kickass Fun '' . Collider . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wilson , A.R. ( March 31 , 2016 ) . `` Review : ' Wynonna Earp ' is a gleefully fun supernatural western '' . Digital Journal . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Valentine , Genevieve ( April 1 , 2016 ) . `` Wynonna Earp rustles up a perfect leading lady , but has some work to do '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McFarland , Melanie ( June 17 , 2017 ) . `` Get us out from under ... `` Wynonna Earp '' ? That 's right `` . Salon . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Piester , Lauren ( July 6 , 2016 ) . `` TV Scoop Awards 2016 : And the Winners Are ... '' . E ! Entertainment Television . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Maureen ( December 12 , 2016 ) . `` The 20 Best New TV Shows of 2016 '' . Variety . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Radish , Christina ( December 30 , 2016 ) . `` The Best TV of 2016 : From New Sci - Fi Worlds to Excellent Comedy Duos '' . Collider . Retrieved September 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wynonna Earp : Season One Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . July 23 , 2016 . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wynonna Earp : Season 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wynonna Earp : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wynonna Earp : Season Two Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . August 28 , 2017 . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wynonna Earp : Season 2 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wynonna Earp : Season 2 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bell , Mike ( August 10 , 2017 ) . `` Alberta film and television industry in focus during second wave of announcements for 2017 's Calgary International Film Festival '' . Theyyscene . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Showcase Alberta : Up Close & Interactive With Wynonna Earp '' . Calgary International Film Festival . 2017 . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 TV Nominees '' . Academy of Canadian Cinema & Television . January 2017 . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pinto , Jordan ( March 10 , 2017 ) . `` LaRue , Felix & Paul win gold at CSAs '' . Playback . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Liptak , Andrew ( September 3 , 2017 ) . `` Here are the winners of the 2017 Dragon Awards '' . The Verge . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ THR Staff ( January 31 , 2017 ) . `` GLAAD Media Award Nominees Revealed '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Rockie Awards Program Competition Nominees '' . BANFF World Media Festival . Retrieved 17 May 2017 . Jump up ^ David , Greg ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` Baroness Von Sketch Show , Wynonna Earp and Travelers top Rockie Awards noms '' . TV , eh ? . Retrieved 18 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Griwkowsky , Fish ( April 29 , 2017 ) . `` And the 2017 AMPIA Rosies film and television winners are ... '' . Edmonton Journal . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Alberta Film and Television Awards '' ( PDF ) . ampia.org . Alberta Media Production Industries Association . March 2017 . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Volmers , Eric ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` Calgary productions top nominations for Alberta Film and Television Awards '' . Calgary Herald . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 WGC Screenwriting Awards Finalists '' . Writers Guild of Canada . March 2017 . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ David , Greg ( April 24 , 2017 ) . `` Wynonna Earp , Letterkenny and X Company top WGC Screenwriting Awards '' . TV , eh ? . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Piester , Lauren ( September 5 , 2017 ) . `` Girl on Top 2017 : Melanie Scrofano or Alycia Debnam - Carey ? The Winner Is ... '' . E !. E ! Entertainment Television . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Further reading ( edit ) Brodsky , Katherine ( Summer 2017 ) . `` Andras and The Making of Wynonna and The Revenants Relevant '' ( PDF ) . Canadian Screenwriter . Writers Guild of Canada . Liszewski , Bridget ( March 18 , 2016 ) . `` 11 Things to Know About Wynonna Earp '' . The TV Junkies . Logan , Megan ( June 14 , 2016 ) . `` Emily Andras Unbroke Wynonna Earp '' . Inverse . Meushaw , Catherine ( June 24 , 2016 ) . `` Wynonna Earp Showrunner Emily Andras Talks Finale , Spoilers , And The Show 's Future '' . 4 Your Excitement . Mullican , AJ ( May 20 , 2016 ) . `` Exclusive Interview with Emily Andras and Melanie Scrofano of Wynonna Earp '' . Talk Nerdy With Us . Piccoli , Dana ( June 25 , 2016 ) . `` Interview : Wynonna Earp 's Dominique Provost - Chalkley and Katherine Barrell On The Finale and Defying The Lesbian Death Trope '' . The Mary Sue . Pickard , Michael ( July 29 , 2016 ) . `` The will to Wyn '' . Drama Quarterly . Podcast Kevin Bachelder ( 2017 ) . `` Tales of the Black Badge '' . Tuning in to SciFi TV ( Podcast ) . External links ( edit ) Official website Wynonna Earp at Space Wynonna Earp at CHCH - DT ( 2016 archive ) Wynonna Earp at CHCH - DT ( 2017 archive ) Wynonna Earp at SEVEN24 Films Wynonna Earp at IDW Entertainment Wynonna Earp Character Guide at Syfy Wynonna Earp Purgatory Case Files at Syfy Wynonna Earp on IMDb Wynonna Earp at TV Guide Wynonna Earp - Comic Creator Beau Smith . GeekWorldRadio interview , YouTube Eisinger , Justin ; Simon , Alonzo , eds. ( 2017 ) . Wynonna Earp Yearbook : Season 1 . IDW Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1631408939 . ( hide ) Syfy original programming Former 1990s debuts Farscape ( 1999 -- 2003 ) First Wave ( 1998 -- 2001 ) FTL Newsfeed ( 1992 -- 96 ) Good vs. Evil ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Mission Genesis ( 1997 ) Mystery Science Theater 3000 ( 1997 -- 2004 ) Poltergeist : The Legacy ( 1999 ) Sightings ( 1996 -- 98 ) Sliders ( 1998 -- 2000 ) Welcome to Paradox ( 1998 ) 2000s debuts Andromeda ( 2000 -- 05 ) Battlestar Galactica ( 2003 -- 09 ) Black Scorpion ( 2001 ) Cha $ e ( 2008 ) The Chronicle ( 2001 -- 02 ) Destination Truth ( 2007 -- 12 ) Doctor Who ( 2006 -- 09 ) The Dresden Files ( 2007 ) ECW ( 2006 -- 10 ) Estate of Panic ( 2008 ) Eureka ( 2006 -- 12 ) Exposure ( 2000 -- 02 ) Flash Gordon ( 2007 -- 08 ) Ghost Hunters ( 2004 - 2016 ) Ghost Hunters Academy ( 2009 -- 10 ) Ghost Hunters International ( 2008 -- 12 ) The Invisible Man ( 2000 -- 02 ) Mad Mad House ( 2004 ) The Outer Limits ( 2001 -- 02 ) Painkiller Jane ( 2007 ) Proof Positive ( 2004 ) Sanctuary ( 2008 -- 11 ) Scare Tactics ( 2003 -- 13 ) The Secret Adventures of Jules Verne ( 2000 ) Stargate SG - 1 ( 2002 -- 2007 ) Stargate Atlantis ( 2004 -- 09 ) Stargate Universe ( 2009 -- 11 ) Tremors ( 2003 ) Tripping the Rift ( 2004 -- 05 ) Warehouse 13 ( 2009 -- 14 ) WCG Ultimate Gamer ( 2009 -- 10 ) Who Wants to Be a Superhero ? 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( 2017 ) Krypton ( 2018 ) Superstition ( 2017 ) The Purge ( TBA ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wynonna_Earp_(TV_series)&oldid=804331720 '' Categories : 2016 American television series debuts 2016 Canadian television series debuts 2010s American television series 2010s Canadian television series American fantasy television series American horror fiction television series American supernatural television series Canadian fantasy television series Canadian horror fiction television series Canadian science fiction television series Canadian supernatural television series English - language television programs Lesbian - related television programmes Television programs based on comics Television series produced in Calgary Television series produced in Alberta Weird West Cultural depictions of Wyatt Earp Syfy original programs Space ( TV channel ) network shows Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from July 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Français Italiano Polski Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 8 October 2017 , at 08 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where is wynonna earp supposed to take place | [
"\nCalgary, Alberta\nDidsbury, Alberta\nSpringbank, Alberta\n",
"\nCalgary, Alberta\nDidsbury, Alberta\nSpringbank, Alberta\n",
"\nCalgary, Alberta\nDidsbury, Alberta\nSpringbank, Alberta\n"
] | [
"Calgary, Alberta",
"Didsbury, Alberta",
"Springbank, Alberta"
] |
-2670423274070419601 | Get Shorty (film) | Get Shorty ( film ) - wikipedia Get Shorty ( film ) Get Shorty Theatrical release poster Directed by Barry Sonnenfeld Produced by Danny DeVito Michael Shamberg Stacey Sher Screenplay by Scott Frank Based on Get Shorty by Elmore Leonard Starring John Travolta Gene Hackman Rene Russo Danny DeVito Music by John Lurie Cinematography Donald Peterman Edited by Jim Miller Production company Jersey Films Distributed by Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer Release date October 20 , 1995 ( 1995 - 10 - 20 ) Running time 105 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $30 million Box office $115 million Get Shorty is a 1995 American crime comedy film based on Elmore Leonard 's novel of the same name . Directed by Barry Sonnenfeld and starring John Travolta , Gene Hackman , Rene Russo , and Danny DeVito . A sequel , titled Be Cool , was released in 2005 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Soundtrack 5 Reception 5.1 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Chili Palmer , a loan shark based in Miami , clashes with another mobster , Ray `` Bones '' Barboni over a stolen coat . They have several confrontations , one of which leaves Barboni with a broken nose . But after Palmer 's boss , Momo , dies of a heart attack , he finds himself working for Barboni , whose first order is for Palmer to collect a debt owed by Leo Devoe . Devoe was believed to have been killed in a fatal commercial airliner crash , but had actually gotten off the plane , and failed to re-board . After the plane crash , Devoe 's wife identified his personal effects , and the airline offered her a check for $300,000 . Chili visits her and discovers Leo is still alive , partying in Las Vegas . While in Vegas , Palmer picks up a job from a casino manager to collect a debt from B - movie producer Harry Zimm . Palmer goes to Los Angeles and locates Zimm at the home of actress Karen Flores , breaking into her house . Zimm agrees to pay the money he owes in 90 days . Film fan Palmer then pitches an idea : a thinly veiled story of his own life , including the scam by Leo . Zimm is interested , but he has financial problems : He owes $200,000 to drug dealer Bo Catlett , who also wants to be in the movie business . Palmer says he will help Zimm take care of it . Palmer tracks down Devoe and collects the $300,000 in insurance money . Palmer returns to Karen 's house , where he asks Karen on a date . Karen is the ex-wife of actor Martin Weir , which gives Palmer the idea that Weir should star in his movie . He and Karen go to Weir 's home to pitch the story idea , Chili giving the actor tips on how to act like a loan shark . Catlett comes to Zimm 's office for a progress report about the film he is supposedly financing . Waiting for him there instead is Palmer , who tells Catlett that Zimm has a different project he needs to finish first . Catlett and his sidekick Ronnie proceed to threaten Zimm , saying they want their money back and to get rid of Palmer or else . Zimm makes a call to Barboni in Miami , telling him Chili has recovered the money from Leo Devoe and speaking to him rudely on the phone . Barboni promptly flies to Los Angeles , confronts Zimm in his office , and beats him mercilessly when Zimm does not reveal the location of Chili and the money . Ronnie walks in and Ray shoots him , then puts the gun in Zimm 's hand . Doris , Zimm 's girlfriend , whose late husband wrote Mr. Lovejoy , calls Karen and tells her that Zimm is in the hospital . When he is eventually released , Zimm must wear a neck brace and remains in agonizing pain , even as he endures Weir 's arrogant behavior in a brief lunch meeting with Chili and Karen about their movie project . At another restaurant , Zimm claims he does n't need Chili 's money anymore . Catlett 's bodyguard , Bear , a movie stuntman on the side , is thrown down a flight of stairs by Chili . Desperate for money , Catlett kidnaps Karen and demands the money that Chili has gotten back from Devoe . But after Chili gives him the money , Catlett reneges on their deal . Chili cuts a deal with Bear to double - cross Catlett . On a balcony at Catlett 's home , where Karen is being held , Bear pretends to give Chili a beating , but it 's a set - up . In the struggle , Catlett is pushed over a balcony rail that was previously loosened , falling to his death . At his hotel , Barboni confronts Palmer , demanding the money . He finds an airport locker key and assumes the money is hidden in the locker . At the airport , upon opening the locker , a shocked Barboni is confronted by DEA agents . On a Hollywood studio set , a film is being made . Harvey Keitel is playing Barboni and Martin Weir is playing Palmer . Penny Marshall is directing , with Zimm as executive producer , Chili and Karen as co-producers . Bear is a technical consultant . Chili and Karen are arguing with Weir 's agent about Weir 's appropriateness for another role . Cast ( edit ) John Travolta as Chili Palmer Gene Hackman as Harry Zimm Rene Russo as Karen Flores Danny DeVito as Martin Weir Dennis Farina as Ray `` Bones '' Barboni Delroy Lindo as Bo Catlett James Gandolfini as Bear Jon Gries as Ronnie Wingate Renee Props as Nicki David Paymer as Leo Devoe Martin Ferrero as Tommy Carlo Miguel Sandoval as Mr. Escobar Jacob Vargas as Yayo Portillo Linda Hart as Faye Devoe Production ( edit ) At the beginning of the film , Ray Bones has two thugs with him ; one of them is played by actor Ernest `` Chili '' Palmer . Palmer was author Elmore Leonard 's model for the character in the book . According to a newspaper article , he claims not to have been involved with gangsters or loan sharking . When the filmmakers found out from Leonard that there was a real `` Chili '' Palmer , they gave him a bit part in the film . Soundtrack ( edit ) The movie features an acid - and soul - jazz themed soundtrack with songs by Us3 , Morphine , Booker T. & the M.G. 's , Greyboy and Medeski Martin & Wood alongside original compositions by John Lurie . The soundtrack was nominated for a Grammy Award ( 1997 - Best Instrumental Composition Written for a Motion Picture or for Television ) . Reception ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes , the film received an 87 % `` Certified Fresh '' rating , based on 52 reviews , with an average rating of 7.8 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` With a perfect cast and a sly twist on the usual Hollywood gangster dynamic , Get Shorty delivers a sharp satire that doubles as an entertaining comedy - thriller in its own right . '' On Metacritic , the film holds a score of 82 out of 100 , based on 22 reviews , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . The film was entered into the 46th Berlin International Film Festival . The film opened at # 1 upon its release ( 10 / 20 - 22 ) with $12,700,007 . Get Shorty remained # 1 for three consecutive weeks before being overtaken by Ace Ventura : When Nature Calls . Awards and nominations ( edit ) For his role as Chili Palmer , John Travolta received the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy . The film also received a nomination for the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Perry Moore , ' Narnia ' series executive producer , dies at 39 ; Don Peterman , Oscar - nominated cinematographer , dies at 79 ; Nancy Carr , network TV publicist , dies at 50 '' . Los Angeles Times . 2011 - 02 - 22 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office / Business for Get Shorty '' . IMDB . Retrieved 5 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Get Shorty '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 5 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Anne E. Kornblut ( November 5 , 1995 ) . `` The Real Chili Palmer '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved 5 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Okamoto , David ( October 30 , 1995 ) . `` ` Get Shorty ' Scores A Hit With Funky Soundtrack '' . Dallas Morning News . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 -- via Chicago Tribune . Jump up ^ `` Artist : John Lurie '' . Grammy Award . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Get Shorty at Rotten Tomatoes Jump up ^ Get Shorty at Metacritic Jump up ^ `` Berlinale : 1996 Programme '' . berlinale.de . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ Robert W. Welkos ( 24 October 1995 ) . `` Weekend Box Office : ' Shorty ' Stands Tall in Ticket Sales '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 5 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office November 10 -- 12 , 1995 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 5 November 2011 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Get Shorty Get Shorty on IMDb Get Shorty at AllMovie Get Shorty at Box Office Mojo Get Shorty at the TCM Movie Database Get Shorty at the American Film Institute Catalog Get Shorty at Box Office Mojo Get Shorty at Rotten Tomatoes Works by Elmore Leonard Novels Hombre ( 1961 ) The Big Bounce ( 1969 ) Swag ( 1976 ) Unknown Man No. 89 ( 1977 ) The Hunted ( 1977 ) City Primeval ( 1980 ) Split Images ( 1981 ) La Brava ( 1983 ) Glitz ( 1985 ) Killshot ( 1989 ) Get Shorty ( 1990 ) Rum Punch ( 1992 ) Pronto ( 1993 ) Riding the Rap ( 1995 ) Naked Came the Manatee ( 1996 ) Out of Sight ( 1996 ) Cuba Libre ( 1998 ) Pagan Babies ( 2000 ) Tishomingo Blues ( 2002 ) A Coyote 's in the House ( 2004 ) The Hot Kid ( 2005 ) Road Dogs ( 2009 ) Djibouti ( 2010 ) Raylan ( 2012 ) Short stories `` Three - Ten to Yuma '' ( 1953 ) Screenplays Joe Kidd ( 1972 ) Mr. Majestyk ( 1974 ) High Noon , Part II : The Return of Will Kane ( 1980 ) Stick ( 1985 ) The Rosary Murders ( 1987 ) Film adaptations The Tall T ( 1957 ) 3 : 10 to Yuma ( 1957 ) Hombre ( 1967 ) The Big Bounce ( 1969 ) The Moonshine War ( 1970 ) Valdez Is Coming ( 1971 ) The Ambassador ( 1984 ) Stick ( 1985 ) 52 Pick - Up ( 1986 ) Cat Chaser ( 1989 ) Get Shorty ( 1995 ) Jackie Brown ( 1997 ) Last Stand at Saber River ( 1997 ) Touch ( 1997 ) Out of Sight ( 1998 ) The Big Bounce ( 2004 ) Be Cool ( 2005 ) 3 : 10 to Yuma ( 2007 ) Killshot ( 2009 ) Life of Crime ( 2013 ) Television adaptations Maximum Bob ( 1998 ) Karen Sisco ( 2003 ) Justified ( 2010 -- 2015 ) Get Shorty ( 2017 ) Films directed by Barry Sonnenfeld The Addams Family ( 1991 ) For Love or Money ( 1993 ) Addams Family Values ( 1993 ) Get Shorty ( 1995 ) Men in Black ( 1997 ) Wild Wild West ( 1999 ) Big Trouble ( 2002 ) Men in Black II ( 2002 ) RV ( 2006 ) Men in Black 3 ( 2012 ) Nine Lives ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Get_Shorty_(film)&oldid=849485049 '' Categories : 1995 films English - language films 1990s comedy films 1990s crime films American criminal comedy films American films American satirical films Films about Hollywood Films based on works by Elmore Leonard Films based on American novels Films directed by Barry Sonnenfeld Films featuring a Best Musical or Comedy Actor Golden Globe winning performance Films set in Los Angeles Films set in Miami Mafia comedy films Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer films Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Plattdüütsch Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 July 2018 , at 10 : 06 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who was offered the role of chili palmer | [
"At the beginning of the film, Ray Bones has two thugs with him; one of them is played by actor Ernest \"Chili\" Palmer. Palmer was author Elmore Leonard's model for the character in the book. According to a newspaper article, he claims not to have been involved with gangsters or loan sharking. When the filmmakers found out from Leonard that there was a real \"Chili\" Palmer, they gave him a bit part in the film.[4]\n"
] | [
"Ernest \"Chili\" Palmer"
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-7572537971160876050 | Anne (TV series) | Anne ( TV series ) - wikipedia Anne ( TV series ) Anne Also known as Anne with an E Genre Drama Created by Moira Walley - Beckett Based on Anne of Green Gables by Lucy Maud Montgomery Screenplay by Moira Walley - Beckett Starring Amybeth McNulty Geraldine James R.H. Thomson Lucas Jade Zumann Dalila Bela Corrine Koslo Aymeric Jett Montaz Opening theme `` Ahead by a Century '' by The Tragically Hip Country of origin Canada Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 7 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Elizabeth Bradley Alex Sapot Sally Catto Debra Hayward Alison Owen Miranda de Pencier Moira Walley - Beckett Producer ( s ) Susan Murdoch Cinematography Bobby Shore Running time 44 minutes Production company ( s ) Pelican Ballet Northwood Entertainment Distributor Netflix Release Original network CBC Television Netflix ( worldwide ) Picture format 4K ( Ultra HD ) Audio format Dolby Digital 5.1 with Descriptive Video Service track Original release March 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 19 ) -- present ( present ) External links Website Anne ( titled Anne with an E for international distribution on Netflix ) is a Canadian drama television series based on the 1908 novel Anne of Green Gables by Lucy Maud Montgomery , and adapted by Emmy Award - winning writer and producer Moira Walley - Beckett . It airs on CBC in Canada , and elsewhere in the world it is available for streaming on Netflix . The first season consists of seven episodes , with Niki Caro directing the 90 - minute season premiere . The series premiered on March 19 , 2017 , on CBC , the season finale airing on April 30 , 2017 . On August 3 , 2017 , both CBC and Netflix renewed the series for a 10 - episode second season to premiere in 2018 . Season 2 began production in November 2017 . Season 2 will be premiered on Netflix on July 6 , 2018 and on CBC on September 23 , 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast 2.1 Main 2.2 Others 3 Production 3.1 Personnel 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming locations 3.4 Music 4 Themes 5 Broadcast and release 6 Episodes 6.1 Season 1 ( 2017 ) 7 Reception 7.1 Critical response 8 References 9 External links Premise ( edit ) In the late 19th century , brother and sister Matthew and Marilla Cuthbert , both in their old age by that historical period 's standards ( Matthew is 60 ) , decide to take on an orphan boy to help out around their ancestral farm of Green Gables , on the outskirts of the town of Avonlea , on Prince Edward Island . When Matthew goes to pick the child up at the railway station , he finds not a boy , but a high - spirited and talkative girl , Anne Shirley . At first , the Cuthberts are inclined to send her back , particularly after Marilla 's brooch goes missing , and Anne , in despair , runs away . Reconciled and settled in her new home and school , Anne once again displays boundless enthusiasm which is nevertheless easily turned into despair when things go wrong , which they often do . Slowly , her ebullient nature wins over those around her . Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Amybeth McNulty as Anne Shirley Geraldine James as Marilla Cuthbert R.H. Thomson as Matthew Cuthbert Dalila Bela as Diana Barry Lucas Jade Zumann as Gilbert Blythe Corrine Koslo as Rachel Lynde Aymeric Jett Montaz as Jerry Baynard Others ( edit ) Jonathan Holmes as Mr. William Barry Helen Johns as Mrs. Eliza Barry Ryan Kiera Armstrong as Minnie Mary Barry Deborah Grover as Josephine Barry Wayne Best as John Blythe Phillip Williams as Thomas Lynde David Ingram as Mr. Harmon Andrews Janet Porter as Mrs. Andrews Christian Martyn as Billy Andrews Lia Pappas - Kemps as Jane Andrews Ella Jonas Farlinger as Prissy Andrews Jim Annan as Mr. Gillis Fiona Byrne as Mrs. Gillis Kyla Matthews as Ruby Gillis Jacob Ursomarzo as Moody Spurgeon Stephen Tracey as Mr. Phillips Cory Gruter - Andrew as Cole Mackenzie Miranda McKeon as Josie Pye Glenna Walters as Tillie Boulter Katelyn Wells as Mary Joe Jacob Horsley as Charlie Sloane Production ( edit ) According to executive producer Miranda de Pencier , this adaptation of the novel has a different look and feel to past productions , aiming for a `` documentary level of realism '' , as reflected in the extraordinary detail which has gone into the design of sets and costumes . Personnel ( edit ) Besides the show itself having a larger number of female characters than male , women serving as executive producer and showrunner , the series has several female directors . For the second season , showrunner and scriptwriter Moira Walley - Beckett is joined by a team of women writers . Casting ( edit ) Approximately 1800 girls on three continents auditioned for the role of Anne Shirley . Amybeth McNulty was chosen for her ability to deliver dialogue which is `` incredibly thick and dynamic and beautiful '' , according to Miranda de Pencier . Walley - Beckett describes her as at once `` luminous , '' transparent , smart , soulful and emotional . Filming locations ( edit ) The series is filmed partially in Prince Edward Island as well as locations in Southern Ontario ( including Millbrook and Caledon ) . Music ( edit ) The opening theme is the song `` Ahead by a Century '' performed and originally composed by Canadian band The Tragically Hip . Themes ( edit ) Moira Walley - Beckett had this to say about her treatment , which is darker than the previous productions : `` In this day and age , themes of identity , prejudice , bullying , being an outsider , searching for a way to be accepted and how to belong are entirely topical and super relevant , and those are themes that are built into the story of ' Anne . ' '' She went on to call Anne Shirley an `` accidental feminist '' , and how she `` really wanted to tell this story now . '' Broadcast and Release ( edit ) The series initially premiered on March 19 , 2017 , on CBC and aired on a weekly basis , the season finale airing on April 30 , 2017 . The series debuted on Netflix on May 12 , 2017 , under the title Anne with an E . Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date Can . viewers ( millions ) `` Your Will Shall Decide Your Destiny '' Niki Caro Moira Walley - Beckett March 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 19 ) 0.999 When a miscommunication brings a girl , Anne Shirley , to Green Gables instead of a boy , Marilla and Matthew Cuthbert are faced with a life - changing decision . `` I Am No Bird , and No Net Ensnares Me '' Helen Shaver Moira Walley - Beckett March 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 26 ) 0.780 Hoping all is not lost , Matthew races to catch up with Anne while Marilla anxiously hopes and waits for their return to Green Gables . `` But What Is So Headstrong as Youth ? '' Sandra Goldbacher Moira Walley - Beckett April 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 02 ) 0.994 Anne is excited to begin school and make friends , but is unprepared for the bullying that occurs when she does n't fit in . Marilla too , is testing new waters as she accepts an invitation to join a `` Progressive Mothers '' group . `` An Inward Treasure is Born '' David Evans Moira Walley - Beckett April 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 09 ) 0.654 Anne is faced with the decision of whether or not to return to school . But a fire at the Gillis house and Anne 's generous actions help her in her choice . 5 `` Tightly Knotted to a Similar String '' Patricia Rozema Moira Walley - Beckett April 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 16 ) N / A Anne must deal with the inevitability of womanhood when she gets her first period . At the same time , Marilla and Matthew acclimatize to parenthood and revisit moments of their youth through Anne . 6 `` Remorse Is the Poison of Life '' Paul Fox Moira Walley - Beckett April 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 23 ) 0.656 When her little sister Minnie May becomes ill , Diana runs to Anne for help . Meanwhile , the Blythe farm sees change , as Marilla is reminded of what she gave up and Matthew receives some unsettling news . 7 `` Wherever You Are Is My Home '' Amanda Tapping Moira Walley - Beckett April 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 30 ) N / A The Cuthberts vow to do whatever it takes to save the farm which reminds Anne of the strength of friendship and love . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The series has achieved a rating of 88 % on Rotten Tomatoes , the site 's critical consensus stating : `` Anne with an E uses its complex central character to offer a boldly stylish , emotionally resonant spin on classic source material that satisfies in its own right . '' The series has received a rating of 79 on Metacritic based on fifteen reviews , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Emily Ashby , writing for Common Sense Media , calls the series an `` exceptional '' and `` spectacular '' interpretation , giving it four out of five stars . Tasha Cerny , contributor for the Tracking Board , praises the cinematography as lush and colourful , the characters vibrant , and the plot `` surprisingly thrilling for a story about a young girl living in a small secluded community in the late nineteenth century . I laughed , I cried , and I did n't expect either from a show about a little girl . '' Gwen Inhat of the A.V. Club , calls the series `` at once darker and sweeter than the original '' novel , praising the core cast , reserving the highest for the series lead : `` Amybeth McNulty defies her youth with a performance that 's less a portrayal of Anne than an absolute possession . It ca n't be easy to make Anne 's fanciful language sing the way she does , and McNulty captures the endearing awkwardness that enables Anne to win over everyone she comes in contact with . '' Writing of the 90 - minute premiere episode for the Toronto Star , Johanna Schneller was appreciative of Walley - Beckett 's departures from the novel , bringing its subtext to the fore : `` Reading between the novel 's lines and adding verisimilitude , she gives us quick but potent glimpses of the miseries many orphans faced in 1890s imperialist culture . '' Hanh Nguyen , reviewing the series for IndieWire , concurs with this assessment , saying : `` Rather than ruining the series , they give the context for why Anne would be filled with gratitude for the beauties of nature , basic human decency and having a family to call her own . Montgomery had based much of Anne 's need for escape into imagination on her own lonely childhood , and her stories have always had an underlying poignancy that made them all the sweeter . '' Jen Chaney , writing for Vulture.com , agrees , saying : `` What distinguishes it from other previous Anne iterations is its willingness to harden some of the story 's softness , just enough , to create an element of realism that period pieces , Gables - related or not , can be inclined to avoid . '' Neil Genzlinger writing for The New York Times , commenting on reports of darkness and grittiness , goes so far as to call the adaptation `` richer '' than the source material : `` Ms. McNulty 's Anne is still wonderfully ebullient and eminently likable ; she 's just not the one - dimensional figure of other adaptations '' . Annie Hirschlag , writing for Mic , suggests that a genuinely contemporary Anne is bound to reflect the current television landscape and wider culture of its times ( the 2010s ) : `` Since today 's entertainment is peppered with antiheroes -- characters who are far from perfect , even occasionally villainous -- it makes sense that Anne 's familiar idealism is fringed with darkness and agony . '' Some reviewers were more ambivalent , mainly about Walley - Beckett 's changes to the story . Canadian novelist Saleema Nawaz , who reviewed the 90 - minute first episode for Toronto Life , said she enjoyed it more than she expected , particularly the set designs and costumes , as well as the performances by McNulty and Thomson , and she approved of the choice of theme song as reflective of the continued relevance of the source material . She was less sure about how far the series intended to stray from that source material , and disapproved of the `` manufactured drama , such as Matthew 's wild horse ride '' . Writing for Entertainment Weekly , Isabella Beidenharn expressed similar feelings , but , `` putting the source material aside , it 's a fine show on its own '' , and she conceded that `` inventing a dark side might help Anne With an E fit into today 's TV landscape '' . Allison Keene , writing for Collider , agrees that Anne is a good drama on its own terms , but allows it is `` only a fair adaptation '' of the novel , at its best in the home scenes : `` Anne with an E is undeniably the most stylish adaptation we 've ever seen of Anne of Green Gables . But its desire to reveal more of Anne 's miserable past in order to be more true to what the desperation of an orphan is like feels at odds with Montgomery 's story . '' Writing for Variety , critic Sonia Saraiya is even more ambivalent , describing the series as on the one hand `` a brilliant adaptation '' which `` succeeds admirably '' , but on the other hand , `` the show ca n't quite sustain the brilliance , veering first into maudlin territory and then into the oddly saccharine as it tests out its tone '' , contending that `` the show gets a bit bogged down in telling the story of Anne 's dysfunction '' , presenting `` a slightly soapy view of Anne 's trials and tribulations that at times really humanize her and in others , are rather infantilizing '' . Sarah Larson , writing for The New Yorker , was not at all impressed with changes made to the story , arguing that they alter Anne 's character to the point of non-recognition . While she acknowledges that bringing subtext to the fore is a fine idea , she is not pleased with the execution , saying that the result is part `` the Anne we know and love '' and part `` untrustworthy stranger '' , calling the alteration and addition of scenes a `` betrayal '' of Montgomery 's novel , comparing the treatment unfavourably to Patricia Rozema 's 1999 adaptation of Jane Austen 's Mansfield Park . For Joanna Robinson , writing for Vanity Fair , a central problem with the show is that it `` seems to think that in order for Anne to be a feminist figure , she has to butt up against a straw - man - filled patriarchy , '' and so it turned many of the male characters into misogynists , most notably the Reverend Allan , who is considered by Anne to be a `` kindred spirit '' in the book : `` Anne with an E seems to think Anne 's triumphs are only noteworthy if she 's continually told she ca n't succeed , when in fact her unfettered brilliance needs no such clumsy opposition . It also seems to think that Anne needs a radical feminist makeover when , in fact , the story of her success was feminist in its own right . '' This is part of a more general problem Robinson notes , that conflicts are exaggerated and overdone : `` this series thrives on non-stop tragedy . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Anne of Green Gables set for new life on CBC - TV '' . CBC.ca . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix Boards CBC 's ' Anne Of Green Gables ' Adaptation ; Niki Caro To Helm Premiere '' . Deadline . August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Katie Rogers . `` Oh , Gilbert ! ' Anne of Green Gables ' Is Coming to Netflix '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Anne '' . CBC.ca . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Yeo , Debra ( August 3 , 2017 ) . `` CBC and Netflix renew reimagined Anne of Green Gables '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Anne ( with an E ) : Season Two Filming Begins for CBC and Netflix Series '' . TV Series Finale . November 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Anne with an E Season 2 - Official Trailer '' . CBC . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Anne With An E : Season 2 Official Trailer Netflix '' . youtube . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` Netflix 's ' Anne of Green Gables ' Adaptation Finds Its Anne Shirley , Casts 2 Other Roles '' . Deadline . October 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Netflix 's ' Anne Of Green Gables ' Adaptation Adds Three To Cast '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Maureen McCormick To Guest In ' The Guest Book ' ; Lucas Jade Zumann Joins ' Anne ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hunt , Nigel ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Ai n't your grandmother 's Anne ' : new series gives gritty Green Gables amid glut of Anne adaptations '' . CBC News . Retrieved 4 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ahearn , Victoria ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` VIDEO : CBC 's ' Anne ' shows darker past of ' accidental feminist ' from Green Gables '' . Chronicle Herald . Canadian Press . Retrieved 4 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CBC - TV and Netflix renew Anne series for 2nd season : Episodes will be written by team of female writers '' . CBC News Prince Edward Island . Canadian Press . 3 August 2017 . Retrieved 5 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Lance ( 8 November 2016 ) . `` New series based on Anne of Green Gables filmed in Millbrook on Tuesday - MyKawartha.com '' . Jump up ^ Fraser , Sara ( November 28 , 2016 ) . `` Behind the scenes on the newest Anne of Green Gables series '' . CBC News . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Get Red - dy ! Netflix 's ' Anne ' Now Has a Release Date '' . EW.com . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Anne with an E Netflix '' . www.netflix.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Top Programs -- Total Canada ( English ) March 13 , 2017 - March 19 , 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Numeris . Jump up ^ Brioux , Bill ( @ BillBriouxTV ) ( March 31 , 2017 ) . `` LAST SUN o'nites CBC Heartland 859k Anne 780k Story of Us 745k CTV Saving Hope 665k GLO NCIS : LA 1127k SNet NHL Van - Peg 473k '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Top Programs -- Total Canada ( English ) March 27 , 2017 - April 2 , 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Numeris . Jump up ^ Brioux , Bill ( @ BillBriouxTV ) ( April 10 , 2017 ) . `` SUN onites SNET NHL TOR - COL 1181k VAN -- EDM 766k TSN CURL 1026k GLO NCISLA 1Mk CBC ANNE 654k STORY US 546k CITY SHOTS 623k CTV SAVE HOPE 548k '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Brioux , Bill ( @ BillBriouxTV ) ( April 24 , 2017 ) . `` SJN o'nites SNet NHL TOR - WASH Game 6 3467k OTT - BOS 1284k OMNI2 TOR - WASH 121k CTV SAVE HOPE 686K CBC ANNE 656K STORY OF US 450K '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Anne with an E ( 2017 - ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 4 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Anne with an E : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Ashby , Emily . `` Anne with an E '' . Common Sense Media . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Cerny , Tasha . `` ANNE WITH AN E Review : `` Episodes 1 - 3 '' `` . www.thetrackingboard.com . Retrieved 18 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Inhat , Gwen . `` Anne With An E offers a winning , darker take on a familiar tale '' . A.V. Club . Retrieved 18 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Schneller , Johanna ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` This Anne of Green Gables hints at miseries : What I 'm Watching '' . Toronto Star . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Nguyen , Hanh . `` ' Anne with an E ' Review : A ' Breaking Bad ' Producer Updates ' Anne of Green Gables ' for Our Darker Times '' . IndieWire . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Chaney , Jen . `` Anne of Green Gables Fans , You Will Love Netflix 's Anne With an E '' . Vulture.com . New York Magazine . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Genzlinger , Neil ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` Review : ' Anne With an E ' Is a Rewarding Return to Green Gables '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Hirschlag , Annie . `` ' Anne with an E ' Review : The Neflix Adpatation Hits the Nostalgia Button and More '' . Mic.com . Mic ( media Company ) . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Nawaz , Saleema ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` We asked an Anne of Green Gables superfan to review the first episode of CBC 's new TV series '' . Toronto Life . Retrieved 4 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Beidenharn , Isabella ( May 15 , 2017 ) . `` Anne With an E : EW review Netflix 's new series has a different take on the pleasant Avonlea you may have grown up with '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Keene , Allison . `` ' Anne with an E ' Review : Netflix 's Green Gables Adaptation Has Grit '' . Collider . Retrieved 16 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Saraiya , Sonia ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` TV Review : ' Anne With an E , ' Based on the Book ' Anne of Green Gables ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 18 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Larson , Sarah ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` How Not to Adapt `` Anne of Green Gables '' `` . The New Yorker . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` The Depths of Despair : Anne of Green Gables : Netflix 's Bleak Adaptation Gets It All So Terribly Wrong '' . Vanity Fair magazine . Retrieved 9 August 2017 . External links ( edit ) Television in Canada portal Anne on CBC Anne with an E on Netflix Anne on IMDb The Anne of Green Gables series by L.M. Montgomery Characters Anne Shirley Gilbert Blythe Walter Blythe Original novels Anne of Green Gables ( 1908 ) Anne of Avonlea ( 1909 ) Anne of the Island ( 1915 ) Anne of Windy Poplars ( 1936 ) Anne 's House of Dreams ( 1917 ) Anne of Ingleside ( 1939 ) Rainbow Valley ( 1919 ) Rilla of Ingleside ( 1921 ) Companion books Chronicles of Avonlea ( 1912 ) Further Chronicles of Avonlea ( 1920 ) Before Green Gables ( authorised prequel by Budge Wilson , 2008 ) The Blythes Are Quoted ( 2009 ) Films Anne of Green Gables ( 1919 ) Anne of Green Gables ( 1934 ) Anne of Windy Poplars ( 1940 ) Anne of Green Gables ( 1956 ) Anne of Green Gables ( 1985 ) Anne of Green Gables : The Sequel ( 1987 ) Anne of Green Gables : The Continuing Story ( 2000 ) Anne : Journey to Green Gables ( 2005 ) Anne of Green Gables : A New Beginning ( 2008 ) L.M. 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-4401048036295029649 | Korean War | Korean War - Wikipedia Korean War For other conflicts and wars involving Korea , see List of Korean battles . For the conflict spanning after the WWII , see Korean conflict . 1950 -- 1953 war between North Korea and South Korea Korean War In South Korea : ( 한국 전쟁 , 6 25 전쟁 ) In North Korea : ( 조국 해방 전쟁 ) Part of the Cold War and the inter-Korean conflict Clockwise from top : A column of the U.S. 1st Marine Division 's infantry and armor moves through Chinese lines during their breakout from the Chosin Reservoir ; UN landing at Incheon harbor , starting point of the Battle of Incheon ; Korean refugees in front of a U.S. M26 Pershing tank ; U.S. Marines , led by First Lieutenant Baldomero Lopez , landing at Incheon ; F - 86 Sabre fighter aircraft Date 25 June 1950 -- 27 July 1953 ( 3 years , 1 month and 2 days ) Location Korean Peninsula , Yellow Sea , Sea of Japan , Korea Strait , China -- North Korea border Result Military stalemate North Korean invasion of South Korea repelled Subsequent U.S. - led United Nations invasion of North Korea repelled Subsequent Chinese invasion of South Korea repelled Korean Armistice Agreement signed in 1953 Korean conflict ongoing Territorial changes Korean Demilitarized Zone established North Korea gains city of Kaesong but loses a net total of 3,900 km ( 1,500 sq mi ) to South Korea Belligerents South Korea United Nations : United States United Kingdom Canada Turkey Australia Philippines New Zealand Thailand Ethiopia Greece France Colombia Belgium South Africa Netherlands Luxembourg Medical support ( show ) Denmark Italy West Germany India Israel Norway Sweden Other support ( show ) Taiwan Japan Cuba El Salvador Spain North Korea China Soviet Union Medical support ( show ) Bulgaria Czechoslovakia East Germany Hungary Poland Romania Other support ( show ) India Mongolia Commanders and leaders Syngman Rhee Chung Il - kwon Paik Sun - yup Shin Sung - mo Harry S. Truman Douglas MacArthur Matthew Ridgway Mark Wayne Clark Clement Attlee Winston Churchill Kim Il - sung Pak Hon - yong Choi Yong - kun Kim Chaek † Mao Zedong Peng Dehuai Chen Geng Deng Hua Joseph Stalin † Georgy Malenkov Lavrentiy Beria Vyacheslav Molotov Strength 602,902 326,863 14,198 8,123 5,453 2,282 1,496 1,385 1,290 1,271 1,263 1,185 1,068 900 826 819 170 120 105 100 72 70 44 Total : 972,334 Note : The figures vary by source ; peak unit strength varied during war . 1,350,000 266,600 26,000 Total : 1,642,600 Note : The figures vary by source ; peak unit strength varied during war . Casualties and losses Total : 178,405 dead and 32,925 missing Total wounded : 566,434 Details ( show ) South Korea : 137,899 dead 450,742 wounded 24,495 MIA 8,343 POW United States : 36,574 dead 103,284 wounded 7,926 MIA 4,714 POW United Kingdom : 1,109 dead 2,674 wounded 179 MIA 977 POW Turkey : 741 dead 2,068 wounded 163 MIA 244 POW Canada : 516 dead 1,042 wounded 1 MIA 33 POW Australia : 339 dead 1,216 wounded 43 MIA 26 POW France : 262 dead 1,008 wounded 7 MIA 12 POW Kingdom of Greece 192 dead 543 wounded 3 POW Colombia : 163 dead 448 wounded 28 POW Thailand : 129 dead 1,139 wounded 5 MIA Ethiopian Empire 121 dead 536 wounded Netherlands : 122 dead 645 wounded 3 MIA Belgium : 101 dead 478 Wounded 5 MIA 1 POW Philippines : 92 dead 299 wounded 97 MIA / POW South Africa 34 dead 9 POW New Zealand : 34 dead 299 wounded 1 MIA / POW Norway : 3 dead Luxembourg : 2 dead 13 wounded India : 1 dead Total : 398,000 -- 750,000 + dead and 145,000 + missing Total wounded : 686,500 -- 789,000 Details ( show ) North Korea : 215,000 -- 350,000 dead 303,000 wounded 120,000 MIA or POW China : ( Chinese sources ) : 183,108 dead 383,500 wounded 450,000 hospitalized 25,621 missing ( Those who defected or were captured were included in missing ) 7,110 captured 14,190 defected ( U.S. estimates ) : 400,000 + dead 486,000 wounded Soviet Union : 299 dead 335 planes lost Total civilians killed / wounded : 2.5 million ( est . ) South Korea : 990,968 killed / wounded 373,599 killed 229,625 wounded 387,744 abducted / missing North Korea : 1,550,000 killed / wounded ( est . ) Korean War North Korean Offensive Pokpoong Chuncheon 1st Seoul Gorangpo Kaesong - Munsan Korea Strait Ongjin Uijeongbu Suwon Airfield Air Campaign Andong Chumonchin Chan Osan Pyongtaek Chonan Chochiwon Taejon Sangju Yongdong Hwanggan Hadong Notch Pusan Perimeter Masan P'ohang - Dong Taegu 1st Naktong Bulge Bowling Alley Battle Mountain Kyongju Haman Nam River Ka - San Tabu - Dong Yongsan 2nd Naktong Bulge UN Command Counteroffensive Haeju Inchon 2nd Seoul Hill 282 12 October 1950 Sariwon Pyongyang Yongju Kujin Chongju Chinese Intervention Onjong Unsan Pakchon Ch'ongch'on River Wawon Chosin Reservoir Task Force Faith 3rd Seoul Uijeongbu Chaegunghyon 1st and 2nd Wonju Thunderbolt Twin Tunnels Hoengsong Chipyong - Ni 3rd Wonju Chuam - Ni Wonsan Killer Ripper ( 4th Battle of Seoul ) Maehwa - San Courageous Tomahawk Rugged Dauntless Spring Offensive Imjin River Yultong Kapyong Soyang River Air operations MiG Alley Sunchon Strangle Sui - ho Dam Stalemate Bloody Ridge Minden Punchbowl Heartbreak Ridge Han River Commando 1st Maryang San Haktang - ni Polecharge 2nd Maryang San Sunchon Hill Eerie Sui - Ho Dam Old Baldy Blaze White Horse Triangle Hill 1st Hook 2nd Hook Chatkol Outpost Vegas Pork Chop Hill 3rd Hook Outpost Harry Kumsong Samichon River Korean Armistice Agreement Panmunjom Declaration The Korean War ( in South Korean Hangul : 한국 전쟁 ; Hanja : 韓國 戰爭 ; RR : Hanguk Jeonjaeng , `` Korean War '' ; in North Korean Chosŏn'gŭl : 조국 해방 전쟁 ; Hancha : 祖國 解放 戰爭 ; MR : Choguk haebang chǒnjaeng , `` Fatherland : Liberation War '' ; 25 June 1950 -- 27 July 1953 ) was a war between North Korea ( with the support of China and the Soviet Union ) and South Korea ( with the principal support of the United States ) . The war began on 25 June 1950 when North Korea invaded South Korea following a series of clashes along the border . The United Nations , with the United States as the principal force , came to the aid of South Korea . China came to the aid of North Korea , and the Soviet Union also gave some assistance to the North . As a product of the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States , Korea was split into two regions with separate governments . Both claimed to be the legitimate government of all of Korea , and neither accepted the border as permanent . The conflict escalated into open warfare when North Korean forces -- supported by the Soviet Union and China -- moved into the south on 25 June 1950 . The United Nations Security Council authorized the formation and dispatch of UN forces to Korea to repel what was recognized as a North Korean invasion . Twenty - one countries of the United Nations eventually contributed to the UN force , with the United States providing around 90 % of the military personnel . After the first two months of war , South Korean and U.S. forces rapidly dispatched to Korea were on the point of defeat , forced back to a small area in the south known as the Pusan Perimeter . In September 1950 , an amphibious UN counter-offensive was launched at Incheon , and cut off many North Korean troops . Those who escaped envelopment and capture were forced back north . UN forces rapidly approached the Yalu River -- the border with China -- but in October 1950 , mass Chinese forces crossed the Yalu and entered the war . The surprise Chinese intervention triggered a retreat of UN forces which continued until mid-1951 . After these reversals of fortune , which saw Seoul change hands four times , the last two years of fighting became a war of attrition , with the front line close to the 38th parallel . The war in the air , however , was never a stalemate . North Korea was subject to a massive bombing campaign . Jet fighters confronted each other in air - to - air combat for the first time in history , and Soviet pilots covertly flew in defense of their communist allies . The fighting ended on 27 July 1953 , when an armistice was signed . The agreement created the Korean Demilitarized Zone to separate North and South Korea , and allowed the return of prisoners . However , no peace treaty has been signed , and according to some sources the two Koreas are technically still at war , engaged in a frozen conflict . In April 2018 , the leaders of North and South Korea met at the demilitarized zone and agreed to sign a treaty by the end of the year to formally end the Korean War . As a war undeclared by all participants , the conflict helped bring the term `` police action '' into common use . It also led to the permanent alteration of the balance of power within the United Nations , where Resolution 377 -- passed in 1950 to allow a bypassing of the Security Council if that body could not reach an agreement -- led to the General Assembly displacing the Security Council as the primary organ of the UN . Contents ( hide ) 1 Names 2 Background 2.1 Imperial Japanese rule ( 1910 -- 1945 ) 2.2 Soviet -- Japanese War ( 1945 ) 2.3 Korea divided ( 1945 -- 1949 ) 2.4 Chinese Civil War ( 1945 -- 1949 ) 2.5 Prelude to war ( 1950 ) 2.6 Comparison of forces 3 Course of the war 3.1 Factors in U.S. intervention 3.2 United Nations Security Council Resolutions 3.3 United Nations ' response ( July -- August 1950 ) 3.4 The drive south and Pusan ( July -- September 1950 ) 3.5 Battle of Inchon ( September 1950 ) 3.6 UN forces cross partition line ( September -- October 1950 ) 3.7 China intervenes ( October -- December 1950 ) 3.8 Fighting around the 38th parallel ( January -- June 1951 ) 3.9 Stalemate ( July 1951 -- July 1953 ) 3.10 Armistice ( July 1953 -- November 1954 ) 3.11 Division of Korea ( 1954 -- present ) 4 Characteristics 4.1 Casualties 4.2 U.S. unpreparedness for war 4.3 Armored warfare 4.4 Naval warfare 4.5 Aerial warfare 4.6 Bombing of North Korea 4.7 U.S. threat of atomic warfare 4.8 War crimes 4.8. 1 Civilian deaths and massacres 4.8. 2 Prisoners of war 4.8. 2.1 Chinese POWs 4.8. 2.2 UN Command POWs 4.8. 3 Starvation 4.9 Recreation 5 Aftermath 6 See also 7 Footnotes 8 Citations 9 References 10 External links 10.1 Historical 10.2 Media 10.3 Organizations 10.4 Memorials Names Korean War South Korean name Hangul 한국 전쟁 show Transcriptions Revised Romanization Hanguk Jeonjaeng McCune -- Reischauer Han'guk Chŏnjaeng North Korean name Chosŏn'gŭl 조선 전쟁 show Transcriptions Revised Romanization Joseon Jeonjaeng McCune -- Reischauer Chosŏn Chŏnjaeng In South Korea , the war is usually referred to as `` 625 '' or the `` 6 -- 2 -- 5 Upheaval '' ( 6.25 동란 ( 動亂 ) , yook - i-o dongnan ) , reflecting the date of its commencement on 25 June . In North Korea , the war is officially referred to as the `` Fatherland Liberation War '' ( Choguk haebang chǒnjaeng ) or alternatively the `` Chosǒn ( Korean ) War '' ( 조선 전쟁 , Chosǒn chǒnjaeng ) . In China , the war is officially called the `` War to Resist America and Aid Korea '' ( simplified Chinese : 抗美援朝 战争 ; traditional Chinese : 抗美援朝 戰爭 ; pinyin : Kàngměi Yuáncháo Zhànzhēng ) , although the term `` Chaoxian ( Korean ) War '' ( simplified Chinese : 朝鲜 战争 ; traditional Chinese : 朝鮮 戰爭 ; pinyin : Cháoxiǎn Zhànzhēng ) is also used in unofficial contexts , along with the term `` Han ( Korean ) War '' ( simplified Chinese : 韩 战 ; traditional Chinese : 韓 戰 ; pinyin : Hán Zhàn ) more commonly used in regions such as Hong Kong and Macau . In the U.S. , the war was initially described by President Harry S. Truman as a `` police action '' as the United States never formally declared war on its opponents and the operation was conducted under the auspices of the United Nations . It has been referred to in the English - speaking world as `` The Forgotten War '' or `` The Unknown War '' because of the lack of public attention it received both during and after the war , and in relation to the global scale of World War II , which preceded it , and the subsequent angst of the Vietnam War , which succeeded it . Background Imperial Japanese rule ( 1910 -- 1945 ) Main article : Korea under Japanese rule Imperial Japan destroyed the influence of China over Korea in the First Sino - Japanese War ( 1894 -- 95 ) , ushering in the short - lived Korean Empire . A decade later , after defeating Imperial Russia in the Russo - Japanese War ( 1904 -- 05 ) , Japan made Korea its protectorate with the Eulsa Treaty in 1905 , then annexed it with the Japan -- Korea Annexation Treaty in 1910 . Many Korean nationalists fled the country . A Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea was founded in 1919 in Nationalist China . It failed to achieve international recognition , failed to unite nationalist groups , and had a fractious relationship with its U.S. - based founding president , Syngman Rhee . From 1919 to 1925 and beyond , Korean communists led internal and external warfare against the Japanese . In China , the Nationalist National Revolutionary Army and the communist People 's Liberation Army helped organize Korean refugees against the Japanese military , which had also occupied parts of China . The Nationalist - backed Koreans , led by Yi Pom - Sok , fought in the Burma Campaign ( December 1941 -- August 1945 ) . The communists , led by Kim Il - sung among others , fought the Japanese in Korea and Manchuria . At the Cairo Conference in November 1943 , China , the United Kingdom , and the United States all decided that `` in due course Korea shall become free and independent '' . Soviet -- Japanese War ( 1945 ) Main article : Soviet -- Japanese War At the Tehran Conference in November 1943 and the Yalta Conference in February 1945 , the Soviet Union promised to join its allies in the Pacific War within three months of the victory in Europe . Accordingly , it declared war on Japan on 9 August 1945 , three days after the USA dropped the bomb on Hiroshima . By 10 August , the Red Army had begun to occupy the northern part of the Korean peninsula . On the night of 10 August in Washington , U.S. colonels Dean Rusk and Charles H. Bonesteel III were tasked with dividing the Korean Peninsula into Soviet and U.S. occupation zones and proposed the 38th parallel . This was incorporated into the U.S. General Order No. 1 which responded to the Japanese surrender on 15 August . Explaining the choice of the 38th parallel , Rusk observed , `` even though it was further north than could be realistically reached by U.S. forces , in the event of Soviet disagreement ... we felt it important to include the capital of Korea in the area of responsibility of American troops '' . He noted that he was `` faced with the scarcity of US forces immediately available , and time and space factors , which would make it difficult to reach very far north , before Soviet troops could enter the area '' . As Rusk 's comments indicate , the U.S. doubted whether the Soviet government would agree to this . Stalin , however , maintained his wartime policy of co-operation , and on 16 August the Red Army halted at the 38th parallel for three weeks to await the arrival of U.S. forces in the south . Korea divided ( 1945 -- 1949 ) See also : Division of Korea On 8 September 1945 , U.S. Lieutenant General John R. Hodge arrived in Incheon to accept the Japanese surrender south of the 38th parallel . Appointed as military governor , Hodge directly controlled South Korea as head of the United States Army Military Government in Korea ( USAMGIK 1945 -- 48 ) . He attempted to establish control by restoring Japanese colonial administrators to power , but in the face of Korean protests quickly reversed this decision . The USAMGIK refused to recognize the provisional government of the short - lived People 's Republic of Korea ( PRK ) due to its suspected Communist sympathies . In December 1945 , Korea was administered by a U.S. - Soviet Union Joint Commission , as agreed at the Moscow Conference , with the aim of granting independence after a five - year trusteeship . The idea was not popular among Koreans and riots broke out . To contain them , the USAMGIK banned strikes on 8 December 1945 and outlawed the PRK Revolutionary Government and the PRK People 's Committees on 12 December 1945 . Following further large - scale civilian unrest , the USAMGIK declared martial law . Citing the inability of the Joint Commission to make progress , the U.S. government decided to hold an election under United Nations auspices with the aim of creating an independent Korea . The Soviet authorities and the Korean Communists refused to co-operate on the grounds it would not be fair , and many South Korean politicians boycotted it . A general election was held in the South on 10 May 1948 . North Korea held parliamentary elections three months later on 25 August . The resultant South Korean government promulgated a national political constitution on 17 July 1948 , and elected Syngman Rhee as president on 20 July 1948 . The Republic of Korea ( South Korea ) was established on 15 August 1948 . In the Soviet Korean Zone of Occupation , the Soviet Union established a communist government led by Kim Il - sung . The Soviet Union withdrew as agreed from Korea in 1948 , and U.S. troops withdrew in 1949 . Chinese Civil War ( 1945 -- 1949 ) Main article : Chinese Civil War With the end of the war with Japan , the Chinese Civil War resumed in earnest between the Communists and Nationalists . While the Communists were struggling for supremacy in Manchuria , they were supported by the North Korean government with matériel and manpower . According to Chinese sources , the North Koreans donated 2,000 railway cars worth of supplies while thousands of Koreans served in the Chinese People 's Liberation Army ( PLA ) during the war . North Korea also provided the Chinese Communists in Manchuria with a safe refuge for non-combatants and communications with the rest of China . The North Korean contributions to the Chinese Communist victory were not forgotten after the creation of the People 's Republic of China in 1949 . As a token of gratitude , between 50,000 and 70,000 Korean veterans that served in the PLA were sent back along with their weapons , and they later played a significant role in the initial invasion of South Korea . China promised to support the North Koreans in the event of a war against South Korea . After the formation of the People 's Republic of China in 1949 , the Chinese government named the Western nations , led by the United States , as the biggest threat to its national security . Basing this judgment on China 's century of humiliation beginning in the early 19th century , U.S. support for the Nationalists during the Chinese Civil War , and the ideological struggles between revolutionaries and reactionaries , the Chinese leadership believed that China would become a critical battleground in the United States ' crusade against Communism . As a countermeasure and to elevate China 's standing among the worldwide Communist movements , the Chinese leadership adopted a foreign policy that actively promoted Communist revolutions throughout territories on China 's periphery . Prelude to War ( 1950 ) By 1949 , South Korean forces had reduced the active number of communist guerrillas in the South from 5,000 to 1,000 . However , Kim Il - sung believed that the guerrillas weakened the South Korean military and that a North Korean invasion would be welcomed by much of the South Korean population . Kim began seeking Stalin 's support for an invasion in March 1949 , traveling to Moscow to attempt to persuade him . Serious border clashes between South and North occurred on 4 August 1949 , when thousands of North Korean troops attacked South Korean troops occupying territory north of the 38th parallel . The 2nd and 18th infantry regiments of ROKA repulsed initial attacks in Kuksa - bong ( above the 38th parallel ) and Ch'ungmu , and at the end of the clashes ROKA troops were `` completely routed '' . Stalin initially did not think the time was right for a war in Korea . Chinese Communist forces were still embroiled in the Chinese Civil War , while U.S. forces remained stationed in South Korea . By spring 1950 , he believed that the strategic situation had changed : Mao 's Communist forces had secured final victory in China , U.S. forces had withdrawn from Korea , and the Soviets detonated their first nuclear bomb , breaking the U.S. atomic monopoly . As the U.S. had not directly intervened to stop the communist victory in China , Stalin calculated that they would be even less willing to fight in Korea , which had much less strategic significance . The Soviets had also cracked the codes used by the U.S. to communicate with their embassy in Moscow , and reading these dispatches convinced Stalin that Korea did not have the importance to the US that would warrant a nuclear confrontation . Stalin began a more aggressive strategy in Asia based on these developments , including promising economic and military aid to China through the Sino - Soviet Treaty of Friendship , Alliance , and Mutual Assistance . In April 1950 , Stalin gave Kim permission to invade the South under the condition that Mao would agree to send reinforcements if needed . Stalin made it clear that Soviet forces would not openly engage in combat , to avoid a direct war with the United States . Kim met with Mao in May 1950 . Mao was concerned the U.S. would intervene but agreed to support the North Korean invasion . China desperately needed the economic and military aid promised by the Soviets . However , Mao sent more ethnic Korean PLA veterans to Korea and promised to move an army closer to the Korean border . Once Mao 's commitment was secured , preparations for war accelerated . Soviet generals with extensive combat experience from the Second World War were sent to North Korea as the Soviet Advisory Group . These generals completed the plans for the attack by May . The original plans called for a skirmish to be initiated in the Ongjin Peninsula on the west coast of Korea . The North Koreans would then launch a counterattack that would capture Seoul and encircle and destroy the South Korean army . The final stage would involve destroying South Korean government remnants , capturing the rest of South Korea , including the ports . On 7 June 1950 , Kim Il - sung called for a Korea - wide election on 5 -- 8 August 1950 and a consultative conference in Haeju on 15 -- 17 June 1950 . On 11 June , the North sent three diplomats to the South as a peace overture that Rhee rejected outright . On 21 June , Kim Il - Sung revised his war plan to involve a general attack across the 38th parallel , rather than a limited operation in the Ongjin peninsula . Kim was concerned that South Korean agents learned about the plans and South Korean forces were strengthening their defenses . Stalin agreed to this change of plan . While these preparations were underway in the North , there were frequent clashes along the 38th parallel , especially at Kaesong and Ongjin , many initiated by the South . The Republic of Korea Army ( ROK Army ) was being trained by the U.S. Korean Military Advisory Group ( KMAG ) . On the eve of war , KMAG 's commander General William Lynn Roberts voiced utmost confidence in the ROK Army and boasted that any North Korean invasion would merely provide `` target practice '' . For his part , Syngman Rhee repeatedly expressed his desire to conquer the North , including when U.S. diplomat John Foster Dulles visited Korea on 18 June . Although some South Korean and U.S. intelligence officers predicted an attack from the North , similar predictions were made before and nothing happened . The Central Intelligence Agency noted the southward movement by the Korean People 's Army ( KPA ) , but assessed this as a `` defensive measure '' and concluded an invasion was `` unlikely '' . On 23 June , UN observers inspected the border and did not detect that war was imminent . Comparison of forces Throughout 1949 and 1950 , the Soviets continued arming North Korea . After the Communist victory in the Chinese Civil War , ethnic Korean units in the Chinese People 's Liberation Army ( PLA ) were released to North Korea . The combat veterans from China , the tanks , artillery and aircraft supplied by the Soviets , and rigorous training increased North Korea 's military superiority over the South , armed by the US military with mostly small arms and given no heavy weaponry such as tanks . According to the first official census in 1949 the population of North Korea numbered 9,620,000 , and by mid-1950 North Korean forces numbered between 150,000 and 200,000 troops , organized into 10 infantry divisions , one tank division , and one air force division , with 210 fighter planes and 280 tanks , who captured scheduled objectives and territory , among them Kaesong , Chuncheon , Uijeongbu , and Ongjin . Their forces included 274 T - 34 - 85 tanks , 200 artillery pieces , 110 attack bombers , and some 150 Yak fighter planes , and 35 reconnaissance aircraft . In addition to the invasion force , the North KPA had 114 fighters , 78 bombers , 105 T - 34 - 85 tanks , and some 30,000 soldiers stationed in reserve in North Korea . Although each navy consisted of only several small warships , the North and South Korean navies fought in the war as sea - borne artillery for their armies . In contrast , the Republic of Korea population totaled 20,188,641 , and its army was unprepared and ill - equipped . As of 25 June 1950 the ROK Army had 98,000 soldiers ( 65,000 combat , 33,000 support ) , no tanks ( they had been requested from the U.S. military , but requests were denied ) , and a 22 - piece air force comprising 12 liaison - type and 10 AT6 advanced - trainer airplanes . Large U.S. garrisons and air forces were in Japan , but only 200 -- 300 American troops were in Korea . Course of the War Territory often changed hands early in the war , until the front stabilized . North Korean , Chinese , and Soviet forces South Korean , U.S. , Commonwealth , and United Nations forces Hundreds of thousands of South Koreans fled south in mid-1950 after the North Korean army invaded . At dawn on Sunday , 25 June 1950 , the Korean People 's Army crossed the 38th parallel behind artillery fire . The KPA justified its assault with the claim that ROK troops attacked first and that the KPA were aiming to arrest and execute the `` bandit traitor Syngman Rhee '' . Fighting began on the strategic Ongjin peninsula in the west . There were initial South Korean claims that they captured the city of Haeju , and this sequence of events has led some scholars to argue that the South Koreans fired first . Whoever fired the first shots in Ongjin , within an hour , North Korean forces attacked all along the 38th parallel . The North Koreans had a combined arms force including tanks supported by heavy artillery . The South Koreans had no tanks , anti-tank weapons or heavy artillery to stop such an attack . In addition , South Koreans committed their forces in a piecemeal fashion and these were routed in a few days . On 27 June , Rhee evacuated from Seoul with some of the government . On 28 June , at 2 am , the South Korean Army blew up the Hangang Bridge across the Han River in an attempt to stop the North Korean army . The bridge was detonated while 4,000 refugees were crossing it and hundreds were killed . Destroying the bridge also trapped many South Korean military units north of the Han River . In spite of such desperate measures , Seoul fell that same day . A number of South Korean National Assemblymen remained in Seoul when it fell , and forty - eight subsequently pledged allegiance to the North . On 28 June , Rhee ordered the massacre of suspected political opponents in his own country . In five days , the South Korean forces , which had 95,000 men on 25 June , was down to less than 22,000 men . In early July , when U.S. forces arrived , what was left of the South Korean forces were placed under U.S. operational command of the United Nations Command . Factors in U.S. intervention The Truman administration was unprepared for the invasion . Korea was not included in the strategic Asian Defense Perimeter outlined by Secretary of State Dean Acheson . Truman himself was at his home in Independence , Missouri . Military strategists were more concerned with the security of Europe against the Soviet Union than East Asia . At the same time , the administration was worried that a war in Korea could quickly widen into another world war should the Chinese or Soviets decide to get involved . One facet of the changing attitude toward Korea and whether to get involved was Japan . Especially after the fall of China to the Communists , U.S. experts on East Asia saw Japan as the critical counterweight to the Soviet Union and China in the region . While there was no United States policy dealing with South Korea directly as a national interest , its proximity to Japan increased the importance of South Korea . Said Kim : `` The recognition that the security of Japan required a non-hostile Korea led directly to President Truman 's decision to intervene ... The essential point ... is that the American response to the North Korean attack stemmed from considerations of U.S. policy toward Japan . '' Another major consideration was the possible Soviet reaction in the event that the U.S. intervened . The Truman administration was fearful that a war in Korea was a diversionary assault that would escalate to a general war in Europe once the United States committed in Korea . At the same time , `` ( t ) here was no suggestion from anyone that the United Nations or the United States could back away from ( the conflict ) '' . Yugoslavia -- a possible Soviet target because of the Tito - Stalin Split -- was vital to the defense of Italy and Greece , and the country was first on the list of the National Security Council 's post-North Korea invasion list of `` chief danger spots '' . Truman believed if aggression went unchecked , a chain reaction would be initiated that would marginalize the United Nations and encourage Communist aggression elsewhere . The UN Security Council approved the use of force to help the South Koreans and the U.S. immediately began using what air and naval forces that were in the area to that end . The Truman administration still refrained from committing on the ground because some advisers believed the North Koreans could be stopped by air and naval power alone . The Truman administration was still uncertain if the attack was a ploy by the Soviet Union or just a test of U.S. resolve . The decision to commit ground troops became viable when a communiqué was received on 27 June indicating the Soviet Union would not move against U.S. forces in Korea . The Truman administration now believed it could intervene in Korea without undermining its commitments elsewhere . United Nations Security Council resolutions Further information : List of United Nations Security Council resolutions concerning North Korea On 25 June 1950 , the United Nations Security Council unanimously condemned the North Korean invasion of the Republic of Korea , with UN Security Council Resolution 82 . The Soviet Union , a veto - wielding power , had boycotted the Council meetings since January 1950 , protesting that the Taiwanese `` Republic of China '' and not the mainland `` People 's Republic of China '' held a permanent seat in the UN Security Council . After debating the matter , the Security Council , on 27 June 1950 , published Resolution 83 recommending member states provide military assistance to the Republic of Korea . On 27 June President Truman ordered U.S. air and sea forces to help the South Korean regime . On 4 July the Soviet Deputy Foreign Minister accused the United States of starting armed intervention on behalf of South Korea . The Soviet Union challenged the legitimacy of the war for several reasons . The ROK Army intelligence upon which Resolution 83 was based came from U.S. Intelligence ; North Korea was not invited as a sitting temporary member of the UN , which violated UN Charter Article 32 ; and the fighting was beyond the UN Charter 's scope , because the initial north - south border fighting was classed as a civil war . Because the Soviet Union was boycotting the Security Council at the time , legal scholars posited that deciding upon an action of this type required the unanimous vote of all the five permanent members including the Soviet Union . Within days of the invasion , masses of ROK Army soldiers -- of dubious loyalty to the Syngman Rhee regime -- were retreating southwards or defecting en masse to the northern side , the KPA . United Nations ' response ( July -- August 1950 ) A U.S. howitzer position near the Kum River , 15 July As soon as word of the attack was received , U.S. Secretary of State Dean Acheson informed President Truman that the North Koreans had invaded South Korea . Truman and Acheson discussed a U.S. invasion response and agreed that the United States was obligated to act , paralleling the North Korean invasion with Adolf Hitler 's aggressions in the 1930s , with the conclusion being that the mistake of appeasement must not be repeated . Several U.S. industries were mobilized to supply materials , labor , capital , production facilities , and other services necessary to support the military objectives of the Korean War . However , President Truman later acknowledged that he believed fighting the invasion was essential to the U.S. goal of the global containment of communism as outlined in the National Security Council Report 68 ( NSC 68 ) ( declassified in 1975 ) : Communism was acting in Korea , just as Hitler , Mussolini and the Japanese had ten , fifteen , and twenty years earlier . I felt certain that if South Korea was allowed to fall , Communist leaders would be emboldened to override nations closer to our own shores . If the Communists were permitted to force their way into the Republic of Korea without opposition from the free world , no small nation would have the courage to resist threat and aggression by stronger Communist neighbors . In August 1950 , the President and the Secretary of State obtained the consent of Congress to appropriate $12 billion for military action in Korea . Because of the extensive defense cuts and the emphasis placed on building a nuclear bomber force , none of the services were in a position to make a robust response with conventional military strength . General Omar Bradley , Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff , was faced with re-organizing and deploying a U.S. military force that was a shadow of its World War II counterpart . Acting on Secretary of State Acheson 's recommendation , President Truman ordered General MacArthur to transfer matériel to the South Korean military while giving air cover to the evacuation of U.S. nationals . The President disagreed with advisers who recommended unilateral U.S. bombing of the North Korean forces , and ordered the U.S. Seventh Fleet to protect the Republic of China ( Taiwan ) , whose government asked to fight in Korea . The United States denied ROC 's request for combat , lest it provoke a communist Chinese retaliation . Because the United States had sent the Seventh Fleet to `` neutralize '' the Taiwan Strait , Chinese premier Zhou Enlai criticized both the UN and U.S. initiatives as `` armed aggression on Chinese territory '' . The drive South and Pusan ( July -- September 1950 ) G.I. comforting a grieving infantryman Crew of an M - 24 tank along the Nakdong River front , August 1950 The Battle of Osan , the first significant U.S. engagement of the Korean War , involved the 540 - soldier Task Force Smith , which was a small forward element of the 24th Infantry Division which had been flown in from Japan . On 5 July 1950 , Task Force Smith attacked the North Koreans at Osan but without weapons capable of destroying the North Koreans ' tanks . They were unsuccessful ; the result was 180 dead , wounded , or taken prisoner . The KPA progressed southwards , pushing back the U.S. force at Pyongtaek , Chonan , and Chochiwon , forcing the 24th Division 's retreat to Taejeon , which the KPA captured in the Battle of Taejon ; the 24th Division suffered 3,602 dead and wounded and 2,962 captured , including its commander , Major General William F. Dean . By August , the KPA steadily pushed back the ROK Army and the Eighth United States Army southwards . The impact of the Truman administration 's defense budget cutbacks were now keenly felt , as U.S. troops fought a series of costly rearguard actions . Lacking sufficient anti-tank weapons , artillery or armor , they were driven down the Korean peninsula . During their advance , the KPA purged the Republic of Korea 's intelligentsia by killing civil servants and intellectuals . On 20 August , General MacArthur warned North Korean leader Kim Il - sung he was responsible for the KPA 's atrocities . By September , UN forces were hemmed into a small corner of southeast Korea , near Pusan . This 140 - mile perimeter enclosed about 10 % of Korea , in a line partially defined by the Nakdong River . Although Kim 's early successes led him to predict he would end the war by the end of August , Chinese leaders were more pessimistic . To counter a possible U.S. deployment , Zhou Enlai secured a Soviet commitment to have the Soviet Union support Chinese forces with air cover , and deployed 260,000 soldiers along the Korean border , under the command of Gao Gang . Zhou commanded Chai Chengwen to conduct a topographical survey of Korea , and directed Lei Yingfu , Zhou 's military advisor in Korea , to analyze the military situation in Korea . Lei concluded that MacArthur would most likely attempt a landing at Incheon . After conferring with Mao that this would be MacArthur 's most likely strategy , Zhou briefed Soviet and North Korean advisers of Lei 's findings , and issued orders to Chinese army commanders deployed on the Korean border to prepare for U.S. naval activity in the Korea Strait . In the resulting Battle of Pusan Perimeter ( August -- September 1950 ) , the U.S. Army withstood KPA attacks meant to capture the city at the Naktong Bulge , P'ohang - dong , and Taegu . The United States Air Force ( USAF ) interrupted KPA logistics with 40 daily ground support sorties that destroyed 32 bridges , halting most daytime road and rail traffic . KPA forces were forced to hide in tunnels by day and move only at night . To deny matériel to the KPA , the USAF destroyed logistics depots , petroleum refineries , and harbors , while the U.S. Navy air forces attacked transport hubs . Consequently , the over-extended KPA could not be supplied throughout the south . On 27 August , 67th Fighter Squadron aircraft mistakenly attacked facilities in Chinese territory and the Soviet Union called the UN Security Council 's attention to China 's complaint about the incident . The U.S. proposed that a commission of India and Sweden determine what the U.S. should pay in compensation but the Soviets vetoed the U.S. proposal . Meanwhile , U.S. garrisons in Japan continually dispatched soldiers and matériel to reinforce defenders in the Pusan Perimeter . Tank battalions deployed to Korea directly from the U.S. mainland from the port of San Francisco to the port of Pusan , the largest Korean port . By late August , the Pusan Perimeter had some 500 medium tanks battle - ready . In early September 1950 , ROK Army and UN Command forces outnumbered the KPA 180,000 to 100,000 soldiers . Battle of Inchon ( September 1950 ) Main article : Battle of Inchon General Douglas MacArthur , UN Command CiC ( seated ) , observes the naval shelling of Incheon from USS Mount McKinley , 15 September 1950 Combat in the streets of Seoul Against the rested and re-armed Pusan Perimeter defenders and their reinforcements , the KPA were undermanned and poorly supplied ; unlike the UN Command , they lacked naval and air support . To relieve the Pusan Perimeter , General MacArthur recommended an amphibious landing at Incheon , near Seoul and well over 160 km ( 100 mi ) behind the KPA lines . On 6 July , he ordered Major General Hobart R. Gay , commander of the 1st Cavalry Division , to plan the division 's amphibious landing at Incheon ; on 12 -- 14 July , the 1st Cavalry Division embarked from Yokohama , Japan , to reinforce the 24th Infantry Division inside the Pusan Perimeter . Soon after the war began , General MacArthur began planning a landing at Incheon , but the Pentagon opposed him . When authorized , he activated a combined U.S. Army and Marine Corps , and ROK Army force . The X Corps , led by Major General Edward Almond , consisted of 40,000 men of the 1st Marine Division , the 7th Infantry Division and around 8,600 ROK Army soldiers . By 15 September , the amphibious assault force faced few KPA defenders at Incheon : military intelligence , psychological warfare , guerrilla reconnaissance , and protracted bombardment facilitated a relatively light battle . However , the bombardment destroyed most of the city of Incheon . After the Incheon landing , the 1st Cavalry Division began its northward advance from the Pusan Perimeter . `` Task Force Lynch '' ( after Lieutenant Colonel James H. Lynch ) , 3rd Battalion , 7th Cavalry Regiment , and two 70th Tank Battalion units ( Charlie Company and the Intelligence -- Reconnaissance Platoon ) effected the `` Pusan Perimeter Breakout '' through 171.2 km ( 106.4 mi ) of enemy territory to join the 7th Infantry Division at Osan . The X Corps rapidly defeated the KPA defenders around Seoul , thus threatening to trap the main KPA force in Southern Korea . On 18 September , Stalin dispatched General H.M. Zakharov to Korea to advise Kim Il - sung to halt his offensive around the Pusan perimeter and to redeploy his forces to defend Seoul . Chinese commanders were not briefed on North Korean troop numbers or operational plans . As the overall commander of Chinese forces , Zhou Enlai suggested that the North Koreans should attempt to eliminate the enemy forces at Incheon only if they had reserves of at least 100,000 men ; otherwise , he advised the North Koreans to withdraw their forces north . On 25 September , Seoul was recaptured by South Korean forces . U.S. air raids caused heavy damage to the KPA , destroying most of its tanks and much of its artillery . North Korean troops in the south , instead of effectively withdrawing north , rapidly disintegrated , leaving Pyongyang vulnerable . During the general retreat only 25,000 to 30,000 North Korean soldiers managed to reach the KPA lines . On 27 September , Stalin convened an emergency session of the Politburo , in which he condemned the incompetence of the KPA command and held Soviet military advisers responsible for the defeat . UN forces cross partition line ( September -- October 1950 ) Main article : UN Offensive , 1950 On 27 September , MacArthur received the top secret National Security Council Memorandum 81 / 1 from Truman reminding him that operations north of the 38th parallel were authorized only if `` at the time of such operation there was no entry into North Korea by major Soviet or Chinese Communist forces , no announcements of intended entry , nor a threat to counter our operations militarily '' . On 29 September MacArthur restored the government of the Republic of Korea under Syngman Rhee . On 30 September , Defense Secretary George Marshall sent an eyes - only message to MacArthur : `` We want you to feel unhampered tactically and strategically to proceed north of the 38th parallel . '' During October , the ROK police executed people who were suspected to be sympathetic to North Korea , and similar massacres were carried out until early 1951 . U.S. Air Force attacking railroads south of Wonsan on the eastern coast of North Korea On 30 September , Zhou Enlai warned the United States that China was prepared to intervene in Korea if the United States crossed the 38th parallel . Zhou attempted to advise North Korean commanders on how to conduct a general withdrawal by using the same tactics which allowed Chinese communist forces to successfully escape Chiang Kai - shek 's Encirclement Campaigns in the 1930s , but by some accounts North Korean commanders did not use these tactics effectively . Historian Bruce Cumings argues , however , the KPA 's rapid withdrawal was strategic , with troops melting into the mountains from where they could launch guerrilla raids on the UN forces spread out on the coasts . By 1 October 1950 , the UN Command repelled the KPA northwards past the 38th parallel ; the ROK Army crossed after them , into North Korea . MacArthur made a statement demanding the KPA 's unconditional surrender . Six days later , on 7 October , with UN authorization , the UN Command forces followed the ROK forces northwards . The X Corps landed at Wonsan ( in southeastern North Korea ) and Riwon ( in northeastern North Korea ) , already captured by ROK forces . The Eighth U.S. Army and the ROK Army drove up western Korea and captured Pyongyang city , the North Korean capital , on 19 October 1950 . The 187th Airborne Regimental Combat Team made their first of two combat jumps during the Korean War on 20 October 1950 at Sunchon and Sukchon . The missions of the 187th were to cut the road north going to China , preventing North Korean leaders from escaping from Pyongyang ; and to rescue U.S. prisoners of war . At month 's end , UN forces held 135,000 KPA prisoners of war . As they neared the Sino - Korean border , the UN forces in the west were divided from those in the east by 50 -- 100 miles of mountainous terrain . Taking advantage of the UN Command 's strategic momentum against the communists , General MacArthur believed it necessary to extend the Korean War into China to destroy depots supplying the North Korean war effort . President Truman disagreed , and ordered caution at the Sino - Korean border . China intervenes ( October -- December 1950 ) Chinese forces cross the Yalu River . On 20 August 1950 , Premier Zhou Enlai informed the UN that `` Korea is China 's neighbor ... The Chinese people can not but be concerned about a solution of the Korean question '' . Thus , through neutral - country diplomats , China warned that in safeguarding Chinese national security , they would intervene against the UN Command in Korea . President Truman interpreted the communication as `` a bald attempt to blackmail the UN '' , and dismissed it . On 1 October 1950 , the day that UN troops crossed the 38th parallel , the Soviet ambassador forwarded a telegram from Stalin to Mao and Zhou requesting that China send five to six divisions into Korea , and Kim Il - sung sent frantic appeals to Mao for Chinese military intervention . At the same time , Stalin made it clear that Soviet forces themselves would not directly intervene . Three commanders of PVA during the Korean War . From left to right : Chen Geng ( 1952 ) , Peng Dehuai ( 1950 -- 1952 ) and Deng Hua ( 1952 -- 1953 ) In a series of emergency meetings that lasted from 2 to 5 October , Chinese leaders debated whether to send Chinese troops into Korea . There was considerable resistance among many leaders , including senior military leaders , to confronting the U.S. in Korea . Mao strongly supported intervention , and Zhou was one of the few Chinese leaders who firmly supported him . After Lin Biao politely refused Mao 's offer to command Chinese forces in Korea ( citing his upcoming medical treatment ) , Mao decided that Peng Dehuai would be the commander of the Chinese forces in Korea after Peng agreed to support Mao 's position . Mao then asked Peng to speak in favor of intervention to the rest of the Chinese leaders . After Peng made the case that if U.S. troops conquered Korea and reached the Yalu they might cross it and invade China the Politburo agreed to intervene in Korea . On 4 August 1950 , with a planned invasion of Taiwan aborted due to the heavy U.S. naval presence , Mao Zedong reported to the Politburo that he would intervene in Korea when the People 's Liberation Army 's ( PLA ) Taiwan invasion force was reorganized into the PLA North East Frontier Force . On 8 October 1950 , Mao Zedong redesignated the PLA North East Frontier Force as the Chinese People 's Volunteer Army ( PVA ) . To enlist Stalin 's support , Zhou and a Chinese delegation arrived in Moscow on 10 October , at which point they flew to Stalin 's home at the Black Sea . There they conferred with the top Soviet leadership which included Joseph Stalin as well as Vyacheslav Molotov , Lavrentiy Beria and Georgi Malenkov . Stalin initially agreed to send military equipment and ammunition , but warned Zhou that the Soviet Union 's air force would need two or three months to prepare any operations . In a subsequent meeting , Stalin told Zhou that he would only provide China with equipment on a credit basis , and that the Soviet air force would only operate over Chinese airspace , and only after an undisclosed period of time . Stalin did not agree to send either military equipment or air support until March 1951 . Mao did not find Soviet air support especially useful , as the fighting was going to take place on the south side of the Yalu . Soviet shipments of matériel , when they did arrive , were limited to small quantities of trucks , grenades , machine guns , and the like . Immediately on his return to Beijing on 18 October 1950 , Zhou met with Mao Zedong , Peng Dehuai , and Gao Gang , and the group ordered two hundred thousand Chinese troops to enter North Korea , which they did on 25 October . UN aerial reconnaissance had difficulty sighting PVA units in daytime , because their march and bivouac discipline minimized aerial detection . The PVA marched `` dark - to - dark '' ( 19 : 00 -- 03 : 00 ) , and aerial camouflage ( concealing soldiers , pack animals , and equipment ) was deployed by 05 : 30 . Meanwhile , daylight advance parties scouted for the next bivouac site . During daylight activity or marching , soldiers were to remain motionless if an aircraft appeared , until it flew away ; PVA officers were under order to shoot security violators . Such battlefield discipline allowed a three - division army to march the 460 km ( 286 mi ) from An - tung , Manchuria , to the combat zone in some 19 days . Another division night - marched a circuitous mountain route , averaging 29 km ( 18 mi ) daily for 18 days . Meanwhile , on 15 October 1950 , President Truman and General MacArthur met at Wake Island in the mid-Pacific Ocean . This meeting was much publicized because of the General 's discourteous refusal to meet the President on the continental United States . To President Truman , MacArthur speculated there was little risk of Chinese intervention in Korea , and that the PRC 's opportunity for aiding the KPA had lapsed . He believed the PRC had some 300,000 soldiers in Manchuria , and some 100,000 -- 125,000 soldiers at the Yalu River . He further concluded that , although half of those forces might cross south , `` if the Chinese tried to get down to Pyongyang , there would be the greatest slaughter '' without air force protection . Soldiers from the U.S. 2nd Infantry Division in action near the Ch'ongch'on River , 20 November 1950 After secretly crossing the Yalu River on 19 October , the PVA 13th Army Group launched the First Phase Offensive on 25 October , attacking the advancing UN forces near the Sino - Korean border . This military decision made solely by China changed the attitude of the Soviet Union . Twelve days after Chinese troops entered the war , Stalin allowed the Soviet Air Force to provide air cover , and supported more aid to China . After inflicting heavy losses on the ROK II Corps at the Battle of Onjong , the first confrontation between Chinese and U.S. military occurred on 1 November 1950 ; deep in North Korea , thousands of soldiers from the PVA 39th Army encircled and attacked the U.S. 8th Cavalry Regiment with three - prong assaults -- from the north , northwest , and west -- and overran the defensive position flanks in the Battle of Unsan . The surprise assault resulted in the UN forces retreating back to the Ch'ongch'on River , while the Chinese unexpectedly disappeared into mountain hideouts following victory . It is unclear why the Chinese did not press the attack and follow up their victory . The UN Command , however , were unconvinced that the Chinese had openly intervened because of the sudden Chinese withdrawal . On 24 November , the Home - by - Christmas Offensive was launched with the U.S. Eighth Army advancing in northwest Korea , while the US X Corps attacked along the Korean east coast . But the PVA were waiting in ambush with their Second Phase Offensive which they executed at two sectors : the Eastern one at the Chosin Reservoir and the Western sector at Ch'ongch'on River . After consulting with Stalin , on 13 November , Mao appointed Zhou Enlai the overall commander and coordinator of the war effort , with Peng as field commander . On 25 November at the Korean western front , the PVA 13th Army Group attacked and overran the ROK II Corps at the Battle of the Ch'ongch'on River , and then inflicted heavy losses on the US 2nd Infantry Division on the UN forces ' right flank . The UN Command retreated ; the U.S. Eighth Army 's retreat ( the longest in US Army history ) was made possible because of the Turkish Brigade 's successful , but very costly , rear - guard delaying action near Kunuri that slowed the PVA attack for two days ( 27 -- 29 November ) . By 30 November , the PVA 13th Army Group managed to expel the U.S. Eighth Army from northwest Korea . Retreating from the north faster than they had counter-invaded , the Eighth Army crossed the 38th parallel border in mid December . UN morale hit rock bottom when Lieutenant General Walton Walker , commander of the U.S. Eighth Army , was killed on 23 December 1950 in an automobile accident . A column of the US 1st Marine Division move through Chinese lines during their breakout from the Chosin Reservoir . Map of the UN retreat in the wake of Chinese intervention Concurrent to the Battle of the Ch'ongch'on River was the Battle of Chosin Reservoir which the PVA 9th Army Group initiated on 27 November . Here the UNC forces fared comparatively better : like the Eighth Army the surprise attack forced X Corps to also retreat from northeast Korea but were in the process able to breakout from the attempted encirclement by the PVA and execute a successful tactical withdrawal . X Corps managed to establish a defensive perimeter at the port city of Hungnam on 11 December and were able to evacuate by 24 December in order to reinforce the badly depleted U.S. Eighth Army to the south . During the Hungnam evacuation , about 193 shiploads of UN Command forces and matériel ( approximately 105,000 soldiers , 98,000 civilians , 17,500 vehicles , and 350,000 tons of supplies ) were evacuated to Pusan . The SS Meredith Victory was noted for evacuating 14,000 refugees , the largest rescue operation by a single ship , even though it was designed to hold 12 passengers . Before escaping , the UN Command forces razed most of Hungnam city , especially the port facilities ; and on 16 December 1950 , President Truman declared a national emergency with Presidential Proclamation No. 2914 , 3 C.F.R. 99 ( 1953 ) , which remained in force until 14 September 1978 . The next day ( 17 December 1950 ) Kim Il - sung was deprived of the right of command of KPA by China . China justified its entry into the war as a response to `` American aggression in the guise of the UN '' . Later , the Chinese claimed that U.S. bombers had violated PRC national airspace on three separate occasions and attacked Chinese targets before China intervened . Fighting around the 38th parallel ( January -- June 1951 ) With Lieutenant General Matthew Ridgway assuming the command of the U.S. Eighth Army on 26 December , the PVA and the KPA launched their Third Phase Offensive ( also known as the `` Chinese New Year 's Offensive '' ) on New Year 's Eve of 1950 . Utilizing night attacks in which UN Command fighting positions were encircled and then assaulted by numerically superior troops who had the element of surprise , the attacks were accompanied by loud trumpets and gongs , which fulfilled the double purpose of facilitating tactical communication and mentally disorienting the enemy . UN forces initially had no familiarity with this tactic , and as a result some soldiers panicked , abandoning their weapons and retreating to the south . The Chinese New Year 's Offensive overwhelmed UN forces , allowing the PVA and KPA to conquer Seoul for the second time on 4 January 1951 . B - 26 Invaders bomb logistics depots in Wonsan , North Korea , 1951 These setbacks prompted General MacArthur to consider using nuclear weapons against the Chinese or North Korean interiors , with the intention that radioactive fallout zones would interrupt the Chinese supply chains . However , upon the arrival of the charismatic General Ridgway , the esprit de corps of the bloodied Eighth Army immediately began to revive . UN forces retreated to Suwon in the west , Wonju in the center , and the territory north of Samcheok in the east , where the battlefront stabilized and held . The PVA had outrun its logistics capability and thus were unable to press on beyond Seoul as food , ammunition , and matériel were carried nightly , on foot and bicycle , from the border at the Yalu River to the three battle lines . In late January , upon finding that the PVA had abandoned their battle lines , General Ridgway ordered a reconnaissance - in - force , which became Operation Roundup ( 5 February 1951 ) . A full - scale X Corps advance proceeded , which fully exploited the UN Command 's air superiority , concluding with the UN reaching the Han River and recapturing Wonju . Following the failure of ceasefire negotiations in January , the United Nations General Assembly passed Resolution 498 on 1 February , condemning PRC as an aggressor , and called upon its forces to withdraw from Korea . In early February , the South Korean 11th Division ran the operation to destroy the guerrillas and their sympathizer citizens in Southern Korea . During the operation , the division and police conducted the Geochang massacre and Sancheong - Hamyang massacre . In mid-February , the PVA counterattacked with the Fourth Phase Offensive and achieved initial victory at Hoengseong . But the offensive was soon blunted by the IX Corps positions at Chipyong - ni in the center . The U.S. 2nd Infantry `` Warrior '' Division 's 23rd Regimental Combat Team and the French Battalion fought a short but desperate battle that broke the attack 's momentum . The battle is sometimes known as the `` Gettysburg of the Korean War '' . 5,600 South Korean , U.S. , and French troops were surrounded on all sides by 25,000 Chinese . United Nations forces had previously retreated in the face of large Communist forces instead of getting cut off , but this time they stood and fought , and won . U.S. Marines move out over rugged mountain terrain while closing with North Korean forces . In the last two weeks of February 1951 , Operation Roundup was followed by Operation Killer , carried out by the revitalized Eighth Army . It was a full - scale , battlefront - length attack staged for maximum exploitation of firepower to kill as many KPA and PVA troops as possible . Operation Killer concluded with I Corps re-occupying the territory south of the Han River , and IX Corps capturing Hoengseong . On 7 March 1951 , the Eighth Army attacked with Operation Ripper , expelling the PVA and the KPA from Seoul on 14 March 1951 . This was the city 's fourth conquest in a year 's time , leaving it a ruin ; the 1.5 million pre-war population was down to 200,000 , and people were suffering from severe food shortages . On 1 March 1951 , Mao sent a cable to Stalin , in which he emphasized the difficulties faced by Chinese forces and the need for air cover , especially over supply lines . Apparently impressed by the Chinese war effort , Stalin agreed to supply two air force divisions , three anti-aircraft divisions , and six thousand trucks . PVA troops in Korea continued to suffer severe logistical problems throughout the war . In late April Peng Dehuai sent his deputy , Hong Xuezhi , to brief Zhou Enlai in Beijing . What Chinese soldiers feared , Hong said , was not the enemy , but having no food , bullets , or trucks to transport them to the rear when they were wounded . Zhou attempted to respond to the PVA 's logistical concerns by increasing Chinese production and improving supply methods , but these efforts were never sufficient . At the same time , large - scale air defense training programs were carried out , and the Chinese Air Force began participating in the war from September 1951 onward . On 11 April 1951 , Commander - in - Chief Truman relieved the controversial General MacArthur , the Supreme Commander in Korea . There were several reasons for the dismissal . MacArthur crossed the 38th parallel in the mistaken belief that the Chinese would not enter the war , leading to major allied losses . He believed that whether to use nuclear weapons should be his decision , not the president 's . MacArthur threatened to destroy China unless it surrendered . While MacArthur felt total victory was the only honorable outcome , Truman was more pessimistic about his chances once involved in a land war in Asia , and felt a truce and orderly withdrawal from Korea could be a valid solution . MacArthur was the subject of congressional hearings in May and June 1951 , which determined that he had defied the orders of the president and thus had violated the U.S. Constitution . A popular criticism of MacArthur was that he never spent a night in Korea , and directed the war from the safety of Tokyo . MacArthur was relieved primarily due to his determination to expand the war into China , which other officials believed would needlessly escalate a limited war and consume too many already overstretched resources . Despite MacArthur 's claims that he was restricted to fighting a limited war when China was fighting all - out , congressional testimony revealed China was using restraint as much as the U.S. was , as they were not using air power against front - line troops , communication lines , ports , naval air forces , or staging bases in Japan , which had been crucial to the survival of UN forces in Korea . Simply fighting on the peninsula had already tied down significant portions of U.S. airpower ; as Air Force chief of staff Hoyt Vandenberg said , 80 -- 85 % the tactical capacity , one - fourth of the strategic portion , and 20 % of air defense forces of the United States were engaged in a single country . There was also fear that crossing into China would provoke the Soviet Union into entering the war ; General Omar Bradley testified that there were 35 Russian divisions totaling some 500,000 troops in the Far East , which if sent into action with the approximately 85 Russian submarines in the vicinity of Korea , could overwhelm U.S. forces and cut supply lines , as well as potentially assist China in taking over territory in Southeast Asia . British UN troops advance alongside a Centurion tank , March 1951 General Ridgway was appointed Supreme Commander , Korea ; he regrouped the UN forces for successful counterattacks , while General James Van Fleet assumed command of the U.S. Eighth Army . Further attacks slowly depleted the PVA and KPA forces ; Operations Courageous ( 23 -- 28 March 1951 ) and Tomahawk ( 23 March 1951 ) were a joint ground and airborne infilltration meant to trap Chinese forces between Kaesong and Seoul . UN forces advanced to `` Line Kansas '' , north of the 38th parallel . The 187th Airborne Regimental Combat Team 's ( `` Rakkasans '' ) second of two combat jumps was on Easter Sunday , 1951 , at Munsan - ni , South Korea , codenamed Operation Tomahawk . The mission was to get behind Chinese forces and block their movement north . The 60th Indian Parachute Field Ambulance provided the medical cover for the operations , dropping an ADS and a surgical team and treating over 400 battle casualties apart from the civilian casualties that formed the core of their objective as the unit was on a humanitarian mission . The Chinese counterattacked in April 1951 , with the Fifth Phase Offensive , also known as the Chinese Spring Offensive , with three field armies ( approximately 700,000 men ) . The offensive 's first thrust fell upon I Corps , which fiercely resisted in the Battle of the Imjin River ( 22 -- 25 April 1951 ) and the Battle of Kapyong ( 22 -- 25 April 1951 ) , blunting the impetus of the offensive , which was halted at the `` No - name Line '' north of Seoul . On 15 May 1951 , the Chinese commenced the second impulse of the Spring Offensive and attacked the ROK Army and the U.S. X Corps in the east at the Soyang River . After initial success , they were halted by 20 May . At month 's end , the U.S. Eighth Army counterattacked and regained `` Line Kansas '' , just north of the 38th parallel . The UN 's `` Line Kansas '' halt and subsequent offensive action stand - down began the stalemate that lasted until the armistice of 1953 . Stalemate ( July 1951 -- July 1953 ) U.S. M46 Patton tanks , painted with tiger heads thought to demoralize Chinese forces For the remainder of the Korean War the UN Command and the PVA fought , but exchanged little territory ; the stalemate held . Large - scale bombing of North Korea continued , and protracted armistice negotiations began 10 July 1951 at Kaesong . On the Chinese side , Zhou Enlai directed peace talks , and Li Kenong and Qiao Guanghua headed the negotiation team . Combat continued while the belligerents negotiated ; the UN Command forces ' goal was to recapture all of South Korea and to avoid losing territory . The PVA and the KPA attempted similar operations , and later effected military and psychological operations in order to test the UN Command 's resolve to continue the war . The principal battles of the stalemate include the Battle of Bloody Ridge ( 18 August -- 15 September 1951 ) , the Battle of the Punchbowl ( 31 August - 21 September 1951 ) , the Battle of Heartbreak Ridge ( 13 September -- 15 October 1951 ) , the Battle of Old Baldy ( 26 June -- 4 August 1952 ) , the Battle of White Horse ( 6 -- 15 October 1952 ) , the Battle of Triangle Hill ( 14 October -- 25 November 1952 ) , the Battle of Hill Eerie ( 21 March -- 21 June 1952 ) , the sieges of Outpost Harry ( 10 -- 18 June 1953 ) , the Battle of the Hook ( 28 -- 29 May 1953 ) , the Battle of Pork Chop Hill ( 23 March -- 16 July 1953 ) , and the Battle of Kumsong ( 13 -- 27 July 1953 ) . Chinese troops suffered from deficient military equipment , serious logistical problems , overextended communication and supply lines , and the constant threat of UN bombers . All of these factors generally led to a rate of Chinese casualties that was far greater than the casualties suffered by UN troops . The situation became so serious that , in November 1951 , Zhou Enlai called a conference in Shenyang to discuss the PVA 's logistical problems . At the meeting it was decided to accelerate the construction of railways and airfields in the area , to increase the number of trucks available to the army , and to improve air defense by any means possible . These commitments did little to directly address the problems confronting PVA troops . New Zealand artillery crew in action , 1952 In the months after the Shenyang conference Peng Dehuai went to Beijing several times to brief Mao and Zhou about the heavy casualties suffered by Chinese troops and the increasing difficulty of keeping the front lines supplied with basic necessities . Peng was convinced that the war would be protracted , and that neither side would be able to achieve victory in the near future . On 24 February 1952 , the Military Commission , presided over by Zhou , discussed the PVA 's logistical problems with members of various government agencies involved in the war effort . After the government representatives emphasized their inability to meet the demands of the war , Peng , in an angry outburst , shouted : `` You have this and that problem ... You should go to the front and see with your own eyes what food and clothing the soldiers have ! Not to speak of the casualties ! For what are they giving their lives ? We have no aircraft . We have only a few guns . Transports are not protected . More and more soldiers are dying of starvation . Ca n't you overcome some of your difficulties ? '' The atmosphere became so tense that Zhou was forced to adjourn the conference . Zhou subsequently called a series of meetings , where it was agreed that the PVA would be divided into three groups , to be dispatched to Korea in shifts ; to accelerate the training of Chinese pilots ; to provide more anti-aircraft guns to the front lines ; to purchase more military equipment and ammunition from the Soviet Union ; to provide the army with more food and clothing ; and , to transfer the responsibility of logistics to the central government . Armistice ( July 1953 -- November 1954 ) Men from the Royal Australian Regiment , June 1953 The on - again , off - again armistice negotiations continued for two years , first at Kaesong , on the border between North and South Korea , and then at the neighboring village of Panmunjom . A major , problematic negotiation point was prisoner of war ( POW ) repatriation . The PVA , KPA , and UN Command could not agree on a system of repatriation because many PVA and KPA soldiers refused to be repatriated back to the north , which was unacceptable to the Chinese and North Koreans . In the final armistice agreement , signed on 27 July 1953 , a Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission , under the chairman Indian General K.S. Thimayya , was set up to handle the matter . In 1952 , the United States elected a new president , and on 29 November 1952 , the president - elect , Dwight D. Eisenhower , went to Korea to learn what might end the Korean War . With the United Nations ' acceptance of India 's proposed Korean War armistice , the KPA , the PVA , and the UN Command ceased fire with the battle line approximately at the 38th parallel . Upon agreeing to the armistice , the belligerents established the Korean Demilitarized Zone ( DMZ ) , which has since been patrolled by the KPA and ROKA , United States , and Joint UN Commands . The Demilitarized Zone runs northeast of the 38th parallel ; to the south , it travels west . The old Korean capital city of Kaesong , site of the armistice negotiations , originally was in pre-war South Korea , but now is part of North Korea . The United Nations Command , supported by the United States , the North Korean People 's Army , and the Chinese People 's Volunteers , signed the Armistice Agreement on 27 July 1953 to end the fighting . The Armistice also called upon the governments of South Korea , North Korea , China and the United States to participate in continued peace talks . The war is considered to have ended at this point , even though there was no peace treaty . North Korea nevertheless claims that it won the Korean War . After the war , Operation Glory was conducted from July to November 1954 , to allow combatant countries to exchange their dead . The remains of 4,167 U.S. Army and U.S. Marine Corps dead were exchanged for 13,528 KPA and PVA dead , and 546 civilians dead in UN prisoner - of - war camps were delivered to the South Korean government . After Operation Glory , 416 Korean War unknown soldiers were buried in the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific ( The Punchbowl ) , on the island of Oahu , Hawaii . Defense Prisoner of War / Missing Personnel Office ( DPMO ) records indicate that the PRC and the DPRK transmitted 1,394 names , of which 858 were correct . From 4,167 containers of returned remains , forensic examination identified 4,219 individuals . Of these , 2,944 were identified as from the U.S. , and all but 416 were identified by name . From 1996 to 2006 , the DPRK recovered 220 remains near the Sino - Korean border . Division of Korea ( 1954 -- present ) See also : Korean Demilitarized Zone Delegates sign the Korean Armistice Agreement in P'anmunjŏm . The Korean Armistice Agreement provided for monitoring by an international commission . Since 1953 , the Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission ( NNSC ) , composed of members from the Swiss and Swedish Armed Forces , has been stationed near the DMZ . In April 1975 , South Vietnam 's capital was captured by the North Vietnamese army . Encouraged by the success of Communist revolution in Indochina , Kim Il - sung saw it as an opportunity to invade the South . Kim visited China in April of that year , and met with Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai to ask for military aid . Despite Pyongyang 's expectations , however , Beijing refused to help North Korea for another war in Korea . A U.S. Army officer confers with South Korean soldiers at Observation Post ( OP ) Ouellette , viewing northward , in April 2008 . The DMZ as seen from the north , 2005 Since the armistice , there have been numerous incursions and acts of aggression by North Korea . In 1976 , the axe murder incident was widely publicized . Since 1974 , four incursion tunnels leading to Seoul have been uncovered . In 2010 , a North Korean submarine torpedoed and sank the South Korean corvette ROKS Cheonan , resulting in the deaths of 46 sailors . Again in 2010 , North Korea fired artillery shells on Yeonpyeong island , killing two military personnel and two civilians . After a new wave of UN sanctions , on 11 March 2013 , North Korea claimed that the armistice had become invalid . On 13 March 2013 , North Korea confirmed it ended the 1953 Armistice and declared North Korea `` is not restrained by the North - South declaration on non-aggression '' . On 30 March 2013 , North Korea stated that it entered a `` state of war '' with South Korea and declared that `` The long - standing situation of the Korean peninsula being neither at peace nor at war is finally over '' . Speaking on 4 April 2013 , the U.S. Secretary of Defense , Chuck Hagel , informed the press that Pyongyang `` formally informed '' the Pentagon that it `` ratified '' the potential use of a nuclear weapon against South Korea , Japan and the United States of America , including Guam and Hawaii . Hagel also stated the United States would deploy the Terminal High Altitude Area Defense anti-ballistic missile system to Guam , because of a credible and realistic nuclear threat from North Korea . In 2016 , it was revealed that North Korea approached the United States about conducting formal peace talks to formally end the war . While the White House agreed to secret peace talks , the plan was rejected due to North Korea 's refusal to discuss nuclear disarmament as part of the terms of the treaty . On 27 April 2018 , it was announced that North Korea and South Korea agreed to talks to end the ongoing 65 year conflict . They committed themselves to the complete denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula . However , on 15 May 2018 , North Korea cancelled a high - level meeting due to military drills South Korea and the US conducted . Characteristics Korean War memorials are found in every UN Command Korean War participant country ; this one is in Pretoria , South Africa . Casualties According to the data from the U.S. Department of Defense , the United States suffered 33,686 battle deaths , along with 2,830 non-battle deaths , during the Korean War . U.S. battle deaths were 8,516 up to their first engagement with the Chinese on 1 November 1950 . South Korea reported some 373,599 civilian and 137,899 military deaths . Western sources estimate the PVA suffered about 400,000 killed and 486,000 wounded , while the KPA suffered 215,000 killed and 303,000 wounded . Data from official Chinese sources , on the other hand , reported that the Chinese PVA had suffered 114,000 battle deaths , 34,000 non-battle deaths , 340,000 wounded , 7,600 missing and during the war . 7,110 Chinese POWs were repatriated to China . Chinese sources also reported that North Korea had suffered 290,000 casualties , 90,000 captured and a large number of civilian deaths . CNN reported , citing Encyclopædia Britannica that North Korean civilian casualties were 600,000 , while South Korean civilian casualties reached one million . The Chinese and North Koreans estimated that about 390,000 soldiers from the United States , 660,000 soldiers from South Korea and 29,000 other UN soldiers were `` eliminated '' from the battlefield . Recent scholarship puts the full battle death toll on all sides at just over 1.2 million . U.S. unpreparedness for War In a postwar analysis of the unpreparedness of U.S. Army forces deployed to Korea during the summer and fall of 1950 , Army Major General Floyd L. Parks stated that `` Many who never lived to tell the tale had to fight the full range of ground warfare from offensive to delaying action , unit by unit , man by man ... ( T ) hat we were able to snatch victory from the jaws of defeat ... does not relieve us from the blame of having placed our own flesh and blood in such a predicament . '' By 1950 , U.S. Secretary of Defense Louis A. Johnson had established a policy of faithfully following President Truman 's defense economization plans , and had aggressively attempted to implement it even in the face of steadily increasing external threats . He consequently received much of the blame for the initial setbacks in Korea and the widespread reports of ill - equipped and inadequately trained U.S. military forces in the war 's early stages . As an initial response to the invasion , Truman called for a naval blockade of North Korea , and was shocked to learn that such a blockade could be imposed only `` on paper '' , since the U.S. Navy no longer had the warships with which to carry out his request . Army officials , desperate for weaponry , recovered Sherman tanks from World War II Pacific battlefields and reconditioned them for shipment to Korea . Army Ordnance officials at Fort Knox pulled down M26 Pershing tanks from display pedestals around Fort Knox in order to equip the third company of the Army 's hastily formed 70th Tank Battalion . Without adequate numbers of tactical fighter - bomber aircraft , the Air Force took F - 51 ( P - 51 ) propeller - driven aircraft out of storage or from existing Air National Guard squadrons , and rushed them into front - line service . A shortage of spare parts and qualified maintenance personnel resulted in improvised repairs and overhauls . A Navy helicopter pilot aboard an active duty warship recalled fixing damaged rotor blades with masking tape in the absence of spares . Army Reserve and Army National Guard infantry soldiers and new inductees called to duty to fill out understrength infantry divisions found themselves short of nearly everything needed to repel the North Korean forces : artillery , ammunition , heavy tanks , ground - support aircraft , even effective anti-tank weapons such as the M20 3.5 - inch ( 89 mm ) Super Bazooka . Some Army combat units sent to Korea were supplied with worn out , ' red - lined ' M - 1 rifles or carbines in immediate need of ordnance depot overhaul or repair . Only the Marine Corps , whose commanders had stored and maintained their World War II surplus inventories of equipment and weapons , proved ready for deployment , though they still were woefully under - strength , as well as in need of suitable landing craft to practice amphibious operations ( Johnson had transferred most of the remaining craft to the Navy and reserved them for use in training Army units ) . Due to public criticism of his handling of the Korean War , Truman decided to ask for Johnson 's resignation . On 19 September 1950 , Johnson resigned as Secretary of Defense , and the president quickly replaced him with General of the Army George C. Marshall . Armored warfare The initial assault by North Korean KPA forces was aided by the use of Soviet T - 34 - 85 tanks . A North Korean tank corps equipped with about 120 T - 34s spearheaded the invasion . These drove against a ROK Army with few anti-tank weapons adequate to deal with the Soviet T - 34s . Additional Soviet armor was added as the offensive progressed . The North Korean tanks had a good deal of early successes against South Korean infantry , elements of the 24th Infantry Division , and the United States built M24 Chaffee light tanks that they encountered . Interdiction by ground attack aircraft was the only means of slowing the advancing Korean armor . The tide turned in favour of the United Nations forces in August 1950 when the North Koreans suffered major tank losses during a series of battles in which the UN forces brought heavier equipment to bear , including M4A3 Sherman medium tanks backed by U.S. M26 heavy tanks , along with British Centurion , Churchill , and Cromwell tanks . The U.S. landings at Inchon on 15 September cut off the North Korean supply lines , causing their armored forces and infantry to run out of fuel , ammunition , and other supplies . As a result , the North Koreans had to retreat , and many of the T - 34s and heavy weapons had to be abandoned . By the time the North Koreans withdrew from the South , a total of 239 T - 34s and 74 SU - 76s were lost . After November 1950 , North Korean armor was rarely encountered . Following the initial assault by the north , the Korean War saw limited use of tanks and featured no large - scale tank battles . The mountainous , forested terrain , especially in the Eastern Central Zone , was poor tank country , limiting their mobility . Through the last two years of the war in Korea , UN tanks served largely as infantry support and mobile artillery pieces . Naval warfare Naval engagements of the Korean War ( 1950 -- 1953 ) and post-armistice incidents Pre Armistice Korea Strait Chumonchin Chan Haeju Inchon Operation Wonsan Operation Tailboard Wonsan Operation Fireball Buzz Saw Operation Kickoff USS Walke Incident Han River Post Armistice Gangneung Incident ( 1996 ) Sokcho Incident ( 1998 ) Yeosu ( 1998 ) Maritime border incidents First Yeonpyeong ( 1999 ) Second Yeonpyeong ( 2002 ) Daecheong ( 2009 ) Cheonan sinking ( 2010 ) Further information : List of US Navy ships sunk or damaged in action during the Korean conflict To disrupt North Korean communications , USS Missouri fires a salvo from its 16 - inch guns at shore targets near Chongjin , North Korea , 21 October 1950 Because neither Korea had a significant navy , the Korean War featured few naval battles . A skirmish between North Korea and the UN Command occurred on 2 July 1950 ; the U.S. Navy cruiser USS Juneau , the Royal Navy cruiser HMS Jamaica , and the frigate HMS Black Swan fought four North Korean torpedo boats and two mortar gunboats , and sank them . USS Juneau later sank several ammunition ships that had been present . The last sea battle of the Korean War occurred at Inchon , days before the Battle of Inchon ; the ROK ship PC - 703 sank a North Korean mine layer in the Battle of Haeju Island , near Inchon . Three other supply ships were sunk by PC - 703 two days later in the Yellow Sea . Thereafter , vessels from the UN nations held undisputed control of the sea about Korea . The gun ships were used in shore bombardment , while the aircraft carriers provided air support to the ground forces . During most of the war , the UN navies patrolled the west and east coasts of North Korea , sinking supply and ammunition ships and denying the North Koreans the ability to resupply from the sea . Aside from very occasional gunfire from North Korean shore batteries , the main threat to United States and UN navy ships was from magnetic mine s . During the war , five U.S. Navy ships were lost to mines : two minesweepers , two minesweeper escorts , and one ocean tug . Mines and gunfire from North Korean coastal artillery damaged another 87 U.S. warships , resulting in slight to moderate damage . Aerial warfare Further information : MiG Alley , USAF Units and Aircraft of the Korean War , and Korean People 's Air Force The Korean War was the first war in which jet aircraft played the central role in air combat . Once - formidable fighters such as the P - 51 Mustang , F4U Corsair , and Hawker Sea Fury -- all piston - engined , propeller - driven , and designed during World War II -- relinquished their air - superiority roles to a new generation of faster , jet - powered fighters arriving in the theater . For the initial months of the war , the P - 80 Shooting Star , F9F Panther , Gloster Meteor and other jets under the UN flag dominated North Korea 's prop - driven air force of Soviet Yakovlev Yak - 9 and Lavochkin La - 9s . A B - 29 Superfortress bomber dropping its bombs The Chinese intervention in late October 1950 bolstered the Korean People 's Air Force ( KPAF ) of North Korea with the MiG - 15 , one of the world 's most advanced jet fighters . The heavily armed MiGs were faster than first - generation UN jets and so could reach and destroy U.S. B - 29 Superfortress bomber flights despite their fighter escorts . With increasing B - 29 losses , the Air Force was forced to switch from a daylight bombing campaign to a safer but less accurate nighttime bombing of targets . The USAF countered the MiG - 15 by sending over three squadrons of its most capable fighter , the F - 86 Sabre . These arrived in December 1950 . The MiG was designed as a bomber interceptor . It had a very high service ceiling -- 15,000 m ( 50,000 ft ) and carried very heavy weaponry : one 37 mm cannon and two 23 mm cannons . The F - 86 had a ceiling of 13,000 m ( 42,000 ft ) and were armed with six . 50 caliber ( 12.7 mm ) machine guns , which were range adjusted by radar gunsights . If coming in at higher altitude the advantage of engaging or not went to the MiG . Once in a level flight dogfight , both swept - wing designs attained comparable maximum speeds of around 1,100 km / h ( 660 mph ) . The MiG climbed faster , but the Sabre turned and dived better . In summer and autumn 1951 , the outnumbered Sabres of the USAF 's 4th Fighter Interceptor Wing -- only 44 at one point -- continued seeking battle in MiG Alley , where the Yalu River marks the Chinese border , against Chinese and North Korean air forces capable of deploying some 500 aircraft . Following Colonel Harrison Thyng 's communication with the Pentagon , the 51st Fighter - Interceptor Wing finally reinforced the beleaguered 4th Wing in December 1951 ; for the next year - and - a-half stretch of the war , aerial warfare continued . A US Navy Sikorsky HO4S flying near USS Sicily Unlike the Vietnam War , in which the Soviet Union only officially sent `` advisers '' , in the Korean aerial war Soviet forces participated via the 64th Fighter Aviation Corps . Fearful of confronting the United States directly , the Soviet Union denied involvement of their personnel in anything other than an advisory role , but air combat quickly resulted in Soviet pilots dropping their code signals and speaking over the wireless in Russian . This known direct Soviet participation was a casus belli that the UN Command deliberately overlooked , lest the war for the Korean peninsula expand to include the Soviet Union , and potentially escalate into atomic warfare . After the war , and to the present day , the USAF reports an F - 86 Sabre kill ratio in excess of 10 : 1 , with 792 MiG - 15s and 108 other aircraft shot down by Sabres , and 78 Sabres lost to enemy fire . The Soviet Air Force reported some 1,100 air - to - air victories and 335 MiG combat losses , while China 's People 's Liberation Army Air Force ( PLAAF ) reported 231 combat losses , mostly MiG - 15s , and 168 other aircraft lost . The KPAF reported no data , but the UN Command estimates some 200 KPAF aircraft lost in the war 's first stage , and 70 additional aircraft after the Chinese intervention . The USAF disputes Soviet and Chinese claims of 650 and 211 downed F - 86s , respectively . However , one source claims that the U.S. Air Force has more recently cited 224 losses ( c. 100 to air combat ) out of 674 F - 86s deployed to Korea . The Korean War marked a major milestone not only for fixed - wing aircraft , but also for rotorcraft , featuring the first large - scale deployment of helicopters for medical evacuation ( medevac ) . In 1944 -- 1945 , during the Second World War , the YR - 4 helicopter saw limited ambulance duty , but in Korea , where rough terrain trumped the jeep as a speedy medevac vehicle , helicopters like the Sikorsky H - 19 helped reduce fatal casualties to a dramatic degree when combined with complementary medical innovations such as Mobile Army Surgical Hospitals . The limitations of jet aircraft for close air support highlighted the helicopter 's potential in the role , leading to development of the AH - 1 Cobra and other helicopter gunships used in the Vietnam War ( 1965 -- 75 ) . Bombing of North Korea Main article : Bombing of North Korea 1950 - 1953 Pyongyang in May 1951 The initial bombing attack on North Korea was approved on the fourth day of the war , 29 June 1950 , by General Douglas MacArthur immediately upon request by the commanding general of the Far East Air Forces , George E. Stratemeyer . Major bombing began in late July . On 12 August 1950 , the U.S. Air Force dropped 625 tons of bombs on North Korea ; two weeks later , the daily tonnage increased to some 800 tons . From June through October , official U.S. policy was to pursue precision bombing aimed at communication centers ( railroad stations , marshaling yards , main yards , and railways ) and industrial facilities deemed vital to war making capacity . The policy was the result of debates after World War II , in which U.S. policy rejected the mass civilian bombings that had been conducted in the later stages of World War II as unproductive and immoral . In early July , General Emmett `` Rosie '' O'Donnell requested permission to burn five North Korean cities . He proposed that MacArthur announce that the UN would employ the firebombing methods that `` brought Japan to its knees . '' The announcement would warn the leaders of North Korea `` to get women and children and other noncombatants the hell out . '' According to O'Donnell , MacArthur responded , `` No , Rosy , I 'm not prepared to go that far yet . My instructions are very explicit ; however , I want you to know that I have no compunction whatever to your bombing bona fide military objectives , with high explosives , in those five industrial centers . If you miss your target and kill people or destroy other parts of the city , I accept that as a part of war . '' In September 1950 , MacArthur said in his public report the United Nations , `` The problem of avoiding the killing of innocent civilians and damages to the civilian economy is continually present and given my personal attention . '' In October 1950 , FEAF commander General Stratemeyer requested permission to attack the city of Sinuiju , a provincial capital with an estimated population of 60,000 , `` over the widest area of the city , without warning , by burning and high explosive . '' MacArthur 's headquarters responded the following day : `` The general policy enunciated from Washington negates such an attack unless the military situation clearly requires it . Under present circumstances this is not the case . '' Following the intervention of the Chinese in November , General MacArthur ordered increased bombing on North Korea which included incendiary attacks against the country 's arsenals and communications centers and especially against the `` Korean end '' of all the bridges across the Yalu River . As with the aerial bombing campaigns over Germany and Japan in World War II , the nominal objective of the U.S. Air Force was to destroy North Korea 's war infrastructure and shatter the country 's morale . On 3 November 1950 , General Stratemeyer forwarded to MacArthur the request of Fifth Air Force commander General Earle E. Partridge for clearance to `` burn Sinuiju . '' As he had done previously in July and October , MacArthur again denied the request , explaining that he planned to use the town 's facilities after seizing it . However , at the same meeting , MacArthur agreed for the first time to a firebombing campaign , agreeing to Stratemeyer 's request to burn the city of Kanggye and several other towns : `` Burn it if you so desire . Not only that , Strat , but burn and destroy as a lesson any other of those towns that you consider of military value to the enemy . '' The same evening , MacArthur 's chief of staff told Stratemeyer that the firebombing of Sinuiju had also been approved . In his diary , Stratemeyer summarized the instructions as follows : `` Every installation , facility , and village in North Korea now becomes a military and tactical target . '' Stratemeyer sent orders to the Fifth Air Force and Bomber Command to `` destroy every means of communications and every installation , factory , city , and village . '' On 5 November 1950 , General Stratemeyer gave the following order to the commanding general of the Fifth Air Force : `` Aircraft under Fifth Air Force control will destroy all other targets including all buildings capable of affording shelter . '' The same day , twenty - two B - 29s attacked Kanggye , destroying 75 % of the city . After MacArthur was removed as Supreme Commander in Korea in April 1951 , his successors continued this policy and ultimately extended it to all of North Korea . The U.S. dropped a total of 635,000 tons of bombs , including 32,557 tons of napalm , on Korea , more than during the whole Pacific campaign of World War II . A USAF Douglas B - 26B Invader of the 452nd Bombardment Wing bombing a target in North Korea , 29 May 1951 Almost every substantial building in North Korea was destroyed as a result . The war 's highest - ranking U.S. POW , U.S. Major General William F. Dean , reported that the majority of North Korean cities and villages he saw were either rubble or snow - covered wasteland . North Korean factories , schools , hospitals , and government offices were forced to move underground , and air defenses were `` non-existent . '' In November 1950 , the North Korean leadership instructed their population to build dugouts and mud huts and to dig underground tunnels , in order to solve the acute housing problem . U.S. Air Force General Curtis LeMay commented , `` we went over there and fought the war and eventually burned down every town in North Korea anyway , some way or another , and some in South Korea , too . '' Pyongyang , which saw 75 percent of its area destroyed , was so devastated that bombing was halted as there were no longer any worthy targets . On 28 November , Bomber Command reported on the campaign 's progress : 95 percent of Manpojin was destroyed , along with 90 percent of Hoeryong , Namsi and Koindong , 85 percent of Chosan , 75 percent of both Sakchu and Huichon , and 20 percent of Uiju . According to USAF damage assessments , `` eighteen of twenty - two major cities in North Korea had been at least half obliterated . '' By the end of the campaign , US bombers had difficulty in finding targets and were reduced to bombing footbridges or jettisoning their bombs into the sea . As well as conventional bombing , the Communist side claimed that the U.S. used biological weapons . These claims have been disputed ; Conrad Crane asserts that while the U.S. worked towards developing chemical and biological weapons , the U.S. military `` possessed neither the ability , nor the will '' , to use them in combat . U.S. threat of atomic warfare Mark 4 bomb , seen on display , transferred to the 9th Bombardment Wing , Heavy On 5 November 1950 , the Joint Chiefs of Staff ( JCS ) issued orders for the retaliatory atomic bombing of Manchurian PRC military bases , if either their armies crossed into Korea or if PRC or KPA bombers attacked Korea from there . The President ordered the transfer of nine Mark 4 nuclear bombs `` to the Air Force 's Ninth Bomb Group , the designated carrier of the weapons ... ( and ) signed an order to use them against Chinese and Korean targets '' , which he never transmitted . Many U.S. officials viewed the deployment of nuclear - capable ( but not nuclear - armed ) B - 29 bombers to Britain as helping to resolve the Berlin Blockade of 1948 -- 1949 . Truman and Eisenhower both had military experience and viewed nuclear weapons as potentially usable components of their military . During Truman 's first meeting to discuss the war on 25 June 1950 , he ordered plans be prepared for attacking Soviet forces if they entered the war . By July , Truman approved another B - 29 deployment to Britain , this time with bombs ( but without their cores ) , to remind the Soviets of U.S. offensive ability . Deployment of a similar fleet to Guam was leaked to The New York Times . As United Nations forces retreated to Pusan , and the CIA reported that mainland China was building up forces for a possible invasion of Taiwan , the Pentagon believed that Congress and the public would demand using nuclear weapons if the situation in Korea required them . As Chinese forces pushed back the United States forces from the Yalu River , Truman stated during a 30 November 1950 press conference that using nuclear weapons was `` always ( under ) active consideration '' , with control under the local military commander . The Indian ambassador , K. Madhava Panikkar , reports `` that Truman announced he was thinking of using the atom bomb in Korea . But the Chinese seemed unmoved by this threat ... The PRC 's propaganda against the U.S. was stepped up . The `` Aid Korea to resist America '' campaign was made the slogan for increased production , greater national integration , and more rigid control over anti-national activities . One could not help feeling that Truman 's threat came in useful to the leaders of the Revolution , to enable them to keep up the tempo of their activities . '' After his statement caused concern in Europe , Truman met on 4 December 1950 with UK prime minister and Commonwealth spokesman Clement Attlee , French Premier René Pleven , and Foreign Minister Robert Schuman to discuss their worries about atomic warfare and its likely continental expansion . The United States ' forgoing atomic warfare was not because of `` a disinclination by the Soviet Union and People 's Republic of China to escalate '' the Korean War , but because UN allies -- notably from the UK , the Commonwealth , and France -- were concerned about a geopolitical imbalance rendering NATO defenseless while the United States fought China , who then might persuade the Soviet Union to conquer Western Europe . The Joint Chiefs of Staff advised Truman to tell Attlee that the United States would use nuclear weapons only if necessary to protect an evacuation of UN troops , or to prevent a `` major military disaster '' . On 6 December 1950 , after the Chinese intervention repelled the UN Command armies from northern North Korea , General J. Lawton Collins ( Army Chief of Staff ) , General MacArthur , Admiral C. Turner Joy , General George E. Stratemeyer , and staff officers Major General Doyle Hickey , Major General Charles A. Willoughby , and Major General Edwin K. Wright met in Tokyo to plan strategy countering the Chinese intervention ; they considered three potential atomic warfare scenarios encompassing the next weeks and months of warfare . In the first scenario : If the PVA continued attacking in full and the UN Command was forbidden to blockade and bomb China , and without ROC reinforcements , and without an increase in U.S. forces until April 1951 ( four National Guard divisions were due to arrive ) , then atomic bombs might be used in North Korea . In the second scenario : If the PVA continued full attacks and the UN Command blockaded China and had effective aerial reconnaissance and bombing of the Chinese interior , and the ROC soldiers were maximally exploited , and tactical atomic bombing was to hand , then the UN forces could hold positions deep in North Korea . In the third scenario : if China agreed to not cross the 38th parallel border , General MacArthur recommended UN acceptance of an armistice disallowing PVA and KPA troops south of the parallel , and requiring PVA and KPA guerrillas to withdraw northwards . The U.S. Eighth Army would remain to protect the Seoul -- Incheon area , while X Corps would retreat to Pusan . A UN commission should supervise implementation of the armistice . Both the Pentagon and the State Department were cautious about using nuclear weapons because of the risk of general war with China and the diplomatic ramifications . Truman and his senior advisors agreed , and never seriously considered using them in early December 1950 despite the poor military situation in Korea . In 1951 , the U.S. escalated closest to atomic warfare in Korea . Because China deployed new armies to the Sino - Korean frontier , pit crews at the Kadena Air Base , Okinawa , assembled atomic bombs for Korean warfare , `` lacking only the essential pit nuclear cores '' . In October 1951 , the United States effected Operation Hudson Harbor to establish a nuclear weapons capability . USAF B - 29 bombers practised individual bombing runs from Okinawa to North Korea ( using dummy nuclear or conventional bombs ) , coordinated from Yokota Air Base in east - central Japan . Hudson Harbor tested `` actual functioning of all activities which would be involved in an atomic strike , including weapons assembly and testing , leading , ground control of bomb aiming '' . The bombing run data indicated that atomic bombs would be tactically ineffective against massed infantry , because the `` timely identification of large masses of enemy troops was extremely rare . '' Ridgway was authorized to use nuclear weapons if a major air attack originated from outside Korea . An envoy was sent to Hong Kong to deliver a warning to China . The message likely caused Chinese leaders to be more cautious about potential U.S. use of nuclear weapons , but whether they learned about the B - 29 deployment is unclear and the failure of the two major Chinese offensives that month likely was what caused them to shift to a defensive strategy in Korea . The B - 29s returned to the United States in June . Despite the greater destructive power deploying atomic weapons would bring to the war , their effects on determining the war 's outcome would have likely been minimal . Tactically , given the dispersed nature of Chinese and North Korean forces , the relatively primitive infrastructure for staging and logistics centers , and the small number of bombs available ( most would have been conserved for use against the Soviets ) , atomic attacks would have limited effects against the ability of China to mobilize and move forces . Strategically , attacking Chinese cities to destroy civilian industry and infrastructure would cause the immediate dispersion of the leadership away from such areas and give propaganda value for the communists to galvanize the support of Chinese civilians . Since the Soviets were not expected to intervene with their few primitive atomic weapons on China or North Korea 's behalf if the U.S. used theirs first , factors such as little operational value and the lowering of the `` threshold '' for using atomic weapons against non-nuclear states in future conflicts played more of a role in not employing them than the threat of a possible nuclear exchange . When Eisenhower succeeded Truman in early 1953 he was similarly cautious about using nuclear weapons in Korea , including for diplomatic purposes to encourage progress in ongoing truce discussions . The administration prepared contingency plans to use them against China , but like Truman , the new president feared doing so would result in Soviet attacks on Japan . The war ended as it began , without U.S. nuclear weapons deployed near battle . War crimes Civilian deaths and massacres Further information : Bodo League massacre , Seoul National University Hospital massacre , No Gun Ri Massacre , Sinchon Massacre , Ganghwa massacre , Sancheong - Hamyang massacre , and Geochang massacre South Korean soldiers walk among the bodies of political prisoners executed near Daejon , July 1950 Civilians killed during a night battle near Yongsan , August 1950 There were numerous atrocities and massacres of civilians throughout the Korean war committed by both the North and South Koreans . Many started on the first days of the war . South Korean President Syngman Rhee ordered the Bodo League massacre on 28 June , beginning killings of more than 100,000 suspected leftist sympathizers and their families by South Korean officials and right - wing groups . During the massacre , the British protested to their allies and saved some citizens . In occupied areas , North Korean Army political officers purged South Korean society of its intelligentsia by executing every educated person -- academic , governmental , religious -- who might lead resistance against the North ; the purges continued during the NPA retreat . When the North Koreans retreated north in September 1950 , they abducted tens of thousands of South Korean men . The reasons are not clear , but the intention might have been to acquire skilled professionals to the North . In addition to conventional military operations , North Korean soldiers fought the UN forces by infiltrating guerrillas among refugees . These soldiers disguised as refugees would approach UN forces asking for food and help , then open fire and attack . U.S. troops acted under a `` shoot - first - ask - questions - later '' policy against any civilian refugee approaching U.S. battlefield positions , a policy that led U.S. soldiers to kill an estimated 400 civilians at No Gun Ri ( 26 -- 29 July 1950 ) in central Korea because they believed some of the refugees to be North Korean soldiers in disguise . The South Korean Truth and Reconciliation Commission defended this policy as a `` military necessity '' . Beginning in 2005 , the South Korean Truth and Reconciliation Commission has investigated numerous atrocities committed by the Japanese colonial government , North Korean military , U.S. military , and the authoritarian South Korean government . It has investigated atrocities before , during and after the Korean War . The Commission verified over 14,000 civilians were killed in the Jeju uprising ( 1948 -- 49 ) that involved South Korean military and paramilitary units against pro-North Korean guerrillas . Although most of the fighting subsided by 1949 , it continued until 1950 . The Commission estimates 86 % of the civilians were killed by South Korean forces . The Americans on the island documented the events , but never intervened . Prisoners of War See also : Korean War POWs detained in North Korea , Hill 303 massacre , and List of American and British defectors in the Korean War A US Marine guards North Korean prisoners of war aboard an American warship in 1951 . Chinese POWs At Geoje prison camp on Geoje Island , Chinese POWs experienced anti-communist lecturing and missionary work from secret agents from the U.S. and Taiwan in No. 71 , 72 and 86 camps . Pro-Communist POWs experienced torture , cutting off of limbs , or were executed in public . Being forced to write confession letters and receiving tattoos of an anti-Communism slogan and Flag of the Republic of China were also commonly seen , in case any wanted to go back to mainland China . Pro-Communist POWs who could not endure the torture formed an underground group to fight the pro-Nationalist POWs secretly by assassination which led to the Geoje Uprising . The rebellion captured Francis Dodd , and was cracked down by the 187th Infantry Regiment . In the end , 14,235 Chinese POWs went to Nationalist China ( Taiwan ) and less than 6,000 POWs went back to mainland China . Those who went to Taiwan are called `` righteous men '' and experienced brainwashing again and were sent to the army or were arrested ; while the survivors who went back to mainland China were welcomed as a `` hero '' first , but experienced anti-brainwashing , strict interrogation , and house arrest eventually , after the tattoos were discovered . After 1988 , the Taiwanese government allowed POWs to go back to mainland China , and helped remove anti-communist tattoos ; while the mainland Chinese government started to accept old POWs to return from Taiwan . UN Command POWs During the first days of the war North Korean soldiers committed the Seoul National University Hospital massacre . The United States reported that North Korea mistreated prisoners of war : soldiers were beaten , starved , put to forced labor , marched to death , and summarily executed . The KPA killed POWs at the battles for Hill 312 , Hill 303 , the Pusan Perimeter , and Daejeon ; these massacres were discovered afterwards by the UN forces . Later , a U.S. Congress war crimes investigation , the United States Senate Subcommittee on Korean War Atrocities of the Permanent Subcommittee of the Investigations of the Committee on Government Operations , reported that `` two - thirds of all American prisoners of war in Korea died as a result of war crimes '' . Although the Chinese rarely executed prisoners like their North Korean counterparts , mass starvation and diseases swept through the Chinese - run POW camps during the winter of 1950 -- 51 . About 43 percent of U.S. POWs died during this period . The Chinese defended their actions by stating that all Chinese soldiers during this period were suffering mass starvation and diseases due to logistical difficulties . The UN POWs said that most of the Chinese camps were located near the easily supplied Sino - Korean border , and that the Chinese withheld food to force the prisoners to accept the communism indoctrination programs . According to Chinese reports , over a thousand U.S. POWs died by the end of June 1951 , while a dozen British POWs died , and all Turkish POW survived . According to Hastings , wounded U.S. POWs died for lack of medical attention and were fed a diet of corn and millet `` devoid of vegetables , almost barren of proteins , minerals , or vitamins '' with only 1 / 3 the calories of their usual diet . Especially in early 1951 , thousands of prisoners lost the will to live and `` declined to eat the mess of sorghum and rice they were provided . '' Two Hill 303 survivors after being rescued by US units , 17 August 1950 The unpreparedness of U.S. POWs to resist heavy communist indoctrination during the Korean War led to the Code of the United States Fighting Force which governs how U.S. military personnel in combat should act when they must `` evade capture , resist while a prisoner or escape from the enemy '' . North Korea may have detained up to 50,000 South Korean POWs after the ceasefire . Over 88,000 South Korean soldiers were missing and the Communists ' claimed they captured 70,000 South Koreans . However , when ceasefire negotiations began in 1951 , the Communists reported they held only 8,000 South Koreans . The UN Command protested the discrepancies and alleged that the Communists were forcing South Korean POWs to join the KPA . The Communist side denied such allegations . They claimed their POW rosters were small because many POWs were killed in UN air raids and that they had released ROK soldiers at the front . They insisted only volunteers were allowed to serve in the KPA . By early 1952 , UN negotiators gave up trying to get back the missing South Koreans . The POW exchange proceeded without access to South Korean POWs not on the Communist rosters . North Korea continued to claim that any South Korean POW who stayed in the North did so voluntarily . However , since 1994 , South Korean POWs have been escaping North Korea on their own after decades of captivity . As of 2010 , the South Korean Ministry of Unification reported that 79 ROK POWs escaped the North . The South Korean government estimates 500 South Korean POWs continue to be detained in North Korea . The escaped POWs have testified about their treatment and written memoirs about their lives in North Korea . They report they were not told about the POW exchange procedures , and were assigned to work in mines in the remote northeastern regions near the Chinese and Russian border . Declassified Soviet Foreign Ministry documents corroborate such testimony . In 1997 , the Geoje POW Camp in South Korea was turned into a memorial . Starvation See also : National Defense Corps Incident In December 1950 , National Defense Corps was founded ; the soldiers were 406,000 drafted citizens . In the winter of 1951 , 50,000 to 90,000 South Korean National Defense Corps soldiers starved to death while marching southward under the Chinese offensive when their commanding officers embezzled funds earmarked for their food . This event is called the National Defense Corps Incident . There is no evidence that Syngman Rhee was personally involved in or benefited from the corruption . Recreation Further information : United Service Organizations Bob Hope entertained X Corps in Korea on 26 October 1950 . In 1950 , Secretary of Defense George C. Marshall and Secretary of the Navy Francis P. Matthews called on the USO which was disbanded by 1947 to provide support for U.S. servicemen . By the end of the war , more than 113,000 USO volunteers from the U.S. were working at home front and abroad . Many stars came to Korea to give their performances . Throughout the Korean War , UN Comfort Stations were operated by South Korean officials for UN soldiers . Aftermath Main article : Aftermath of the Korean War The Korean Peninsula at night , shown in a 2012 composite photograph from NASA Postwar recovery was different in the two Koreas . South Korea stagnated in the first postwar decade . In 1953 , South Korea and the United States signed a Mutual Defense Treaty . In 1960 , the April Revolution occurred and students joined an anti-Syngman Rhee demonstration ; 142 were killed by police ; in consequence Syngman Rhee resigned and left for exile in the United States . Park Chung - hee 's May 16 coup enabled social stability . In the 1960s , prostitution and related services represented 25 percent of South Korean GNP . From 1965 to 1973 , South Korea dispatched troops to Vietnam and received $235,560,000 in allowance and military procurement from the United States . GNP increased fivefold during the Vietnam War . South Korea industrialized and modernized . Contemporary North Korea remains underdeveloped . South Korea had one of the world 's fastest - growing economies from the early 1960s to the late 1990s . In 1957 South Korea had a lower per capita GDP than Ghana , and by 2010 it was ranked thirteenth in the world ( Ghana was 86th ) . Following extensive USAF bombing , North Korea `` had been virtually destroyed as an industrial society . '' After the armistice , Kim Il - Sung requested Soviet economic and industrial assistance . In September 1953 , the Soviet government agreed to `` cancel or postpone repayment for all ... outstanding debts '' , and promised to grant North Korea one billion rubles in monetary aid , industrial equipment and consumer goods . Eastern European members of the Soviet Bloc also contributed with `` logistical support , technical aid , ( and ) medical supplies . '' China canceled North Korea 's war debts , provided 800 million yuan , promised trade cooperation , and sent in thousands of troops to rebuild damaged infrastructure . Postwar , about 100,000 North Koreans were executed in purges . According to Rummel , forced labor and concentration camps were responsible for over one million deaths in North Korea from 1945 to 1987 ; others have estimated 400,000 deaths in concentration camps alone . Estimates based on the most recent North Korean census suggest that 240,000 to 420,000 people died as a result of the 1990s North Korean famine and that there were 600,000 to 850,000 unnatural deaths in North Korea from 1993 to 2008 . A study by South Korean anthropologists of North Korean children who had defected to China found that 18 - year - old males were 13 centimetres ( 5 in ) shorter than South Koreans their age because of malnutrition . South Korean anti-Americanism after the war was fueled by the presence and behavior of U.S. military personnel ( USFK ) and U.S. support for the authoritarian regime , a fact still evident during the country 's democratic transition in the 1980s . However , anti-Americanism has declined significantly in South Korea in recent years , from 46 % favorable in 2003 to 74 % favorable in 2011 , making South Korea one of the most pro-U.S. countries in the world . In addition , a large number of mixed - race `` G.I. babies '' ( offspring of U.S. and other UN soldiers and Korean women ) were filling up the country 's orphanages . Because Korean traditional society places significant weight on paternal family ties , bloodlines , and purity of race , children of mixed race or those without fathers are not easily accepted in South Korean society . International adoption of Korean children began in 1954 . The U.S. Immigration Act of 1952 legalized the naturalization of non-blacks and non-whites as U.S. citizens , and made possible the entry of military spouses and children from South Korea after the Korean War . With the passage of the Immigration Act of 1965 , which substantially changed U.S. immigration policy toward non-Europeans , Koreans became one of the fastest - growing Asian groups in the United States . Mao Zedong 's decision to take on the United States in the Korean War was a direct attempt to confront what the Communist bloc viewed as the strongest anti-Communist power in the world , undertaken at a time when the Chinese Communist regime was still consolidating its own power after winning the Chinese Civil War . Mao supported intervention not to save North Korea , but because he believed that a military conflict with the United States was inevitable after the United States entered the Korean War , and to appease the Soviet Union to secure military dispensation and achieve Mao 's goal of making China a major world military power . Mao was equally ambitious in improving his own prestige inside the communist international community by demonstrating that his Marxist concerns were international . In his later years Mao believed that Stalin only gained a positive opinion of him after China 's entrance into the Korean War . Inside mainland China , the war improved the long - term prestige of Mao , Zhou , and Peng , allowing the Chinese Communist Party to increase its legitimacy while weakening anti-Communist dissent . North Koreans touring the Museum of American War Atrocities in 2009 The Chinese government have encouraged the point of view that the war was initiated by the United States and South Korea , though ComIntern documents have shown that Mao sought approval from Joseph Stalin to enter the war . In Chinese media , the Chinese war effort is considered as an example of China 's engaging the strongest power in the world with an under - equipped army , forcing it to retreat , and fighting it to a military stalemate . These successes were contrasted with China 's historical humiliations by Japan and by Western powers over the previous hundred years , highlighting the abilities of the People 's Liberation Army and the Chinese Communist Party . The most significant negative long - term consequence of the war for China was that it led the United States to guarantee the safety of Chiang Kai - shek 's regime in Taiwan , effectively ensuring that Taiwan would remain outside of PRC control through the present day . Mao had also discovered the usefulness of large - scale mass movements in the war while implementing them among most of his ruling measures over PRC . Finally , anti-U.S. sentiments , which were already a significant factor during the Chinese Civil War , was ingrained into Chinese culture during the Communist propaganda campaigns of the Korean War . The Korean War affected other participant combatants . Turkey , for example , entered NATO in 1952 , and the foundation was laid for bilateral diplomatic and trade relations with South Korea . See also Korea portal North Korea portal South Korea portal War portal Cold War portal 1950s portal 1st Commonwealth Division Australia in the Korean War Canada in the Korean War Historical revisionism ( negationism ) # North Korea and the Korean War Joint Advisory Commission , Korea Korean conflict Korean DMZ Conflict ( 1966 -- 1969 ) Korean reunification Korean War in popular culture List of books about the Korean War List of Korean War weapons List of Korean War Medal of Honor recipients List of military equipment used in the Korean War List of wars and anthropogenic disasters by death toll New Zealand in the Korean War North Korea in the Korean War Operation Big Switch Operation Little Switch Operation Moolah Partisans in Korean War , Partisan Movement Philippine Expeditionary Forces to Korea Pyongyang Sally UNCMAC -- the UN Command Military Armistice Commission operating from 1953 to the present UNCURK -- the 1951 UN Commission for the Unification and Rehabilitation of Korea UNTCOK -- the 1950 United Nations Temporary Commission on Korea M * A * S * H -- TV series MASH -- film War memorials : United Nations Memorial Cemetery , Busan , Republic of Korea Korean War Veterans Memorial , Washington , D.C. Philadelphia Korean War Memorial National War Memorial ( New Zealand ) Korean War Memorial Wall , Brampton , Ontario War Memorial of Korea Yongsan - dong , Yongsan - gu , Seoul , South Korea Footnotes ^ Jump up to : On 9 July 1951 troop constituents were : US : 70.4 % , ROK : 23.3 % other UNC : 6.3 % Jump up ^ End of physical conflict and signing of an armistice . De jure , North and South Korea are still at war . Jump up ^ As per armistice agreement of 1953 , the opposing sides had to `` insure a complete cessation of hostilities and of all acts of armed force in Korea until a final peaceful settlement is achieved '' . Jump up ^ See 50 U.S.C. S 1601 : `` All powers and authorities possessed by the President , any other officer or employee of the Federal Government , or any executive agency ... as a result of the existence of any declaration of national emergency in effect on 14 September 1976 are terminated two years from 14 September 1976 . '' ; Jolley v. INS , 441 F. 2d 1245 , 1255 n. 17 ( 5th Cir. 1971 ) . Citations Jump up ^ Kim , Heesu ( 1996 ) . Anglo - American Relations and the Attempts to Settle the Korean Question 1953 -- 1960 ( PDF ) ( Thesis ) . London School of Economics and Political Science . p. 213 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 10 April 2017 . Retrieved 9 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Young , Sam Ma ( 2010 ) . `` Israel 's Role in the UN during the Korean War '' ( PDF ) . Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs . 4 ( 3 ) : 81 -- 89 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 24 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Post-War Warriors : Japanese Combatants in the Korean War '' . Jump up ^ Edles , Laura Desfor ( 1998 ) . Symbol and Ritual in the New Spain : the transition to democracy after Franco . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . p. 32 . ISBN 0521628857 . Jump up ^ `` Českoslovenští lékaři stáli v korejské válce na straně KLDR . Jejich mise stále vyvolává otazníky '' ( in Czech ) . Czech Radio . 11 April 2013 . Archived from the original on 2 October 2016 . Retrieved 25 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Edwards , Paul M. ( 2006 ) . Korean War Almanac . Almanacs of American wars . New York : Infobase Publishing . p. 528 . ISBN 978 - 0816074679 . Archived from the original on 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Kocsis , Piroska ( 2005 ) . `` Magyar orvosok Koreában ( 1950 -- 1957 ) '' ( Hungarian physicians in Korea ( 1950 -- 1957 ) ) . ArchivNet : XX . századi történeti források ( in Hungarian ) . Budapest : Magyar Országos Levéltár . Archived from the original on 10 May 2017 . Retrieved 22 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Romania 's `` Fraternal Support '' to North Korea during the Korean War , 1950 -- 1953 `` . Wilson Centre . Archived from the original on 21 February 2013 . Retrieved 24 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Stueck 1995 , p. 196 . Jump up ^ Millett , Allan Reed , ed. ( 2001 ) . The Korean War , Volume 3 . Korea Institute of Military History . U of Nebraska Press . p. 541 . ISBN 978 - 0803277960 . Archived from the original on 4 July 2017 . Retrieved 18 September 2015 . India could not be considered neutral . Jump up ^ Birtle , Andrew J. ( 2000 ) . The Korean War : Years of Stalemate . U.S. Army Center of Military History . p. 34 . Archived from the original on 14 December 2007 . Retrieved 14 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Millett , Allan Reed , ed. ( 2001 ) . The Korean War , Volume 3 . Korea Institute of Military History . U of Nebraska Press . p. 692 . ISBN 978 - 0803277960 . Archived from the original on 9 May 2013 . Retrieved 16 February 2013 . Total Strength 602,902 troops Jump up ^ Tim Kane ( 27 October 2004 ) . `` Global U.S. Troop Deployment , 1950 -- 2003 '' . Reports . The Heritage Foundation . Archived from the original on 28 January 2013 . Retrieved 15 February 2013 . Ashley Rowland ( 22 October 2008 ) . `` U.S. to keep troop levels the same in South Korea '' . Stars and Stripes . Archived from the original on 12 May 2013 . Retrieved 16 February 2013 . Colonel Tommy R. Mize , United States Army ( 12 March 2012 ) . `` U.S. Troops Stationed in South Korea , Anachronistic ? '' . United States Army War College . Defense Technical Information Center . Archived from the original on 8 April 2013 . Retrieved 16 February 2013 . Louis H. Zanardi ; Barbara A. Schmitt ; Peter Konjevich ; M. Elizabeth Guran ; Susan E. Cohen ; Judith A. McCloskey ( August 1991 ) . `` Military Presence : U.S. Personnel in the Pacific Theater '' ( PDF ) . Reports to Congressional Requesters . United States General Accounting Office . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 15 June 2013 . Retrieved 15 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : USFK Public Affairs Office . `` USFK United Nations Command '' . United States Forces Korea . United States Department of Defense . Archived from the original on 11 July 2016 . Retrieved 29 July 2016 . Republic of Korea -- 590,911 Colombia -- 1,068 United States -- 302,483 Belgium -- 900 United Kingdom -- 14,198 South Africa -- 826 Canada -- 6,146 The Netherlands -- 819 Turkey -- 5,453 Luxembourg -- 44 Australia -- 2,282 Philippines -- 1,496 New Zealand -- 1,385 Thailand -- 1,204 Ethiopia -- 1,271 Greece -- 1,263 France -- 1,119 Jump up ^ Rottman , Gordon L. ( 2002 ) . Korean War Order of Battle : United States , United Nations , and Communist Ground , Naval , and Air Forces , 1950 -- 1953 . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 126 . ISBN 978 - 0275978358 . Archived from the original on 9 May 2013 . Retrieved 16 February 2013 . A peak strength of 14,198 British troops was reached in 1952 , with over 40,000 total serving in Korea . `` UK - Korea Relations '' . British Embassy Pyongyang . Foreign and Commonwealth Office . 9 February 2012 . Retrieved 16 February 2013 . When war came to Korea in June 1950 , Britain was second only to the United States in the contribution it made to the UN effort in Korea . 87,000 British troops took part in the Korean conflict , and over 1,000 British servicemen lost their lives Jack D. Walker . `` A Brief Account of the Korean War '' . Information . Korean War Veterans Association . Retrieved 17 February 2013 . Other countries to furnish combat units , with their peak strength , were : Australia ( 2,282 ) , Belgium / Luxembourg ( 944 ) , Canada ( 6,146 ) , Colombia ( 1,068 ) , Ethiopia ( 1,271 ) , France ( 1,119 ) , Greece ( 1,263 ) , Netherlands ( 819 ) , New Zealand ( 1,389 ) , Philippines ( 1,496 ) , Republic of South Africa ( 826 ) , Thailand ( 1,294 ) , Turkey ( 5,455 ) , and the United Kingdom ( Great Britain 14,198 ) . Jump up ^ `` Land of the Morning Calm : Canadians in Korea 1950 -- 1953 '' . Veterans Affairs Canada . Government of Canada . 7 January 2013 . Archived from the original on 23 March 2013 . Retrieved 22 February 2013 . Peak Canadian Army strength in Korea was 8,123 all ranks . ^ Jump up to : `` Casualties of Korean War '' ( in Korean ) . Ministry of National Defense of Republic of Korea . Archived from the original on 20 January 2013 . Retrieved 14 February 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Edwards , Paul M. ( 2006 ) . Korean War Almanac . Almanacs of American wars . Infobase Publishing . p. 517 . ISBN 978 - 0816074679 . Archived from the original on 9 May 2013 . Retrieved 22 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Zhang 1995 , p. 257 . Jump up ^ Shrader , Charles R. ( 1995 ) . Communist Logistics in the Korean War . Issue 160 of Contributions in Military Studies . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 90 . ISBN 978 - 0313295096 . Archived from the original on 9 May 2013 . Retrieved 17 February 2013 . NKPA strength peaked in October 1952 at 266,600 men in eighteen divisions and six independent brigades . Jump up ^ Kolb , Richard K. ( 1999 ) . `` In Korea we whipped the Russian Air Force '' . VFW Magazine . Veterans of Foreign Wars . 86 ( 11 ) . Archived from the original on 10 May 2013 . Retrieved 17 February 2013 . Soviet involvement in the Korean War was on a large scale . During the war , 72,000 Soviet troops ( among them 5,000 pilots ) served along the Yalu River in Manchuria . At least 12 air divisions rotated through . A peak strength of 26,000 men was reached in 1952 . ^ Jump up to : `` U.S. Military Casualties -- Korean War Casualty Summary '' . Defense Casualty Analysis System . United States Department of Defense . 5 February 2013 . Archived from the original on 22 February 2013 . Retrieved 6 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Summary Statistics '' . Defense POW / Missing Personnel Office . United States Department of Defense . 24 January 2013 . Archived from the original on 25 February 2013 . Retrieved 6 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Records of American Prisoners of War During the Korean War , created , 1950 -- 1953 , documenting the period 1950 -- 1953 '' . Access to Archival Databases . National Archives and Records Administration . Archived from the original on 1 November 2013 . Retrieved 6 February 2013 . This series has records for 4,714 U.S. military officers and soldiers who were prisoners of war ( POWs ) during the Korean War and therefore considered casualties . ^ Jump up to : Office of the Defence Attaché ( 30 September 2010 ) . `` Korean war '' . British Embassy Seoul . Foreign and Commonwealth Office . Retrieved 16 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Korean War WebQuest '' . Veterans Affairs Canada . Government of Canada . 11 October 2011 . Archived from the original on 30 January 2013 . Retrieved 28 May 2013 . In Brampton , Ontario , there is a 60 - metre long `` Memorial Wall '' of polished granite , containing individual bronze plaques which commemorate the 516 Canadian soldiers who died during the Korean War . `` Canada Remembers the Korean War '' . Veterans Affairs Canada . Government of Canada . 1 March 2013 . Archived from the original on 6 October 2012 . Retrieved 27 May 2013 . The names of 516 Canadians who died in service during the conflict are inscribed in the Korean War Book of Remembrance located in the Peace Tower in Ottawa . Jump up ^ Aiysha Abdullah ; Kirk Fachnie ( 6 December 2010 ) . `` Korean War veterans talk of `` forgotten war '' `` . Canadian Army . Government of Canada . Archived from the original on 23 May 2013 . Retrieved 28 May 2013 . Canada lost 516 military personnel during the Korean War and 1,042 more were wounded . `` Canadians in the Korean War '' . kvacanada.com . Korean Veterans Association of Canada Inc . Archived from the original on 11 May 2013 . Retrieved 28 May 2013 . Canada 's casualties totalled 1,558 including 516 who died . `` 2013 declared year of Korean war veteran '' . MSN News . The Canadian Press . 8 January 2013 . Archived from the original on 2 November 2013 . Retrieved 28 May 2013 . The 1,558 Canadian casualties in the three - year conflict included 516 people who died . Jump up ^ Ted Barris ( 1 July 2003 ) . `` Canadians in Korea '' . legionmagazine.com . Royal Canadian Legion . Archived from the original on 20 July 2013 . Retrieved 28 May 2013 . Not one of the 33 Canadian PoWs imprisoned in North Korea signed the petitions . Jump up ^ Australian War Memorial Korea MIA Archived 28 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved 17 March 2012 ^ Jump up to : Sandler , Stanley , ed. ( 2002 ) . Ground Warfare : H -- Q. Volume 2 of Ground Warfare : An International Encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . p. 160 . ISBN 978 - 1576073445 . Archived from the original on 9 May 2013 . Retrieved 19 March 2013 . Philippines : KIA 92 ; WIA 299 ; MIA / POW 97 New Zealand : KIA 34 ; WIA 299 ; MIA / POW 1 Jump up ^ `` Two War Reporters Killed '' . The Times . London . 14 August 1950 . ISSN 0140 - 0460 . ^ Jump up to : Rummel , Rudolph J. ( 1997 ) . `` Chapter 10 , Statistics of North Korean Democide Estimates , Calculations , And Sources '' . Statistics of Democide : Genocide and Murder Since 1900 . ISBN 978 - 3825840105 . Archived from the original on 22 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Hickey , Michael . `` The Korean War : An Overview '' . Archived from the original on 5 February 2009 . Retrieved 31 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Li , Xiaobing ( 2007 ) . A History of the Modern Chinese Army . Lexington , KY : University Press of Kentucky . p. 111 . ISBN 978 - 0813124384 . Jump up ^ `` 180,000 Chinese soldiers killed in Korean War , says Chinese general '' Archived 3 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine ... China Daily , 28 June 2010 . State Council Information Office , Chinese government , Beijing . `` According to statistics compiled by the army 's medical departments and hospitals , 114,084 servicemen were killed in military action or accidents , and 25,621 soldiers had gone missing . The other about 70,000 casualties died from wounds , illness and other causes , he said . To date , civil affairs departments have registered 183,108 war martyrs , Xu said . '' Jump up ^ Krivošeev , Grigorij F. ( 1997 ) . Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses in the Twentieth Century . London : Greenhill . ISBN 1853672807 . ^ Jump up to : `` US State Department statement regarding ' Korea : Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission ' and the Armistice Agreement ' which ended the Korean War ' '' . FAS . Archived from the original on 27 April 2011 . Retrieved 4 January 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` North Korea enters ' state of war ' with South '' . BBC News . 30 March 2013 . Archived from the original on 30 March 2013 . Retrieved 30 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Text of the Korean War Armistice Agreement '' . FindLaw. 27 July 1953 . Archived from the original on 6 July 2008 . Retrieved 26 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Millett ( PHD ) , Allan . `` Korean War '' . britannica.com . Archived from the original on 24 April 2016 . Retrieved 21 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Korean War '' . History.com . History Channel . Archived from the original on 20 April 2016 . Retrieved 21 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Cumings 2005 , pp. 247 -- 53 . ^ Jump up to : Stueck 2002 , p. 71 . ^ Jump up to : Devine , Robert A. ; Breen , T.H. ; Frederickson , George M. ; Williams , R. Hal ; Gross , Adriela J. ; Brands , H.W. ( 2007 ) . America Past and Present. II : Since 1865 ( 8th ed . ) . Pearson Longman . pp. 819 -- 21 . ISBN 0321446615 . Jump up ^ United Nations Security Council Resolution 83 Jump up ^ United Nations Security Council Resolution 82 Jump up ^ Derek W. Bowett , United Nations Forces : A Legal Study of United Nations Practice , Stevens , London , 1964 , pp. 29 -- 60 Jump up ^ Pembroke , Michael ( 2018 ) . Korea : Where the American Century Began . Hardie Grant Books . p. 141 . Jump up ^ He , Kai ; Feng , Huiyun ( 2013 ) . Prospect Theory and Foreign Policy Analysis in the Asia Pacific : Rational Leaders and Risky Behavior . Routledge . p. 50 . ISBN 978 - 1135131197 . Archived from the original on 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Li , Narangoa ; Cribb , Robert ( 2014 ) . Historical Atlas of Northeast Asia , 1590 -- 2010 : Korea , Manchuria , Mongolia , Eastern Siberia . Columbia University Press . p. 194 . ISBN 978 - 0231160704 . Archived from the original on 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kim becomes first North Korean leader to cross border into South since war '' . Reuters. 27 April 2018 . Retrieved 28 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` North and South Korean leaders hold historic summit : Live updates '' . CNN . 2018 - 04 - 26 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ Cornwell , RD ( 1980 ) . World History of the Twentieth Century New Edition . London : Longman House . p. 540 . ISBN 0582330750 . Jump up ^ Pratt , Keith L. ; Rutt , Richard ; Hoare , James ( 1999 ) . Korea : A Historical and Cultural Dictionary . 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( 2002 ) , Rethinking the Korean War : A New Diplomatic and Strategic History , Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press , ISBN 0691118477 Weathersby , Kathryn ( 1993 ) , Soviet Aims in Korea and the Origins of the Korean War , 1945 -- 50 : New Evidence From the Russian Archives , Cold War International History Project : Working Paper No. 8 Weathersby , Kathryn ( 2002 ) , `` Should We Fear This ? '' Stalin and the Danger of War with America , Cold War International History Project : Working Paper No. 39 Werrell , Kenneth P. ( 2005 ) . Sabres Over MiG Alley . Annapolis , MD : Naval Institute Press . ISBN 978 - 1591149330 . Zaloga , Steven J. , Jim Kinnear , Andrey Aksenov & Aleksandr Koshchavtsev ( 1997 ) . Soviet Tanks in Combat 1941 -- 45 : The T - 28 , T - 34 , T - 34 - 85 , and T - 44 Medium Tanks , Hong Kong : Concord Publication . ISBN 9623616155 Zhang , Shu Guang ( 1995 ) , Mao 's Military Romanticism : China and the Korean War , 1950 -- 1953 , Lawrence , KS : University Press of Kansas , ISBN 0700607234 External links Find more aboutKorean Warat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Historical Anniversary of the Korean War Armistice : Truman on Acheson 's Crucial Role in Going to War Shapell Manuscript Foundation Korean War resources , Dwight D. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did the korean conflict become a war | [
"The Korean War (in South Korean Hangul: 한국전쟁; Hanja: 韓國戰爭; RR: Hanguk Jeonjaeng, \"Korean War\"; in North Korean Chosŏn'gŭl: 조국해방전쟁; Hancha: 祖國解放戰爭; MR: Choguk haebang chǒnjaeng, \"Fatherland: Liberation War\"; 25 June 1950 – 27 July 1953)[37][38][c] was a war between North Korea (with the support of China and the Soviet Union) and South Korea (with the principal support of the United States). The war began on 25 June 1950 when North Korea invaded South Korea[40][41] following a series of clashes along the border.[42][43] The United Nations, with the United States as the principal force, came to the aid of South Korea. China came to the aid of North Korea, and the Soviet Union also gave some assistance to the North.\n"
] | [
"25 June 1950"
] |
5553832186731940367 | December, 1963 (Oh, What a Night) | December , 1963 ( Oh , What a Night ) - wikipedia December , 1963 ( Oh , What a Night ) `` December , 1963 ( Oh , What a Night ) '' Single by The Four Seasons from the album Who Loves You B - side `` Slip Away '' Released December 1975 Format 7 '' Recorded November 1975 Genre Rock disco pop soft rock Length 3 : 36 3 : 20 ( single version ) Label Warner / Curb Songwriter ( s ) Bob Gaudio , Judy Parker Producer ( s ) Bob Gaudio The Four Seasons singles chronology `` Who Loves You '' ( 1975 ) `` December , 1963 ( Oh , What a Night ) '' ( 1975 ) `` Silver Star '' ( 1976 ) Audio `` December , 1963 ( Oh What A Night ! ) '' on YouTube `` December , 1963 ( Oh , What a Night ) '' is a song by the Four Seasons , written by original Four Seasons keyboard player Bob Gaudio and his future wife Judy Parker , produced by Gaudio , and included on the group 's album , Who Loves You ( 1975 ) . The song features drummer Gerry Polci on lead vocals , with the usual lead Frankie Valli singing the bridge sections and backing vocals , and bass player Don Ciccone ( former lead singer of The Critters ) singing the falsetto part ( And I felt a rush like a rolling ball of thunder / Spinning my head around and taking my body under ) . Contents 1 Song origins 2 Composition 3 1975 release 4 1988 and 1993 remixes 5 Music video 6 Charts 6.1 Weekly charts 6.2 Year - end charts 7 Clock version 7.1 Charts 8 References 9 External links Song origins ( edit ) According to the co-writer and longtime group member Bob Gaudio , the song lyrics were originally set in 1933 with the title `` December 5th , 1933 , '' and celebrated the repeal of Prohibition , but the lyrics were changed at the urgings of Frankie Valli and lyricist Parker to reposition the song as a nostalgic remembrance of a young man 's first affair with a woman , and , more specifically , Gaudio 's courtship with his wife , Judy Parker . Composition ( edit ) The song is an up - tempo , piano - led dance song with a distinct and easily recognizable opening drum and then piano riff . It is written in 4 / 4 and in the key of D - flat major . Whilst the song 's Piano / Bass / Drums / Guitar / Keyboard arrangement is fairly typical of pop songs of the period , there is an unusual introduction of the bass guitar midway through a stanza in the 10th bar of the song 's first verse . 1975 release ( edit ) The single was released in December 1975 and hit number one on the UK Singles Chart on February 21 , 1976 . It repeated the feat on the US Billboard Hot 100 on March 13 , 1976 , remaining in the top spot for three weeks and one week on Cash Box . Billboard ranked it as the No. 4 song for 1976 . On April 10 the same year , it topped the RPM National Top Singles Chart in Canada . Drummer Gerry Polci sang lead with bassist Don Ciccone and long - time frontman Frankie Valli singing the bridge and refrain . It was the Four Seasons ' final song , as a group , to reach number one . ( Valli would have one final chart - topper as a solo act in 1978 with the theme song to the film Grease . ) 1988 and 1993 remixes ( edit ) In both 1988 and 1993 , Dutch DJ and producer Ben Liebrand remixed the song and re-released it as a single . The 1993 re-release spent 27 weeks on the Hot 100 ( matching the chart life of the original 1975 single ) . The peak position of the 1993 remix version was # 14 . Adding together the two 27 - week chart runs for the 1975 original single and the 1993 remix version ( for a combined total of 54 weeks , two more weeks than a full year ) gave the song the longest tenure ever on the Billboard Hot 100 music chart up to that time . The tenure has since been surpassed many times . Music video ( edit ) A music video was produced to accompany the original 1975 release . The video used the edited single version , which had a Phaser effect during Frankie 's vocals , not heard on any other version of the song . Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1975 - 76 ) Peak position Canada UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Adult Contemporary 18 New Zealand Australia Belgium Netherlands Norway 6 Sweden 11 Germany 16 Ireland Chart ( 1994 ) Peak position US Billboard Hot 100 14 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1976 ) Rank Australia 22 Canada 13 New Zealand 8 US Billboard Hot 100 Chart ( 1994 ) Rank US Billboard Hot 100 89 Chart ( 1995 ) Position New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 46 Clock version ( edit ) `` Oh What a Night '' Single by Clock from the album About Time 2 Released Format 12 '' single CD single CD maxi Genre Eurodance euro house Length 3 : 28 Label MCA Records Songwriter ( s ) Bob Gaudio Judy Parker Producer ( s ) P. Pritchard S. Allan Clock singles chronology `` Axel F '' ( 1995 ) `` Oh What a Night '' ( 1996 ) `` U Sexy Thing '' ( 1997 ) British pop / dance act Clock released a dance cover of `` Oh What a Night '' in 1996 . It peaked at number 13 in Ireland , number 12 in Scotland and number 13 in the UK . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1996 ) Peak position Europe ( Eurochart Hot 100 ) 49 Ireland ( Irish Singles Chart ) 13 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 12 United Kingdom ( UK Singles Chart ) 13 United Kingdom ( UK Dance Singles Chart ) 20 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` December 1963 ( Oh What a Night ) '' . Songfacts.com . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Gaudio put words in Valli 's mouth '' . Sun-setinel.com . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 323 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Frankie Valli & Four Seasons , The - December 1963 ( Oh , What A Night ) ( Ben Liebrand Re-mix ) ( CD ) at Discogs '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Four Seasons , The - December 1963 ( Oh , What A Night ) ( Vinyl ) at Discogs '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ Billboard.com review of album `` Oh , What a Night '' Jump up ^ `` The Four Seasons - December , 1963 ( Oh , What a Night ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1993 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 -- 1993 . Record Research . p. 90 . Jump up ^ `` Top Singles -- Volume 26 , No. 14 & 15 , January 08 1977 '' . RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved March 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://nztop40.co.nz/chart/?chart=3865 Jump up ^ `` Billboard Top 100 - 1976 '' . Longboredsurfer.com . Archived from the original on 2010 - 01 - 05 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Top 100 - 1994 '' . Longboredsurfer.com . Archived from the original on 2009 - 03 - 01 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Charts 1995 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Eurochart Hot 100 '' ( PDF ) . Music & Media . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Scottish Singles Chart 01 September 1996 - 07 September 1996 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Official UK Dance Singles Chart ( 01 September 1996 - 07 September 1996 ) '' . officialcharts.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 09 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics The Four Seasons Frankie Valli Tommy DeVito Bob Gaudio Nick Massi Charles Calello Joe Long Gerry Polci Albums Sherry & 11 Others ( 1962 ) The 4 Seasons Greetings ( 1962 ) Big Girls Do n't Cry and Twelve Others ( 1963 ) The 4 Seasons Sing Ai n't That a Shame and 11 Others ( 1963 ) Golden Hits of the 4 Seasons ( 1963 ) Dawn ( 1964 ) Rag Doll ( 1964 ) Born to Wonder ( 1964 ) Stay and Other Great Hits ( 1964 ) 4 Seasons Entertain You ( 1965 ) The 4 Seasons Sing Big Hits by Burt Bacharach ... Hal David ... Bob Dylan ( 1965 ) Working My Way Back to You and More Great New Hits ( 1966 ) Lets Hang On ( 1966 ) On Stage with The Four Seasons ( 1965 ) New Gold Hits ( 1967 ) Edizione D'Oro ( Gold Edition ) ( 1968 ) The Genuine Imitation Life Gazette ( 1969 ) Half and Half ( 1970 ) Chameleon ( 1972 ) Who Loves You ( 1975 ) Helicon ( 1977 ) The Very Best of Frankie Valli & The Four Seasons ( 2002 ) Singles `` Bermuda '' `` Sherry '' `` Big Girls Do n't Cry '' `` Santa Claus Is Coming to Town '' `` Walk Like a Man '' `` Ai n't That a Shame '' `` Candy Girl '' `` New Mexican Rose '' `` Dawn ( Go Away ) '' `` Stay '' `` Ronnie '' `` Alone ( Why Must I Be Alone ) '' `` Rag Doll '' `` Silence Is Golden '' `` Save It for Me '' `` Sincerely '' `` Big Man in Town '' `` I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus '' `` Bye , Bye , Baby ( Baby Goodbye ) '' `` Since I Do n't Have You '' `` Girl Come Running '' `` The Sun Ai n't Gonna Shine ( Anymore ) '' `` Let 's Hang On ! '' `` Do n't Think Twice '' `` Working My Way Back to You '' `` Opus 17 ( Do n't You Worry ' bout Me ) '' `` On the Good Ship Lollipop '' `` I 've Got You Under My Skin '' `` The Proud One '' `` Tell It to the Rain '' `` Beggin ' '' `` Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You '' `` C'mon Marianne '' `` Lonesome Road '' `` Watch the Flowers Grow '' `` Will You Love Me Tomorrow '' `` My Eyes Adored You '' `` Our Day Will Come '' `` Who Loves You '' `` December , 1963 ( Oh , What a Night ) '' `` Silver Star '' `` Grease '' Related topics Discography Members Albums Songs The Four Lovers The Wonder Who ? Bob Crewe `` Ces soirées - là '' Jersey Boys : Original Broadway Cast Recording Jersey Boys ( musical ) Jersey Boys ( film ) Book : The Four Seasons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=December,_1963_(Oh,_What_a_Night)&oldid=853791851 '' Categories : 1975 singles 1976 singles 1994 singles 1996 singles Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles UK Singles Chart number - one singles The Four Seasons ( band ) songs Songs written by Bob Gaudio Song recordings produced by Bob Gaudio Disco songs 1975 songs Warner Bros. Records singles Curb Records singles MCA Records singles Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2012 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Italiano 日本 語 Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 7 August 2018 , at 00 : 49 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | who wrote the song oh what a night | [
"\"December, 1963 (Oh, What a Night)\" is a song by the Four Seasons, written by original Four Seasons keyboard player Bob Gaudio and his future wife Judy Parker, produced by Gaudio, and included on the group's album, Who Loves You (1975).\n",
"\"December, 1963 (Oh, What a Night)\" is a song by the Four Seasons, written by original Four Seasons keyboard player Bob Gaudio and his future wife Judy Parker, produced by Gaudio, and included on the group's album, Who Loves You (1975).\n"
] | [
"Bob Gaudio",
"Judy Parker"
] |
3384740491921545432 | Locus of control | Locus of control - wikipedia Locus of control Jump to : navigation , search This article is about Locus of control . For other uses , see Locus . In personality psychology , locus of control is the degree to which people believe that they have control over the outcome of events in their lives , as opposed to external forces beyond their control . Understanding of the concept was developed by Julian B. Rotter in 1954 , and has since become an aspect of personality studies . A person 's `` loci '' ( plural of `` locus '' , Latin for `` place '' or `` location '' ) are conceptualized as internal ( a belief that one 's life can be controlled ) or external ( a belief that life is controlled by outside factors which they can not influence , or that chance or fate controls their lives ) . Individuals with a strong internal locus of control believe events in their life derive primarily from their own actions : for example , when receiving exam results , people with an internal locus of control tend to praise or blame themselves and their abilities . People with a strong external locus of control tend to praise or blame external factors such as the teacher or the exam . Locus of control generated much research in a variety of areas in psychology . The construct is applicable to such fields as educational psychology , health psychology and clinical psychology . Debate continues whether specific or more global measures of locus of control will prove to be more useful in practical application . Careful distinctions should also be made between locus of control ( a concept linked with expectancies about the future ) and attributional style ( a concept linked with explanations for past outcomes ) , or between locus of control and concepts such as self - efficacy . Locus of control is one of the four dimensions of core self - evaluations -- one 's fundamental appraisal of oneself -- along with neuroticism , self - efficacy , and self - esteem . The concept of core self - evaluations was first examined by Judge , Locke , and Durham ( 1997 ) , and since has proven to have the ability to predict several work outcomes , specifically , job satisfaction and job performance . In a follow - up study , Judge et al. ( 2002 ) argued that locus of control , neuroticism , self - efficacy and self - esteem factors may have a common core . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Personality orientation 3 Measuring scales 4 Attributional style 5 Applications 5.1 Organizational psychology and religion 5.2 Consumer research 5.3 Political ideology 6 Familial origins 7 Age 8 Gender - based differences 9 Cross-cultural and regional issues 10 Self - efficacy 11 Stress 12 See also 13 References 14 Additional sources 15 Bibliography 16 External links History ( edit ) Locus of control is the framework of Rotter 's ( 1954 ) social - learning theory of personality . In 1966 he published an article in Psychological Monographs which summarized over a decade of research ( by Rotter and his students ) , much of it previously unpublished . In 1976 , Herbert M. Lefcourt defined the perceived locus of control : `` ... a generalised expectancy for internal as opposed to external control of reinforcements '' . Attempts have been made to trace the genesis of the concept to the work of Alfred Adler , but its immediate background lies in the work of Rotter and his students . Early work on the topic of expectations about control of reinforcement had been performed in the 1950s by James and Phares ( prepared for unpublished doctoral dissertations supervised by Rotter at The Ohio State University ) . Another Rotter student , William H. James studied two types of `` expectancy shifts '' : Typical expectancy shifts , believing that success ( or failure ) would be followed by a similar outcome Atypical expectancy shifts , believing that success ( or failure ) would be followed by a dissimilar outcome Weiner 's attribution theory as applied to student motivation Perceived locus of control Internal External Attributions of no control Ability Chance / luck Attributions of control Effort Task difficulty Additional research led to the hypothesis that typical expectancy shifts were displayed more often by those who attributed their outcomes to ability , whereas those who displayed atypical expectancy were more likely to attribute their outcomes to chance . This was interpreted that people could be divided into those who attribute to ability ( an internal cause ) versus those who attribute to luck ( an external cause ) . Bernard Weiner argued that rather than ability - versus - luck , locus may relate to whether attributions are made to stable or unstable causes . Rotter ( 1975 , 1989 ) has discussed problems and misconceptions in others ' use of the internal - versus - external construct . Personality orientation ( edit ) Rotter ( 1975 ) cautioned that internality and externality represent two ends of a continuum , not an either / or typology . Internals tend to attribute outcomes of events to their own control . People who have internal locus of control believe that the outcomes of their actions are results of their own abilities . Internals believe that their hard work would lead them to obtain positive outcomes . They also believe that every action has its consequence , which makes them accept the fact that things happen and it depends on them if they want to have control over it or not . Externals attribute outcomes of events to external circumstances . People with an external locus of control tend to believe that the things which happen in their lives are out of their control , and even that their own actions are a result of external factors , such as fate , luck , the influence of powerful others ( such as doctors , the police , or government officials ) and / or a belief that the world is too complex for one to predict or successfully control its outcomes . Such people tend to blame others rather than themselves for their lives ' outcomes . It should not be thought , however , that internality is linked exclusively with attribution to effort and externality with attribution to luck ( as Weiner 's work -- see below -- makes clear ) . This has obvious implications for differences between internals and externals in terms of their achievement motivation , suggesting that internal locus is linked with higher levels of need for achievement . Due to their locating control outside themselves , externals tend to feel they have less control over their fate . People with an external locus of control tend to be more stressed and prone to clinical depression . Internals were believed by Rotter ( 1966 ) to exhibit two essential characteristics : high achievement motivation and low outer - directedness . This was the basis of the locus - of - control scale proposed by Rotter in 1966 , although it was based on Rotter 's belief that locus of control is a single construct . Since 1970 , Rotter 's assumption of uni-dimensionality has been challenged , with Levenson ( for example ) arguing that different dimensions of locus of control ( such as beliefs that events in one 's life are self - determined , or organized by powerful others and are chance - based ) must be separated . Weiner 's early work in the 1970s suggested that orthogonal to the internality - externality dimension , differences should be considered between those who attribute to stable and those who attribute to unstable causes . This new , dimensional theory meant that one could now attribute outcomes to ability ( an internal stable cause ) , effort ( an internal unstable cause ) , task difficulty ( an external stable cause ) or luck ( an external , unstable cause ) . Although this was how Weiner originally saw these four causes , he has been challenged as to whether people see luck ( for example ) as an external cause , whether ability is always perceived as stable , and whether effort is always seen as changing . Indeed , in more recent publications ( e.g. Weiner , 1980 ) he uses different terms for these four causes ( such as `` objective task characteristics '' instead of `` task difficulty '' and `` chance '' instead of `` luck '' ) . Psychologists since Weiner have distinguished between stable and unstable effort , knowing that in some circumstances effort could be seen as a stable cause ( especially given the presence of words such as `` industrious '' in English ) . Regarding locus of control , there is another type of control that entails a mix among the internal and external types . People that have the combination of the two types of locus of control are often referred to as Bi-locals . People that have Bi-local characteristics are known to handle stress and cope with their diseases more efficiently by having the mixture of internal and external locus of control . People that have this mix of loci of control can take personal responsibility for their actions and the consequences thereof while remaining capable of relying upon and having faith in outside resources ; these characteristics correspond to the internal and external loci of control , respectively . An example of this mixed system would be an alcoholic who will accept the fact that he brought the disease upon himself while remaining open to treatment and / or acknowledging that there are people , mainly doctors and therapists , that are trying to cure his / her addiction , and on whom he should rely . Measuring scales ( edit ) The most widely used questionnaire to measure locus of control is the 23 - item ( plus six filler items ) , forced - choice scale of Rotter ( 1966 ) . However , this is not the only questionnaire ; Bialer 's ( 1961 ) 23 - item scale for children predates Rotter 's work . Also relevant to the locus - of - control scale are the Crandall Intellectual Ascription of Responsibility Scale ( Crandall , 1965 ) and the Nowicki - Strickland Scale . One of the earliest psychometric scales to assess locus of control ( using a Likert - type scale , in contrast to the forced - choice alternative measure in Rotter 's scale ) was that devised by W.H. James for his unpublished doctoral dissertation , supervised by Rotter at Ohio State University ; however , this remains unpublished . Many measures of locus of control have appeared since Rotter 's scale . These were reviewed by Furnham and Steele ( 1993 ) and include those related to health psychology , industrial and organizational psychology and those specifically for children ( such as the Stanford Preschool Internal - External Control Index for three - to six - year - olds ) . Furnham and Steele ( 1993 ) cite data suggesting that the most reliable , valid questionnaire for adults is the Duttweiler scale . For a review of the health questionnaires cited by these authors , see `` Applications '' below . The Duttweiler ( 1984 ) Internal Control Index ( ICI ) addresses perceived problems with the Rotter scales , including their forced - choice format , susceptibility to social desirability and heterogeneity ( as indicated by factor analysis ) . She also notes that , while other scales existed in 1984 to measure locus of control , `` they appear to be subject to many of the same problems '' . Unlike the forced - choice format used on Rotter 's scale , Duttweiler 's 28 - item ICI uses a Likert - type scale in which people must state whether they would rarely , occasionally , sometimes , frequently or usually behave as specified in each of 28 statements . The ICI assess variables pertinent to internal locus : cognitive processing , autonomy , resistance to social influence , self - confidence and delay of gratification . A small ( 133 student - subject ) validation study indicated that the scale had good internal reliability ( a Cronbach 's alpha of 0.85 ) . Attributional style ( edit ) Main article : Explanatory style Attributional style ( or explanatory style ) is a concept introduced by Lyn Yvonne Abramson , Martin Seligman and John D. Teasdale . This concept advances a stage further than Weiner , stating that in addition to the concepts of internality - externality and stability a dimension of globality - specificity is also needed . Abramson et al. believed that how people explained successes and failures in their lives related to whether they attributed these to internal or external factors , short - term or long - term factors , and factors that affected all situations . The topic of attribution theory ( introduced to psychology by Fritz Heider ) has had an influence on locus of control theory , but there are important historical differences between the two models . Attribution theorists have been predominantly social psychologists , concerned with the general processes characterizing how and why people make the attributions they do , whereas locus of control theorists have been concerned with individual differences . Significant to the history of both approaches are the contributions made by Bernard Weiner in the 1970s . Before this time , attribution theorists and locus of control theorists had been largely concerned with divisions into external and internal loci of causality . Weiner added the dimension of stability - instability ( and later controllability ) , indicating how a cause could be perceived as having been internal to a person yet still beyond the person 's control . The stability dimension added to the understanding of why people succeed or fail after such outcomes . Although not part of Weiner 's model , a further dimension of attribution , that of globality - specificity , was added by Abramson , Seligman and Teasdale . Applications ( edit ) Locus of control 's best known application may have been in the area of health psychology , largely due to the work of Kenneth Wallston . Scales to measure locus of control in the health domain were reviewed by Furnham and Steele in 1993 . The best - known are the Health Locus of Control Scale and the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control Scale , or MHLC . The latter scale is based on the idea ( echoing Levenson 's earlier work ) that health may be attributed to three sources : internal factors ( such as self - determination of a healthy lifestyle ) , powerful others ( such as one 's doctor ) or luck ( which is very dangerous as lifestyle advice will be ignored -- these people are very difficult to help ) . Some of the scales reviewed by Furnham and Steele ( 1993 ) relate to health in more specific domains , such as obesity ( for example , Saltzer 's ( 1982 ) Weight Locus of Control Scale or Stotland and Zuroff 's ( 1990 ) Dieting Beliefs Scale ) , mental health ( such as Wood and Letak 's ( 1982 ) Mental Health Locus of Control Scale or the Depression Locus of Control Scale of Whiteman , Desmond and Price , 1987 ) and cancer ( the Cancer Locus of Control Scale of Pruyn et al. , 1988 ) . In discussing applications of the concept to health psychology Furnham and Steele refer to Claire Bradley 's work , linking locus of control to the management of diabetes mellitus . Empirical data on health locus of control in a number of fields was reviewed by Norman and Bennett in 1995 ; they note that data on whether certain health - related behaviors are related to internal health locus of control have been ambiguous . They note that some studies found that internal health locus of control is linked with increased exercise , but cite other studies which found a weak ( or no ) relationship between exercise behaviors ( such as jogging ) and internal health locus of control . A similar ambiguity is noted for data on the relationship between internal health locus of control and other health - related behaviors ( such as breast self - examination , weight control and preventative - health behavior ) . Of particular interest are the data cited on the relationship between internal health locus of control and alcohol consumption . Norman and Bennett note that some studies that compared alcoholics with non-alcoholics suggest alcoholism is linked to increased externality for health locus of control ; however , other studies have linked alcoholism with increased internality . Similar ambiguity has been found in studies of alcohol consumption in the general , non-alcoholic population . They are more optimistic in reviewing the literature on the relationship between internal health locus of control and smoking cessation , although they also point out that there are grounds for supposing that powerful - others and internal - health loci of control may be linked with this behavior . It is thought that , rather than being caused by one or the other , that alcoholism is directly related to the strength of the locus , regardless of type , internal or external . They argue that a stronger relationship is found when health locus of control is assessed for specific domains than when general measures are taken . Overall , studies using behavior - specific health locus scales have tended to produce more positive results . These scales have been found to be more predictive of general behavior than more general scales , such as the MHLC scale . Norman and Bennett cite several studies that used health - related locus - of - control scales in specific domains ( including smoking cessation ) , diabetes , tablet - treated diabetes , hypertension , arthritis , cancer , and heart and lung disease . They also argue that health locus of control is better at predicting health - related behavior if studied in conjunction with health value ( the value people attach to their health ) , suggesting that health value is an important moderator variable in the health locus of control relationship . For example , Weiss and Larsen ( 1990 ) found an increased relationship between internal health locus of control and health when health value was assessed . Despite the importance Norman and Bennett attach to specific measures of locus of control , there are general textbooks on personality which cite studies linking internal locus of control with improved physical health , mental health and quality of life in people with diverse conditions : HIV , migraines , diabetes , kidney disease and epilepsy . During the 1970s and 1980s , Whyte correlated locus of control with the academic success of students enrolled in higher - education courses . Students who were more internally controlled believed that hard work and focus would result in successful academic progress , and they performed better academically . Those students who were identified as more externally controlled ( believing that their future depended upon luck or fate ) tended to have lower academic - performance levels . Cassandra B. Whyte researched how control tendency influenced behavioral outcomes in the academic realm by examining the effects of various modes of counseling on grade improvements and the locus of control of high - risk college students . Rotter also looked at studies regarding the correlation between gambling and either an internal or external locus of control . For internals , gambling is more reserved . When betting , they primarily focus on safe and moderate wagers . Externals , however , take more chances and , for example , bet more on a card or number that has not appeared for a certain period , under the notion that this card or number has a higher chance of occurring . Organizational psychology and religion ( edit ) Other fields to which the concept has been applied include industrial and organizational psychology , sports psychology , educational psychology and the psychology of religion . Richard Kahoe has published work in the latter field , suggesting that intrinsic religious orientation correlates positively ( and extrinsic religious orientation correlates negatively ) with internal locus . Of relevance to both health psychology and the psychology of religion is the work of Holt , Clark , Kreuter and Rubio ( 2003 ) on a questionnaire to assess spiritual - health locus of control . The authors distinguished between an active spiritual - health locus of control ( in which `` God empowers the individual to take healthy actions '' ) and a more passive spiritual - health locus of control ( where health is left up to God ) . In industrial and organizational psychology , it has been found that internals are more likely to take positive action to change their jobs ( rather than merely talk about occupational change ) than externals . Consumer research ( edit ) Locus of control has also been applied to the field of consumer research . For example , Martin , Veer and Pervan ( 2007 ) examined how the weight locus of control of women ( i.e. , beliefs about the control of body weight ) influence how they react to female models in advertising of different body shapes . They found that women who believe they can control their weight ( `` internals '' ) , respond most favorably to slim models in advertising , and this favorable response is mediated by self - referencing . In contrast , women who feel powerless about their weight ( `` externals '' ) , self - reference larger - sized models , but only prefer larger - sized models when the advertisement is for a non-fattening product . For fattening products , they exhibit a similar preference for larger - sized models and slim models . The weight locus of control measure was also found to be correlated with measures for weight control beliefs and willpower . Political ideology ( edit ) Locus of control has been linked to political ideology . In the 1972 U.S. Presidential election , research of college students found that those with an internal locus of control were substantially more likely to register as a Republican , while those with an external locus of control were substantially more likely to register as a Democrat . A 2011 study surveying students at Cameron University in Oklahoma found similar results , although these studies were limited in scope and most likely suffered sampling biases as they were limited to only southern populations rather than nationally and southern populations have many political differences from the rest of the nation . Those with an internal locus of control are more likely to be of higher socioeconomic status , and are more likely to be politically involved ( e.g. , following political news , joining a political organization ) Those with an internal locus of control are also more likely to vote . Familial origins ( edit ) The development of locus of control is associated with family style and resources , cultural stability and experiences with effort leading to reward . Many internals have grown up with families modeling typical internal beliefs ; these families emphasized effort , education , responsibility and thinking , and parents typically gave their children rewards they had promised them . In contrast , externals are typically associated with lower socioeconomic status . Societies experiencing social unrest increase the expectancy of being out - of - control ; therefore , people in such societies become more external . The 1995 research of Schneewind suggests that `` children in large single parent families headed by women are more likely to develop an external locus of control '' . Schultz and Schultz also claim that children in families where parents have been supportive and consistent in discipline develop internal locus of control . At least one study has found that children whose parents had an external locus of control are more likely to attribute their successes and failures to external causes . Findings from early studies on the familial origins of locus of control were summarized by Lefcourt : `` Warmth , supportiveness and parental encouragement seem to be essential for development of an internal locus '' . However , causal evidence regarding how parental locus of control influences offspring locus of control ( whether genetic , or environmentally mediated ) is lacking . Locus of control becomes more internal with age . As children grow older , they gain skills which give them more control over their environment . However , whether this or biological development is responsible for changes in locus is unclear . Age ( edit ) It is sometimes assumed that as people age they will become less internal and more external , but data here have been ambiguous . Longitudinal data collected by Gatz and Karel ( cited in Johnson et al. , 2004 ) imply that internality may increase until middle age , decreasing thereafter . Noting the ambiguity of data in this area , Aldwin and Gilmer ( 2004 ) cite Lachman 's claim that locus of control is ambiguous . Indeed , there is evidence here that changes in locus of control in later life relate more visibly to increased externality ( rather than reduced internality ) if the two concepts are taken to be orthogonal . Evidence cited by Schultz and Schultz ( 2005 ) ( for example , Heckhausen and Schulz ( 1995 ) or Ryckman and Malikosi , 1975 ) suggests that locus of control increases in internality until middle age . The authors also note that attempts to control the environment become more pronounced between ages eight and fourteen . Health locus of control is how people measure and understand how people relate their health to their behavior , health status and how long it may take to recover from a disease . Locus of control can influence how people think and react towards their health and health decisions . Each day we are exposed to potential diseases that may affect our health . The way we approach that reality has a lot to do with our locus of control . Sometimes it is expected to see older adults experience progressive declines in their health , for this reason it is believed that their health locus of control will be affected . However , this does not necessarily mean that their locus of control will be affected negatively but older adults may experience decline in their health and this can show lower levels of internal locus of control . Age plays an important role in one 's internal and external locus of control . When comparing a young child and an older adult with their levels of locus of control in regards to health , the older person will have more control over their attitude and approach to the situation . As people age they become aware of the fact that events outside of their own control happen and that other individuals can have control of their health outcomes . A study published in the journal Psychosomatic Medicine examined the health effect of childhood locus of control . 7,500 British adults ( followed from birth ) , who had shown an internal locus of control at age 10 , were less likely to be overweight at age 30 . The children who had an internal locus of control also appeared to have higher levels of self - esteem . Gender - based differences ( edit ) As Schultz and Schultz ( 2005 ) point out , significant gender differences in locus of control have not been found for adults in the U.S. population . However , these authors also note that there may be specific sex - based differences for specific categories of items to assess locus of control ; for example , they cite evidence that men may have a greater internal locus for questions related to academic achievement . A study made by Takaki and colleagues ( 2006 ) , focused on the gender differences with relationship to internal locus of control and self - efficacy in hemodialysis patients and their compliance . This study showed that females that had high internal locus of control were less compliant in regards to their health and medical advices compared to the men that participated in this study . Compliance is known to be the degree in which a person 's behavior , in this case the patient , has a relationship with the medical advice . For example , a person that is compliant will correctly follow his / her doctor 's advice . Cross-cultural and regional issues ( edit ) The question of whether people from different cultures vary in locus of control has long been of interest to social psychologists . Japanese people tend to be more external in locus - of - control orientation than people in the U.S. ; however , differences in locus of control between different countries within Europe ( and between the U.S. and Europe ) tend to be small . As Berry et al. pointed out in 1992 , ethnic groups within the United States have been compared on locus of control ; African Americans in the U.S. are more external than whites when socioeconomic status is controlled . Berry et al. also pointed out in 1992 how research on other ethnic minorities in the U.S. ( such as Hispanics ) has been ambiguous . More on cross-cultural variations in locus of control can be found in Shiraev and Levy ( 2004 ) . Research in this area indicates that locus of control has been a useful concept for researchers in cross-cultural psychology . On a less broad scale , Sims and Baumann explained how regions in the United States cope with natural disasters differently . The example they used was tornados . They `` applied Rotter 's theory to explain why more people have died in tornado ( e ) s in Alabama than in Illinois '' . They explain that after giving surveys to residents of four counties in both Alabama and Illinois , Alabama residents were shown to be more external in their way of thinking about events that occur in their lives . Illinois residents , however , were more internal . Because Alabama residents had a more external way of processing information , they took fewer precautions prior to the appearance of a tornado . Those in Illinois , however , were more prepared , thus leading to fewer casualties . Self - efficacy ( edit ) Further information : Self - efficacy Self - efficacy is a person 's belief that he or she can accomplish a particular activity . It is a related concept introduced by Albert Bandura , and has been measured by means of a psychometric scale . It differs from locus of control by relating to competence in circumscribed situations and activities ( rather than more general cross-situational beliefs about control ) . Bandura has also emphasised differences between self - efficacy and self - esteem , using examples where low self - efficacy ( for instance , in ballroom dancing ) are unlikely to result in low self - esteem because competence in that domain is not very important to an individual . Although individuals may have a high internal health locus of control and feel in control of their own health , they may not feel efficacious in performing a specific treatment regimen that is essential to maintaining their own health . Self - efficacy plays an important role in one 's health because when people feel that they have self - efficacy over their health conditions , the effects of their health becomes less of a stressor . Smith ( 1989 ) has argued that locus of control only weakly measures self - efficacy ; `` only a subset of items refer directly to the subject 's capabilities '' . Smith noted that training in coping skills led to increases in self - efficacy , but did not affect locus of control as measured by Rotter 's 1966 scale . Stress ( edit ) The previous section showed how self - efficacy can be related to a person 's locus of control , and stress also has a relationship in these areas . Self - efficacy can be something that people use to deal with the stress that they are faced with in their everyday lives . Some findings suggest that higher levels of external locus of control combined with lower levels self - efficacy are related to higher illness - related psychological distress . In the previous section , the different types of locus of control , internal and external , were mentioned . Based on the definition of people who have an external locus of control , we can see that this can be associated with higher levels of stress . A study conducted by Bollini and others reveals that individuals who have a high external locus of control tend to have higher levels of psychological and physical problems . These people are also more vulnerable to external influences and as a result they become more responsive to stress . Veterans of the military forces who have spinal cord injuries and post-traumatic stress are a good group to look at in regards to locus of control and stress . Aging shows to be a very important factor that can be related to the severity of the symptoms of PTSD experienced by patients following the trauma of war . Research suggests that patients who suffered a spinal cord injury benefit from knowing that they have control over their health problems and their disability , which reflects the characteristics of having internal locus of control . A study by Chung et al. ( 2006 ) focused on how the responses of spinal cord injury post-traumatic stress varied depending on age . The researchers tested different age groups including young adults , middle - aged , and elderly ; the average age was 25 , 48 and 65 for each group respectively . After the study , they concluded that age does not make a difference on how spinal cord injury patients respond to the traumatic events that happened . However , they did mention that age did play a role in the extent to which the external locus of control was used , and concluded that the young adult group demonstrated more external locus of control characteristics than the other age groups to which they were being compared . 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Archived from the original on October 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sherer , Madux et al. , 1982 ^ Jump up to : Roddenberry , Angela ; Renk , Kimberly ( 2010 ) . `` Locus of Control and Self - Efficacy : Potential Mediators of Stress , Illness , and Utilization of Health Services in College Students '' . Child Psychiatry & Human Development . 41 ( 4 ) : 353 -- 370 . doi : 10.1007 / s10578 - 010 - 0173 - 6 . Jump up ^ Smith , p. 229 . ^ Jump up to : Man Chung , C ; Preveza , E. ; Papandreou , K. ; Prevezas , N. ( 2006 ) . `` Spinal cord injury , posttraumatic stress , and locus of control among the elderly '' . Psychiatry : Interpersonal & Biological Processes. 69 ( 1 ) : 69 -- 80 . doi : 10.1521 / psyc. 2006.69. 1.69 . Additional sources ( edit ) Abramson , L.Y. , Seligman , M.E.P. , Teasdale , J.D. ( 1978 ) . `` Learned helplessness in humans : Critique and reformulation '' . Journal of Abnormal Psychology . 87 ( 1 ) : 49 -- 74 . doi : 10.1037 / 0021 - 843X. 87.1. 49 . PMID 649856 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Abramson , L.Y. , Metasky , G.I. , Alloy , L.B. ( 1989 ) . `` Hopelessness depression : A theory - based subtype of depression '' . Psychological Review . 96 ( 2 ) : 358 -- 72 . doi : 10.1037 / 0033 - 295X. 96.2. 358 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Aldwin , C.M. , Gilman , D.F. ( 2004 ) . Health , Illness and Optimal Ageing . London : Sage . ISBN 0 - 7619 - 2259 - 8 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Anderson , C.A. , Jennings , D.L. , Arnoult , L.H. ( 1988 ) . `` Validity and utility of the attributional style construct at a moderate level of specificity '' . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology . 55 ( 6 ) : 979 -- 90 . doi : 10.1037 / 0022 - 3514.55. 6.979 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Berry , J.W. , Poortinga , Y.H. , Segall , M.H. , Dasen , P.R. ( 1992 ) . Cross-cultural Psychology : Research and Applications . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 37761 - 7 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Buchanan , G.M. ; Seligman , M.E.P. , eds. ( 1997 ) . Explanatory Style . NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates . ISBN 0 - 8058 - 0924 - 4 . Burns , M. , Seligman , M.E.P. ( 1989 ) . `` Explanatory style across the lifespan '' . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology . 56 ( 3 ) : 471 -- 7 . doi : 10.1037 / 0022 - 3514.56. 3.471 . PMID 2926642 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Cutrona , C.E. , Russell , D. , Jones , R.D. ( 1985 ) . `` Cross-situational consistency in causal attributions : Does attributional style exist ? '' . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology . 47 ( 5 ) : 1043 -- 1058 . doi : 10.1037 / 0022 - 3514.47. 5.1043 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Duttweiler , P.C. ( 1984 ) . `` The Internal Control Index : A Newly Developed Measure of Locus of Control '' . Educational and Psychological Measurement. 44 ( 2 ) : 209 -- 21 . doi : 10.1177 / 0013164484442004 . Furnham , A. , Steele , H. ( 1993 ) . `` Measures of Locus of Control : A critique of children 's , health and work - related locus of control questionnaires '' . British Journal of Psychology . 84 ( 4 ) : 443 -- 79 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 2044 - 8295.1993. tb02495. x . PMID 8298858 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Eisner , J.E. ( 1997 ) . `` The origins of explanatory style : Trust as a determinant of pessimism and optimism '' . In Buchanan , G.M. ; Seligman , M.E.P. Explanatory Style . NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates . pp. 49 -- 55 . ISBN 0 - 8058 - 0924 - 4 . Gong - Guy , E. , Hammen , C. ( 1980 ) . `` Causal perceptions of stressful events in depressed and nondepressed outpatients '' . Journal of Abnormal Psychology . 89 ( 5 ) : 662 -- 9 . doi : 10.1037 / 0021 - 843X. 89.5. 662 . PMID 7410726 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Holt , C.L. , Clark , E.M. , Kreuter , M.W. , Rubio , D. ( 2003 ) . `` Spiritual Health locus of control and cancer beliefs among urban African American women '' . Health Psychology . 22 ( 3 ) : 294 -- 9 . doi : 10.1037 / 0278 - 6133.22. 3.294 . PMID 12790257 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Kahoe , R. ( 1974 ) . `` Personality and achievement correlates of intrinsic and extrinsic religious orientations '' . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology . 29 ( 6 ) : 812 -- 8 . doi : 10.1037 / h0036222 . Lefcourt , H.M. ( 1966 ) . `` Internal versus external control of reinforcement : A review '' . Psychological Bulletin . 65 ( 4 ) : 206 -- 20 . doi : 10.1037 / h0023116 . PMID 5325292 . Lefcourt , H.M. ( 1976 ) . Locus of Control : Current Trends in Theory and Research . NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates . ISBN 0 - 470 - 15044 - 0 . Maltby , J. , Day , L. , Macaskill , A. ( 2007 ) . Personality , Individual Differences and Intelligence ( 1st ed . ) . Harlow : Pearson Prentice Hall . ISBN 978 - 0 - 13 - 129760 - 9 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Meyerhoff , Michael K ( 2004 ) . `` Locus of Control '' . Pediatrics for Parents . 21 ( 10 ) : 8 . EBSCO : 17453574 Norman , P. , Antaki , C. ( 1988 ) . `` The Real Events Attributional Style Questionnaire '' . Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology . 7 ( 2 -- 3 ) : 97 -- 100 . doi : 10.1521 / jscp. 1988.7. 2 - 3.97 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Norman , P. , Bennett , P. ( 1995 ) . `` 3 . Health Locus of Control '' . In Conner , M. ; Norman , P. Predicting Health Behaviour . Buckingham : Open University Press . pp. 62 -- 94 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Nowicki , S. , Strickland , B. ( 1973 ) . `` A locus of control scale for children '' . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology . 42 : 148 -- 55 . doi : 10.1037 / h0033978 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Peterson , C. , Semmel , A. , von Baeyer , C. , Abramson , L. , Metalsky , G.I. , Seligman , M.E.P. ( 1982 ) . `` The Attributional Style Questionnaire '' . Cognitive Therapy and Research . 6 ( 3 ) : 287 -- 9 . doi : 10.1007 / BF01173577 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Robbins and Hayes ( 1997 ) . `` The role of causal attributions in the prediction of depression '' . In Buchanan , G.M. ; Seligman , M.E.P. Explanatory Style . NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates . pp. 71 -- 98 . ISBN 0 - 8058 - 0924 - 4 . Rotter , J.B. ( 1954 ) . Social learning and clinical psychology . NY : Prentice - Hall . Rotter , J.B. ( 1966 ) . `` Generalized expectancies of internal versus external control of reinforcements '' . Psychological Monographs. 80 ( 609 ) . doi : 10.1037 / h0092976 . Rotter , J.B. ( 1975 ) . `` Some problems and misconceptions related to the construct of internal versus external control of reinforcement '' . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology . 43 : 56 -- 67 . doi : 10.1037 / h0076301 . Rotter , J.B. ( 1990 ) . `` Internal versus external control of reinforcement : A case history of a variable '' ( PDF ) . American Psychologist. 45 ( 4 ) : 489 -- 93 . doi : 10.1037 / 0003 - 066X. 45.4. 489 . Archived from the original on 2015 - 05 - 05 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Schultz , D.P. , Schultz , S.E. ( 2005 ) . Theories of Personality ( 8th ed . ) . Wadsworth : Thomson . ISBN 0 - 534 - 62402 - 2 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Sherer , M. , Maddux , J. ; et al. ( 1982 ) . `` The self - efficacy scale : Construction and validation '' . Psychological Reports . 51 ( 2 ) : 663 -- 71 . doi : 10.2466 / pr0. 1982.51. 2.663 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Shiraev , E. , Levy , D. ( 2004 ) . Cross-cultural Psychology : Critical Thinking and Contemporary Applications ( 2nd ed . ) . Boston : Pearson . ISBN 0 - 205 - 38612 - 1 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Smith , R.E. ( 1989 ) . `` Effects of coping skills training on generalized self - efficacy and locus of control '' . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology . 56 ( 2 ) : 228 -- 33 . doi : 10.1037 / 0022 - 3514.56. 2.228 . PMID 2926626 . Wallston , K.A. , Wallston , B.S. , Devellis , R. ( 1978 ) . `` Development of Multidimensional Health Locus of Control ( MHLC ) Scales '' . Health Education Monographs. 6 ( 2 ) : 160 -- 70 . doi : 10.1177 / 109019817800600107 . PMID 689890 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Weiner , B. , ed. ( 1974 ) . Achievement Motivation and Attribution Theory . NY : General Learning Press . Weiner , B. ( 1980 ) . Human Motivation . New York : Holt , Rinehart and Winston . Whyte , C. , `` An Integrated Counseling and Learning Assistance Center '' ( 1980 ) . New Directions Sourcebook - Learning Assistance Centers . Jossey - Bass , Inc . Whyte , C. ( January 1978 ) . `` Effective Counseling Methods for High - Risk College Freshmen '' . Measurement and Evaluation in Guidance. 6 ( 4 ) : 198 -- 200 . ERIC : EJ177217 Xenikou , A. ; Furnham , A. , McCarrey , M. ( 1997 ) . `` Attributional style for negative events : A proposition for a more valid and reliable measaure of attributional style '' . British Journal of Psychology . 88 : 53 -- 69 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 2044 - 8295.1997. tb02620. x . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Bibliography ( edit ) R. Gross , P. Humphreys - Psychology : The Science of Mind and Behaviour Psychology Press , 1994 ISBN 9780340587362 External links ( edit ) Locus of control : A class tutorial Spheres of Control Scale Attributional Style & Controllability Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Locus_of_control&oldid=842573995 '' Categories : Control ( social and political ) Cognitive biases Personal life Motivation Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2007 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2008 Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from May 2016 Articles needing footnote reformatting All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Deutsch Español Français Italiano עברית Қазақша Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Slovenščina Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська 中文 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 May 2018 , at 09 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | the sense of having control over one’s life is called | [
"In personality psychology, locus of control is the degree to which people believe that they have control over the outcome of events in their lives, as opposed to external forces beyond their control. Understanding of the concept was developed by Julian B. Rotter in 1954, and has since become an aspect of personality studies. A person's \"loci\" (plural of \"locus\", Latin for \"place\" or \"location\") are conceptualized as internal (a belief that one's life can be controlled) or external (a belief that life is controlled by outside factors which they cannot influence, or that chance or fate controls their lives).[1]"
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"locus of control"
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-8154209814669371476 | Palace of Fine Arts | Palace of Fine Arts - wikipedia Palace of Fine Arts Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the structure in San Francisco 's Marina District . For the structure on Treasure Island , San Francisco , see Palace of Fine and Decorative Arts , Treasure Island . For the Mexico City opera house , see Palacio de Bellas Artes . For the Palace of Fine Arts that was part of Chicago 's White City fairgrounds for the 1893 World 's Columbian Exposition , see Museum of Science and Industry ( Chicago ) . Palace of Fine Arts U.S. National Register of Historic Places U.S. Historic district San Francisco Designated Landmark # 88 The Palace of Fine Arts , 2014 Show map of San Francisco Show map of California Show map of the US Show all Location 3301 Lyon St. , San Francisco , California Coordinates 37 ° 48 ′ 10 '' N 122 ° 26 ′ 54 '' W / 37.80278 ° N 122.44833 ° W / 37.80278 ; - 122.44833 Coordinates : 37 ° 48 ′ 10 '' N 122 ° 26 ′ 54 '' W / 37.80278 ° N 122.44833 ° W / 37.80278 ; - 122.44833 Area 17 acres ( 6.9 ha ) Architect William Gladstone Merchant ; Bernard Maybeck Architectural style Beaux - Arts NRHP reference # 04000659 SFDL # 88 Significant dates Added to NRHP December 5 , 2005 Designated SFDL 1977 The Palace of Fine Arts in the Marina District of San Francisco , California , is a monumental structure originally constructed for the 1915 Panama - Pacific Exposition in order to exhibit works of art presented there . One of only a few surviving structures from the Exposition , it is still situated on its original site . It was rebuilt in 1965 , and renovation of the lagoon , walkways , and a seismic retrofit were completed in early 2009 . In addition to hosting art exhibitions , it remains a popular attraction for tourists and locals and is a favorite location for weddings and wedding party photographs for couples throughout the San Francisco Bay Area and such an icon that a miniature replica of it was built in Disney 's California Adventure in Anaheim . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Design 3 Other surviving buildings of the exhibition 4 Gallery 5 In popular culture 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) Painting of the Palace of Fine Arts by Edwin Deakin c. 1915 External video Walkthrough of outside grounds , Virtual Tour The Palace of Fine Arts was one of ten palaces at the heart of the Panama - Pacific Exhibition , which also included the exhibit palaces of Education , Liberal Arts , Manufactures , Varied Industries , Agriculture , Food Products , Transportation , Mines and Metallurgy and the Palace of Machinery . The Palace of Fine Arts was designed by Bernard Maybeck , who took his inspiration from Roman and Ancient Greek architecture in designing what was essentially a fictional ruin from another time . While most of the exposition was demolished when the exposition ended , the Palace was so beloved that a Palace Preservation League , founded by Phoebe Apperson Hearst , was founded while the fair was still in progress . For a time the Palace housed a continuous art exhibit , and during the Great Depression , W.P.A. artists were commissioned to replace the decayed Robert Reid murals on the ceiling of the rotunda . From 1934 to 1942 the exhibition hall was home to eighteen lighted tennis courts . During World War II it was requisitioned by the military for storage of trucks and jeeps . At the end of the war , when the United Nations was created in San Francisco , limousines used by the world 's statesmen came from a motor pool there . From 1947 on the hall was put to various uses : as a city Park Department warehouse ; as a telephone book distribution center ; as a flag and tent storage depot ; and even as temporary Fire Department headquarters . While the Palace had been saved from demolition , its structure was not stable . Originally intended to only stand for the duration of the Exhibition , the colonnade and rotunda were not built of durable materials , and thus framed in wood and then covered with staff , a mixture of plaster and burlap - type fiber . As a result of the construction and vandalism , by the 1950s the simulated ruin was in fact a crumbling ruin . In 1964 , the original Palace was completely demolished , with only the steel structure of the exhibit hall left standing . The buildings were then reconstructed in permanent , light - weight , poured - in - place concrete , and steel I - beams were hoisted into place for the dome of the rotunda . All the decorations and sculpture were constructed anew . The only changes were the absence of the murals in the dome , two end pylons of the colonnade , and the original ornamentation of the exhibit hall . In 1969 , the former Exhibit Hall became home to the Exploratorium interactive museum , and , in 1970 , also became the home of the 966 - seat Palace of Fine Arts Theater . In 2003 , the City of San Francisco along with the Maybeck Foundation created a public - private partnership to restore the Palace and by 2010 work was done to restore and seismically retrofit the dome , rotunda , colonnades and lagoon . In January 2013 , the Exploratorium closed in preparation for its permanent move to the Embarcadero . Today , Australian eucalyptus trees fringe the eastern shore of the lagoon . Many forms of wildlife have made their home there including swans , ducks ( particularly migrating fowl ) , geese , turtles , frogs , and raccoons . Panoramic view Palace of Fine Arts : 1919 Design ( edit ) Wide view of the rotunda , an arch and column details Built around a small artificial lagoon , the Palace of Fine Arts is composed of a wide , 1,100 ft ( 340 m ) pergola around a central rotunda situated by the water . The lagoon was intended to echo those found in classical settings in Europe , where the expanse of water provides a mirror surface to reflect the grand buildings and an undisturbed vista to appreciate them from a distance . Ornamentation includes Bruno Louis Zimm 's three repeating panels around the entablature of the rotunda , representing `` The Struggle for the Beautiful '' , symbolizing Greek culture . while Ulric Ellerhusen supplied the weeping women atop the colonnade and the sculptured frieze and allegorical figures representing Contemplation , Wonderment and Meditation . The underside of the Palace rotunda 's dome features eight large insets , which originally contained murals by Robert Reid . Four depicted the conception and birth of Art , `` its commitment to the Earth , its progress and acceptance by the human intellect , '' and the four `` golds '' of California ( poppies , citrus fruits , metallic gold , and wheat ) . Other surviving buildings of the Exhibition ( edit ) The Palace of Fine Arts was not the only building from the exposition to escape demolition . The Japanese Tea House ( not to be confused with the Japanese Tea House that remains in Golden Gate Park , which dates from an 1894 fair ) was purchased in 1915 by land baron E.D. Swift and was transported by barge down the Bay to Belmont , California where it stands to this day . The Wisconsin and Virginia buildings were relocated to Marin County . The Ohio building was shipped to San Mateo County , where it survived until the 1950s . The Column of Progress stood for a decade after the close of the Exhibition , but was then demolished to accommodate traffic on Marina Boulevard . Although not built on the exhibition grounds , the only other structure from it still standing in its original location is the San Francisco Civic Auditorium , known now as the Bill Graham Civic Auditorium . The Legion of Honor Museum , in Lincoln Park , is a full - scale replica of the French Pavilion at the 1915 Panama Pacific International Exposition , which in turn was a three - quarter - scale version of the Palais de la Légion d'Honneur also known as the Hôtel de Salm in Paris by George Applegarth and H. Guillaume . At the close of the exposition , the French government granted Alma Spreckels permission to construct a permanent replica of the French Pavilion , but World War I delayed the groundbreaking until 1921 . Gallery ( edit ) Evening with reflection from pond Rotunda lit Exposed night shot Interior rotunda dome In popular culture ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Palace of Fine Arts has often been seen in films such as Vertigo ( 1958 ) , Time After Time ( 1979 ) , The Room ( 2003 ) , and Twisted ( 2004 ) in establishing shots , key sequences , or cutaway scenes . The Palace of Fine Arts has served as the backdrop for set pieces in So I Married An Axe Murderer ( 1993 ) and The Rock ( 1996 ) . See also ( edit ) San Francisco Bay Area portal 49 - Mile Scenic Drive List of San Francisco Designated Landmarks References ( edit ) Jump up ^ National Park Service ( 2009 - 03 - 13 ) . `` National Register Information System '' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . Jump up ^ `` City of San Francisco Designated Landmarks '' . City of San Francisco . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Dreams '' . Disney 's California Adventure . Walt Disney Company . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ The Virtual Museum of the City of San Francisco : Panama - Pacific International Exposition , San Francisco , 1915 Jump up ^ McCoy , Esther ( 1960 ) . Five California Architects . New York : Reinhold Publishing Corporation . p. 6 . ASIN B000I3Z52W . Jump up ^ The Palace of Fine Arts : A Short History Jump up ^ The Palace of Fine Arts : Rebuilding Archived 2012 - 10 - 12 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` A Short History '' . The Maybeck Foundation . Retrieved April 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Palace of Fine Arts , Official Website , background Archived 2011 - 01 - 01 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ A Treasury of World 's Fair Art & Architecture : Palace of Fine Arts Jump up ^ Palace of Fine Arts , San Francisco Marina Neighborhood Jump up ^ The Architecture and Landscape Gardening of the Exposition , A Pictorial Survey of the Most Beautiful Architectural Compositions of the Panama - Pacific International Exposition by Louis Christian Mullgardt Jump up ^ Exhibition of American Sculpture Catalogue , 156th Street of Broadway New York , The National Sculpture Society 1923 p. 55 Jump up ^ Macomber , Ben ( 1915 ) . `` The Palace of Fine Arts and its Exhibit , With the Awards '' . The Jewel City : Its Planning and Achievement ; Its Architecture , Sculpture , Symbolism , and Music ; Its Gardens , Palaces , and Exhibits . San Francisco and Tacoma : John H. Williams , Publisher . Jump up ^ The Art of the Exposition by Eugen Neuhaus Jump up ^ History of The Vans restaurant Jump up ^ Lipsky , William ( 2005 ) . San Francisco 's Panama - Pacific International Exposition . Arcadia Publishing . p. 123 . ISBN 0 - 7385 - 3009 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Legion of Honor '' . External links ( edit ) SF Rec & Parks.org : Palace of Fine Arts Palace of Fine Arts Theatre Archive.org : Catalogue de luxe of the Department of Fine Arts , Panama - Pacific International Exposition , 1915 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Palace of Fine Arts , San Francisco . San Francisco attractions Landmarks 49 - Mile Drive Alcatraz Bay Bridge Cable Cars The Castro Chinatown City Hall Cliff House Coit Tower F - Market Streetcar Fairmont Hotel Federal Reserve Bank Ferry Building Fisherman 's Wharf Fort Mason Fort Point Ghirardelli Square Golden Gate Bridge Grace Cathedral Haight - Ashbury Jack Kerouac Alley Lombard Street Mark Hopkins Hotel Market Street Mission Dolores Nob Hill North Beach Old U.S. Mint Painted ladies Palace of Fine Arts Pier 39 Public Library Sutro Baths Sutro Tower Transamerica Pyramid Treasure Island Union Square Museums and art Asian Art Museum Aquarium of the Bay Cable Car Museum California Academy of Sciences Cartoon Art Museum Children 's Creativity Museum Chinese Historical Society Museum Conservatory of Flowers Contemporary Jewish Museum The Walt Disney Family Museum de Young Museum Exploratorium Haas - Lilienthal House Legion of Honor Musée Mécanique Museo ItaloAmericano Museum of Performance & Design Museum of the African Diaspora Precita Eyes Randall Museum Ripley 's Believe It or Not ! San Francisco Art Institute Diego Rivera Gallery San Francisco Museum of Modern Art San Francisco Maritime Railway Museum USS Pampanito Wattis Institute for Contemporary Arts Parks and recreation Alamo Square Bay Area Ridge Trail Candlestick Point Corona Heights Crissy Field Dolores Park Glen Canyon Golden Gate National Recreation Area Golden Gate Park Lafayette Park Lake Merced Marina Green McLaren Park Mount Davidson Mount Sutro Ocean Beach The Presidio San Francisco Bay Trail San Francisco Zoo Stern Grove Twin Peaks Yerba Buena Gardens Views Coit Tower Twin Peaks Seal Rocks / Ocean Beach Baker Beach Golden Gate Bridge Fort Funston Hamon Observation Tower at the de Young Museum Strawberry Hill Crissy Field Pacific Heights Alamo Square / Painted Ladies Top of the Mark Alcatraz Treasure Island Lombard Street Powell - Hyde Cable Car Ferry Building Bernal Hill 49 - Mile Scenic Drive Hawk Hill Fort Baker Entertainment American Conservatory Theater Bill Graham Civic Auditorium Cow Palace The Fillmore War Memorial and Performing Arts Center Yerba Buena Center for the Arts Sports San Francisco Giants AT&T Park Candlestick Park Kezar Stadium Food and drink Anchor Steam Boudin Bakery Buena Vista Cafe Dungeness crab Ghirardelli Square Tadich Grill Tonga Room & Hurricane Bar Top of the Mark Shopping Metreon Stonestown Galleria Union Square Westfield San Francisco Centre National Register of Historic Places listings in San Francisco U.S. National Register of Historic Places Topics Architectural style categories Contributing property Historic district History of the National Register of Historic Places Keeper of the Register National Park Service Property types Lists by states Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Lists by insular areas American Samoa Guam Minor Outlying Islands Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico Virgin Islands Lists by associated states Federated States of Micronesia Marshall Islands Palau Other areas District of Columbia Morocco Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palace_of_Fine_Arts&oldid=814947504 '' Categories : Buildings and structures in San Francisco Museums in San Francisco Theatres in San Francisco Panama -- Pacific International Exposition Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in California Landmarks in San Francisco San Francisco Designated Landmarks National Register of Historic Places in San Francisco Entertainment venues in San Francisco Folly buildings on the National Register of Historic Places Rebuilt buildings and structures in the United States Tourist attractions in San Francisco World 's fair architecture in California Bernard Maybeck buildings Beaux - Arts architecture in California Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Coordinates on Wikidata Articles needing additional references from July 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Talk Views Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français עברית Nederlands Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 December 2017 , at 21 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where is the palace of fine arts located | [
"The Palace of Fine Arts in the Marina District of San Francisco, California, is a monumental structure originally constructed for the 1915 Panama-Pacific Exposition in order to exhibit works of art presented there. One of only a few surviving structures from the Exposition, it is still situated on its original site. It was rebuilt in 1965, and renovation of the lagoon, walkways, and a seismic retrofit were completed in early 2009."
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"Marina District of San Francisco, California"
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-6841672918484512690 | Antivirus software | Antivirus software - wikipedia Antivirus software Jump to : navigation , search For medications concerning biological viruses , see Antiviral . This article is part of a series on Information security Related security categories Internet security Cyberwarfare Computer security Mobile security Network security Threats Computer crime Vulnerability Eavesdropping Malware Spyware Ransomware Trojans Viruses Worms Rootkits Bootkits Keyloggers Screen scrapers Exploits Backdoors Logic bombs Payloads Denial of service Defenses Computer access control Application security Antivirus software Secure coding Security by design Secure operating systems Authentication Multi-factor authentication Authorization Data - centric security Encryption Firewall Intrusion detection system Mobile secure gateway Runtime application self - protection ( RASP ) ClamTk , an open source antivirus based on the ClamAV antivirus engine , originally developed by Tomasz Kojm in 2001 . Antivirus software ( anti-virus software or AV software ) , also known as anti-malware , is a computer program used to prevent , detect , and remove malware . Antivirus software was originally developed to detect and remove computer viruses , hence the name . However , with the proliferation of other kinds of malware , antivirus software started to provide protection from other computer threats . In particular , modern antivirus software can protect from : malicious browser helper objects ( BHOs ) , browser hijackers , ransomware , keyloggers , backdoors , rootkits , trojan horses , worms , malicious LSPs , dialers , fraudtools , adware and spyware . Some products also include protection from other computer threats , such as infected and malicious URLs , spam , scam and phishing attacks , online identity ( privacy ) , online banking attacks , social engineering techniques , advanced persistent threat ( APT ) and botnet DDoS attacks . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 1949 -- 1980 period ( pre-antivirus days ) 1.2 1980 -- 1990 period ( early days ) 1.3 1990 -- 2000 period ( emergence of the antivirus industry ) 1.4 2000 -- 2005 period 1.5 2005 -- 2014 period 1.6 2014 -- present ( rise of next - gen ) 2 Identification methods 2.1 Signature - based detection 2.2 Heuristics 2.3 Rootkit detection 2.4 Real - time protection 3 Issues of concern 3.1 Unexpected renewal costs 3.2 Rogue security applications 3.3 Problems caused by false positives 3.4 System and interoperability related issues 3.5 Effectiveness 3.6 New viruses 3.7 Rootkits 3.8 Damaged files 3.9 Firmware infections 4 Performance and other drawbacks 5 Alternative solutions 5.1 Hardware and network firewall 5.2 Cloud antivirus 5.3 Online scanning 5.4 Specialize tools 6 Usage and risks 7 See also 8 References 9 Bibliography 10 External links History ( edit ) See also : Timeline of notable computer viruses and worms 1949 -- 1980 period ( pre-antivirus days ) ( edit ) Although the roots of the computer virus date back as early as 1949 , when the Hungarian scientist John von Neumann published the `` Theory of self - reproducing automata '' , the first known computer virus appeared in 1971 and was dubbed the `` Creeper virus '' . This computer virus infected Digital Equipment Corporation 's ( DEC ) PDP - 10 mainframe computers running the TENEX operating system . The Creeper virus was eventually deleted by a program created by Ray Tomlinson and known as `` The Reaper '' . Some people consider `` The Reaper '' the first antivirus software ever written -- it may be the case , but it is important to note that the Reaper was actually a virus itself specifically designed to remove the Creeper virus . The Creeper virus was followed by several other viruses . The first known that appeared `` in the wild '' was `` Elk Cloner '' , in 1981 , which infected Apple II computers . In 1983 , the term `` computer virus '' was coined by Fred Cohen in one of the first ever published academic papers on computer viruses. Cohen used the term `` computer virus '' to describe a program that : `` affect other computer programs by modifying them in such a way as to include a ( possibly evolved ) copy of itself . '' ( note that a more recent , and precise , definition of computer virus has been given by the Hungarian security researcher Péter Szőr : `` a code that recursively replicates a possibly evolved copy of itself '' ) The first IBM PC compatible `` in the wild '' computer virus , and one of the first real widespread infections , was `` Brain '' in 1986 . From then , the number of viruses has grown exponentially . Most of the computer viruses written in the early and mid-1980s were limited to self - reproduction and had no specific damage routine built into the code . That changed when more and more programmers became acquainted with computer virus programming and created viruses that manipulated or even destroyed data on infected computers . Before internet connectivity was widespread , computer viruses were typically spread by infected floppy disks . Antivirus software came into use , but was updated relatively infrequently . During this time , virus checkers essentially had to check executable files and the boot sectors of floppy disks and hard disks . However , as internet usage became common , viruses began to spread online . 1980 -- 1990 period ( early days ) ( edit ) There are competing claims for the innovator of the first antivirus product . Possibly , the first publicly documented removal of an `` in the wild '' computer virus ( i.e. the `` Vienna virus '' ) was performed by Bernd Fix in 1987 . In 1987 , Andreas Lüning and Kai Figge , who founded G Data Software in 1985 , released their first antivirus product for the Atari ST platform . In 1987 , the Ultimate Virus Killer ( UVK ) was also released . This was the de facto industry standard virus killer for the Atari ST and Atari Falcon , the last version of which ( version 9.0 ) was released in April 2004 . In 1987 , in the United States , John McAfee founded the McAfee company ( was part of Intel Security ) and , at the end of that year , he released the first version of VirusScan . Also in 1987 ( in Czechoslovakia ) , Peter Paško , Rudolf Hrubý , and Miroslav Trnka created the first version of NOD antivirus . In 1987 , Fred Cohen wrote that there is no algorithm that can perfectly detect all possible computer viruses . Finally , at the end of 1987 , the first two heuristic antivirus utilities were released : Flushot Plus by Ross Greenberg and Anti4us by Erwin Lanting . In his O'Reilly book , Malicious Mobile Code : Virus Protection for Windows , Roger Grimes described Flushot Plus as `` the first holistic program to fight malicious mobile code ( MMC ) . '' However , the kind of heuristic used by early AV engines was totally different from those used today . The first product with a heuristic engine resembling modern ones was F - PROT in 1991 . Early heuristic engines were based on dividing the binary in different sections : data section , code section ( in a legitimate binary , it usually starts always from the same location ) . Indeed , the initial viruses re-organized the layout of the sections , or overrode the initial portion of section in order to jump to the very end of the file where malicious code was located -- only going back to resume execution of the original code . This was a very specific pattern , not used at the time by any legitimate software , which represented an elegant heuristic to catch suspicious code . Other kinds of more advanced heuristics were later added , such as suspicious section names , incorrect header size , regular expressions , and partial pattern in - memory matching . In 1988 , the growth of antivirus companies continued . In Germany , Tjark Auerbach founded Avira ( H + BEDV at the time ) and released the first version of AntiVir ( named `` Luke Filewalker '' at the time ) . In Bulgaria , Dr. Vesselin Bontchev released his first freeware antivirus program ( he later joined FRISK Software ) . Also Frans Veldman released the first version of ThunderByte Antivirus , also known as TBAV ( he sold his company to Norman Safeground in 1998 ) . In Czechoslovakia , Pavel Baudiš and Eduard Kučera started avast ! ( at the time ALWIL Software ) and released their first version of avast ! antivirus . In June 1988 , in South Korea , Dr. Ahn Cheol - Soo released its first antivirus software , called V1 ( he founded AhnLab later in 1995 ) . Finally , in the Autumn 1988 , in United Kingdom , Alan Solomon founded S&S International and created his Dr. Solomon 's Anti-Virus Toolkit ( although he launched it commercially only in 1991 -- in 1998 Dr. Solomon 's company was acquired by McAfee ) . In November 1988 a professor at the Panamerican University in Mexico City named Alejandro E. Carriles copyrighted the first antivirus software in Mexico under the name `` Byte Matabichos '' ( Byte Bugkiller ) to help solve the rampant virus infestation among students . Also in 1988 , a mailing list named VIRUS - L was started on the BITNET / EARN network where new viruses and the possibilities of detecting and eliminating viruses were discussed . Some members of this mailing list were : Alan Solomon , Eugene Kaspersky ( Kaspersky Lab ) , Friðrik Skúlason ( FRISK Software ) , John McAfee ( McAfee ) , Luis Corrons ( Panda Security ) , Mikko Hyppönen ( F - Secure ) , Péter Szőr , Tjark Auerbach ( Avira ) and Dr. Vesselin Bontchev ( FRISK Software ) . In 1989 , in Iceland , Friðrik Skúlason created the first version of F - PROT Anti-Virus back in 1989 ( he founded FRISK Software only in 1993 ) . In the meanwhile , in United States , Symantec ( founded by Gary Hendrix in 1982 ) launched its first Symantec antivirus for Macintosh ( SAM ) . SAM 2.0 , released March 1990 , incorporated technology allowing users to easily update SAM to intercept and eliminate new viruses , including many that did n't exist at the time of the program 's release . In the end of the 1980s , in United Kingdom , Jan Hruska and Peter Lammer founded the security firm Sophos and began producing their first antivirus and encryption products . In the same period , in Hungary , also VirusBuster was founded ( which has recently being incorporated by Sophos ) . 1990 -- 2000 period ( emergence of the antivirus industry ) ( edit ) In 1990 , in Spain , Mikel Urizarbarrena founded Panda Security ( Panda Software at the time ) . In Hungary , the security researcher Péter Szőr released the first version of Pasteur antivirus . In Italy , Gianfranco Tonello created the first version of VirIT eXplorer antivirus ( he founded TG Soft one year later ) . In 1990 , the Computer Antivirus Research Organization ( CARO ) was founded . In 1991 , CARO released the `` Virus Naming Scheme '' , originally written by Friðrik Skúlason and Vesselin Bontchev . Although this naming scheme is now outdated , it remains the only existing standard that most computer security companies and researchers ever attempted to adopt . CARO members includes : Alan Solomon , Costin Raiu , Dmitry Gryaznov , Eugene Kaspersky , Friðrik Skúlason , Igor Muttik , Mikko Hyppönen , Morton Swimmer , Nick FitzGerald , Padgett Peterson , Peter Ferrie , Righard Zwienenberg and Dr. Vesselin Bontchev . In 1991 , in the United States , Symantec released the first version of Norton AntiVirus . In the same year , in the Czech Republic , Jan Gritzbach and Tomáš Hofer founded AVG Technologies ( Grisoft at the time ) , although they released the first version of their Anti-Virus Guard ( AVG ) only in 1992 . On the other hand , in Finland , F - Secure ( founded in 1988 by Petri Allas and Risto Siilasmaa -- with the name of Data Fellows ) released the first version of their antivirus product . F - Secure claims to be the first antivirus firm to establish a presence on the World Wide Web . In 1991 , the European Institute for Computer Antivirus Research ( EICAR ) was founded to further antivirus research and improve development of antivirus software . In 1992 , in Russia , Igor Danilov released the first version of SpiderWeb , which later became Dr. Web . In 1994 , AV - TEST reported that there were 28,613 unique malware samples ( based on MD5 ) in their database . Over time other companies were founded . In 1996 , in Romania , Bitdefender was founded and released the first version of Anti-Virus eXpert ( AVX ) . In 1997 , in Russia , Eugene Kaspersky and Natalya Kaspersky co-founded security firm Kaspersky Lab . In 1996 , there was also the first `` in the wild '' Linux virus , known as `` Staog '' . In 1999 , AV - TEST reported that there were 98,428 unique malware samples ( based on MD5 ) in their database . 2000 -- 2005 period ( edit ) In 2000 , Rainer Link and Howard Fuhs started the first open source antivirus engine , called OpenAntivirus Project . In 2001 , Tomasz Kojm released the first version of ClamAV , the first ever open source antivirus engine to be commercialised . In 2007 , ClamAV was bought by Sourcefire , which in turn was acquired by Cisco Systems in 2013 . In 2002 , in United Kingdom , Morten Lund and Theis Søndergaard co-founded the antivirus firm BullGuard . In 2005 , AV - TEST reported that there were 333,425 unique malware samples ( based on MD5 ) in their database . 2005 -- 2014 period ( edit ) In 2007 , AV - TEST reported a number of 5,490,960 new unique malware samples ( based on MD5 ) only for that year . In 2012 and 2013 , antivirus firms reported a new malware samples range from 300,000 to over 500,000 per day . Over the years it has become necessary for antivirus software to use several different strategies ( e.g. specific email and network protection or low level modules ) and detection algorithms , as well as to check an increasing variety of files , rather than just executables , for several reasons : Powerful macros used in word processor applications , such as Microsoft Word , presented a risk . Virus writers could use the macros to write viruses embedded within documents . This meant that computers could now also be at risk from infection by opening documents with hidden attached macros . The possibility of embedding executable objects inside otherwise non-executable file formats can make opening those files a risk . Later email programs , in particular Microsoft 's Outlook Express and Outlook , were vulnerable to viruses embedded in the email body itself . A user 's computer could be infected by just opening or previewing a message . In 2005 , F - Secure was the first security firm that developed an Anti-Rootkit technology , called BlackLight . Given the consideration that most of the people is nowadays connected to the Internet round - the - clock , in 2008 , Jon Oberheide first proposed a Cloud - based antivirus design . In February 2008 McAfee Labs added the industry - first cloud - based anti-malware functionality to VirusScan under Artemis name . It was tested by AV - Comparatives in February 2008 and officially unveiled in August 2008 in McAfee VirusScan . Cloud AV created problems for comparative testing of security software -- part of the AV definitions was out of testers control ( on constantly updated AV company servers ) thus making results non-repeatable . As a result , Anti-Malware Testing Standards Organisation ( AMTSO ) started working on methodology of testing cloud products which was adopted on May 7 , 2009 . In 2011 , AVG introduced a similar cloud service , called Protective Cloud Technology . 2014 -- present ( rise of next - Gen ) ( edit ) More recently , following the 2014 release of the APT 1 report from Mandiant , the industry has seen a shift towards signature-less approaches to the problem capable of detecting and mitigating zero - day attacks . Numerous approaches to address these new forms of threats have appeared , including behavioral detection , artificial intelligence , machine learning , and cloud - based file detonation . According to Gartner , it is expected the rise of new entrants , such Carbon Black , Cylance and Crowdstrike will force EPP incumbents into a new phase of innovation and acquisition . One method from Bromium involves micro-virtualization to protect desktops from malicious code execution initiated by the end user . Another approach from SentinelOne and Carbon Black focuses on behavioral detection by building a full context around every process execution path in real time , while Cylance leverages an artificial intelligence model based on machine learning . Increasingly , these signature-less approaches have been defined by the media and analyst firms as `` next - generation '' antivirus and are seeing rapid market adoption as certified antivirus replacement technologies by firms such as Coalfire and DirectDefense . In response , traditional antivirus vendors such as Trend Micro , Symantec and Sophos have responded by incorporating `` next - gen '' offerings into their portfolios as analyst firms such as Forrester and Gartner have called traditional signature - based antivirus `` ineffective '' and `` outdated '' . Identification methods ( edit ) One of the few solid theoretical results in the study of computer viruses is Frederick B. Cohen 's 1987 demonstration that there is no algorithm that can perfectly detect all possible viruses . However , using different layers of defense , a good detection rate may be achieved . There are several methods which antivirus engine can use to identify malware : Sandbox detection : a particular behavioural - based detection technique that , instead of detecting the behavioural fingerprint at run time , it executes the programs in a virtual environment , logging what actions the program performs . Depending on the actions logged , the antivirus engine can determine if the program is malicious or not . If not , then , the program is executed in the real environment . Albeit this technique has shown to be quite effective , given its heaviness and slowness , it is rarely used in end - user antivirus solutions . Data mining techniques : one of the latest approach applied in malware detection . Data mining and machine learning algorithms are used to try to classify the behaviour of a file ( as either malicious or benign ) given a series of file features , that are extracted from the file itself . Signature - based detection ( edit ) Traditional antivirus software relies heavily upon signatures to identify malware . Substantially , when a malware arrives in the hands of an antivirus firm , it is analysed by malware researchers or by dynamic analysis systems . Then , once it is determined to be a malware , a proper signature of the file is extracted and added to the signatures database of the antivirus software . Although the signature - based approach can effectively contain malware outbreaks , malware authors have tried to stay a step ahead of such software by writing `` oligomorphic '' , `` polymorphic '' and , more recently , `` metamorphic '' viruses , which encrypt parts of themselves or otherwise modify themselves as a method of disguise , so as to not match virus signatures in the dictionary . Heuristics ( edit ) Many viruses start as a single infection and through either mutation or refinements by other attackers , can grow into dozens of slightly different strains , called variants . Generic detection refers to the detection and removal of multiple threats using a single virus definition . For example , the Vundo trojan has several family members , depending on the antivirus vendor 's classification . Symantec classifies members of the Vundo family into two distinct categories , Trojan. Vundo and Trojan. Vundo. B . While it may be advantageous to identify a specific virus , it can be quicker to detect a virus family through a generic signature or through an inexact match to an existing signature . Virus researchers find common areas that all viruses in a family share uniquely and can thus create a single generic signature . These signatures often contain non-contiguous code , using wildcard characters where differences lie . These wildcards allow the scanner to detect viruses even if they are padded with extra , meaningless code . A detection that uses this method is said to be `` heuristic detection . '' Rootkit detection ( edit ) Main article : Rootkit Anti-virus software can attempt to scan for rootkits . A rootkit is a type of malware designed to gain administrative - level control over a computer system without being detected . Rootkits can change how the operating system functions and in some cases can tamper with the anti-virus program and render it ineffective . Rootkits are also difficult to remove , in some cases requiring a complete re-installation of the operating system . Real - time protection ( edit ) Real - time protection , on - access scanning , background guard , resident shield , autoprotect , and other synonyms refer to the automatic protection provided by most antivirus , anti-spyware , and other anti-malware programs . This monitors computer systems for suspicious activity such as computer viruses , spyware , adware , and other malicious objects in ' real - time ' , in other words while data loaded into the computer 's active memory : when inserting a CD , opening an email , or browsing the web , or when a file already on the computer is opened or executed . Issues of concern ( edit ) Unexpected renewal costs ( edit ) Some commercial antivirus software end - user license agreements include a clause that the subscription will be automatically renewed , and the purchaser 's credit card automatically billed , at the renewal time without explicit approval . For example , McAfee requires users to unsubscribe at least 60 days before the expiration of the present subscription while BitDefender sends notifications to unsubscribe 30 days before the renewal . Norton AntiVirus also renews subscriptions automatically by default . Rogue Security applications ( edit ) Main article : Rogue security software Some apparent antivirus programs are actually malware masquerading as legitimate software , such as WinFixer , MS Antivirus , and Mac Defender . Problems caused by false positives ( edit ) A `` false positive '' or `` false alarm '' is when antivirus software identifies a non-malicious file as malware . When this happens , it can cause serious problems . For example , if an antivirus program is configured to immediately delete or quarantine infected files , as is common on Microsoft Windows antivirus applications , a false positive in an essential file can render the Windows operating system or some applications unusable . Recovering from such damage to critical software infrastructure incurs technical support costs and businesses can be forced to close whilst remedial action is undertaken . For example , in May 2007 a faulty virus signature issued by Symantec mistakenly removed essential operating system files , leaving thousands of PCs unable to boot . Also in May 2007 , the executable file required by Pegasus Mail on Windows was falsely detected by Norton AntiVirus as being a Trojan and it was automatically removed , preventing Pegasus Mail from running . Norton AntiVirus had falsely identified three releases of Pegasus Mail as malware , and would delete the Pegasus Mail installer file when that happened . In response to this Pegasus Mail stated : `` On the basis that Norton / Symantec has done this for every one of the last three releases of Pegasus Mail , we can only condemn this product as too flawed to use , and recommend in the strongest terms that our users cease using it in favour of alternative , less buggy anti-virus packages . '' In April 2010 , McAfee VirusScan detected svchost. exe , a normal Windows binary , as a virus on machines running Windows XP with Service Pack 3 , causing a reboot loop and loss of all network access . In December 2010 , a faulty update on the AVG anti-virus suite damaged 64 - bit versions of Windows 7 , rendering it unable to boot , due to an endless boot loop created . In October 2011 , Microsoft Security Essentials ( MSE ) removed the Google Chrome web browser , rival to Microsoft 's own Internet Explorer . MSE flagged Chrome as a Zbot banking trojan . In September 2012 , Sophos ' anti-virus suite identified various update - mechanisms , including its own , as malware . If it was configured to automatically delete detected files , Sophos Antivirus could render itself unable to update , required manual intervention to fix the problem . In September 2017 , the Google Play Protect anti-virus started identifying Motorola 's Moto G4 Bluetooth application as malware , causing Bluetooth functionality to become disabled . System and interoperability related issues ( edit ) Running ( the real - time protection of ) multiple antivirus programs concurrently can degrade performance and create conflicts . However , using a concept called multiscanning , several companies ( including G Data Software and Microsoft ) have created applications which can run multiple engines concurrently . It is sometimes necessary to temporarily disable virus protection when installing major updates such as Windows Service Packs or updating graphics card drivers . Active antivirus protection may partially or completely prevent the installation of a major update . Anti-virus software can cause problems during the installation of an operating system upgrade , e.g. when upgrading to a newer version of Windows `` in place '' -- without erasing the previous version of Windows . Microsoft recommends that anti-virus software be disabled to avoid conflicts with the upgrade installation process . Active anti-virus software can also interfere with a firmware update process . The functionality of a few computer programs can be hampered by active anti-virus software . For example , TrueCrypt , a disk encryption program , states on its troubleshooting page that anti-virus programs can conflict with TrueCrypt and cause it to malfunction or operate very slowly . Anti-virus software can impair the performance and stability of games running in the Steam platform . Support issues also exist around antivirus application interoperability with common solutions like SSL VPN remote access and network access control products . These technology solutions often have policy assessment applications that require an up - to - date antivirus to be installed and running . If the antivirus application is not recognized by the policy assessment , whether because the antivirus application has been updated or because it is not part of the policy assessment library , the user will be unable to connect . Effectiveness ( edit ) Studies in December 2007 showed that the effectiveness of antivirus software had decreased in the previous year , particularly against unknown or zero day attacks . The computer magazine c 't found that detection rates for these threats had dropped from 40 -- 50 % in 2006 to 20 -- 30 % in 2007 . At that time , the only exception was the NOD32 antivirus , which managed a detection rate of 68 % . According to the ZeuS tracker website the average detection rate for all variants of the well - known ZeuS trojan is as low as 40 % . The problem is magnified by the changing intent of virus authors . Some years ago it was obvious when a virus infection was present . The viruses of the day , written by amateurs , exhibited destructive behavior or pop - ups . Modern viruses are often written by professionals , financed by criminal organizations . In 2008 , Eva Chen , CEO of Trend Micro , stated that the anti-virus industry has over-hyped how effective its products are -- and so has been misleading customers -- for years . Independent testing on all the major virus scanners consistently shows that none provide 100 % virus detection . The best ones provided as high as 99.9 % detection for simulated real - world situations , while the lowest provided 91.1 % in tests conducted in August 2013 . Many virus scanners produce false positive results as well , identifying benign files as malware . Although methodologies may differ , some notable independent quality testing agencies include AV - Comparatives , ICSA Labs , West Coast Labs , Virus Bulletin , AV - TEST and other members of the Anti-Malware Testing Standards Organization . New viruses ( edit ) Anti-virus programs are not always effective against new viruses , even those that use non-signature - based methods that should detect new viruses . The reason for this is that the virus designers test their new viruses on the major anti-virus applications to make sure that they are not detected before releasing them into the wild . Some new viruses , particularly ransomware , use polymorphic code to avoid detection by virus scanners . Jerome Segura , a security analyst with ParetoLogic , explained : `` It 's something that they miss a lot of the time because this type of ( ransomware virus ) comes from sites that use a polymorphism , which means they basically randomize the file they send you and it gets by well - known antivirus products very easily . I 've seen people firsthand getting infected , having all the pop - ups and yet they have antivirus software running and it 's not detecting anything . It actually can be pretty hard to get rid of , as well , and you 're never really sure if it 's really gone . When we see something like that usually we advise to reinstall the operating system or reinstall backups . '' A proof of concept virus has used the Graphics Processing Unit ( GPU ) to avoid detection from anti-virus software . The potential success of this involves bypassing the CPU in order to make it much harder for security researchers to analyse the inner workings of such malware . Rootkits ( edit ) Detecting rootkits is a major challenge for anti-virus programs . Rootkits have full administrative access to the computer and are invisible to users and hidden from the list of running processes in the task manager . Rootkits can modify the inner workings of the operating system and tamper with antivirus programs . Damaged files ( edit ) If a file has been infected by a computer virus , anti-virus software will attempt to remove the virus code from the file during disinfection , but it is not always able to restore the file to its undamaged state . In such circumstances , damaged files can only be restored from existing backups or shadow copies ( this is also true for ransomware ) ; installed software that is damaged requires re-installation ( however , see System File Checker ) . Firmware infections ( edit ) Any writeable firmware in the computer can be infected by malicious code . This is a major concern , as an infected BIOS could require the actual BIOS chip to be replaced to ensure the malicious code is completely removed . Anti-virus software is not effective at protecting firmware and the motherboard BIOS from infection . In 2014 , security researchers discovered that USB devices contain writeable firmware which can be modified with malicious code ( dubbed `` BadUSB '' ) , which anti-virus software can not detect or prevent . The malicious code can run undetected on the computer and could even infect the operating system prior to it booting up . Performance and other drawbacks ( edit ) Antivirus software has some drawbacks , first of which that it can impact a computer 's performance . Furthermore , inexperienced users can be lulled into a false sense of security when using the computer , considering themselves to be invulnerable , and may have problems understanding the prompts and decisions that antivirus software presents them with . An incorrect decision may lead to a security breach . If the antivirus software employs heuristic detection , it must be fine - tuned to minimize misidentifying harmless software as malicious ( false positive ) . Antivirus software itself usually runs at the highly trusted kernel level of the operating system to allow it access to all the potential malicious process and files , creating a potential avenue of attack . The US National Security Agency ( NSA ) and the UK Government Communications Headquarters ( GCHQ ) intelligence agencies , respectively , have been exploiting anti-virus software to spy on users . Anti-virus software has highly privileged and trusted access to the underlying operating system , which makes it a much more appealing target for remote attacks . Additionally anti-virus software is `` years behind security - conscious client - side applications like browsers or document readers '' , according to Joxean Koret , a researcher with Coseinc , a Singapore - based information security consultancy . Alternative solutions ( edit ) The command - line virus scanner of Clam AV 0.95. 2 running a virus signature definition update , scanning a file , and identifying a Trojan . Although installed antivirus solutions running on individual computers are the most common , this is only one method of guarding against malware . Other solutions are also used , including Unified Threat Management ( UTM ) , hardware and network firewalls , Cloud - based antivirus , and online scanners . Hardware and network firewall ( edit ) Network firewalls prevent unknown programs and processes from accessing the system . However , they are not antivirus systems and make no attempt to identify or remove anything . They may protect against infection from outside the protected computer or network , and limit the activity of any malicious software which is present by blocking incoming or outgoing requests on certain TCP / IP ports . A firewall is designed to deal with broader system threats that come from network connections into the system and is not an alternative to a virus protection system . Cloud antivirus ( edit ) Cloud antivirus is a technology that uses lightweight agent software on the protected computer , while offloading the majority of data analysis to the provider 's infrastructure . One approach to implementing cloud antivirus involves scanning suspicious files using multiple antivirus engines . This approach was proposed by an early implementation of the cloud antivirus concept called CloudAV . CloudAV was designed to send programs or documents to a network cloud where multiple antivirus and behavioral detection programs are used simultaneously in order to improve detection rates . Parallel scanning of files using potentially incompatible antivirus scanners is achieved by spawning a virtual machine per detection engine and therefore eliminating any possible issues . CloudAV can also perform `` retrospective detection , '' whereby the cloud detection engine rescans all files in its file access history when a new threat is identified thus improving new threat detection speed . Finally , CloudAV is a solution for effective virus scanning on devices that lack the computing power to perform the scans themselves . Some examples of cloud anti-virus products are Panda Cloud Antivirus , Crowdstrike , Cb Defense and Immunet . Comodo group has also produced cloud - based anti-virus . Online scanning ( edit ) Some antivirus vendors maintain websites with free online scanning capability of the entire computer , critical areas only , local disks , folders or files . Periodic online scanning is a good idea for those that run antivirus applications on their computers because those applications are frequently slow to catch threats . One of the first things that malicious software does in an attack is disable any existing antivirus software and sometimes the only way to know of an attack is by turning to an online resource that is not installed on the infected computer . Specialize tools ( edit ) The command - line rkhunter scanner , an engine to scan for Linux rootkits running on Ubuntu . Virus removal tools are available to help remove stubborn infections or certain types of infection . Examples include Avast Free Anti - Malware , AVG AntiVirus FREE , and Avira AntiVir Removal Tool . A rescue disk that is bootable , such as a CD or USB storage device , can be used to run antivirus software outside of the installed operating system , in order to remove infections while they are dormant . A bootable antivirus disk can be useful when , for example , the installed operating system is no longer bootable or has malware that is resisting all attempts to be removed by the installed antivirus software . Examples of some of these bootable disks include the Avast Rescue Disc , Avira Rescue System , and Windows Defender Offline . Most of the Rescue CD software can also be installed onto a USB storage device , that is bootable on newer computers . Usage and risks ( edit ) According to an FBI survey , major businesses lose $12 million annually dealing with virus incidents . A survey by Symantec in 2009 found that a third of small to medium - sized business did not use antivirus protection at that time , whereas more than 80 % of home users had some kind of antivirus installed . According to a sociological survey conducted by G Data Software in 2010 49 % of women did not use any antivirus program at all . See also ( edit ) Software portal Computer security portal Anti-virus and anti-malware software CARO , the Computer Antivirus Research Organization Comparison of antivirus software Comparison of computer viruses EICAR , the European Institute for Computer Antivirus Research Firewall software Internet security Linux malware Quarantine ( computing ) Sandbox ( computer security ) Timeline of computer viruses and worms Virus hoax References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Henry , Alan . `` The Difference Between Antivirus and Anti-Malware ( and Which to Use ) '' . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` What is antivirus software ? '' . 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Bibliography ( edit ) Szor , Peter ( 2005 ) , The Art of Computer Virus Research and Defense , Addison - Wesley , ISBN 0 - 321 - 30454 - 3 External links ( edit ) Malware topics Infectious malware Computer virus Comparison of computer viruses Computer worm List of computer worms Timeline of computer viruses and worms Concealment Trojan horse Rootkit Backdoor Zombie computer Man - in - the - middle Man - in - the - browser Man - in - the - mobile Clickjacking Malware for profit Privacy - invasive software Adware Spyware Botnet Keystroke logging Form grabbing Web threats Fraudulent dialer Malbot Scareware Rogue security software Ransomware Crimeware By operating system Linux malware Palm OS viruses Mobile malware Macro virus Classic Mac OS viruses MacOS malware iOS malware Android malware Protection Anti-keylogger Antivirus software Browser security Internet security Mobile security Network security Defensive computing Firewall Intrusion detection system Data loss prevention software Countermeasures Computer and network surveillance Operation : Bot Roast Honeypot Antivirus software Companies Major Agnitum Avast Software AVG Technologies Avira Bitdefender Comodo Dr. Web ESET F - Secure Kaspersky McAfee Microsoft Panda Quick Heal Qihoo 360 Sophos Symantec Trend Micro Minor AhnLab Cisco Check Point ClamWin Fortinet FRISK G Data Intego Kingsoft Lavasoft Malwarebytes TrustPort VirusBlokAda Webroot ZoneAlarm Products Desktop , server AhnLab V3 Internet Security Avast Antivirus AVG AntiVirus Avira Internet Security Bitdefender ClamWin Clam AntiVirus Comodo Antivirus Comodo Internet Security Dr. Web ESET NOD32 F - Secure F - PROT Fortinet G Data Kaspersky Anti-Virus Kaspersky Internet Security Mac Internet Security Malwarebytes ' Anti-Malware McAfee VirusScan Microsoft Security Essentials Windows Defender Panda 360 Safeguard Sophos Symantec Endpoint Protection Immunet Element Anti-Virus Norton AntiVirus Norton Internet Security Spyware Doctor VirusBarrier Trend Micro Internet Security TrustPort Vba32 AntiVirus ZoneAlarm Mobile , tablet AhnLab Mobile Security Avast Antivirus AVG AntiVirus Avira Free Android Security Bitdefender Mobile Security CM Security Comodo Mobile Security Dr. Web Mobile Security Suite ESET Mobile Security F - Secure Mobile Security G Data Internet Security Lookout Mobile Security McAfee Mobile Security FireAMP Mobile Trend Micro Mobile Security TrustPort Mobile Security VirusBarrier Related Comparison of antivirus software Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antivirus_software&oldid=839733046 '' Categories : Antivirus software Utility software types Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Webarchive template webcite links Use mdy dates from January 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Articles prone to spam from April 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Олык марий ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Саха тыла සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Tetun ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkmençe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt 中文 58 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 May 2018 , at 08 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was the name of the first malicious software detected on a pc | [
"Although the roots of the computer virus date back as early as 1949, when the Hungarian scientist John von Neumann published the \"Theory of self-reproducing automata\",[3] the first known computer virus appeared in 1971 and was dubbed the \"Creeper virus\".[4] This computer virus infected Digital Equipment Corporation's (DEC) PDP-10 mainframe computers running the TENEX operating system.[5][6]"
] | [
"the \"Creeper virus\""
] |
2347773480598299700 | Beat It | Beat It - wikipedia Beat It Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Beat It ( disambiguation ) . `` Beat It '' Side - A label of US 7 - inch vinyl single Single by Michael Jackson from the album Thriller B - side `` Get on the Floor '' ( US ) `` Burn This Disco Out '' ( UK ) `` Do n't Stop ' Til You Get Enough '' ( live with The Jacksons ) `` Working Day and Night '' `` Largate ( Beat It ) '' Released February 14 , 1983 Format 7 '' single 12 '' single CD Mini CD Recorded 1982 Genre Hard rock dance - rock Length 4 : 18 Label Epic Songwriter ( s ) Michael Jackson Producer ( s ) Quincy Jones Michael Jackson ( co-producer ) Michael Jackson singles chronology `` Billie Jean '' ( 1983 ) `` Beat It '' ( 1983 ) `` Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' '' ( 1983 ) `` Billie Jean '' ( 1983 ) `` Beat It '' ( 1983 ) `` Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' '' ( 1983 ) Music video `` Beat It '' on YouTube Audio sample file help `` Beat It '' is a song written and performed by American singer Michael Jackson from his sixth solo album , Thriller ( 1982 ) . The song was produced by Quincy Jones together with Jackson . Following the successful chart performances of the Thriller singles `` The Girl Is Mine '' and `` Billie Jean '' , `` Beat It '' was released on February 14 , 1983 as the album 's third single . The song is also notable for its famous video , which featured Jackson bringing two gangs together through the power of music and dance , and for Eddie Van Halen 's guitar solo . `` Beat It '' received the 1984 Grammy Awards for Record of the Year and Best Male Rock Vocal Performance , as well as two American Music Awards . It was inducted into the Music Video Producers Hall of Fame . The single , along with its music video , helped propel Thriller into becoming the best - selling album of all time . The single was certified platinum in the United States in 1989 . Rolling Stone placed `` Beat It '' on the 344th spot of its list of `` The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' . The song was also ranked number 81 on Rolling Stone 's `` 100 Greatest Guitar Songs of All Time '' . In the decades since its release , `` Beat It '' has been covered , parodied , and sampled by numerous artists including Fall Out Boy , Fergie , and `` Weird Al '' Yankovic . The song was also featured in the National Highway Safety Commission 's anti-drunk driving campaign . Contents ( hide ) 1 Production and composition 1.1 Eddie Van Halen 's guitar solo 2 Release and reception 3 Music video 4 Live performances 5 Legacy 6 Format and track listing 7 Credits and personnel 8 Charts and certifications 8.1 Weekly charts 8.2 Year - end charts 8.3 Sales and certifications 9 Beat It 2008 9.1 Reception 9.2 Charts 9.3 Remix credits 10 Fall Out Boy version 10.1 Background , recording and release 10.2 Music video 10.3 Charts 11 Other cover versions 12 See also 13 References 13.1 Bibliography 14 External links Production and composition ( edit ) `` Beat It '' was composed by Michael Jackson for his Thriller album . Producer Quincy Jones had wanted to include a rock and roll song in the vein of the Knack 's `` My Sharona '' , though Jackson reportedly had never previously shown an interest in the genre . Jackson later said of `` Beat It '' , `` I wanted to write a song , the type of song that I would buy if I were to buy a rock song ... That is how I approached it and I wanted the children to really enjoy it -- the school children as well as the college students . '' The song is played in the key of E ♭ minor at a moderately fast tempo of 138 -- 139 beats per minute . In the song , Jackson 's vocal range is B ♭ 3 to D ♭ 5 . Upon hearing the first recorded vocals , Jones stated that it was exactly what he was looking for . The song begins with seven distinct synthesizer notes played on the Synclavier digital synthesizer , with Tom Bahler credited for the Synclavier performance on the song . The intro is taken note for note from a demo LP released the year before , called `` The Incredible Sounds of Synclavier II '' first published in 1981 by Denny Jaeger Creative Services , Inc and sold by New England Digital , makers of the Synclavier . Drums on the song were played by Toto co-founder Jeff Porcaro . Jermaine Jackson has suggested the inspiration of `` Beat It '' and its video came from the Jackson family experiencing gang activity in Gary , Indiana . `` From our front window , we witnessed , about three bad rumbles between rival gangs . '' The lyrics of `` Beat It '' have been described as a `` sad commentary on human nature '' . The line `` do n't be a macho man '' is said to express Jackson 's dislike of violence , whilst also referring to the childhood abuse he faced at the hands of his father Joseph . Eddie Van Halen 's guitar solo ( edit ) Eddie Van Halen , lead guitarist of hard rock band Van Halen , was asked to add a guitar solo . When initially contacted by Jones , Van Halen thought he was receiving a prank call . Having established that the call was genuine , Van Halen borrowed an amplifier from guitarist Allan Holdsworth and recorded his guitar solo free of any charge . `` I did it as a favor '' , the musician later said . `` I was a complete fool , according to the rest of the band , our manager and everyone else . I was not used . I knew what I was doing -- I do n't do something unless I want to do it . '' Van Halen recorded his contribution following Jones and Jackson arriving at the guitarist 's house with a `` skeleton version '' of the song . Fellow guitarist Steve Lukather recalled , `` Initially , we rocked it out as Eddie had played a good solo -- but Quincy thought it was too tough . So I had to reduce the distorted guitar sound and that is what was released . '' Right before Van Halen 's guitar solo begins , a noise is heard that sounds like somebody knocking at a door . It is reported that the knock was a person walking into Eddie 's recording studio . Another story has claimed that the sound was simply the musician knocking on his own guitar . The sound , however , is that of Jackson knocking on a drum case , as he is credited in the album 's liner notes . The engineers were shocked during the recording of Van Halen 's solo to discover that the sound of his guitar had caused the monitor speaker in the control room to catch fire , causing one to exclaim , `` This must be really good ! '' Release and reception ( edit ) `` The uncredited guitarist who whipped out the fluttering , squealing solo on this ode to macho cowardice was Eddie Van Halen . The aerodynamic metal flight pumped crossover fuel that would boost the success of Thriller -- a gimmick Jackson would flog later with spots from Slash and Carlos Santana . Without the Van Halen precedent , there might have been no collaboration of Run - DMC and Aerosmith on the 1986 rap / rock version of ' Walk This Way ' . '' -- Greg Burk , South Coast Today . `` Beat It '' was released on February 14 , 1983 , following the successful chart performances of `` The Girl Is Mine '' and `` Billie Jean '' . Frank DiLeo , the vice president of Epic Records , convinced Jackson to release `` Beat It '' while `` Billie Jean '' was heading towards No. 1 . Dileo , who would later become the singer 's manager , predicted that both singles would remain in the Top 10 at the same time . `` Billie Jean '' remained atop the Billboard Hot 100 for seven weeks , before being toppled by `` Come On Eileen '' , which stayed at No. 1 for a single week , before Jackson reclaimed the position with `` Beat It '' . `` Billie Jean '' and `` Beat It '' occupied Top 5 positions at the same time , a feat matched by very few artists . The single remained at the top of the Hot 100 for a total of three weeks . The song also charted at No. 1 on the US R&B singles chart and No. 14 on the Billboard Top Tracks chart in the US . Billboard ranked it at the No. 5 song for 1983 . `` Beat It '' also claimed the top spot in Spain and The Netherlands , reached No. 3 in the UK and the Top 20 in Austria , Norway , Italy , Sweden and Switzerland . In a Rolling Stone review , Christopher Connelly describes `` Beat It '' as the best song on Thriller , adding that it `` ai n't no disco AOR track '' . He notes of the `` nifty dance song '' , `` Jackson 's voice soars all over the melody , Eddie Van Halen checks in with a blistering guitar solo , you could build a convention center on the backbeat '' . AllMusic 's Stephen Thomas Erlewine states that the song is both `` tough '' and `` scared '' . Robert Christgau claimed that the song has Eddie Van Halen `` wielding his might in the service of antimacho '' . Slant Magazine observed that the song was an `` uncharacteristic dalliance with the rock idiom '' . The track also won praise from Jackson biographer J. Randy Taraborrelli , who stated that the song was `` rambunctious '' . `` Beat It '' has been recognized with several awards . At the 1984 Grammy Awards , the song earned Jackson two of a record - eight awards : Record of the Year and Best Male Rock Vocal Performance . The track won the Billboard Music Award for favorite dance / disco 12 '' LP in 1983 . The single was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , a few months after its release , for shipments of at least one million units . In 1989 , the standard format single was re-certified platinum by the RIAA , based on the revised sales level of one million units for platinum singles . The total number of digital sales in the US , as of September 2010 , stands at 1,649,000 . Music video ( edit ) Jackson in the music video for `` Beat It '' . The music video for `` Beat It '' helped establish Jackson as an international pop icon . The video was Jackson 's first treatment of black youth and the streets . Both `` Beat It '' and `` Thriller '' are notable for their `` mass choreography '' of synchronized dancers , a Jackson trademark . The video , which cost Jackson $150,000 to create after CBS refused to finance it , was filmed on Los Angeles ' Skid Row -- mainly on locations on East 5th Street -- around March 9 , 1983 . To add authenticity to the production but also to foster peace between them , Jackson had the idea to cast members of rival Los Angeles street gangs Crips and Bloods . In addition to around 80 genuine gang members , the video , which is noted for opening up many job opportunities for dancers in the US , also featured 18 professional dancers and four breakdancers . Besides Jackson , Michael Peters , and Vincent Paterson , the cast included Michael DeLorenzo , Stoney Jackson , Tracii Guns , Tony Fields , Peter Tramm , Rick Stone , and Cheryl Song . The video was written and directed by Bob Giraldi , produced by Antony Payne and Mary M. Ensign through production company GASP . The second video released for the Thriller album , it was choreographed by Michael Peters who also performed , alongside Vincent Paterson , as one of the two lead dancers . Despite some sources claiming otherwise , Jackson was involved in creating some parts of the choreography . Jackson asked Giraldi , at the time already an established commercial director but who had never directed a music video , to come up with a concept for the `` Beat It '' video because he really liked a commercial Giraldi had directed for WLS - TV in Chicago about a married couple of two elderly blind people who instead of running from a run - down neighborhood all the other white people had fled from , chose to stay and throw a block party for all the young children in the area . Contrary to popular belief , the concept of the video was not based on the Broadway musical West Side Story ; in reality Giraldi drew inspiration from his growing up in Paterson , New Jersey . The video had its world premiere on MTV during prime time on March 31 , 1983 though it should be noted that neither Beat It nor Billie Jean was , as is often claimed , the first music video by an African - American artist to be played on MTV . Soon after its premiere the video was also running on other video programs including BET 's Video Soul , SuperStation WTBS 's Night Tracks , and NBC 's Friday Night Videos . In fact , Beat It was the first video shown on the latter 's first ever telecast on July 29 , 1983 . The video opens with the news of a fight circulating at a diner . This scene repeats itself at a pool hall , where gang members arrive via foot , forklift , and out of sewers , while the video 's titular song begins to play . The camera cuts to a scene of Jackson lying on a bed , revealing he 's the one singing contemplating the senseless violence . The singer notices rival gangs and leaves . Michael Jackson dons a red leather J. Parks brand jacket , and dances his way towards the fight through the diner and pool hall . A knife fight is taking place between the two gang leaders in a warehouse . They dance battle for an interlude of music until MJ arrives ; the singer breaks up the fight and launches into a dance routine . The video ends with the gang members joining him in the dance , agreeing that violence is not the solution to their problems . The video received recognition through numerous awards . The American Music Awards named the short film their Favorite Pop / Rock Video and their Favorite Soul Video . The Black Gold Awards honored Jackson with the Best Video Performance award . The Billboard Video Awards recognised the video with 7 awards ; Best Overall Video Clip , Best Performance by a Male Artist , Best Use of Video to Enhance a Song , Best Use of Video to Enhance an Artist 's Image , Best Choreography , Best Overall Video and Best Dance / Disco 12 `` . The short film was ranked by Rolling Stone as the No. 1 video , in both their critic 's and reader 's poll . The video was later inducted into the Music Video Producer 's Hall of Fame . The music video of the song appears on the video albums : Video Greatest Hits -- HIStory , HIStory on Film , Volume II , Number Ones , on the bonus DVD of Thriller 25 and Michael Jackson 's Vision . Live performances ( edit ) On July 14 , 1984 , Jackson performed `` Beat It '' live with his brothers during The Jacksons ' Victory Tour . The brothers were joined on stage by Eddie Van Halen , who played the guitar in his solo spot . The song became a signature song of Jackson ; the singer performed it on all of his world tours : Bad , Dangerous and HIStory . The October 1 , 1992 Dangerous Tour performance of `` Beat It '' was included on the DVD of the singer 's Michael Jackson : The Ultimate Collection box set . The DVD was later repackaged as Live in Bucharest : The Dangerous Tour . Jackson also performed the song on the Michael Jackson : 30th Anniversary Special , a concert celebrating the musician 's thirtieth year as a solo performer . The performance featured Slash as the song 's guest guitarist . A highlight of Jackson 's solo concert tour performances of the song is that would he would begin the song on a cherry picker ( which he would also later use with `` Earth Song '' during the HIStory World Tour ) after performing Thriller . Another live version of the song is available on the DVD Live at Wembley July 16 , 1988 . The song would have also been performed as part of the This Is It concerts which were cancelled due to Jackson 's death . Legacy ( edit ) Michael Jackson 's `` Beat It '' has been cited as one of the most successful , recognized , awarded and celebrated songs in the history of pop music ; both the song and video had a large impact on pop culture . The song is said to be a `` pioneer '' in black rock music , and is considered one of the cornerstones of the Thriller album . Eddie Van Halen has been praised for adding `` the greatest guitar solo '' , aiding `` Beat It '' into becoming one of the biggest selling singles of all time . Shortly after its release , `` Beat It '' was included in the National Highway Safety Commission 's anti-drunk driving campaign , `` Drinking and Driving Can Kill a Friendship '' . The song was also included on the accompanying album . Jackson collected an award from President Ronald Reagan at the White House , in recognition for his support of the campaign . Reagan stated that Jackson was `` proof of what a person can accomplish through a lifestyle free of alcohol or drug abuse . People young and old respect that . And if Americans follow his example , then we can face up to the problem of drinking and driving , and we can , in Michael 's words , ' Beat It ' . '' Frequently listed in greatest song polling lists , `` Beat It '' was ranked as the world 's fourth favorite song in a 2005 poll conducted by Sony Ericsson . Over 700,000 people in 60 different countries cast their votes . Voters from the UK placed `` Billie Jean '' at No. 1 , ahead of `` Thriller '' , with a further five of the top ten being solo recordings by Jackson . In 2004 , Rolling Stone magazine placed `` Beat It '' in the 337th spot on its list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time . The song was featured in the films Back to the Future Part II , Zoolander and Undercover Brother . When re-released , as part of the Visionary campaign in 2006 , `` Beat It '' charted at No. 15 in the UK . The song has been used in TV commercials for companies like Budweiser , eBay , Burger King , Delta Air Lines , Game Boy , Coldwell Banker and the NFL . On the City Guys episode of season 3 's `` Face the Music '' , Jamal says to Slick Billy West , played by Sherman Hemsley , `` Well Gone Michael Jackson and Beat It '' which was in the final scene . The song also appeared in the 2008 music game , Guitar Hero World Tour , as the last song in the vocal career . Notably , in this game , the vocalist will perform the same dance routine performed by Jackson on the video and live performances when singing the final verse . The song is featured on the dancing game Michael Jackson : The Experience . A remix of `` 2 Bad '' , is featured on Blood on the Dance Floor : HIStory in the Mix containing a sample of `` Beat It '' as well as a rap by John Forté and guitar solo by Wyclef Jean . Format and track listing ( edit ) 7 '' vinyl single -- US ( Epic 34 - 03759 ) No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Beat It '' Michael Jackson 4 : 18 2 . `` Get on the Floor '' Michael Jackson , Louis Johnson 4 : 44 12 '' vinyl single -- UK ( Epic TA 3258 ) No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Beat It '' Michael Jackson 4 : 11 2 . `` Burn This Disco Out '' Rod Temperton 3 : 38 3 . `` The Jacksons -- Do n't Stop ' til You Get Enough '' ( live version ) Greg Phillinganes , Michael Jackson 4 : 22 Visionary single 2006 No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Beat It '' Michael Jackson 4 : 18 2 . `` Beat It '' ( Moby 's Sub Remix ) Michael Jackson 6 : 11 Visionary single DVD No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Beat It '' ( video ) Michael Jackson 4 : 18 Credits and personnel ( edit ) Adapted from the Thriller liner notes . Performers Michael Jackson -- lead vocals , background vocals , drum case beater Paul Jackson Jr. -- rhythm guitar Steve Lukather -- lead guitar , bass guitar Eddie Van Halen -- guitar solo Steve Porcaro -- synthesizer , synthesizer programming Greg Phillinganes -- Rhodes , synthesizer Bill Wolfer -- keyboards Tom Bahler -- Synclavier Jeff Porcaro -- drums Production Michael Jackson -- writing , composition , co-production , rhythm and vocal arrangement Quincy Jones -- production , rhythm arrangement Greg Smith -- synergy Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1983 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 6 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Europe ( Eurochart Hot 100 ) France ( IFOP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) 16 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) 8 South Africa ( Springbok Radio ) 8 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 19 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs US Billboard Mainstream Rock 14 US Cash Box Chart ( 2006 ) Peak position France ( SNEP ) 47 Ireland ( IRMA ) 15 Italy ( FIMI ) 12 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 27 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 15 Chart ( 2008 ) Peak position Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 31 Norway ( VG - lista ) 11 Chart ( 2009 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 17 Canada ( Hot Canadian Digital Singles ) 11 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 16 Europe ( Eurochart Hot 100 Singles ) 17 Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 12 France ( SNEP ) Italy ( FIMI ) 12 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 7 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 24 Norway ( VG - lista ) 8 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 15 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 37 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 5 Turkey ( Türkiye Top 20 ) 14 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 19 US Billboard Hot Digital Songs 7 Chart ( 2010 ) Peak position Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 50 Chart ( 2012 ) Peak position France ( SNEP ) 135 Japan ( Japan Hot 100 Singles ) 96 Chart ( 2017 ) Peak position Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) 86 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1983 ) Rank Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 9 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 8 France ( IFOP ) 5 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 30 Italy ( FIMI ) 71 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 7 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) US Billboard Hot 100 5 US Cash Box 7 Sales and certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Platinum 70,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) Platinum 100,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Gold 15,000 France ( SNEP ) Platinum 1,234,600 Italy ( FIMI ) Gold 25,000 Mexico ( AMPROFON ) Gold 30,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Gold 0 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Gold 500,000 United States ( RIAA ) ( Mastertone ) Platinum + Gold ( MT ) 3,400,000 + sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Beat It 2008 ( edit ) `` Beat It 2008 '' Song by Michael Jackson featuring Fergie from the album Thriller 25 Released February 8 , 2008 Format CD digital download Recorded November 2007 Length 4 : 12 Label Epic Songwriter ( s ) Michael Jackson Producer ( s ) Michael Jackson will.i.am Thriller 25 track listing `` Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' 2008 '' ( 13 ) `` Beat It 2008 '' ( 14 ) `` Billie Jean 2008 '' ( 15 ) For Thriller 25 , The Black Eyed Peas singer will.i.am remixed `` Beat It '' . The song , titled `` Beat It 2008 '' , featured additional vocals by fellow Black Eyed Peas member Fergie . Upon its release in 2008 , the song reached No. 26 in Switzerland , the Top 50 in Sweden and No. 65 in Austria . This was the second remixed version of `` Beat It '' to get an official release , following Moby 's Sub Mix which was released on the `` Jam '' and `` Who Is It '' singles in 1992 , as well as the `` They Do n't Care About Us '' single in 1996 ( and re-released as part of the Visionary campaign . ) Reception ( edit ) `` Beat It 2008 '' received generally unfavorable reviews from music critics . Rob Sheffield of Rolling Stone claimed that the song was a `` contender for the year 's most pointless musical moment '' . AllMusic criticized Fergie for `` parroting the lyrics of `` Beat It '' back to a recorded Jackson `` . Blender 's Kelefa Sanneh also noted that the Black Eyed Peas singer traded lines with Jackson . `` Why ? '' , she queried . Todd Gilchrist was thankful that the remix retained Eddie Van Halen 's `` incendiary guitar solo '' , but added that the song `` holds the dubious honor of making Jackson seem masculine for once , and only in the context of Fergie 's tough - by - way - of - Kids Incorporated interpretation of the tune '' . Tom Ewing of Pitchfork observed that Fergie 's `` nervous reverence is a waste of time '' . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2008 ) Peak position Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 65 Canada ( Hot Canadian Digital Singles ) 66 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 43 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 26 Chart ( 2009 ) Peak position Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 14 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 8 Remix credits ( edit ) Written and composed by Michael Jackson Remix drums : will.i.am Remix keyboards and synths : will.i.am Remix engineered by will.i.am and Kerin Remix produced and mixed by Michael Jackson and will.i.am Remix recorded in November 2007 Fall Out Boy version ( edit ) `` Beat It '' Single by Fall Out Boy featuring John Mayer from the album Live in Phoenix Released March 25 , 2008 Format Digital download Recorded 2008 Length 3 : 48 Label Island Songwriter ( s ) Michael Jackson Producer ( s ) Patrick Stump Fall Out Boy singles chronology `` I 'm Like a Lawyer ( Me & You ) '' ( 2007 ) `` Beat It '' ( 2008 ) `` ' I Do n't Care '' ( 2008 ) `` I 'm Like a Lawyer ( Me & You ) '' ( 2007 ) `` Beat It '' ( 2008 ) `` ' I Do n't Care '' ( 2008 ) John Mayer singles chronology `` Say '' ( 2007 ) Say 2007 `` Beat It '' ( 2008 ) Beat It2008 `` Free Fallin ' '' ( 2008 ) Free Fallin'2008 Music video `` Beat It ( MTV Version ) ft . John Mayer '' on YouTube American rock band Fall Out Boy covered `` Beat It '' . The studio version was digitally released on March 25 , 2008 by Island Records as the only single from the band 's first live album , Live in Phoenix ( 2008 ) . The song features a guitar solo by John Mayer , which was performed by Eddie Van Halen in the original song . In the United States , the song peaked at No. 19 on the Billboard Hot 100 and reached No. 21 on the defunct - Billboard Pop 100 chart , also charting internationally . The band has since regularly incorporated it in their set list at their shows . Background , recording and release ( edit ) In early 2008 it was announced that Fall Out Boy were to cover `` Beat It '' for their Live in Phoenix album . The band had previously performed the song at venues such as Coors Amphitheatre and festivals such as the Carling Weekend in Leeds . Bassist Pete Wentz , who has claimed to have an obsession with Jackson , stated that prior to recording the song , he would only watch Moonwalker . It was also announced that John Mayer was to add the guitar solo previously played by Eddie Van Halen . The band 's lead singer / guitarist Patrick Stump stated that the band had not planned to cover the song . `` Basically , I just started playing the riff in sound - check one day , and then we all started playing it , and then we started playing it live , and then we figured we 'd record it and put it out with our live DVD . '' Bassist Pete Wentz added that the band had not originally intended for the song to be released as a single either . `` ' Beat It ' seemed like a song that would be cool and that we could do our own take on '' , he said . Having spent time deciding on a guitarist for the song , Wentz eventually called John Mayer to add the guitar solo . `` We were trying to think about who is a contemporary guitar guy who 's going to go down as a legend '' , Wentz later noted . Upon its digital release as a single in April 2008 , Fall Out Boy 's cover of `` Beat It '' became a mainstay on iTunes ' Top 10 chart . The song peaked at No. 8 in Canada , becoming another top 10 hit in the region . It also charted at No. 13 in Australia , No. 14 in New Zealand , No. 75 in Austria and No. 98 in the Netherlands . Music video ( edit ) The music video for Fall Out Boy 's `` Beat It '' was directed by Shane Drake and was made in homage to Jackson . `` I think when you 're doing a Michael Jackson cover , there 's this expectation that you 're going to do one of his videos verbatim , '' Stump said . `` What we decided to do was kind of inspired by Michael Jackson and the mythology of him . There are specific images that are reference points for us , but at any given point , it 's not any of his videos . It 's kind of all of his videos , all at once , but on a Fall Out Boy budget , so it 's not quite as fancy . '' The costumes for the video were similar to the originals . `` My costume is this take on one of the guys from Michael Jackson 's original ' Beat It ' video , like , the guy who plays the rival dancer , '' Wentz said during the filming of the video . The music video featured numerous cameos , including a karate class / dance session being taught by Tony Hale , Donald Faison and Joel David Moore dressed up like Michael Jackson . The short film later received a MTV Video Music Award nomination for Best Rock Video . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2008 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 13 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 75 Belgium ( Ultratip Wallonia ) 12 Brazilian Singles Chart ( ABPD ) 38 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 8 Canada ( Hot Canadian Digital Singles ) Ireland ( IRMA ) 21 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 69 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 98 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 14 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 21 US Billboard Hot 100 19 US Digital Songs ( Billboard ) 8 US Pop 100 ( Billboard ) Venezuela Pop Rock ( Record Report ) 9 Other cover versions ( edit ) In 1984 , parodist `` Weird Al '' Yankovic released his parody song `` Eat It '' . Yankovic recorded the song with Jackson 's permission . The song 's music video mocked the `` Beat It '' short film scene - for - scene , with Yankovic mimicking Jackson 's dance moves in a clumsy fashion . Jackson received royalties from Yankovic due to the strong similarities . See also ( edit ) List of Top 25 singles for 1983 in Australia List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of 1983 Billboard Year - End Hot 100 singles of 1983 List of number - one singles of 1983 ( Canada ) List of Cash Box Top 100 number - one singles of 1983 List of Dutch Top 40 number - one singles of 1983 List of European number - one hits of 1983 List of number - one singles from the 1980s ( New Zealand ) List of number - one R&B singles of 1983 ( U.S. ) List of number - one singles of 2006 ( Spain ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Halstead & Cadman 2003 , p. 40 . Jump up ^ Cromelin , Richard ( December 12 , 1982 ) . `` Jackson goes over ' The Wall ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gill , Andy ( June 27 , 2009 ) . `` ' Thriller ' was the masterpiece that set tone for pop 's next generation '' . The Independent . Retrieved April 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Greatest Guitars Songs of All Time '' . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2008 ... Rolling Stone . ^ Jump up to : Thriller 2008 , p. 41 . ^ Jump up to : Taraborrelli 2004 , pp. 224 -- 225 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Robert E. ( May 1984 ) . `` Michael Jackson , the World 's Greatest Entertainer '' . Ebony . Vol. 39 no . 7 . p. 165 . ISSN 0012 - 9011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Beat It '' . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2013 ... Michaeljackson.com . November 18 , 2003 . Jump up ^ `` BPM for ' Beat It ' by Michael Jackson '' . Songbpm . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson '' . BPM Database . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` '' The Incredible Sounds of Synclavier II , '' and other hits `` . Fauxmat . May 14 , 2010 . Retrieved July 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ruhlmann , William . `` Jeff Porcaro -- Artist Biography '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved April 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Jermaine ( 2011 ) . You Are Not Alone : Michael : Through a Brother 's Eyes . Simon & Schuster . p. 85 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4516 - 5158 - 4 . Jump up ^ Dean 2003 , p. 463 . Jump up ^ Whiteley 2005 , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Shields , Gerard ( April 22 , 1983 ) . `` Motown going strong into the ' 80s '' . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2012 ... The Daily Collegian . Jump up ^ Quan , Denise ( 30 November 2012 ) . `` Eddie Van Halen deconstructs his collaboration on ' Beat It ' '' . CNN . Retrieved April 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tribute to Eddie Van Halen 's Favorite Guitarist , Allan Holdsworth '' . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2017 ... Van Halen News Desk. April 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Cadman & Halstead 2007 , pp. 27 -- 28 . Jump up ^ Day , Patrick Kevin ; Martens , Todd ( February 12 , 2008 ) . `` 25 ' Thriller ' facts '' . The Baltimore Sun . Retrieved March 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Many Lives of Q '' . BBC . December 10 , 2010 . Retrieved October 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Powers , Ann ( February 15 , 2008 ) . `` Nine reasons why Jackson masterpiece remains a ' Thriller ' '' . South Coast Today . 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Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved May 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Grein , Paul ( September 24 , 2010 ) . `` Chart Watch Extra : Songs From The Last Century '' . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2010 ... Chart Watch . Yahoo ! Music . Jump up ^ Campbell 1993 , p. 60 . ^ Jump up to : Austen 2005 , p. 264 . Jump up ^ Weitner , Sean . `` Michael Jackson : A Life in Film '' . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2012 ... Flak Magazine . ^ Jump up to : Reed , J.D. ; Stanley , Alessandra ; Koepp , Stephen ( July 18 , 1983 ) . `` Music : New Rock on a Red - Hot Roll '' . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2012 . Time 122 : 3 . Jump up ^ Blake , Lindsay ( March 26 , 2010 ) . `` The ( Probable ) Warehouse from Michael Jackson 's `` Beat It '' Video `` . Iamnotastalker.com . Retrieved September 21 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Ritchie , Kevin ( July 7 , 2009 ) . `` Q&A : Bob Giraldi on directing `` Beat It '' `` . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2012 ... 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Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved April 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Michael Jackson -- Beat It '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved April 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Michael Jackson -- Beat It '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved April 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charts.org.nz -- Michael Jackson -- Beat It '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved April 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Michael Jackson -- Beat It '' . VG - lista . Retrieved April 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` South African Rock Lists Website SA Charts 1969 -- 1989 Acts ( J ) '' . Rock.co.za . Retrieved May 31 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Swedishcharts.com -- Michael Jackson -- Beat It '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved April 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Swisscharts.com -- Michael Jackson -- Beat It '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved April 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . 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Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved April 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Download Single Top 50 France -- 11 / 07 / 2009 '' ( in French ) . Lescharts.com . Hung Medien . Retrieved April 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Türkiye Top 20 '' . Billboard Türkiye ( in Turkish ) . July 6 , 2009 . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2009 . Retrieved July 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved April 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved September 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Forum -- ARIA Charts : Special Occasion Charts -- Top 100 End of Year AMR Charts -- 1980s '' . Australian-charts.com . Hung Medien . Retrieved April 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 1983 '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved April 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Top Singles of 1983 '' . RPM . Vol. 39 no . 17 . 24 December 1983 . 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All Media Network . Retrieved April 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Campbell 1995 , p. 154 . Bibliography ( edit ) Austen , Jake ( 2005 ) . TV - a-Go - Go . Chicago Review Press . ISBN 1 - 55652 - 572 - 9 . Cadman , Chris ; Halstead , Craig ( 2007 ) . Michael Jackson : For the Record . Authors OnLine . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7552 - 0267 - 6 . Campbell , Lisa ( 1993 ) . Michael Jackson : The King of Pop . Branden . ISBN 0 - 8283 - 1957 - X . Campbell , Lisa ( 1995 ) . Michael Jackson : The King of Pops Darkest Hour . Branden . ISBN 0 - 8283 - 2003 - 9 . Dean , Maury ( 2003 ) . Rock ' n ' Roll Gold Rush . Algora Publishing . ISBN 0 - 87586 - 207 - 1 . Denisoff , R. Serge ( 1988 ) . Inside MTV . Transaction Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88738 - 864 - 4 . George , Nelson ( 2004 ) . Michael Jackson : The Ultimate Collection booklet . Sony BMG . Halstead , Craig ; Cadman , Chris ( 2003 ) . Jacksons Number Ones . Authors OnLine . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7552 - 0098 - 6 . Halstead , Craig ; Cadman , Chris ( 2003 ) . Michael Jackson : The Solo Years . Authors OnLine . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7552 - 0091 - 7 . Taraborrelli , J. Randy ( 2004 ) . The Magic and the Madness . Terra Alta , WV : Headline . ISBN 0 - 330 - 42005 - 4 . Thriller 25 : The Book . ML Publishing Group . 2008 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9768891 - 9 - 9 . Whiteley , Sheila ( 2005 ) . Too Much Too Young . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 31029 - 6 . External links ( edit ) Michael Jackson -- Beat It on YouTube Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Michael Jackson : Thriller Side one `` Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' '' `` The Girl Is Mine '' `` Thriller '' Side two `` Beat It '' `` Billie Jean '' `` Human Nature '' `` P.Y.T. ( Pretty Young Thing ) '' Related articles Quincy Jones Victory Tour Michael Jackson 's Thriller Thriller jacket Thriller 25 ( Limited Japanese Single Collection ) Thrill the World Thriller viral video Thriller -- Live John Landis Vincent Price Ola Ray Parodied in films Kasam Paida Karne Wale Ki Donga Michael Jackson songs Discography 1970s `` Got to Be There '' `` Ai n't No Sunshine '' `` I Wanna Be Where You Are '' `` Rockin ' Robin '' `` Love Is Here and Now You 're Gone '' `` You 've Got a Friend '' `` Ben '' `` Everybody 's Somebody 's Fool '' `` My Girl '' `` Shoo - Be-Doo - Be-Doo - Da - Day '' `` We 've Got a Good Thing Going '' `` With a Child 's Heart '' `` Morning Glow '' `` All the Things You Are '' `` Happy '' `` Too Young '' `` Doggin ' Around '' `` Music and Me '' `` We 're Almost There '' `` One Day in Your Life '' `` Just a Little Bit of You '' `` You Ca n't Win '' `` Ease on Down the Road '' `` A Brand New Day '' `` Do n't Stop ' Til You Get Enough '' `` Rock with You '' `` Working Day and Night '' `` Get on the Floor '' `` Off the Wall '' `` Girlfriend '' `` I Ca n't Help It '' `` She 's Out of My Life '' `` It 's the Falling in Love '' `` Burn This Disco Out '' 1980s `` Someone in the Dark '' `` The Girl Is Mine '' `` Ca n't Get Outta the Rain '' `` Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' '' `` Baby Be Mine '' `` Thriller '' `` Beat It '' `` Billie Jean '' `` Human Nature '' `` P.Y.T. ( Pretty Young Thing ) '' `` The Lady In My Life '' `` You 've Really Got a Hold on Me '' `` Here I Am ( Come and Take Me ) '' `` I Hear a Symphony '' `` Lonely Teardrops '' `` That 's What Love Is Made Of '' `` I Was Made to Love Her '' `` I Just Ca n't Stop Loving You '' `` Todo Mi Amor Eres Tu '' `` Bad '' `` The Way You Make Me Feel '' `` Speed Demon '' `` Liberian Girl '' `` Just Good Friends '' `` Another Part of Me '' `` Man in the Mirror '' `` Dirty Diana '' `` Smooth Criminal '' `` Leave Me Alone '' `` Twenty - Five Miles '' 1990s `` Black or White '' `` Jam '' `` Why You Wanna Trip On Me '' `` In the Closet '' `` She Drives Me Wild '' `` Remember the Time '' `` Ca n't Let Her Get Away '' `` Heal the World '' `` Who Is It '' `` Give In to Me '' `` Will You Be There '' `` Keep the Faith '' `` Gone Too Soon '' `` Dangerous '' `` Come Together '' `` Someone Put Your Hand Out '' `` Scream '' `` Childhood '' `` They Do n't Care About Us '' `` Stranger in Moscow '' `` This Time Around '' `` Earth Song '' `` D.S. '' `` Money '' `` You Are Not Alone '' `` Tabloid Junkie '' `` 2 Bad '' `` HIStory '' `` Little Susie '' `` Smile '' `` Mind Is the Magic '' `` Blood on the Dance Floor '' `` Morphine '' `` Superfly Sister '' `` Ghosts '' `` Is It Scary '' `` On the Line '' 2000s `` Speechless '' `` You Rock My World '' `` Carousel '' `` Streetwalker '' `` Fly Away '' `` Unbreakable '' `` Heartbreaker '' `` Invincible '' `` Heaven Can Wait '' `` Butterflies '' `` 2000 Watts '' `` You Are My Life '' `` Privacy '' `` Do n't Walk Away '' `` Cry '' `` The Lost Children '' `` Whatever Happens '' `` Threatened '' `` Shout '' `` One More Chance '' `` Cheater '' `` Beautiful Girl '' `` We 've Had Enough '' `` Sunset Driver '' `` Scared of the Moon '' `` We Are Here to Change the World '' `` Monkey Business '' `` Fall Again '' `` In the Back '' `` The Way You Love Me '' `` For All Time '' `` Got the Hots '' `` This Is It '' 2010s `` Breaking News '' `` Hold My Hand '' `` Hollywood Tonight '' `` Keep Your Head Up '' `` Monster '' `` Best of Joy '' `` ( I Ca n't Make It ) Another Day '' `` Behind the Mask '' `` Much Too Soon '' `` Do n't Be Messin ' ' Round '' `` I 'm So Blue '' `` Song Groove ( aka Abortion Papers ) '' `` Free '' `` Price of Fame '' `` Al Capone '' `` Je Ne Veux Pas La Fin De Nous '' `` Love Never Felt So Good '' `` Chicago '' `` Loving You '' `` A Place with No Name '' `` Slave to the Rhythm '' `` Do You Know Where Your Children Are '' `` Blue Gangsta '' `` Xscape '' `` Blood on the Dance Floor x Dangerous '' Other `` We Are the World '' `` What More Can I Give '' `` Todo Para Ti '' `` We Are the World 25 for Haiti '' Featured `` Save Me '' `` Night Time Lover '' `` Say Say Say '' `` The Man '' `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' `` Tell Me I 'm Not Dreamin ' ( Too Good to Be True ) '' `` Get It '' `` 2300 Jackson Street '' `` Do the Bartman '' `` Whatzupwitu '' `` Why '' `` I Need You '' `` We Be Ballin ' '' `` All in Your Name '' `` There Must Be More To Life Than This '' Book Category Portal Grammy Award for Record of the Year 1959 − 1980 `` Nel Blu Dipinto Di Blu ( Volare ) '' by Domenico Modugno ( 1959 ) `` Mack the Knife '' by Bobby Darin ( 1960 ) `` Theme from A Summer Place '' by Percy Faith ( 1961 ) `` Moon River '' by Henry Mancini ( 1962 ) `` I Left My Heart in San Francisco '' by Tony Bennett ( 1963 ) `` Days of Wine and Roses '' by Henry Mancini ( 1964 ) `` The Girl from Ipanema '' by Astrud Gilberto & Stan Getz ( 1965 ) `` A Taste of Honey '' by Herb Alpert and the Tijuana Brass ( 1966 ) `` Strangers in the Night '' by Frank Sinatra ( 1967 ) `` Up , Up and Away '' by The 5th Dimension ( Billy Davis Jr. , Florence LaRue , Marilyn McCoo , Lamont McLemore , Ron Townson ) ( 1968 ) `` Mrs. Robinson '' by Simon & Garfunkel ( Art Garfunkel , Paul Simon ) ( 1969 ) `` Aquarius / Let the Sunshine In '' by The 5th Dimension ( Billy Davis Jr. , Florence LaRue , Marilyn McCoo , Lamont McLemore , Ron Townson ) ( 1970 ) `` Bridge over Troubled Water '' by Simon & Garfunkel ( Art Garfunkel , Paul Simon ) ( 1971 ) `` It 's Too Late '' by Carole King ( 1972 ) `` The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face '' by Roberta Flack ( 1973 ) `` Killing Me Softly with His Song '' by Roberta Flack ( 1974 ) `` I Honestly Love You '' by Olivia Newton - John ( 1975 ) `` Love Will Keep Us Together '' by Captain & Tennille ( Daryl Dragon , Toni Tennille ) ( 1976 ) `` This Masquerade '' by George Benson ( 1977 ) `` Hotel California '' by Eagles ( Don Felder , Glenn Frey , Don Henley , Randy Meisner , Joe Walsh ) ( 1978 ) `` Just the Way You Are '' by Billy Joel ( 1979 ) `` What a Fool Believes '' by The Doobie Brothers ( Jeffrey Baxter , John Hartman , Keith Knudsen , Michael McDonald , Tiran Porter , Patrick Simmons ) ( 1980 ) 1981 − 2000 `` Sailing '' by Christopher Cross ( 1981 ) `` Bette Davis Eyes '' by Kim Carnes ( 1982 ) `` Rosanna '' by Toto ( Bobby Kimball , Steve Lukather , David Paich , Jeff Porcaro , David Hungate , Steve Porcaro ) ( 1983 ) `` Beat It '' by Michael Jackson ( 1984 ) `` What 's Love Got to Do with It '' by Tina Turner ( 1985 ) `` We Are the World '' by USA for Africa ( 1986 ) `` Higher Love '' by Steve Winwood ( 1987 ) `` Graceland '' by Paul Simon ( 1988 ) `` Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' by Bobby McFerrin ( 1989 ) `` Wind Beneath My Wings '' by Bette Midler ( 1990 ) `` Another Day in Paradise '' by Phil Collins ( 1991 ) `` Unforgettable '' by Natalie Cole with Nat King Cole ( 1992 ) `` Tears in Heaven '' by Eric Clapton ( 1993 ) `` I Will Always Love You '' by Whitney Houston ( 1994 ) `` All I Wanna Do '' by Sheryl Crow ( 1995 ) `` Kiss from a Rose '' by Seal ( 1996 ) `` Change the World '' by Eric Clapton ( 1997 ) `` Sunny Came Home '' by Shawn Colvin ( 1998 ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' by Celine Dion ( 1999 ) `` Smooth '' by Santana ( Rodney Holmes , Tony Lindsay , Karl Perazzo , Raul Rekow , Benny Rietveld , Carlos Santana , Chester Thompson ) featuring Rob Thomas ( 2000 ) 2001 − present `` Beautiful Day '' by U2 ( Bono , Adam Clayton , The Edge , Larry Mullen Jr . ) ( 2001 ) `` Walk On '' by U2 ( Bono , Adam Clayton , The Edge , Larry Mullen Jr . ) ( 2002 ) `` Do n't Know Why '' by Norah Jones ( 2003 ) `` Clocks '' by Coldplay ( Guy Berryman , Jon Buckland , Will Champion , Phil Harvey , Chris Martin ) ( 2004 ) `` Here We Go Again '' by Ray Charles and Norah Jones ( 2005 ) `` Boulevard of Broken Dreams '' by Green Day ( Billie Joe Armstrong , Mike Dirnt , Frank Edwin Wright III ) ( 2006 ) `` Not Ready to Make Nice '' by Dixie Chicks ( Martie Maguire , Natalie Maines , Emily Robison ) ( 2007 ) `` Rehab '' by Amy Winehouse ( 2008 ) `` Please Read the Letter '' by Alison Krauss and Robert Plant ( 2009 ) `` Use Somebody '' by Kings of Leon ( Caleb Followill , Jared Followill , Matthew Followill , Nathan Followill ) ( 2010 ) `` Need You Now '' by Lady Antebellum ( Hillary Scott , Charles Kelley , Dave Haywood ) ( 2011 ) `` Rolling in the Deep '' by Adele ( 2012 ) `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' by Gotye featuring Kimbra ( 2013 ) `` Get Lucky '' by Daft Punk featuring Pharrell Williams & Nile Rodgers ( 2014 ) `` Stay with Me '' ( Darkchild version ) by Sam Smith ( 2015 ) `` Uptown Funk '' by Mark Ronson featuring Bruno Mars ( 2016 ) `` Hello '' by Adele ( 2017 ) `` 24K Magic '' by Bruno Mars ( 2018 ) Fall Out Boy Patrick Stump Pete Wentz Joe Trohman Andy Hurley Ben Rose Mike Pareskuwicz T.J. Kunasch Brandon Hamm Studio albums Take This to Your Grave From Under the Cork Tree Infinity on High Folie à Deux Save Rock and Roll American Beauty / American Psycho Mania Extended plays Project Rocket / Fall Out Boy My Heart Will Always Be the B - Side to My Tongue Leaked in London America 's Suitehearts : Remixed , Retouched , Rehabbed and Retoxed PAX AM Days Llamania Live albums Live in Phoenix Compilation albums Believers Never Die -- Greatest Hits Remix albums Make America Psycho Again Demo albums Fall Out Boy 's Evening Out with Your Girlfriend Singles `` Dead on Arrival '' `` Grand Theft Autumn / Where Is Your Boy '' `` Saturday '' `` Sugar , We 're Goin Down '' `` Dance , Dance '' `` A Little Less Sixteen Candles , a Little More `` Touch Me '' '' `` The Carpal Tunnel of Love '' `` This Ai n't a Scene , It 's an Arms Race '' `` Thnks fr th Mmrs '' `` '' The Take Over , the Breaks Over `` '' `` I 'm Like a Lawyer with the Way I 'm Always Trying to Get You Off ( Me & You ) '' `` Beat It '' `` I Do n't Care '' `` America 's Suitehearts '' `` Headfirst Slide into Cooperstown on a Bad Bet '' `` What a Catch , Donnie '' `` My Songs Know What You Did in the Dark ( Light Em Up ) '' `` The Phoenix '' `` Alone Together '' `` Young Volcanoes '' `` Centuries '' `` Immortals '' `` American Beauty / American Psycho '' `` The Kids Are n't Alright '' `` Uma Thurman '' `` Irresistible '' `` Ghostbusters ( I 'm Not Afraid ) '' `` Young and Menace '' `` Champion '' `` The Last of the Real Ones '' `` Hold Me Tight or Do n't '' Concert tours Honda Civic Tour 2007 Young Wild Things Tour Believers Never Die Tour Part Deux Monumentour American Beauty / American Psycho Tour Wintour is Coming The Mania Tour Related articles Discography List of songs Arma Angelus Where Sleeplessness Is Rest from Nightmares Racetraitor The Damned Things Black Cards Welcome to the New Administration Fall Out Toy Works The Young Blood Chronicles Category John Mayer Discography Studio albums Room for Squares Heavier Things Continuum Battle Studies Born and Raised Paradise Valley The Search for Everything Live albums Any Given Thursday As / Is Try ! Where the Light Is : John Mayer Live in Los Angeles Extended plays Inside Wants Out The Village Sessions The Complete 2012 Performances Collection The Search for Everything : Wave One The Search for Everything : Wave Two Singles `` No Such Thing '' `` Your Body Is a Wonderland '' `` Why Georgia '' `` Bigger Than My Body '' `` Clarity '' `` Daughters '' `` Waiting on the World to Change '' `` Belief '' `` Gravity '' `` Dreaming with a Broken Heart '' `` Say '' `` Free Fallin ' '' `` Who Says '' `` Heartbreak Warfare '' `` Half of My Heart '' `` Shadow Days '' `` Queen of California '' `` Who You Love '' `` Love on the Weekend '' Featured singles `` Go ! '' `` Streetcorner Symphony '' Video albums Any Given Thursday Where the Light Is : John Mayer Live in Los Angeles Concert tours Battle Studies World Tour Born and Raised World Tour The Search for Everything World Tour Related articles John Mayer Trio Try ! `` Who Did You Think I Was '' Annual John Mayer Holiday Charity Revue Dead & Company Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beat_It&oldid=842640480 '' Categories : 1982 songs 1983 singles American hard rock songs Dance - rock songs Michael Jackson songs Fall Out Boy songs Fergie ( singer ) songs John Mayer songs Epic Records singles Grammy Award for Record of the Year Grammy Award for Best Male Rock Vocal Performance Music videos directed by Shane Drake Music videos directed by Bob Giraldi Song recordings produced by Michael Jackson Song recordings produced by Quincy Jones Song recordings produced by will.i.am Songs written by Michael Jackson Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles European Hot 100 Singles number - one singles Dutch Top 40 number - one singles Single Top 100 number - one singles Number - one singles in New Zealand Number - one singles in Spain RPM Top Singles number - one singles Ultratop 50 Singles ( Flanders ) number - one singles Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Turkish - language sources ( tr ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Danish - language sources ( da ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Articles with Spanish - language external links Use mdy dates from June 2012 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for France Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for United Kingdom Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for Poland Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for Mexico Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Pages using Certification Table Entry - Sales with missing information Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Singlechart usages for Swiss Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Singlechart usages for Wallonia Tip Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboarddigitalsongs Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Català Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Kiswahili Latviešu Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 30 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 May 2018 , at 18 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played the lead guitar in beat it | [
"\nMichael Jackson – lead vocals, background vocals, drum case beater\nPaul Jackson Jr. – rhythm guitar\nSteve Lukather – lead guitar, bass guitar\nEddie Van Halen – guitar solo\nSteve Porcaro – synthesizer, synthesizer programming\nGreg Phillinganes – Rhodes, synthesizer\nBill Wolfer – keyboards\nTom Bahler – Synclavier\nJeff Porcaro – drums\n"
] | [
"Steve Lukather"
] |
-7103185430391135699 | A Long Way Gone | A Long way Gone - wikipedia A Long way Gone Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A Long Way Gone : Memoirs of a Boy Soldier First edition cover Author Ishmael Beah Cover artist Jennifer Carrow , Michael Kamber ( photograph ) Country United States Language English Subject History , Civil War Genre Memoir Publisher Sarah Crichton Books Publication date February 13 , 2007 Media type Print ( Hardcover and Paperback ) Audio CD Pages 240 pp ( first edition ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 374 - 10523 - 5 OCLC 69423270 Dewey Decimal 966.404 B 22 LC Class DT516. 828. B43 A3 2007 A Long Way Gone : Memoirs of a Boy Soldier ( 2007 ) is a memoir written by Ishmael Beah , an author from Sierra Leone . The book is a firsthand account of Beah 's time as a child soldier during the civil war in Sierra Leone ( 1990s ) . Beah ran away from his village at the age of 12 after it was attacked by rebels , and he became forever separated from his immediate family . He wandered the war - filled country and was forced to join an army unit who brainwashed him into using guns and drugs . By 13 , he had perpetuated and witnessed a great deal of violence . At the age of 16 , however , UNICEF removed him from the unit and put him into a rehabilitation program . There he was able to find his uncle that would adopt him . With the help of some of the staff he was able to return to a civilian life and get off drugs . He was then given an opportunity to teach others about child soldiers . He traveled the United States recounting his story . Contents ( hide ) 1 Main character list 2 Plot summary 2.1 Before the RUF attack 2.2 RUF attacks and flight 2.3 Recruitment and life as a child soldier 2.4 Rescue and rehabilitation 2.5 Adoption 2.6 Return to Sierra Leone and flight abroad 3 Awards and recognition 4 Accuracy dispute 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Main character list ( edit ) Ishmael Beah : The book 's protagonist . Ishmael was a child soldier for the Sierra Leone Armed Forces . His parents , brothers , grandmother , and aunt were killed by the Revolutionary United Front , or RUF . After being rescued by UNICEF and rehabilitated , he went to live with his Uncle Tommy . While there , he was recruited to travel to the United States to speak at a United Nations event about child soldiers . Returning to Freetown after his speaking event , he eventually made his way back to the United States . After a time , he was able to forgive himself and love once again . He has a special passion for rap music . Junior Beah : Ishmael 's older brother by one year . Alhaji : One of Ishmael 's closest friends . Alhaji was part of the group of boys from Mattru Jong that Ishmael met in the wilderness . Alhaji and Ishmael formed a close bond during their years as soldiers , and were part of the same squad . Alhaji was nicknamed `` Little Rambo '' for his combat skills that were heavily influenced by the film . Alhaji and Ishmael were eventually taken by UNICEF and put into a rehabilitation shelter in Freetown . He apparently moved from foster home to foster home following the events of the book . Kanei , Musa , Saidu , Jumah , and Moriba : Ishmael 's friends from his home village whom he meets in the wilderness after being separated from his initial group . Saidu is the first of the group to die ; he dies suddenly two nights after he and the other boys eat a crow that fell from the sky . Kanei is the oldest of the group by three years , although Alhaji is confused as being older because he is taller . He becomes junior sergeant , and later is chosen to stay behind because he is older while Alhaji and Ishmael are sent to rehabilitation . It is unknown what happens to him . Musa is the group 's storyteller . He is killed in the first battle that Ishmael and his squad fight in . Jumah and Moriba also become part of the army . Jumah is assigned to another squad in a different village , and is last seen preparing for another village raid . Moriba is killed in a fight some time during Ishmael 's time as a soldier ; however , his death is not thought much about . Talloi , Gibrilla , Kaloko , and Khalilou : Ishmael 's initial travelling companions . Talloi is Junior 's friend and follows them to Mattru Jong for the contest . The three meet up with old friends , Gibrilla , Kaloko , and Khalilou there . They escape the attack of Mattru Jong by RUF forces , but are later split apart by another attack in a different village . Ishmael found Kaloko hiding as well , but Beah subsequently left him once he grew tired of hiding , and Kaloko was unwilling to follow him . It is unknown what happened to the four boys . Uncle Tommy : Ishmael 's Uncle . Uncle Tommy is a carpenter with three kids and a wife , all of whom welcome Ishmael as their new brother . They all love Ishmael irrevocably , and unconditionally . Uncle Tommy and his wife are the only ones who know about Ishmael 's past . However , they forgive him and take him in as their own son right away . Ishmael truly feels like he belongs when he is with them . Uncle Tommy later dies of sickness . Esther : A nurse at the shelter whom Ishmael develops a friendship with . Ishmael tells parts of his war stories and dreams to Esther , and soon comes to fully trust her . Esther gives Ishmael a Walkman with a Run -- D.M.C. cassette and later buys him a Bob Marley cassette . Esther does regular check - ups on Ishmael 's mental health during his period of rehabilitation at Benin Home . Ishmael admits that he loves her , but never sees her again after he leaves Freetown . Mambu : Another child soldier with the Sierra Leone Armed Forces . Mambu and Ishmael meet at the shelter for the first time . They become close friends . He later goes back to the front lines after his family rejects taking him in . Mohamed : Ishmael 's best friend from his home village , whom Ishmael is reunited with at the UNICEF rehabilitation center where Ishmael has already been for several months . Mohamed was meant to go with Ishmael to the talent show in the beginning of the story , but had to stay behind to help his father work . Plot summary ( edit ) Before the RUF attack ( edit ) The book starts with Ishmael Beah , his older brother Junior , and their friend Talloi traveling from their village of Mogbwemo to Mattru Jong in order to perform in a talent show . Ishmael , Junior , and their friend dance and sing rap music . Thinking they would return the following day , they tell no one of their leaving . RUF attacks and flight ( edit ) During their stay in Mattru Jong with Gibrilla , Khalilou , and Kaloko , the RUF attacks . The three are able to flee the village without the rebels following them . They decide to head back home . On the way , it turns out that their village was also captured by the RUF . According to an old man who was sitting outside the village , most of the people had fled to a village on the Sierra Leone coast . Ishmael , Junior , and their friend decide to travel there in order to locate their families . On their way , they encounter multiple other villages . They are accepted into another village on the grounds that they help with the farming . After months , the village is attacked . Caught by surprise , Ishmael , Junior , and their friend split up and run into the swamps . It is unknown what happens to his friends afterwards . Ishmael roams around the wilderness by himself for a while , until he meets up with another group of traveling boys whom he recognizes from his home village . The boys then travel together to another village on the coast . Many refugees fled to this village because the Sierra Leone Armed Forces occupied it . In search of safety , the group of boys and Ishmael go to that village , but soon leave . Ishmael then learns from a woman from his hometown that Junior , his younger brother Ibrahim , and his parents are safe in another village with many others from Mattru Jong . Just before they reach the village , the boys meet a man named Gasemu whom Ishmael knew from Mattru Jong . Gasemu tells them that Ishmael 's family are indeed safe in the village , and ask the boys to help him carry bananas back to that village . However , moments before they reach the town , it is attacked by the RUF . Although their bodies are not found among the dead or in the burning house where they lived , Ishmael assumes that his family is dead . Devastated , and believing that Gasemu is to blame for his not being able to see his family on time , Ishmael attacks Gasemu but is stopped by the other boys . They are then chased into the forest by remaining RUF soldiers , and Gasemu dies from being shot , leaving Ishmael more saddened . Recruitment and life as a child soldier ( edit ) The boys then settle into another village protected by the army . After many uneventful days , the lieutenant in charge of the troops in the village announced that the RUF was beginning to assault the village . The lieutenant said that in order for the people to survive , they must contribute to the war effort by enlisting in the army ; escape was not an option . By doing this , the lieutenant secures many child soldiers , the weapon of choice for both the RUF and the Sierra Leone Armed Forces . Ishmael becomes a junior lieutenant for his skill in executing prisoners of war and is put in charge of a small group of other child soldiers . As a child soldier Ishmael is exposed to extreme violence and drug usage . The drugs he used are described in the book as `` brown brown '' , `` white pills '' , and marijuana . Rescue and rehabilitation ( edit ) In January 1996 , during one of the roll calls , a group of men wearing UNICEF shirts round up several boys and takes them to a shelter in Sierra Leone 's capital , Freetown , where they and several other child soldiers are to be rehabilitated . However , the children cause much trouble for the volunteer staffers at the facility , with Ishmael experiencing symptoms of drug withdrawal as well as troubling memories of his time as a child soldier . Despite the violence caused by the children , one of the staffers , Nurse Esther , becomes interested in Ishmael , learning about his childhood love of rap music and purchasing him a rap cassette and Walkman , when she takes Ishmael and his friend Alhaji to the city . It is through this connection and his numerous counseling experiences with Esther that Ishmael eventually turns away from his violent self and starts to heal from his mental wounds . Adoption ( edit ) Eventually , Ishmael becomes adopted by his Uncle Tommy in the city and settles down with him and his family on the outskirts of Freetown . It is during this time that Ishmael is chosen to speak to the United Nations ( UN ) in New York City about his experiences as a child soldier and the other problems plaguing his country . While at the UN meeting , Ishmael met several other children who were also experiencing problems in their countries . There were 57 children present at the meeting , and each told his or her story to the UN . Ishmael also meets Laura Simms , his chaperone , who is a storyteller and his future foster mother . Return to Sierra Leone and flight abroad ( edit ) In 1996 , when Ishmael returns to Sierra Leone , Freetown is invaded by a combination of the RUF and the Sierra Leonean government army , causing many civilian deaths , including the death of Uncle Tommy from malady . Believing that he can no longer stay in Freetown for fear of either becoming a soldier again or of being killed by his former army friends if he refused , Ishmael decides to get in contact with Laura Simms . He then escapes Sierra Leone and crosses the border into Guinea , where he eventually makes his way to the United States and his new life abroad . Awards and recognition ( edit ) A Long Way Gone was nominated for a Quill Award in the Best Debut Author category for 2006 . Accuracy dispute ( edit ) In 2009 , The Australian reported that aspects of Beah 's account of his life story did not match other evidence . The report claimed that Beah 's village was destroyed in 1995 rather than 1993 , and that given the more compressed time frame , he could not have been a soldier for more than a couple of months , rather than the years that he describes in his book . He would also have been aged 15 when he became a soldier , rather than 13 . Questions were also raised about Beah 's description of a battle between child soldiers at a UNICEF camp , in which 6 people were said to have been killed . Witnesses interviewed by The Australian said that such an event in a UNICEF camp would have drawn significant attention in Sierra Leone , but no independent verification of such a battle could be obtained . Investigations by other publications also failed to discover other evidence of such a battle , and UNICEF , while supportive of Beah in general , also said that it had not been able to verify this aspect of his story . The Australian 's claims were subsequently denied in a statement issued by Beah , in which he called into question the reliability of the sources quoted . The statement also cited the fact that during the early stages of its research , the newspaper had investigated the possibility that Beah 's father was still alive , a possibility that was based on mistaken identity by an Australian mining engineer . The Australian 's published articles stated that they had established that the man in question was not Beah 's father . Beah 's adoptive mother also reaffirmed her belief in the validity of the dates , quoting two Sierra Leonean sources who corroborated the chronology of events given in his book . However , the publisher amended this statement after The Australian objected that it seriously misrepresented the newspaper 's report . The source cited by the publisher , Leslie Mboka , National Chairman of the Campaign for Just Mining , was in fact quoted by The Australian . The newspaper quoted him as saying that Beah `` was a young child who had been through terrible things so he could easily have got things mixed up . '' Mboka , when subsequently contacted by the publisher , reported to them that he had vigorously supported Beah 's chronology when interviewed by The Australian , and had challenged the paper for bias . However , Mboka had not met Beah until after the disputed events had taken place , and so was unable to provide firsthand verification of his account . The other correction involved the newspaper 's publication , not of Beah 's foster - mother 's address but of her publicly listed website address ; hate mail had indeed been received , but via the Internet . While the publisher made note of these , it stood by the accuracy of the book . The dispute over Beah 's credibility arose at a time when the exposure of some `` fictional '' memoirs , such as Margaret Seltzer 's account of growing up in a Los Angeles crime gang and James Frey 's account of drug addiction , had led to debate over the nature of the genre . The controversy was followed up in international publications including the British Sunday Times , Slate , and the Village Voice . Beah had claimed to have a `` photographic memory '' , which enabled him to have perfect recall of the events he described , leaving him `` less room to maneuver '' than if he had allowed room for human error . However , some of his defenders as well as his critics allowed for the possibility that his account was not entirely accurate , stating that the main point was that he had drawn attention to an issue that was of vital importance . Possible explanations for any inaccuracies include the trauma of war as experienced by a young child , the drug use described in his account , and the possibility that Beah was tacitly encouraged by outsiders to compile stories from multiple sources into a singular autobiographical account . Neil Boothby , an academic who has undertaken extensive research into children and war , said that while all of the atrocities described by Beah have occurred at various points , it would be highly unusual for one child to have experienced them all . Boothby criticized the mentality that provided attention only to those with the most horrific stories to tell , thus encouraging exaggeration . `` I 've seen it over and over . Whether by psychologists or journalists , they are encouraged to tell the sensational stories ... The system is set up to reward sensational stories . We all need to look at why does something have to be so horrific before we open our eyes and ears and hearts ? '' See also ( edit ) Children of War ( 2010 ) , documentary by Bryan Single Jimmie Briggs , investigator and author of Innocents Lost : When Child Soldiers Go to War P.W. Singer , investigator and author of Children at War References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 07 - 26 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ Beah , Ishmael ( 2006 ) . A Long Way Gone : Memoirs of a Boy Soldier . New York : Sarah Crichton Books . Jump up ^ Twist in the tale of a child soldier The Australian Jump up ^ Michael Clancy , `` UNICEF Cannot Confirm Beah 's Camp Brawl Claim '' , Village Voice , , March 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Beah defends books against charges of lies -- 1 / 23 / 2008 ^ Jump up to : Graham Rayman , `` Boy Soldier of Fortune '' , Village Voice , March 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ The Book Standard is closed Jump up ^ Motoko Rich , `` Gang Memoir , Turning Page , Is Pure Fiction '' , The New York Times , March 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Bryan Appleyard 's full account of his interview with Ishmael Beah , Times Online . Jump up ^ Gabriel Sherman , `` The feud over Ishmael Beah 's child - soldier memoir , A Long Way Gone '' , Slate Magazine . External links ( edit ) ALongWayGone.com -- A Long Way Gone : Memoirs of a Boy Soldier website C - SPAN Video archives Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Long_Way_Gone&oldid=785878001 '' Categories : Works about child soldiers Aftermath of war 2007 non-fiction books Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles needing additional references from April 2014 All articles needing additional references Pages to import images to Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Português Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 15 June 2017 , at 22 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when does a long way gone take place | [
"A Long Way Gone: Memoirs of a Boy Soldier (2007) is a memoir written by Ishmael Beah, an author from Sierra Leone. The book is a firsthand account of Beah's time as a child soldier during the civil war in Sierra Leone (1990s).[1] Beah ran away from his village at the age of 12 after it was attacked by rebels, and he became forever separated from his immediate family. He wandered the war-filled country and was forced to join an army unit who brainwashed him into using guns and drugs. By 13, he had perpetuated and witnessed a great deal of violence. At the age of 16, however, UNICEF removed him from the unit and put him into a rehabilitation program. There he was able to find his uncle that would adopt him. With the help of some of the staff he was able to return to a civilian life and get off drugs. He was then given an opportunity to teach others about child soldiers. He traveled the United States recounting his story."
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"1990s"
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-40221445722205147 | New Tappan Zee Bridge | New Tappan Zee Bridge - wikipedia New Tappan Zee Bridge Jump to : navigation , search New Tappan Zee Bridge New Tappan Zee Bridge while under construction , one week before its official opening Coordinates 41 ° 04 ′ 17 '' N 73 ° 53 ′ 28 '' W / 41.07139 ° N 73.89111 ° W / 41.07139 ; - 73.89111 Coordinates : 41 ° 04 ′ 17 '' N 73 ° 53 ′ 28 '' W / 41.07139 ° N 73.89111 ° W / 41.07139 ; - 73.89111 Carries 8 lanes ( 4 northbound / westbound , 4 southbound / eastbound ) of I - 87 / I - 287 / New York Thruway ( when complete ) 4 northbound / westbound lanes of I - 87 / I - 287 / New York Thruway ( currently ) Crosses Hudson River Locale Connecting South Nyack ( Rockland County ) and Tarrytown ( Westchester County ) Official name Governor Mario M. Cuomo Bridge Other name ( s ) New NY Bridge Maintained by New York State Thruway Authority Characteristics Design dual - span cable - stayed twin bridge History Construction start 2013 Construction cost $3.9 billion ( 2013 project budget ) Opened August 26 , 2017 ( westbound span ) June 15 , 2018 ( project completion ) Statistics Daily traffic 138,000 + ( 2011 est ) The New Tappan Zee Bridge , also known as the New NY Bridge and officially named the Governor Mario M. Cuomo Bridge after the late former governor Mario Cuomo , is a twin cable - stayed bridge being built to replace the current original Tappan Zee Bridge over New York 's Hudson River . The new bridges are to the north of and roughly parallels the existing Tappan Zee Bridge , and cross the Hudson River at east - to - west direction . In the final configuration , the north span will carry the northbound traffic of I - 87 , westbound traffic of I - 287 , and a bicycle / pedestrian path , with the south span that will carry southbound and eastbound traffic of I - 87 and I - 287 , respectively . Construction began in 2013 , and at 1 : 36 A.M. on August 26 , 2017 , the north span officially opened to westbound traffic . Eastbound traffic is expected to be switched onto the same span on October 6 , 2017 at which time the old bridge will be decommissioned and demolished . Both spans are expected to be operational by June 15 , 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Construction progress 3 Public transportation 4 See also 5 References 6 External links 7 Further reading 8 External links Background ( edit ) The original Tappan Zee Bridge , built in a period of material shortages during the Korean War The original Tappan Zee Bridge is a cantilever bridge built during 1952 -- 1955 . The bridge is 3 miles ( 4.8 km ) long and spans the Hudson at its second - widest point . The Tappan Zee river crossing was named by 17th century Dutch settlers . The Tappan Zee Bridge , along with the smaller Bear Mountain Bridge , are the only crossings of the Tappan Zee , a 33 - mile ( 53 km ) stretch of river that passes through New York City 's populous northern suburbs . The deteriorating current structure bears an average of 138,000 vehicles per day , substantially more traffic than its designed capacity . During its first decade , the bridge carried fewer than 40,000 vehicles per day . Part of the justification for replacing the bridge stems from its construction immediately following the Korean War on a low budget of only $81 million . Unlike other major bridges in metropolitan New York , the Tappan Zee Bridge was designed to last only 50 years . The new bridge is intended to last at least 100 years . The collapse of Minnesota 's I - 35W Mississippi River bridge in 2007 raised worries about the Tappan Zee Bridge 's structural integrity . These concerns , together with traffic overcapacity and increased maintenance costs , escalated the serious discussions already ongoing about replacing the Tappan Zee with a tunnel or a new bridge . Six options were identified and submitted for project study and environmental review . Construction progress ( edit ) Under construction , day view ( left , May 2017 ) and night view ( right , September 2016 ) The Federal Highway Administration issued a report in October 2011 designating the Tappan Zee 's replacement to be a dual - span twin bridge . The new bridge is now under construction a few yards to the north of the existing bridge , and will connect to the existing highway approaches of the New York State Thruway ( I - 87 / I - 287 ) on both river banks . Construction began as scheduled during October 2013 , with completion targeted for 2017 . After some delays , the project is currently expected to be completed by June 15 , 2018 at a cost of $3.98 billion . Originally , some motorists thought that bridge tolls could more than double ( to $12 - $15 for automobiles , eastbound only ) , rising to those of New York City 's Hudson River crossings . However , the state passed legislation freezing the toll on the bridge at $5 through 2020 in its 2016 legislative session . Aerial view of the new Tappan Zee Bridge currently being constructed next to the existing Tappan Zee Bridge ( August 2016 ) The new Tappan Zee Bridge was proposed to include four vehicle lanes on each span , for a total of eight lanes , as well as a shared - use bicycle and pedestrian path . Like its predecessor , the new Tappan Zee Bridge is to be administered by the New York State Thruway Authority . The authority is project co-sponsor , along with the state Department of Transportation . The New York Metropolitan Transportation Council added the Tappan Zee Bridge to its list of projects eligible for federal funds in August 2012 . The United States Department of Transportation approved the plan on September 25 , 2012 . The approval process took fewer than 10 months as opposed to the traditional multi-year process as a result of being placed on a `` fast track '' for approval by the Obama Administration . On December 17 , 2012 , New York state officials dropped their proposal for a 45 percent increase on the state Thruway toll for trucks , while advancing a $3.14 billion project to replace the bridge . The new Tappan Zee Bridge was built by Tappan Zee Constructors , a design - build LLC composed of Fluor Corporation , American Bridge Company , Granite Construction Northeast and Traylor Bros . The Left Coast Lifter was used to install groups of pre-assembled girders one full span at a time . By the end of 2013 , General Electric had completed four seasons of dredging to remove contaminants from the river bottom . Approximately 70 percent of the sediments targeted for dredging were removed ( totaling more than 1,900,000 cubic yards ( 1,500,000 m ) of sediment ) . The project timeline originally indicated that the old bridge would be closed in 2016 and that the demolition of the old bridge would begin in February 2017 , however , that timeline has since been amended . The first span of the bridge opened to westbound traffic on August 26 , 2017 . Eastbound traffic will be put onto the same span on October 6 , 2017 so that demolition on the old bridge can begin in order to allow the completion of the south span . The project is expected to be completed by June 15 , 2018 . When completed , the new Tappan Zee Bridge will be one of the widest cable - stay bridges on the planet , with a combined deck width across both decks of almost 56 metres ( 184 ft ) -- barely one foot ( 30 cm ) wider than the relatively `` short - span '' , cable - stayed Leonard Zakim Bridge in downtown Boston , Massachusetts , itself already 183 feet wide . Turkey 's 3rd Bosphorus bridge , completed in 2016 , has been built with a single deck almost 59 metres ( 194 ft ) wide , and the Tappan Zee Bridge will also be one of the longest cable - stayed spans in the nation . On July 19 , 2016 , a crane used for construction of the bridge collapsed onto the existing older bridge . Five people were injured , including three drivers and two bridge workers ; no one was killed or critically injured . The New York State government decided to name the bridge after the father of the current governor of New York , Andrew Cuomo , the late Governor Mario Cuomo on June 29 , 2017 . This has been met with stiff criticism as a recent poll taken of NYS residents indicate 50 percent oppose the renaming . Many have cited the timing of the NYS legislature vote at the last session before the summer term ended and the last chance to enact a budget for NYS . The new northbound / westbound span opened on August 26 , 2017 . Southbound / eastbound traffic will remain on the old span until October 6 , 2017 , when it will also be shifted the new northbound / westbound span to allow for the completion of the new southbound / eastbound span . Public Transportation ( edit ) West of the Tappan Zee , the 680,000 residents of Rockland and Orange counties currently have very limited mass transit to New York City via the Port Jervis Line and Pascack Valley Line commuter rail services . The bridge plan includes as an objective merely , `` Providing a crossing that does not preclude future trans - Hudson transit services . '' A proposed bus rapid transit system using the new bridge was shelved as too expensive . However , the bridge was structurally built for expansion of the BRT at a later date in mind . Also the new bridge is built to consider a later date expansion which would include a commuter rail . The existing Tarrytown station of the Metro - North Railroad 's Hudson Line is located about 2,000 feet ( 610 m ) from the new bridge 's eastern landing . In 2011 , the state estimated that a bus connector to the station would add about $151 million , or about 3 percent to projected costs of the new bridge . Responding to widespread concerns about the lack of new public transit service , bridge planners agreed only to a `` dedicated express bus lane '' in each direction for use during rush hour . See also ( edit ) Bridges portal Hudson Valley portal New York portal List of fixed crossings of the Hudson River References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` About the Project '' . The New NY Bridge . New York State Thruway Authority . Retrieved October 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter '' . mobile.twitter.com . ^ Jump up to : DeWitt , Scott Willis , Karen . `` Gov. Cuomo Opens Thruway Bridge Across the Hudson Amid Questions About Tolls '' . Jump up ^ http://visitnyack.org/2017/08/22/tzb-west-span-open/ Jump up ^ http://www.hvmag.com/The-New-Tappan-Zee-Bridge-Check-Out-These-Photos/ Jump up ^ `` The New NY Bridge Project '' . www.newnybridge.com . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Berger , Joseph ( August 24 , 2017 ) . `` Bridge of Grand Ambitions Is Set to Open at the Tappan Zee '' -- via NYTimes.com . Jump up ^ http://westchester.news12.com/story/36477525/traffic-set-to-switch-on-new-gov-mario-cuomo-bridge Jump up ^ McGeehan , Patrick ( January 17 , 2006 ) . `` A Bridge That Has Nowhere Left to Go '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 27 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` NY proposes steep toll increases for new Tappan Zee bridge '' . Reuters . August 4 , 2012 . Some alternatives to the Tappan Zee bridge are already more expensive . The George Washington Bridge , which crosses the Hudson River south of the Tappan Zee , has a cash toll of US $12 , which is expected to rise to $15 in 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tappan Zee Bridge has received ' poor ' ratings '' . Poughkeepsie Journal . Gannett News Service . August 3 , 2007 . Retrieved August 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Thruway Authority ; MTA Metro - North Railroad ( June 2003 ) . `` Long List of Level 1 Alternatives '' . Tappan Zee Bridge Replacement . New York State . Retrieved November 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Zhao , Yilu ( July 24 , 2003 ) . `` From 156 Options , Down to 15 Ways to Go on Tappan Zee '' . New York Times . Retrieved November 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Dept of Transportation ; Thruway Authority ; MTA Metro - North Railroad ( January 2006 ) . `` Alternatives Analysis Report , Level 2 '' . Tappan Zee Bridge Replacement . New York State . Retrieved November 7 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : US Federal Highway Administration ( October 13 , 2011 ) . `` Tappan Zee Hudson River Crossing Project Scoping Information Packet '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved October 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Governor Cuomo Announces Beginning of Formal Construction of the New NY Bridge to Replace Tappan Zee '' . Office of Governor Andrew M. Cuomo. 2014 - 09 - 28 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` New Tappan Zee construction starts '' . New York Post . Associated Press . 2013 - 10 - 16 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ Haughney , Christine ( October 11 , 2011 ) . `` U.S. Says It Will Expedite Approval to Replace Deteriorating Tappan Zee Bridge '' . New York Times . Retrieved November 7 , 2011 . The state will pay for the project by issuing $3 billion in bonds against its toll revenues ; the remaining $2.2 billion will be financed with loans from labor pension funds and the Transportation Infrastructure Finance and Innovation Act . Jump up ^ `` About '' . The New NY Bridge Project . October 12 , 2015 . Retrieved August 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tappan Zee tolls frozen until 2020 '' . News 12 Westchester . News 12 Networks . April 7 , 2016 . Retrieved August 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Plotch , Philip Mark . Politics Across the Hudson : The Tappan Zee Megaproject . Rutgers University Press , New Jersey ( 2015 ) . p. 165 - 168 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Bloomberg Businessweek , September 25 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` New York State Advances $3.1 Billion Plan To Replace Tappan Zee Bridge '' . CBS News New York . Retrieved December 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tappan Zee Hudson River Crossing '' . October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hudson River PCB Dredging Project '' . Hudsondredging.com . Retrieved April 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` About the project '' . New York State Thruway Authority . Retrieved June 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Massachusetts Department of Transportation . `` MassDOT -- The Big Dig -- Tunnels and Bridges -- The Cable - stayed Bridge '' . Retrieved April 5 , 2014 . Girders , floor beams and two planes of cables support the bridge 's 745 - foot - long , 183 - foot - wide main span . Jump up ^ `` Design Feature '' . Jump up ^ `` Crane collapse on Tappan Zee Bridge injures at least 5 ; all lanes closed in both directions '' . NY Daily News . Retrieved July 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Four Hurt When Crane collapses onto Tappan Zee Bridge '' . NY Post . Retrieved July 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tappan Zee Bridge gets new name : The Governor Mario M. Cuomo Bridge '' . Lohud / The Journal News . June 29 , 2017 . Retrieved June 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Opening day on new Tappan Zee Bridge shows sleek design , new features '' . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Watch drone video of New York 's new Tappan Zee Bridge '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rockland - bound traffic to begin traveling on new Tappan Zee Bridge '' . ABC7 New York . August 26 , 2017 at 1 : 35am . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Check date values in : date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Kazis , Noah ( July 12 , 2012 ) . `` Even a Paltry $150 M For Tappan Zee Transit Is Too Much For Andrew Cuomo '' . Streetsblog NYC . OpenPlans . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . ' This is a red herring that it 's going to cost $5 billion to do BRT and therefore we 're not going to do anything , ' said Jeff Zupan , a senior fellow with the Regional Plan Association . Jump up ^ Nicosia , Mareesa ( August 15 , 2012 ) . `` New Tappan Zee Bridge : Nyack residents voice traffic , noise , toll concerns '' . The Journal News . Westchester & Rockland Counties , New York . Archived from the original on December 30 , 2013 . Retrieved September 11 , 2012 . ( E ) ight general - purpose lanes would be flanked on each side by wide shoulders , which would allow emergency vehicles to pass traffic . One shoulder on each side of the bridge would serve as a dedicated express bus lane . External links ( edit ) More renderings of the new bridge . Further reading ( edit ) Plotch , Philip Mark ( 2015 ) . Politics Across the Hudson - The Tappan Zee Megaproject . Rutgers University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8135 - 7249 - 9 . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to New Tappan Zee Bridge . The New NY Bridge ( official Tappan Zee Bridge replacement project site ) Tappan Zee Bridge / I - 287 Environmental Review project site ( archived March 15 , 2016 ) ( hide ) Crossings of the Hudson River Upstream Haverstraw -- Ossining Ferry New Tappan Zee Bridge Downstream George Washington Bridge Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Tappan_Zee_Bridge&oldid=803601511 '' Categories : Bridges over the Hudson River New York State Thruway Authority Transportation in Rockland County , New York Transportation in Westchester County , New York Proposed bridges in the United States Road bridges in New York ( state ) Proposed buildings and structures in New York ( state ) Cable - stayed bridges in the United States Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates Wikipedia pages move - protected due to vandalism Use mdy dates from August 2017 Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 3 October 2017 , at 14 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when will the tappan zee bridge be finished | [
"The New Tappan Zee Bridge,[4][5] also known as the New NY Bridge[6] and officially named the Governor Mario M. Cuomo Bridge after the late former governor Mario Cuomo,[7] is a twin cable-stayed bridge being built to replace the current original Tappan Zee Bridge over New York's Hudson River. The new bridges are to the north of and roughly parallels the existing Tappan Zee Bridge, and cross the Hudson River at east-to-west direction. In the final configuration, the north span will carry the northbound traffic of I-87, westbound traffic of I-287, and a bicycle/pedestrian path, with the south span that will carry southbound and eastbound traffic of I-87 and I-287, respectively. Construction began in 2013, and at 1:36 A.M. on August 26, 2017, the north span officially opened to westbound traffic. Eastbound traffic is expected to be switched onto the same span on October 6, 2017[8] at which time the old bridge will be decommissioned and demolished. Both spans are expected to be operational by June 15, 2018."
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"Both spans are expected to be operational by June 15, 2018"
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2432710939288274504 | America's Next Top Model (cycle 15) | America 's Next Top Model ( cycle 15 ) - wikipedia America 's Next Top Model ( cycle 15 ) Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) Some of this article 's listed sources may not be reliable . Please help this article by looking for better , more reliable sources . Unreliable citations may be challenged or deleted . ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) America 's Next Top Model ( cycle 15 ) Cycle 15 cast Country of origin United States No. of episodes 13 Release Original network The CW Original release September 8 ( 2010 - 09 - 08 ) -- December 1 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 01 ) Additional information Judges Tyra Banks Nigel Barker André Leon Talley No. of contestants 14 Winner Ann Ward All - stars Kayla Ferrel Cycle chronology ← Previous Cycle 14 Next → Cycle 16 List of America 's Next Top Model episodes The fifteenth cycle of America 's Next Top Model premiered on September 8 , 2010 and was the ninth season to be aired on The CW network . The promotional song for this cycle is `` California Gurls '' by Katy Perry . The episode titles for this cycle were based on the guest judges . The catch - phrase for this cycle is `` Are You Ready For High Fashion . '' Several changes were made to the show in a bid to place greater emphasis on high fashion , including a lineup of prominent fashion industry guest judges as well as a change in prizes . The prizes for this cycle are : A modeling contract with IMG Models . A fashion spread in Vogue Italia , and both the cover and a spread in Beauty In Vogue , and will be featured on Vogue.it . A US $ 100,000 contract with CoverGirl cosmetics . The following prizes have been removed : A modeling contract with Wilhelmina Models . A fashion spread and cover in Seventeen . All three permanent judges from the previous cycle -- Vogue editor - at - large André Leon Talley , photographer Nigel Barker and Tyra Banks herself -- remain . The international destinations for this cycle are Venice , Milan , Verona and Como ; Italy , making this the third time the show has travelled to Italy , and the second time it has travelled to Milan , Verona and Como ( Cycle 2 ) ; Rome was visited in Cycle 10 . The winner was 19 - year - old Ann Ward from Dallas , Texas . Contents ( hide ) 1 Contestants 2 Episodes 2.1 Welcome to High Fashion 2.2 Diane von Furstenberg 2.3 Patricia Field 2.4 Matthew Rolston 2.5 Karolina Kurkova 2.6 Patrick Demarchelier 2.7 Francesco Carrozzini 2.8 Zac Posen 2.9 Margherita Missoni 2.10 Kyle Hagler 2.11 Franca Sozzani 2.12 High Fashion Highlights 2.13 Roberto Cavalli 3 Summaries 3.1 Call - out order 3.2 Photo shoot guide 3.3 Makeovers 4 Cast members 4.1 Judges 5 Post-Top Model careers 6 References 7 External links Contestants ( ages stated are at start of contest ) Contestant Age Height Hometown Finish Place Anamaria Mirdita 18 5 ft 10 in ( 1.78 m ) Queens , New York Episode 2 14 Terra White 24 5 ft 8.5 in ( 1.74 m ) Arlington , Texas Episode 3 13 Sara Blackamore 21 5 ft 10 in ( 1.78 m ) Menifee , California 12 Rhianna Atwood 20 6 ft 1.5 in ( 1.87 m ) San Diego , California Episode 4 11 Lexie Tomchek 18 6 ft 0 in ( 1.83 m ) Geneva , Illinois Episode 5 10 Kacey Leggett 20 5 ft 9 in ( 1.75 m ) Palmdale , California Episode 6 9 Kendal Brown 23 5 ft 11 in ( 1.80 m ) Northport , Alabama Episode 7 8 Esther Petrack 18 5 ft 9 in ( 1.75 m ) Boston , Massachusetts Episode 8 7 Liz Williams 21 5 ft 10 in ( 1.78 m ) Arlington , Texas Episode 9 6 Chris White 20 5 ft 10.5 in ( 1.79 m ) Arlington , Texas Episode 10 5 Kayla Ferrel 19 5 ft 9 in ( 1.75 m ) Rockford , Illinois Episode 11 4 -- 3 Jane Randall 19 5 ft 9 in ( 1.75 m ) Baltimore , Maryland Chelsey Hersley 22 5 ft 10.75 in ( 1.80 m ) Boise , Idaho Episode 13 Ann Ward 19 6 ft 2 in ( 1.88 m ) Dallas , Texas Episodes Starting from this season , the guest judge name of the episode was aired and is included in the title . It replaces titles with quotes from contestants and cast . Welcome to High Fashion First aired September 8 , 2010 Special guest : Cynthia Rowley Diane von Furstenberg First aired September 15 , 2010 Featured photographer : Deborah Anderson Special guests : Demi Lovato , Diane von Fürstenberg , Harry Perry , Isaac Prado , Anita Patrickson , Marky Andrews , Damien Carney Patricia Field First aired September 22 , 2010 Featured photographers : Keith Major ( makeovers ) , Anne Menke ( photoshoot ) Special guests : Patricia Field , Matthew Preece , Edgardo Falcon Jr. , Ryan Stybel , Michael Kanyon , Marco Berardini Matthew Rolston First aired September 29 , 2010 Featured photographer : Matthew Rolston Special guests : Valente Frazier , Julie Matos , Troy Jensen , Michael Kanyon Karolina Kurkova First aired October 6 , 2010 Featured photographers : Eddie Brakha , Moshe Brakha ( `` Brakha Squared '' ) Special guests : Karolína Kurková , Robert Steinken , Sunnie Brook Jones , Charlie Altuna , Jany Stanley Patrick Demarchelier First aired October 13 , 2010 Featured photographer : Patrick Demarchelier Special guests : Lori Goldstein , Derek Blasberg , Molly Stern Francesco Carrozzini First aired October 20 , 2010 Featured photographer : Francesco Carrozzini Special guests : Neil Portnow , Rushka Bergman , Amy Orseman , Johnny Stuntz Zac Posen First aired October 27 , 2010 Featured commercial director : Nigel Barker Special guests : Zac Posen , Johnny Stuntz , Joanna Konjevod , Amanda Fields Margherita Missoni First aired November 3 , 2010 Featured photographer : Simone Falcetta Special guests : Margherita Missoni , Angela Missoni , Lidia Permunian , Fabio D'Onofrio , Mario D'Amico , Alessandro Possati Kyle Hagler First aired November 10 , 2010 Featured photographer : Nigel Barker Special guests : Kyle Hagler , Giovanni Di Corrinto , Andrea Cairo , Angelo Azzena , Danilo Di Pasquale , Vincenzo Cavicchi , Simone Bredariol Franca Sozzani First aired November 17 , 2010 Featured director : Tyra Banks Special guests : Franca Sozzani , Barbara Terrinoni , Valentina Serra , Francesca Berardi High Fashion Highlights First aired November 24 , 2010 Roberto Cavalli First aired December 1 , 2010 Featured photographers : Vincent Peters , Federico De Angelis Special guests : Valentina Serra , Roberto Cavalli , Ivan Bart , Krista White Summaries Call - out order Order Episodes 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 13 Anamaria Ann Ann Ann Ann Ann Liz Chris Kayla Kayla Ann Ann Kendal Kayla Kayla Kacey Chris Jane Kayla Jane Jane Chelsey Chelsey Chelsey Rhianna Chelsey Chelsey Esther Chelsey Kendal Ann Chelsey Chelsey Ann Jane Kayla Chris Kendal Chris Chris Kayla Esther Chelsey Kayla Ann Jane 5 Jane Lexie Rhianna Kendal Liz Chris Chris Liz Chris Chris 6 Chelsey Liz Liz Lexie Esther Chelsey Jane Ann Liz 7 Liz Jane Jane Kayla Kacey Liz Esther Esther 8 Sara Esther Kacey Jane Kendal Kayla Kendal 9 Lexie Chris Kendal Chelsey Jane Kacey 10 Esther Rhianna Esther Liz Lexie 11 Kacey Kacey Lexie Rhianna 12 Kayla Sara Sara 13 Ann Terra Terra 14 Terra Anamaria The contestant was eliminated The contestant was eliminated outside of the judging panel The contestant won the competition In episode 1 , the group of 32 semi-finalists was reduced to 14 . In episode 3 , Terra was eliminated after the makeover shoot . Episode 12 was the recap episode . Photo shoot guide Episode 1 photo shoot : Paired up wearing Cynthia Rowley designs ( casting ) Episode 2 photo shoot : Teen bullying Episode 3 photo shoot : Fallen angels Episode 4 photo shoot : Underwater beauty shots Episode 5 photo shoot : Lucha Va Voom Episode 6 photo shoot : Walking down Rodeo Drive Episode 7 photo shoot : Portraying iconic fashion designers Episode 8 commercial : H2T water on roller skates Episode 9 photo shoot : Gondola group shoot with a casanova Episode 10 photo shoot : Marble statues coming to life Episode 11 motion editorial : Modelli folli ( `` model madness '' ) Episode 13 photo shoot and commercial : CoverGirl Lash Blast Fusion print ad and commercial & beauty In Vogue spread Makeovers Ann -- Dyed copper brown and extensions added Chelsey -- Dyed ice blonde Chris -- Bigger extensions Esther -- Extensions and dyed darker Jane -- Lightened up and highlights added Kacey -- Trimmed up and contacts instead of glasses Kayla -- Cut shoulder length , bangs added , and dyed bright red Kendal -- Extensions added Lexie -- Dyed brown Liz -- Cut short Rhianna -- Blonde extensions added Sara -- Dyed chocolate brown Terra -- Cut shorter Cast members Judges J. Alexander -- runway coach Jay Manuel -- photo shoot director Post-top Model careers Rhianna Atwood has been signed to Paragon Model Management in Mexico City . Sara Blackamore has been signed to Ford Models in Los Angeles . Ann Ward has been signed to IMG Models in New York City . Her cover of Beauty In Vogue was published in May 2011 and her editorial in Vogue Italia was published in March 2011 , shot by Ellen Von Unwerth ; instead of having a two - page spread , she received a five - page spread in Vogue Italia . Ward also modelled for the cover of Velvet Magazine in fall of 2011 and has walked for Alex London together with fellow contestant Jane Randall , Alexandria Everett and Hannah Jones . She was also featured in the season finale of America 's Next Top Model , Cycle 16 in the fashion show for Vivienne Westwood with the season 's finalists . Kendal Brown is signed with Wilhelmina Models as of 2011 . Kayla Ferrel was signed with Donna Model Management in Japan . In 2011 , she participated in America 's Next Top Model , Cycle 17 : All - Stars along with other past competitors . She also presented the Grammy award to Miranda Lambert at the 53rd Annual Grammy Awards . Chelsey Hersley has been signed to Passport Model Management in San Francisco and Urban Talent Management in Boise . Kacey Leggett has taken several test shots . Anamaria Mirdita has taken several test shots , and has modeled for Eryn Brinie 's Line . Esther Petrack was signed with the Israel fashion agency A.D.D. and worked with Grip for its Winter 2010 / 2011 collection . In December 2011 , she became a tank instructor in IDF . Jane Randall has been signed to IMG Models in New York City and in London and has also walked for Alex London along with fellow contestants Ann Ward , Alexandria Everett and Hannah Jones . Lexie Tomchek was featured in Vogue.it and currently works using her real name `` Alexia '' . Chris White has done multiple print ads and test shots and has also stated that she may pursue an acting career in the future . Terra White has been pursuing a career in modeling . She may pursue a career as a health teacher if modeling does n't work out . Liz Williams has taken some test shots and had a cover of TyraMag . References Jump up ^ `` ' America 's Next Top Model ' fifteenth - season cast revealed by The CW '' . Reality TV World . August 18 , 2010 . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2010 . Retrieved August 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Next Top Model -- Cast -- Anamaria '' . August 21 , 2010 . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2010 . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ TwinStarss ( August 18 , 2010 ) , ANTM Cycle 15 -- Meet Anamaria , retrieved April 21 , 2016 Jump up ^ TwinStarss ( August 18 , 2010 ) , ANTM Cycle 15 -- Meet Kendal , retrieved April 21 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` Shows -- America 's Next Top Model -- Episode Guide -- Diane Von Furstenberg '' . Cwtv.com . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2010 . Retrieved September 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Next Top Model After Show Season 20 `` Episodes 1 -- 3 '' AfterBuzz TV `` . YouTube . August 18 , 2013 . Retrieved August 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Listings -- AMERICA 'S NEXT TOP MODEL on The CW '' . TheFutonCritic.com . November 24 , 2010 . Retrieved March 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Listings -- AMERICA 'S NEXT TOP MODEL on The CW '' . TheFutonCritic.com . December 1 , 2010 . Retrieved March 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rhianna -- Paragon Model Management ( Mexico City ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Ann -- IMG Models ( New York City ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Kendal Brown -- PADDYLAST INC '' . Jump up ^ `` ' America 's Next Top Model 's ' Kayla Ferrel : ' I was confused about what they wanted ' '' . October 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ward , Kate ( May 12 , 2011 ) . `` ' Top Model All - Stars ' cast reported : Lisa D'Amato , Isis King in ; Jade out '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2011 . Retrieved May 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chelsey -- Passport Model Management ( San Francisco ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Chelsey -- Urban Talent Management ( Boise ) '' . Jump up ^ A Model Shoulder : America 's Next Top Model Becomes IDF Tank Instructor . Jewishvoiceny.com . March 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jane -- IMG Models ( New York City ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Jane -- IMG Models ( London ) '' . Jump up ^ `` PhotoVogue -- Vogue '' . Jump up ^ `` Redirect Notice '' . External links Official website ( hide ) America 's Next Top Model Cycles 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 All - Stars ( 17 ) British Invasion ( 18 ) College Edition ( 19 ) Guys & Girls 20 21 22 23 Contestants Winners Adrianne Curry Yoanna House Eva Pigford Naima Mora Nicole Linkletter Danielle Evans CariDee English Jaslene Gonzalez Saleisha Stowers Whitney Thompson McKey Sullivan Teyona Anderson Nicole Fox Krista White Ann Ward Brittani Kline Lisa D'Amato Sophie Sumner Laura James Jourdan Miller Keith Carlos Nyle DiMarco India Gants Finalists Elyse Sewell Mercedes Scelba - Shorte Yaya DaCosta Bre Scullark Jade Cole Melrose Bickerstaff Eugena Washington Renee DeWitt Chantal Jones Anya Kop Fatima Siad Analeigh Tipton Allison Harvard Laura Kirkpatrick Leila Goldkuhl Other alumni Toccara Jones Kim Stolz Cassandra Whitehead Anchal Joseph Heather Kuzmich Lisa Jackson Dominique Reighard Isis King Celia Ammerman Natalie Pack Jane Randall Esther Petrack AzMarie Livingston Jasmia Robinson Chantelle Young Related series Modelville ( 2008 ) Stylista ( 2008 ) True Beauty ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=America%27s_Next_Top_Model_(cycle_15)&oldid=810887802 '' Categories : America 's Next Top Model 2010 American television seasons Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Unfit url Articles lacking reliable references from May 2016 All articles lacking reliable references Articles needing additional references from March 2011 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from August 2017 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano Русский Simple English ไทย Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 November 2017 , at 02 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who wins americas next top model season 15 | [
"\nWinner\nAnn Ward\n"
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"Ann Ward"
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7393367123138033545 | History of the State of Palestine | History of the state of Palestine - wikipedia History of the state of Palestine Jump to : navigation , search Part of a series on the History of Palestine Prehistory Natufian culture Pre-Pottery Tahunian Ghassulian Jericho Ancient history Canaan Phoenicia Ancient Israel and Judah Philistia Median Empire Achaemenid Empire ( Yehud Medinata ) Classical period Seleucus Antigonus Hasmonean dynasty Herodian kingdom Province of Judea Syria Palaestina Byzantine Empire ( Palaestina Prima / Secunda ) Islamic rule Muslim conquest Rashidun ( Jund Filastin , Jund al - Urdunn ) Umayyad Abbasid Fatimid Crusader Ayyubid Mamluk Ottoman Modern era British Mandate All - Palestine Jordanian West Bank Egyptian Gaza Strip Israel Military Governorate Israeli Civil Administration Palestinian Authority ( Gaza Strip ) State of Palestine Palestine portal The history of the State of Palestine describes the creation and evolution of the State of Palestine in the West Bank and Gaza Strip . During the Mandatory period , numerous plans of partition of Palestine were proposed but without the agreement of all parties . In 1947 , the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine was voted . This triggered the 1948 Palestine war , which established a Jewish state but no Palestinian state . Since then there have been proposals to establish a Palestinian state . In 1969 , for example , the PLO proposed the establishment of a binational state over the whole of the former British Mandate territory . This proposal was rejected by Israel , as it would have amounted to the disbanding of the state of Israel . The basis of the current proposals is for a two - state solution on either a portion of or the entirety of the Palestinian territories -- the Gaza Strip and the West Bank , including East Jerusalem , which have been occupied by Israel since 1967 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Mandate Period 2.1 McMahon -- Hussein Correspondence ( 1915 -- 16 ) 2.2 Peel Commission ( 1936 -- 37 ) 2.3 The Arab League and the Arab Higher Committee ( 1945 ) 2.4 1947 UN Partition Plan 2.5 Civil war 1947 -- 48 3 1948 war until 1967 3.1 Arab -- Israeli War ( 1948 ) 3.2 Jordanian West Bank 3.3 All - Palestine government 3.4 Six - Day War ( 1967 ) 3.5 PLO and the binational state solution 3.6 Rift between Jordan and Palestinian leadership ( 1970 ) 3.7 Ten Point Program 4 Declaration of the state in 1988 5 Palestinian Authority ( 1994 ) 5.1 Split of Fatah and Hamas 6 Palestine in the United Nations 6.1 2011 United Nations membership application 6.2 2011 UNESCO membership 6.3 Non-member Observer State status in the UN ( 2012 ) 7 Current proposals 8 2013 State of Palestine decree 9 Peace process 9.1 Direct talks in 2010 10 Plans for a solution 11 Parties which recognise a Palestinian entity separate from Israel 12 See also 13 References 14 External links Background At the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire following World War I , the victorious European states divided many of its component regions into newly created states under League of Nations mandates according to deals that had been struck with other interested parties . In the Middle East , Syria ( including the Ottoman autonomous Christian Lebanon and the surrounding areas that became the Republic of Lebanon ) came under French control , while Mesopotamia and Palestine were allotted to the British . Most of these states achieved independence during the following three decades without great difficulty , though in some regimes , the colonial legacy continued through the granting of exclusive rights to market / manufacture oil and maintain troops to defend it . However , the case of Palestine remained problematic . Arab nationalism was on the rise after World War II , possibly following the example of European nationalism . Pan-Arabist beliefs called for the creation of a single , secular state for all Arabs . Mandate period Map showing boundaries of the proposed protectorate of Palestine , as outlined by the Zionist representatives at the 1919 Paris Peace Conference , superimposed on modern boundaries See also : British Mandate for Palestine ( legal instrument ) and Mandatory Palestine In 1917 the British Government issued the Balfour Declaration which declared British support for the creation in Palestine of a `` national home for the Jewish people '' . The declaration was enthusiastically received by many Jews worldwide , but was opposed by Palestinian and Arab leaders , who later claimed that the objective was a breach of promises made to the Sharif of Mecca in 1915 , in exchange for Arab help fighting the Ottoman Empire ) during World War I . Many different proposals have been made and continue to be made to resolve the dilemma of the competing objectives , including an Arab state , with or without a significant Jewish population , a Jewish state , with or without a significant Arab population , a single bi-national state , with or without some degree of cantonization , two states , one bi-national and one Arab , with or without some form of federation , and two states , one Jewish and one Arab , with or without some form of federation . At the same times , many Arab leaders maintained that Palestine should join a larger Arab state covering the imprecise region of the Levant . These hopes were expressed in the Faisal -- Weizmann Agreement , which was signed by soon - to - be Iraqi ruler Faisal I and the Zionist leader Chaim Weizmann . Despite this , the promise of a Pan-Arab state including Palestine were dashed as Syria , Lebanon , and Jordan declared independence from their European rulers , while western Palestine festered in the developing Arab - Jewish conflict . In light of these developments , Arabs began calling for both their own state in the British Mandate of Palestine and an end to the British support of the Jewish homeland 's creation and to Jewish immigration . The movement gained steam through the 1920s and 1930s as Jewish immigration picked up . Under pressure from the arising nationalist movement , the British enforced the White Papers , a series of laws greatly restricting Jewish immigration and the sale of lands to Jews . The laws , passed in 1922 , 1930 , and 1939 , varied in severity , but all attempted to find a balance between British sympathies with the Jews and the Arabs . McMahon -- Hussein correspondence ( 1915 -- 16 ) See also : McMahon -- Hussein Correspondence Administrative units in the Levant under the Ottoman Empire , until c. 1918 In the early years of World War I , negotiations took place between the British High Commissioner in Egypt Henry McMahon and Sharif of Mecca Husayn bin Ali for an alliance of sorts between the Allies and the Arabs in the Near East against the Ottomans . On 24 October 1915 , McMahon sent to Hussein a note which the Arabs came to regard as their `` Declaration of Independence '' . In McMahon 's letter , part of the McMahon -- Hussein Correspondence , McMahon declared Britain 's willingness to recognise the independence of the Arabs , both in the Levant and the Hejaz , subject to certain exemptions . It stated on behalf of the Government of Great Britain that : The two districts of Mersina and Alexandretta and portions of Syria lying to the west of the districts of Damascus , Homs , Hama and Aleppo can not be said to be purely Arab , and should be excluded from the limits demanded . With the above modification , and without prejudice of our existing treaties with Arab chiefs , we accept those limits . As for those regions lying within those frontiers wherein Great Britain is free to act without detriment to the interest of her ally , France , I am empowered in the name of the Government of Great Britain to give the following assurances and make the following reply to your letter : Subject to the above modifications , Great Britain is prepared to recognize and support the independence of the Arabs in all the regions within the limits demanded by the Sherif of Mecca . The exemptions from Arab control of certain areas set out in the McMahon note were to seriously complicate the problems of peace in the Near East . At the time , the Arab portions of the Ottoman Empire were divided into administrative units called vilayets and sanjaks . Palestine was divided into the sanjuks of Acre and Nablus , both of which were a part of the vilayet of Beirut , and an independent sanjak of Jerusalem . The areas exempted from Arab control by the McMahon note included `` Syria lying to the west of the districts of Damascus , Homs , Hama , and Aleppo . '' Between 1916 -- 20 , the British government interpreted these commitments as including Palestine in the Arab area . However , in the Churchill White Paper they argued instead that `` Damascus '' meant the vilayet and not the city of Damascus , and accordingly virtually all of Palestine was excluded from Arab control . The British entered into the secret Sykes -- Picot Agreement on 16 May 1916 and the commitment of the Balfour Declaration of 1917 , for example , on that understanding . The Arabs , however , insisted at the 1919 Paris Peace Conference at the end of the war that `` Damascus '' meant the city of Damascus -- which left Palestine in their hands . However , in 1915 , these problems of interpretation did not occur to Hussein , who agreed to the British wording . Despite Arab objections based in part on the Arab interpretation of the McMahon correspondence noted above , Britain was given the League of Nations Mandate for Palestine . The Mandate was administered as two territories : Palestine and Transjordan , with the Jordan River being the boundary between them . The boundaries under the Mandate also did not follow those sought by the Jewish community , which sought the inclusion of the east bank of the Jordan into the Palestinian territory , to which the objective of the Mandate for a homeland for the Jewish people would apply . It was made clear from before the commencement of the Mandate , and a clause to that effect was inserted in the Mandate , that the objective set out in the Mandate would not apply to Transjordan following the passing of the Transjordan memorandum . Transjordan was destined for early independence . The objective of the Mandate was to apply only to territory west of the Jordan , which was commonly referred to as Palestine by the British administration , and as Eretz Israel by the Hebrew - speaking Jewish population . Peel Commission ( 1936 -- 37 ) Main article : Peel Commission Peel Commission , partition plan A , November 1937 During the 1936 -- 39 Arab revolt in Palestine the British government formed the Peel Commission , which recommended the formation of a Jewish and an Arab state . It called for a small Jewish state in the Galilee and maritime strip , a British enclave stretching from Jerusalem to Jaffa , and an Arab state covering the rest . The Commission recommended the creation of a small Jewish state in a region less than 1 / 5 of the total area of Palestine . The Arab area was to be joined to Transjordan . The Arab population in the Jewish areas was to be removed , by force if necessary , and vice versa , although this would mean the movement of far more Arabs than Jews . The Zionist Congress rejected the proposal , while allowing the leadership to continue negotiating with the British . The Arab leadership rejected the proposal outright . It all came to nothing , as the British government shelved the proposal altogether by the middle of 1938 . In February 1939 , the St. James Conference convened in London , but the Arab delegation refused to formally meet with its Jewish counterpart or to recognize them . The Conference ended on March 17 , 1939 without making any progress . On May 17 , 1939 , the British government issued the White Paper of 1939 , in which the idea of partitioning the Mandate was abandoned in favor of Jews and Arabs sharing one government and put strict quotas on further Jewish immigration . Because of impending World War II and the opposition from all sides , the plan was dropped . World War II ( 1939 -- 1945 ) gave a boost to the Jewish nationalism , as the Holocaust reaffirmed their call for a Jewish homeland . At the same time , many Arab leaders had even supported Nazi Germany , a fact which could not play well with the British . As a result , Britain pooled its energy into winning over Arab opinions by abandoning the Balfour Declaration and the terms of the League of Nations mandate which had been entrusted to it in order to create a `` Jewish National Home '' . Britain did this by issuing the 1939 white paper which officially allowed a further 75,000 Jews to move over five years ( 10,000 a year plus an additional 25,000 ) which was to be followed by Arab majority independence . The British would later claim that that quota had already been fulfilled by those who had entered without its approval . The Arab League and the Arab Higher Committee ( 1945 ) The framers of the Arab League sought to include the Palestinian Arabs within the framework of the League from its inception . An annex to the League Pact declared : Even though Palestine was not able to control her own destiny , it was on the basis of the recognition of her independence that the Covenant of the League of Nations determined a system of government for her . Her existence and her independence among the nations can , therefore , no more be questioned de jure than the independence of any of the other Arab States ... Therefore , the States signatory to the Pact of the Arab League consider that in view of Palestine 's special circumstances , the Council of the League should designate an Arab delegate from Palestine to participate in its work until this country enjoys actual independence . In November 1945 , the Arab League reconstituted the Arab Higher Committee comprising twelve members as the supreme executive body of Palestinian Arabs in the territory of the British Mandate of Palestine . The committee was dominated by the Palestine Arab Party and was immediately recognised by Arab League countries . The Mandate government recognised the new Committee two months later . The Constitution of the League of Arab States says the existence and independence of Palestine can not be questioned de jure even though the outward signs of this independence have remained veiled as a result of force majeure . In 1946 , Jewish leaders -- including Nahum Goldmann , Rabbi Abba Silver , Moshe Shertok , and David Ben Gurion -- proposed a union between Arab Palestine and Transjordan . Also in 1946 , leaders of the Zionist movement in the U.S. sought the postponement of a determination of the application by Transjordan for United Nations membership until the status of Mandate Palestine as a whole was determined . However , at its final session the League of Nations recognized the independence of Transjordan , with the agreement of Britain . In April 1947 , during the activity of the United Nations Special Committee on Palestine , the Arab Higher Committee articulated its demands in the solution for the Question of Palestine : A complete cessation of the Jewish migration to Palestine . A total halt to the sale of land to Jews Cancelation of the British Mandate in Palestine and the Balfur Declaration . Recognition of the right of Arabs to their land and recognition of the independence of Palestine as a sovereign state , like all other Arab states , with a promise to provide minority rights to the Jews according to the rules of Democracy . 1947 UN partition plan Map of the UN Partition plan Boundaries defined in the 1947 UN Partition Plan for Palestine : Area assigned for a Jewish state Area assigned for an Arab state Planned Corpus separatum with the intention that Jerusalem would be neither Jewish nor Arab Armistice Demarcation Lines of 1949 ( Green Line ) : Israeli controlled territory from 1949 Egyptian and Jordanian controlled territory from 1948 until 1967 In 1947 , the United Nations created the United Nations Special Committee on Palestine ( UNSCOP ) to find an immediate solution to the Palestine question , which the British had handed over to the UN . The report indicated that the Arab state would be forced to call for financial assistance `` from international institutions in the way of loans for expansion of education , public health and other vital social services of a non-self - supporting nature . '' A technical note from the Secretariat explained that without some redistribution of customs from the Jewish state , Arab Palestine would not be economically viable . The Committee was satisfied that the proposed Jewish State and the City of Jerusalem would be viable . The majority of the members of UNSCOP proposed certain recommendations for the UN General Assembly which on 29 November 1947 adopted a resolution recommending the adoption and implementation of the Partition Plan , based substantially on those proposals as Resolution 181 ( II ) . PART I : Future constitution and government of Palestine : A. Clause 3 . provided as follows : - Independent Arab and Jewish States and the Special International Regime for the City of Jerusalem , set forth in part III of this plan , shall come into existence in Palestine two months after the evacuation of the armed forces of the mandatory Power has been completed but in any case not later than 1 October 1948 . The resolution noted Britain 's planned termination of the British Mandate for Palestine and recommended the partition of Palestine into two states , one Arab and one Jewish , with the Jerusalem - Bethlehem area being under special international protection , administered by the United Nations . The resolution included a highly detailed description of the recommended boundaries for each proposed state . The resolution also contained a plan for an economic union between the proposed states , and a plan for the protection of religious and minority rights . The resolution sought to address the conflicting objectives and claims to the Mandate territory of two competing nationalist movements , Zionism ( Jewish nationalism ) and Arab nationalism , as well as to resolve the plight of Jews displaced as a result of the Holocaust . The resolution called for the withdrawal of British forces and termination of the Mandate by 1 August 1948 , and establishment of the new independent states by 1 October 1948 . The leaders of the Jewish Agency for Palestine accepted parts of the plan , while Arab leaders refused it . In the October 1947 Arab League conference in Aley , the Arab states rejected the option of establishing an interim Palestinian Arab government and the Lebanese prime minister Riad Al Solh in particular told Hajj Amin al - Husseini that if a Palestinian Arab government will be established , he could n't be part of it . Abdul Rahman Hassan Azzam wanted that the Arab League will manage the Arab struggle in Palestine . King Abdullah I of Jordan met with a delegation headed by Golda Meir ( who later became Prime Minister of Israel in 1968 ) to negotiate terms for accepting the partition plan , but rejected its proposal that Jordan remain neutral . Indeed , the king knew that the nascent Palestinian state would soon be absorbed by its Arab neighbors , and therefore had a vested interest in being party to the imminent war . Civil War 1947 -- 48 Main article : 1947 -- 48 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine Soon after the UN resolution , less than half a year prior to the expiration of the British Mandate , large - scale fighting broke out between the Arab and Jewish communities in Palestine . By the time Israel declared its independence on 14 May 1948 , the result of these five and a half months of fighting was , according to historian Benny Morris , a `` decisive Jewish victory '' . On one side , the `` Palestinian Arab military power was crushed '' and most of the Arab population in the combat zones was fleeing or had been driven out . On the other side , the `` Haganah transformed from a militia into an army '' and succeeded `` in consolidating its hold on a continuous strip of territory embracing the Coastal Plain , the Jezreel Valley , and the Jordan Valley '' . The Yishuv ( the Jewish community and its `` state - in - waiting '' - type organisations ) proved it had the capability to defend itself , persuading the United States and the remainder of the world to support it and the `` victory over the Palestinian Arabs gave the Haganah the experience and self - confidence ( ... ) to confront ( ... ) the invading armies of the Arab states . '' On 12 April 1948 , the Arab League announced : The Arab armies shall enter Palestine to rescue it . His Majesty ( King Farouk , representing the League ) would like to make it clearly understood that such measures should be looked upon as temporary and devoid of any character of the occupation or partition of Palestine , and that after completion of its liberation , that country would be handed over to its owners to rule in the way they like . 1948 War until 1967 Arab -- Israeli War ( 1948 ) Main article : 1948 Arab -- Israeli War On May 14 , 1948 , at the end of the British Mandate , the Jewish People 's Council gathered in Tel Aviv and the chairman of the Jewish Agency for Palestine , declared the establishment of a Jewish state in Eretz - Israel , to be known as the State of Israel . U.S. President Harry Truman recognised the State of Israel de facto the following day . The Arab countries declared war on the newly formed State of Israel heralding the start of the 1948 Arab -- Israeli War . Armies of the neighbouring Arab states entered the former Mandate territories the next day starting the 1948 Arab -- Israeli War . But some of the leaders of these countries had plans of their own for Palestine . As the Palestinian writer Hisham Sharabi would observe , Palestine had `` disappeared from the map '' . As a result of the war , Egypt occupied the Gaza Strip , and in September 1948 , formed the All - Palestine Government in Gaza , partly as an Arab League move to limit the influence of Jordan over the Palestinian issue . The former mufti of Jerusalem , Haj Amin al - Husseini , was appointed president . On October 1 of that year , the All - Palestine government declared an independent Palestinian state in all of Palestine region with Jerusalem as its capital . This government was recognised by Egypt , Syria , Lebanon , Iraq , Saudi Arabia , and Yemen , but not by Jordan or any non-Arab country . However , it was little more than a facade under Egyptian control and had negligible influence or funding . Egypt did not permit unrestricted entry of Palestinians from Gaza into Egypt proper , and vice versa . In 1959 , Gamal Abdel Nasser , president of Egypt , dissolved the All - Palestine government to rule the Gaza Strip directly . King Abdullah I of Jordan sent the Arab Legion into the West Bank with no intention of withdrawing it following the war . Jordan annexed the West Bank , including East Jerusalem , granting citizenship to the Arab refugees and residents living in the West Bank against the objection of many Arab leaders who still hoped to establish an Arab state of Palestine . The country 's name was changed in 1949 from Transjordan to Jordan and Palestinians were given seats in the Jordanian Parliament . A royal decree in March 1949 forbade the use of the term `` Palestine '' in legal documents , and other measures were designed to emphasize that there would not be an independent Palestine . He also banned any opinion contrary to unification of the two territories and outlawed all All - Palestine Government activity within territories under his control . After the war , which the Israelis call the War of Independence and the Palestinians call the Catastrophe , the 1949 Armistice Agreements established the separation lines between the combatants , leaving Israel in control of some of the areas which had been designated for the Arab state under the Partition Plan , Transjordan in control of the West Bank , Egypt in control of the Gaza Strip and Syria in control of the Himmah Area . The Arab League `` supervised '' the Egyptian trusteeship of the Palestinian government in Gaza after and secured assurances from Jordan that the 1950 Act of Union was `` without prejudice to the final settlement '' . Jordanian West Bank King Abdullah I of Jordan annexed the West Bank , granting citizenship to the Arab refugees and residents against the wishes of many Arab leaders who still hoped to establish an Arab state . Under Abdullah 's leadership , Arab hopes of independence were dealt a severe blow . In March he issued a royal decree forbidding the use of the term `` Palestine '' in any legal documents , and pursued other measures designed to make the fact that there would not be an independent Palestine clear and certain . During the 1948 Arab -- Israeli War , Transjordan occupied the area of Cisjordan , now called the West Bank ( including East Jerusalem ) , which it continued to control in accordance with the 1949 Armistice Agreements and a political union formed in December 1948 . Military Proclamation Number 2 of 1948 provided for the application in the West Bank of laws that were applicable in Palestine on the eve of the termination of the Mandate . On 2 November 1948 , the military rule was replaced by a civilian administration by virtue of the Law Amending Public Administration Law in Palestine . Military Proclamation Number 17 of 1949 , Section 2 , vested the King of Jordan with all the powers that were enjoyed by the King of England , his ministers and the High Commissioner of Palestine by the Palestine Order - in - Council , 1922 . Section 5 of this law confirmed that all laws , regulations and orders that were applicable in Palestine until the termination of the Mandate would remain in force until repealed or amended . The Second Arab - Palestinian Congress was held in Jericho on 1 December 1948 at the end of the war . The delegates proclaimed Abdullah King of Palestine and called for a union of Arab Palestine with the Hashemite Kingdom of Transjordan . Avi Plascov says that Abdullah contacted the Nashashibi opposition , local mayors , mukhars , those opposed to the Husaynis , and opposition members of the AHC . Plascov said that the Palestinian Congresses were conducted in accordance with prevailing Arab custom . He also said that contrary to the widely held belief outside Jordan the representatives did reflect the feelings of a large segment of the population . The Transjordanian Government agreed to the unification on 7 December 1948 , and on 13 December the Transjordanian parliament approved the creation of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan . The change of status was reflected by the adoption of this new official name on 21 January 1949 . Unification was ratified by a joint Jordanian National Assembly on 24 April 1950 which comprised twenty representatives each from the East and West Bank . The Act of Union contained a protective clause which preserved Arab rights in Palestine `` without prejudice to any final settlement '' . Many legal scholars say the declaration of the Arab League and the Act of Union implied that Jordan 's claim of sovereignty was provisional , because it had always been subject to the emergence of the Palestinian state . A political union was legally established by the series of proclamations , decrees , and parliamentary acts in December 1948 . Abdullah thereupon took the title King of Jordan , and he officially changed the country 's name to the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan in April 1949 . The 1950 Act of Union confirmed and ratified King Abdullah 's actions . Following the annexation of the West Bank , only two countries formally recognized the union : Britain and Pakistan . Thomas Kuttner notes that de facto recognition was granted to the regime , most clearly evidenced by the maintaining of consulates in East Jerusalem by several countries , including the United States . Joseph Weiler agreed , and said that other states had engaged in activities , statements , and resolutions that would be inconsistent with non-recognition . Joseph Massad said that the members of the Arab League granted de facto recognition and that the United States had formally recognized the annexation , except for Jerusalem . The policy of the U.S. Department , was stated in a paper on the subject prepared for the Foreign Ministers meetings in London in May was in favor of the incorporation of Central Palestine into Jordan , but desired that it be done gradually and not by sudden proclamation . Once the annexation took place , the Department approved of the action `` in the sense that it represents a logical development of the situation which took place as a result of a free expression of the will of the people ... The United States continued to wish to avoid a public expression of approval of the union . '' The United States government extended de jure recognition to the Government of Transjordan and the Government of Israel on the same day , 31 January 1949 . U.S. President Truman told King Abdullah that the policy of the U.S. as regards a final territorial settlement in Palestine had been stated in the General Assembly on 30 November 1948 by the American representative . The U.S. supported Israeli claims to the boundaries set forth in the UN General Assembly resolution of 29 November 1947 , but believed that if Israel sought to retain additional territory in Palestine allotted to the Arabs , it should give the Arabs territorial compensation . Clea Bunch said that `` President Truman crafted a balanced policy between Israel and its moderate Hashemite neighbours when he simultaneously extended formal recognition to the newly created state of Israel and the Kingdom of Transjordan . These two nations were inevitably linked in the President 's mind as twin emergent states : one serving the needs of the refugee Jew , the other absorbing recently displaced Palestinian Arabs . Truman was aware of the private agreements that existed between Jewish Agency leaders and King Abdullah I of Jordan . Thus , it made perfect sense to Truman to favour both states with de jure recognition . '' Sandra Berliant Kadosh analyzed U.S. policy toward the West Bank in 1948 , based largely on the Foreign Relations Documents of the United States . She noted that the U.S. government believed that the most satisfactory solution regarding the disposition of the greater part of Arab Palestine would be incorporation in Transjordan and that the State Department approved the Principle underlying the Jericho resolutions . Kadosh said that the delegates claimed to represent 90 percent of the population , and that they ridiculed the Gaza government . They asserted that it represented only its eighty - odd members . All - Palestine government Further information : All - Palestine Government In Gaza , the All - Palestine Government was formed prior to the war 's end in September 1948 . The government , under the leadership of the Mufti of Jerusalem Mohammad Amin al - Husayni , declared the independence of the Palestinian state with Jerusalem as its capital . The All - Palestine Government would go on to be recognized by Egypt , Syria , Lebanon , Iraq , Saudi Arabia , and Yemen , while Jordan and the other Arab states refused to recognize it . The All - Palestine Government had very limited power however , as Egypt maintained control over Gaza 's administration . In 1959 , Egyptian president Gamal Abdul Nasser ordered the dismantling of the All - Palestine Government . Egypt supervised an independent government of Palestine in Gaza as a trustee on behalf of the Arab League . An Egyptian Ministerial order dated 1 June 1948 declared that all laws in force during the Mandate would continue to be in force in the Gaza Strip . Another order issued on 8 August 1948 vested an Egyptian Administrator - General with the powers of the High Commissioner . The All - Palestine Government issued a Declaration of the Independent State of Palestine on 1 October 1948 . In 1957 , the Basic Law of Gaza established a Legislative Council that could pass laws which were given to the High Administrator - General for approval . In March 1962 , a Constitution for the Gaza Strip was issued confirming the role of the Legislative Council . The All - Palestine Government ( Arabic : حكومة عموم فلسطين Hukumat ' umum Filastin ) was established by the Arab League on 22 September 1948 , during the 1948 Arab -- Israeli War . It was soon recognized by all Arab League members , except Jordan . Though jurisdiction of the Government was declared to cover the whole of the former Mandatory Palestine , its effective jurisdiction was limited to the Gaza Strip . The Prime Minister of the Gaza - seated administration was named Ahmed Hilmi Pasha , and the President was named Haj Amin al - Husseini , former chairman of the Arab Higher Committee . Shortly thereafter , the Jericho Conference named King Abdullah I of Transjordan , `` King of Arab Palestine '' . The Congress called for the union of Arab Palestine and Transjordan and Abdullah announced his intention to annex the West Bank . The other Arab League member states opposed Abdullah 's plan . The U.S. advised the Arab states that the U.S. attitude regarding Israel had been clearly stated in the UN by Dr. Jessup on 20 November 1949 . He said that the U.S. supported Israeli claims to the boundaries set forth in the UN General Assembly resolution . However , the U.S. believed that if Israel sought to retain additional territory in Palestine it should give the Arabs other territory as compensation . The Israelis agreed that the boundaries were negotiable , but did not agree to the principle of compensation as a precondition . Israel 's Foreign Minister Eban stressed that it was undesirable to undermine what had already been accomplished by the armistice agreements , and maintained that Israel held no territory wrongfully , since her occupation of the areas had been sanctioned by the armistice agreements , as had the occupation of the territory in Palestine held by the Arab states . In late 1949 , under the auspices of the UNCCP , their subsidiary Economic Survey Mission for the Middle East , headed by Gordon R. Clapp , recommended four development projects , involving the Wadi Zerqa basin in Jordan , the Wadi Qelt watershed and stream bed in Arab Palestine , the Litani River in Lebanon , and the Ghab valley in Syria . The World Bank considered the mission 's plans positive , and U.S. President Harry Truman subsequently announced that the Foreign Economic Assistance Act of 1950 contained an appropriation of US $27 million for the development projects recommended by the Clapp Mission and to assist Palestinian refugees . In a diplomatic conversation held on 5 June 1950 between Stuart W. Rockwell of the State Department 's Office of African and Near Eastern Affairs and Abdel Monem Rifai , a Counselor of the Jordan Legation . Rifai asked when the U.S. was going to recognize the union of Arab Palestine and Jordan . Rockwell explained the Department 's position , stating that it was not the custom of the U.S. to issue formal statements of recognition every time a foreign country changed its territorial area . The union of Arab Palestine and Jordan had been brought about as a result of the will of the people and the U.S. accepted the fact that Jordanian sovereignty had been extended to the new area . Rifai said he had not realized this and that he was very pleased to learn that the U.S. did in fact recognize the union . The U.S. State Department published this memorandum of conversation in 1978 . The All - Palestine Government was under official Egyptian protection , but on the other hand it had no executive role , but rather mostly political and symbolic . Its importance gradually declined , especially with the government seat relocation from Gaza to Cairo , following the Suez Crisis . In 1959 , the All - Palestine entity was officially merged into the United Arab Republic , becoming de facto under Egyptian military occupation . The All - Palestine Government is regarded by some as the first attempt to establish an independent Palestinian state , whilst most just saw it as an Egyptian puppet , only to be annulled a few years after its creation by no less than President Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt . Six - day War ( 1967 ) Main article : Six - Day War In June 1967 , Israel captured and occupied the West Bank , including East Jerusalem , from Jordan , the Gaza Strip and Sinai Peninsula from Egypt , and the area known as the Golan Heights from Syria as a result of the Six - Day War . Israel , which was ordered to withdraw from territories occupied during the war in exchange for Arab recognition and the negotiation of final borders by United Nations Security Council Resolution 242 , unilaterally annexed East Jerusalem and later applied Israeli civil law to the Golan Heights . On 9 June 1967 , Israeli Foreign Minister Eban assured the U.S. that it was not seeking territorial aggrandizement and had no `` colonial '' aspirations . U.S. Secretary of State Dean Rusk stressed to Israel that no settlement with Jordan would be accepted by the global community unless it gave Jordan some special position in the Old City of Jerusalem . The U.S. also assumed Jordan would receive the bulk of the West Bank as that was regarded as Jordanian territory . The international community considers the West Bank , including East Jerusalem , held under military occupation by Israel subject to the Fourth Geneva Convention . Israel does not accept that the Fourth Geneva Convention applies de jure , but has stated that on humanitarian issues it will govern itself de facto by its provisions , without specifying which these are . The Gaza Strip is still considered to be occupied by the United Nations , international human rights organisations , and the majority of governments and legal commentators , despite the 2005 Israeli disengagement from Gaza . On 3 November 1967 , U.S. Ambassador Goldberg called on King Hussein of Jordan , saying that the U.S. was committed to the principle of political independence and territorial integrity and was ready to reaffirm it bilaterally and publicly in the Security Council resolution . According to Goldberg , the U.S. believed in territorial integrity , withdrawal , and recognition of secure boundaries . Goldberg said the principle of territorial integrity has two important sub-principles , there must be a withdrawal to recognized and secure frontiers for all countries , not necessarily the old armistice lines , and there must be mutuality in adjustments . The U.S. President 's Special Assistant , Walt Rostow , told Israeli ambassador Harmon that he had already stressed to Foreign Minister Eban that the U.S. expected the thrust of the settlement would be toward security and demilitarisation arrangements rather than toward major changes in the armistice lines . Harmon said the Israeli position was that Jerusalem should be an open city under unified administration , but that the Jordanian interest in Jerusalem could be met through arrangements including `` sovereignty '' . Rostow said the U.S. government assumed ( and Harman confirmed ) that despite public statements to the contrary , the Government of Israel position on Jerusalem was that which Eban , Harman , and Evron had given several times , that Jerusalem was negotiable . Following the outbreak of fighting in Jordan in September 1970 between the Jordanian army and Palestinian guerilla , the US government began considering the creation of a separate Palestinian political entity . However , a Palestinian state was the least considered alternative . A State Department memo of 1970 stated in that regard : such a state would presumably have to be limited to the West Bank and Gaza , it would probably not be economically viable without the injection of large - scale outside financial assistance . Its political viability is also doubtful , since a large number of Palestinians would remain outside its borders and it would tend to be dominated by a larger and more powerful Israel . PLO and the binational state solution Before the Six - Day War , the movement for an independent Palestine received a boost in 1964 when the Palestine Liberation Organization was established . Its goal , as stated in the Palestinian National Covenant was to create a Palestinian state in the whole British Mandate , a statement which nullified Israel 's right to exist . The PLO would become the leading force in the Palestinian national movement politically , and its leader , Yassir Arafat , would become regarded as the leader of the Palestinian people . In 1969 , the Fatah movement , accepting as a fait accompli the presence in Palestine of a large number of Jews , declared that it was not fighting against Jews , but against Israel as a racist and theocratic entity . The fifth national council of the Palestine Liberation Organisation in February 1969 passed a resolution confirming that the PLO 's objective was `` to establish a free and democratic society in Palestine for all Palestinians whether they are Muslims , Christians or Jews '' . The PLO was not successful in building support for the binational solution within Israeli society , however , which lay the groundwork for an eventual re-scoping of the PLO 's aim toward partition into two states . Rift between Jordan and Palestinian leadership ( 1970 ) After the events of Black September in Jordan , the rift between the Palestinian leadership and the Kingdom of Jordan continued to widen . The Arab League affirmed the right of the Palestinian people to self - determination and called on all the Arab states , including Jordan , to undertake to defend Palestinian national unity and not to interfere in internal Palestinian affairs . The Arab League also ' affirmed the right of the Palestinian people to establish an independent national authority under the command of the Palestine Liberation Organization , the sole legitimate representative of the Palestinian people in any Palestinian territory that is liberated . ' King Ḥussein dissolved the Jordanian parliament . Half of its members had been West Bank representatives . He renounced Jordanian claims to the West Bank , and allowed the PLO to assume responsibility as the Provisional Government of Palestine . The Kingdom of Jordan , Egypt , and Syria no longer act as the legitimate representatives of the Palestinian people , or their territory . Ten point program In 1974 , the PLO adopted the Ten Point Program , which called for the establishment of an Israeli - Palestinian democratic , binational state ( a one state solution ) . It also called for the establishment of Palestinian rule on `` any part '' of its liberated territory , as a step towards `` completing the liberation of all Palestinian territory , and as a step along the road to comprehensive Arab unity . '' While this was not seen by Israel as a significant moderation of PLO policy , the phrasing was extremely controversial within the PLO itself , where it was widely regarded as a move towards a two - state solution . The adoption of the program , under pressure from Arafat 's Fatah faction and some minor groups ( e.g. DFLP , al - Sa'iqa ) led many hard - line groups to break away from the Arafat and the mainstream PLO members , forming the Rejectionist Front . To some extent , this split is still evident today . Declassified diplomatic documents reveal that in 1974 , on the eve of the UN debate that granted the PLO an observer status , some parts of the PLO leadership were considering to proclaim the formation of a Palestinian government in exile at some point . This plan , however , was not carried out . At the Rabat summit conference in 1974 , Jordan and the other members of the Arab League declared that the Palestinian Liberation Organization was the `` sole legitimate representative of the ( Arab ) Palestinian people '' , thereby relinquishing to that organization its role as representative of the West Bank . During the 1978 Camp David negotiations between Israel and Egypt Anwar Sadat proposed the creation of a Palestinian state in the West Bank and Gaza . Israel refused . In a speech delivered on 1 September 1982 , U.S. President Ronald Reagan called for a settlement freeze and continued to support full Palestinian autonomy in political union with Jordan . He also said that `` It is the United States ' position that -- in return for peace -- the withdrawal provision of Resolution 242 applies to all fronts , including the West Bank and Gaza . '' The Amman Agreement of 11 February 1985 , declared that the PLO and Jordan would pursue a proposed confederation between the state of Jordan and a Palestinian state . In 1988 , King Hussein dissolved the Jordanian parliament and renounced Jordanian claims to the West Bank . The PLO assumed responsibility as the Provisional Government of Palestine and an independent state was declared . Declaration of the state in 1988 Further information : Palestinian Declaration of Independence and State of Palestine § Declaration of Independence ( 1988 ) The declaration of a State of Palestine ( Arabic : دولة فلسطين ) took place in Algiers on November 15 , 1988 , by the Palestinian National Council , the legislative body of the Palestinian Liberation Organization ( PLO ) . It was approved by the Palestinian National Council ( PNC ) by a vote of 253 in favour , 46 against and 10 abstentions . It was read by Yasser Arafat at the closing session of the 19th PNC to a standing ovation . Upon completing the reading of the declaration , Arafat , as Chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization assumed the title of `` President of Palestine '' . By the 1988 declaration , the PNC empowered its central council to form a government - in - exile when appropriate , and called upon its executive committee to perform the duties of the government - in - exile until its establishment . The borders of the state were not specified . Jordan extended recognition to the state and ceded its claim to the West Bank to the Palestinian Liberation Organisation , which had been previously designated by the Arab League as the `` sole legitimate representative of the Palestinian people '' . The Palestinian National Authority ( PNA ) , the United States , the European Union , and the Arab League , envision the establishment of a State of Palestine to include all or part of the West Bank , the Gaza Strip , and East Jerusalem , living in peace with Israel under a democratically elected and transparent government . The PNA , however , does not claim sovereignty over any territory and therefore is not the government of the State of Palestine proclaimed in 1988 . Palestinian flag Referring to `` the historical injustice inflicted on the Palestinian Arab people resulting in their dispersion and depriving them of their right to self - determination , '' the declaration recalled the Treaty of Lausanne ( 1923 ) and UN General Assembly Resolution 181 ( 1947 Partition Plan ) as supporting the rights of Palestinians and Palestine . The declaration then proclaims a `` State of Palestine on our Palestinian territory with its capital Jerusalem '' . The borders of the declared State of Palestine were not specified . The population of the state was referred to by the statement : `` The State of Palestine is the state of Palestinians wherever they may be '' . The state was defined as an Arab country by the statement : `` The State of Palestine is an Arab state , an integral and indivisible part of the Arab nation '' . The declaration was accompanied by a PNC call for multilateral negotiations on the basis of UN Security Council Resolution 242 . This call was later termed `` the Historic Compromise '' , as it implied acceptance of the `` two - state solution '' , namely that it no longer questioned the legitimacy of the State of Israel . The PNC 's political communiqué accompanying the declaration called only for withdrawal from `` Arab Jerusalem '' and the other `` Arab territories occupied . '' Arafat 's statements in Geneva a month later were accepted by the United States as sufficient to remove the ambiguities it saw in the declaration and to fulfill the longheld conditions for open dialogue with the United States . As a result of the declaration , the United Nations General Assembly ( UNGA ) convened , inviting Arafat , Chairman of the PLO to give an address . An UNGA resolution was adopted `` acknowledging the proclamation of the State of Palestine by the Palestine National Council on 15 November 1988 , '' and it was further decided that `` the designation ' Palestine ' should be used in place of the designation ' Palestine Liberation Organization ' in the United Nations system , '' and it delegate was assigned a seated in the UN General Assembly immediately after non-member states , and before all other observers . One hundred and four states voted for this resolution , forty - four abstained , and two -- the United States and Israel -- voted against . By mid-December , seventy - five states had recognized Palestine , rising to eighty - nine states by February 1989 . The declaration is generally interpreted to be a major step on the path to Israel 's recognition by the Palestinians . Just as in Israel 's declaration of independence , it partly bases its claims on UN GA 181 . By reference to `` resolutions of Arab Summits '' and `` UN resolutions since 1947 '' ( like SC 242 ) it implicitly and perhaps ambiguously restricted its immediate claims to the Palestinian territories and Jerusalem . It was accompanied by a political statement that explicitly mentioned SC 242 and other UN resolutions and called only for withdrawal from `` Arab Jerusalem '' and the other `` Arab territories occupied . '' Yasser Arafat 's statements in Geneva a month later were accepted by the United States as sufficient to remove the ambiguities it saw in the declaration and to fulfill the longheld conditions for open dialogue with the United States . Palestinian Authority ( 1994 ) Main article : Palestinian National Authority Under the terms of the Oslo Accords signed between Israel and the PLO , the latter assumed control over the Jericho area of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip on 17 May 1994 . On 28 September 1995 , following the signing of the Israeli - Palestinian Interim Agreement on the West Bank and Gaza Strip , Israeli military forces withdrew from the West Bank towns of Nablus , Ramallah , Jericho , Jenin , Tulkarem , Qalqilya and Bethlehem . In December 1995 , the PLO also assumed responsibility for civil administration in 17 areas in Hebron . While the PLO assumed these responsibilities as a result of Oslo , a new temporary interim administrative body was set up as a result of the Accords to carry out these functions on the ground : the Palestinian National Authority ( PNA ) . According to Omar Dajani , the relationship between the PLO and PNA ( or PA ) in light of the interim arrangements of Oslo Accords may be stating as `` Palestine may best be described as a transitional association between the PA and the PLO . '' He goes on to explain that this transitional association accords the PA responsibility for local government and the PLO responsibility for representation of the Palestinian people in the international arena , while prohibiting it from concluding international agreements that affect the status of the West Bank and Gaza Strip . This situation is said to be accepted by the Palestinian population insofar as it is viewed as a temporary arrangement . In 2005 , following the implementation of Israel 's unilateral disengagement plan , PNA gained full control of the Gaza Strip with the exception of its borders , airspace , and territorial waters . This increased the percentage of land in the Gaza strip nominally governed by the PA from 60 percent to 100 percent . The West Bank and Gaza Strip continued to be considered by the international community to be Occupied Palestinian Territory , notwithstanding the 1988 declaration of Palestinian independence , the limited self - government accorded to the Palestinian Authority as a result of the 1993 Oslo Accords , and Israel 's withdrawal from Gaza as part of the Israel 's unilateral disengagement plan of 2005 , which saw the dismantlement of four Israeli settlements in the West Bank and all settlements in the Gaza Strip . In March 2008 , it was reported that the PA was working to increase the number of countries that recognize Palestine and that a PA representative had signed a bilateral agreement between the State of Palestine and Costa Rica . An Al - Haq position paper ( 2009 ) said the reality is that the PA has entered into various agreements with international organizations and states . These instances of foreign relations undertaken by the PA signify that the Interim Agreement is part of a larger on - going peace process , and that the restrictions on the foreign policy operations of the PA conflict with the inalienable right of the Palestinian people to self - determination , now a norm with a nature of jus cogens , which includes a right to engage in international relations with other peoples . Israeli government and many experts consider such actions as violation of the Oslo Accords . When the PA is exercising the power that is granted to them by the Oslo Accords , they 're acting in the capacity of an agency whose authority is based on an agreement between Israel and the PLO and not as a state . Split of Fatah and Hamas Main articles : Hamas - Fatah conflict and Governance of the Gaza Strip In 2007 , after Hamas 's legislative victories , the Fatah and Hamas engaged into a violent conflict , taking place mainly in the Gaza Strip , leading to effective collapse of the Palestinian national unity government . After the takeover in Gaza by Hamas on 14 June 2007 , Palestinian Authority Chairman Abbas dismissed the Hamas - led government and appointed Salam Fayyad as Prime Minister . Though the new government 's authority is claimed to extend to all Palestinian territories , in effect it became limited to the West Bank , as Hamas has n't recognized the move and continued to rule the Gaza Strip . While PNA budget comes mainly from various aid programs and support of the Arab League , the Hamas Government in Gaza became dependent mainly on Iran until the eruption of the Arab Spring . Palestine in the United Nations 2011 United Nations membership application Main article : Palestine 194 After a two - year impasse in negotiations with Israel , the Palestinian Authority sought to gain recognition as a state according to its 1967 borders with East Jerusalem as its capital from the UN General Assembly in September 2011 . A successful application for membership in the UN would require approval from the UN Security Council and a two - thirds majority in the UN General Assembly . On the prospect of this being successful , U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations Susan Rice alluded to a potential U.S. government withdrawal of UN funding : `` This would be exceedingly politically damaging in our domestic context , as you can well imagine . And I can not frankly think of a greater threat to our ability to maintain financial and political support for the United Nations in Congress than such an outcome . '' On 28 June , the U.S. Senate passed S. Res. 185 calling on U.S. President Barack Obama to veto the motion and threatening a withdrawal of aid to the West Bank if the Palestinians followed through on their plans . At the likely prospect of a veto , Palestinian leaders signalled they might opt instead for a more limited upgrade to `` non-member state '' status , which requires only the approval of the UN General Assembly . Mahmoud Abbas stated he would accept a return to negotiations and abandon the decision if the Israelis agree to the 1967 borders and the right of return for Palestinian refugees . Israel labelled the plan as a unilateral step , to which Foreign Minister Erekat replied , `` We are not going ( to the UN ) for a unilateral declaration of the Palestinian state . We declared our state in 1988 and we have embassies in more than 130 countries and more countries are recognising our state on the 1967 borders . The recognition of the Palestinian state is a sovereignty decision by the countries and it does n't need to happen through the UN . '' The Arab League formally backed the plan in May , and was officially confirmed by the PLO on 26 June . On 11 July , the Quartet on the Middle East met to discuss a return to negotiations , but the meeting produced no result . On 13 July , in an interview with Haaretz , Palestinian Ambassador to the United Nations Riyad Mansour claimed that 122 states had so far extended formal recognition to the Palestinian state . On the following day , the Arab League released a draft statement which declared a consensus to `` go to the United Nations to request the recognition of the State of Palestine with Al Quds as its capital and to move ahead and request a full membership . '' The league 's secretary - general , Nabil al - Arabi , confirmed the statement and said that the application for membership will be submitted by the Arab League . On 18 July , Syria announced that it had formally recognised the State of Palestine , the last Arab state to do so . The decision was welcomed by the league , but met with criticism from some , including former Lebanese prime minister Selim al - Hoss : `` Syria has always been calling for the liberation of Palestine from Israeli occupation and ambitions . The latest stance , however , shows that ( Syria ) has given up on a national policy that has spanned several decades ... Why this abandonment of a national principle , and what is the motive behind it ? There is no motive except to satisfy international powers that seek to appease Israel '' . On 23 September , Abbas delivered to the UN Secretary - General the official application for recognition of a Palestinian state by the UN and a membership in the same organization . On 11 November a report was approved by the Security Council which concluded that the Council had been unable `` to make a unanimous recommendation '' on membership for Palestine . 2011 UNESCO membership UNESCO membership voting results : In favour Against Abstentions Absent non-members / ineligible to vote The PLO was accorded observer status at UNESCO in 1974 . In 1989 , an application for the admission of Palestine as a member state was submitted by a group of seven states during the 131st session of UNESCO 's Executive Board . The board postponed a decision until the next session , and the item was included on each session 's agenda thereafter , being repeatedly deferred . During the board 's 187th session in September 2011 , a draft resolution was presented by 24 states requesting that the application be considered and Palestine be granted membership in the organisation . Following consultations between the representatives of the 58 - member board , the draft resolution was put for voting on 5 October . The board voted in favour of recommending the application , winning the approval of 40 states . The resolution to admit Palestine as the agency 's 195th member state was adopted at the 36th General Conference on 31 October . Of the 185 dues - paying members eligible for voting , 107 were in favour , 14 were against , 52 abstained and 12 were absent . The resolution was submitted by a total of 43 states . Its membership was ratified on 23 November . Non-member observer state status in the UN ( 2012 ) UN observer state status voting results : In favour Against Abstentions Absent Non-members Main article : United Nations General Assembly resolution 67 / 19 By September 2012 , with their application for full membership stalled , Palestinian representatives had decided to pursue an upgrade in status from `` observer entity '' to `` non-member observer state '' . On November 27 it was announced that the appeal had been officially made , and would be put to a vote in the General Assembly on November 29 , where their status upgrade was expected to be supported by a majority of states . In addition to granting Palestine `` non-member observer state status '' , the draft resolution `` expresses the hope that the Security Council will consider favorably the application submitted on 23 September 2011 by the State of Palestine for admission to full membership in the United Nations , endorses the two state solution based on the pre-1967 borders , and stresses the need for an immediate resumption of negotiations between the two parties . '' On Thursday , November 29 , 2012 , in a 138 - 9 vote ( with 41 abstentions and 5 absences ) , General Assembly resolution 67 / 19 was adopted , upgrading Palestine to `` non-member observer state '' status in the United Nations . The new status equates Palestine 's with that of the Holy See . Switzerland was also a non-member observer state until 2002 . The change in status was described by The Independent as `` de facto recognition of the sovereign state of Palestine '' . The vote was a historic benchmark for the recognition of the State of Palestine , whilst it was widely considered a diplomatic setback for Israel and the United States . Status as an observer state in the UN allows the State of Palestine to participate in general debate at the General Assembly , to co-sponsor resolutions , to join treaties and specialized UN agencies . Even as a nonmember state , the Palestinians could join influential international bodies such as the World Trade Organization , the World Health Organization , the World Intellectual Property Organization , the World Bank and the International Criminal Court , where Palestinian Authority tried to have alleged Israeli war crimes in Gaza ( 2008 - 2009 ) investigated . However , in April 2012 prosecutors refused to open the investigation , saying it was not clear if the Palestinians were qualified as a state - as only states can recognize the court 's jurisdiction . But the prosecutor confirmed explicitly in 2014 that the upgrade of November 2012 qualified the state of Palestine to join the Rome statute . On 31 December 2014 Palestinian President Abbas signed a declaration in which Palestine recognized the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court for any crimes committed in the Palestinian territory since 13 June 2014 . The UN now can also help to affirm the borders of the Palestinian territories that Israel occupied in 1967 . Theoretically Palestine could even claim legal rights over its territorial waters and air space as a sovereign state recognised by the UN . The UN has , after the resolution was passed , permitted Palestine to title its representative office to the UN as ' The Permanent Observer Mission of the State of Palestine to the United Nations ' , seen by many as a reflexion of the UN 's de facto recognition of the State of Palestine 's sovereignty , and Palestine has started to re-title its name accordingly on postal stamps , official documents and passports . The Palestinian authorities have also instructed its diplomats to officially represent ' The State of Palestine ' , as opposed to the ' Palestine National Authority ' . On 17 December 2012 , UN Chief of Protocol Yeocheol Yoon decided that ' the designation of `` State of Palestine '' shall be used by the Secretariat in all official United Nations documents ' . On January 2013 , by an official decree of the Palestinian Authority President Mahmud Abbas , the Palestinian Authority has officially transformed all of its designations into the State of Palestine . Current proposals International recognition of the State of Palestine The current position of the Palestinian Authority is that all of the West Bank and Gaza Strip should form the basis of a future `` State of Palestine '' . For additional discussion , see Palestinian territories . Israeli governments have maintained that the area involved is subject to future negotiations , and within territorial dispute . However , the position of the Islamic Hamas faction of the PA , as stated in its founding Covenant , is that Palestine ( meaning all of Israel , the West Bank and the Gaza Strip ) is rightfully an Islamic state . The main discussion since 1993 has focused on turning most or all of the Gaza Strip and the West Bank into an independent Palestinian state . This was the basis for the Oslo accords , and it is , as a matter of official policy , favoured by the U.S. The status of Israel within the 1949 Armistice lines has not been the subject of international negotiations . Some members of the PLO recognize Israel 's right to exist within these boundaries ; others hold that Israel must eventually be destroyed . Consequently , some Israelis hold that Palestinian statehood is impossible with the current PLO as a basis , and needs to be delayed . Israel declares that its security demands that a `` Palestinian entity '' would not have all attributes of a state , at least initially , so that in case things go wrong , Israel would not have to face a dangerous and nearby enemy . Israel may be therefore said to agree ( as of now ) not to a complete and independent Palestinian state , but rather to a self - administering entity , with partial but not full sovereignty over its borders and its citizens . The central Palestinian position is that they have already compromised greatly by accepting a state covering only the areas of the West Bank and Gaza . These areas are significantly less territory than allocated to the Arab state in UN Resolution 181 . They feel that it is unacceptable for an agreement to impose additional restrictions ( such as level of militarization , see below ) which , they declare , makes a viable state impossible . In particular , they are angered by significant increases in the population of Israeli settlements and communities in the West Bank and Gaza Strip during the interim period of the Oslo accords . Palestinians claim that they have already waited long enough , and that Israel 's interests do not justify depriving their state of those rights that they consider important . The Palestinians have been unwilling to accept a territorially disjointed state . 2013 state of Palestine decree Following the successful passage of the 2012 United Nations status resolution which changed Palestine 's status at the UN to that of observer state , on 3 January 2013 , Abbas signed a presidential decree 1 / 2013 officially changing the name of the ' Palestinian Authority ' to the ' State of Palestine ' The decree stated that `` Official documents , seals , signs and letterheads of the Palestinian National Authority official and national institutions shall be amended by replacing the name ' Palestinian National Authority ' whenever it appears by the name ' State of Palestine ' and by adopting the emblem of the State of Palestine . '' According to international lawyer John V. Whitbeck the decree results in absorbing of the Palestinian Authority into the State of Palestine . On 8 January 2013 the Minister of Communication Safa Nassereddin , said that because issuing new stamps requires Israeli approval to print them and bring them into the country , it was decided that the new stamps will be printed in Bahrain and the first of these stamps will be used by Palestinian embassies and other diplomatic missions abroad . On 5 January 2013 Abbas ordered all Palestinian embassies to change any official reference to the Palestinian Authority into State of Palestine . Missions in countries that voted `` against '' UNGA resolution 67 / 19 of 2012 are ordered to consult the foreign ministry . Three days later , Omar Awadallah , a foreign ministry official , said that those missions should also use the new name . Some of the countries themselves , such as Norway , Sweden and Spain , stick to the Palestinian Authority term even though they voted `` in favor '' of the UNGA resolution . On 6 January 2013 , Abbas ordered his cabinet of ministers to prepare regulations to issue new Palestinian passports , official signs and postage stamps in the name of the ' State of Palestine ' . Two days later , following a negative reaction by Israel , it was announced that the change will not apply to documents used at Israel checkpoints in the West Bank and Israeli crossings , unless there is a further decision by Abbas . Saeb Erekat then said the new emblem will be used in correspondence with countries that have recognized a state of Palestine . For the time being the governments of the renamed Authority established in 1994 and of the State established in 1988 remain distinct . On 5 January 2013 it was announced that it is expected the PLO Central Council would take over the functions of the Palestinian Authority 's government and parliament . On the following day , Saeb Erekat , head of the PLO negotiations department , said that the authority should draft a new constitution . Following the change in name , Turkey became the first state to recognize this change , and on 15 April 2013 , the Turkish Consul - General in East Jerusalem Şakir Torunlar presented his credentials as first Turkish Ambassador to the State of Palestine to Palestinian President in Ramallah . Peace process A peace process has been in progress in spite of all the differences and conflicts . In the 1990s , outstanding steps were taken which formally began a process the goal of which was to solve the Arab -- Israeli conflict through a two - state solution . Beginning with the Madrid Conference of 1991 and culminating in the 1993 Oslo Peace Accords between Palestinians and Israelis , the peace process has laid the framework for Palestinian autonomy in the West Bank and in Gaza . According to the Oslo Accords , signed by Yassir Arafat and then Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin in Washington , Israel would pull out of the Gaza Strip and cities in the West Bank . East Jerusalem , which had been annexed by Israel in 1980 was not mentioned in any of the agreements . Following the landmark accords , the Palestinian National Authority ( PNA ) was established to govern those areas from which Israel was to pull out . The PNA was granted limited autonomy over a non-contiguous area , though it does govern most Palestinian population centers . The process stalled with the collapse of the Camp David 2000 Summit between Palestinians and Israel , after which the second Intifada broke out . Israel ceased acting in cooperation with the PNA . In the shadow of the rising death toll from the violence , the United States initiated the Road Map for Peace ( published on June 24 , 2002 ) , which was intended to end the Intifada by disarming the Palestinian terror groups and creating an independent Palestinian state . The Road Map has stalled awaiting the implementation of the step required by the first phase of that plan with then Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon stating within weeks of the release of the final text that a settlement freeze , one of Israel 's main requirements , would be `` impossible '' because of the need for settlers to build new houses and start families . It remains stalled because of Israel 's continuing refusal to comply with the requirement to freeze settlement expansion and the civil war between Hamas and Fatah , except that on April 27 , 2011 it was announced that Hamas and Fatah had reached a reconciliation agreement in a pact which was brokered by Egypt . Hamas , Fatah , and the other Palestinian political factions signed the reconciliation agreement in the official signing ceremony of that agreement which took place on May 4 , 2011 . In 2005 , Israel unilaterally withdrew from the Gaza Strip as part of the Disengagement Plan . In 2008 , U.S. - brokered negotiations were ongoing between Palestinian Chairman Mahmoud Abbas and the outgoing Israeli Prime Minister , Ehud Olmert . In 2011 , Al Jazeera published thousands of classified documents that it had received from sources close to negotiators in the 2008 negotiation talks between Israeli Prime Minister Olmert and Palestinian Chairman Mahmoud Abbas . The documents , dubbed the Palestine Papers , showed that in private the Palestinians had made major concessions on issues that had scuttled previous negotiations . Olmert also presented his ideas for the borders for a Palestinian state , dubbed the `` Napkin Map '' because of Abbas having to sketch the map on a napkin because Olmert refused to allow Abbas to keep a copy for further consideration . Olmert 's proposal largely followed the route of the Israeli West Bank barrier , and placed all of the Israeli settlement blocs and East Jerusalem Jewish neighbourhoods under Israeli sovereignty . Israel would retain around 10 % of the West Bank and in return the Palestinians would receive around 5 % of Israeli territory adjacent to the southern West Bank and lands adjacent to the Gaza Strip . Direct talks in 2010 Main article : Direct negotiations between Israel and the Palestinians in 2010 In early September 2010 the first peace talks since the Gaza war in 2009 were held in Washington DC between Israeli prime - minister Benjamin Netanyahu and Palestinian leader Mahmoud Abbas . The pace of the talks were assessed by the US as `` break through '' . However , on 25 September Netanyahu did not renew a 10 - month moratorium on settlement construction in the West Bank , which brought him severe criticism from the United States , Europe and the United Nations . Abbas stated that Netanyahu could not be trusted as a ' true ' peace negotiator if the freeze was not extended . Netanyahu 's failure to uphold the commitments he made just a few weeks earlier `` to reaching a comprehensive peace agreement with Palestinians '' through extending the term of moratorium has caused a de facto halt of peace negotiations . On 28 September 2010 , Israeli foreign minister Avigdor Lieberman , leader of the ultra-nationalist Yisrael Beiteinu party , presented to the UN a '' peace plan '' according to which '' parts of Israel 's territory populated predominantly by Israeli Arabs would be transferred to a newly created Palestinian state , in return for annexation of Israeli settlements in the West Bank and / or population swap '' . The statement came about while Israeli prime - minister Netanyahu and Palestinian leader Abbas were holding peace talks mediated by the United States . In the press conference on 28 September Netanyahu stated `` Israel , Palestinians can reach Middle - East peace in a year '' . However , Liberman 's controversial proposal means that `` the conflict will not be solved within a year and that implementation of the peace agreement will take generations '' . Lieberman 's proposal was viewed as undermining Netanyahu 's credibility in the discussions and causing embarrassment for the Israeli government . According to a New York Jewish leader `` Every time when Lieberman voices skepticism for peace talks , he gives Abu Mazen ( Abbas ) and the Arab League an opportunity to reinforce their claim that Netanyahu is n't serious . '' On 29 September , while commenting on the Lieberman proposal Netanyahu said that `` I did n't see ( the ) speech beforehand , but I do n't reject the idea . '' The proposal also caused wide ' outrage ' among Israelis and US Jews . Seymour Reich , a former president of the Conference of Presidents of Major Jewish Organizations stated that `` If Lieberman ca n't keep his personal opinions to himself , he ought to resign from the cabinet . '' Plans for a solution This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The West Bank The Gaza Strip There are several plans for a possible Palestinian state . Each one has many variations . Some of the more prominent plans include : Creation of a Palestinian state out of the Gaza Strip and the West Bank , with its capital in East Jerusalem . This would make the 1949 Armistice lines , perhaps with minor changes , into permanent de jure borders . This long - extant idea forms the basis of a peace plan put forward by Saudi Arabia in March 2002 , which was accepted by the Palestinian Authority and all other members of the Arab League . This plan promised , in exchange for withdrawal , complete recognition of and full diplomatic relations with Israel by the Arab world . Israel claims its security would be threatened by ( essentially ) complete withdrawal as it would return Israel to its pre-1967 10 - mile strategic depth . The plan spoke only of a `` just settlement of the refugee problem '' , but insistence on a Palestinian right of return to the pre-1967 territory of Israel could result in two Arab states , one of them ( pre-1967 Israel ) with a significant Jewish minority , and another ( the West Bank and Gaza ) without Jews . Other , more limited , plans for a Palestinian state have also been put forward , with parts of Gaza and the West Bank which have been settled by Israelis or are of particular strategic importance remaining in Israeli hands . Areas that are currently part of Israel could be allocated to the Palestinian state in compensation . The status of Jerusalem is particularly contentious . A plan proposed by former Israeli tourism minister MK Binyamin Elon and popular with the Israeli right wing advocates the expansion of Israel up to the Jordan River and the `` recognition and development of Jordan as the Palestinian State '' . The legitimacy for this plan leans on the fact that a large share of the Jordanian population has Palestinian roots , including King Abdullah 's wife , Queen Rania , as well as the fact that the Kingdom of Jordan is composed of lands that until 1921 were part of the British Mandate of Palestine and thus was claimed by at least some Zionists ( such as Ze'ev Jabotinsky and his Etzel ) as part of the `` Jewish national home '' of the Balfour Declaration . Palestinian residents of Gaza and the West Bank would become citizens of Jordan and many would be settled in other countries . Elon claims this would be part of the population exchange initiated by the exodus of Jews from Arab states to Israel in the 1950s . See Elon Peace Plan . A September 2004 poll conducted by the Jaffee Center for Strategic Studies reported that 46 % of Israelis support transferring the Arab population out of the territories and that 60 % of respondents said that they were in favor of encouraging Israeli Arabs to leave the country . RAND has proposed a solution entitled `` The Arc '' in which the West Bank is joined with Gaza in an infrastructural arc . The development plan includes recommendations from low level civic planning to banking reform and currency reform . Another plan which has gained some support is one where the Gaza Strip is given independence as a Palestinian enclave , with parts of the West Bank split between Israel and Jordan respectively . The Jerusalem problem may be addressed by administration by a third party such as the United Nations as put forward in their initial partition plan . Several plans have been proposed for a Palestinian state to incorporate all of the former British mandate of Palestine ( pre-1967 territory of Israel , the Gaza Strip and the West Bank ) . Some possible configurations include : A secular Arab state ( as described in the Palestinian National Covenant before the cancellation of the relevant clauses in 1998 ) . Accordingly , only those `` Jews who had normally resided in Palestine until the beginning of the Zionist invasion will be considered Palestinians '' , which excludes at least 90 % of the Jewish population of Israel . A strictly Islamic state ( advocated by Hamas and the Islamic Movement ) . This arrangement would face objection from the Jewish population as well as secular Muslims , and non-Muslim Palestinians . A federation ( likely consociational ) of separate Jewish and Arab areas ( some Israelis and Palestinians ) . It is not clear how this arrangement would distribute natural resources and maintain security . A single , bi-national state ( advocated by various Israeli and Palestinian groups ) . Fears exist that the Palestinians may come to outnumber the Jews after a few years . Many Israelis are loath to live in a state where Jews no longer are the majority . Such a configuration exists in Lebanon and Bosnia , but failed in Yugoslavia . Strong nationalist sentiment among many Israelis and Palestinians would be an obstacle to this arrangement . After what he perceived as the failure of the Oslo Process and the two - state solution , Palestinian - American professor Edward Said became a vocal advocate of this plan . A United Arab Kingdom plan which returns Palestine to nominal Jordanian control under the supervision of a Hashemite monarch . This idea was first proposed by the late King Hussein . In October 2007 , King Abdullah stated that the Palestinian independence must be achieved before Jordan will entertain expanding its role in Palestine beyond religious sites . This plan is buttressed by a Jordanian infrastructure , which is vastly superior to the 1948 -- 1967 area with particular attention paid to tourism , health care , and education . A Palestinian state would rely heavily on tourism , which Jordan would assist with considerable experience and established departments . Parties which recognise a Palestinian entity separate from Israel Main article : International recognition of the State of Palestine There are conflicting reports about the number of countries that extended their recognition to the proclaimed State of Palestine . In Annex 2 of the Request for the Admission of the State of Palestine to UNESCO from 12 May 1982 , several Arab and African countries provided a list of 92 countries allegedly having extended such recognition . In the same document ( Corrigendum 1 ) , it is requested that Austria be removed from the list . Namibia is listed even though it was not independent at the time . The list also includes a considerable number of states that ceased to exist during the 1990s , most notably the German Democratic Republic , Yugoslavia , Czechoslovakia , Democratic Yemen , People 's Republic of Kampuchea ( today : Cambodia ) and Zaire ( today : Democratic Republic of the Congo ) . On 13 February 2008 , The Palestinian Authorities ' Minister of Foreign Affairs announced he could provide documents for the recognition of 67 countries in the proclaimed State of Palestine . The existing countries that are known to have extended such recognition include most Arab League nations , most African nations , and several Asian nations , including China and India . Many countries , including European countries , the United States and Israel recognize the Palestinian Authority established in 1994 , as per the Oslo Accords , as an autonomous geopolitical entity without extending recognition to the 1988 proclaimed State of Palestine . Since the 1996 Summer Olympics , the International Olympic Committee have recognized a separate Palestine Olympic Committee and Palestinian team . Two track & field athletes , Majdi Abu Marahil and Ihab Salama , competed for the inaugural Palestinian team . Since 1998 , football 's world governing body FIFA have recognized the Palestine national football team as a separate entity . On 26 October 2008 Palestine played their first match at home , a 1 - 1 draw against Jordan in the West Bank . In December 2010 - January 2011 Brazil , Argentina , Chile , Uruguay , Bolivia and Paraguay recognized a Palestinian state . On January 18 , 2011 , Russia reiterated ( first time 1988 ) its support and recognition of the state of Palestine . In January 2011 , Ireland upgraded the Palestinian delegation in Dublin to the status of a mission . In July 2011 , the Sheikh Jarrah Solidarity Movement organized a protest march in East Jerusalem , with approximately 3,000 people participating , carrying Palestinian flags and repeating slogans in favor of a unilateral declaration of independence by the Palestinian Authority . See also Isratin Camp David Accords Oslo Accords Arab -- Israeli conflict British Mandate for Palestine 2000 Camp David Summit King Hussein 's federation plan Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel , May 14 , 1948 Foreign relations of the Palestine Liberation Organization Geneva Accord Arab Peace Initiative Israeli -- Palestinian conflict Palestine Investment Conference Proposals for a Jewish state Right to Exist Occupation of the Gaza Strip by Egypt Jordanian annexation of the West Bank One - state solution Two - state solution Palestinian National Authority References Jump up ^ Boundaries Delimitation : Palestine and Trans - Jordan , Yitzhak Gil - Har , Middle Eastern Studies , Vol. 36 , No. 1 ( Jan. , 2000 ) , pp. 68 - 81 : `` Palestine and Transjordan emerged as states ; This was in consequence of British War commitments to its allies during the First World War . Jump up ^ McMahon , Henry ( 24 October 1915 ) . `` The Hussein - MacMahon Correspondence : Letter No. 4 '' . Jewish Virtual Library . The American - Israeli Cooperative Enterprise . Archived from the original on 28 July 2002 . Retrieved June 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sachar , Howard Morley ( 1977 ) . The Course of Modern Jewish History -- The Classic History of the Jewish People , from the Eighteenth Century to the Present Day . New York City : Dell Publishing . pp. 370 -- 71 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 440 - 51538 - 8 . Jump up ^ See Marjorie M. Whiteman , Digest of International Law , vol. 1 , U.S. State Department ( Washington , DC : U.S. Government Printing Office , 1963 ) pp 650 -- 652 Jump up ^ `` Report of the Palestine Royal Commission , presented by the Secretary of State for the Colonies to the United Kingdom Parliament by Command of His Britannic Majesty ( July 1937 ) '' . Domino.un.org. 1937 - 11 - 30 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 12 - 31 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ Aaron S. Klieman ( 1980 ) . `` In the Public Domain : The Controversy over Partition for Palestine '' . Jewish Social Studies . 42 ( 2 ) . Resolutions adopted ... declared as unacceptable the scheme of partition put forward by the Commission Jump up ^ Geddes , 1991 , p. 208 . Jump up ^ Head of states of the founding members ( 1998 ) . `` Pact of the League of Arab States , March 22 , 1945 '' . The Avalon Project . Yale Law School . Archived from the original on 7 October 1999 . Retrieved 9 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Politics and government in the Middle East and North Africa , p. 303 , at Google Books , by Tareq Y . Ismael , Jacqueline S. Ismael , Kamel Abu Jaber , p 303 . Jump up ^ Henry G. Schermers and Niels M. Blokker , International Institutional Law , Hotei , 1995 -- 2004 . ISBN 90 - 04 - 13828 - 5 . p. 51 . Jump up ^ For example : Dr Goldmann , Foreign relations of the United States , 1946 . The Near East and Africa , Volume VII , p. 680 . Mr. Shertok , Foreign relations of the United States , 1948 . The Near East , South Asia , and Africa Volume V , Part 2 , p. 945 . Rabbi Silver , Foreign relations of the United States , 1948 . The Near East , South Asia , and Africa ( in two parts ) Volume V , Part 2 , p. 900 . Mr. Ben Gurion Foreign relations of the United States , 1949 . The Near East , South Asia , and Africa Volume VI , p. 927 . Jump up ^ `` Foreign relations of the United States , 1946 . General ; the United Nations Volume I , p. 411 '' . Digicoll.library.wisc.edu . Retrieved 5 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Gelber , Yoav ( 2004 ) , Independence Versus Nakba ; Kinneret -- Zmora - Bitan -- Dvir Publishing ; ISBN 965 - 517 - 190 - 6 ; page 31 Jump up ^ United Nations Special Committee on Palestine Report to the General Assembly , A / 364 , 3 September 1947 , `` A technical note on the viability of the proposed partition states prepared by the Secretariat '' and Foreign Relations of the United States , 1947 . The Near East and Africa Volume V , p. 1,167 . Jump up ^ Part II . - Boundaries recommended in UNGA Res 181 , p. 78 , at Google Books Molinaro , Enrico The Holy Places of Jerusalem in Middle East Peace Agreements p. 78 . Jump up ^ UN Doc October 17 , 1947 : Mr. Moshe Shertok as head of Political Department of the Jewish Agency statement to Ad Hoc committee on Palestine Jump up ^ UN Doc Archived 2008 - 12 - 18 at the Wayback Machine . October 2 . Dr Abba Hillel Silver , Chairman of the American Section of the Jewish Agency makes the case for a Jewish State to the Ad Hoc committee on Palestine . Jewish Agency announces acceptance of 10 of the eleven unanimous recommendations of the UN partition plan and rejection of the minority report . Of the Majority report ( the Partition Plan areas ) Dr Silver vacillates saying that he was prepared to `` recommend to the Jewish people acceptance subject to further discussion of the constitutional and territorial provisions '' . Jump up ^ Gelber , Yoav ( 2004 ) , Independence Versus Nakba ; Kinneret -- Zmora - Bitan -- Dvir Publishing ; ISBN 965 - 517 - 190 - 6 ; page 34 Jump up ^ Mark Tessler , A History of the Israeli - Palestinian Conflict , 1994 , ISBN 0 - 253 - 20873 - 4 Jump up ^ Benny Morris , 1948 : A History of the First Arab -- Israeli War , p. 179 , Yale University Press , 2008 . Jump up ^ Gerson , Allan ( 1978 ) . p. 78 . Jump up ^ `` Zionist Leaders : David Ben - Gurion 1886 -- 1973 '' . Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs . Retrieved 13 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs : Declaration of Establishment of State of Israel : 14 May 1948 Archived 21 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Hisham Sharabi , Palestine and Israel , p. 194 . Jump up ^ Meanwhile , Abdullah of ... in its place . Mark Tessler , A History of the Israeli -- Palestinian Conflict , 1994 , ISBN 0 - 253 - 20873 - 4 ^ Jump up to : Shaul Mishal , West Bank / East Bank : The Palestinians in Jordan , 1949 -- 1967 ( New Haven : Yale University Press , 1987 ) ISBN 0 - 300 - 02191 - 7 ^ Jump up to : Whiteman , Marjorie M. ( 1963 ) . Digest of International Law , vol. 2 , Washington , D.C. : U.S. State Department ( U.S. Government Printing Office ) . pp. 1,163 -- 68 . Jump up ^ See paragraph 2.20 of the Written Statement submitted by the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 05 - 11 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 06 ... ^ Jump up to : Shehadeh , Raja ( July 3 , 1977 ) . From Occupation to Interim Accords : Israel and the Palestinian Territories ( 1st ed . ) . Springer . pp. 77 -- 78 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 411 - 0384 - 0 . and `` Business Law in Palestine : A Brief Profile '' . A.F. & R. Shehadeh Law Firm. 2007 . Archived from the original on 9 May 2009 . Retrieved 11 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` See Jericho Congress ( 1948 ) '' . Encyclopedia.com . Retrieved 5 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Jericho Declaration '' . The Palestine Post : ActivePaper Archive . Associated Press , Thomson Reuters , United Press . 14 December 1948 . Archived from the original on 25 September 2015 . Telegram Mr. Wells Stabler to the Acting Secretary of State , 4 December 1948 , Foreign relations of the United States , 1948 , The Near East , South Asia , and Africa Volume V , Part 2 , pp. 1,645 -- 46 ( 1 ) British House of Commons , Jordan and Israel ( Government Decision ) , HC Deb 27 April 1950 vol 474 cc1137 - 41 ( 2 ) . Jump up ^ See `` The Palestinian Refugees In Jordan 1948 -- 1957 . Routledge ( 1981 ) . ISBN 0 - 7146 - 3120 - 5 . pp. 11 -- 16 . Jump up ^ Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements . Vol. 4 , Edmund Jan Osmanczyk , and Anthony Mango , Routledge , 3rd edition , 2004 , ISBN 0 - 415 - 93924 - 0 , p. 2 , 354 , p. 2354 , at Google Books Jump up ^ Palestine and International Law , ed . Sanford R. Siverburg , McFarland , 2002 , ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1191 - 0 , p. 47 . Jump up ^ Gerson , Allan ( 1978 ) . p. 77 . Jump up ^ `` 1948 -- 1967 : Jordanian Occupation of Eastern Jerusalem '' . Sixdaywar.org. 3 April 1949 . Retrieved 2 August 2010 . Jump up ^ See Israel and the West Bank , By Thomas S. Kuttner , Israel Yearbook on Human Rights 1977 , Volume 7 ; Volume 1977 , edited by Yoram Dinstein , Kluwer Law International , 1989 , ISBN 0 - 7923 - 0357 - 1 , ( 3 ) , p. 166 , at Google Books Jump up ^ See Israel and the creation of a Palestinian state : a European perspective , by Joseph Weiler , Croom Helm , Ltd. 1985 , ISBN 0 - 7099 - 3605 - 2 , p. 48 ( 4 ) , p. 47 , at Google Books Jump up ^ Massad , Joseph A. ( 2001 ) . Colonial Effects : The Making of National Identity in Jordan . New York City : Columbia University Press . ISBN 0 - 231 - 12323 - X . p. 229 . Jump up ^ See Foreign relations of the United States , 1950 . The Near East , South Asia , and Africa Volume V ( 1950 ) , p. 1096 ( 5 ) . Jump up ^ Foreign Relations of the United States , 1949 . The Near East , South Asia , and Africa Volume VI , p. 713 . Jump up ^ Foreign relations of the United States , 1949 . The Near East , South Asia , and Africa , Volume VI . pp. 878 -- 879 . Jump up ^ Bunch , Clea Lutz ( 2006 ) . `` Balancing Acts : Jordan and the United States During the Johnson Administration '' . Canadian Journal of History . 41.3 . Jump up ^ Foreign relations of the United States , 1948 . The Near East , South Asia , and Africa Volume V , Part 2 , pp. 1,706 -- 1,707 . Jump up ^ See `` United States Policy Toward the West Bank in 1948 '' . Jewish Social Studies . Vol. 46 . No. 3 / 4 ( Summer -- Autumn 1984 ) . pp. 231 -- 252 . Jump up ^ See Palestine and International Law , ed . Sanford R. Siverburg , McFarland and Company , 2002 , ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1191 - 0 , p. 11 . ^ Jump up to : Kassim , 1997 . ^ Jump up to : Gelber , Y . Palestine , 1948 . Pp. 177 -- 78 , p. 364 , at Google Books Jump up ^ The Encyclopedia of the Arab - Israeli Conflict : A Political , Social , and ... , p. 464 , at Google Books . Retrieved 25 August 2013 . Jump up ^ See Jericho Declaration , Palestine Post , December 14 , 1948 , Front page Jump up ^ See for example Foreign relations of the United States , 1949 . The Near East , South Asia , and Africa Volume VI , p. 712 . Jump up ^ Foreign relations of the United States , 1949 . The Near East , South Asia , and Africa , Volume VI , p. 1,149 . Jump up ^ First Interim Report of the United Nations Economic Survey Mission for the Middle East ( doc. nr. A / 1106 ) . 16 November 1949 Jump up ^ Final Report of the United Nations Economic Survey Mission for the Middle East '' Archived 2007 - 06 - 14 at the Wayback Machine ... The United Nations . 28 December 1949 . Retrieved 8 June 2014 . Jump up ^ See the Department of State Bulletin , Vol. 22 Jan -- Mar 1950 , pp. 105 -- 106 ( 6 ) Jump up ^ Bochenski , F.G. , The first interim report of the U.N. economic survey ( CLAPP ) mission for the Middle East ( English ) ; A Summary and Comments , Economic Department , IBRC , 29 November 1949 ^ Jump up to : Foreign relations of the United States , 1950 . The Near East , South Asia , and Africa , Volume V ( 1950 ) , p. 921 . Jump up ^ McMahon , Robert J. ; Zeiler , Thomas W. ( 2012 ) . Guide to U.S. Foreign Policy : A Diplomatic History . Sage Publications . p. 276 . ISBN 9781608719105 . UN Security Council Resolution 242 , which came in the wake of the war , called for Israeli territorial withdrawals in exchange for Arab recognition of Israel 's right to exist . Jump up ^ Foreign Relations of the United States Volume XIX , Arab - Israeli Crisis and War , 1967 , p. 386 , Document 227 . Jump up ^ Foreign Relations of the United States Volume XIX , Arab - Israeli Crisis and War , 1967 , pp. 765 - 766 , Document 411 . Jump up ^ Benvenisti , Eyal ( 2012 ) . The International Law of Occupation ( 2 ed . ) . Oxford University Press . pp. 206 -- 208 . ISBN 9780191639579 . Jump up ^ Gerson , Allan . Israel , the West Bank , and International law , Routledge , Sept 28 , 1978 , ISBN 0 - 7146 - 3091 - 8 , p. 82 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Adam , `` Decline of Illusions : The Status of the Israeli - Occupied Territories over 21 Years '' in International Affairs ( Royal Institute of International Affairs 1944 -- ) , Vol. 64 , No. 3 . ( Summer , 1988 ) , pp. 345 -- 359. , p. 350 Jump up ^ Sanger , Andrew ( 2011 ) . M.N. Schmitt , Louise Arimatsu , Tim McCormack , eds . `` The Contemporary Law of Blockade and the Gaza Freedom Flotilla '' . Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law 2010 . Springer Science & Business Media . 13 : 429 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 90 - 6704 - 811 - 8_14 . ISBN 9789067048118 . Israel claims it no longer occupies the Gaza Strip , maintaining that it ' is neither a State nor a territory occupied or controlled by Israel ' , but rather , it has ' sui generis ' status . Pursuant to the Disengagement Plan , Israel dismantled all military institutions and settlements in Gaza and there is no longer a permanent Israeli military or civilian presence in the territory . However , the Plan also provided that ' Israel will guard and monitor the external land perimeter of the Gaza Strip , will continue to maintain exclusive authority in Gaza air space , and will continue to exercise security activity in the sea off the coast of the Gaza Strip ' , as well as maintaining an Israeli military presence on the Egyptian / Gaza border , and reserving the right to reenter Gaza at will . Israel continues to control six of Gaza 's seven land crossings , its maritime borders and airspace , and the movement of goods and persons in and out of the territory . ( Egypt controls one of Gaza 's land crossings . ) Troops from the Israeli Defence Force regularly enter parts of the territory and / or deploy missile attacks , drones and sonic bombs into Gaza . Israel has declared a no - go buffer zone that stretches deep into Gaza : if Gazans enter this zone , they are shot on sight . Gaza is also dependent on Israel for , inter alia , electricity , currency , telephone networks , issuing IDs , and permits to enter and leave the territory . Israel also has sole control of the Palestinian Population Registry , through which the Israeli Army regulates who is classified as a Palestinian and who is a Gazan or West Banker . Since 2000 , aside from a limited number of exceptions , Israel has refused to add people to the Palestinian Population Registry . It is this direct external control over Gaza and indirect control over life within Gaza that has led the United Nations , the UN General Assembly , the UN Fact Finding Mission to Gaza , International human rights organisations , US Government websites , the UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office and a significant number of legal commentators , to reject the argument that Gaza is no longer occupied . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Scobbie , Iain ( 2012 ) . Elizabeth Wilmshurst , ed . International Law and the Classification of Conflicts . Oxford University Press . p. 295 . ISBN 9780199657759 . Even after the accession to power of Hamas , Israel 's claim that it no longer occupies Gaza has not been accepted by UN bodies , most States , nor the majority of academic commentators because of its exclusive control of its border with Gaza and crossing points including the effective control it exerted over the Rafah crossing until at least May 2011 , its control of Gaza 's maritime zones and airspace which constitute what Aronson terms the ' security envelope ' around Gaza , as well as its ability to intervene forcibly at will in Gaza . Jump up ^ Gawerc , Michelle ( 2012 ) . Prefiguring Peace : Israeli - Palestinian Peacebuilding Partnerships . Lexington Books . p. 44 . ISBN 9780739166109 . While Israel withdrew from the immediate territory , Israel still controlled all access to and from Gaza through the border crossings , as well as through the coastline and the airspace . In addition , Gaza was dependent upon Israel for water electricity sewage communication networks and for its trade ( Gisha 2007 . Dowty 2008 ) . In other words , while Israel maintained that its occupation of Gaza ended with its unilateral disengagement Palestinians - as well as many human right organizations and international bodies - argued that Gaza was by all intents and purposes still occupied . Jump up ^ Foreign Relations of the United States Volume XIX , Arab - Israeli Crisis and War , 1967 , p. 981 , Document 501 . Jump up ^ Foreign relations of the United States , 1964 -- 1968 , Volume XVIII Arab - Israeli Dispute , p. 996 , Document 505 . Jump up ^ Paper Prepared by the National Security Council Staff , November 13 , 1970 , Foreign Relations of the United States 1969 - 1976 , vol. 23 Jump up ^ A history of conflict between opposing ideals ( Le Monde Diplomatique , Oct. 2010 ) Jump up ^ `` Seventh Arab League Summit Conference : Resolution on Palestine '' . UNISPAL.Un.org . Rabat , Morocco : UNISPAL. 28 October 1974 . Archived from the original on 18 May 2012 . To affirm the right of the Palestinian people to establish an independent national authority under the command of the Palestine Liberation Organization , the sole legitimate representative of the Palestinian people in any Palestinian territory that is liberated . Jump up ^ Bickerton , Ian J. ( 21 January 2014 ) . `` Jordan : Renouncing Claims to the West Bank '' . Britannica.com . Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc . Archived from the original on 16 June 2014 . Retrieved June 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Godley ( US Embassy in Beirut ) to Secretary of State , 7 November 1974 . Jump up ^ Roger Friedland ; Richard D. Hecht ( 1996 ) . To Rule Jerusalem . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 44046 - 7 . Jump up ^ Ronald , Reagan ( 1 September 1982 ) . `` Speech of President Ronald Reagan on Middle East Peace '' ( PDF ) . AIPAC.org . American Israel Public Affairs Committee ( AIPAC ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 16 June 2014 . Retrieved 16 June 2014 . Jump up ^ See `` An Interview with Yasser Arafat '' , NY Review of Books , Volume 34 , Number 10 , 11 June 1987 ( 7 ) Archived 2009 - 01 - 07 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : See Renouncing claims to the West Bank , Jordan under King Hussein '' Renouncing claims to the West Bank ^ Jump up to : Sayigh , Yezid ( 1999 ) . Armed Struggle and the Search for State : The Palestinian National Movement , 1949 -- 1993 ( illustrated ed . ) . Oxford University Press . p. 624 . ISBN 9780198296430 . `` The Palestinian National Council also empowered the central council to form a government - in - exile when appropriate , and the executive committee to perform the functions of government until such time as a government - in - exile was established . '' Jump up ^ Silverburg , 2002 , p. 198 . Jump up ^ Anis F. Kassim , ed. ( 1988 ) . The Palestine Yearbook of International Law 1987 - 1988 . p. 247 . Jump up ^ Disengagement from the West Bank . www.kinghussein.gov.jo . Retrieved December 2013 Jump up ^ Hussein surrenders claims on West Bank to the P.L.O. ; U.S. peace plan in jeopardy ; Internal Tensions . John Kifner , New York Times , 1 August 1988 Jump up ^ Silverburg , 2002 , p. 42 . ^ Jump up to : Quigley , 2005 , p. 212 . Jump up ^ PLO Negotiations Affairs Department ( 13 November 2008 ) . `` The Historic Compromise : The Palestinian Declaration of Independence and the Twenty - Year Struggle for a Two - State Solution '' ( PDF ) . CARIM.org . Consortium for Applied Research on International Migration . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 26 April 2012 . Retrieved 6 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Political communiqué Palestine National Council . Algiers , 15 November 1988 . Official translation . Jump up ^ `` Yasser Arafat , Speech at UN General Assembly '' . ( 13 December 1988 ) . Le Monde Diplomatique . Retrieved 28 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Arafat Clarifies Statement To Satisfy U.S. Conditions for Dialogue '' ( 14 December 1988 ) . Jewish Virtual Library . Retrieved 28 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Rabie , Mohamed ( Summer 1992 ) . `` The U.S. -- PLO Dialogue : The Swedish Connection '' . Journal of Palestine Studies . University of California Press . 21 ( 4 ) : 54 -- 66 . doi : 10.1525 / jps. 1992.21. 4.00 p0140g . JSTOR 2537663 . Retrieved 1 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Quandt , William B. ( 1993 ) . Peace Process : American Diplomacy and the Arab -- Israeli Conflict Since 1967 . Washington , D.C. : Brookings Institution . pp. 367 -- 375 , 494 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 08388 - 2 . Jump up ^ United Nations General Assembly Session 52 Resolution 52 / 250 . Participation of Palestine in the work of the United Nations A / RES / 52 / 250 13 July 1998 . Jump up ^ `` UN Observers : Non-Member States and Entities '' . Jump up ^ Quigley , John ( 2009 ) . `` The Palestine Declaration to the International Criminal Court : The Statehood Issue '' ( PDF ) . Rutgers Law Record . Rutgers School of Law . 35 . Retrieved 11 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Palestine National Council Al - Bab Jump up ^ Europa World Publications , 2004 , p. 905 . Jump up ^ Dajani in Brownlie et al. , 1999 , p. 121 . Jump up ^ Le More , 2008 , pp. 27 -- 29 . Jump up ^ Perelman , Marc ( 7 March 2008 ) . `` Costa Rica Opens Official Ties With ' State of Palestine ' '' . The Forward . Retrieved 27 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Al - Haq Position Paper on Issues Arising from the Palestinian Authority 's Submission of a Declaration to the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court Under Article 12 ( 3 ) of the Rome Statute ( 14 December 2009 ) . Jump up ^ Barak Ravid ( 2012 - 11 - 14 ) . `` Israel : We Will Annul Oslo Accords if Palestinians Seek Upgraded UN Status '' . haaretz.com . Retrieved 10 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Raphael Ahren ( 2012 - 12 - 12 ) . `` Is Palestine a state ? That may depend on the Palestinians '' . The Times of Israel . Jump up ^ see `` Opinions of officials and legal scholars '' Jump up ^ ( registration required ) Bronner , Ethan ( 2 April 2011 ) . `` In Israel , Time for Peace Offer May Run Out '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 5 April 2011 . Retrieved 2 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Swaine , Jon ; Blomfield , Adrian ( 24 June 2011 ) . `` US ' Could Withdraw Funding from UN If Palestine State Is Recognised ' -- The US Could Withdraw Funding from the United Nations If Its Members Decide To Recognise and Independent Palestinian State , a Close Ally of President Barack Obama Has Warned '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 26 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Mozgovaya , Natasha ( 29 June 2011 ) . `` U.S. Senate Passes Resolution Threatening To Suspend Aid to Palestinians -- Resolution 185 Calls on Palestinians To Halt Bid for Unilateral Recognition at UN , Calls on Obama To Veto September Vote '' . Haaretz . Retrieved 26 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Sawafta , Ali ( 14 July 2011 ) . `` Arabs To Seek Full Palestinian Upgrade at UN '' . Reuters . Retrieved 26 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Palestinians Seek UN Membership , Not Recognition of Statehood '' . Xinhua News Agency ( via People 's Daily ) . 25 May 2011 . Retrieved 26 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Arab League Requests Palestinian Statehood from U.N. '' Palestine News Network . 6 July 2011 . Retrieved 26 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Ravid , Barak ( 13 July 2011 ) . `` Palestinian Envoy to UN : European States Will Recognize Palestine Before September -- Riyad Mansour Tells Haaretz That the Palestinian Authority 's UN Bid Is Last Chance for a Two - State Solution '' . Haaretz . Retrieved 26 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Syria Recognises Palestinian State '' . Agence France - Presse ( via Khaleej Times ) . 18 July 2011 . Retrieved 26 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Syria Recognizes Palestinian State with East Jerusalem as Its Capital -- Palestinian President Welcomes Syria 's Recognition , Saying It Is a ' Major Step ' on Way to UN Recognition in September '' . Deutsche Presse - Agentur ( via Haaretz ) . 18 July 2011 . Retrieved 26 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hoss Slams Syria Recognition of Palestine Based on ' 67 Borders '' . The Daily Star . 19 July 2011 . Retrieved 26 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Palestinian Leader Mahmoud Abbas Makes UN Statehood Bid '' . BBC News . 23 September 2011 . Retrieved 26 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ban sends Palestinian application for UN membership to Security Council '' . United Nations News Centre . 23 September 2011 . Retrieved 11 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Krever , Mick ; Vaccarello , Joe ( 11 November 2011 ) . `` With Security Council report , Palestinian statehood bid stalled at U.N. '' CNN . Archived from the original on 6 March 2012 . Retrieved 5 November 2012 . Jump up ^ United Nations Educational , Scientific ; Cultural Organization ( 26 May 1989 ) . `` Application for the admission of Palestine as a member state proposed by Algeria , Egypt , Indonesia , Mauritania , Nigeria , Senegal and Yemen '' ( PDF ) . Executive Board . Jump up ^ United Nations Educational , Scientific ; Cultural Organization ( 10 July 2009 ) . `` 35 C : Request for the admission of Palestine to UNESCO '' ( PDF ) . Executive Board . Jump up ^ `` Kuwait supports Palestine 's UNESCO membership '' . Arabs Today . 7 October 2011 . Retrieved 13 October 2011 . Jump up ^ AJC Houston ( 7 October 2011 ) . `` AJC expresses its disappointment with UNESCO '' . American Jewish Committee . Retrieved 1 November 2011 . Jump up ^ In favour ( 40 ) : Algeria , Argentina , Bangladesh , Belarus , Burkina Faso , Chile , China , Congo , DR Congo , Cuba , Djibouti , Egypt , El Salvador , Ghana , Grenada , Haiti , India , Kazakhstan , Kenya , Kuwait , Madagascar , Malaysia , Mongolia , Morocco , Niger , Pakistan , Peru , Philippines , Russia , Saudi Arabia , Senegal , Sri Lanka , Syria , Tanzania , Tunisia , Uzbekistan , Venezuela , Vietnam , Zambia , Zimbabwe . Against ( 4 ) : Germany , Latvia , Romania , United States . Abstained ( 14 ) : Barbados , Belgium , Cote d'Ivoire , Denmark , France , Greece , Italy , Japan , Monaco , Poland , Saint Lucia , Slovakia , South Korea , Spain . Jump up ^ United Nations Educational , Scientific ; Cultural Organization ( 31 October 2011 ) . `` General Conference admits Palestine as UNESCO Member State '' . Retrieved 31 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Irish , John ( 31 October 2011 ) . `` UNESCO gives Palestinians full membership '' . Real Clear World . Archived from the original on 7 April 2012 . Retrieved 31 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` How Unesco countries voted on Palestinian membership '' . The Guardian . 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 4 November 2012 . Jump up ^ United Nations Educational , Scientific ; Cultural Organization ( 29 October 2011 ) . `` Draft resolution : Request for the admission of Palestine to UNESCO '' ( PDF ) . General Conference . Submitted by Algeria , Angola , Bahrain , Burkina Faso , Burundi , Central African Republic , Chad , Comoros , Congo , Cuba , Democratic Republic of the Congo , Djibouti , Egypt , Gabon , Guinea , Indonesia , Iraq , Jordan , Kuwait , Kyrgyzstan , Lebanon , Libya , Mali , Mauritania , Morocco , Nicaragua , Niger , Oman , Pakistan , Qatar , Saudi Arabia , Senegal , Somalia , South Africa , Sri Lanka , Sudan , Syrian Arab Republic , Tunisia , Turkey , United Arab Emirates , Venezuela ( Bolivarian Republic of ) , Yemen and Zimbabwe Jump up ^ United Nations Educational , Scientific ; Cultural Organization . `` Arab States : Palestine '' . United Nations . Retrieved 3 December 2011 . Jump up ^ United Nations . General Assembly GA / 11317 . Sixty - seventh General Assembly . General Assembly Plenary . 44th & 45th Meetings ( PM & Night ) . General Assembly Votes Overwhelmingly to Accord Palestine ' Non-Member Observer State ' Status in United Nations ^ Jump up to : `` A / 67 / L. 28 of 26 November 2012 and A / RES / 67 / 19 of 29 November 2012 '' . Unispal.un.org . Archived from the original on 10 December 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : Palestine : What is in a name ( change ) ? Al Jazeera , 8 Jan 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Israel defies UN after vote on Palestine with plans for 3,000 new homes in the West Bank '' . The Independent . 1 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Palestinian United Nations bid explained . By Tim Hume and Ashley Fantz . CNN , November 30 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Palestinians ' UN upgrade to nonmember observer state : Struggles ahead over possible powers '' . Associated Press . November 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Fatou Bensouda : the truth about the ICC and Gaza '' ( 8 ) , theguardian.com , 29 August 2014 Jump up ^ `` Declaration accepting the Jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court '' ( 9 ) website ICC , 31 December 2014 Jump up ^ `` Abbas has not taken practical steps toward seeking membership for Palestine in U.N. agencies , something made possible by the November vote '' . The Huffington Post . 7 January 2013 . Archived from the original on 11 January 2013 . Retrieved 24 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Website of the State of Palestine 's Permanent Observer Mission to the United Nations '' . Archived from the original on 24 December 2010 . Retrieved 24 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Palestinian Authority officially changes name to ' State of Palestine ' '' . Haaretz.com. 5 January 2013 . Retrieved 24 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Gharib , Ali ( 2012 - 12 - 20 ) . `` U.N. Adds New Name : `` State of Palestine '' `` . The Daily Beast . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 11 - 03 . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ FAQ : The Peace process with the Palestinians -- Dec 2009 . Mfa.gov.il . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ From `` Occupied Territories '' to `` Disputed Territories '' , by Dore Gold . Jcpa.org . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Hamas is a radical Islamic fundamentalist organization that has stated that its highest priority is a Jihad ( holy war ) for the liberation of Palestine ... '' Peace and War : The Arab -- Israeli Military Balance Enters the 21st Century , by Anthony H. Cordesman , 2002 , p. 243 ( 10 ) `` One of the secrets behind the success of Hamas is that it is an Islamic and national movement at one and the same time ... '' `` Hamas : Palestinian Identity , Islam , and National Sovereignty '' , by Meir Litvak , in Challenges to the Cohesion of the Arabic State , by Asher Susser , 2008 , p. 153. ( 11 ) `` Hamas is an Islamic fundamentalist movement founded in 1987 ... '' Understanding Terrorism : Challenges , Perspectives , and Issues , by Gus Martin , 2009 , p. 153 ( 12 ) `` Hamas is an Islamic jihadist organization ... '' Why Israel Ca n't Wait : The Coming War Between Israel and Iran , by Jerome R. Corsi , 2009 , p. 39. ( 13 ) `` Understanding Islamism '' Archived 2013 - 03 - 07 at the Wayback Machine. , Crisis Group Middle East / North Africa Report N ° 37 , March 2 , 2005 `` Hamas leader condemns Islamist charity blacklist '' . Reuters . August 23 , 2007 . Retrieved January 28 , 2009 . Hider , James ( October 12 , 2007 ) . `` Islamist leader hints at Hamas pull - out from Gaza '' . The Times . London . Retrieved January 28 , 2009 . `` The New Hamas : Between Resistance and Participation '' . Middle East Report . Graham Usher , August 21 , 2005 `` Council on Foreign Relations '' . Council on Foreign Relations . Retrieved May 27 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hamas Charter '' . Retrieved 4 December 2013 . Jump up ^ ( 14 ) Archived January 15 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ( 15 ) Archived October 10 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : John V. Whitbeck . `` The ' State of Palestine ' exists '' . aljazeera.com . Jump up ^ `` Fatah Rally in Gaza Looks Toward Unity With Hamas '' . 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Palestine News & Info Agency - WAFA - Communication Ministry Uses ' State of Palestine ' on New Stamps '' . wafa.ps . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Abbas instructs embassies to refer to State of Palestine '' Ma'an News Agency , January 6 , 2013 : `` No amendment should be made to references to the PLO , which remains Palestinians ' legal representative on the world stage , the presidential order said . '' Jump up ^ `` وكالة الانباء والمعلومات الفلسطينية - وفا - تعليمات رئاسية للطلب من دول العالم التعامل مع مسمى ' دولة فلسطين ' بدلا من ' السلطة ' '' . wafa.ps . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Abbas : Palestine will now call itself a state on official documents - UPI.com '' . UPI . ^ Jump up to : Palestine name change shows limitations : `` Israel remains in charge of territories the world says should one day make up that state . '' ^ Jump up to : `` State Of Palestine : Palestinians Change Name , Wo n't Rush To Issue New Passports '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Leaders unmoved by Israeli objections to State of Palestine IDs '' . Maan News Agency . Jump up ^ `` وكالة الانباء والمعلومات الفلسطينية - وفا - تعليمات رئاسية لإصدار نموذج جواز سفر جديد وتغيير جميع الوثائق الرسمية '' . wafa.ps . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Abbas backtracks on State of Palestine plans : `` Israeli officials informed his office that `` they will not deal with any new form of passport of ID . '' Jump up ^ After upgrading status , UN officially switches from ' Palestine ' to ' State of Palestine ' : `` '' The Prime Minister of the Palestinian Authority is not exactly the prime minister of the State of Palestine , '' Mansour said . This could change , however , were the PLO 's executive committee -- `` the acting government of the State of Palestine '' -- to make a decision to that effect . '' Jump up ^ `` Palestine News & Info Agency - WAFA - PLO 's Central Council to Discuss Changes , says Official '' . wafa.ps . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ Turkey becomes first state with ambassador recognized by Palestine , Hurriyet Daily News , April 15 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` Powell visit highlights problems , 12 / 05 / 2003 '' . BBC News . Retrieved 24 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Netanyahu to US : I 'm leading Israel 's policy '' . Ynetnews.com. 1995 - 06 - 20 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Direct negotiations suspended '' . Ynetnews.com. 1995 - 06 - 20 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ Ravid , Barak ( 28 September 2010 ) . `` Lieberman presents plans for population exchange at UN '' . Haaretz . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ Mozgovaya , Natasha ( 28 September 2010 ) . `` Netanyahu : Israel , Palestinians can reach Mideast peace in a year '' . Haaretz . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ Shamir , Shlomo ( 2010 - 10 - 12 ) . `` U.S. Jews outraged by Lieberman 's UN speech on population exchange . Haaretz '' . Haaretz.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Why Jews Fled the Arab Countries : : Middle East Quarterly '' . Meforum.org . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ More Israeli Jews favor transfer of Palestinians , Israeli Arabs - poll finds Ha'aretz Jump up ^ `` The Arc : A Formal Structure for a Palestinian State '' . RAND Corporation . 2005 . Retrieved 24 December 2010 . Jump up ^ ( AFP ) -- Feb 13 , 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 13 ) . `` AFP : Palestinian ministers press for Israel ' war crimes ' probe '' . Google.com . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 03 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 05 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ ( AFP ) -- Dec 6 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 06 ) . `` Brazil , Argentina , Uruguay recognize Palestinian state '' . Google.com . Archived from the original on 2010 - 12 - 10 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 24 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Evo oficializa reconocimiento de Palestina como estado soberano '' . Lostiempos.com. 2010 - 11 - 30 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 12 - 25 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 11 - 20 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Medvedev : As we did in 1988 , Russia still recognizes an independent Palestine '' . Haaretz.com. 18 January 2011 . Retrieved 24 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Republic of Ireland 's Palestine upgrade strains Israeli relations '' . BelfastTelegraph.co.uk . Retrieved 24 October 2014 . Jump up ^ 3000 March Through Jerusalem for Palestine External links Wikisource has original text related to this article : United Nations Special Committee on Palestine Federal State Plan A Comparison Of Three Drafts For An Israeli - Palestinian Peace Agreement Full text of George Bush 's speech on Israel and a Palestinian state British Foreign & Commonwealth office on Palestine Examination of Palestinian Statehood Institute for Palestine Studies Israel : The Alternative ( Tony Judt , NY Review of Books ) Israel , Palestine , and the Bi-National Fantasy ( response to Judt by Leon Wieseltier , The New Republic ) Reut Institute Analysis on Israeli - Palestinian Negotiations Joel Kovel , Overcoming Zionism : Creating a Single Democratic State in Israel / Palestine , ( Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press , 2007 ) The Palestinian Basic Law - A collection of various propsals and amendments to the Basic Law of Palestine Palestine , Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009 . Linking the Gaza Strip with the West Bank : Implications of a Palestinian Corridor Across Israel The Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs Thousands of Palestinians back UN recognition call as US presses Abbas to back down RFI English Palestine topics History History of Palestine History of the State of Palestine History of the Palestinians Palestinian nationalism British Mandate Palestinian Declaration of Independence Years in the Palestinian territories Conflict Israeli -- Palestinian History Timeline 1948 Arab -- Israeli War 1948 Palestinian exodus Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon First Lebanon War First Intifada Second Intifada Gaza War Black September Dawson 's Field hijackings Fatah -- Hamas conflict Battle of Gaza 2009 Hamas political violence in Gaza Hamas - Salafist conflict Hamas - Jund Ansar Allah clash Government West Bank ( SOP - controlled ) Prime Minister President Palestinian National Council Palestinian Legislative Council Judicial system Gaza Strip ( Hamas - controlled ) Prime Minister President Committee for the Propagation of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice Security Palestinian National Security Forces Palestinian Preventive Security United States security assistance to the Palestinian National Authority Politics State of Palestine ( International recognition ) Political parties ( DFLP Fatah Hamas FIDA Palestinian National Initiative PPP PFLP Third Way PPSF ) Palestinian right of return Palestinian political violence Elections Legal status of the State of Palestine Geography Gaza Strip West Bank ( Northern WB Southern WB ) Borders Cities Governorates Landforms Depopulated villages Economy Companies Palestine Exchange Palestine Monetary Authority Taxes Transport Agriculture Tourism Water supply and sanitation Culture and society Palestinians Palestinian Christians Diaspora Refugee camps Arab citizens of Israel Archaeology Art Cinema Costume and embroidery Cuisine Dance Demographics Education ( universities and colleges ) Handicrafts Health care Human rights LGBT rights Language Literature Music Personalities Postage stamps and history Religion Places of worship Palestinian sport Flag of Palestine Architecture Media By city Books Journalists Newspapers Photography Radio Television Ma'an News Agency Palestine News Network The Palestine Telegraph Palestine -- Israel Journal Palestinian Broadcasting Corporation Palestinian Media Watch Palestinian terminology guide Wafa Foreign affairs Israel , Palestine , and the United Nations Foreign Affairs Minister of the Palestinian National Authority Diplomatic missions of Palestine Diplomatic missions in Palestine International aid to Palestinians Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_State_of_Palestine&oldid=842664528 '' Categories : Gaza Strip West Bank History of the State of Palestine Israeli -- Palestinian conflict Israeli -- Palestinian peace process Palestinian nationalism Politics of the State of Palestine Two - state solution Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter Pages with login required references or sources Articles with dead external links from February 2017 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Wikipedia pages under 30 - 500 editing restriction All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from September 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2014 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2015 Articles containing Arabic - language text Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2012 Articles needing additional references from February 2011 All articles needing additional references Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Edit links This page was last edited on 23 May 2018 , at 21 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | palestine was under the official control of what country prior to the creation of israel | [
"At the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire following World War I, the victorious European states divided many of its component regions into newly created states under League of Nations mandates according to deals that had been struck with other interested parties.[1] In the Middle East, Syria (including the Ottoman autonomous Christian Lebanon and the surrounding areas that became the Republic of Lebanon) came under French control, while Mesopotamia and Palestine were allotted to the British."
] | [
"the British"
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-8527703602945345187 | The Night They Drove Old Dixie Down | The Night They Drove Old Dixie Down - wikipedia The Night They Drove Old Dixie Down `` The Night They Drove Old Dixie Down '' Single by The Band from the album The Band A-side `` Up on Cripple Creek '' Released September 22 , 1969 Recorded 1969 Genre Roots rock southern rock americana Length 3 : 33 Label Capitol Songwriter ( s ) Robbie Robertson Producer ( s ) John Simon The Band also released a live album titled for and featuring the song . `` The Night They Drove Old Dixie Down '' is a song written by Robbie Robertson and originally recorded by the Canadian roots rock group the Band in 1969 and released on their eponymous second album . Levon Helm provided the lead vocals . The song is a first - person narrative relating the economic and social distress experienced by the protagonist , a poor white Southerner , during the last year of the American Civil War , when George Stoneman was raiding southwest Virginia . Frequently appearing on lists of the best rock songs of all time , it has been cited as an early example of the genre known as roots rock . Joan Baez recorded a version of the song that became a top - five chart hit in late 1971 . Contents 1 Creation and recording 2 Reception 3 Joan Baez version 3.1 Chart performance 3.1. 1 Weekly singles charts 3.1. 2 Year - end charts 4 Other versions 5 Personnel on the Band version 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Creation and recording ( edit ) The song was written by Robbie Robertson and Levon Helm . According to Rob Bowman 's liner notes to the 2000 reissue of the Band 's second album , The Band , it has been viewed as a concept album , with the songs focusing on peoples , places and traditions associated with an older version of Americana . The lyrics tell of the last days of the American Civil War , portraying the suffering of the protagonist , a poor white Southerner . Robertson stated that he had the music to the song in his head but at first had no idea what it was to be about . Then the concept came to him and he did research on the subject . Levon Helm , a native of Arkansas , stated that he assisted in the research for the lyrics . In his 1993 autobiography , This Wheel 's on Fire , Helm wrote , `` Robbie and I worked on ' The Night They Drove Old Dixie Down ' up in Woodstock . I remember taking him to the library so he could research the history and geography of the era and make General Robert E. Lee come out with all due respect . '' Dixie is the historical nickname for the states making up the Confederate States of America . The first lines of the lyrics refer to one of George Stoneman 's raids behind Confederate lines attacking the railroads of Danville , Virginia at the end of the Civil War in 1865 : Virgil Caine is the name , and I served on the Danville train , Till Stoneman 's cavalry came and tore up the tracks again ... The Band frequently performed the song in concert , and it is included on the group 's live albums Rock of Ages ( 1972 ) and Before the Flood ( 1974 ) . The song was included in the concert on Thanksgiving Day 1976 which was recorded in the documentary film about the concert , The Last Waltz , as well as the soundtrack album from the film . The last time the song was performed by Helm was in The Last Waltz ( 1976 ) . Helm refused to play the song afterwards . Although it has long been believed that the reason for Helm 's refusal to play the song was a dispute with Robertson over songwriting credits , according to Garth Hudson it was due to Helm 's dislike for Joan Baez 's version . Reception ( edit ) It was # 245 on Rolling Stone magazine 's list of the 500 greatest songs of all time . Pitchfork Media named it the forty - second best song of the Sixties . The song is included in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame 's `` 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll '' and Time magazine 's All - Time 100 . Ralph J. Gleason ( in the review in Rolling Stone ( U.S. edition only ) of October 1969 ) explains why this song has such an impact on listeners : Nothing I have read ... has brought home the overwhelming human sense of history that this song does . The only thing I can relate it to at all is The Red Badge of Courage . It 's a remarkable song , the rhythmic structure , the voice of Levon and the bass line with the drum accents and then the heavy close harmony of Levon , Richard and Rick in the theme , make it seem impossible that this is n't some traditional material handed down from father to son straight from that winter of 1865 to today . It has that ring of truth and the whole aura of authenticity . The lyrics of the song discuss the destruction of the Danville rail line that carried supplies for the Confederate army at Petersburg . The song has become a part of the ideology of Lost Cause of the Confederacy reflecting the perception of the South prostrate in defeat . Joan Baez version ( edit ) `` The Night They Drove Old Dixie Down '' Single by Joan Baez from the album Blessed Are ... B - side `` When Time Is Stolen '' Released August 1971 Genre Country Folk Length 3 : 23 Label Vanguard Songwriter ( s ) Robbie Robertson Producer ( s ) Norbert Putnam Joan Baez singles chronology `` Sweet Sir Galahad '' ( 1969 ) `` The Night They Drove Old Dixie Down '' ( 1971 ) `` Love Song to a Stranger '' ( 1971 ) The most successful version of the song was released by Joan Baez in 1971 . It peaked at number three on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in the US in October that year and spent five weeks atop the easy listening chart . Billboard ranked it as the No. 20 song for 1971 . The version reached number six in the pop charts in the UK in October 1971 . The song became a Gold record . Baez 's version was used during a pivotal scene in the 2017 film Three Billboards Outside Ebbing , Missouri and is included on the film 's soundtrack . The Baez recording had some changes in the lyrics . Baez later told Rolling Stone 's Kurt Loder that she initially learned the song by listening to the recording on the Band 's album , and had never seen the printed lyrics at the time she recorded it , and thus sang the lyrics as she had ( mis ) heard them . In more recent years in her concerts , Baez has performed the song as originally written by Robertson . Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly singles charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1971 ) Peak position Australia National Top 40 ( Go - Set ) 5 Canada RPM Top Singles Canada RPM Adult Contemporary Ireland ( IRMA ) 8 New Zealand ( Listener ) UK Singles Chart 6 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 U.S. Billboard Adult Contemporary U.S. Cashbox Top 100 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1971 ) Rank Canada 39 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 20 U.S. Cash Box 21 Other versions ( edit ) Johnny Cash recorded the song on his 1975 album John R. Cash . Old - time musician Jimmy Arnold recorded the song on his album Southern Soul , which was composed of songs associated with the Southern side of the Civil War . A fairly large - scale orchestrated version of the song appears on the 1971 concept album California ' 99 by Jimmie Haskell , with lead vocal by Jimmy Witherspoon . Others to record versions include Don Rich , Steve Young , John Denver , the Allman Brothers Band , Derek Warfield . the Charlie Daniels Band , Big Country , the Dave Brockie Experience , Vikki Carr , Richie Havens , the Black Crowes , the Jerry Garcia Band , Sophie B. Hawkins , Legion of Mary , and the Zac Brown Band have included it on live albums . Glen Hansard ( of the Frames and the Swell Season ) , accompanied by Lisa Hannigan and John Smith , performed the song in July 2012 for The A.V. Club 's A.V. Undercover : Summer Break series . The 1972 song `` Am Tag als Conny Kramer starb '' ( `` On the Day That Conny Kramer Died '' ) , which uses the tune of the song , was a number - one hit in West Germany for singer Juliane Werding . The lyrics are about a young man dying because of his drug addiction . In 1986 , the German band Die Goldenen Zitronen made a parody version of this song with the title `` Am Tag als Thomas Anders starb '' ( `` On the Day That Thomas Anders Died '' ) . In 2008 , Johnny Logan covered the song on his album , Irishman in America . In 1999 , a parody version of the song called The Night That Old Slick Willie Lied was recorded by conservative singer Willie Cater . Personnel on the Band version ( edit ) Levon Helm -- lead vocals , drums Rick Danko -- bass guitar , backing vocals Garth Hudson -- melodica , slide trumpet Richard Manuel -- piano , backing vocals Robbie Robertson -- acoustic guitar See also ( edit ) List of anti-war songs List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 1971 ( U.S. ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Marcus , Greil ( 2010 - 10 - 19 ) . Bob Dylan by Greil Marcus : Writings 1968 - 2010 . PublicAffairs . pp. 73 -- . ISBN 9781586489199 . Retrieved July 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Night They Drove Old Dixie Down '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on 2008 - 06 - 21 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ Margolis , Lynne ( 2012 - 08 - 30 ) . `` No False Bones : The Legacy of Levon Helm '' . American Songwriter . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The 200 Greatest Songs of the 1960s : Part Four : # 60 - 21 '' , Pitchfork Media , August 17 , 2006 Jump up ^ `` InfoPlease Almanac '' . Infoplease.com . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ Cruz , Gilbert ( 2011 - 10 - 24 ) . `` 100 Greatest Popular Songs : TIME List of Best Music '' . Time . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Prince , K. Michael ( 2004 - 01 - 01 ) . Rally ' round the Flag , Boys ! : South Carolina and the Confederate Flag . University of South Carolina Press . pp. 50 -- . ISBN 9781570035272 . Retrieved July 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bailey , Frankie Y. ; Green , Alice P. ( 2011 ) . Wicked Danville : Liquor and Lawlessness in a Southside Virginia City . The History Press . pp. 103 -- . ISBN 9781609490379 . Retrieved July 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wetta , Frank J. ; Novelli , Martin A. ( 2013 - 09 - 11 ) . The Long Reconstruction : The Post-Civil War South in History , Film , and Memory . Routledge . pp. 145 -- . ISBN 9781136331862 . Retrieved July 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits , 6th Edition , 1996 p. 43 Jump up ^ The Last Waltz of The Band Neil Minturn - 2005 - Page 85 `` be more familiar to some in Joan Baez 's version . Hoskyns remarks of Baez 's version : `` Two years later , Joan Baez recorded a terrible version of ' Dixie ' that seemed to turn Robert E. Lee into a steamboat , but it made '' Jump up ^ Kurt Loder ( April 14 , 1983 ) . `` Joan Baez : The Rolling Stone Interview '' . Rolling Stone . No. 393 . Jump up ^ `` Go - Set National Top 40 '' . December 4 , 1971 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca. 1971 - 10 - 09 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- The Night They Drove Old Dixie Down '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` flavour of new zealand - search listener '' . Flavourofnz.co.nz . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` JOAN BAEZ - full Official Chart History - Official Charts Company '' . www.officialcharts.com . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box Top 100 10 / 02 / 71 '' . 50.6. 195.142. 1971 - 10 - 02 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1971 / Top 100 Songs of 1971 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box YE Pop Singles - 1971 '' . 50.6. 195.142 . December 25 , 1971 . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2015 . Retrieved March 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Glen Hansard , Lisa Hannigan & John Smith cover The Band '' . Retrieved April 6 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics The Band Rick Danko Levon Helm Garth Hudson Richard Manuel Robbie Robertson Richard Bell Randy Ciarlante Stan Szelest Jim Weider Studio albums Music from Big Pink The Band Stage Fright Cahoots Moondog Matinee Northern Lights -- Southern Cross Islands Jericho High On The Hog Jubilation with Bob Dylan Planet Waves The Basement Tapes Live albums Rock of Ages Before the Flood The Last Waltz ( 1978 album ) Live at Watkins Glen The Bootleg Series Vol. 4 : Bob Dylan Live 1966 The Last Waltz ( 2002 album ) Live at the Academy of Music 1971 Compilations The Best of The Band Anthology To Kingdom Come Across The Great Divide The Best of The Band , Vol. II Greatest Hits A Musical History The Bootleg Series Vol. 11 : The Basement Tapes Complete Films The Last Waltz Festival Express Singles `` Uh - Uh - Uh '' `` The Stones I Throw '' `` Go Go Liza Jane '' `` The Weight '' / `` I Shall Be Released '' `` Rag Mama Rag '' / `` The Unfaithful Servant '' `` Up on Cripple Creek '' / `` The Night They Drove Old Dixie Down '' `` Time to Kill '' / `` The Shape I 'm In '' `` Life Is a Carnival '' `` On a Night Like This '' ( with Bob Dylan ) `` Most Likely You Go Your Way ( And I 'll Go Mine ) '' ( with Bob Dylan ) `` Ophelia '' `` Atlantic City '' Other songs `` Tears of Rage '' `` We Can Talk '' `` Long Black Veil '' `` Chest Fever '' `` Lonesome Suzie `` This Wheel 's on Fire '' `` Across the Great Divide '' `` When You Awake '' `` Whispering Pines '' `` Jemima Surrender '' `` Look Out Cleveland '' `` King Harvest ( Has Surely Come ) '' `` Sleeping '' `` The W.S. Walcott Medicine Show '' `` Daniel and the Sacred Harp '' `` Stage Fright '' `` When I Paint My Masterpiece '' `` Do n't Do It '' `` Mystery Train '' `` Acadian Driftwood '' `` It Makes No Difference '' `` Georgia on My Mind '' `` Blind Willie McTell '' `` What Am I Living For '' Related Discography Bob Dylan Bob Dylan World Tour 1966 Bob Dylan and The Band 1974 Tour Cate Brothers Ronnie Hawkins Big Pink List of Basement Tapes songs List of Basement Tapes songs ( 1975 ) No Reason to Cry John Simon This Wheel 's on Fire : Levon Helm and the Story of The Band Allen Toussaint Joan Baez Studio albums Joan Baez Joan Baez , Vol. 2 Joan Baez / 5 Farewell , Angelina Noël Joan Baptism : A Journey Through Our Time Any Day Now David 's Album I Live One Day at a Time Carry It On Blessed Are ... Come from the Shadows Where Are You Now , My Son ? Gracias a la Vida : Joan Baez canta en español Diamonds & Rust Gulf Winds Blowin ' Away Honest Lullaby Recently Speaking of Dreams Play Me Backwards Gone From Danger Dark Chords on a Big Guitar Day after Tomorrow Whistle Down the Wind Live albums Joan Baez in Concert Joan Baez in Concert , Part 2 From Every Stage Live Europe 83 Diamonds & Rust in the Bullring Ring Them Bells Live at Newport Bowery Songs Compilations Folksingers ' Round Harvard Square Portrait of Joan Baez The First 10 Years The Joan Baez Ballad Book Hits : Greatest and Others The Contemporary Ballad Book The Joan Baez Lovesong Album Best of Joan C. Baez The Joan Baez Country Music Album Joan Baez : Classics Brothers in Arms Rare , Live & Classic Notable songs `` Babe , I 'm Gonna Leave You '' `` Diamonds & Rust '' `` Farewell , Angelina '' `` Forever Young '' `` Here 's to You '' `` Honest Lullaby '' `` House of the Rising Sun '' `` It 's All Over Now , Baby Blue '' `` Joe Hill '' `` Lily of the West '' `` Love Is Just a Four - Letter Word '' `` Love Song to a Stranger '' `` Mary Hamilton '' `` The Night They Drove Old Dixie Down '' `` Reunion Hill '' `` Scarlet Tide '' `` Silver Dagger '' `` Speaking of Dreams '' `` Sweet Sir Galahad '' `` There but for Fortune '' `` We Shall Overcome '' `` What Have They Done to the Rain '' Related Discography List of Joan Baez concerts Albert Baez ( father ) Mimi Fariña ( sister ) David Harris ( husband ) Richard Fariña ( brother - in - law ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Night_They_Drove_Old_Dixie_Down&oldid=861627151 '' Categories : The Band songs 1969 songs 1971 singles Joan Baez songs Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Songs about the United States Southern United States in fiction Songs written by Robbie Robertson Song recordings produced by John Simon ( record producer ) Songs based on American history Capitol Records singles Songs about trains Lost Cause of the Confederacy Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from March 2017 Articles with hAudio microformats Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from June 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart called without artist Talk Contents About Wikipedia Brezhoneg Deutsch Español Français Italiano עברית Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 September 2018 , at 20 : 08 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | who sings the song the night they drove old dixie down | [
"\"The Night They Drove Old Dixie Down\" is a song written by Robbie Robertson and originally recorded by the Canadian roots rock group the Band in 1969 and released on their eponymous second album. Levon Helm provided the lead vocals. The song is a first-person narrative relating the economic and social distress experienced by the protagonist, a poor white Southerner, during the last year of the American Civil War, when George Stoneman was raiding southwest Virginia. Frequently appearing on lists of the best rock songs of all time, it has been cited[by whom?] as an early example of the genre known as roots rock.\n"
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"the Canadian roots rock group the Band"
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1455628387491616589 | God's Problem Child | God 's Problem Child - wikipedia God 's Problem Child Jump to : navigation , search God 's Problem Child Studio album by Willie Nelson Released April 28 , 2017 Genre Country Length 44 : 25 Label Legacy Recordings Producer Buddy Cannon Willie Nelson chronology For the Good Times : A Tribute to Ray Price ( 2016 ) For the Good Times : A Tribute to Ray Price 2016 God 's Problem Child ( 2017 ) Willie 's Stash , Vol. 2 : Willie Nelson and the Boys ( 2017 ) Willie 's Stash , Vol. 2 : Willie Nelson and the Boys 2017 God 's Problem Child , released on April 28 , 2017 , is the seventy - second studio album by singer - songwriter Willie Nelson . The album features new songs co-written by Nelson and producer Buddy Cannon . Using their frequent method , Cannon and Nelson wrote the songs exchanging the lyrics in text messages , while Nelson later recorded his vocals in the studio . The review aggregator website Metacritic reports that that the album has received `` universal acclaim '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Content 2 Release and reception 3 Commercial performance 4 Track listing 5 Personnel 6 Charts 7 References Content ( edit ) The title track was written by Jamey Johnson and Tony Joe White , and features vocals by Leon Russell in one of his last recordings . Alison Krauss provides background vocals on the tracks `` True Love '' and `` Little House on the Hill '' . The original album title , I 'm Not Dead , refers to the recurrent hoaxes announcing Nelson 's death . `` Delete and Fast - Forward '' describes Nelson 's view on the 2016 United States elections . The release includes a song written by Cannon 's mother , Lyndel Rhodes . It also includes `` He Wo n't Ever Be Gone '' , a tribute to Merle Haggard written by Gary Nicholson . Seven tracks on the album are written by Nelson and Cannon . Alongside traditional music retailers , the release was made available for pre-order on the website PledgeMusic along with promotional merchandise . Release and reception ( edit ) The album 's lead single , `` A Woman 's Love '' , and its respective video premiered on Rolling Stone 's website on February 14 , 2017 . The video for the single `` It Gets Easier '' was later premiered by the Los Angeles Times on March 9 . Later , on March 28 , the video for `` Old Timer '' first appeared on The Daily Beast . Upon its release , God 's Problem Child reached number one on Billboard 's Top Country Albums with 36,000 album - equivalent units and 34,000 pure sales . It became Nelson 's sixteenth country album chart - topper , while it also entered the Billboard 200 at number ten . Professional ratings Aggregate scores Source Rating Metacritic 83 / 100 Review scores Source Rating AllMusic Rolling Stone Uncut 8 / 10 PopMatters Record Collector Paste 8.5 / 10 Pichfork 7.6 / 10 Austin American - Statesman Favorable AllMusic awarded the album four stars out of five . The review noted an improvement in Nelson 's voice , compared to his releases of 2016 . Critic Stephen Thomas Erlewine concluded , `` It 's simply an uncommonly strong latter - day record from Willie Nelson : there is n't a hint of fussiness and the songs and the performances are so understated , they only seem richer with repeated spins '' . Rolling Stone praised the album observing that age is a focus of Nelson 's new songwriting giving him `` ( a ) renewed purpose as a lyricist and heightened vulnerability as a vocalist '' . Uncut rated the album eight out of ten , and favored Nelson 's songwriting , while it called the single `` Still Not Dead '' one of Nelson 's `` modern masterpieces '' . Popmatters delivered a favorable review , calling it an `` indisputable high point '' of Nelson 's latest records . Record Collector rated the album four out of five stars , hailing Nelson as a `` bona fide legend who 's never sounded more alive '' . Paste felt that the release was `` as vital '' as the rest of Nelson 's repertoire . Pichfork summed up the album by calling Nelson `` ( a ) cosmic joker contemplating mortality with endearing humor and touching honesty '' . The Austin American - Statesman opined that it was `` Nelson 's best album since the 1990s '' and attributed its success to `` ( a ) near - perfect balance between Willie as songwriter and as interpreter '' . Sounds Like Nashville added that `` Nelson is n't going to go quietly in the night . The ' Red Headed Stranger ' has never done anything in that fashion , and at age 84 , the singer continues to come out swinging on all cylinders . '' Commercial performance ( edit ) The album debuted at number one on Billboard 's Top Country Albums chart , selling 34,000 in copies ( 36,000 equivalent albums in total ) in its first week . This is his record - extending 50th top 10 album on the Top Country Albums chart . It also debuted at number ten on Billboard 200 , which make this Nelson 's sixth top 10 album on the chart . It has sold 92,300 copies in the United States as of September 2017 . Track listing ( edit ) No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Little House on the Hill '' Lyndel Rhodes 3 : 02 2 . `` Old Timer '' Donnie Fritts , Lenny LeBlanc 3 : 34 3 . `` True Love '' Willie Nelson , Buddy Cannon 3 : 01 4 . `` Delete and Fast Forward '' Nelson , Cannon 3 : 25 5 . `` A Woman 's Love '' Mike Reid , Sam Hunter 3 : 23 6 . `` Your Memory Has a Mind of Its Own '' Nelson , Cannon 3 : 29 7 . `` Butterfly '' Sonny Throckmorton , Mark Sherrill 3 : 51 8 . `` Still Not Dead '' Nelson , Cannon 2 : 33 9 . `` God 's Problem Child '' Jamey Johnson , Tony Joe White 4 : 57 10 . `` It Gets Easier '' Nelson , Cannon 3 : 07 11 . `` Lady Luck '' Nelson , Cannon 3 : 31 12 . `` I Made a Mistake '' Nelson , Cannon 3 : 17 13 . `` He Wo n't Ever Be Gone '' Gary Nicholson 3 : 15 Personnel ( edit ) Barry Bales -- bass Jim `` Moose '' Brown -- keyboards Buddy Cannon -- backing vocals , acoustic guitar Melonie Cannon -- backing vocals Fred Eltringham -- drums , percussion , tambourine Kevin Grantt -- bass Ben Haggard -- backing vocals , electric guitar Jamey Johnson -- backing vocals Alison Krauss -- backing vocals Rachel Loy -- bass James Mitchell -- electric guitar Mickey Raphael -- harmonica , Jew 's - harp Bobby Terry -- acoustic guitar , steel guitar Tony Joe White -- harmonica , acoustic guitar , electric guitar Lonnie Wilson -- drums Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 ) Peak position Australian Albums ( ARIA ) 38 Austrian Albums ( Ö3 Austria ) 41 Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Flanders ) 120 Canadian Albums ( Billboard ) 30 Dutch Albums ( MegaCharts ) 67 German Albums ( Offizielle Top 100 ) 76 Irish Albums ( IRMA ) 43 New Zealand Heatseekers Albums ( RMNZ ) 5 Norwegian Albums ( VG - lista ) 39 Scottish Albums ( OCC ) 18 Swiss Albums ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 42 UK Albums ( OCC ) 64 US Billboard 200 10 US Top Country Albums ( Billboard ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Bretts , Stephen ( February 1 , 2017 ) . `` Willie Nelson Announces New Album ' God 's Problem Child ' '' . Rolling Stone . Wenner Media . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Grow , Kory ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` Willie Nelson Reveals New Trump - Inspired Song ' Delete and Fast - Forward ' '' . Rolling Stone . Wenner Media . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hall , Kristin ( January 12 , 2017 ) . `` Willie Nelson wants Loretta Lynn to try pot again '' . Austin Chronicle . Hearst Newspapers . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` God 's Problem Child by Willie Nelson '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive Inc . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Crawford , Robert ( February 14 , 2017 ) . `` See Willie Nelson 's Evocative ' A Woman 's Love ' Video '' . Rolling Stone . Wenner Media . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Randy ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` Watch Willie Nelson 's latest video , ' It Gets Easier , ' from ' God 's Problem Child ' album '' . Los Angeles Times . tronc , Inc . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beast Exclusive : Willie Nelson Confronts Mortality in New ' Old Timer ' Video '' . Daily Beast Video . The Daily Beast Company . March 28 , 2017 . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` No ' Problem ' : Willie Nelson 's New Album Bows at No. 1 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . May 9 , 2017 . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Erlewine , Stephen Thomas . `` God 's Problem Child - Willie Nelson '' . Allmusic . RhythmOne , LLC . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bernstein , Jonathan ( April 27 , 2017 ) . `` Willie Nelson Stares Down Mortality on Most Moving LP in Years '' . Rolling Stone . Wenner Media LLC . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sodomsky , Sam ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` Willie Nelson -- God 's Problem Child '' . Uncut . Time , Inc . ( UK ) Ltd . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Paul , John ( April 24 , 2017 ) . `` God 's Problem Child '' . PopMatters . PopMatters Media , Inc . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stauton , Terry . `` Willie Nelson - God 's Problem Child '' . Record Collector . Diamond Publishing Ltd . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gleason , Holly ( April 27 , 2017 ) . `` Paste Review of the Day : Willie Nelson - God 's Problem Child '' . Paste . Paste Media Group . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Beta , Andy ( April 29 , 2017 ) . `` Willie Nelson : God 's Problem Child '' . Pichfork . Condé Nast . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Blackstock , Peter ( April 27 , 2017 ) . `` Willie Nelson 's new album proves how musically sharp he remains at 84 '' . Austin American - Statesman . Cox Media Group . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Album Review : Willie Nelson 's ' God 's Problem Child ' '' . Sounds Like Nashville . April 28 , 2017 . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Asker , Jim ( May 9 , 2017 ) . `` No ' Problem ' : Willie Nelson 's New Album Bows at No. 1 '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Bjorke , Matt ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` TOP 10 Country Album Sales Chart : September 25 , 2017 '' . Roughstock . Jump up ^ `` Australiancharts.com -- Willie Nelson -- God 's Problem Child '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved May 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Willie Nelson -- God 's Problem Child '' ( in German ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Willie Nelson -- God 's Problem Child '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved May 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Willie Nelson -- Chart history '' Billboard Canadian Albums Chart for Willie Nelson . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Willie Nelson -- God 's Problem Child '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved May 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Willie Nelson -- God 's Problem Child '' ( in German ) . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved May 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Irish-charts.com -- Discography Willie Nelson '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved May 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NZ Heatseekers Albums Chart '' . Recorded Music NZ . May 8 , 2017 . Retrieved May 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Willie Nelson -- God 's Problem Child '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved May 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Albums Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved May 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Willie Nelson -- God 's Problem Child '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Albums Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved May 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Willie Nelson -- Chart history '' Billboard 200 for Willie Nelson . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Willie Nelson -- Chart history '' Billboard Top Country Albums for Willie Nelson . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Willie Nelson Albums Singles Songs Filmography Awards Studio albums 1960s ... And Then I Wrote Here 's Willie Nelson Country Willie -- His Own Songs Country Favorites - Willie Nelson Style Make Way for Willie Nelson The Party 's Over Texas in My Soul Good Times My Own Peculiar Way 1970s Both Sides Now Laying My Burdens Down Willie Nelson and Family Yesterday 's Wine The Words Do n't Fit the Picture The Willie Way Shotgun Willie Phases and Stages Red Headed Stranger The Sound in Your Mind The Troublemaker To Lefty from Willie There 'll Be No Teardrops Tonight Stardust Sings Kristofferson Pretty Paper The Electric Horseman 1980s Honeysuckle Rose Family Bible Somewhere Over the Rainbow Always On My Mind Tougher Than Leather Without a Song City of New Orleans Angel Eyes Me & Paul Partners The Promiseland Island in the Sea What a Wonderful World A Horse Called Music 1990s Born for Trouble Any Old Arms Wo n't Do The IRS Tapes : Who 'll Buy My Memories ? Across the Borderline Moonlight Becomes You Healing Hands of Time Six Hours at Pedernales Just One Love Augusta Spirit How Great Thou Art Teatro Night and Day 2000s Tales Out of Luck ( Me and the Drummer ) Milk Cow Blues Rainbow Connection The Great Divide Nacogdoches It Always Will Be Countryman You Do n't Know Me : The Songs of Cindy Walker Songbird Moment of Forever American Classic 2010s Country Music Remember Me , Vol. 1 Heroes Let 's Face the Music and Dance To All the Girls ... Band of Brothers December Day Django & Jimmie Summertime : Willie Nelson Sings Gershwin For the Good Times : A Tribute to Ray Price God 's Problem Child Willie Nelson and the Boys Live albums Country Music Concert Willie Nelson Live Willie and Family Live All of Me -- Live in Concert Willie Nelson & Friends -- Stars & Guitars Live and Kickin ' Live at Billy Bob 's Texas Outlaws and Angels Songs for Tsunami Relief : Austin to South Asia Here We Go Again : Celebrating the Genius of Ray Charles Compilations Columbus Stockade Blues Country Winners The Best of Willie Nelson Spotlight on Willie Nelson Country Willie What Can You Do to Me Now The Longhorn Jamboree Presents : Willie Nelson & His Friends Willie -- Before His Time Face of a Fighter Sweet Memories Always Willie Nelson : His Very Best Greatest Hits ( & Some That Will Be ) Minstrel Man Everybody 's Talkin The Best of Willie Nelson 20 of the Best Collectors Series Half Nelson Love Songs Yours Always Super Hits Super Hits , Volume 2 Revolutions of Time ... The Journey 1975 / 1993 Willie Standard Time 16 Biggest Hits Good Ol ' Country Singin ' All the Songs I 've Loved Before : 40 Unforgettable Songs Crazy : The Demo Sessions The Essential Willie Nelson Songs The Complete Atlantic Sessions Natural Renegade : Opus Collection 16 Biggest Hits , Volume II One Hell of a Ride Playlist : The Very Best of Willie Nelson Legend : The Best of Willie Nelson Naked Willie Lost Highway The Classic Christmas Album Country : Willie Nelson Books Willie : An Autobiography The Facts of Life : And Other Dirty Jokes Farm Aid : A Song for America The Tao of Willie : A Guide to the Happiness in Your Heart On The Clean Road Again : Biodiesel and The Future of the Family Farm A Tale Out of Luck Roll Me Up and Smoke Me When I Die : Musings from the Road It 's a Long Story : My Life Pretty Paper Related Trigger The Family Farm Aid Fourth of July Picnic BioWillie Willie 's Reserve Willie 's Place Willie 's Roadhouse Luck Films Pedernales Country Club The Highwaymen Outlaw country Willie Nelson Lifetime Achievement Award The Western Express Bobbie Nelson Shirley Collie Nelson National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=God%27s_Problem_Child&oldid=803001772 '' Categories : Willie Nelson albums 2017 albums Albums produced by Buddy Cannon Legacy Recordings albums Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Track listings with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 29 September 2017 , at 21 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sings with willie nelson on gods problem child | [
"The title track was written by Jamey Johnson and Tony Joe White, and features vocals by Leon Russell in one of his last recordings. Alison Krauss provides background vocals on the tracks \"True Love\" and \"Little House on the Hill\". The original album title, I'm Not Dead, refers to the recurrent hoaxes announcing Nelson's death. \"Delete and Fast-Forward\" describes Nelson's view on the 2016 United States elections. The release includes a song written by Cannon's mother, Lyndel Rhodes.[2] It also includes \"He Won't Ever Be Gone\", a tribute to Merle Haggard written by Gary Nicholson. Seven tracks on the album are written by Nelson and Cannon. Alongside traditional music retailers, the release was made available for pre-order on the website PledgeMusic along with promotional merchandise.[1]"
] | [
"Leon Russell"
] |
-1185553781771823928 | The Brady Bunch Movie | The Brady Bunch Movie - wikipedia The Brady Bunch Movie The Brady Bunch Movie Theatrical release poster Directed by Betty Thomas Produced by David Kirkpatrick Sherwood Schwartz Lloyd J. Schwartz Written by Laurice Elehwany Rick Copp Bonnie Turner Terry Turner Based on The Brady Bunch by Sherwood Schwartz Starring Christine Taylor Shelley Long Gary Cole Michael McKean Music by Guy Moon ( Score ) Steve Tyrell Lionel Cole ( Songs ) Cinematography Mac Ahlberg Edited by Peter Teschner Distributed by Paramount Pictures Release date February 17 , 1995 ( 1995 - 02 - 17 ) Running time 90 minutes Country United States Language English Box office $46.6 million ( US ) The Brady Bunch Movie is a 1995 American comedy film based on the 1969 -- 1974 television series The Brady Bunch . The film was directed by Betty Thomas , with a screenplay by Laurice Elehwany , Rick Copp , Bonnie and Terry Turner , and stars Shelley Long , Gary Cole and Michael McKean . It also features cameos from Davy Jones , Micky Dolenz , Peter Tork and RuPaul , and the original cast of The Brady Bunch ( except Eve Plumb and Robert Reed ( the latter of whom died in 1992 ) ) in new roles . The film places the original sitcom characters , with their 1970s fashion sense and sitcom family morality , in a contemporary 1990s setting , drawing humor from the resulting culture clash . The Brady Bunch Movie was released in the United States on February 17 , 1995 , and grossed $46.6 million . A sequel titled A Very Brady Sequel was released on August 23 , 1996 , and a television film titled The Brady Bunch in the White House was aired on November 29 , 2002 . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Release 4.1 Box office 4.2 Television 4.3 Home media 5 Reception 6 Sequels 6.1 A Very Brady Sequel 6.2 The Brady Bunch in the White House 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Larry Dittmeyer , an unscrupulous real estate developer , explains to his supervisor that almost all the families in his neighborhood have agreed to sell their property as part of a plan to turn the area into a shopping mall , except for the Brady family . At the Bradys ' house , Mike and Carol are having breakfast prepared by their housekeeper , Alice , while the six children prepare for school . Jan is jealous of her elder , popular sister Marcia . Cindy is tattling about everything she 's hearing . Greg is dreaming of becoming a singer ( but sings folk songs more appropriate to the seventies ) . Peter is nervous that his voice is breaking . Bobby is excited about his new role as hall monitor at school . Cindy gives Mike and Carol a tax delinquency notice ( which was earlier mistakenly delivered to the Dittmeyers ) stating that they face foreclosure on their house if they do not pay $20,000 in back taxes . The two initially ignore the crisis , but when Mike 's architectural design ( which is exactly the same as their house ) is turned down by two potential clients , he tells Carol that they may have to sell the house . Cindy overhears this and tells her siblings and they look for work to raise money to save the house , but their earnings are nowhere near enough to reach the required sum . Mike manages to sell a Japanese company on one of his dated designs , thereby securing the money , only for Larry to sabotage it by claiming that Mike 's last building collapsed . On the night before the Bradys have to move out , Marcia suggests that they enter a `` Search for the Stars '' contest , the prize of which is exactly $20,000 . Jan , having originally suggested this and been rejected , runs away from home . Cindy sees her leave and tattles , and the whole family goes on a search for her . They use their car 's citizens ' band radio , and their transmission is heard by Schultzy ( Ann B. Davis ) , a long - haul trucker who picks up Jan and convinces her to return home . The next day , the children join the `` Search for the Stars '' contest with a dated performance that receives poor audience response compared to the more modern performances of other bands . However , the judges -- Davy Jones , Micky Dolenz , and Peter Tork of The Monkees -- vote for them , and they win the contest as a result . The tax bill is paid and their neighbors withdraw their homes from the market , foiling Larry 's plan and securing the neighborhood . Later , Carol 's mother ( Florence Henderson ) arrives and finally convinces Jan to stop being jealous of Marcia , only for Cindy to start feeling jealous of Jan . Cast ( edit ) Gary Cole as Mike Brady Shelley Long as Carol Brady Henriette Mantel as Alice Nelson Christopher Daniel Barnes as Greg Brady Christine Taylor as Marcia Brady Jennifer Elise Cox as Jan Brady Paul Sutera as Peter Brady Jesse Lee as Bobby Brady Olivia Hack as Cindy Brady David Graf as Sam Franklin Michael McKean as Larry Dittmeyer Jean Smart as Dina Dittmeyer Jack Noseworthy as Eric Dittmeyer Moriah Snyder as Missy Dittmeyer R.D. Robb as Charlie Anderson Shane Conrad as Doug Simpson Marissa Ribisi as Holly Alanna Ubach as Noreen Megan Ward as Donna Leonard Elisa Pensler - Gabrielli as Miss Linley RuPaul as Mrs. Cummings Darion Basco as Eddie David Leisure as Jason ( The modeling firm owner ) Davy Jones as himself Micky Dolenz as himself Peter Tork as himself `` Mudd Pagoda '' David Darling , vocals ; Marc Danzeisen , drums ; Roger Joseph Manning , Jr. , keyboards ; Eric Dover , guitar ; and Sheldon Strickland , bass guitar as members of the high school band Cameos by original Brady Bunch actors Florence Henderson ( the original Carol ) as the family 's grandmother , Carol 's mother Ann B. Davis ( the original Alice ) as Schultzy , a trucker ( `` Schultzy '' is a reference to her most famous role prior to The Brady Bunch on The Bob Cummings Show ) Barry Williams ( the original Greg ) as a record producer who rejects the film 's Greg 's attempts to sell his song Maureen McCormick ( the original Marcia ) as a reporter ( scenes deleted ) Christopher Knight ( the original Peter ) as a coach who stops Eric and Leon from bullying the film 's Peter in a cafeteria scene Mike Lookinland ( the original Bobby ) as a cop ( scenes deleted ) Susan Olsen ( the original Cindy ) as a lemonade Lady ( scenes deleted ) Robert Reed ( the original Mike ) died in 1992 . Eve Plumb ( the original Jan ) declined to appear in the film . Production ( edit ) The film was shot almost entirely in Los Angeles , California , with the Brady house being located in Sherman Oaks . The school scenes were shot at Taft High School in Woodland Hills . Some scenes were filmed at Bowcraft amusement park in Scotch Plains , New Jersey . The producers had sought to film the original house that had been used for exterior shots during the original Brady Bunch series , but the owner of the Studio City , California home refused to restore the property to its 1969 appearance . The filmmakers instead erected a facade around a house in nearby Encino and filmed scenes in the front yard . Release ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) The Brady Bunch Movie was released in theaters on February 17 , 1995 . The film opened at # 1 at the box office with $14.8 million and grossed $46.6 million in the U.S. and Canada . Television ( edit ) The Brady Bunch Movie premiered on NBC November 29 , 1997 with additional footage not shown in theaters or on home video releases . Home Media ( edit ) The Brady Bunch Movie was released on DVD June 10 , 2003 and April 25 , 2017 . The film has also been released digitally on Google Play . Reception ( edit ) The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 64 % approval rating based on 41 review and an average rating of 5.8 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Though lightweight and silly , The Brady Bunch Movie still charms as homage to the 70s sitcom . '' Leonard Klady of Variety wrote , `` For five years back in the early 1970s , U.S. TV homes were in the thrall of The Brady Bunch . Two decades after their small - screen demise , the clean - cut crew is back in mythic form as The Brady Bunch Movie . Part homage , part spoof , the deft balancing act is a clever adaptation -- albeit culled from less than pedigreed source material . '' Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times wrote , `` The film establishes a bland , reassuring , comforting Brady reality -- a certain muted tone that works just fine but needs , I think , a bleaker contrast from outside to fully exploit the humor . The Brady Bunch Movie is rated PG - 13 , which is a compromise : The Bradys themselves live in a PG universe , and the movie would have been funnier if when they ventured outside it was obviously Wayne 's World . '' Common Sense Media said that `` for those who grew up watching the TV show , The Brady Bunch Movie is deeply satisfying and the best part is its nostalgia . Sure , it 's fun to see the Bradys treated as freaks . But the heart of the film is a campy , affectionate interpretation of the TV show . '' Sequels ( edit ) A Very Brady sequel ( edit ) Main article : A Very Brady Sequel A Very Brady Sequel , directed by Arlene Sanford , was released theatrically on August 23 , 1996 . It sees the family routine thrown into disarray when a man claiming to be Carol 's long - lost first husband arrives on their doorstep . The family must then follow Carol to Hawaii in order to set things straight . All of the main cast members reprised their roles . The Brady Bunch in the White house ( edit ) Main article : The Brady Bunch in the White House The second sequel , The Brady Bunch in the White House , sees a convoluted series of mishaps end with Mike and Carol Brady elected as President and Vice President of the United States . Despite innocent efforts to improve the country , the Brady family is beset on all sides by controversy and imagined scandals which threaten to tear them apart . Although the original actors for Mike and Carol return , the children and Alice are all recast for this film , which was released as a filmed - for - television movie . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Brady Bunch Movie '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cagle , Jess ( September 30 , 1994 ) . `` ' The Brady Bunch Movie ' : Mike & Carol & Kids & Alice '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Brady Bunch Movie '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 30 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Brady Bunch Movie '' . Google Play . Retrieved 30 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Brady Bunch Movie ( 1995 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 30 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Klady , Leonard . `` Review : ' The Brady Bunch Movie ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 30 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger . `` The Brady Bunch Movie Review ( 1995 ) '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved 30 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Brady Bunch Movie Review '' . Common Sense Media . Retrieved 30 January 2017 . External links ( edit ) The Brady Bunch Movie on IMDb The Brady Bunch Movie at the TCM Movie Database The Brady Bunch Movie at AllMovie The Brady Bunch Movie at Box Office Mojo The Brady Bunch Movie at Rotten Tomatoes The Brady Bunch Characters Episodes TV series & reunions The Brady Bunch ( 1969 -- 74 ) The Brady Kids ( 1972 -- 73 ) The Brady Bunch Hour ( 1976 -- 77 ) The Brady Girls Get Married / The Brady Brides ( 1981 ) A Very Brady Christmas ( 1988 ) The Bradys ( 1990 ) Growing Up Brady ( 2000 ) The Brady Bunch 35th Anniversary Reunion Special : Still Brady After All These Years ( 2004 ) Books Growing Up Brady : I Was A Teenage Greg ( 1992 ) Here 's the Story : Surviving Marcia Brady ( 2008 ) Love to Love You Bradys : The Bizarre Story of The Brady Bunch Variety Hour ( 2009 ) Music Merry Christmas from The Brady Bunch ( 1970 ) `` Time to Change '' ( 1972 ) `` It 's a Sunshine Day '' ( 1973 ) It 's a Sunshine Day : The Best of The Brady Bunch ( 1993 ) Film series The Brady Bunch Movie ( 1995 ) A Very Brady Sequel ( 1996 ) The Brady Bunch in the White House ( 2002 ) Related shows Mission : Magic ! My Fair Brady `` Sunshine Days '' Films directed by Betty Thomas Only You ( 1992 ) The Brady Bunch Movie ( 1995 ) The Late Shift ( 1996 ) Private Parts ( 1997 ) Dr. Dolittle ( 1998 ) 28 Days ( 2000 ) I Spy ( 2002 ) John Tucker Must Die ( 2006 ) Alvin and the Chipmunks : The Squeakquel ( 2009 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Brady_Bunch_Movie&oldid=849232980 '' Categories : 1995 films English - language films 1990s comedy films American films American comedy films American satirical films Films about suburbia Films based on television series Films directed by Betty Thomas Paramount Pictures films Screenplays by Bonnie and Terry Turner The Brady Bunch films Films set in the 1990s Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Cymraeg Deutsch Français Nederlands 日本 語 Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 7 July 2018 , at 14 : 07 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played holly in the brady bunch movie | [
"Marissa Ribisi as Holly"
] | [
"Marissa Ribisi"
] |
4840009479194269232 | Century (cricket) | Century ( cricket ) - wikipedia Century ( cricket ) Sachin Tendulkar of India holds the record of highest number of runs and centuries scored in both Test and ODI forms of cricket . In the sport of cricket , a century is a score of 100 or more runs in a single innings by a batsman . The term is also included in `` century partnership '' which occurs when two batsmen add 100 runs to the team total when they are batting together . A century is regarded as a landmark score for batsmen and a player 's number of centuries is generally recorded in his career statistics . Scoring a century is loosely equivalent in merit to a bowler taking five wickets in an innings , and is commonly referred to as a ton or hundred . Scores of more than 200 runs are still statistically counted as a century , although these scores are referred as double ( 200 -- 299 runs ) , triple ( 300 -- 399 runs ) , and quadruple centuries ( 400 -- 499 runs ) , and so on . Accordingly , reaching 50 runs in an innings is known as a half - century ; if the batsman then goes on to score a century , the half - century is succeeded in statistics by the century . Chris Gayle holds the record of fastest hundred in the history of cricket when he smashed 100 in just 30 balls and scored 175 * runs off 66 balls overall in 20 overs in IPL against Pune Warriors India in 2013 . Contents 1 Earliest known centuries 2 Highest number of centuries 2.1 First - class cricket 2.2 Test cricket 2.3 One Day International cricket 2.4 Twenty20 International cricket 3 Fastest centuries 4 See also 5 References Earliest known centuries ( edit ) Centuries were uncommon until the late 19th century because of the difficulties in batting on pitches that had only rudimentary preparation and were fully exposed to the elements . There is doubt about the earliest known century , but the most definite claim belongs to John Minshull who scored 107 for the Duke of Dorset 's XI v Wrotham at Sevenoaks Vine on 31 August 1769 . This was a minor match . The first definite century in a top - class match was scored by John Small when he made 136 for Hampshire v Surrey at Broadhalfpenny Down in July 1775 . The earliest known century partnership was recorded in 1767 between two Hambledon batsmen who added 192 for the first wicket against Caterham . It is believed they were Tom Sueter and Edward `` Curry '' Aburrow . When Hambledon played Kent at Broadhalfpenny in August 1768 , the Reading Mercury reported : `` what is very remarkable , one Mr Small , of Petersfield , fetched above seven score notches off his own bat '' . Unfortunately it is not known if Small did this in one innings or if it was his match total . Hambledon batsmen Tom Sueter and George Leer are the first two players definitely known to have shared a century partnership when they made 128 for the first wicket against Surrey at Broadhalfpenny Down in September 1769 . Highest number of centuries ( edit ) First - class cricket ( edit ) Main article : List of first - class cricket records § Most centuries W.G. Grace was the first batsman to score 100 career centuries in first - class cricket , reaching the milestone in 1895 . His career total of 124 centuries was subsequently passed by Jack Hobbs , whose total of 199 first - class centuries is the current record . Test cricket ( edit ) Main article : List of Test cricket records § Centuries Tendulkar celebrates upon reaching his 38th Test century against Australia in the 2nd Test at the SCG in 2008 , where he finished not out on 154 The first century in Test cricket was scored by Charles Bannerman who scored 165 ( before retiring hurt ) in the first ever Test between Australia and England ( played at the Melbourne Cricket Ground from 15 -- 19 March 1877 ) . The first century partnership in Test cricket was between W.G. Grace and A.P. Lucas , batting for England , in the first innings of the only Test match between England and Australia on the Australians 1880 tour of England , played at the Kennington Oval ( 6 -- 8 September 1880 ) . The current holder of the record for most centuries in Test cricket is Sachin Tendulkar of India , who has scored 51 centuries . One day International cricket ( edit ) Main article : List of One Day International cricket records § Highest individual score See also : List of highest individual scores in ODIs The first One Day International ( ODI ) century was scored by Denis Amiss who amassed 103 runs against Australia at Old Trafford in 1972 . ( the second official ODI on record ) . Sachin Tendulkar currently holds the record for most ODI centuries , having scored 49 ODI Centuries . Twenty20 International cricket ( edit ) Main article : List of Twenty20 International records § Most centuries See also : List of centuries in Twenty20 International cricket The first Twenty20 International ( T20I ) century was scored by Chris Gayle who amassed 117 runs against South Africa at Johannesburg in the very first match of ICC World Twenty20 tournament in 2007 . Colin Munro and Rohit Sharma currently holds the record for most T20I centuries , having scored 3 T20I Centuries . Fastest centuries ( edit ) The fastest recorded century in Test cricket terms of balls faced is held by Brendon McCullum who scored 100 runs from 54 balls against Australia at Christchurch , New Zealand in 2016 , beating the previous record of 56 held jointly by Viv Richards and Misbah - ul - Haq . The record for the fastest recorded century in terms of balls faced in first - class cricket is held by David Hookes who scored 102 runs from 34 balls for South Australia vs Victoria in a Sheffield Shield match in 1982 . Chris Gayle holds the record for the fastest century in Twenty20 , during an Indian Premier League in April 2013 , reaching the milestone off only 30 balls . In One day International cricket ( ODI ) the fastest century is held by South African batsman AB De Villiers . De Villiers ' century came up in just 31 balls against the West Indies in the 2nd ODI at Johannesburg on 18 January 2015 . De Villiers ' hundred included 8 fours and 10 sixes . Corey Anderson ( New Zealand ) is second with 36 balls century against West Indies in Queenstown on 1 January 2014 and Shahid Afridi ( Pakistan ) is third with 37 balls century against Sri Lanka in Nairobi on 4 October 1996 . David Miller of South Africa hit the fastest century in Twenty20 international cricket against Bangladesh on 29 October 2017 . Miller brought up his century in just 35 balls . Rohit Sharma of India equalled the record of the fastest century in T20 international cricket against Sri Lanka on 22 December 2017 . Rohit Sharma got his century in 35 balls then equalling the record . See also ( edit ) List of cricketers by number of international centuries scored Nervous nineties References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` England gives it to Aussies at Ashes '' , Sydney Morning Herald , 2 December 2006 . Jump up ^ G.B. Buckley , Fresh Light on 18th Century Cricket , Cotterell , 1935 . Jump up ^ Arthur Haygarth , Scores & Biographies , Volume 1 ( 1744 -- 1826 ) , Lillywhite , 1862 . ^ Jump up to : H.T. Waghorn , Cricket Scores , Notes , etc . ( 1730 -- 1773 ) , Blackwood , 1899 . Jump up ^ Ashley Mote , The Glory Days of Cricket , Robson , 1997 . Jump up ^ H.T. Waghorn , The Dawn of Cricket , Electric Press , 1906 . Jump up ^ Most Hundreds in a Career , ESPN website . Jump up ^ See Variations in first - class cricket statistics . Jump up ^ `` 1st Test , England tour of Australia at Melbourne , Mar 15 - 19 1877 - Match Summary - ESPNCricinfo '' . ESPNcricinfo . Jump up ^ `` Records - Test matches - Batting records - Most hundreds in a career - ESPNcricinfo '' . Jump up ^ 1st ODI : England v Australia , 24 Aug. 1972 , ESPN website . Jump up ^ `` Result : 1st Match , Group A ( N ) , ICC World Twenty20 at Johannesburg , Sep 11 2007 '' . ESPN . Retrieved 5 February 2018 . List of international cricket centuries International men 's cricket ( Test , ODI and T20I ) Sachin Tendulkar ( 100 ) Ricky Ponting ( 71 ) Kumar Sangakkara ( 63 ) Virat Kohli ( 62 ) Jacques Kallis ( 62 ) Mahela Jayawardene ( 54 ) Hashim Amla ( 54 ) Brian Lara ( 53 ) Rahul Dravid ( 48 ) AB de Villiers ( 47 ) Sanath Jayasuriya ( 42 ) Shivnarine Chanderpaul ( 41 ) Younis Khan ( 41 ) Matthew Hayden ( 40 ) Chris Gayle ( 40 ) Mohammad Yousuf ( 39 ) Tillakaratne Dilshan ( 39 ) Mark Waugh ( 38 ) Sourav Ganguly ( 38 ) Virender Sehwag ( 38 ) Alastair Cook ( 38 ) Graeme Smith ( 37 ) Michael Clarke ( 36 ) Ross Taylor ( 36 ) Sunil Gavaskar ( 35 ) Viv Richards ( 35 ) Desmond Haynes ( 35 ) Steve Waugh ( 35 ) Inzamam - ul - Haq ( 35 ) Herschelle Gibbs ( 35 ) David Warner ( 35 ) Gary Kirsten ( 34 ) Adam Gilchrist ( 33 ) Kevin Pietersen ( 32 ) Javed Miandad ( 31 ) Aravinda de Silva ( 31 ) Saeed Anwar ( 31 ) Steve Smith ( 31 ) Gordon Greenidge ( 30 ) Allan Border ( 30 ) Don Bradman ( 29 ) Mohammad Azharuddin ( 29 ) Kane Williamson ( 29 ) Graham Gooch ( 28 ) Greg Chappell ( 27 ) Marvan Atapattu ( 27 ) Nathan Astle ( 27 ) Joe Root ( 27 ) Rohit Sharma ( 27 ) Andrew Strauss ( 27 ) Garfield Sobers ( 26 ) David Boon ( 26 ) Marcus Trescothick ( 26 ) Ian Bell ( 26 ) David Gower ( 25 ) Note : Italics denote the players who are currently active at international level World Cup centuries World T20 centuries Champions Trophy centuries Asia Cup centuries Twenty20 International cricket centuries Women 's cricket Test cricket ODI cricket Twenty20 International cricket Cricket statistics Batting Innings Run Batting average Century Nervous nineties Strike rate Not out Four and Six Net run rate Required run rate Bowling Overs Wicket No - ball Wide Leg bye Bye Five - wicket haul Bowling average Economy rate Hat - trick Fielding Catch Wicket - keeper Stumping Lists of cricket centurions Test Australia Bangladesh England India Ireland New Zealand Pakistan South Africa Sri Lanka West Indies Zimbabwe ODI Australia Bangladesh England India Ireland New Zealand Pakistan South Africa Sri Lanka West Indies UAE Zimbabwe T20I T20I centurions Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Century_(cricket)&oldid=862351495 '' Categories : Cricket terminology Batting ( cricket ) Cricket records and statistics Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from July 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Français हिन्दी മലയാളം मराठी Nederlands नेपाली پنجابی தமிழ் डोटेली 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 3 October 2018 , at 20 : 48 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who hit the fastest century in test cricket | [
"Accordingly, reaching 50 runs in an innings is known as a half-century; if the batsman then goes on to score a century, the half-century is succeeded in statistics by the century.[1] Chris Gayle holds the record of fastest hundred in the history of cricket when he smashed 100 in just 30 balls and scored 175* runs off 66 balls overall in 20 overs in IPL against Pune Warriors India in 2013.\n"
] | [
"Chris Gayle"
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-338522305055471770 | The Deuce (TV series) | The Deuce ( TV series ) - wikipedia The Deuce ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the cable television series . For other uses , see The Deuce ( disambiguation ) . The Deuce Genre Period drama Created by George Pelecanos David Simon Starring James Franco Maggie Gyllenhaal Gbenga Akinnagbe Chris Bauer Gary Carr Chris Coy Dominique Fishback Lawrence Gilliard Jr . Margarita Levieva Emily Meade Natalie Paul Michael Rispoli Opening theme `` ( Do n't Worry ) If There 's a Hell Below , We 're All Going to Go '' by Curtis Mayfield Ending theme `` Assume the Position '' by Lafayette Gilchrist Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 8 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) David Simon Richard Price James Franco Michelle MacLaren George Pelecanos Nina Kostroff Noble Producer ( s ) Jessica Levin Maggie Gyllenhaal Mark Henry Johnson Location ( s ) New York City Cinematography Pepe Avila del Pino Editor ( s ) Alex Hall Running time 59 -- 84 minutes Production company ( s ) Blown Deadline Productions Rabbit Bandini Productions HBO Entertainment Distributor HBO Enterprises Warner Bros. Television Distribution Release Original network HBO Original release September 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 10 ) -- present External links www.hbo.com/the-deuce The Deuce is an American drama television series set in and around Times Square , New York City in the early 1970s . Created and written by author and former police reporter David Simon and his frequent collaborator George Pelecanos , the series pilot began shooting in October 2015 . It was picked up to series in January 2016 . It is broadcast by the premium cable network HBO in the United States . The first season consists of eight episodes . HBO made the pilot available through its video on demand services and affiliate portals on August 25 , 2017 . The series premiered on September 10 , 2017 . The Deuce tells the story of the legalization and ensuing rise of the porn industry in New York beginning in the 1970s . Themes explored include the violence of the drug epidemic and the resulting real estate booms and busts that coincided with the change . The show 's title is derived from the nickname for 42nd Street between Seventh Avenue and Eighth Avenue . On September 19 , 2017 , HBO renewed the series for a second season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Conception 3 Cast 3.1 Main 3.2 Recurring 4 Episodes 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Ratings 5.3 Accolades 6 References 7 External links Premise ( edit ) In New York , the violence of the drug epidemic is worsening . Twin brothers Vincent and Frankie Martino become fronts for the Mafia while operating out of Times Square , which is also the home of `` Candy , '' a sex worker who turns to the now legal emerging porn industry . Conception ( edit ) Marc Henry Johnson , an assistant locations manager on Treme , introduced Simon and Pelecanos to a man in New York who told them vivid accounts from his stint as a mob front for bars and massage parlors in 1970s Manhattan . `` The characters were so rich , and that 's what it all comes down to , '' said Pelecanos . Inspired by these stories , the producers set out to present a fictional account of the era . `` Some of it happened , '' said Simon . `` Some of it did n't happen . Some of it might have happened . But all of it could have happened . '' Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) James Franco as Vincent Martino and Frankie Martino , twin brothers from Brooklyn operating out of Times Square who become fronts for the Mob . Maggie Gyllenhaal as Eileen `` Candy '' Merrell , a Times Square street prostitute with an entrepreneurial spirit who is drawn into the emerging pornography industry . Gbenga Akinnagbe as Larry Brown , an intense and demanding pimp who physically intimidates his stable of women but also has moments that betray a conflicted , underlying humanity . Chris Bauer as Bobby Dwyer , Vincent and Frankie Martino 's brother - in - law , a construction foreman and family man whose eyes are opened by their adventures along the Deuce . Gary Carr as C.C. , an affable but ruthless pimp . Chris Coy as Paul Hendrickson , a kindred spirit to Vincent Martino and a veteran bartender who pursues his own personal and professional ambitions in the emerging gay , lesbian , bisexual and transgender community of ' 70s New York . Dominique Fishback as Darlene , a young , sweet - natured prostitute who 's trying to survive on the street while under the thumb of a volatile , violent pimp . Lawrence Gilliard Jr. as Chris Alston , an NYPD patrolman . Margarita Levieva as Abigail `` Abby '' Parker , an adventurous college student who strikes up a relationship with Vincent . Emily Meade as Lori , a young woman newly arrived to New York City from Minnesota . Natalie Paul as Sandra Washington , a newspaper reporter who 's investigating the Times Square sex industry . Michael Rispoli as Rudy Pipilo , a Gambino family capo who oversees the Mob 's financial interests in the sex business . Recurring ( edit ) Pernell Walker as Ruby `` Thunder Thighs '' , an opinionated sex worker who embodies her unorthodox aesthetics and works to survive , rather than to provoke sensationalism . Method Man as Rodney , a pimp Tariq Trotter as Reggie Love , a pimp Daniel Sauli as Tommy Longo David Krumholtz as Harvey Wasserman , a director of pornographic movies Don Harvey as Danny Flanagan , a NYC patrolman Mustafa Shakir as Big Mike , a man of few words , a physically imposing loner who becomes Vincent 's primary muscle and fiercely devoted friend . Anwan Glover as Leon , who runs a diner the characters frequent Jamie Neumann as Ashley , a prostitute who works for C.C. Zoe Kazan as Andrea Martino , Vincent 's wife James Ciccone as Carmine Patriccia , a mob underboss who works out of a Mulberry Street social club in Little Italy and is one rung above Rudy Pipilo . Garry Pastore as Matthew Ianniello , the Genovese Family crime boss who ran the Times Square porn industry during the 1970s and 1980s . Carolyn Mignini as Joan Merrell , Candy 's mother who lives in the suburbs . Finn Robbins as Adam , Candy 's son who lives with Candy 's mother . Gino Vento as Carlos , driver and bodyguard for mobster Rudy Pipilo . Aaron Dean Eisenberg as Todd Lang , a classically trained but starving actor with little success in acting . To make ends meet , he starts acting in a few porn films , and quickly finds a home . Episodes ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' Michelle MacLaren George Pelecanos & David Simon August 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 25 ) ( online ) September 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 10 ) ( HBO ) 0.830 `` Show and Prove '' Ernest Dickerson Richard Price & George Pelecanos September 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 17 ) 0.839 `` The Principle Is All '' James Franco David Simon & Richard Price September 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 24 ) 0.992 `` I See Money '' Alex Hall Story by : George Pelecanos and Lisa Lutz Teleplay by : Lisa Lutz October 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 01 ) 0.941 5 `` What Kind of Bad ? '' Uta Briesewitz Story by : Richard Price Teleplay by : Will Ralston & Chris Yakaitis October 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 08 ) 0.888 6 `` Why Me ? '' Roxann Dawson Story by : Richard Price and Marc Henry Johnson Teleplay by : Marc Henry Johnson October 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 15 ) 0.812 7 `` Au Reservoir '' James Franco Story by : David Simon and Megan Abbott Teleplay by : Megan Abbott October 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 22 ) 0.953 8 `` My Name Is Ruby '' Michelle MacLaren David Simon & George Pelecanos October 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 29 ) 0.771 It was important to me that we do n't ever shoot in a way that is n't real , or how it would actually look . If you put a camera on two people having sex , it 's not necessarily going to look beautiful and romantic . ... Sometimes there 's a beauty in the ugliness of the truth . To me , when you are authentic and real to what something looks like , it brings a different kind of beauty in the honesty of it . -- Director of The Deuce pilot , Michelle MacLaren , The Ringer , September 6 , 2017 Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The Deuce received critical acclaim . On Metacritic , it has a score of 86 out of 100 based on 34 reviews . On Rotten Tomatoes , it has a 93 % approval rating with an average rating of 8.66 out of 10 based on 72 reviews . The site 's critical consensus is , `` The Deuce again demonstrates David Simon 's masterful grasp of urban grit , while never losing detailed sight of its colorful characters . '' Daniel Fienberg of The Hollywood Reporter gave it a highly positive review , praising its ensemble cast , and wrote in conclusion , `` Simon and Pelecanos are just beginning to put the machinery of The Deuce into motion in these eight episodes . As an opening act , the show 's first season is substantive , provocative and entertaining . '' Charles Bramesco of The Guardian gave it a five star review and wrote , `` Simon has created his most accessible work of humanism to date , and he 's done so without sacrificing his loftier ambitions of societal critique . '' Ratings ( edit ) The premiere episode received 830,000 viewers on HBO for its initial airing and an additional 342,000 viewers for its encore later that night , on September 10 , 2017 . The episode was previously made available online through on - demand and HBO Go on August 25 and received 1.1 million viewers . Cumulatively , through all platforms , the episode received 2.2 million viewers . Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Recipients Result Ref . 2017 75th Golden Globe Awards Best Actress -- Television Series Drama Maggie Gyllenhaal Pending 22nd Satellite Awards Best Actress in a Drama / Genre Series Maggie Gyllenhaal Pending 70th Writers Guild of America Awards Best New Series Megan Abbott , Marc Henry Johnson , Lisa Lutz , George Pelecanos , Richard Price , Will Ralston , David Simon , Chris Yakaitis Pending References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ( January 19 , 2016 ) . `` David Simon 's HBO Porn Drama Starring James Franco Picked Up to Series '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Malone , Michael ( August 24 , 2017 ) . `` HBO Offers ' The Deuce ' Early for Subscribers '' . Broadcasting & Cable . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Offenhartz , Jake ( August 26 , 2017 ) . `` HBO Drops ' The Deuce ' Series Premiere Two Weeks Ahead Of Schedule '' . Gothamist . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` James Franco and Maggie Gyllenhaal Star in HBO Drama Series `` The Deuce , '' Created by David Simon and George Pelecanos , Debuting Sept. 10 '' ( Press release ) . HBO . July 26 , 2017 . Retrieved July 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jerilou Hammett ; Kingsley Hammett , eds. ( 2007 ) . Suburbanization of New York : Is the World 's Greatest City Becoming Just Another Town ? . Princeton Architectural Press . ISBN 9781568986784 . Jump up ^ Rose , Lacey ( August 6 , 2015 ) . `` HBO Orders Two David Simon Pilots , James Franco to Star In Porn Drama '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( September 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Deuce ' Renewed For Season 2 At HBO '' . Deadline . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Barry , Dan ( August 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Deuce ' Recalls Sex and Sleaze in 1970s Times Square '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rose , Lacey ( September 24 , 2015 ) . `` Maggie Gyllenhaal to Star in David Simon 's HBO Porn Drama '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Deuce ' HBO Series Adds Chris Bauer & Gbenga Akinnagbe As Regulars '' . Deadline . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( June 16 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Deuce ' HBO Series Adds Chris Coy As Regular '' . Deadline . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( October 1 , 2015 ) . `` Margarita Levieva To Star In HBO Drama Pilot ' The Deuce ' ; Two Others Cast '' . Deadline . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( June 8 , 2016 ) . `` Michael Rispoli & Natalie Paul Join HBO New Drama Series ' Deuce ' As Regulars '' . Deadline . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Meet Pernell Walker aka Thunder Thighs '' . YouTube . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Suri , Sameer ( September 4 , 2016 ) . `` Maggie Gyllenhaal films James Franco 's HBO series The Deuce in NYC '' . Mail Online . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( June 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Scream Queens ' Casts James Earl ; ' The Deuce ' Adds Ralph Macchio '' . Deadline . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( November 11 , 2015 ) . `` Zoe Kazan To Star In Lena Dunham HBO Comedy Pilot ' Max ' In Recasting '' . Deadline . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 13 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Deuce ' starts off on par with ' The Night Of ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 19 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Outlander ' and ' The Deuce ' steady with second episodes '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Outlander ' hits total - viewer high , ' Fear the Walking Dead ' ticks up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Curb Your Enthusiasm ' returns , ' Outlander ' ticks up again '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Outlander ' keeps improving , MLB playoffs on top '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 17 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 'S Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.15. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 'S Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.22. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' stumbles to 5 - year low '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Herman , Alison ( June 9 , 2017 ) . `` How Michelle MacLaren Brought ' The Deuce ' to Life '' . The Ringer . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Deuce : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Deuce : Season 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fienberg , Daniel ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Deuce ' : TV Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bramesco , Charles ( August 28 , 2017 ) . `` The Deuce review -- David Simon 's 70s porn saga is a dazzling achievement '' . The Guardian . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` Golden Globes : Big Little Lies , FEUD , Fargo , This Is Us and The Handmaid 's Tale Lead TV Nominations '' . TVLine . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pond , Steve ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dunkirk , ' ' The Shape of Water ' Lead Satellite Award Nominations '' . IndieWire . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` Writers Guild Award TV Nominations : ' The Americans , ' ' Handmaid 's Tale , ' ' GLOW ' Grab Multiple Mentions '' . Vatiety . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website The Deuce on IMDb HBO programming Former Series 1970s debuts Inside the NFL On Location Race for the Pennant Standing Room Only ( `` Vanities '' ) Tennis on HBO Time Was 1980s debuts 1st & Ten America Undercover ( `` Autopsy '' , `` Real Sex '' and `` Taxicab Confessions '' ) Babar Braingames Encyclopedia Encyclopedia Brown Fraggle Rock The Ghost of Faffner Hall The Hitchhiker The Kids in the Hall Maximum Security Not Necessarily the News One Night Stand Philip Marlowe , Private Eye The Ray Bradbury Theater The Storyteller Tales from the Crypt Video Jukebox 1990s debuts The Adventures of Tintin Arliss The Chris Rock Show The Country Mouse and the City Mouse Adventures Crashbox Def Comedy Jam Dennis Miller Live Dream On George and Martha Happily Ever After : Fairy Tales for Every Child HBO Comedy Half - Hour Hotel Room The Larry Sanders Show Lifestories : Families in Crisis A Little Curious The Little Lulu Show Mokku of the Oak Tree Mr. Show with Bob and David The Neverending Story Oz Perversions of Science Pippi Longstocking Rainbow Fish Reverb Sex and the City The Sopranos Spicy City Tenacious D Todd McFarlane 's Spawn Tracey Takes On ... 2000s debuts Animated Tales of the World Big Love Bored to Death Carnivàle Cathouse : The Series Classical Baby Costas Now Da Ali G Show Deadwood Def Poetry Jam Eastbound & Down The Electric Company Entourage Extras Flight of the Conchords G String Divas Harold and the Purple Crayon Hung I Spy In Treatment Joe Buck Live John from Cincinnati K Street Kindergarten KO Nation The Life & Times of Tim Little Britain USA Lucky Louie The Mind of the Married Man The No. 1 Ladies ' Detective Agency On the Record with Bob Costas Pinky Dinky Doo Pornucopia Project Greenlight Rome Six Feet Under Stuart Little : The Animated Series Summer Heights High Tales from the Neverending Story Tell Me You Love Me True Blood Tourgasm Unscripted The Wire 2010s debuts After the Thrones Angry Boys Any Given Wednesday with Bill Simmons Boardwalk Empire The Brink Doll & Em Enlightened Family Tree Funny or Die Presents Getting On Girls Hello Ladies How to Make It in America Ja'mie : Private School Girl Jonah from Tonga The Leftovers Life 's Too Short Looking Luck Masterclass The Newsroom The Ricky Gervais Show Togetherness Treme Vice Principals Vinyl Miniseries All the Rivers Run Angels in America Assume the Position with Mr. Wuhl Band of Brothers The Casual Vacancy The Corner Elizabeth I Empire Falls From the Earth to the Moon Foo Fighters : Sonic Highways Generation Kill House of Saddam The Jinx : The Life and Deaths of Robert Durst John Adams Laurel Avenue Mildred Pierce The Night Of Olive Kitteridge The Pacific Parade 's End Show Me a Hero Tanner ' 88 Current and upcoming Current All Def Comedy ( since 2016 ) Animals . ( since 2016 ) Ballers ( since 2015 ) Big Little Lies ( since 2017 ) Boxing After Dark ( since 1996 ) The Comeback ( 2005 ; since 2014 ) Crashing ( since 2017 ) Curb Your Enthusiasm ( since 2000 ) The Deuce ( since 2017 ) Divorce ( since 2016 ) Game of Thrones ( since 2011 ) Hard Knocks ( since 2001 ) HBO World Championship Boxing ( since 1973 ) High Maintenance ( since 2016 ) Insecure ( since 2016 ) Last Week Tonight with John Oliver ( since 2014 ) Real Sports with Bryant Gumbel ( since 1995 ) Real Time with Bill Maher ( since 2003 ) Room 104 ( since 2017 ) Sesame Street ( since 2016 ) Silicon Valley ( since 2014 ) Tracey Ullman 's Show ( since 2016 ) True Detective ( since 2014 ) Veep ( since 2012 ) Vice ( since 2013 ) Vice News Tonight ( since 2016 ) Westworld ( since 2016 ) The Young Pope ( since 2017 ) Upcoming American Lion ( TBA ) Barry ( 2018 ) Confederate ( TBA ) Esme and Roy ( TBA ) Gentleman Jack ( TBA ) Here and Now ( 2018 ) Sharp Objects ( 2018 ) Succession ( 2018 ) See also HBO Storybook Musicals HBO Latin America original series HBO Canada original series David Simon Books Homicide : A Year on the Killing Streets ( 1991 ) The Corner : A Year in the Life of an Inner - City Neighborhood ( 1997 ) Television Homicide : Life on the Street ( 1993 -- 99 ) The Corner ( 2000 ) The Wire ( 2002 -- 08 ) Generation Kill ( 2008 ) Treme ( 2010 -- 13 ) Show Me a Hero ( 2015 ) The Deuce ( 2017 - ) The Baltimore Sun Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Deuce_(TV_series)&oldid=815714409 '' Categories : 2010s American drama television series 2017 American television series debuts English - language television programs HBO network shows Manhattan in fiction Prostitution in television Television series set in the 1970s Television shows set in New York City Television shows filmed in New York ( state ) Works about pornography Works about twin brothers Television series created by David Simon Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from September 2017 Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Euskara Français Hrvatski Italiano עברית Nederlands Polski Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 16 December 2017 , at 16 : 52 . About Wikipedia | what is the tv series the deuce about | [
"The Deuce tells the story of the legalization and ensuing rise of the porn industry in New York beginning in the 1970s. Themes explored include the violence of the drug epidemic and the resulting real estate booms and busts that coincided with the change. The show's title is derived from the nickname for 42nd Street between Seventh Avenue and Eighth Avenue.[5][6]",
"The Deuce tells the story of the legalization and ensuing rise of the porn industry in New York beginning in the 1970s. Themes explored include the violence of the drug epidemic and the resulting real estate booms and busts that coincided with the change. The show's title is derived from the nickname for 42nd Street between Seventh Avenue and Eighth Avenue.[5][6]"
] | [
"rise of the porn industry",
"1970s"
] |
2799763080384764076 | Endangered Species Act of 1973 | Endangered species Act of 1973 - wikipedia Endangered species Act of 1973 Jump to : navigation , search Endangered Species Act of 1973 Other short titles Endangered Species Act of 1973 Long title An Act to provide for the conservation of endangered and threatened species of fish , wildlife , and plants , and for other purposes . Acronyms ( colloquial ) ESA Nicknames Endangered Species Conservation Act Enacted by the 93rd United States Congress Effective December 27 , 1973 Citations Public law 93 -- 205 Statutes at Large 87 Stat. 884 Codification Titles amended 16 U.S.C. : Conservation U.S.C. sections created 16 U.S.C. ch. 35 § 1531 et seq . Legislative history Introduced in the Senate as S. 1983 by Harrison A. Williams ( D -- NJ ) on June 12 , 1973 Committee consideration by Senate Commerce Committee Passed the Senate on July 24 , 1973 ( 92 -- 0 ) Passed the House on September 18 , 1973 ( 390 - 12 , in lieu of H.R. 37 ) Reported by the joint conference committee on December 19 , 1973 ; agreed to by the Senate on December 19 , 1973 ( agreed ) and by the House on December 20 , 1973 ( 355 -- 4 ) Signed into law by President Richard Nixon on December 28 , 1973 Major amendments Pub. L. 95 -- 632 , 92 Stat. 3751 , enacted November 10 , 1978 Pub. L. 96 -- 159 , 93 Stat. 1225 , enacted December 28 , 1979 Pub. L. 97 -- 304 , 96 Stat. 1411 , enacted October 13 , 1982 United States Supreme Court cases Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife , 504 U.S. 555 ( 1992 ) Tennessee Valley Authority v. Hill , 437 U.S. 153 ( 1978 ) The Endangered Species Act of 1973 ( ESA ; 16 U.S.C. § 1531 et seq . ) is one of the few dozens of US environmental laws passed in the 1970s , and serves as the enacting legislation to carry out the provisions outlined in The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora ( CITES ) . Designed to protect critically imperiled species from extinction as a `` consequence of economic growth and development untempered by adequate concern and conservation '' , the ESA was signed into law by President Richard Nixon on December 28 , 1973 . The U.S. Supreme Court found that `` the plain intent of Congress in enacting '' the ESA `` was to halt and reverse the trend toward species extinction , whatever the cost . '' The Act is administered by two federal agencies , the United States Fish and Wildlife Service ( FWS ) and the Commerce Department 's National Marine Fisheries Service ( NMFS ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Listing status 2 History 2.1 Act of 1966 2.2 Amendment of 1969 2.3 Endangered Species Act 3 Preventing extinction 3.1 Petition and listing 3.2 Listing process 3.3 Public notice , comments and judicial review 4 Species survival and recovery 4.1 Critical habitat 4.2 Plans , permits , and agreements 4.2. 1 Recovery plan 4.2. 2 Exemptions 4.2. 3 Habitat Conservation Plans 4.2. 4 `` No Surprises '' rule 4.2. 5 `` Safe Harbor '' agreements 4.2. 6 Candidate Conservation Agreements 4.2. 7 Experimental Populations 5 Delisting 6 Effectiveness 6.1 Positive effects 6.2 Criticism 7 State endangered species lists 7.1 Penalties 7.2 Use of money received through violations of the ESA 8 See also 9 Footnotes 10 References 11 External links Listing status ( edit ) U.S. Endangered Species Act ( ESA ) Listing status and its abbreviations used in Federal Register and by federal agencies like the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service : E = endangered ( Sec. 3.6 , Sec. 4. a ) -- any species which is in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range other than a species of the Class Insecta determined by the Secretary to constitute a pest . T = threatened ( Sec. 3.20 , Sec. 4. a ) -- any species which is likely to become an endangered species within the foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of its range Other categories : C = candidate ( Sec. 4. b. 3 ) -- a species under consideration for official listing E ( S / A ) , T ( S / A ) = endangered or threatened due to similarity of appearance ( Sec. 4. e ) -- a species not endangered or threatened , but so closely resembles in appearance a species which has been listed as endangered or threatened , that enforcement personnel would have substantial difficulty in attempting to differentiate between the listed and unlisted species . XE , XN = experimental essential or non-essential population ( Sec. 10. j ) -- any population ( including eggs , propagules , or individuals ) of an endangered species or a threatened species released outside the current range under authorization of the Secretary . Experimental , nonessential populations of endangered species are treated as threatened species on public land , for consultation purposes , and as species proposed for listing on private land . History ( edit ) The near - extinction of the bison and the disappearance of the passenger pigeon helped drive the call for wildlife conservation starting in the 1900s . Ornithologist George Bird Grinnell wrote articles on the subject in the magazine Forest and Stream , while Joel Asaph Allen , founder of the American Ornithologists ' Union , hammered away in the popular press . The public was introduced to a new concept : extinction . Whooping crane Market hunting for the millinery trade and for the table was one aspect of the problem . The early naturalists also killed birds and other wildlife for study , personal curio collections and museum pieces . While habitat losses continued as communities and farmland grew , the widespread use of pesticides and the introduction of non-native species also affected wildlife . One species in particular received widespread attention -- the whooping crane . The species ' historical range extended from central Canada south to Mexico , and from Utah to the Atlantic coast . Unregulated hunting and habitat loss contributed to a steady decline in the whooping crane population until , by 1890 , it had disappeared from its primary breeding range in the north central United States . It would be another eight years before the first national law regulating wildlife commerce was signed , and another two years before the first version of the endangered species act was passed . The whooping crane population by 1941 was estimated at about only 16 birds still in the wild . The Lacey Act of 1900 was the first federal law that regulated commercial animal markets . It prohibited interstate commerce of animals killed in violation of state game laws , and covered all fish and wildlife and their parts or products , as well as plants . Other legislation followed , including the Migratory Bird Conservation Act of 1929 , a 1937 treaty prohibiting the hunting of right and gray whales , and the Bald Eagle Protection Act of 1940 . These later laws had a low cost to society -- the species were relatively rare -- and little opposition was raised . Whereas the Lacey Act dealt with game animal management and market commerce species , a major shift in focus occurred by 1963 to habitat preservation instead of take regulations . A provision was added by Congress in the Land and Water Conservation Fund Act of 1965 that provided money for the `` acquisition of land , waters ... for the preservation of species of fish and wildlife that are threatened with extinction . '' Act of 1966 ( edit ) The predecessor of the ESA was the Endangered Species Preservation Act of 1966 ( P.L. 89 - 669 ) . Passed by Congress , this act permitted the listing of native U.S. animal species as endangered and for limited protections upon those animals . It authorized the Secretary of the Interior to list endangered domestic fish and wildlife and allowed the United States Fish and Wildlife Service to spend up to $15 million per year to buy habitats for listed species . It also directed federal land agencies to preserve habitat on their lands . The Act also consolidated and even expanded authority for the Secretary of the Interior to manage and administer the National Wildlife Refuge System . Other public agencies were encouraged , but not required , to protect species . The act did not address the commerce in endangered species and parts . In March , 1967 the first list of endangered species was issued under the act . It included 14 mammals , 36 birds , 6 reptiles and amphibians and 22 fish . This first list is referred to as the `` Class of ' 67 '' in The Endangered Species Act at Thirty , Volume 1 , which concludes that habitat destruction , the biggest threat to those 78 species , is still the same threat to the currently listed species . It included only vertebrates because the Department of Interior 's definition of `` fish and wildlife '' was limited to vertebrates . However , with time , researchers noticed that the animals on the endangered species list still were not getting enough protection , thus further threatening their extinction . The endangered species program was expanded by the Endangered Species Act of 1969 . Amendment of 1969 ( edit ) Main article : Endangered Species Act of 1969 The Endangered Species Conservation Act ( P.L. 91 -- 135 ) , passed in December , 1969 , amended the original law to provide additional protection to species in danger of `` worldwide extinction '' by prohibiting their importation and subsequent sale in the United States . It expanded the Lacey Act 's ban on interstate commerce to include mammals , reptiles , amphibians , mollusks and crustaceans . Reptiles were added mainly to reduce the rampant poaching of alligators and crocodiles . This law was the first time that invertebrates were included for protection . The amendment called for an international meeting to adopt a convention or treaty to conserve endangered species . That meeting was held in Washington , D.C. , in February , 1973 and produced the comprehensive multilateral treaty known as CITES or Convention on International Trade of Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora . Endangered species Act ( edit ) President Richard Nixon declared current species conservation efforts to be inadequate and called on the 93rd United States Congress to pass comprehensive endangered species legislation . Congress responded with a completely rewritten law , the Endangered Species Act of 1973 , which was signed by Nixon on December 28 , 1973 ( Pub. L. 93 -- 205 ) . It was written by a team of lawyers and scientists , including Dr. Russell E. Train , the first appointed head of the Council on Environmental Quality ( CEQ ) , an outgrowth of the National Environmental Policy Act ( NEPA ) of 1969 . Dr. Train was assisted by a core group of staffers , including Dr. Earl Baysinger at EPA , Dick Gutting , and Dr. Gerard A. `` Jerry '' Bertrand , a marine biologist by training , who had transferred from his post as the scientific adviser to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers , office of the Commandant of the Corps , to join the newly formed White House office . The staff , under Dr. Train 's leadership , incorporated dozens of new principles and ideas into the landmark legislation , crafting a document that completely changed the direction of environmental conservation in the United States . Dr. Bertrand is credited with writing the most challenged section of the Act , the `` takings '' clause -- Section 2 . The stated purpose of the Endangered Species Act is to protect species and also `` the ecosystems upon which they depend . '' California historian Kevin Starr was more emphatic when he said : `` The Endangered Species Act of 1982 is the Magna Carta of the environmental movement . '' The ESA is administered by two federal agencies , the United States Fish and Wildlife Service ( FWS ) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) ( which includes the National Marine Fisheries Service , or NMFS ) . NOAA handles marine species , and the FWS has responsibility over freshwater fish and all other species . Species that occur in both habitats ( e.g. sea turtles and Atlantic sturgeon ) are jointly managed . In March 2008 , The Washington Post reported that documents showed that the Bush Administration , beginning in 2001 , had erected `` pervasive bureaucratic obstacles '' that limited the number of species protected under the act : From 2000 to 2003 , until a U.S. District Court overturned the decision , Fish and Wildlife Service officials said that if that agency identified a species as a candidate for the list , citizens could not file petitions for that species . Interior Department personnel were told they could use `` info from files that refutes petitions but not anything that supports '' petitions filed to protect species . Senior department officials revised a longstanding policy that rated the threat to various species based primarily on their populations within U.S. borders , giving more weight to populations in Canada and Mexico , countries with less extensive regulations than the U.S. Officials changed the way species were evaluated under the act by considering where the species currently lived , rather than where they used to exist . Senior officials repeatedly dismissed the views of scientific advisers who said that species should be protected . In 2014 , the House of Representatives passed the 21st Century Endangered Species Transparency Act , which would require the government to disclose the data it uses to determine species classification . Preventing extinction ( edit ) The ESA 's primary goal is to prevent the extinction of imperiled plant and animal life , and secondly , to recover and maintain those populations by removing or lessening threats to their survival . Petition and listing ( edit ) To be considered for listing , the species must meet one of five criteria ( section 4 ( a ) ( 1 ) ) : 1 . There is the present or threatened destruction , modification , or curtailment of its habitat or range . 2 . An over utilization for commercial , recreational , scientific , or educational purposes . 3 . The species is declining due to disease or predation . 4 . There is an inadequacy of existing regulatory mechanisms . 5 . There are other natural or manmade factors affecting its continued existence . Potential candidate species are then prioritized , with `` emergency listing '' given the highest priority . Species that face a `` significant risk to their well being '' are in this category . A species can be listed in two ways . The United States Fish and Wildlife Service ( FWS ) or NOAA Fisheries ( also called the National Marine Fisheries Service ) can directly list a species through its candidate assessment program , or an individual or organizational petition may request that the FWS or NMFS list a species . A `` species '' under the act can be a true taxonomic species , a subspecies , or in the case of vertebrates , a `` distinct population segment . '' The procedures are the same for both types except with the person / organization petition , there is a 90 - day screening period . During the listing process , economic factors can not be considered , but must be `` based solely on the best scientific and commercial data available . '' The 1982 amendment to the ESA added the word `` solely '' to prevent any consideration other than the biological status of the species . Congress rejected President Ronald Reagan 's Executive Order 12291 which required economic analysis of all government agency actions . The House committee 's statement was `` that economic considerations have no relevance to determinations regarding the status of species . '' The very opposite result happened with the 1978 amendment where Congress added the words `` ... taking into consideration the economic impact ... '' in the provision on critical habitat designation . The 1978 amendment linked the listing procedure with critical habitat designation and economic considerations , which almost completely halted new listings , with almost 2,000 species being withdrawn from consideration . Listing process ( edit ) After receiving a petition to list a species , the two federal agencies take the following steps , or rulemaking procedures , with each step being published in the Federal Register , the US government 's official journal of proposed or adopted rules and regulations : 1 . If a petition presents information that the species may be imperiled , a screening period of 90 days begins ( interested persons and / or organization petitions only ) . If the petition does not present substantial information to support listing , it is denied . 2 . If the information is substantial , a status review is started , which is a comprehensive assessment of a species ' biological status and threats , with a result of : `` warranted '' , `` not warranted , '' or `` warranted but precluded . '' A finding of not warranted , the listing process ends . Warranted finding means the agencies publish a 12 - month finding ( a proposed rule ) within one year of the date of the petition , proposing to list the species as threatened or endangered . Comments are solicited from the public , and one or more public hearings may be held . Three expert opinions from appropriate and independent specialists may be included , but this is voluntary . A `` warranted but precluded '' finding is automatically recycled back through the 12 - month process indefinitely until a result of either `` not warranted '' or `` warranted '' is determined . The agencies monitor the status of any `` warranted but precluded '' species . Essentially the `` warranted but precluded '' finding is a deferral added by the 1982 amendment to the ESA . It means other , higher - priority actions will take precedence . For example , an emergency listing of a rare plant growing in a wetland that is scheduled to be filled in for housing construction would be a `` higher - priority '' . 3 . Within another year , a final determination ( a final rule ) must be made on whether to list the species . The final rule time limit may be extended for 6 months and listings may be grouped together according to similar geography , threats , habitat or taxonomy . The annual rate of listing ( i.e. , classifying species as `` threatened '' or `` endangered '' ) increased steadily from the Ford administration ( 47 listings , 15 per year ) through Carter ( 126 listings , 32 per year ) , Reagan ( 255 listings , 32 per year ) , George H.W. Bush ( 231 listings , 58 per year ) , and Clinton ( 521 listings , 65 per year ) before decline to its lowest rate under George W. Bush ( 60 listings , 8 per year as of 5 / 24 / 08 ) . The rate of listing is strongly correlated with citizen involvement and mandatory timelines : as agency discretion decreases and citizen involvement increases ( i.e. filing of petitions and lawsuits ) the rate of listing increases . Citizen involvement has been shown to identify species not moving through the process efficiently , and identify more imperiled species . The longer species are listed , the more likely they are to be classified as recovering by the FWS . Public notice , comments and judicial review ( edit ) Public notice is given through legal notices in newspapers , and communicated to state and county agencies within the species ' area . Foreign nations may also receive notice of a listing . A public hearing is mandatory if any person has requested one within 45 days of the published notice . `` The purpose of the notice and comment requirement is to provide for meaningful public participation in the rulemaking process . '' summarized the Ninth Circuit court in the case of Idaho Farm Bureau Federation v. Babbitt . Species survival and recovery ( edit ) Critical habitat ( edit ) The provision of the law in Section 4 that establishes critical habitat is a regulatory link between habitat protection and recovery goals , requiring the identification and protection of all lands , water and air necessary to recover endangered species . To determine what exactly is critical habitat , the needs of open space for individual and population growth , food , water , light or other nutritional requirements , breeding sites , seed germination and dispersal needs , and lack of disturbances are considered . As habitat loss is the primary threat to most imperiled species , the Endangered Species Act of 1973 allowed the Fish and Wildlife Service ( FWS ) and National Marine Fisheries Service ( NMFS ) to designate specific areas as protected `` critical habitat '' zones . In 1978 , Congress amended the law to make critical habitat designation a mandatory requirement for all threatened and endangered species . The amendment also added economics into the process of determining habitat : `` ... shall designate critical habitat ... on the basis of the best scientific data available and after taking into consideration the economic impact , and any other impact , of specifying ... area as critical habitat . '' The congressional report on the 1978 amendment described the conflict between the new Section 4 additions and the rest of the law : `` ... the critical habitat provision is a startling section which is wholly inconsistent with the rest of the legislation . It constitutes a loophole which could readily be abused by any Secretary ... who is vulnerable to political pressure or who is not sympathetic to the basic purposes of the Endangered Species Act . '' -- House of Representatives Report 95 - 1625 , at 69 ( 1978 ) The amendment of 1978 added economic considerations and the 1982 amendment prevented economic considerations . Several studies on the effect of critical habitat designation on species ' recovery rates have been done between 1997 and 2003 . Although it has been criticized , the Taylor study in 2003 found that , `` species with critical habitat were ... twice as likely to be improving ... '' Critical habitats are required to contain `` all areas essential to the conservation '' of the imperiled species , and may be on private or public lands . The Fish and Wildlife Service has a policy limiting designation to lands and waters within the U.S. and both federal agencies may exclude essential areas if they determine that economic or other costs exceed the benefit . The ESA is mute about how such costs and benefits are to be determined . All federal agencies are prohibited from authorizing , funding or carrying out actions that `` destroy or adversely modify '' critical habitats ( Section 7 ( a ) ( 2 ) ) . While the regulatory aspect of critical habitat does not apply directly to private and other non-federal landowners , large - scale development , logging and mining projects on private and state land typically require a federal permit and thus become subject to critical habitat regulations . Outside or in parallel with regulatory processes , critical habitats also focus and encourage voluntary actions such as land purchases , grant making , restoration , and establishment of reserves . The ESA requires that critical habitat be designated at the time of or within one year of a species being placed on the endangered list . In practice , most designations occur several years after listing . Between 1978 and 1986 the FWS regularly designated critical habitat . In 1986 the Reagan Administration issued a regulation limiting the protective status of critical habitat . As a result , few critical habitats were designated between 1986 and the late 1990s . In the late 1990s and early 2000s , a series of court orders invalidated the Reagan regulations and forced the FWS and NMFS to designate several hundred critical habitats , especially in Hawaii , California and other western states . Midwest and Eastern states received less critical habitat , primarily on rivers and coastlines . As of December , 2006 , the Reagan regulation has not yet been replaced though its use has been suspended . Nonetheless , the agencies have generally changed course and since about 2005 have tried to designate critical habitat at or near the time of listing . Most provisions of the ESA revolve around preventing extinction . Critical habitat is one of the few that focus on recovery . Species with critical habitat are twice as likely to be recovering as species without critical habitat . Plans , permits , and agreements ( edit ) The combined result of the amendments to the Endangered Species Act have created a law vastly different from the ESA of 1973 . It is now a flexible , permitting statute . For example , the law now permits `` incidental takes '' ( accidental killing or harming a listed species ) . Congress added the requirements for `` incidental take statement '' , and authorized a `` incidental take permit '' in conjunction with `` habitat conservation plans '' . More changes were made in the 1990s in an attempt by Secretary of the Interior Bruce Babbitt to shield the ESA from a Congress hostile to the law . He instituted incentive - based strategies such as candidate conservation agreements and `` safe harbor '' agreements that would balance the goals of economic development and conservation . Recovery plan ( edit ) Fish and Wildlife Service ( FWS ) and National Marine Fisheries Service ( NMFS ) are required to create an Endangered Species Recovery Plan outlining the goals , tasks required , likely costs , and estimated timeline to recover endangered species ( i.e. , increase their numbers and improve their management to the point where they can be removed from the endangered list ) . The ESA does not specify when a recovery plan must be completed . The FWS has a policy specifying completion within three years of the species being listed , but the average time to completion is approximately six years . The annual rate of recovery plan completion increased steadily from the Ford administration ( 4 ) through Carter ( 9 ) , Reagan ( 30 ) , Bush I ( 44 ) , and Clinton ( 72 ) , but declined under Bush II ( 16 per year as of 9 / 1 / 06 ) . The goal of the law is to make itself unnecessary , and recovery plans are a means toward that goal . Recovery plans became more specific after 1988 when Congress added provisions to Section 4 ( f ) of the law that spelled out the minimum contents of a recovery plan . Three types of information must be included : A description of `` site - specific '' management actions to make the plan as explicit as possible . The `` objective , measurable criteria '' to serve as a baseline for judging when and how well a species is recovering . An estimate of money and resources needed to achieve the goal of recovery and delisting . The amendment also added public participation to the process . There is a ranking order , similar to the listing procedures , for recovery plans , with the highest priority being for species most likely to benefit from recovery plans , especially when the threat is from construction , or other developmental or economic activity . Recovery plans cover domestic and migratory species . Exemptions ( edit ) Exemptions can and do occur . The ESA requires federal agencies to consult with the US Fish and Wildlife Service ( FWS ) or the National Marine Fisheries Service ( NMFS ) if any project occurs in the habitat of a listed species . An example of such a project might be a timber harvest proposed by the US Forest Service . If the timber harvest could impact a listed species , a biological assessment is prepared by the Forest Service and reviewed by the FWS or NMFS or both . The question to be answered is whether a listed species will be harmed by the action and , if so , how the harm can be minimized . If harm can not be avoided , the project agency can seek an exemption from the Endangered Species Committee , an ad hoc panel composed of members from the executive branch and at least one appointee from the state where the project is to occur . Five of the seven committee members must vote for the exemption to allow taking ( to harass , harm , pursue , hunt , shoot , wound , kill , trap , capture , or collect , or significant habitat modification , or to attempt to engage in any such conduct ) of listed species . Long before the exemption is considered by the Endangered Species Committee , the Forest Service , and either the FWS or the NMFS will have consulted on the biological implications of the timber harvest . The consultation can be informal , to determine if harm may occur ; and then formal if the harm is believed to be likely . The questions to be answered in these consultations are whether the species will be harmed , whether the habitat will be harmed and if the action will aid or hinder the recovery of the listed species . Northern spotted owl If harm is likely to occur , the consultation evaluates whether `` reasonable and prudent alternatives '' exist to minimize harm . If an alternative does not exist , the FWS or NMFS will issue an opinion that the action constitutes `` jeopardy '' to the listed species either directly or indirectly . The project can not then occur unless exempted by the Endangered Species Committee . The Committee must make a decision on the exemption within 30 days , when its findings are published in the Federal Register . The findings can be challenged in federal court . In 1992 , one such challenge was the case of Portland Audubon Society v. Endangered Species Committee heard in the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals . The court found that three members had been in illegal ex parte contact with the then - President George H.W. Bush , a violation of the Administrative Procedures Act . The committee 's exemption was for the Bureau of Land Management 's timber sale and `` incidental takes '' of the endangered northern spotted owl in Oregon . There have been six instances as of 2009 in which the exemption process was initiated . Of these six , one was granted , one was partially granted , one was denied and three were withdrawn . Donald Baur , in The Endangered Species Act : law , policy , and perspectives , concluded , '' ... the exemption provision is basically a nonfactor in the administration of the ESA . A major reason , of course , is that so few consultations result in jeopardy opinions , and those that do almost always result in the identification of reasonable and prudent alternatives to avoid jeopardy . '' Habitat conservation plans ( edit ) More than half of habitat for listed species is on non-federal property , owned by citizens , states , local governments , tribal governments and private organizations . Before the law was amended in 1982 , a listed species could be taken only for scientific or research purposes . The amendment created a permit process to circumvent the take prohibition called a Habitat Conservation Plan or HCP to give incentives to non-federal land managers and private landowners to help protect listed and unlisted species , while allowing economic development that may harm ( `` take '' ) the species . The US Fish and Wildlife Service defines the process as : `` The purpose of the habitat conservation planning process associated with the permit is to ensure there is adequate minimizing and mitigating of the effects of the authorized incidental take . The purpose of the incidental take permit is to authorize the incidental take of a listed species , not to authorize the activities that result in take . '' The person or organization submits a HCP and if approved by the agency ( FWS or NMFS ) , will be issued an Incidental Take Permit ( ITP ) which allows a certain number of `` takes '' of the listed species . The permit may be revoked at any time and can allow incidental takes for varying amounts of time . For instance , the San Bruno Habitat Conservation Plan / Incidental Take Permit is good for 30 years and the Wal - Mart store ( in Florida ) permit expires after one year . Because the permit is issued by a federal agency to a private party , it is a federal action - which means other federal laws can apply , such as the National Environmental Policy Act or NEPA . A notice of the permit application action is published in the Federal Register and a public comment period of 30 to 90 days begins . The US Congress was urged to create the exemption by proponents of a conservation plan on San Bruno Mountain , California that was drafted in the early 1980s and is the first HCP in the nation . In the conference report on the 1982 amendments , Congress specified that it intended the San Bruno plan to act `` as a model '' for future conservation plans developed under the incidental take exemption provision and that `` the adequacy of similar conservation plans should be measured against the San Bruno plan '' . Congress further noted that the San Bruno plan was based on `` an independent exhaustive biological study '' and protected at least 87 % of the habitat of the listed butterflies that led to the development of the HCP . Growing scientific recognition of the role of private lands for endangered species recovery and the landmark 1981 court decision in Palila v. Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources both contributed to making Habitat Conservation Plans / Incidental Take Permits `` a major force for wildlife conservation and a major headache to the development community '' , wrote Robert D. Thornton in the 1991 Environmental Law article , Searching for Consensus and Predictability : Habitat Conservation Planning under the Endangered Species Act of 1973 . `` No Surprises '' rule ( edit ) The `` No Surprises '' rule is meant to protect the landowner if `` unforeseen circumstances '' occur which make the landowner 's efforts to prevent or mitigate harm to the species fall short . The `` No Surprises '' policy may be the most controversial of the recent reforms of the law , because once an Incidental Take Permit is granted , the Fish and Wildlife Service ( FWS ) loses much ability to further protect a species if the mitigation measures by the landowner prove insufficient . The landowner or permittee would not be required to set aside additional land or pay more in conservation money . The federal government would have to pay for additional protection measures . `` Safe Harbor '' agreements ( edit ) The `` Safe Harbor '' agreement is a voluntary agreement between the private landowner and FWS . The landowner agrees to alter the property to benefit or even attract a listed or proposed species in exchange for assurances that the FWS will permit future `` takes '' above a pre-determined level . The policy relies on the `` enhancement of survival '' provision of Section § 1539 ( a ) ( 1 ) ( A ) . A landowner can have either a `` Safe Harbor '' agreement or an Incidental Take Permit , or both . The policy was developed by the Clinton Administration in 1999 . Candidate conservation agreements ( edit ) The Candidate Conservation Agreement is closely related to the `` Safe Harbor '' agreement , the main difference is that the Candidate Conservation Agreements With Assurances ( CCA ) are meant to protect unlisted species by providing incentives to private landowners and land managing agencies to restore , enhance or maintain habitat of unlisted species which are declining and have the potential to become threatened or endangered if critical habitat is not protected . The FWS will then assure that if , in the future the unlisted species becomes listed , the landowner will not be required to do more than already agreed upon in the CCA . Experimental populations ( edit ) The Experimental Population Provision encourages introductions of species into formerly occupied or new habitat without the full range of legal restrictions for endangered species . The provision was added to the act in 1982 to encourage landowner support for species survival and recovery . Experimental populations could be used for the assisted migration of endangered species . Delisting ( edit ) Northern flying squirrel To delist species , several factors are considered : the threats are eliminated or controlled , population size and growth , and the stability of habitat quality and quantity . Also , over a dozen species have been delisted due to inaccurate data putting them on the list in the first place . There is also `` downlisting '' of a species where some of the threats have been controlled and the population has met recovery objectives , then the species can be reclassified to `` threatened '' from `` endangered '' Two examples of animal species recently delisted are : the Virginia northern flying squirrel ( subspecies ) on August , 2008 , which had been listed since 1985 , and the gray wolf ( Northern Rocky Mountain DPS ) . On April 15 , 2011 , President Obama signed the Department of Defense and Full - Year Appropriations Act of 2011 . A section of that Appropriations Act directed the Secretary of the Interior to reissue within 60 days of enactment the final rule published on April 2 , 2009 , that identified the Northern Rocky Mountain population of gray wolf ( Canis lupus ) as a distinct population segment ( DPS ) and to revise the List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife by removing most of the gray wolves in the DPS . The US Fish and Wildlife Service 's delisting report lists four plants that have recovered : Eggert 's sunflower ( Helianthus eggertii ) Robbins ' cinquefoil ( Potentilla robbinsiana ) , an alpine wildflower found in the White Mountains of New Hampshire Maguire daisy ( Erigeron maguirei ) Tennessee purple coneflower ( Echinacea tennesseensis ) Effectiveness ( edit ) Positive effects ( edit ) As of September 2012 , fifty - six species have been delisted ; twenty - eight due to recovery , ten due to extinction ( seven of which are believed to have been extinct prior to being listed ) , ten due to changes in taxonomic classification practices , six due to discovery of new populations , one due to an error in the listing rule , and one due to an amendment to the Endangered Species Act specifically requiring the species delisting . Twenty - five others have been down listed from `` endangered '' to `` threatened '' status . Some have argued that the recovery of DDT - threatened species such as the bald eagle , brown pelican and peregrine falcon should be attributed to the 1972 ban on DDT by the EPA . rather than the Endangered Species Act , however , the listing of these species as endangered was a substantial cause of Congress instituting the ban and many non-DDT oriented actions were taken on their behalf under the Endangered Species Act ( i.e. captive breeding , habitat protection , and protection from disturbance ) . As of October 28 , 2012 , there are 2,052 total ( foreign and domestic ) species on the threatened and endangered lists . However , many species have become extinct while on the candidate list or otherwise under consideration for listing . Key deer Species which increased in population size since being placed on the endangered list include : Bald eagle ( increased from 417 to 11,040 pairs between 1963 and 2007 ) ; removed from list 2007 Whooping crane ( increased from 54 to 436 birds between 1967 and 2003 ) Kirtland 's warbler ( increased from 210 to 1,415 pairs between 1971 and 2005 ) Peregrine falcon ( increased from 324 to 1,700 pairs between 1975 and 2000 ) ; removed from list 1999 Gray wolf ( populations increased dramatically in the Northern Rockies and Western Great Lakes States ) Mexican wolf ( increased to minimum population of 109 wolves in 2014 in southwest New Mexico and southeast Arizona ) Red wolf ( increased from 17 in 1980 to 257 in 2003 ) Gray whale ( increased from 13,095 to 26,635 whales between 1968 and 1998 ) ; removed from list ( Debated because whaling was banned before the ESA was set in place and that the ESA had nothing to do with the natural population increase since the cease of massive whaling ( excluding Native American tribal whaling ) ) Grizzly bear ( increased from about 271 to over 580 bears in the Yellowstone area between 1975 and 2005 ) ; removed from list March 22 , 2007 California 's southern sea otter ( increased from 1,789 in 1976 to 2,735 in 2005 ) San Clemente Indian paintbrush ( increased from 500 plants in 1979 to more than 3,500 in 1997 ) Florida 's Key deer ( increased from 200 in 1971 to 750 in 2001 ) Big Bend gambusia ( increased from a couple dozen to a population of over 50,000 ) Hawaiian goose ( increased from 400 birds in 1980 to 1,275 in 2003 ) Virginia big - eared bat ( increased from 3,500 in 1979 to 18,442 in 2004 ) Black - footed ferret ( increased from 18 in 1986 to 600 in 2006 ) Criticism ( edit ) Opponents of the Endangered Species Act argue that with over 2,000 endangered species listed , and only 28 delisted due to recovery , the success rate of 1 % over nearly three decades proves that there needs to be serious reform in their methods to actually help the endangered animals and plants . Others argue that the ESA may encourage preemptive habitat destruction by landowners who fear losing the use of their land because of the presence of an endangered species ; known colloquially as `` Shoot , Shovel and Shut - Up . '' One example of such perverse incentives is the case of a forest owner who , in response to ESA listing of the red - cockaded woodpecker , increased harvesting and shortened the age at which he harvests his trees to ensure that they do not become old enough to become suitable habitat . While no studies have shown that the Act 's negative effects , in total , exceed the positive effects , many economists believe that finding a way to reduce such perverse incentives would lead to more effective protection of endangered species . According to research published in 1999 by Alan Green and the Center for Public Integrity ( CPI ) , loopholes in the ESA are commonly exploited in the exotic pet trade . Although the legislation prohibits interstate and foreign transactions for list species , no provisions are made for in - state commerce , allowing these animals to be sold to roadside zoos and private collectors . Additionally , the ESA allows listed species to be shipped across state lines as long as they are not sold . According to Green and the CPI , this allows dealers to `` donate '' listed species through supposed `` breeding loans '' to anyone , and in return they can legally receive a reciprocal monetary `` donation '' from the receiving party . Furthermore , an interview with an endangered species specialist at the US Fish and Wildlife Service revealed that the agency does not have sufficient staff to perform undercover investigations , which would catch these false `` donations '' and other mislabeled transactions . Green and the CPI further noted another exploit of the ESA in their discussion of the critically endangered cotton - top tamarin ( Saguinus oedipus ) . Not only had they found documentation that 151 of these primates had inadvertently made their way from the Harvard - affiliated New England Regional Primate Research Center into the exotic pet trade through the aforementioned loophole , but in October 1976 , over 800 cotton - top tamarins were imported into the United States in order to beat the official listing of the species under the ESA . State Endangered species lists ( edit ) Section 6 of the Endangered Species Act provided funding for development of programs for management of threatened and endangered species by state wildlife agencies . Subsequently , lists of endangered and threatened species within their boundaries have been prepared by each state . These state lists often include species which are considered endangered or threatened within a specific state but not within all states , and which therefore are not included on the national list of endangered and threatened species . Examples include Florida , Minnesota , Maine , Penalties ( edit ) There are different degrees of violation with the law . The most punishable offenses are trafficking , and any act of knowingly `` taking '' ( which includes harming , wounding , or killing ) an endangered species . The penalties for these violations can be a maximum fine of up to $50,000 or imprisonment for one year , or both , and civil penalties of up to $25,000 per violation may be assessed . Lists of violations and exact fines are available through the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration web - site . One provision of this law is that no penalty may be imposed if , by a preponderance of the evidence that the act was in self - defense . The law also eliminates criminal penalties for accidentally killing listed species during farming and ranching activities . In addition to fines or imprisonment , a license , permit , or other agreement issued by a federal agency that authorized an individual to import or export fish , wildlife , or plants may be revoked , suspended or modified . Any federal hunting or fishing permits that were issued to a person who violates the ESA can be canceled or suspended for up to a year . Use of money received through violations of the ESA ( edit ) A reward will be paid to any person who furnishes information which leads to an arrest , conviction , or revocation of a license , so long as they are not a local , state , or federal employee in the performance of official duties . The Secretary may also provide reasonable and necessary costs incurred for the care of fish , wildlife , and forest service or plant pending the violation caused by the criminal . If the balance ever exceeds $500,000 the Secretary of the Treasury is required to deposit an amount equal to the excess into the cooperative endangered species conservation fund . See also ( edit ) Critical habitat Endangered Species Act Amendments of 1978 List of endangered species in North America Tennessee Valley Authority v. Hill Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service . `` International Affairs : CITES '' Retrieved on 25 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tennessee Valley Authority v. Hill '' , 437 U.S. 153 ( 1978 ) Retrieved 24 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT OF 1973 '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Senate Committee on Environment & Public Works . Retrieved 25 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Endangered Species Program -- Species Status Codes '' . U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service . Retrieved 25 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Electronic Code of Federal Regulations , Title 50 : Wildlife and Fisheries '' . U.S. Government Printing Office . Retrieved 25 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Weidensaul , Scott ( 2006 ) . Of A Feather . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . pp. 135 -- 6 . ISBN 0 - 15 - 101247 - 4 . Jump up ^ American Museum of Natural History 's webpage on the Whooping Crane . accessed 7 - 24 - 09 Jump up ^ Roman , Joe ( 2011 ) . Listed : Dispatches from America 's Endangered Species Act . Harvard University Press . p. 61 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 04751 - 8 . Jump up ^ Goble , Endangered Species Act at Thirty p. 6 Jump up ^ `` Native Fish and Wildlife Endangered Species , '' Federal Register , vol. 32 , no . 48 , March 11 , 1967 Jump up ^ Czech , Brian The Endangered Species Act p 21 Jump up ^ AP ( March 12 , 1967 ) . `` 78 Species Listed Near Extinction ; Udall Issues Inventory With Appeal to Save Them '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ Wilcove , David S. ; Margaret McMillan ( 2006 ) . `` Class of ' 67 '' . In Dale Goble ; J. Micharl Scott ; Frank W. Davis . The Endangered Species Act at Thirty. 1 . Island Press . p. 48 . Jump up ^ ESA at Thirty , p 45 Jump up ^ Chadwick , Douglas ; Joel Sartore ( 1996 ) . The Company We Keep . National Geographic Society . pp. 19 -- 21 . ISBN 0 - 7922 - 3310 - 7 . Jump up ^ Nixon . R ( 1972 ) . `` Special Message to the Congress Outlining the 1972 Environmental Program '' . 51 . Jump up ^ `` Environmental Protection Agency '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ Rinde , Meir ( 2017 ) . `` Richard Nixon and the Rise of American Environmentalism '' . Distillations. 3 ( 1 ) : 16 -- 29 . Retrieved 4 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Permian Global '' . Jump up ^ Water on the Edge KVIE - Sacramento public television documentary ( DVD ) hosted by Lisa McRae . The Water Education Foundation , 2005 Jump up ^ Juliet Eilperin , `` Since ' 01 , Guarding Species Is Harder : Endangered Listings Drop Under Bush '' , Washington Post , March 23 , 2008 Jump up ^ `` Notice '' . Endangered and Threatened Wildlife ; Final Listing Priority Guidance for FY 2000 . Federal Register . pp. 27114 -- 19 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ 16 U.S.C. § 1533 ( b ) ( 1 ) ( A ) Jump up ^ Stanford , p 40 ^ Jump up to : 16 U.S.C. 1533 ( b ) ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Stanford p. 23 Jump up ^ 16 U.S.C. 1533 ( b ) ( 3 ) ( C ) ( iii ) Jump up ^ ESA at Thirty p58 ^ Jump up to : Greenwald , Noah ; K. Suckling ; M. Taylor ( 2006 ) . `` Factors affecting the rate and taxonomy of species listings under the U.S. Endangered Species Act '' . In D.D. Goble ; J.M. Scott ; F.W. Davis . The Endangered Species Act at 30 : Vol. 1 : Renewing the Conservation Promise . Washington , D.C. : Island Press . pp. 50 -- 67 . Jump up ^ Puckett , Emily E. ; Kesler , Dylan C. ; Greenwald , D. Noah ( 2016 ) . `` Taxa , petitioning agency , and lawsuits affect time spent awaiting listing under the US Endangered Species Act '' . Biological Conservation. 201 : 220 -- 229 . doi : 10.1016 / j. biocon. 2016.07. 005 . Jump up ^ Brosi , Berry J. ; Biber , Eric G.N. ( 2012 ) . `` Citizen Involvement in the U.S. Endangered Species Act '' . Science . 337 ( 6096 ) : 802 -- 803 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1220660 . PMID 22903999 . ^ Jump up to : Taylor , M.T. ; K.S. Suckling & R.R. Rachlinski ( 2005 ) . `` The effectiveness of the Endangered Species Act : A quantitative analysis '' . BioScience. 55 ( 4 ) : 360 -- 367 . doi : 10.1641 / 0006 - 3568 ( 2005 ) 055 ( 0360 : TEOTES ) 2.0.CO ; 2 . ISSN 0006 - 3568 . Jump up ^ U.S.C 1533 ( b ) ( 5 ) ( A ) - ( E ) Jump up ^ Stanford p 50 Jump up ^ ESA at Thirty p89 Jump up ^ Stanford pp61 -- 4 Jump up ^ Stanford p. 68 Jump up ^ `` U.S. Endangered Species Act Works , Study Finds '' . Jump up ^ Center for Biological Diversity , authors K.F. Suckling , J.R. Rachlinski Jump up ^ Stanford p86 ^ Jump up to : Suckling , Kieran ; M. Taylor ( 2006 ) . `` Critical Habitat Recovery '' . In D.D. Goble ; J.M. Scott ; F.W. Davis . The Endangered Species Act at 30 : Vol. 1 : Renewing the Conservation Promise . Washington , D.C. : Island Press . p. 77 . Jump up ^ ESA at 30 , p10 Jump up ^ The ESA does allow FWS and NMFS to forgo a recovery plan by declaring it will not benefit the species , but this provision has rarely been invoked . It was most famously used to deny a recovery plan to the northern spotted owl in 1991 , but in 2006 the FWS changed course and announced it would complete a plan for the species . ^ Jump up to : 16 U.S.C. § 1533 ( f ) Jump up ^ Stanford p72 -- 3 Jump up ^ Stanford , p 198 Jump up ^ `` Endangered Species Act '' . US Fish and Wildlife Service . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ 16 U.S.C. § 1536 ( e ) Jump up ^ 50 C.F.R. § 402.13 ( a ) ^ Jump up to : `` Portland Audubon Society v. Endangered Species Committee '' . Justia . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Encyclopedia of Earth accessed August 21 , 2009 Jump up ^ Donald C. Baur , William Robert Irvin The Endangered Species Act : law , policy , and perspectives Published by American Bar Association . 2002 Jump up ^ Stanford p127 Jump up ^ Habitat Conservation Plans : Section 10 of the Endangered Species Act p. 1 Jump up ^ Stanford pp147 -- 8 Jump up ^ ( H.R. Rep. No. 835 , 97th Cong. , 2nd Sess. 32 , 1982 . pp 31 -- 32 ) ( 1 ) Introduction to Habitat Conservation Planning By : Peter Aengst , Jeremy Anderson , Jay Chamberlin , Christopher Grunewald , Susan Loucks , Elizabeth Wheatley , and Steven Yaffee accessed August 20 , 2009 Jump up ^ Introduction to Habitat Conservation Planning Jump up ^ Stanford pp170 -- 1 Jump up ^ Stanford pp168 -- 9 Jump up ^ Shirey , P.D. ; Lamberti , G.A. ( 2010 ) . `` Assisted colonization under the U.S. Endangered Species Act '' . Conservation Letters. 3 ( 1 ) : 45 -- 52 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1755 - 263x. 2009.00083. x . Jump up ^ USFWS `` Delisting a Species '' accessed August 25 , 2009 Archived March 26 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Federal Register , Volume 76 Issue 87 ( Thursday , May 5 , 2011 ) '' . Jump up ^ FWS Delisting Report Archived 2007 - 07 - 28 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ United States Fish and Wildlife Service Threatened and Endangered Species System Jump up ^ Service , U.S. Fish and Wildlife . `` Listed Species Summary ( Boxscore ) '' . Retrieved 17 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Service , U.S. Fish and Wildlife . `` Listed Plants '' . Retrieved 17 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Service , U.S. Fish and Wildlife . `` Listed Animals '' . Archived from the original on 14 October 2011 . Retrieved 17 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen Dubner and Steven Levitt , Unintended Consequences , New York Times Magazine , 20 January 2008 Jump up ^ Richard L. Stroup. ( 2 ) , The Endangered Species Act : Making Innocent Species the Enemy PERC Policy Series : April 1995 Jump up ^ Brown , Gardner M. Jr. ; Shogren , Jason F. ( 1998 ) . `` Economics of the Endangered Species Act '' . Journal of Economic Perspectives. 12 ( 3 ) : 3 -- 20 . doi : 10.1257 / jep. 12.3. 3 . Jump up ^ Green & The Center for Public Integrity 1999 , pp. 115 & 120 . Jump up ^ Green & The Center for Public Integrity 1999 , p. 120 . Jump up ^ Green & The Center for Public Integrity 1999 , pp. 113 -- 115 . Jump up ^ Green & The Center for Public Integrity 1999 , p. 117 . Jump up ^ https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/usc_sec_16_00001535----000-.html Jump up ^ 16 U.S. Code 1535 Jump up ^ Florida Endangered & Threatened Species List Jump up ^ Minnesota Endangered & Threatened Species List Jump up ^ Compare : Maine State & Federal Endangered & Threatened Species Lists Archived 2008 - 12 - 07 at the Wayback Machine . with Maine Animals Jump up ^ http://www.gc.noaa.gov/schedules/6-ESA/EnadangeredSpeciesAct.pdf Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Archived April 6 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . References ( edit ) Corn , M. Lynne and Alexandra M. Wyatt . The Endangered Species Act : A Primer . Congressional Research Service 2016 . The Endangered Species Act at Thirty Dale Goble , J. Michael Scott ( editors ) Island Press 2006 . Green , Alan ; The Center for Public Integrity ( 1999 ) . Animal Underworld : Inside America 's Black Market for Rare and Exotic Species . Public Affairs . ISBN 1 - 58648 - 374 - 9 . Stanford Environmental Law Society , The Endangered Species Act Stanford University Press 2001 ISBN 0 - 8047 - 3842 - 4 . External links ( edit ) ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT OF 1973 accessed November 11 , 2011 Cornell University Law School - Babbit v. Sweet Home accessed July 25 , 2005 The 1995 decision on whether significant habitat modifications on private property that actually kill species constitute `` harm '' for purposes of the ESA . Center for Biological Diversity accessed July 25 , 2005 Endangered Species Program -- US Fish & Wildlife Service accessed June 16 , 2012 Endangered Species Act -- National Marine Fisheries Service -- NOAA accessed June 16 , 2012 Species Status Categories and Codes -- US Fish & Wildlife Service accessed June 16 , 2012 Habitat Conservation Plans -- US Fish & Wildlife Service accessed June 16 , 2012 The 1978 decision related to the ESA and the snail darter . accessed July , 2005 Summary of Listed Species Listed Populations and Recovery Plans -- US Fish & Wildlife Service accessed June 16 , 2012 Species Search -- US Fish & Wildlife Service accessed June 16 , 2012 Electronic Code of Federal Regulations : List of endangered species accessed June 16 , 2012 United States environmental law Supreme Court decisions Missouri v. Holland ( 1920 ) Sierra Club v. Morton ( 1972 ) United States v. SCRAP ( 1973 ) Tennessee Valley Authority v. Hill ( 1978 ) Vermont Yankee v. NRDC ( 1978 ) Hughes v. Oklahoma ( 1979 ) Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife ( 1992 ) United States v. Bestfoods ( 1998 ) Friends of the Earth v. Laidlaw Environmental Services ( 2000 ) SWANCC v. Army Corps of Engineers ( 2001 ) Department of Transportation v. Public Citizen ( 2004 ) Rapanos v. United States ( 2006 ) Massachusetts v. EPA ( 2007 ) National Ass'n of Home Builders v. Defenders of Wildlife ( 2007 ) Coeur Alaska , Inc. v. Southeast Alaska Conservation Council ( 2009 ) Major federal legislation and treaties Rivers and Harbors Act ( 1899 ) Lacey Act ( 1900 ) Weeks Act ( 1911 ) North Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911 ( 1911 ) Migratory Bird Treaty Act ( 1918 ) Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act ( 1934 ) Watershed Protection and Flood Prevention Act ( 1954 ) Clean Air Act ( 1963 , 1970 ) National Environmental Policy Act ( 1970 ) Clean Water Act ( 1972 ) Federal Insecticide , Fungicide , and Rodenticide Act ( 1972 ) Noise Control Act ( 1972 ) Endangered Species Act ( 1973 ) Safe Drinking Water Act ( 1974 ) Resource Conservation and Recovery Act ( 1976 ) Toxic Substances Control Act ( 1976 ) Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act ( 1977 ) CERCLA ( Superfund ) ( 1980 ) Emergency Planning and Community Right - to - Know Act ( 1986 ) Emergency Wetlands Resources Act ( 1986 ) Frank R. Lautenberg Chemical Safety for the 21st Century Act ( 2016 ) Federal agencies Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Council on Environmental Quality Office of Surface Mining United States Environmental Protection Agency United States Fish and Wildlife Service Regulations and concepts Best available technology Citizen suit Discharge Monitoring Report Effluent guidelines Environmental crime Environmental impact statement Environmental justice National Ambient Air Quality Standards National Priorities List New Source Performance Standard Not - To - Exceed ( NTE ) Right to know Total maximum daily load Toxicity category rating Richard Nixon 37th President of the United States ( 1969 -- 1974 ) 36th Vice President of the United States ( 1953 -- 1961 ) U.S. Senator from California ( 1950 -- 1953 ) U.S. Representative for CA - 12 ( 1947 -- 1950 ) Presidency First inauguration Second inauguration Nixon Doctrine `` Bring Us Together '' Economic policies Nixon shock Tar Baby Option Environmental Protection Agency creation National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Space exploration 1971 National Cancer Act Vietnam War Cambodian bombing Paris Peace Accords `` Peace with Honor '' Silent majority Cold War period Linkage policy 1972 Visit to China Shanghai Communiqué Détente 1972 Moscow Summit Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty SALT I Treaty Prevention of Nuclear War Agreement Threshold Test Ban Treaty Endangered Species Act Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act National Commission on Marihuana and Drug Abuse War on Drugs Drug Enforcement Administration Enemies List list of opponents Operation CHAOS Watergate timeline White House tapes United States v. 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Nixon ( nephew ) Christopher Nixon Cox ( grandson ) Jennie Eisenhower ( granddaughter ) ← Lyndon B. Johnson Gerald Ford → LCCN : n81116301 VIAF : 174183997 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Endangered_Species_Act_of_1973&oldid=842314781 '' Categories : 1973 in law Biota of the United States by conservation status Conservation in the United States United States federal environmental legislation United States Fish and Wildlife Service United States federal public land legislation 1973 in the environment Wildlife law Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Català Esperanto Français Bahasa Indonesia Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Svenska ไทย 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 May 2018 , at 17 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the role of the endangered species act | [
"The Endangered Species Act of 1973 (ESA; 16 U.S.C. § 1531 et seq.) is one of the few dozens of US environmental laws passed in the 1970s, and serves as the enacting legislation to carry out the provisions outlined in The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES).[1] Designed to protect critically imperiled species from extinction as a \"consequence of economic growth and development untempered by adequate concern and conservation\", the ESA was signed into law by President Richard Nixon on December 28, 1973. The U.S. Supreme Court found that \"the plain intent of Congress in enacting\" the ESA \"was to halt and reverse the trend toward species extinction, whatever the cost.\"[2] The Act is administered by two federal agencies, the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) and the Commerce Department's National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS)."
] | [
"to protect critically imperiled species from extinction as a \"consequence of economic growth and development untempered by adequate concern and conservation\""
] |
-7617284148766006422 | Everson v. Board of Education | Everson v. Board of education - wikipedia Everson v. Board of education Jump to : navigation , search Everson v. Board of Education Supreme Court of the United States Argued November 20 , 1946 Decided February 10 , 1947 Full case name Arch R. Everson v. Board of Education of the Township of Ewing , et al . Citations 330 U.S. 1 ( more ) 67 S. Ct. 504 ; 91 L. Ed . 711 ; 1947 U.S. LEXIS 2959 ; 168 A.L.R. 1392 Prior history Everson sued as a school district taxpayer , judgment for plaintiff , 132 N.J.L. 98 , 39 A. 2d 75 ; New Jersey Court of Errors and Appeals reversed , 133 N.J.L. 350 , 44 A. 2d 333 , cert . granted . Holding ( 1 ) The Establishment Clause of the First Amendment is incorporated against the states through the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment . ( 2 ) New Jersey law providing public payment of the costs of transportation to and from parochial Catholic schools is not in violation of the Establishment Clause . Court membership Chief Justice Fred M. Vinson Associate Justices Hugo Black Stanley F. Reed Felix Frankfurter William O. Douglas Frank Murphy Robert H. Jackson Wiley B. Rutledge Harold H. Burton Case opinions Majority Black , joined by Vinson , Reed , Douglas , Murphy Dissent Jackson , joined by Frankfurter Dissent Rutledge , joined by Frankfurter , Jackson , Burton Laws applied U.S. Const . amends . I , XIV Everson v. Board of Education , 330 U.S. 1 ( 1947 ) was a landmark decision of the United States Supreme Court which applied the Establishment Clause in the country 's Bill of Rights to State law . Prior to this decision the First Amendment words , `` Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion '' imposed limits only on the federal government , while many states continued to grant certain religious denominations legislative or effective privileges . This was the first Supreme Court case incorporating the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment as binding upon the states through the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment . The decision in Everson marked a turning point in the interpretation and application of disestablishment law in the modern era . The case was brought by a New Jersey taxpayer against a tax - funded school district that provided reimbursement to parents of both public and private schooled people taking the public transportation system to school . The taxpayer contended that reimbursement given for children attending private religious schools violated the constitutional prohibition against state support of religion , and the use of taxpayer funds to do so violated the constitution 's Due Process Clause . The Justices were split over the question whether the New Jersey policy constituted support of religion , with the majority concluding these reimbursements were `` separate and so indisputably marked off from the religious function '' that they did not violate the constitution . Both affirming and dissenting Justices , however , were decisive that the Constitution required a sharp separation between government and religion and their strongly worded opinions paved the way to a series of later court decisions that taken together brought about profound changes in legislation , public education , and other policies involving matters of religion . Both Justice Hugo Black 's majority opinion and Justice Wiley Rutledge 's dissenting opinion defined the First Amendment religious clause in terms of a `` wall of separation between church and state '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Opinions 3 Impact 4 See also 5 References 6 Works cited 7 External links Background ( edit ) After repealing a former ban , a New Jersey law authorized payment by local school boards of the costs of transportation to and from schools -- including private schools . Of the private schools that benefited from this policy , 96 % were parochial Catholic schools . Arch R. Everson , a taxpayer in Ewing Township , filed a lawsuit alleging that this indirect aid to religion through the mechanism of reimbursing parents and students for costs incurred as a result of attending religious schools violated both the New Jersey state constitution and the First Amendment . After a loss in the New Jersey Court of Errors and Appeals , then the state 's highest court , Everson appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court on purely federal constitutional grounds . Opinions ( edit ) The 5 - 4 decision was handed down on February 10 , 1947 , and was based upon the writing of James Madison ( Memorial and Remonstrance Against Religious Assessments ) and Thomas Jefferson ( Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom ) . The Court , through Justice Hugo Black , ruled that the state bill was constitutionally permissible because the reimbursements were offered to all students regardless of religion and because the payments were made to parents and not any religious institution . Perhaps as important as the actual outcome , though , was the interpretation given by the entire Court to the Establishment Clause . It reflected a broad interpretation of the Clause that was to guide the Court 's decisions for decades to come . Black 's language was sweeping : The ' establishment of religion ' clause of the First Amendment means at least this : Neither a state nor the Federal Government can set up a church . Neither can pass laws which aid one religion , aid all religions or prefer one religion over another . Neither can force nor influence a person to go to or to remain away from church against his will or force him to profess a belief or disbelief in any religion . No person can be punished for entertaining or professing religious beliefs or disbeliefs , for church attendance or non-attendance . No tax in any amount , large or small , can be levied to support any religious activities or institutions , whatever they may be called , or whatever form they may adopt to teach or practice religion . Neither a state nor the Federal Government can , openly or secretly , participate in the affairs of any religious organizations or groups and vice versa . In the words of Jefferson , the clause against establishment of religion by law was intended to erect ' a wall of separation between Church and State . ' 330 U.S. 1 , 15 - 16 . Justice Jackson wrote a dissenting opinion in which he was joined by Justice Frankfurter . Justice Rutledge wrote another dissenting opinion in which he was joined by Justices Frankfurter , Jackson and Burton . The four dissenters agreed with Justice Black 's definition of the Establishment Clause , but protested that the principles he laid down ought logically to lead to the invalidation of the challenged law . In his written dissent , Justice Wiley Rutledge argued that : The funds used here were raised by taxation . The Court does not dispute nor could it that their use does in fact give aid and encouragement to religious instruction . It only concludes that this aid is not ' support ' in law . But Madison and Jefferson were concerned with aid and support in fact not as a legal conclusion ' entangled in precedents . ' Here parents pay money to send their children to parochial schools and funds raised by taxation are used to reimburse them . This not only helps the children to get to school and the parents to send them . It aids them in a substantial way to get the very thing which they are sent to the particular school to secure , namely , religious training and teaching . 330 U.S. 1 , 45 . Impact ( edit ) In its first hundred years , the United States Supreme Court interpreted the Constitution 's Bill of Rights as a limit on federal government and considered the states bound only by those rights granted to its citizens by their own state constitutions . Because the federal laws during this period were remote influences at most on the personal affairs of its citizens , minimal attention was paid by the Court to how those provisions in the federal Bill of Rights were to be interpreted . Following the passage of the Thirteenth to Fifteenth Amendments to the Constitution at the end of the Civil War , the Supreme Court would hear hundreds of cases involving conflicts over the constitutionality of laws passed by the states . The decisions in these cases were often criticized as resulting more from the biases of the individual Justices than the applicable rule of law or constitutional duty to protect individual rights . But , by the 1930s , the Court began consistently reasoning that the Fourteenth Amendment guaranteed citizens First Amendment protections from even state and local governments , a process known as incorporation . The 1940 decision in Cantwell v. Connecticut was the first Supreme Court decision to apply the First Amendment 's religious protections to the states , that case focusing on the so - called Free Exercise Clause . The decision Everson followed in 1947 , the first incorporating the Establishment Clause . Numerous state cases followed disentangling the church from public schools , most notably the 1951 New Mexico case of Zellers v. Huff . Similar First Amendment cases have flooded the courts in the decades following Everson . Having invoked Thomas Jefferson 's metaphor of the wall of separation in the Everson decision , the lawmakers and courts have struggled how to balance governments ' dual duty to satisfy both the nonestablishment clause and the free exercise clause contained in the language of the amendment . The majority and dissenting Justices in Everson split over this very question , with Rutledge in the minority by insisting that the Constitution forbids `` every form of public aid or support for religion '' . See also ( edit ) List of United States Supreme Court cases , volume 330 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Everson v. Board of Education , 330 U.S. 1 ( 1947 ) . This article incorporates public domain material from this U.S government document . Jump up ^ in the United States Bill of Rights ^ Jump up to : Schultz 1999 , p. 78 Jump up ^ Witte 2000 Jump up ^ `` Everson v. Board of Education : Conclusion '' , OYEZ U.S. Supreme Court Media `` , 1946 Jump up ^ Schultz 1999 , p. 28 Jump up ^ See `` Everson v. Board of Education Opinion of the Court '' by Hugo Black - full text ; `` Everson v. Board of Education Dissenting Opinion '' by Wiley Blount Rutledge - full text Jump up ^ Everson v. Board of Education of Ewing Tp , 330 1 ( Supreme Court 1947 ) . Munoz , Vincent Phillip . `` The Original Meaning of the Establishment Clause and the Impossibility of its Incorporation '' . Journal of Constitutional Law . University of Pennsylvania . 8 ( 4 ) : 588 -- 590 . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ McWhirter 1994 , pp. 7 -- 8 Jump up ^ Larson , Edward John ( 2003 ) . Trial and error : the American controversy over creation and evolution ( 3 , revised ed . ) . Oxford University Press US . ISBN 9780195154702 . Jump up ^ Pfeffer , Leo ( 1967 ) Church , state , and freedom Beacon Press , Boston , Massachusetts , pages 545 - 549 Jump up ^ MacDougall , Curtis Daniel ( 1952 ) Understanding public opinion : A guide for newspapermen and newspaper readers Macmillan , New York , page 532 Jump up ^ Holscher , Kathleen A. ( 2008 ) Habits in the classroom : A court case regarding Catholic sisters in New Mexico Doctoral Dissertation , Department of Religion , Princeton University , page iii , Abstract and Introduction from Scribd Jump up ^ McWhirter 1994 , p. 37 Works cited ( edit ) Dunne , Gerald T. ( 1977 ) . Hugo Black and the judicial revolution . Simon & Schuster . Garry , Patrick M. ( 2004 ) . The Myth of Separation : America 's Historical Experience with Church and State ( Vol. 33 , No. 2 ed . ) . Hofstra Law Review . SSRN 1139183 . Hamburger , Philip ( 2002 ) . Separation of church and state . Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 00734 - 5 . Harvard Law School Forum ( 1951 ) . `` Public aid to parochial education ; a transcript of a discussion on a vital issue , presented by the Harvard Law School Forum . Speakers : George H. Williams ( and others ) Moderator : George C. Homans . Held at Rindge Tech School , Cambridge , Mass '' . Cambridge Press : 56 . McWhirter , Darien A. ( 1994 ) . The Separation of Church and State . Oryx . Paulsen , Michael A. ( 1986 ) . `` Religion , Equality , and the Constitution : An Equal Protection Approach to Establishment Clause Adjudication '' . Notre Dame Law Review : 311 -- 317 . Schultz , Jeffrey D. ( 1999 ) . `` Disestablishment '' ; `` Hugo L. Black '' . In John G. West Jr. ; Iain Maclean . Encyclopedia of Religion in American Politics . Phoenix , Arizona : Oryx . p. 390 . Missing last1 = in Editors list ( help ) Witte , John Jr. ( 2000 ) . Religion and the American Constitutional Experiment : Essential Rights and Liberties . Boulder , CO : Westview Press . p. 164 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8133 - 4231 - 3 . External links ( edit ) Works related to Everson v. Board of Education at Wikisource Text of Everson v. Board of Education , 330 U.S. 1 ( 1947 ) is available from : Cornell CourtListener Findlaw Google Scholar Justia OpenJurist Oyez ( hide ) United States First Amendment case law ( hide ) Establishment Clause Public funding Everson v. Board of Education ( 1947 ) McCollum v. Board of Education ( 1948 ) Walz v. Tax Commission of the City of New York ( 1970 ) Lemon v. Kurtzman ( 1971 ) Marsh v. Chambers ( 1983 ) Mueller v. Allen ( 1983 ) Aguilar v. Felton ( 1985 ) Board of Education of Kiryas Joel Village School District v. Grumet ( 1994 ) Agostini v. Felton ( 1997 ) Mitchell v. Helms ( 2000 ) Zelman v. Simmons - Harris ( 2002 ) Locke v. Davey ( 2004 ) Arizona Christian School Tuition Organization v. Winn ( 2011 ) Public displays Stone v. Graham ( 1980 ) Lynch v. Donnelly ( 1984 ) Board of Trustees of Scarsdale v. McCreary ( 1985 ) County of Allegheny v. ACLU ( 1989 ) McCreary County v. ACLU of Kentucky ( 2005 ) Van Orden v. Perry ( 2005 ) Pleasant Grove City v. Summum ( 2009 ) School prayer Zorach v. Clauson ( 1952 ) Engel v. Vitale ( 1962 ) Abington School District v. Schempp ( 1963 ) Stone v. Graham ( 1980 ) Wallace v. Jaffree ( 1985 ) Lee v. Weisman ( 1992 ) Santa Fe Independent School District v. Doe ( 2000 ) Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow ( 2004 ) Creationism Epperson v. Arkansas ( 1968 ) Edwards v. Aguillard ( 1987 ) Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District ( M.D. Pa. 2005 ) Legislature prayer Marsh v. Chambers ( 1983 ) Town of Greece v. Galloway ( 2014 ) Other McGowan v. Maryland ( 1961 ) McDaniel v. Paty ( 1978 ) Estate of Thornton v. 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Dale ( 2000 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Everson_v._Board_of_Education&oldid=833137404 '' Categories : Establishment Clause case law 1947 in United States case law Education in Mercer County , New Jersey Ewing Township , New Jersey Religion and education Incorporation case law United States Supreme Court cases United States education case law 1947 in religion 1947 in education American Civil Liberties Union litigation United States Supreme Court cases of the Vinson Court Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating text from public domain works of the United States Government CS1 errors : missing author or editor Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 March 2018 , at 21 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | which case was the supreme court’s first ruling on the establishment clause answers | [
"Everson v. Board of Education, 330 U.S. 1 (1947)[1] was a landmark decision of the United States Supreme Court which applied the Establishment Clause in the country's Bill of Rights to State law. Prior to this decision the First Amendment words, \"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion\"[2] imposed limits only on the federal government, while many states continued to grant certain religious denominations legislative or effective privileges.[3] This was the first Supreme Court case incorporating the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment as binding upon the states through the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. The decision in Everson marked a turning point in the interpretation and application of disestablishment law in the modern era.[4]"
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"Everson v. Board of Education, 330 U.S. 1 (1947)"
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140358107188473747 | Climate of North Carolina | Climate of North Carolina - wikipedia Climate of North Carolina Jump to : navigation , search Köppen climate classification types of North Carolina . North Carolina 's climate varies from the Atlantic coast in the east to the Appalachian Mountain range in the west . The mountains often act as a `` shield '' , blocking low temperatures and storms from the Midwest from entering the Piedmont of North Carolina . Most of the state has a humid subtropical climate ( Köppen climate classification Cfa ) , except in the higher elevations of the Appalachians which have a subtropical highland climate ( Köppen Cfb ) . For most areas in the state , the temperatures in July during the daytime are approximately 90 ° F ( 32 ° C ) . In January the average temperatures range near 50 ° F ( 10 ° C ) . ( However , a polar vortex or `` cold blast '' can significantly bring down average temperatures , seen in the winters of 2014 and 2015 . ) Average Monthly Temperature City Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Asheville 46 / 26 50 / 28 58 / 35 66 / 42 74 / 51 80 / 58 83 / 63 82 / 62 76 / 55 67 / 43 57 / 35 49 / 29 Cape Hatteras 54 / 39 55 / 39 60 / 44 68 / 52 75 / 60 82 / 68 85 / 73 85 / 72 81 / 68 73 / 59 65 / 50 57 / 43 Charlotte 51 / 32 56 / 34 64 / 42 73 / 49 80 / 58 87 / 66 90 / 71 88 / 69 82 / 63 73 / 51 63 / 42 54 / 35 Greensboro 47 / 28 52 / 31 60 / 38 70 / 46 77 / 55 84 / 64 88 / 68 86 / 67 79 / 60 70 / 48 60 / 39 51 / 31 Raleigh 50 / 30 54 / 32 62 / 39 72 / 46 79 / 55 86 / 64 89 / 68 87 / 67 81 / 61 72 / 48 62 / 40 53 / 33 Wilmington 56 / 36 60 / 38 66 / 44 74 / 51 81 / 60 86 / 68 90 / 72 88 / 71 84 / 66 76 / 54 68 / 45 60 / 38 Contents ( hide ) 1 Precipitation 1.1 Snow 2 Tropical cyclones 2.1 Rain 3 Severe weather 4 Seasonal conditions 4.1 Winter 4.2 Spring 4.3 Summer 4.4 Fall 4.5 Southern Oscillation 4.6 Changes 5 See also 6 External links 7 References Precipitation ( edit ) There is an average of forty - five inches of rain a year ( fifty in the mountains ) . July storms account for much of this precipitation . As much as 15 % of the rainfall during the warm season in the Carolinas can be attributed to tropical cyclones . Mountains usually see some snow in the fall and winter . Moist winds from the southwest drop an average of 80 inches ( 2,000 mm ) of precipitation on the western side of the mountains , while the northeast - facing slopes average less than half that amount . Average Monthly Precipitation City Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total Asheville 2.6 inches ( 66 mm ) 3.1 inches ( 79 mm ) 4 inches ( 100 mm ) 3.3 inches ( 84 mm ) 2.9 inches ( 74 mm ) 3.5 inches ( 89 mm ) 3.4 inches ( 86 mm ) 4 inches ( 100 mm ) 3.1 inches ( 79 mm ) 2.7 inches ( 69 mm ) 2.6 inches ( 66 mm ) 2.7 inches ( 69 mm ) 38.1 inches ( 970 mm ) Cape Hatteras 5.6 inches ( 140 mm ) 4.1 inches ( 100 mm ) 4.6 inches ( 120 mm ) 3.2 inches ( 81 mm ) 3.8 inches ( 97 mm ) 4.2 inches ( 110 mm ) 4.9 inches ( 120 mm ) 6.4 inches ( 160 mm ) 5.3 inches ( 130 mm ) 5.3 inches ( 130 mm ) 4.9 inches ( 120 mm ) 4.5 inches ( 110 mm ) 56.9 inches ( 1,450 mm ) Charlotte 3.7 inches ( 94 mm ) 3.7 inches ( 94 mm ) 4.6 inches ( 120 mm ) 3 inches ( 76 mm ) 3.6 inches ( 91 mm ) 3.5 inches ( 89 mm ) 3.8 inches ( 97 mm ) 4.1 inches ( 100 mm ) 3.3 inches ( 84 mm ) 3.2 inches ( 81 mm ) 3.1 inches ( 79 mm ) 3.3 inches ( 84 mm ) 43 inches ( 1,100 mm ) Greensboro 3.3 inches ( 84 mm ) 3.3 inches ( 84 mm ) 3.8 inches ( 97 mm ) 3.2 inches ( 81 mm ) 3.6 inches ( 91 mm ) 3.8 inches ( 97 mm ) 4.4 inches ( 110 mm ) 4.1 inches ( 100 mm ) 3.3 inches ( 84 mm ) 3.4 inches ( 86 mm ) 2.9 inches ( 74 mm ) 3.2 inches ( 81 mm ) 42.3 inches ( 1,070 mm ) Raleigh 3.5 inches ( 89 mm ) 3.5 inches ( 89 mm ) 3.7 inches ( 94 mm ) 2.8 inches ( 71 mm ) 3.8 inches ( 97 mm ) 3.6 inches ( 91 mm ) 4.4 inches ( 110 mm ) 4.4 inches ( 110 mm ) 3.1 inches ( 79 mm ) 3 inches ( 76 mm ) 2.9 inches ( 74 mm ) 3.1 inches ( 79 mm ) 41.8 inches ( 1,060 mm ) Wilmington 3.6 inches ( 91 mm ) 3.5 inches ( 89 mm ) 4.3 inches ( 110 mm ) 2.9 inches ( 74 mm ) 4.3 inches ( 110 mm ) 5.4 inches ( 140 mm ) 7.9 inches ( 200 mm ) 7 inches ( 180 mm ) 5.6 inches ( 140 mm ) 3.3 inches ( 84 mm ) 3.3 inches ( 84 mm ) 3.5 inches ( 89 mm ) 55 inches ( 1,400 mm ) Snow ( edit ) A downed tree in Asheville , North Carolina caused by snowfall from the 1993 Storm of the Century . Snow in North Carolina is seen on a regular basis in the mountains . North Carolina averages 5 inches ( 130 mm ) of snow a year . However , this also varies greatly across the state . Along the coast , most areas register less than 2 inches ( 51 mm ) per year while the state capital , Raleigh averages 7.5 inches ( 190 mm ) . Farther west in the Piedmont - Triad , the average grows to approximately 9 inches ( 230 mm ) . The Charlotte area averages approximately 6.5 inches ( 170 mm ) . The mountains in the west act as a barrier , preventing most snowstorms from entering the Piedmont . When snow does make it past the mountains , it is usually light and is seldom on the ground for more than two or three days . However , several storms have dropped 18 inches ( 460 mm ) or more of snow within normally warm areas . The 1993 Storm of the Century that lasted from March 11 to March 15 affected locales from Canada to Central America , and brought a significant amount of snow to North Carolina . Newfound Gap received more than 36 inches ( 0.91 m ) of snow with drifts more than 5 feet ( 1.5 m ) , while Mount Mitchell measured over 4 feet ( 1.2 m ) of snow with drifts to 14 feet ( 4.3 m ) . Most of the northwestern part of the state received somewhere between 2 feet ( 0.61 m ) an 3 feet ( 0.91 m ) of snow . Another significant snowfall hit the Raleigh area in January 2000 when more than 20 inches ( 510 mm ) of snow fell . There was also a heavy snowfall totaling 18 inches ( 460 mm ) that hit the Wilmington area on December 22 - 23 , 1989 . This storm affected only the Southeastern US coast , as far south as Savannah , GA , with little to no snow measured west of I - 95 . Most big snows that impact areas east of the mountains come from extratropical cyclones which approach from the south across Georgia and South Carolina and move off the coast of North or South Carolina . These storms typically throw Gulf or Atlantic moisture over cold Arctic air at ground level , usually propelled southward from Arctic high pressure over the Northeastern or New England states . If the storms track sufficiently far to the east , snow will be limited to the eastern part of the state ( as with the December 22 - 23 , 1989 storm ) . If the cyclones travel close to the coast , warm air will get pulled into eastern North Carolina due to increasing flow off the milder Atlantic Ocean , bringing a rain / snow line well inland with heavy snow restricted to the Piedmont , foothills and mountains , as with the January 22 , 1987 storm . If the storm tracks inland into eastern North Carolina , the rain / snow line ranges between Raleigh and Greensboro . Average Monthly Snowfall City Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total Asheville 4.6 inches ( 12 cm ) 4.6 inches ( 12 cm ) 3 inches ( 7.6 cm ) 0.7 inches ( 1.8 cm ) - - - - - - 0.7 inches ( 1.8 cm ) 2 inches ( 5.1 cm ) 15.6 inches ( 40 cm ) Cape Hatteras 0.4 inches ( 1.0 cm ) 0.6 inches ( 1.5 cm ) 0.4 inches ( 1.0 cm ) - - - - - - - - 0.6 inches ( 1.5 cm ) 2 inches ( 5.1 cm ) Charlotte 2 inches ( 5.1 cm ) 1.7 inches ( 4.3 cm ) 1.2 inches ( 3.0 cm ) - - - - - - - 0.1 inches ( 0.25 cm ) 0.5 inches ( 1.3 cm ) 5.5 inches ( 14 cm ) Greensboro 3.1 inches ( 7.9 cm ) 2.5 inches ( 6.4 cm ) 1.7 inches ( 4.3 cm ) - - - - - - - 0.1 inches ( 0.25 cm ) 1.2 inches ( 3.0 cm ) 8.6 inches ( 22 cm ) Raleigh 2.2 inches ( 5.6 cm ) 2.6 inches ( 6.6 cm ) 1.3 inches ( 3.3 cm ) - - - - - - - 0.1 inches ( 0.25 cm ) 0.8 inches ( 2.0 cm ) 7 inches ( 18 cm ) Wilmington 0.4 inches ( 1.0 cm ) 0.5 inches ( 1.3 cm ) 0.4 inches ( 1.0 cm ) - - - - - - - - 0.6 inches ( 1.5 cm ) 1.9 inches ( 4.8 cm ) Tropical cyclones ( edit ) Hurricane Fran Main article : List of North Carolina hurricanes Located along the Atlantic Coast , North Carolina is no stranger to hurricanes . Many hurricanes that come up from the Caribbean Sea make it up the coast of eastern America , passing by North Carolina . Rainfall from Floyd On October 15 , 1954 , Hurricane Hazel struck North Carolina , at that time it was a category 4 hurricane within the Saffir - Simpson Hurricane Scale . Hazel caused significant damage due to its strong winds . A weather station at Oak Island reported maximum sustained winds of 140 miles per hour ( 230 km / h ) , while in Raleigh winds of 90 miles per hour ( 140 km / h ) were measured . The hurricane caused 19 deaths and significant destruction . One person at Long Beach claimed that `` of the 357 buildings that existed in the town , 352 were totally destroyed and the other five damaged '' . Hazel was described as `` the most destructive storm in the history of North Carolina '' in a 1989 report . In 1996 , Hurricane Fran made landfall in North Carolina . As a category 3 hurricane , Fran caused a great deal of damage , mainly through winds . Fran 's maximum sustained wind speeds were 115 miles per hour ( 185 km / h ) , while North Carolina 's coast saw surges of 8 feet ( 2.4 m ) to 12 feet ( 3.7 m ) above sea level . The amount of damage caused by Fran ranged from $1.275 to $2 billion in North Carolina . Rain ( edit ) Heavy rains accompany tropical cyclones and their remnants which move northeast from the Gulf of Mexico coastline , as well as inland from the western subtropical Atlantic ocean . Over the past 30 years , the wettest tropical cyclone to strike the coastal plain was Hurricane Floyd of September 1999 , which dropped over 24 inches ( 610 mm ) of rainfall north of Southport . Unlike Hazel and Fran , the main force of destruction was from precipitation . Before Hurricane Floyd reached North Carolina , the state had already received large amounts of rain from Hurricane Dennis less than two weeks before Floyd . This saturated much of the Eastern North Carolina soil and allowed heavy rains from Hurricane Floyd to turn into floods . Over 35 people died from Floyd . In the mountains , Hurricane Frances of September 2004 was nearly as wet , bringing over 23 inches ( 580 mm ) of rainfall to Mount Mitchell . Tornado activity in the United States . Severe Weather ( edit ) In most years , the greatest weather - related economic loss incurred in North Carolina is due to severe weather spawned by summer thunderstorms . These storms affect limited areas , with their hail and wind accounting for an average annual loss of over US $5 million . North Carolina averages 31 tornadoes a year with May seeing the most tornadoes on average a month with 5 . June , July and August all have an average of 3 tornadoes with an increase to 4 average tornadoes a month in September . It is through September and into early November when North Carolina can typically expect to see that smaller , secondary , severe weather season . While severe weather season is technically from March through May , tornadoes have touched down in North Carolina in every month of the year . ( 1 ) . On November 28 , 1988 , an early morning F4 tornado smashed across northwestern Raleigh , continuing 84 miles further , killing 4 and injuring 157 ( http://www4.ncsu.edu/~nwsfo/storage/cases/19881128/ ) . Seasonal conditions ( edit ) Winter ( edit ) In winter , North Carolina is somewhat protected by the Appalachian Mountains to the west . Cold fronts from Canada are typically reduced in intensity by the mountains . However , occasionally cold air can move from the north or northeast , east of the Appalachian Mountains , from Arctic high pressure systems that settle over the Northeastern or New England states . Other polar and Arctic outbreaks can cross the mountains and force temperatures to drop to about 12 ° F ( − 11 ° C ) in central North Carolina . Still , temperatures below zero degrees Fahrenheit are extremely rare outside of the mountains . The coldest ever recorded temperature in North Carolina was − 34 ° F ( − 37 ° C ) on January 21 , 1985 , at Mount Mitchell . The winter temperatures on the coast are milder due to the warming influence of the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf Stream . The average ocean temperature in Southport in January is still higher than the average ocean temperature in Maine during July . Snow is common in the mountains , although many ski resorts use snowmaking equipment to make sure there is always snow on their land . North Carolina 's relative humidity is highest in the winter . Spring ( edit ) Tornadoes are most likely in the spring . Major tornado outbreaks affected parts of eastern North Carolina on March 28 , 1984 , and April 16 , 2011 . The month of May experiences the greatest rise in temperatures . During the spring , there are warm days and cool nights in the Piedmont . Temperatures are somewhat cooler in the mountains and warmer , particularly at night , near the coast . North Carolina 's humidity is lowest in the spring . Summer ( edit ) Harris Lake in Highlands , North Carolina during Fall . North Carolina experiences high summer temperatures . Sometimes , cool , dry air from the north will invade North Carolina for brief periods of time , with temperatures quickly rebounding . It remains colder at high elevations , with the average summer temperature in Mount Mitchell lying at 68 ° F ( 20 ° C ) . Morning temperatures are on average 20 ° F ( 12 ° C ) lower than afternoon temperatures , except along the Atlantic Coast . The largest economic loss from severe weather in North Carolina is due to severe thunderstorms in the summer , although they usually only hit small areas . Tropical cyclones can impact the state during the summer as well . Fogs are also frequent in the summer . Fall ( edit ) Fall is the most rapidly changing season temperature wise , especially in October and November . Tropical cyclones remain a threat until late in the season . The Appalachian Mountains are frequently visited at this time of year , due to the leaves changing color in the trees . Southern oscillation ( edit ) During El Niño events , winter and early spring temperatures are cooler than average with above average precipitation in the central and eastern parts of the state and drier weather in the western part . La Niña usually brings warmer than average temperatures with above average precipitation in the western part of the state while the central and coastal regions stay drier than average . Changes ( edit ) Much of North Carolina 's Outer and Inner Banks could be at or below sea level . Main article : Effects of global warming The water on North Carolina 's shores have risen 2 inches ( 50 mm ) but the reason is heavily discussed . Temperatures in North Carolina have risen too . Over the last 100 years , the average temperature in Chapel Hill has gone up 1.2 ° F ( 0.7 ° C ) and precipitation in some parts of the state has increased by 5 percent . See also ( edit ) Climate Climate change Climatology List of North Carolina hurricanes List of North Carolina weather records List of wettest known tropical cyclones in North Carolina Meteorology External links ( edit ) State Climate Office of North Carolina References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : North Carolina Department of the Secretary of State . North Carolina Climate & Geography . Retrieved on 2008 - 01 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : U.S. Travel Weather . North Carolina Weather . Retrieved on 2008 - 01 - 13 . Archived January 29 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ David B. Knight Robert E. Davis . Climatology of Tropical Cyclone Rainfall in the Southeastern United States . Retrieved on 2008 - 02 - 29 . Jump up ^ City-Data.com North Carolina - Climate Retrieved on 2008 - 02 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Weatherbase . Asheville , North Carolina Weather . Retrieved on 2008 - 02 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Weatherbase . Cape Hatteras , North Carolina Weather . Retrieved on 2008 - 02 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Weatherbase . Charlotte , North Carolina Weather . Retrieved on 2008 - 02 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Weatherbase . Greensboro , North Carolina Weather . Retrieved on 2008 - 02 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Weatherbase . Raleigh , North Carolina Weather . Retrieved on 2008 - 02 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Weatherbase . Wilmington , North Carolina Weather . Retrieved on 2008 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ Intellicast.com . `` MARCH IN THE NORTHEAST '' . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ Environmental Modeling Center . EMC MODEL GUIDANCE FOR THE BLIZZARD of 2000 . Retrieved on 2008 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ American Meteorological Society . Weather and Forecasting throughout the Eastern United States . Part III : The Effects of Topography and the Variability of Winter Weather in the Carolinas and Virginia ( pg. 11 ) . Retrieved on 2008 - 02 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : State Climate Office of North Carolina . Research on North Carolina Severe Weather . Retrieved on 2008 - 03 - 09 . Archived December 16 , 2005 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Roth , David M ; Hydrometeorological Prediction Center . `` Tropical Cyclone Rainfall in the Southeastern United States '' . Tropical Cyclone Rainfall Point Maxima . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's National Weather Service . Retrieved June 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ State Climate Office of North Carolina . Overview . Retrieved on 2008 - 03 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : State Climate Office of North Carolina . General Summary of N.C. Climate . Retrieved on 2008 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ NCDC Climate of North Carolina Retrieved on 2008 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ North Carolina Wildlife Federation . General Climate Change in North Carolina . Retrieved on 2008 - 01 - 17 . Archived September 12 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Duke University . Climate Change and North Carolina Archived September 12 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved on 2008 - 01 - 17 . Climate of the United States States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Federal district Washington , D.C. Insular areas American Samoa The Marianas Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Associated states Marshall Islands FS Micronesia Palau State of North Carolina Raleigh ( capital ) Topics Climate Geography Government History Law Media Newspapers Radio TV Music North Carolinians State Parks Tourist attractions Wildlife Seal of North Carolina Society Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Elections Gambling Politics Sports Regions Cape Fear Coastal Plain Crystal Coast Eastern Foothills High Country Inner Banks Metrolina ( Charlotte ) Outer Banks Piedmont Piedmont Triad Sandhills Triangle Western Largest cities Asheville Cary Chapel Hill Charlotte Concord Durham Fayetteville Gastonia Greensboro Greenville High Point Jacksonville Raleigh Wilmington Winston ‐ Salem Smaller cities Albemarle Apex Asheboro Burlington Conover Eden Elizabeth City Garner Goldsboro Graham Havelock Henderson Hendersonville Hickory Kannapolis Kings Mountain Kinston Laurinburg Lenoir Lexington Lumberton Monroe Morganton New Bern Newton Reidsville Roanoke Rapids Rocky Mount Salisbury Sanford Shelby Statesville Thomasville Wake Forest Wilson Major towns Beaufort Boone Brevard Carrboro Clayton Cornelius Dunn Fuquay - Varina Harrisburg Holly Springs Hope Mills Huntersville Indian Trail Kernersville Knightdale Leland Matthews Midland Mint Hill Mooresville Morehead City Morrisville Mount Pleasant Oxford Shallotte Smithfield Southern Pines Tarboro Waynesville Winterville Counties Alamance Alexander Alleghany Anson Ashe Avery Beaufort Bertie Bladen Brunswick Buncombe Burke Cabarrus Caldwell Camden Carteret Caswell Catawba Chatham Cherokee Chowan Clay Cleveland Columbus Craven Cumberland Currituck Dare Davidson Davie Duplin Durham Edgecombe Forsyth Franklin Gaston Gates Graham Granville Greene Guilford Halifax Harnett Haywood Henderson Hertford Hoke Hyde Iredell Jackson Johnston Jones Lee Lenoir Lincoln Macon Madison Martin McDowell Mecklenburg Mitchell Montgomery Moore Nash New Hanover Northampton Onslow Orange Pamlico Pasquotank Pender Perquimans Person Pitt Polk Randolph Richmond Robeson Rockingham Rowan Rutherford Sampson Scotland Stanly Stokes Surry Swain Transylvania Tyrrell Union Vance Wake Warren Washington Watauga Wayne Wilkes Wilson Yadkin Yancey Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Climate_of_North_Carolina&oldid=806147323 '' Categories : Geography of North Carolina Climate of North Carolina Climate of the United States by state Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2010 Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 20 October 2017 , at 00 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when does fall weather start in north carolina | [
"Fall is the most rapidly changing season temperature wise, especially in October and November.[17] Tropical cyclones remain a threat until late in the season. The Appalachian Mountains are frequently visited at this time of year, due to the leaves changing color in the trees.[17]"
] | [
"October and November"
] |
2729094015998520521 | Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 8 | Fear Factor : Khatron Ke Khiladi 8 - wikipedia Fear Factor : Khatron Ke Khiladi 8 Jump to : navigation , search Fear Factor : Khatron Ke Khiladi ( season 8 ) Starring Rohit Shetty Hina Khan Nia Sharma Karan Wahi Lopamudra Raut Rithvik Dhanjani Geeta Phogat Manveer Gurjar Shiny Doshi Shantanu Maheshwari Ravi Dubey Shibani Dandekar Monica Dogra Country of origin India No. of episodes 21 Release Original network Colors TV Original release 22 July ( 2017 - 07 - 22 ) -- 30 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 30 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 7 Next → Season 9 The eighth season of Fear Factor : Khatron Ke Khiladi , an Indian reality and stunt television series premiered on 22 July 2017 and is broadcast on Colors TV . The name of the season is Khatron Ke Khiladi : Pain in Spain . It airs on Saturday and Sunday nights at 9 PM . The series is produced by Endemol India of Deepak Dhar . The season , which was filmed in Spain , was hosted by Rohit Shetty . The season ended on 30 September 2017 with Shantanu Maheshwari was declared the winner while popular TV actress Hina Khan became the runner - up . Contents ( hide ) 1 Contestants 2 Information chart 3 References 4 External links Contestants ( edit ) Contestant Profession Status Notes Shantanu Maheshwari Indian TV actor , dancer and choreographer Winner on 30 September 2017 1st Place Hina Khan Indian TV actress 1st Runner Up 2nd Place Ravi Dubey Indian TV actor 2nd Runner Up 3rd Place Monica Dogra American musician and actress Eliminated on 13 August 2017 returned on 2 September 2017 Eliminated on 30 September 2017 ( Finalist ) 4th place Nia Sharma Indian TV actress Eliminated on 6 August 2017 returned on 12 August 2017 eliminated again on 27 August 2017 returned again on 2 September 2017 Eliminated on 30 September ( Finalist ) 5th place Lopamudra Raut Indian model Eliminated on 24 September 2017 6th place ( semi-finalist ) Rithvik Dhanjani Indian TV actor Eliminated on 24 September 2017 7th place ( semi-finalist ) Karan Wahi Indian TV actor Eliminated on 10 September 2017 8th place Geeta Phogat Wrestler Eliminated on 3 September 2017 9th place Manveer Gurjar Bigg Boss 10 winner Eliminated on 20 August 2017 10th place Shiny Doshi Indian TV actress and model Eliminated on 30 July 2017 11th place Shibani Dandekar Indian TV actress , singer and model Eliminated on 29 July 2017 12th place Information chart ( edit ) Week Contestants Shantanu Maheshwari Hina Khan Ravi Dubey Nia Sharma Monica Dogra Lopamudra Raut Rithvik Dhanjani Karan Wahi Geeta Phogat Manveer Gurjar Shiny Doshi Shibani Dandekar Safe Win Low Low Low Low Win Win Win Safe Win Low Safe Win Win Low Low Win Eliminated Safe Win Safe Win Safe Win Low Low Win Low Low Win Win Low Low Win Eliminated Win Win Low Low Safe Low Win Safe Win Low Win Low Low Win Eliminated Win Win Safe Safe Win Low Win Safe Win Low Safe Safe Safe Win Win Eliminated Win Win Win Safe Win Win Low Low Low Low Win Safe Safe Eliminated 6 Win Win Low Low Low Low Win Win Win Low Low Win Win Win Win Low Low Low Safe Low Win Eliminated Safe Win 7 Safe Safe Safe Wild card Wild card Safe Safe Safe Safe Wild card Win Safe Eliminated Win Win Win Safe Low Low Win Low Low Low Win Win Low Win Eliminated 8 Win Low Win Low Win Safe Safe Low Low Win Safe Win Low Safe Win Win Low Low Safe Win Safe Eliminated 9 Win Low Win Low Win Low Low Low Win Low Low Win Low Win Low Low Low Low Win 10 Low Win Win Ticket to finale Win Low Low Low 2nd finalist Low 3rd finalist Eliminated 5th finalist 4th finalist Eliminated 11 Winner 1st Runner up 2nd Runner up Eliminated Eliminated Win -- Winner of weekly task ( s ) Safe -- Neither top nor bottom WC -- Wild card Low -- Elimination round Eliminated -- Eliminated Ticket to finale Finalist Winner 1st Runner up 2nd Runner up Eliminated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Rohit Shetty will host Khatron Ke Khiladi 8 ; Geeta Phogat , Manveer Gurjar to compete '' . 10 May 2017 . Retrieved 14 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Khatron Ke Khiladi season 8 begins tonight : Nia Sharma , Rithvik Dhanjani look promising '' . 22 July 2017 . Retrieved 23 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spain is calling ! Khatron Ke Khiladi season 8 host Rohit Shetty to begin shooting for reality show ! '' . Retrieved 20 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shantanu Maheshwari wins Khatron Ke Khiladi 8 '' . The Indian Express . September 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` I do n't mind sporting a bikini in future , but not right now : Hina Khan '' . Jump up ^ `` Marriage is not on the cards for at least two to three years : Hina Khan '' . Jump up ^ `` Khatron Ke Khiladi 8 : Nia Sharma , Hina Khan And Geeta Phogat Leave A Mark In The First Episode '' . 23 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Khatron Ke Khiladi 8 : Ravi Dubey , Rithvik Dhanjani and Karan Wahi personify bromance . See photos '' . 29 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Khatron Ke Khiladi 8 final contestants list : Nia Sharma , Manveer Gurjar , Hina Khan to fight their fears this season '' . Retrieved 8 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nia Sharma in ' Khatron Ke Khiladi ' '' . Retrieved 29 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Khatron Ke Khiladi 8 6 August 2017 Review : Nia Sharma Gets Eliminated From Rohit Shetty 's Show '' . 7 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Khatron Ke Khiladi : Bigg Boss 10 contestant Lopamudra Raut to join Rohit Shetty 's show ! '' . 5 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Khatron Ke Khiladi : REVEALED ! Karan Wahi , Yuvika Chaudhary , Prince Narula may participate '' . 7 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` KHATRON KE KHILADI : Shiny Doshi , Additi Gupta and Mahima Chaudhary head for the show '' . 18 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` KHATRON KE KHILADI 8 : Shiny Doshi OUT of the show ? '' . 3 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Khatron Ke Khiladi : Shiny Doshi eliminated ; Manveer Gurjar wins the elimination task '' . 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Singer Shibani Dandekar Confirms Participating in ' Khatron Ke Khiladi Season 8 ' . Check Out the List of Other Confirmed Contestants ! '' . 9 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` KHATRON KE KHILADI 8 : Shibani Dandekar ELIMINATED ? '' . 29 July 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website ( hide ) Programs currently broadcast by Colors Reality show Bigg Boss 11 Entertainment Ki Raat Weekly drama Chandrakanta Mahakali Drama fiction Dil Se Dil Tak Ishq Mein Marjawan Karamafal Daata Shani Kasam Tere Pyaar Ki Laado Veerpur Ki Mardani Sasural Simar Ka Savitri Devi College & Hospital Shakti Tu Aashiqui Udaan Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fear_Factor:_Khatron_Ke_Khiladi_8&oldid=813290024 '' Categories : 2017 Indian television seasons 2010s Indian television series Hindi - language television programs Indian reality television series Stunts Fear Factor Television series by Endemol Colors ( TV channel ) series Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from August 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 2 December 2017 , at 22 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is the winner of khatron ke khiladi 8 pain in spain | [
"The season, which was filmed in Spain, was hosted by Rohit Shetty.[1][2][3] The season ended on 30 September 2017 with Shantanu Maheshwari was declared the winner while popular TV actress Hina Khan became the runner-up.[4]"
] | [
"Shantanu Maheshwari"
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-5347843535444775244 | Kimiko Glenn | Kimiko Glenn - wikipedia Kimiko Glenn Jump to : navigation , search Kimiko Glenn Kimiko Elizabeth Glenn ( 1989 - 06 - 27 ) June 27 , 1989 ( age 28 ) Phoenix , Arizona , U.S. Occupation Actress singer Years active 2008 -- present Kimiko Elizabeth Glenn ( born June 27 , 1989 ) is an American actress and singer , known for portraying Brook Soso in the Netflix series Orange Is the New Black , and Dawn Williams in the Broadway musical Waitress . Contents ( hide ) 1 Personal life 2 Career 3 Filmography 3.1 Film 3.2 Television 3.3 Music videos 3.4 Stage 4 References 5 External links Personal life ( edit ) Glenn was born and raised in Phoenix , Arizona , with her sister Amanda . Her father , Mark , is of German , Scottish and Irish descent , and her mother , Sumiko , is of Japanese descent . Glenn began acting at the Valley Youth Theatre in Phoenix , along with several other local theaters , when she was in the fifth grade . She was educated at Desert Vista High School , and the Interlochen Arts Academy boarding school in Interlochen , Michigan . Glenn attended the Boston Conservatory for a year as a musical theatre major , but dropped out after she was cast in the touring company of Spring Awakening . She is in a relationship with actor Sean Grandillo . Career ( edit ) During her freshman year of college in 2008 , Glenn was cast as Thea in the first U.S. National Tour of Steven Sater and Duncan Sheik 's rock musical Spring Awakening . In 2013 , Glenn booked her breakthrough role as Litchfield Penitentiary inmate Brook Soso in the Netflix comedy - drama series Orange Is the New Black . In 2014 , she appeared in the Lena Dunham - directed music video `` I Wanna Get Better '' for Jack Antonoff 's solo project Bleachers . Glenn portrayed the supporting role of Liv Kurosawa in the drama - thriller film Nerve ( 2016 ) , based on the young adult novel of the same name , directed by Henry Joost and Ariel Schulman . In 2016 , she was cast as Dawn Williams in the Broadway transfer production of Sara Bareilles and Jessie Nelson 's musical Waitress . Preview performances began on March 25 at the Brooks Atkinson Theatre , and the show officially opened on April 24 , 2016 . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2012 Nous York Saleswoman 2012 Galaxy Comics Tina Short film 2012 HairBrained Perky Girl 2015 Construction Erin 2016 Nerve Liv Kurosawa Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2013 Holding Patterns Daisy Berger Unsold NBC pilot 2014 Submissions Only Katie Summers Episode : `` Reason to Stay '' 2014 Law and Order : Special Victims Unit Lily Deng Episode : `` Thought Criminal '' 2014 Seriously Distracted Katie Episode : `` Nightmare Client '' 2014 -- present Orange Is the New Black Brook Soso 44 episodes Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series ( 2014 -- 2016 ) 2015 Married Miranda 4 episodes 2015 Broad City Cashier Episode : `` Kirk Steele '' 2016 -- 2017 BoJack Horseman Stefani Stilton 5 episodes 2016 We Bare Bears Samantha Episode : `` Fashion Bears '' 2016 High Maintenance Homeless Heidi Episode : `` Selfie '' 2017 Sofia the First Cinder Episode : `` The Royal Dragon '' 2017 Voltron : Legendary Defender General Ezor 3 episodes 2017 DuckTales Lena De Spell 2 episodes Music videos ( edit ) Year Title Artist 2014 `` I Wanna Get Better '' Bleachers Stage ( edit ) Year Title Role Location ( s ) 2008 -- 2010 Spring Awakening Thea Various ( national tour ) 2010 -- 2011 Freckleface Strawberry Emily New World Stages 2012 Yoshimi Battles the Pink Robots Yoshimi Yasukawa La Jolla Playhouse 2013 Love 's Labour 's Lost Lady Maria Delacorte Theater 2016 Waitress Dawn Williams Brooks Atkinson Theatre References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Stern , Marlow ( June 18 , 2014 ) . `` Orange Is the New Black 's Kimiko Glenn on Hippie Brook Soso and Chapel Sex with Natasha Lyonne '' . The Daily Beast . ^ Jump up to : Langel , Kerry ( June 19 , 2014 ) . `` Arizona actor Kimiko Glenn in ' Orange Is the New Black ' '' . The Arizona Republic . Jump up ^ Gales , Arselia ( April 11 , 2012 ) . `` Ahwatukee native kicks off premiere of Valley Youth Theatre musical '' . Ahwatukee Foothills News . Jump up ^ `` THE FRIDAY SIX : Q&As with Your Favorite Broadway Stars -- SPRING AWAKENING 's Sean Grandillo '' . Broadway World . January 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( August 21 , 2013 ) . `` ' Sleepy Hollow ' , ' We Are Men ' , ' Tomorrow People ' & ' Orange ' Add Recurring '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ Hope , Clover ( June 13 , 2014 ) . `` Orange Is the New Black 's Kimiko Glenn Talks Brook Soso '' . Cosmopolitan . Retrieved February 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ; N'Duka , Amanda ( April 17 , 2015 ) . `` ' Married 's Kimiko Glenn Joins ' Nerve ' ; Kino Lorber Acquires ' Gueros ' '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ Cox , Gordon ( January 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' Waitress ' Musical Adds Kimiko Glenn of ' Orange is the New Black ' '' . Variety . External links ( edit ) Official website Kimiko Glenn on IMDb Kimiko Glenn at the Internet Broadway Database Kimiko Glenn at the Internet Off - Broadway Database Kimiko Glenn on Twitter ( hide ) Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series ( 2010 -- 2019 ) Modern Family , season 1 / season 2 ( 2010 ) : Bowen ; Burrell ; Ferguson ; Gould ; Hyland ; O'Neill ; Rodriguez ; Stonestreet ; Vergara ; Winter Modern Family , season 2 / season 3 ( 2011 ) : Anderson - Emmons ; Bowen ; Burrell ; Ferguson ; Gould ; Hyland ; O'Neill ; Rodriguez ; Stonestreet ; Vergara ; Winter Modern Family , season 3 / season 4 ( 2012 ) : Anderson - Emmons ; Bowen ; Burrell ; Ferguson ; Gould ; Hyland ; O'Neill ; Rodriguez ; Stonestreet ; Vergara ; Winter Modern Family , season 4 / season 5 ( 2013 ) : Anderson - Emmons ; Bowen ; Burrell ; Ferguson ; Gould ; Hyland ; O'Neill ; Rodriguez ; Stonestreet ; Vergara ; Winter Orange Is the New Black , season 2 ( 2014 ) : Aduba , Biggs , Brooks , Cox , Cruz , Curtin , DeLaria , Fowler , Freeman , Gardner , Glenn , Golden , Guerrero , Harney , Jeudy , Lake , Lapkus , Leyva , Lyonne , Manning , Marsh Garland , McGorry , Moore , Mulgrew , Myles , Pimentel , Polanco , Reiner , Roberts , Rodriguez , Rosenblat , Sandow , Savage , Schilling , Shulman , Soules , Stone , Toussaint , Tucci , Wiley Orange Is the New Black , season 3 ( 2015 ) : Aduba , Birbiglia , Blake , Brooks , Cox , Cruz , Curtin , DeLaria , Fowler , Glenn , Golden , Guerrero , Harney , Jeudy , Leyva , Manning , Marsh Garland , Moore , Mulgrew , Myles , Peters , Petty , Pimentel , Polanco , Prepon , Rodriguez , Rose , Sandow , Savage , Schilling , Shulman , Soules , Stone , Wiley Orange Is the New Black , season 4 ( 2016 ) : Aduba , Aisenberg , Brooks , Brown , Cruz , DeLaria , Dover , Glenn , Golden , Gómez , Guerrero , Harney , Henke , Jeudy , Lake , Leyva , Lyonne , Manning , McMenamin , Moore , Mulgrew , Myles , Peters , Petty , Pimentel , Polanco , Prepon , Purdy , Rodriguez , Sandow , Savage , Schilling , Shulman , Soules , Stone , Tucci , Wiley Complete list ( 1994 -- 1999 ) ( 2000 -- 2009 ) ( 2010 -- 2019 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kimiko_Glenn&oldid=806827101 '' Categories : 1989 births 21st - century American actresses Actresses from Phoenix , Arizona Actresses of Japanese descent American film actresses American people of German descent American people of Irish descent American women of Japanese descent American people of Scottish descent American stage actresses American television actresses Living people Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Articles with IBDb links Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Français 한국어 日本 語 Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 24 October 2017 , at 11 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who plays brooke soso on orange is the new black | [
"Kimiko Elizabeth Glenn (born June 27, 1989) is an American actress and singer, known for portraying Brook Soso in the Netflix series Orange Is the New Black, and Dawn Williams in the Broadway musical Waitress."
] | [
"Kimiko Elizabeth Glenn"
] |
2534350296489048767 | List of Steven Universe episodes | List of Steven Universe episodes - Wikipedia List of Steven Universe episodes Jump to : navigation , search `` Warp Tour '' redirects here . For the music festival , see Warped Tour . Steven Universe is an American animated television series created by Rebecca Sugar for Cartoon Network . The series revolves around Steven Universe ( voiced by Zach Callison ) , who protects his hometown of Beach City alongside Garnet ( voiced by Estelle ) , Amethyst ( voiced by Michaela Dietz ) and Pearl ( voiced by Deedee Magno Hall ) , three magical alien guardians known as the Crystal Gems . The series was renewed for a fourth and fifth season in March 2016 . As of April 16 , 2018 , 142 episodes of Steven Universe have aired . Episodes have variously been broadcast once a week ( most recently on Monday nights ) , or in blocks of multiple new episodes in the course of a week , which are marketed as `` Stevenbombs '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Pilot ( 2013 ) 2.2 Season 1 ( 2013 -- 15 ) 2.3 Season 2 ( 2015 -- 16 ) 2.4 Season 3 ( 2016 ) 2.5 Season 4 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 2.6 Season 5 ( 2017 -- present ) 3 Internet shorts 3.1 Season 2 shorts 3.2 Season 4 shorts 4 Home media 4.1 Video on demand 4.2 DVD & Blu - ray 5 Notes 6 References Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired Pilot May 21 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 21 ) 52 November 4 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 04 ) April 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 16 ) 26 March 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 13 ) January 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 08 ) 25 May 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 12 ) August 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 10 ) 25 August 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 11 ) May 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 11 ) 5 26 May 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 29 ) TBA Episodes ( edit ) This article needs improved plot summaries . ( June 2016 ) The following lists are ordered according to the list on the official website of the series , which reflects the intended watching order of the creators . While similar to the original broadcast order , three episodes from the first season were not broadcast until the second season . Pilot ( 2013 ) ( edit ) Title Directed by Written and storyboarded by Original release date Prod . code `` The Time Thing '' Phil Rynda ( creative ) , Sue Mondt ( art ) , and Genndy Tartakovsky ( timing ) Rebecca Sugar May 21 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 21 ) ( online ) 501 - ? ? ? Upon returning from an intergalactic mission , the Crystal Gems -- Garnet , Amethyst , and Pearl -- have brought a mysterious magical hourglass . Steven Universe , the youngest member of the Crystal Gems , gets his hands on the device and discovers that it has the ability to let him travel back in time in order to make snappy comebacks . However , his actions soon bring about a deadly adversary , with everyone 's lives dependent on Steven being able to make a worthwhile comeback . Season 1 ( 2013 -- 15 ) ( edit ) The supervising director for this season is Ian Jones - Quartey . No . overall No. in season Title Art direction by Written and storyboarded by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Gem Glow '' Kevin Dart Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu November 4 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 04 ) 1020 - 003 1.86 Steven is disappointed that his favorite ice - cream sandwich brand , Cookie Cat , gets taken off the market . He soon cheers up upon discovering that the Gems managed to get hold of some of the last remaining Cookie Cats , which he comes to believe may be the key to activating his gem . `` Laser Light Cannon '' Kevin Dart Kat Morris and Rebecca Sugar November 4 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 04 ) 1020 - 001 1.86 When a menacing `` Red Eye '' is about to hit Beach City , the only thing that can destroy it is a Laser Light Cannon that once belonged to Steven 's mother , Rose Quartz . Steven and his father , Greg , search through Greg 's storage for the cannon . `` Cheeseburger backpack '' Kevin Dart Ian Jones - Quartey and Rebecca Sugar November 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 11 ) 1020 - 002 1.68 The Crystal Gems go on a mission to place a Moon Goddess statue on top of the ruined Lunar Sea Spire , and Steven tries to prove he can be useful with the help of his new novelty Cheeseburger Backpack . `` Together Breakfast '' Kevin Dart Ian Jones - Quartey , Rebecca Sugar , and Paul Villeco November 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 11 ) 1020 - 004 1.68 Steven 's attempt to get the Gems to share his special breakfast sends him on a journey through their ancient Crystal Temple . 5 5 `` Frybo '' Kevin Dart Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco November 18 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 18 ) 1020 - 008 1.29 Steven brings a mascot costume to life with a magical gem shard in order help his friend Peedee , but it backfires when the mascot goes rogue . 6 6 `` Cat Fingers '' Kevin Dart Kat Morris , Hilary Florido , Ian Jones - Quartey , and Rebecca Sugar November 25 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 25 ) 1020 - 005 1.71 Trying to master his shapeshifting abilities , Steven turns his fingers into cats , which get out of control . 7 7 `` Bubble Buddies '' Kevin Dart Kat Morris and Aleth Romanillos December 2 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 02 ) 1020 - 006 1.61 Steven forms a magic bubble around himself and a girl named Connie to save her from a falling rock , but he has no idea how to make it disappear . 8 8 `` Serious Steven '' Kevin Dart Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu January 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 13 ) 1020 - 007 1.35 While navigating through an ancient Gem maze , Steven tries to prove to the Gems that he can take the mission seriously . 9 9 `` Tiger Millionaire '' Kevin Dart Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco January 20 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 20 ) 1020 - 011 1.57 Steven joins an underground wrestling league with Amethyst , who 's tired of Garnet and Pearl bringing her down . 10 10 `` Steven 's Lion '' Kevin Dart and Elle Michalka Lamar Abrams and Aleth Romanillos January 27 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 27 ) 1020 - 012 1.51 Steven befriends a magical lion he finds in the desert during a mission . 11 11 `` Arcade Mania '' Kevin Dart Lamar Abrams , Aleth Romanillos , and Luke Weber February 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 17 ) 1020 - 009 1.17 Steven takes the Gems to the Funland Arcade , where Garnet becomes enchanted by a rhythm game . 12 12 `` Giant Woman '' Kevin Dart Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu February 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 24 ) 1020 - 010 1.89 Steven encourages Amethyst and Pearl to fuse together into a four - armed `` giant woman '' named Opal ( Aimee Mann ) , but Amethyst and Pearl keep quarrelling . 13 13 `` So Many Birthdays '' Elle Michalka Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco March 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 03 ) 1020 - 014 1.17 After learning that the Gems are thousands of years old , Steven throws a party to make up for all the birthdays they 've missed , and he begins to worry about what it means to grow up himself . 14 14 `` Lars and the Cool Kids '' Elle Michalka Lamar Abrams and Matt Braly March 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 10 ) 1020 - 015 1.50 Steven and Lars hang out with the cool kids ( Jenny Pizza , Buck Dewey , and Sour Cream ) , but their teenage shenanigans get them into magical trouble . 15 15 `` Onion Trade '' Elle Michalka Lamar Abrams March 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 17 ) 1020 - 018 1.79 A toy trade between Steven and Onion escalates into epic proportions . 16 16 `` Steven the Sword Fighter '' Elle Michalka Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu April 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 09 ) 1020 - 013 1.10 Pearl 's attempt to teach Steven the art of sword - fighting using a holographic version of herself goes awry when she gets injured and has to retreat into her gem to heal . 17 17 `` Lion 2 : The Movie '' Elle Michalka Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu April 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 23 ) 1020 - 017 1.57 Steven and Connie try to ride Lion to the movie theater , but Lion instead takes them to a mysterious Gem armory . 18 18 `` Beach Party '' Elle Michalka Lamar Abrams April 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 30 ) 1020 - 020 1.44 After a battle damages the Fish Stew Pizza sign , the Gems are banned from the restaurant , so Steven throws a cookout on the beachside to mend the relationship between the Pizza family and the Gems . 19 19 `` Rose 's Room '' Elle Michalka Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu May 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 14 ) 1020 - 019 1.55 Steven 's desire for some alone time unlocks a room in the temple that answers his every wish . 20 20 `` Coach Steven '' Elle Michalka Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco August 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 21 ) 1020 - 016 1.85 Against Pearl 's advice , Steven becomes determined to get stronger after watching Garnet and Amethyst fuse into the mighty ( and destructive ) Sugilite ( Nicki Minaj ) . 21 21 `` Joking Victim '' Elle Michalka Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco August 28 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 28 ) 1020 - 024 1.63 When Lars fakes an injury to take a sick day from work , Steven helps Sadie out at the Big Donut , and they pull a prank on Lars to get back at him . 22 22 `` Steven and the Stevens '' Elle Michalka Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu September 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 04 ) 1020 - 021 2.14 Steven needs a musical partner for an upcoming show , so he uses a time travel device to recruit himself as the perfect bandmate . This episode re-uses the time - travel device from the non-canonical pilot episode . 23 23 `` Monster Buddies '' Elle Michalka Lamar Abrams and Hellen Jo September 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 11 ) 1020 - 022 2.07 Steven accidentally releases a captured Gem monster from her bubble and attempts to tame her wild form . 24 24 `` An Indirect Kiss '' Elle Michalka Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco September 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 18 ) 1020 - 023 1.73 Steven tells Connie about his mission with the Gems to heal Amethyst when she cracked her gem . 25 25 `` Mirror Gem '' ( Part 1 ) Elle Michalka Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco September 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 25 ) 1020 - 025 2.34 Steven befriends a magical mirror that can mysteriously communicate with him , and ends up freeing its prisoner : Lapis Lazuli , another mysterious Gem . 26 26 `` Ocean Gem '' ( Part 2 ) Elle Michalka Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu September 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 25 ) 1020 - 026 2.34 Lapis Lazuli disappears after reigniting a past conflict with the three Crystal Gems and takes the ocean with her , leaving Beach City in a panic on the first day of summer . Steven , Connie , Greg , Lion and the Gems go on a mission to confront Lapis and set things right . 27 27 `` House Guest '' Elle Michalka Lamar Abrams and Hellen Jo October 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 02 ) 1026 - 027 2.00 Left temporarily homeless and with a broken leg after the events of the previous episode , Greg stays in Steven 's house while his leg heals and unintentionally interferes with Steven 's healing powers . 28 28 `` Space Race '' Elle Michalka Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu October 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 09 ) 1026 - 028 1.99 Steven , Pearl , and Greg visit Greg 's family 's barn and work together to build a spaceship so that Pearl can revisit the wonders of the cosmos , but Pearl gets a little carried away . 29 29 `` Secret Team '' Elle Michalka Hilary Florido and Katie Mitroff October 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 16 ) 1026 - 030 2.46 When they accidentally pop a bubble containing gem shards , Steven forms a secret team with Amethyst and Pearl to retrieve the shards before Garnet finds out . After doing so , Steven wants to keep the secret team going . 30 30 `` Island Adventure '' Elle Michalka Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco October 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 23 ) 1026 - 033 1.53 Steven tries to mend Lars and Sadie 's friendship by taking them on vacation to the mysterious Mask Island ; but they become stranded there for several days . 31 31 `` Keep Beach City Weird '' Elle Michalka Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco October 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 30 ) 1026 - 029 1.45 Steven is taken in by Ronaldo 's conspiracy theories about the paranormal occurrences in Beach City . 32 32 `` Fusion Cuisine '' Elle Michalka Lamar Abrams and Hellen Jo November 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 06 ) 1026 - 031 1.46 Steven asks the Gems to fuse together into Alexandrite ( Rita Rani Ahuja ) and pretend to be his mother at a dinner with Connie 's family . 33 33 `` Garnet 's Universe '' Elle Michalka Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu November 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 13 ) 1026 - 036 1.64 When Garnet returns from a mission , Steven imagines a story about what she did all day . 34 34 `` Watermelon Steven '' Elle Michalka Lamar Abrams and Hellen Jo November 20 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 20 ) 1026 - 035 1.83 Steven grows a patch of watermelons shaped like himself , but they soon come to life and attack the people of Beach City and the Crystal Gems . 35 35 `` Lion 3 : Straight to Video '' Elle Michalka Joe Johnston , Jeff Liu , and Rebecca Sugar December 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 04 ) 1026 - 032 1.92 Lion keeps lying on Steven 's face while he 's sleeping , leading Steven to discover a pocket dimension in Lion 's mane . 36 36 `` Warp Tour '' Elle Michalka Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco January 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 08 ) 1026 - 037 1.94 Steven becomes uneasy after seeing an unknown object traversing a warp stream , despite the Gems ' attempts to disprove his claims . They learn that the source of the mysterious objects is Peridot , a Gem from the Gem Homeworld checking up on Earth . 37 37 `` Alone Together '' Elle Michalka Hilary Florido , Katie Mitroff , and Rebecca Sugar January 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 15 ) 1026 - 034 1.67 While practicing how to fuse with the Gems , Steven accidentally fuses with Connie , forming an unprecedented Gem / human fusion named Stevonnie ( AJ Michalka ) . 38 38 `` The Test '' Elle Michalka Hilary Florido and Katie Mitroff January 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 22 ) 1026 - 038 1.94 Steven finds out that the Lunar Sea Spire mission from the third episode was meant to be a test of his ability to join the Gems on missions , so he demands a new test . 39 39 `` Future Vision '' Elle Michalka Lamar Abrams and Hellen Jo January 29 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 29 ) 1026 - 039 2.03 Steven learns that Garnet can see into the future and becomes paranoid about the possible dangers around him . 40 40 `` On the Run '' Elle Michalka Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu February 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 05 ) 1026 - 040 2.08 Steven and Amethyst try out life on the road , and Amethyst reveals her origin to Steven : she was created on Earth as part of the original Gem colonization of the planet . 41 41 `` Horror Club '' Elle Michalka Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco February 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 12 ) 1026 - 041 1.67 Steven goes to the lighthouse to watch scary movies with Ronaldo , Lars , and Sadie . 42 42 `` Winter Forecast '' Elle Michalka Lamar Abrams and Hellen Jo February 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 19 ) 1026 - 043 2.05 Steven has to take Connie back to her home before a blizzard hits Beach City , and Garnet shows him some future outcomes of this before they leave . 43 43 `` Maximum Capacity '' Elle Michalka Hilary Florido , Katie Mitroff , and Rebecca Sugar February 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 26 ) 1026 - 042 1.97 While cleaning out Greg 's storage unit , he and Amethyst are distracted by watching old episodes of their favorite sitcom Li'l Butler . 44 44 `` Marble Madness '' Elle Michalka Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu March 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 05 ) 1026 - 044 1.92 When droids from space descend towards warp pad zones , Steven and the Gems attempt to find out their purpose . 45 45 `` Rose 's Scabbard '' Elle Michalka Raven M. Molisee , Paul Villeco , and Rebecca Sugar March 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 09 ) 1026 - 045 1.22 Pearl takes Steven to a special place that belonged to Rose Quartz after Lion finds the scabbard for Rose 's sword . 46 46 `` Open Book '' Elle Michalka Hilary Florido and Katie Mitroff March 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 19 ) 1026 - 046 1.73 When Connie is upset by the ending of her favorite book series , Steven takes her to Rose 's room to attempt to remake the ending . 47 47 `` Shirt Club '' Elle Michalka Lamar Abrams and Hellen Jo April 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 16 ) 1026 - 047 1.42 Steven and Buck make T - shirts featuring Steven 's crudely drawn advertisement for Greg 's guitar lessons . 48 48 `` Story for Steven '' Elle Michalka Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu April 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 09 ) 1026 - 048 2.00 Greg tells Steven the story of how he met Rose Quartz . 49 49 `` The Message '' Elle Michalka Lamar Abrams and Hellen Jo March 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 10 ) 1026 - 049 1.30 Steven and the Gems need Greg 's help to retrieve a message being transmitted through a Gem artifact called a Wailing Stone . 50 50 `` Political Power '' Elle Michalka Hilary Florido and Katie Mitroff March 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 11 ) 1026 - 050 1.42 After the Gems cause a power outage in Beach City , Steven helps Mayor Dewey control the situation . 51 51 `` The Return '' ( Part 1 ) Elle Michalka Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco March 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 12 ) 1026 - 051 1.70 Steven helps evacuate Beach City in the face of an invasion from the Gem Homeworld by Peridot and the warrior Gem Jasper . 52 52 `` Jail Break '' ( Part 2 ) Elle Michalka Joe Johnston , Jeff Liu , and Rebecca Sugar March 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 12 ) 1026 - 052 1.70 Trapped on the Gem Warship , Steven attempts to rescue the Gems , including two mysterious Gems named Ruby and Sapphire , from Peridot and Jasper 's clutches . Season 2 ( 2015 -- 16 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written and storyboarded by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 53 `` Full Disclosure '' Elle Michalka and Jasmin Lai ( art ) Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco March 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 13 ) 1031 - 053 1.52 Steven tries to avoid Connie so he does n't have to tell her about his ordeal with the Homeworld Gems from the previous episodes . 54 `` Joy Ride '' Jasmin Lai ( art ) Hilary Florido and Katie Mitroff March 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 26 ) 1031 - 054 1.34 The cool kids take Steven out on a late - night joyride to lift his spirits , and end up discovering Peridot 's escape pod . 55 `` Say Uncle '' Elle Michalka and Jasmin Lai ( art ) Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu April 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 02 ) 1031 - 056 1.93 In this non-canon crossover episode , Uncle Grandpa arrives to aid Steven in unlocking the power of his gem . 56 `` Love Letters '' Jasmin Lai ( art ) Lamar Abrams and Hellen Jo April 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 23 ) 1031 - 055 1.67 When Jamie the mailman falls in love with Garnet , Steven and Connie must help turn him down gently . 57 5 `` Reformed '' Jasmin Lai ( art ) Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco April 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 30 ) 1031 - 057 1.39 Amethyst keeps trying to find a new form to regenerate into while she , Steven and Garnet chase after a Gem monster loose in the temple . 58 6 `` Sworn to the Sword '' Ian Jones - Quartey ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu June 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 15 ) 1031 - 060 1.98 Connie , wanting to protect Steven , takes swordfighting lessons with Pearl . 59 7 `` Rising Tides , Crashing Skies '' Jasmin Lai ( art ) Lamar Abrams and Hellen Jo June 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 16 ) 1031 - 059 1.82 Ronaldo investigates the Crystal Gems in a web documentary for his `` Keep Beach City Weird '' blog . 60 8 `` Keeping It Together '' Jasmin Lai ( art ) Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco June 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 17 ) 1031 - 061 1.80 While the Crystal Gems chase after Peridot in the Kindergarten , Steven and Garnet discover a dark secret while exploring its inner workings . 61 9 `` We Need to Talk '' Jasmin Lai ( art ) Hilary Florido , Katie Mitroff , and Rebecca Sugar June 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 18 ) 1031 - 062 1.73 After witnessing Steven and Connie fuse again , Greg explains to them how he learned about fusion from his time with Rose Quartz , hoping to pull it off himself in order to grow closer to her . 62 10 `` Chille Tid '' Jasmin Lai ( art ) Lamar Abrams and Lauren Zuke June 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 19 ) 1031 - 063 1.90 Steven is exhausted from searching the ocean for Jasper and Lapis Lazuli 's fusion , Malachite , so Garnet has Pearl and Amethyst stay with him for a slumber party . Steven , discovering that he has the power of astral projection , is rattled by recurring dreams of Lapis . 63 11 `` Cry for Help '' Jasmin Lai ( art ) Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu July 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 13 ) 1031 - 064 1.71 When TV broadcasts are disrupted by a video signal emitted by Peridot from the Gem communication tower , Garnet chooses to fuse with Pearl into Sardonyx to destroy it , which dismays Amethyst . As the tower keeps being fixed , however , Steven and Amethyst are shocked to discover who 's really behind it . Guest star : Alexia Khadime as Sardonyx 64 12 `` Keystone Motel '' Jasmin Lai ( art ) Raven M. Molisee , Paul Villeco , and Rebecca Sugar July 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 14 ) 1031 - 065 1.73 While she accompanies Greg and Steven on a road trip to another state and a visit to a motel , Garnet 's anger over what Pearl did in the previous episode causes her to split into Ruby and Sapphire . 65 13 `` Onion Friend '' Jasmin Lai ( art ) Lamar Abrams and Katie Mitroff July 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 15 ) 1031 - 067 1.83 During a visit to Onion 's house , Amethyst rekindles her friendship with his mother , Vidalia , while Onion shows Steven around his room . 66 14 `` Historical Friction '' Jasmin Lai ( art ) Hilary Florido and Lauren Zuke July 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 16 ) 1031 - 066 1.88 Steven is asked by Jamie to participate in a play funded by Mayor Dewey about Beach City 's founding , with Pearl stepping in to provide a more historically accurate script . 67 15 `` Friend Ship '' Jasmin Lai ( art ) Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu July 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 17 ) 1031 - 068 1.65 After the recent events , Pearl wants to redeem herself by capturing Peridot , who then traps the Crystal Gems in an old , abandoned Gem spaceship . 68 16 `` Nightmare Hospital '' Jasmin Lai ( art ) Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco September 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 10 ) 1031 - 069 1.39 After Connie 's mother confiscates Rose 's sword , Steven and Connie sneak into the hospital where she works to retrieve it from her . 69 17 `` Sadie 's Song '' Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco September 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 17 ) 1031 - 073 1.50 Steven helps Sadie with an act for the annual Beach - a-Palooza talent show . 70 18 `` Catch and Release '' Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) Hilary Florido and Lauren Zuke September 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 24 ) 1031 - 070 1.39 The Crystal Gems finally capture Peridot , but Steven suspects that she has information that the Crystal Gems need to know and attempts to learn what it is , allowing her to live in his bathroom . 71 19 `` When It Rains '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) Lamar Abrams and Katie Mitroff October 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 01 ) 1031 - 071 1.36 After Steven explains life on Earth to Peridot , and she experiences her first rainstorm , she decides to tell him about her mission : to locate an experimental Gem creation called the Cluster . 72 20 `` Back to the Barn '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu October 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 08 ) 1031 - 072 1.59 At the barn , when Peridot and Pearl fight over who will lead the construction of a drill that will take the group to the Cluster 's location , Steven suggests they build robots and compete with each other . 73 21 `` Too Far '' Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) Hilary Florido and Lauren Zuke October 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 15 ) 1031 - 074 1.39 Peridot gets carried away with Gem gossip and reveals something about Amethyst , unintentionally offending her . 74 22 `` The Answer '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) Lamar Abrams and Katie Mitroff January 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 04 ) 1031 - 075 1.38 Garnet tells Steven the story of how Ruby and Sapphire first met and joined the Crystal Gems . 75 23 `` Steven 's Birthday '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) Lamar Abrams and Katie Mitroff January 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 05 ) 1031 - 079 1.35 While celebrating his fourteenth birthday with the Gems , Greg , and Connie , Steven takes on a more adult form using his shapeshifting powers . However , this proves harmful to his human half . 76 24 `` It Could 've Been Great '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu January 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 06 ) 1031 - 076 1.45 Steven and the Gems travel to an information archive on the Moon to discover the Cluster 's exact location . 77 25 `` Message Received '' Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco January 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 07 ) 1031 - 077 1.39 Steven becomes devastated and mistrustful of Peridot after she steals a communication device from the Moon Base , which she uses to contact her leader , Yellow Diamond . Guest star : Patti LuPone as Yellow Diamond 78 26 `` Log Date 7 15 2 '' Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) Hilary Florido and Lauren Zuke January 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 08 ) 1031 - 078 1.34 While Peridot is in turmoil over what she did in the previous episode , Steven listens to her audio diary and learns how she and Garnet learned to get along during their time at the barn , despite their radical differences . Season 3 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written and storyboarded by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 79 `` Super Watermelon Island '' `` In Too Deep : Part 1 '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu May 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 12 ) 1031 - 080 1.69 Using his astral projection ability , Steven discovers that the Watermelon Stevens have formed their own civilization on Mask Island . However , when he sees Malachite on the island as well , the Gems head into action to fight Malachite as Alexandrite , with the Watermelon Stevens helping them . 80 `` Gem Drill '' `` In Too Deep : Part 2 '' Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco May 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 12 ) 1031 - 081 1.69 With the other Gems stranded on Mask Island and the Cluster beginning to show signs of forming , Steven and Peridot drill deep underground alone in order to stop the Cluster and save Earth . 81 `` Same Old World '' `` In Too Deep : Part 3 '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) Lamar Abrams and Katie Mitroff May 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 19 ) 1031 - 083 1.40 Lapis Lazuli has nowhere left to go after being freed from her fusion with Jasper , so Steven shows her the locations Earth has to offer to find her a new home . 82 `` Barn Mates '' `` In Too Deep : Part 4 '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) Hilary Florido and Lauren Zuke May 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 26 ) 1031 - 082 1.37 Steven tries to help Peridot and Lapis Lazuli resolve their past conflicts and get along at the barn . 83 5 `` Hit the Diamond '' `` In Too Deep : Part 5 '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu June 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 02 ) 1031 - 084 1.55 A dispatch team of five Ruby soldiers arrive from Homeworld in search of the missing Earth mission leader . To protect Peridot , the Crystal Gems ( with Garnet splitting into Ruby and Sapphire again ) attempt to get rid of the gullible Rubies by challenging them to a game of baseball . 84 6 `` Steven Floats '' Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) Paul Villeco July 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 18 ) 1031 - 085 1.55 Upon returning home with the Gems , Steven discovers he has the ability to float in the air . However , after jumping too high , he becomes stuck in the sky ; the Gems spend all night attempting to get him back on the ground . 85 7 `` Drop Beat Dad '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) Lamar Abrams and Katie Mitroff July 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 18 ) 1031 - 087 1.55 Sour Cream 's estranged biological father Marty returns to Beach City and aids him in hosting a concert , much to the dismay of his stepdad , Yellowtail . 86 8 `` Mr. Greg '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) Joe Johnston and Jeff Liu July 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 19 ) 1031 - 088 1.55 In this special musical episode , after Greg suddenly comes into a great deal of money , he takes Steven and Pearl on a vacation to Empire City . However , Pearl is having trouble letting go of her resentment of Greg 's relationship with Rose Quartz . 87 9 `` Too Short to Ride '' Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) Hilary Florido and Lauren Zuke July 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 20 ) 1031 - 086 1.41 Steven , Amethyst and Peridot visit Funland for the day , but Peridot becomes resentful when using shapeshifting powers she does n't have seems to be the only way to have fun . 88 10 `` The New Lars '' Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco July 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 21 ) 1031 - 089 1.53 Steven attempts to improve Lars ' life when he accidentally ends up in Lars 's body due to his astral projection ability . 89 11 `` Beach City Drift '' Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) Hilary Florido and Lauren Zuke July 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 22 ) 1031 - 090 1.29 When Steven and Connie run into Kevin , an obnoxious teenager who had harassed Stevonnie in an earlier episode , they fuse again to try to humiliate him by beating him in a car race . 90 12 `` Restaurant Wars '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) Lamar Abrams and Katie Mitroff July 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 25 ) 1031 - 091 1.51 When Steven accidentally re-ignites an old feud between restaurant owners Mr. Fryman and Kofi Pizza , it is up to Steven and the restaurant owners ' children to try to stop the feud . 91 13 `` Kiki 's Pizza Delivery Service '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) Colin Howard and Jeff Liu July 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 26 ) 1031 - 092 1.31 Kiki has been having nightmares due to being overworked at Fish Stew Pizza when her sister skips work , so Steven helps by using his astral projection to go into Kiki 's dreams . 92 14 `` Monster Reunion '' Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco July 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 27 ) 1031 - 093 1.38 When Steven 's healing powers suddenly return , he re-releases the Centipeetle and attempts to heal her . He ca n't fully cure her corruption , but he learns from her about her history as a Homeworld officer abandoned on Earth at the end of the war . 93 15 `` Alone at Sea '' Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) Hilary Florido , Kat Morris , and Rebecca Sugar July 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 28 ) 1031 - 094 1.32 Steven and Greg take Lapis Lazuli on a boat ride to help her recover from her trauma . However , Jasper follows them and confronts Lapis , seeking to fuse into Malachite again . 94 16 `` Greg the Babysitter '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) Lamar Abrams and Katie Mitroff July 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 29 ) 1031 - 095 1.31 When Steven asks Greg how he started working at the car wash , Greg tells Steven about a day he and Rose spent babysitting Sour Cream for Vidalia . 95 17 `` Gem Hunt '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) Colin Howard and Jeff Liu August 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 01 ) 1031 - 096 1.64 Connie goes on her first mission with Steven and Pearl to find a loose Gem monster in the Great North . 96 18 `` Crack the Whip '' Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco August 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 02 ) 1031 - 097 1.90 When Garnet and Pearl return to the Great North to look for Jasper , Amethyst is put in charge of Steven and Connie . They continue their battle training together and try to have a fun day in Beach City , but are interrupted by the reappearance of Jasper . 97 19 `` Steven vs. Amethyst '' Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) Hilary Florido and Lauren Zuke August 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 03 ) 1031 - 098 1.74 Following the events of the previous episode , Amethyst 's self - esteem has hit rock bottom . With Steven 's rising power , Amethyst begins to suspect that she is now the weakest Gem on the team . This leads Steven and Amethyst to engage in a duel to see who really is the weakest Gem . 98 99 20 21 `` Bismuth '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Jasmin Lai ( art ) Lamar Abrams , Colin Howard , Jeff Liu , and Katie Mitroff August 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 04 ) 1031 - 099 1031 - 100 2.15 Bismuth , one of the original Crystal Gems , is accidentally freed by Steven from a bubble inside Lion 's mane . She is welcomed back with open arms by Pearl and Garnet , while Amethyst quickly warms up to her company . However , Steven soon notices that Bismuth 's outlook on the rebellion is radically different from the other Gems ' when she shows eagerness to re-ignite the Gem War with an unethical secret weapon . Guest star : Uzo Aduba as Bismuth 100 22 `` Beta '' ( Part 1 ) Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Ricky Cometa ( art ) Hilary Florido and Lauren Zuke August 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 08 ) 1031 - 101 1.99 When Amethyst can not stop thinking about losing to Jasper the last time they fought , Steven takes her to visit Peridot and Lapis Lazuli at the barn . Peridot and Lapis show off their attempts at creating art ( which they call `` meepmorp '' ) ; when that fails to cheer Amethyst up , Peridot tries showing her Jasper 's birthplace : a heavily rushed and poorly made Kindergarten in the middle of a desert . 101 23 `` Earthlings '' ( Part 2 ) Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Ricky Cometa ( art ) Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco August 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 08 ) 1031 - 102 1.99 When Steven , Amethyst and Peridot encounter Jasper at the Beta Kindergarten , Amethyst and Steven fuse into Smoky Quartz for a showdown with Jasper . In the heat of battle , Jasper makes a rash decision that results in her meeting a nasty fate . Guest star : Natasha Lyonne as Smoky Quartz 102 24 `` Back to the Moon '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Ricky Cometa ( art ) Lamar Abrams and Katie Mitroff August 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 09 ) 1031 - 103 1.45 The dispatch team of Rubies have returned to the barn still searching for Jasper . To try to get rid of them once again , Amethyst impersonates Jasper , but things get awry when the Rubies take her and the other Crystal Gems to contact Yellow Diamond at the Moon Base . Along the way , Steven learns a shocking fact about his mother . 103 25 `` Bubbled '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Ricky Cometa ( art ) Colin Howard and Jeff Liu August 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 10 ) 1031 - 104 1.57 After being sucked out of the Moon Base 's airlock , Steven , to stay safe , puts himself in a bubble and floats through space . Along the way , Steven runs into a murderous Ruby . Season 4 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written and storyboarded by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 104 `` Kindergarten Kid '' Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Ricky Cometa ( art ) Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco August 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 11 ) 1040 - 105 1.32 In an episode described as a homage to Warner Bros . ' Road Runner cartoons , Steven and Peridot are determined to catch a fast , elusive Gem monster . 105 `` Know Your Fusion '' Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Ricky Cometa ( art ) Hilary Florido and Lauren Zuke August 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 12 ) 1040 - 106 1.35 When Steven and Amethyst introduce Smoky Quartz to Garnet and Pearl , they fuse into Sardonyx and interview Smoky Quartz about what makes them special . Guest stars : Alexia Khadime as Sardonyx and Natasha Lyonne as Smoky Quartz 106 `` Buddy 's Book '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Ricky Cometa ( art ) Lamar Abrams and Katie Mitroff August 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 18 ) 1040 - 107 1.37 When Connie takes Steven to the Public Library , he discovers an old journal by William Dewey 's first mate Buddy , which chronicles his visits to various Gem locations . 107 `` Mindful Education '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Ricky Cometa ( art ) Colin Howard , Jeff Liu , and Takafumi Hori August 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 25 ) 1040 - 108 1.33 Steven and Connie continue their combat training , and practice fighting while fused as Stevonnie . However , when overwhelming guilt from both Steven and Connie over past events gets in their way , Garnet helps them find inner peace . 108 5 `` Future Boy Zoltron '' Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Ricky Cometa ( art ) Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco September 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 01 ) 1040 - 109 1.36 After accidentally breaking an old fortune telling machine at Funland , Steven decides to take its place and tell people 's futures . While initially fun , he eventually meets a mysterious man ( voiced by Brian George ) who seems to only have depressing futures . 109 6 `` Last One Out of Beach City '' Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Ricky Cometa ( art ) Hilary Florido and Lauren Zuke September 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 08 ) 1040 - 110 1.31 Pearl offers to go with Steven and Amethyst to a rock show , deciding to get in touch with her rebellious side whilst trying to impress a woman who looks similar to Rose . Guest star : Mike Krol as himself 110 7 `` Onion Gang '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Ricky Cometa ( art ) Lamar Abrams and Katie Mitroff September 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 15 ) 1040 - 111 1.26 Onion brings Steven into the woods to introduce him to his friends and have a fun day . 111 112 8 9 `` Gem Harvest '' Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Ricky Cometa ( art ) Raven M. Molisee , Paul Villeco , Hilary Florido , and Lauren Zuke November 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 17 ) 1040 - 113 1040 - 114 1.39 When Steven visits Lapis and Peridot at the barn , they get an unexpected visit from Greg 's grumpy cousin Andy . To get to know his uncle and make him feel at home , Steven attempts to host a family dinner with Andy , Greg , and the Gems . Guest star : Dave Willis as Andy 113 10 `` Three Gems and a Baby '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Ricky Cometa ( art ) Lamar Abrams and Katie Mitroff December 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 01 ) 1040 - 115 1.29 Greg tells Steven about his first winter as a baby : when Steven was only a few months old , the Gems were still struggling to understand that Rose Quartz had given up her form to allow Steven to be born and was n't coming back . 114 11 `` Steven 's Dream '' `` Out Of This World : Part 1 '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Ricky Cometa ( art ) Jeff Liu and Colin Howard January 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 30 ) 1040 - 116 1.36 Steven begins to have a strange dream that causes him to cry , which he quickly realizes is related to Pink Diamond . When he asks the Gems to give him information about Pink Diamond , they refuse to give any , so Steven and Greg travel to Korea to find the truth themselves . Guest stars : Dave Willis as Andy and Lisa Hannigan as Blue Diamond 115 12 `` Adventures in Light Distortion '' `` Out Of This World : Part 2 '' Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Ricky Cometa ( art ) Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco January 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 30 ) 1040 - 117 1.36 After Greg is abducted by Blue Diamond , Steven and the Gems rush off into space with the Rubies ' ship to rescue him . Faster - than - light travel has unexpected effects on the Gems ' bodies , and in Steven 's haste , he puts himself and the Gems in danger . 116 13 `` Gem Heist '' `` Out Of This World : Part 3 '' Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Ricky Cometa ( art ) Hilary Florido and Lauren Zuke January 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 31 ) 1040 - 118 1.25 The Gems reach a space station that once belonged to Pink Diamond , and sneak in to rescue Greg , but in order to do so , they must play the roles they were made for , so as not to arouse suspicion . 117 14 `` The Zoo '' `` Out Of This World : Part 4 '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Ricky Cometa and Elle Michalka ( art ) Lamar Abrams and Katie Mitroff February 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 01 ) 1040 - 119 1.23 Steven finds Greg in Pink Diamond 's `` Human Zoo '' , and tries to look for a way out . This proves easier said than done as the humans there are guided through a strictly scheduled and regimented life . 118 15 `` That Will Be All '' `` Out Of This World : Part 5 '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Ricky Cometa and Elle Michalka ( art ) Colin Howard , Joe Johnston , and Rebecca Sugar February 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 02 ) 1040 - 120 1.15 While Blue Diamond and Yellow Diamond argue over their diverging ways of coping with Pink Diamond 's death , Steven , Greg and the Crystal Gems attempt to escape the space station before they are discovered . Guest stars : Patti LuPone as Yellow Diamond and Lisa Hannigan as Blue Diamond 119 16 `` The New Crystal Gems '' Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Ricky Cometa ( art ) Raven M. Molisee and Paul Villeco February 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 10 ) 1040 - 121 1.06 Connie tells Steven the story of how she , Peridot , and Lapis attempted to take the Crystal Gems ' places as the protectors of Beach City while he was in space . 120 17 `` Storm in the Room '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Ricky Cometa ( art ) Colin Howard and Jeff Liu February 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 17 ) 1040 - 124 1.02 Steven uses his room in the temple to create a simulated image of Rose Quartz in order to try to experience what it would be like to know his mother . He ends up confronting her with his troubled feelings about her complex legacy and her choice to create him . 121 18 `` Rocknaldo '' Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Ricky Cometa ( art ) Hilary Florido and Lauren Zuke February 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 24 ) 1040 - 122 1.10 Ronaldo decides to join the Crystal Gems . However , once Steven lets him join the team , Ronaldo 's self - centered attitude begins to try Steven 's patience . 122 19 `` Tiger Philanthropist '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Ricky Cometa ( art ) Lamar Abrams and Katie Mitroff March 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 03 ) 1040 - 123 0.90 When Amethyst quits wrestling at the abandoned warehouse , Steven continues doing so himself as Tiger Philanthropist . However , Steven soon begins to doubt the point of wrestling when the audience does n't take to his new persona . 123 20 `` Room for Ruby '' Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Ricky Cometa ( art ) Raven M. Molisee and Lauren Zuke March 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 10 ) 1040 - 125 0.95 `` Navy '' , one of the Rubies who came to Earth to find Jasper , crashes on Earth and is welcomed in by Steven to be a Crystal Gem . However , Lapis Lazuli does not trust Navy 's overly optimistic nature , knowing of Navy 's previous encounters with the Crystal Gems . 124 21 `` Lion 4 : Alternate Ending '' Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Elle Michalka ( art ) Hilary Florido and Paul Villeco May 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 08 ) 1040 - 126 1.01 Steven tries to search for secret messages Rose may have left him about his `` magical destiny '' . Lion eventually leads him to a tape -- but it 's just an alternate version of the message from Rose he 's already seen . 125 22 `` Doug Out '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Elle Michalka ( art ) Lamar Abrams and Katie Mitroff May 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 09 ) 1040 - 127 0.96 Connie 's father , Doug , comes to Beach City to investigate a break - in at Funland . He invites Steven and Connie to join him to stake out the amusement park . 126 23 `` The Good Lars '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Elle Michalka ( art ) Colin Howard and Jeff Liu May 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 10 ) 1040 - 128 0.95 The Cool Kids invite Steven , Lars and Sadie to a potluck . Steven and Sadie encourage Lars to bake a cake for the party , but Lars is insecure about revealing his baking skills . 127 24 `` Are You My Dad ? '' ( Part 1 ) Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Elle Michalka ( art ) Raven M. Molisee and Lauren Zuke May 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 11 ) 1040 - 129 1.14 Lars , Sadie , Onion and Jamie have mysteriously disappeared . While investigating the mystery , Steven comes across a new Gem , who keeps asking `` Are you my dad ? '' . 128 25 `` I Am My Mom '' ( Part 2 ) Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Elle Michalka ( art ) Hilary Florido and Paul Villeco May 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 11 ) 1040 - 130 1.14 Steven and the Gems race to rescue all of Steven 's friends from Aquamarine and Topaz , and find out the horrifying truth behind their actions , but as the stakes keep rising , Steven must make the most difficult decision of his life . Season 5 ( 2017 -- present ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written and storyboarded by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 129 `` Stuck Together '' `` Wanted : Part 1 '' Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Liz Artinian ( art ) Lauren Zuke May 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 29 ) 10 ? ? - 133 1.53 Steven and Lars , stuck inside Topaz , try to look for a way to escape the Homeworld - bound ship . Their heartfelt conversation commiserating over their plight earns them Topaz 's sympathy . 130 `` The Trial '' `` Wanted : Part 2 '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Liz Artinian ( art ) Katie Mitroff and Paul Villeco May 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 29 ) 10 ? ? - 134 1.53 Steven is put on trial before Blue and Yellow Diamond for Rose Quartz 's assassination of Pink Diamond . During the trial , Steven 's attorney ( a Zircon ) analyses the evidence and argues that the public account of Pink Diamond 's death does n't make sense , and suggests that the true facts of the case have been covered up . Guest stars : Amy Sedaris as the Zircons , Lisa Hannigan as Blue Diamond , and Patti LuPone as Yellow Diamond 131 `` Off Colors '' `` Wanted : Part 3 '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Liz Artinian ( art ) Lamar Abrams and Jeff Liu May 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 29 ) 10 ? ? - 131 1.52 After escaping from the Diamonds , Steven and Lars encounter and befriend the `` off - colors '' , a group of `` defective '' Gems who live in hiding from Gem society . 132 `` Lars ' Head '' `` Wanted : Part 4 '' Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Liz Artinian ( art ) Jeff Liu and Madeline Queripel May 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 29 ) 10 ? ? - 132 1.52 After Steven brings Lars back to life with his healing powers , he discovers that Lars now shares the same powers as Lion . When Steven realizes that he can use Lars 's hair to teleport him back to Earth ( via Lion 's mane ) , he and Lars must make a difficult choice . 133 5 `` Dewey Wins '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Liz Artinian ( art ) Lamar Abrams and Jeff Liu December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) 10 ? ? - 135 0.85 Connie becomes upset with Steven following his return from Homeworld and refuses to talk to him . Feeling dejected , he decides to help Bill Dewey with his rather hopeless re-election campaign for mayor against Nanefua Pizza . 134 6 `` Gemcation '' Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Liz Artinian ( art ) Madeline Queripel and Lauren Zuke December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) 10 ? ? - 137 0.85 As Steven remains depressed over Connie 's silence , Greg and the Gems misinterpret his sadness and take him to a ranch house for a vacation to cheer him up . The vacation just puts Steven more on edge , until he eventually tells Greg what it is he 's upset about . 135 7 `` Raising the Barn '' Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Liz Artinian ( art ) Amber Cragg and Hilary Florido December 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 22 ) 10 ? ? - 136 0.89 When Lapis and Peridot learn what happened to Steven on Homeworld , Lapis wants to flee Earth to avoid getting caught up in another Gem war . However , Peridot wants to stay on Earth to protect it , and has a hard time telling Lapis . 136 8 `` Back to the Kindergarten '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Liz Artinian ( art ) Katie Mitroff and Paul Villeco December 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 22 ) 10 ? ? - 138 0.89 With Peridot upset over Lapis leaving Earth , Steven and Amethyst decide to help her cheer up by planting flowers at the Kindergarten . 137 9 `` Sadie Killer '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Liz Artinian ( art ) Lamar Abrams and Jeff Liu December 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 29 ) 10 ? ? - 139 0.77 Steven and the Cool Kids start a band , but they have trouble finding their sound . They decide to recruit Sadie , who writes a dark song about her frustrating job at the Big Donut ; but that same job keeps her from actually participating in the band . 138 10 `` Kevin Party '' Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Liz Artinian ( art ) Amber Cragg and Hilary Florido December 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 29 ) 10 ? ? - 140 0.77 Kevin is throwing a party , and invites Steven only so he can show up as Stevonnie . Steven does n't want to go at first , but changes his mind when Kevin reveals that Connie will be there . When they see each other , Kevin decides to help Steven get his `` ex '' back so they can fuse . 139 11 `` Lars of the Stars '' `` Stranded : Part 1 '' Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Liz Artinian ( art ) Lamar Abrams and Lauren Zuke January 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 05 ) 10 ? ? - 141 1.11 Steven and Connie travel through Lion 's mane to visit Lars . When they reach the other side , they discover that Lars and the Off - Color Gems have stolen a spaceship from Emerald ( voiced by Jinkx Monsoon ) and are now on the run from their pursuers . 140 12 `` Jungle Moon '' `` Stranded : Part 2 '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Liz Artinian ( art ) Miki Brewster and Jeff Liu January 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 05 ) 10 ? ? - 143 1.11 Stevonnie crash - lands in a jungle on an alien moon and , unable to contact Lars , must fend for themself . They discover that the moon houses an abandoned Gem base and orbits a former Gem colony , and have a strange dream involving the Diamonds . 141 13 `` Your Mother and Mine '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Liz Artinian ( art ) Katie Mitroff and Paul Villeco April 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 09 ) 10 ? ? - 142 0.77 Steven brings Garnet to meet Lars and his off - color crew . The Off - Colors ' beliefs about Rose Quartz have been skewed by Homeworld propaganda , so Garnet tells them the history of Rose 's rebellion from the Crystal Gems ' perspective . 142 14 `` The Big Show '' Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Liz Artinian ( art ) Hilary Florido and Amber Cragg April 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 16 ) 10 ? ? - 144 0.56 In this documentary - style episode , Steven records the rise of Sadie 's new band , Sadie Killer and the Suspects . The band hires Greg as their manager , who hooks them up with producer Sunshine Justice ( voiced by Joan Jett ) . Complications arise , however , when Sadie worries about her mother getting in the way . 143 15 `` Pool Hopping '' Joe Johnston ( supervising ) , Liz Artinian ( art ) Katie Mitroff , Paul Villeco , and Joe Johnston April 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 23 ) TBA TBD Garnet spends a day trying to behave unpredictably , attempting to train her future vision to account for the unexpected . When she and Steven eventually discover some homeless kittens , Garnet admits how lost and stressed she feels when she does n't know what the future holds . 144 16 `` Letters to Lars '' Kat Morris ( supervising ) , Liz Artinian ( art ) Lamar Abrams and Colin Howard April 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 30 ) TBA TBD Lars receives a letter from Steven updating him about the current goings - on in Beach City . While the town and its population are changing , the now - former mayor Bill Dewey is having trouble trying to find his place in the new status quo . 145 146 17 18 `` TBA '' TBA TBA May 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 07 ) TBA TBD Internet shorts ( edit ) Season 2 shorts ( edit ) All six digital shorts combined make up one full production code of season 2 ( 1031 - 058 ) . No . Title Written and storyboarded by Original release date `` We Are the Crystal Gems '' Hilary Florido , Joe Johnston , Jeff Liu , and Katie Mitroff July 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 10 ) ( San Diego Comic - Con ) September 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 04 ) ( Cartoon Network 's website ) Young Steven moves in with the three Crystal Gems , as the extended version of the title theme and second opening sequence shows . `` What Are Gems ? '' Hilary Florido July 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 06 ) Pearl teaches Steven about Gems , with some demonstrations from Garnet and Amethyst . `` How Are Gems Made ? '' Hilary Florido October 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 01 ) Amethyst tells Steven how Gems are made . `` Fusion '' Katie Mitroff November 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 02 ) Garnet takes over a dance studio to demonstrate to Steven how fusion works . 5 `` Unboxing '' Hilary Florido and Katie Mitroff October 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 22 ) Steven creates a video where he receives and unboxes a new Hot Dog duffel bag from the Wacky Sack company . 6 `` Lion Loves to Fit in a Box '' Katie Mitroff November 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 19 ) ( Nordic Cartoon Network YouTube channels ) Lion unsuccessfully attempts to get into various boxes . Season 4 shorts ( edit ) All five of these shorts combined make up one full production code of season 4 ( 1040 - 112 ) . No . Title Written and storyboarded by Original release date `` Cooking with Lion '' Colin Howard October 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 03 ) Steven and Lion make cheese puff snack sushi for their online cooking show . Lion eats the dish at the end of the episode . `` Gem Karaoke '' Colin Howard October 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 03 ) Connie records Steven and the Gems singing karaoke . Connie is reluctant to participate , but Steven convinces her to join in for the final verse . `` Steven Reacts '' Jeff Liu October 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 03 ) Steven films a reaction video to the new episode of Crying Breakfast Friends . The events of the Crying Breakfast Friends episode and Steven 's reactions humorously draw parallels to events in Steven Universe itself and fan reactions . `` Video Chat '' Colin Howard October 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 03 ) On Connie 's laptop , Steven video chats with Peridot on her tablet . Lapis , however , believes him to be trapped in the tablet . Steven rushes to the barn to explain . 5 `` Steven 's Song Time '' Jeff Liu October 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 03 ) Steven makes a guitar tutorial for a song he composed . He explains that the song is his way of expressing feelings he has been having trouble talking about . Home Media ( edit ) Video on demand ( edit ) Depending on the customer 's region , Steven Universe is available through various video on demand services such as Hulu , Google Play , iTunes , Amazon Video , and Microsoft Movies & TV . DVD & Blu - Ray ( edit ) Episodes on the Steven Universe DVDs are not always presented in original broadcast order . In the table below , the episodes are listed in the order they appear on the DVD , and are numbered according to the intended watching order . In North America , Warner Home Video initially released single - disc compilation DVDs featuring select episodes from the first season , followed by a ' complete season ' release years later . In Australia , Madman Entertainment followed a similar pattern , and released their ' season ' sets on both Blu - ray and DVD format ; The series has yet to see any Blu - ray releases in the North American market . While the Australian Season DVDs use the intended broadcast order , the American `` Season One '' is re-ordered , omitting ' Shirt Club ' and ' Story For Steven ' but including the Season Two episodes ' Full Disclosure ' and ' Joy Ride ' . The American Season One DVD also includes special features not available in the previous Australian release . American release by Warner Brothers -- DVD Region 1 DVD title Season ( s ) Aspect ratio Episode count Total running time Release date Episodes Gem Glow 16 : 9 12 + Pilot 132 minutes January 13 , 2015 2 ( `` Laser Light Cannon '' ) , 1 ( `` Gem Glow '' ) , 6 ( `` Cat Fingers '' ) , 7 ( `` Bubble Buddies '' ) , 9 ( `` Tiger Millionaire '' ) , 10 ( `` Steven 's Lion '' ) , 15 ( `` Onion Trade '' ) , 12 ( `` Giant Woman '' ) , 14 ( `` Lars and the Cool Kids '' ) , 19 ( `` Rose 's Room '' ) , 18 ( `` Beach Party '' ) & 22 ( `` Steven and the Stevens '' ) Extra : Pilot episode ( `` The Time Thing '' ) The Return 16 : 9 12 132 minutes June 7 , 2016 25 ( `` Mirror Gem '' ) , 26 ( `` Ocean Gem '' ) , 28 ( `` Space Race '' ) , 35 ( `` Lion 3 : Straight to Video '' ) , 36 ( `` Warp Tour '' ) , 37 ( `` Alone Together '' ) , 40 ( `` On the Run '' ) , 44 ( `` Marble Madness '' ) , 45 ( `` Rose 's Scabbard '' ) , 49 ( `` The Message '' ) , 51 ( `` The Return '' ) and 52 ( `` Jail Break '' ) The Complete First Season 1 & 2 16 : 9 52 572 minutes January 30 , 2018 1 ( `` Gem Glow '' ) - 46 ( `` Open Book '' ) & 49 ( `` The Message '' ) - 54 ( `` Joy Ride '' ) . Extras : ' Behind the Music ' , ' Listening Party ' , Music Video Performances ( ' Something Entirely New ' , ' It 's Over , Is n't It ? ' , ' Love Like You ' , ' Here Comes a Thought ' & ' What 's the Use of Feeling ( Blue ) ? ' ) , Song Demos ( ' Be Wherever You Are ' & ' Full Disclosure ' ) & Animatics ( ' Gem Glow ' , ' Full Disclosure ' , ' Steven the Sword Fighter ' , ' Steven and the Stevens ' & ' Island Adventure ' ) Australian release by Madman Entertainment -- DVD Region 4 , Blu - ray region B DVD / BD title Season ( s ) Aspect ratio Episode count Total running time Release date Episodes Gem Glow ( DVD - only ) 16 : 9 12 132 minutes June 5 , 2015 2 ( `` Laser Light Cannon '' ) , 1 ( `` Gem Glow '' ) , 6 ( `` Cat Fingers '' ) , 7 ( `` Bubble Buddies '' ) , 9 ( `` Tiger Millionaire '' ) , 10 ( `` Steven 's Lion '' ) , 15 ( `` Onion Trade '' ) , 12 ( `` Giant Woman '' ) , 14 ( `` Lars and the Cool Kids '' ) , 19 ( `` Rose 's Room '' ) , 18 ( `` Beach Party '' ) and 22 ( `` Steven and the Stevens '' ) Arcade Mania ( DVD - Only ) 16 : 9 12 132 minutes June 7 , 2016 3 ( `` Cheeseburger Backpack '' ) , 4 ( `` Together Breakfast '' ) , 5 ( `` Frybo '' ) , 8 ( `` Serious Steven '' ) , 11 ( `` Arcade Mania '' ) , 16 ( `` Steven The Sword Fighter '' ) , 13 ( `` So Many Birthdays '' ) , 20 ( `` Coach Steven '' ) , 17 ( `` Lion 2 : The Movie '' ) , 35 ( `` Lion 3 : Straight To Video '' ) , 25 ( `` Mirror Gem '' ) and 26 ( `` Ocean Gem '' ) Season 1 16 : 9 52 + Pilot 572 minutes May 4 , 2016 1 ( `` Gem Glow '' ) - 52 ( `` Jail Break '' ) . Extra : Pilot episode ( `` The Time Thing '' ) Season 2 16 : 9 26 286 minutes May 24 , 2017 53 ( `` Full Disclosure '' ) - 78 ( `` Log Date 7 15 2 '' ) Season 3 16 : 9 25 + Shorts 275 minutes September 6 , 2017 79 ( `` Super Watermelon Island '' ) - 103 ( `` Bubbled '' ) Extras : Online Shorts . Season 4 16 : 9 25 + Shorts 275 minutes July 6 , 2018 104 ( `` The Kindergarten Kid '' ) - 118 ( `` I Am My Mom '' ) . Extras : Online shorts Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : These episodes were bumped to air during season 2 in order to facilitate the airing of the final `` arc '' of season 1 as the first uninterrupted week - long `` Stevenbomb . '' Consequently , some sources treat them as part of season 2 , while Cartoon Network 's website lists them as part of Season 1 , as intended . `` Open Book '' aired after `` Full Disclosure '' and both `` Story for Steven '' and `` Shirt Club '' aired after `` Say Uncle '' . Jump up ^ Starting with this episode , a new title sequence is used . Jump up ^ This episode was first shown during the Steven Universe panel at New York Comic Con on October 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : This episode first aired on May 21 , 2016 in France . Jump up ^ This episode first aired on May 22 , 2016 in France . Jump up ^ This episode was advertised as the show 's 100th episode , as the Season 2 shorts take up a production code . ^ Jump up to : This episode is double - length . Jump up ^ This episode first aired on August 5 , 2016 in Canada . ^ Jump up to : This episode was first released online on January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ The initial app release of the episode misattributed the writing and storyboards to Hilary Florido and Lauren Zuke . Jump up ^ This episode was first released online on March 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : This episode was first released online on May 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ This episode was first released online on May 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : This episode was first released on the Cartoon Network App on November 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : This episode was first released on the Cartoon Network App on March 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Madman counts each double - episode with a single number each , causing the episode count to diverge after ' Bismuth ' . This list uses Cartoon Network 's count for consistency . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : Cartoon Network renews ' Steven Universe ' and ' Uncle Grandpa ' through season 5 '' . Retrieved 20 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Thurm , Eric ( 12 January 2016 ) . `` Steven Universe censorship undermines Cartoon Network 's LGBTQ progress '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 12 January 2016 . Jump up ^ * `` Steven Universe -- Season 1 '' . Cartoon Network . Turner Broadcasting System . Retrieved July 29 , 2015 . `` Steven Universe -- Season 2 '' . Cartoon Network . Turner Broadcasting System . Retrieved July 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jones - Quartey , Ian ( July 12 , 2015 ) . `` The Intended Order '' . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2015 . Retrieved July 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Steven Universe : Art & Origins , pg. 238 , Chris McDonnell , 2017 ^ Jump up to : `` Monday 's Cable Ratings & Broadcast Finals : MNF Trumps Voice in Demos , Viewers '' . The Futon Critic . Futon Media . November 5 , 2013 . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2013 . Retrieved November 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Monday 's Cable Ratings & Broadcast Finals : DWTS , MNF Lead Viewers , Demos '' . The Futon Critic . Futon Media . November 12 , 2013 . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2013 . Retrieved November 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Monday Cable Finals '' . Nielsen Media Research . November 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Monday 's Cable Ratings & Broadcast Finals : MNF , Voice Lead Demos ; DWTS Tops Viewers '' . The Futon Critic . Futon Media . November 26 , 2013 . Archived from the original on November 27 , 2013 . Retrieved November 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Monday 's Cable Ratings & Broadcast Finals : Monday Night Football Tops Both Broadcast , Cable Networks '' . The Futon Critic . Futon Media . December 4 , 2013 . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2013 . Retrieved December 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Monday Cable Finals '' . Nielsen Media Research . January 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Monday Cable Finals '' . Nielsen Media Research . January 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monday Cable Finals ( Report ) . Nielsen Media Research . January 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Monday Cable Finals '' . Nielsen Media Research . February 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Monday 's Cable Ratings & Broadcast Finals : The Voice Returns on Top in Viewers , Demos '' . The Futon Critic . Futon Media . February 24 , 2014 . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2014 . Retrieved April 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Monday Cable Finals '' . Nielsen Media Research . March 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Monday 's Cable Ratings & Broadcast Finals : The Voice , The Bachelor Claim Top Spots '' . The Futon Critic . Futon Media . March 11 , 2014 . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2014 . Retrieved April 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 18 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : WWE Raw Wins Night , Fast N ' Loud , Teen Wolf , Bates Motel , Switched at Birth & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Gracenote . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2014 . Retrieved April 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Wednesday Cable Finals '' . Nielsen Media Research . April 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Wednesday Cable Finals '' . Nielsen Media Research . April 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Wednesday Cable Finals '' . Nielsen Media Research . May 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ratings Report : Steven Universe at Halfway '' . Retrieved 20 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( August 22 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Broadcast & Cable Finals '' . TV Media Insights . Cross Mediaworks . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2014 . Retrieved January 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( August 29 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Broadcast & Cable Finals '' . TV Media Insights . Cross Mediaworks . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2014 . Retrieved January 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( September 5 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : Black Jesus Wins Night , Project Runway , Braxton Family Values , Gypsy Sisters , Satisfaction & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Gracenote . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2014 . Retrieved September 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 12 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : Thursday Night Football Simulcast Tops Night + Project Runway , Black Jesus , Time Machine , Conan & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Gracenote . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2014 . Retrieved September 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Thursday Cable Finals '' . Nielsen Media Research . September 19 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 26 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : Thursday Night Football on NFL Network Tops Night + Black Jesus , College Football , Project Runway & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Gracenote . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2014 . Retrieved September 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 3 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : Football & Baseball Win Night , Black Jesus , Project Runway , Pawn Stars & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Gracenote . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2014 . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( October 10 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : NFL on CBS Continues to Dominate the Night '' . TV Media Insights . Cross MediaWorks . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2014 . Retrieved October 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 17 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : Football & Baseball Win Night , Project Runway , Black Jesus & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Gracenote . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2014 . Retrieved October 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( October 24 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Nationals : NFL Puts CBS on Top , TGIT on ABC Remains Solid '' . TV Media Insights . Cross MediaWorks . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2014 . Retrieved October 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( November 1 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Nationals : CBS , ABC Share Leadership '' . TV Media Insights . Cross MediaWorks . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2014 . Retrieved November 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( November 7 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Nationals : NFL Network Proves Competitive with Broadcast Nets '' . TV Media Insights . Cross MediaWorks . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2014 . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( November 14 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Nationals : CBS Wins with Big Bang Theory , Series - High for Mom '' . TV Media Insights . Cross MediaWorks . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2014 . Retrieved November 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( November 21 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Nationals : ABC Wins with Fall Finales of TGIT Dramas '' . TV Media Insights . Cross MediaWorks . Archived from the original on November 24 , 2014 . Retrieved November 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 5 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : Thursday Night Football Tops Night + NBA Basketball , Pawn Stars , Undrafted , Liga MX & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Gracenote . Archived from the original on December 18 , 2014 . Retrieved December 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 9 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : Archer Wins Night , Pawn Stars , The First 48 , Ridiculousness & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Gracenote . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2015 . Retrieved January 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Thursday Broadcast & Cable Finals '' . Nielsen Media Research . January 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 23 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : WWE Smackdown & NBA Basketball Win Night , Pawn Stars , Archer , Project Runway All Stars & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Gracenote . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2015 . Retrieved January 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( January 30 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Nationals : CBS and ABC Share Leadership , Parenthood Concludes on Positive Note for NBC '' . TV Media Insights . Cross MediaWorks . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2015 . Retrieved January 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 5 , 2015 ) . `` Top 25 Thursday Cable Originals : February 5 , 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2015 . Retrieved February 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 13 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : NBA Basketball Tops Night + Thursday Night SmackDown , Pawn Stars & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Gracenote . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2015 . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 20 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : Vikings Wins Night , Pawn Stars , WWE Smackdown , Impractical Jokers , Archer & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Gracenote . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2015 . Retrieved February 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 27 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : NBA Basketball Tops Night + Vikings , Thursday Night SmackDown , Pawn Stars , Archer & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Gracenote . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved February 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 6 , 2015 ) . `` Top 25 Thursday Cable Originals : March 5 , 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2015 . Retrieved March 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 10 , 2015 ) . `` Top 25 Monday Cable Originals : March 9 , 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2015 . Retrieved March 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Steven Universe -- Season 1 '' . Cartoon Network . Turner Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on 28 October 2015 . Retrieved 29 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 20 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : NCAA Basketball Wins Night , WWE Smackdown , Vikings , Archer , Dig & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Gracenote . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved March 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( April 17 , 2015 ) . `` Top 25 Thursday Cable Originals : April 16 , 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2015 . Retrieved April 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 10 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : ' Lip Sync Battle ' Tops Night + NBA Basketball , Masters Golf Tournament , ' Vikings ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2015 . Retrieved April 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 11 , 2015 ) . `` Top 25 Tuesday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : March 10 , 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2015 . Retrieved March 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 12 , 2015 ) . `` Top 25 Wednesday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : March 11 , 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2015 . Retrieved March 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 13 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : NBA Basketball Tops Night + Vikings , Thursday Night SmackDown , Archer & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Gracenote . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2015 . Retrieved March 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 14 , 2015 ) . `` Top 25 Friday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : March 13 , 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 27 , 2015 ) . `` Top 25 Thursday Cable Originals : March 26 , 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2015 . Retrieved March 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( April 3 , 2015 ) . `` Top 25 Thursday Cable Originals : April 2 , 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2015 . Retrieved April 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 24 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : NBA Playoffs Top Night + ' Vikings ' , ' Lip Sync Battle ' , ' Pawn Stars ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2015 . Retrieved April 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( May 1 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Thursday Cable Originals : April 30 , 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2015 . Retrieved May 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 16 , 2015 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Monday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 6.15. 2015 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 17 , 2015 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Tuesday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 6.16. 2015 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved June 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 18 , 2015 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Wednesday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 6.17. 2015 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved June 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 19 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : ' Thursday Night Smackdown ' Tops Night + ' Braxton Family Values ' , ' Ridiculousness ' , ' Complications ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 22 , 2015 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Alaskan Bush People ' Wins Night , MMA , ' Girl Meets World ' , ' Marriage Boot Camp ' , ' Vice ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 14 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : Home Run Derby Wins Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Major Crimes ' , ' The Fosters ' , ' Teen Wolf ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 15 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' Wins Night , ' Deadliest Catch ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' WWE Tough Enough ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 16 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' Duck Dynasty ' Tops Night + ' Suits ' , Copa Oro , ' Wahlburgers ' ' The Game ' , ' Steven Universe ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 17 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : ' Teen Mom II ' Tops Night + ' Lip Sync Battle ' , ' Mountain Men ' , ' Braxton Family Values ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 20 , 2015 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Alaskan Bush People ' Wins Night , ' Treasure Quest : Snake ' , ' Girl Meets World ' , ' Marriage Boot Camp ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 11 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : ' Teen Mom II ' Tops Night + ' Project Runway ' , ' Thursday Night Smackdown ' , ' Pardon the Interruption ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Dani ( September 18 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : ' Thursday Night Football ' Leads the Night + ' Teen Mom II ' + ' Project Runway ' , ' Thursday Night Smackdown ' , ' College Football ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 25 , 2015 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Update : 9.24. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 2 , 2015 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Update : 10.1. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 9 , 2015 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Update : 10.8. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 16 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : Final MLB division series scores , plus ' Project Runway , ' ' WWE Smackdown ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 6 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Update : 1.4. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 6 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Update : 1.5. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 7 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Update : 1.6. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 8 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Update : 1.7. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 11 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Update : 1.8. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( May 13 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Update : 5.12. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( May 20 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Update : 5.19. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( May 27 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Update : 5.26. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 3 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Update : 6.2. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Update : 7.18. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : McDonnell , Chris ( 2017 ) . Steven Universe : Art and Origins . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 20 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Update : 7.19. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 21 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Update : 7.20. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 22 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Update : 7.21. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 25 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Update : 7.22. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 26 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Update : 7.25. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 27 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.26. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 28 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.27. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 29 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.28. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 1 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.29. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 2 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.1. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 3 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.2. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 4 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.3. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 5 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.4. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( August 9 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.8. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 10 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.9. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( August 11 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday cable ratings : Rio Olympics land on top '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Steven Universe and Peridot hunt their Road Runner '' . 11 August 2016 . Retrieved 31 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 12 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.11. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 15 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.12. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 19 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.18. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( August 26 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' Mountain Men ' and ' Ice Road Truckers ' hold steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 2 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.1. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 9 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.8. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 16 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.15. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 18 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.17. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( December 2 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.1. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( January 31 , 2017 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' WWE Raw ' wins the night '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 1 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.31. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 2 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.1. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 3 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.2. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 13 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.10. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 21 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.17. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 27 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.24. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 6 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.3. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.10. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( May 9 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.8. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.9. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.10. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.11. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.29. 2017 - Showbuzz Daily '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.15. 2017 - Showbuzz Daily '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.22. 2017 - Showbuzz Daily '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved December 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.29. 2017 - Showbuzz Daily '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.5. 2018 - Showbuzz Daily '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( April 10 , 2018 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.9. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( April 17 , 2018 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.16. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Steven Universe - Episode Guide '' . Zap2it . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ http://www.thefutoncritic.com/listings/20180321cartoon30/ Jump up ^ `` Steven Universe - Episode Guide '' . Zap2it . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ http://www.thefutoncritic.com/listings/20180321cartoon31/ Jump up ^ `` Steven Universe Returns April 9 ! '' . Geek Girl Authority . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Burnett , Matt ( @ mcburnett ) ( August 1 , 2016 ) . `` Bismuth ( airing Thursday ) is the 100th SU episode because all digital shorts made up an episode ... '' Jump up ^ Cartoon Network Sweden . `` Lejon '' . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cartoon Network Denmark . `` Løve '' . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cartoon Network Norway . `` Løve '' . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Turner Classic all 5 of these shorts will make a full episode of season 4 Movies . `` Zach Callison Filmography '' . Retrieved August 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Steven Universe Season 1 ( Blu - Ray ) '' . Madman Entertainment . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Steven Universe DVD news : Announcement for Volume 2 : The Return '' . tvshowsondvd.com . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ TV News Desk ( November 16 , 2017 ) . `` STEVEN UNIVERSE : The Complete First Season DVD Arrives 1 / 30 '' . Broadway World . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Steven Universe Gem Glow '' . Madman Entertainment . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Steven Universe Arcade Mania '' . Madman Entertainment . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Steven Universe Season 2 ( Blu - Ray ) '' . Madman Entertainment . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Steven Universe Season 3 ( Blu - Ray '' . Madman Entertainment . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Steven Universe Season 4 ( Blu - Ray '' . Madman Entertainment . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2018 . Production code columns Production codes are stamped on numerous model sheets and storyboards that must be searched for , in : Steven Crewniverse . `` Steven Crewniverse Behind - the - Scenes Universe : Archive '' . Retrieved November 5 , 2014 . http://www.cartoonnetwork.com/shows/steven-universe/pictures/index.html ( hide ) Steven Universe Characters Steven Garnet Pearl Stevonnie Episodes Season 1 `` Steven the Sword Fighter '' `` Coach Steven '' `` Jail Break '' Season 2 `` Say Uncle '' `` Cry for Help '' `` The Answer '' Season 3 `` Super Watermelon Island '' `` Gem Drill '' `` Mr. Greg '' `` Bismuth '' Season 4 `` Mindful Education '' Season 5 `` Off Colors '' Video games Steven Universe : Attack the Light ! Steven Universe : Save the Light Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Steven_Universe_episodes&oldid=837243225 '' Categories : Cartoon Network - related lists Lists of American children 's animated television series episodes Steven Universe episodes 2010s - related lists Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from April 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from June 2016 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Deutsch Español Français Magyar Português Română Simple English Türkçe 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 April 2018 , at 16 : 09 . About Wikipedia | when does the next episode of steven universe come out | [
"\n\nNo.\noverall\nNo. in\nseason\nTitle\nDirected by\nWritten and storyboarded by\nOriginal air date\nProd.\ncode \nU.S. viewers\n(millions)\n\n\n129\n1\n\"Stuck Together\"\n\"Wanted: Part 1\"\nKat Morris (supervising),\nLiz Artinian (art)\nLauren Zuke\nMay 29, 2017 (2017-05-29)[nb 13]\n10??-133\n1.53[126]\n\n\nSteven and Lars, stuck inside Topaz, try to look for a way to escape the Homeworld-bound ship. Their heartfelt conversation commiserating over their plight earns them Topaz's sympathy.\n\n\n130\n2\n\"The Trial\"\n\"Wanted: Part 2\"\nJoe Johnston (supervising),\nLiz Artinian (art)\nKatie Mitroff and Paul Villeco\nMay 29, 2017 (2017-05-29)\n10??-134\n1.53[126]\n\n\nSteven is put on trial before Blue and Yellow Diamond for Rose Quartz's assassination of Pink Diamond. During the trial, Steven's attorney (a Zircon) analyses the evidence and argues that the public account of Pink Diamond's death doesn't make sense, and suggests that the true facts of the case have been covered up.\nGuest stars: Amy Sedaris as the Zircons, Lisa Hannigan as Blue Diamond, and Patti LuPone as Yellow Diamond\n\n\n131\n3\n\"Off Colors\"\n\"Wanted: Part 3\"\nJoe Johnston (supervising),\nLiz Artinian (art)\nLamar Abrams and Jeff Liu\nMay 29, 2017 (2017-05-29)\n10??-131\n1.52[126]\n\n\nAfter escaping from the Diamonds, Steven and Lars encounter and befriend the \"off-colors\", a group of \"defective\" Gems who live in hiding from Gem society.\n\n\n132\n4\n\"Lars' Head\"\n\"Wanted: Part 4\"\nKat Morris (supervising),\nLiz Artinian (art)\nJeff Liu and Madeline Queripel\nMay 29, 2017 (2017-05-29)\n10??-132\n1.52[126]\n\n\nAfter Steven brings Lars back to life with his healing powers, he discovers that Lars now shares the same powers as Lion. When Steven realizes that he can use Lars's hair to teleport him back to Earth (via Lion's mane), he and Lars must make a difficult choice.\n\n\n133\n5\n\"Dewey Wins\"\nJoe Johnston (supervising),\nLiz Artinian (art)\nLamar Abrams and Jeff Liu\nDecember 15, 2017 (2017-12-15)[nb 14]\n10??-135\n0.85[127]\n\n\nConnie becomes upset with Steven following his return from Homeworld and refuses to talk to him. Feeling dejected, he decides to help Bill Dewey with his rather hopeless re-election campaign for mayor against Nanefua Pizza.\n\n\n134\n6\n\"Gemcation\"\nKat Morris (supervising),\nLiz Artinian (art)\nMadeline Queripel and Lauren Zuke\nDecember 15, 2017 (2017-12-15)[nb 14]\n10??-137\n0.85[127]\n\n\nAs Steven remains depressed over Connie's silence, Greg and the Gems misinterpret his sadness and take him to a ranch house for a vacation to cheer him up. The vacation just puts Steven more on edge, until he eventually tells Greg what it is he's upset about.\n\n\n135\n7\n\"Raising the Barn\"\nKat Morris (supervising),\nLiz Artinian (art)\nAmber Cragg and Hilary Florido\nDecember 22, 2017 (2017-12-22)[nb 14]\n10??-136\n0.89[128]\n\n\nWhen Lapis and Peridot learn what happened to Steven on Homeworld, Lapis wants to flee Earth to avoid getting caught up in another Gem war. However, Peridot wants to stay on Earth to protect it, and has a hard time telling Lapis.\n\n\n136\n8\n\"Back to the Kindergarten\"\nJoe Johnston (supervising),\nLiz Artinian (art)\nKatie Mitroff and Paul Villeco\nDecember 22, 2017 (2017-12-22)[nb 14]\n10??-138\n0.89[128]\n\n\nWith Peridot upset over Lapis leaving Earth, Steven and Amethyst decide to help her cheer up by planting flowers at the Kindergarten.\n\n\n137\n9\n\"Sadie Killer\"\nJoe Johnston (supervising),\nLiz Artinian (art)\nLamar Abrams and Jeff Liu\nDecember 29, 2017 (2017-12-29)[nb 14]\n10??-139\n0.77[129]\n\n\nSteven and the Cool Kids start a band, but they have trouble finding their sound. They decide to recruit Sadie, who writes a dark song about her frustrating job at the Big Donut; but that same job keeps her from actually participating in the band.\n\n\n138\n10\n\"Kevin Party\"\nKat Morris (supervising),\nLiz Artinian (art)\nAmber Cragg and Hilary Florido\nDecember 29, 2017 (2017-12-29)[nb 14]\n10??-140\n0.77[129]\n\n\nKevin is throwing a party, and invites Steven only so he can show up as Stevonnie. Steven doesn't want to go at first, but changes his mind when Kevin reveals that Connie will be there. When they see each other, Kevin decides to help Steven get his \"ex\" back so they can fuse.\n\n\n139\n11\n\"Lars of the Stars\"\n\"Stranded: Part 1\"\nKat Morris (supervising),\nLiz Artinian (art)\nLamar Abrams and Lauren Zuke\nJanuary 5, 2018 (2018-01-05)\n10??-141\n1.11[130]\n\n\nSteven and Connie travel through Lion's mane to visit Lars. When they reach the other side, they discover that Lars and the Off-Color Gems have stolen a spaceship from Emerald (voiced by Jinkx Monsoon) and are now on the run from their pursuers.\n\n\n140\n12\n\"Jungle Moon\"\n\"Stranded: Part 2\"\nJoe Johnston (supervising),\nLiz Artinian (art)\nMiki Brewster and Jeff Liu\nJanuary 5, 2018 (2018-01-05)\n10??-143\n1.11[130]\n\n\nStevonnie crash-lands in a jungle on an alien moon and, unable to contact Lars, must fend for themself. They discover that the moon houses an abandoned Gem base and orbits a former Gem colony, and have a strange dream involving the Diamonds.\n\n\n141\n13\n\"Your Mother and Mine\"\nJoe Johnston (supervising),\nLiz Artinian (art)\nKatie Mitroff and Paul Villeco\nApril 9, 2018 (2018-04-09)[nb 15]\n10??-142\n0.77[131]\n\n\nSteven brings Garnet to meet Lars and his off-color crew. The Off-Colors' beliefs about Rose Quartz have been skewed by Homeworld propaganda, so Garnet tells them the history of Rose's rebellion from the Crystal Gems' perspective.\n\n\n142\n14\n\"The Big Show\"\nKat Morris (supervising),\nLiz Artinian (art)\nHilary Florido and Amber Cragg\nApril 16, 2018 (2018-04-16)[nb 15]\n10??-144\n0.56[132]\n\n\nIn this documentary-style episode, Steven records the rise of Sadie's new band, Sadie Killer and the Suspects. The band hires Greg as their manager, who hooks them up with producer Sunshine Justice (voiced by Joan Jett). Complications arise, however, when Sadie worries about her mother getting in the way.\n\n\n143\n15\n\"Pool Hopping\"[133]\nJoe Johnston (supervising),\nLiz Artinian (art)\nKatie Mitroff, Paul Villeco, and Joe Johnston\nApril 23, 2018 (2018-04-23)[134][nb 15]\nTBA\nTBD\n\n\nGarnet spends a day trying to behave unpredictably, attempting to train her future vision to account for the unexpected. When she and Steven eventually discover some homeless kittens, Garnet admits how lost and stressed she feels when she doesn't know what the future holds.\n\n\n144\n16\n\"Letters to Lars\"[135]\nKat Morris (supervising),\nLiz Artinian (art)\nLamar Abrams and Colin Howard\nApril 30, 2018 (2018-04-30)[136][nb 15]\nTBA\nTBD\n\n\nLars receives a letter from Steven updating him about the current goings-on in Beach City. While the town and its population are changing, the now-former mayor Bill Dewey is having trouble trying to find his place in the new status quo.\n\n\n145\n\n146\n17\n\n18\n\"TBA\"[nb 7]\nTBA\nTBA\nMay 7, 2018 (2018-05-07)[137]\nTBA\nTBD\n\n"
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-7329133977738346857 | Xbox 360 technical specifications | Xbox 360 technical specifications - wikipedia Xbox 360 technical specifications Jump to : navigation , search The Xbox 360 technical specifications describe the various components of the Xbox 360 video game console . The console features a port on the top when vertical ( left side when horizontal ) to which a custom - housed hard disk drive unit can be attached in sizes of either 20 , 60 , 120 , 250 , 320 , 500 GB ; and as of April 2015 all 2.5 '' SATA Hard Drives up to 2TB , the user can use the format option from system settings to utilize the new HDD . Inside , the Xbox 360 uses the triple - core IBM designed Xenon as its CPU , with each core capable of simultaneously processing two threads , and can therefore operate on up to six threads at once . Graphics processing is handled by the ATI Xenos , which has 10 MB of eDRAM . Its main memory pool is 512 MB in size . Contents ( hide ) 1 Central processing unit 2 CPU data streaming 3 Graphics processing unit 4 Memory and system bandwidth 5 Audio and video 6 DVD storage 6.1 List of DVD drives 7 Hard drive storage 8 Networking 9 Motherboards 9.1 List of revisions 10 Connectivity to accessories 11 Physical appearance 11.1 Power supply 12 See also 13 References 14 External links Central processing unit ( edit ) Main article : Xenon ( processor ) The Xbox 360 took a different approach to hardware compared to its predecessor . The XCPU , named Xenon at Microsoft and `` Waternoose '' at IBM , is a custom triple - core 64 - bit PowerPC - based design by IBM . The CPU emphasized high floating point performance through multiple FPU and SIMD vector processors in each core . The SIMD vector processor ( VMX128 ) was modified for the Xbox to include a dot - product instruction . The dot - product instruction took far less latency than discrete instructions . The VMX128 was also modified by the addition of direct 3D ( D3D ) compressed data format . This led to an approximate 50 percent savings in required band - width and memory footprint making the CPU having a theoretical peak performance of 115.2 GFLOPS , being capable of 9.6 billion dot products per second . Each core of the CPU was capable of simultaneous multithreading and was clocked at 3.2 GHz . However , to reduce CPU die size , complexity , cost , and power demands , the processor used in - order execution in contrast to the Intel Coppermine 128 - based Pentium III used in the original Xbox , which used more complex out of order execution . The original chip used a 90 nm process , although a newer 65 nm process SOI revision was implemented on later models , which was in - turn superseded by a 45 nm combined CPU and GPU chip . A 21.6 GB / s front side bus , aggregated 10.8 GB / s upstream and downstream , connected Xenon with the graphics processor / northbridge . Xenon was equipped with an 8th way set associative 1 MB Level 2 cache on - die running at half CPU clock speed . This cache was shared amongst the three CPU cores . Each core had separate L1 caches , each containing a two - way set associative 32 - Kbyte L1 instruction cache and a four - way set associative 32 - Kbyte L1 data cache . The write - through data cache did not allocate cache lines on writes . The CPU also contained ROM storing Microsoft private encrypted keys , used to decrypt game data . The heat sink implemented to cool the Xenon CPU was composed of aluminum fins with a copper base , and a heat pipe . Newer revisions , which had a smaller core , do not feature the heat pipe or copper base . The heat sink was cooled by two 70 mm fans at the rear of the console on original - style consoles , while a single fan mounted on the side of the consoles was used in Xbox 360 S consoles . There were several types of fan used in Xbox 360s , which were produced by Nidec , Sunon and Delta Electronics . CPU data streaming ( edit ) During read streaming into the CPU , a custom prefetch instruction , extended data cache block touch ( xDCBT ) prefetches data directly to the L1 data cache of the intended core , which skips putting the data in the L2 cache to avoid thrashing the L2 cache . Writes streaming from each core skip the L1 cache , due to its no - write allocation ( avoids thrashing of high - bandwidth , transient , write - only data streams on the L1 cache ) , and goes directly to the L2 cache . The system allows for the GPU to directly read data produced by the CPU without going to main memory . In this specific case of data streaming , called Xbox procedural synthesis ( XPS ) , the CPU is effectively a data decompressor , generating geometry on - the - fly for consumption by the GPU 3D core . Graphics processing unit ( edit ) Main article : Xenos ( graphics chip ) While the first Xbox 's graphics processing unit was produced by Nvidia , the Xbox 360 had a chip designed by ATI called Xenos . The chip was developed under the name `` C1 '' and `` R500 '' was often used to refer to it . The GPU package contains two separate silicon dies , each built on a 90 nm process with a clock speed of 500 MHz ; the GPU proper , manufactured by TSMC and a 10 MB eDRAM daughter - die , manufactured by NEC . Thanks to the daughter die , the Xenos can do 4 × MSAA , z - buffering , and alpha blending with no appreciable performance penalty on the GPU . The GPU also houses additional capabilities typically separated into a motherboard chipset in PC systems , effectively replacing the northbridge chip . It has a theoretical peak of 240 GFLOPS . Due to the GPU frequently overheating in early motherboard models , Microsoft revised the GPU heat sink in order to eliminate thermal throttling . Memory and system bandwidth ( edit ) Xbox 360 bandwidth and hardware scheme . The console features 512 MB of GDDR3 RAM clocked at 700 MHz with an effective transmission rate of 1.4 GHz on a 128 - bit bus . The memory is shared by the CPU and the GPU via the unified memory architecture . This memory is produced by either Samsung or Qimonda . The Xbox 360 has an extensive amount of bandwidth in comparison to its competition ; however , this statistic includes the eDRAM logic to memory bandwidth , and not internal CPU bandwidths . The eDRAM internal logic to its internal memory bandwidth is 256 GB / s . The high bandwidth is used primarily for z - buffering , alpha blending , and antialiasing ; it saves time and space on the GPU die . Between the eDRAM die and the GPU , data is transferred at 32 GB / s . The memory interface bus has a bandwidth of 22.40 GB / s and the Southbridge a bandwidth of 500 MB / s . Audio and video ( edit ) All games made for the Xbox 360 are required to support at least Dolby Digital 5.1 surround sound . The console works with over 256 audio channels and 320 independent decompression channels using 32 - bit processing for audio , with support for 48 kHz 16 - bit sound . Sound files for games are encoded using Microsoft 's XMA audio format . An MPEG - 2 decoder is included for DVD video playback . VC - 1 or WMV is used for streaming video and other video is compressed using VC - 1 at non-HD NTSC and PAL resolutions or WMV HD . The Xbox 360 also supports H. 263 and H. 264 MPEG - 4 videos . Unlike the original Xbox , voice communication is handled by the console , not by the game code , allowing for cross-game communication . There is no voice echo to game players on the same console ; voice only goes to remote consoles . Initially there were no digital video outputs such as DVI or HDMI on the Xbox 360 ; instead , HD - quality output could only be produced over YP P component video ( used by both the 3 RCA component cable and the Japanese D - terminal cable ) and later VGA ( via a software update ) . An HDMI port was introduced to the Xbox 360 by July 2007 with the introduction of the Elite model . All Xbox 360 SKUs currently manufactured feature an HDMI port . A wide array of SDTV and HDTV resolutions are supported by the console hardware ; up to 1080p after the October 2006 software upgrade . While most games are rendered natively at 720p , the video from all games can be scaled by the hardware to whatever resolution the user has set in the console 's settings ; from 480i NTSC and 576i PAL all the way to 1080p HDTV . DVD storage ( edit ) Early production runs of the Xbox 360 are equipped with a 12x DVD drive , capable of a maximum read rate of 15.85 MB / s . The original production DVD drives were manufactured by both LG and Toshiba . Beginning in November 2006 , a new model the BenQ VAD6038 was introduced , which is said to run faster than the previous models and , in addition , is much quieter . There is a new drive by LiteOn . Games are stored on standard dual - layer DVD - ROMs with 6.8 GB on the older XGD2 ( Xbox Game Disc 2 ) , but the newer XGD3 discs contain 7.8 GB of usable space available for game content . The option to apply a regional lockout to games is available to publishers , although DVD region codes are always enforced for movies . Microsoft has implemented methods to prevent hacking through the drive . Later drive models have the external debug triggering removed and black hard glue added to cover all the chip and controller pins . The drive is able to read both DVD ± R and DVD ± RW in addition to being able to play DVD - Video out of the box , unlike its predecessor , which required the purchase of an add - on remote . The system is also capable of playing standard CDs along with CD - R / RW , CD - DA , CD - ROM XA , CD - Extra , WMA - CD , MP3 - CD , and JPEG Photo CD . Some users reported problems with the disc drive , as when a user changes the console 's orientation , the inserted disc may brush against the drive 's pickup assembly and incur scratches to it . The users manual advises against changing the console 's position while there is a disc in the drive . Other users report experiencing disc scratching during normal horizontal usage . Announced at CES 2006 and first publicly shown at E3 2006 , an external HD DVD drive was released in North America on November 7 , 2006 ( for US $199.99 ) and in Japan on November 17 , 2006 ( for ¥ 19,800 ) . In the UK , France and Germany , the HD DVD drive was released for € 199.99 / £ 129.99 . The HD DVD drive was bundled for a limited time with an Xbox 360 Universal Media Remote , as well as an HD DVD copy of Peter Jackson 's King Kong . The drive plays HD DVD movies , although all Xbox 360 games will remain on the DVD format . Microsoft had no plans to include an internal HD DVD player in future Xbox 360 designs . The drive connects to the Xbox 360 via USB and contains two integrated USB ports on the rear . Games can not be played on the HD DVD drive . Microsoft has since discontinued the HD DVD add - on since the format was officially dropped by Toshiba . List of DVD drives ( edit ) Manufacturer ( s ) Model Firmware version ( s ) Notes Toshiba - Samsung TS - H943 MS25 MS28 Hitachi - LG GDR - 3120L 0032 0036 0040 0046 0047 0058 0059 0078 0079FL / FK DL10N ( Xbox 360 S ) 0500AA Philips & BenQ Digital Solutions ( AKA BenQ / Philips ) VAD6038 62430C 64930C 04421C New FW after System Update 2.0. 13146.0 version . ( 04421C ) Lite - On DG - 16D2S 74850C 83850C v1 83850C v2 93450C 02510C New FW after System Update 2.0. 13146.0 version . ( 02510C ) DG - 16D4S ( Xbox 360 S ) 9504 0225 0401 0272 1071 1214 New FW after System Update 2.0. 13146.0 version . ( 9504 → 0272 ) DG - 16D5S ( Xbox 360 S ) A445 1175 1532 Hard drive storage ( edit ) Original style Xbox 360 hard drives See also : Xbox 360 accessories → Detachable hard drives The Xbox 360 uses standard 2.5 '' SATA hard disk drives ( HDDs ) held within custom enclosures . These units have a custom connector to facilitate connection to the Xbox 360 and the drives themselves feature custom firmware ( making stand - alone drives incompatible ) . The drives are detachable , making it possible to move data from one console to another , and to upgrade the size of drive on a console . The hard drives themselves are manufactured by various companies , including Fujitsu , Seagate , Samsung , Hitachi and Western Digital . Certain Western Digital hard disk drives can be modified with a program called HDDHackr to be used with the Xbox 360 . The original Pro configuration of the system came with a 20 GB hard drive , which was also available to purchase separately ( for the Core model , and later the Arcade model , which did not include a HDD ) . This was upgraded to 60 GB in September 2008 , and the 60 GB HDD was also made available at retail . In April 2007 , Microsoft released the Elite console , which included a black 120 GB HDD ; a grey 120 GB drive was also later made available at retail . In November 2009 , Microsoft released the `` Super Elite '' console , as a bundle with the highly anticipated game Call of Duty : Modern Warfare 2 . This console was like the typical black Elite , but with Call of Duty graphics added and for the first time included a 250 GB hard drive ( which holds up to 228 GB of data after system information is stored ) . This was followed by various other 250 GB special / limited edition bundles . No standard ( non-special edition ) configuration of the original console ever included a 250 GB drive , but they were later made available at retail . In June 2010 , Microsoft announced a new version of the console , the Xbox 360 S , which used a new form factor for its 250 GB hard drives . As such , original style hard drives can not be used in Xbox 360 S consoles , and vice versa , without modification . In June 2011 , Microsoft announced a specially branded `` Gears of War 3 Limited Collector 's Edition '' Xbox 360 S console to coincide with the launch of Gears of War 3 . At 320 GB , the included hard drive is the largest available for / with the original Xbox 360 model . In August 2014 , Microsoft announced and released a new 500 GB hard drive for the Xbox 360 S console model currently the largest hard drive available for or with any Xbox 360 model . Approximately 7 GB of a 60 GB drive is reserved for system use ( 4 GB of that portion is reserved for game title caching and other hard drive specific elements in games that support the hard drive , and an additional 2 GB is reserved for use by the Xbox 360 backwards - compatibility software ) . This leaves just under 54 GB of free space , rounded down to 53 GB in the dashboard , for saving game files , Xbox Live Arcade downloadable content , and media files ( such as music and video ) . Similar figures apply to other hard disk drive sizes . Other independent companies have manufactured 250 GB hard drives using hacked firmware since 2008 . Many of these allegedly infringe trademarks of Microsoft , including the Microsoft logo , Xbox 360 logo , and the likeness of the removable hard disk drive design . Networking ( edit ) All versions of the Xbox 360 come with a built - in 10 / 100 Ethernet network adapter . Proprietary USB Wi - Fi 802.11 n and 802.11 g adapters can be purchased separately . The Xbox 360 S , or slim , has built in wireless N 2.4 GHz networking . Motherboards ( edit ) Microsoft avoids outright announcements of new motherboard production runs and their subsequent appearance in the market in part due to uneven distribution causing buyer 's remorse and to prevent purchaser delay . However , several major ( and many minor ) motherboard revisions are introduced in an attempt to build systems more cheaply ( and thus increase profits ) , and as a happy side effect , to allow them to run cooler while consuming less power . Note that there is no clear divide between the appearance of motherboard revisions in retail . Due to individual stock production , distribution and rotation , it may become difficult to find specific versions . The power connectors on the back of these systems incorporate a `` keying '' system that will prevent plugging a ( newer ) lower - rated power supply into an older system ( which needs more power ) . The keying system does , however , allow older power supplies to be connected to newer systems , as this poses no problem . The initial motherboard version was known as `` Xenon '' and used a 203 watt power supply , and lacked an HDMI video port . The `` Zephyr '' revision was largely the same aside from the addition of the HDMI port , and an improved GPU heatsink . The `` Falcon '' incorporated a newer 65 nm CPU , 80 nm GPU and eDRAM , and it required less power so it came packaged with a 175 watt power supply . `` Jasper '' ( released late August or early September 2008 ) used both a 65 nm CPU and GPU , as well as 16 , 256 or 512 MB of on - board flash memory . ( This was to help run a then - recent Dashboard update . Without the addition of this internal memory , a hard disk drive or memory card is required . ) The `` Jasper '' revision required even less power , and so the power supply was also reduced to 150 watts . Xbox 360 S introduced a new motherboard version called `` Trinity '' with a 45 nm integrated CPU , GPU , and eDRAM ( i.e. all in the same chip package ) . In 2011 a second model of the Xbox 360 S motherboard has been released known as `` Corona '' which integrates the HANA chip into the southbridge chip . List of revisions ( edit ) Codename CPU GPU eDRAM HDMI Power Supply In Production Date Released Notes Xenon 90 nm 90 nm 90 nm No 203 W No November 2005 Original release . Console power consumption 198 W . Zephyr 90 nm 90 nm 90 nm Yes 203 W No April 2007 Introduced HDMI port . Improved GPU heatsink . Falcon 65 nm 80 nm 80 nm Yes 175 W No September 2007 Introduced 65 nm CPU , 80 nm GPU and 80 nm eDRAM. Power consumption lowered . Console power consumption 12V 14.2 A or 170.4 W . Opus 65 nm 90 nm 80 nm No 175 W No July 2008 Available as a replacement for Xenon motherboards which have been sent in to Microsoft tech repair centers . Console power consumption 170.4 W . Jasper 65 nm 65 nm 80 nm Yes 150 W No September 2008 Introduced 65 nm GPU . Introduced on - board flash - based memory . Further reduced power consumption . Console power consumption 145.2 W . Kronos ( Jasper v2 ) 65 nm 65 nm 65 nm Yes 150 W No September 2009 Introduced 65 nm eDRAM . Introduced new RF - module , new style GPU Kronos revision . Eliminated the E74 problem from earlier jasper models . Trinity 45 nm ( combined chip ) Yes 135 W No June 2010 Motherboard redesign used in the Xbox 360 Slim . Two versions : one with 4 GB on - board storage , one without . Console power consumption 130W . Corona 45 nm ( combined chip ) Yes 115 W No August 2011 No more HANA chip . Includes both Xbox 360 Slim and E versions . Winchester 45 nm ( combined chip ) Yes 115 W No August 2014 Corona motherboard revision named Winchester motherboard , patches Reset Glitch Hack . Released with 500GB console bundles Connectivity to accessories ( edit ) An Xbox 360 Wireless Controller See also : Xbox 360 accessories The Xbox 360 features three USB 2.0 ports ( two on the front , one on the back ) . The new Xbox 360 S , however , has five USB 2.0 ports ( two on the front , three in the back ) along with a dedicated Kinect port . These are used for connection of accessories such as wired controllers , the wireless networking adapter , the Xbox Live Vision camera and USB storage devices . Although the number of wired controllers is limited by the number of ports , up to four may be used through the use of a USB hub . The Xbox 360 also features wireless connectivity of accessories via a proprietary 2.4 GHz radio system . This is mainly used to connect the official wireless controllers , but is also used for other devices such as the wireless racing wheel and wireless headsets . With the exception of some rhythm game controllers , and the Fanatec CSR wheel , this wireless connectivity is limited to first - party Microsoft accessories . The Xbox 360 can connect to Xbox Live over the Internet through the built - in 100 megabit Ethernet connector or an optional wireless network adapter . These can also be used to connect two consoles together directly for LAN play on supported games . Original style consoles also have two front - mounted memory card slots for the system 's proprietary Memory Unit . These can be used to transfer profile and game data from one Xbox 360 to another . Memory Units up to 512 MB are available from Microsoft . The `` Arcade '' model formerly came with a 256 MB Memory Unit , but with the Jasper motherboard revision of September 2008 , the `` Arcade '' model began to include 256 MB of built - in flash memory . This was later increased to 512 MB . The memory card slots were replaced with USB ports on the newer Xbox 360 S models . The Universal Media Remote can be used to control several functions of the console , including the Windows Media Center functions if connected to the network . It communicates with the console via infrared through a receiver port on the front of the console . All standard controllers for the system feature a 2.5 mm headset jack to allow the use of wired headsets for voice chatting . They also feature a custom USB connector , which is currently only used for connection of the chatpad keyboard accessory . Various other accessories for the console exist , such as decorative faceplates to change the physical appearance of the console . Physical appearance ( edit ) Left : Xbox 360 Elite , Right : Xbox 360 S with new - style controller The physical outline of the original style Xbox 360 is 310 mm × 80 mm × 268 mm ( 12 in × 3 in × 10 in ; width × height × depth ) when placed horizontally and is similar in form factor to its predecessor . It is slightly slimmer in every dimension and is slightly concave , while the original Xbox was noticeably convex . It comes as standard in either black or white , with other colors available as special editions . It was designed by Astro Studios in cooperation with Hers Experimental Design Laboratory . In June 2010 a redesign of the console , known as the Xbox 360 S , was announced . This version of the console retains the same basic shape but is noticeably smaller and more angular than the original version . It comes as standard in either matte or glossy black ; like its predecessor , other colors are available as special editions . The front of the console features a `` ring of light '' that displays four illuminated quadrants in either red or green ( except the redesigned console which only has green lights ) . When the lights turn red , the console has encountered an error , with the number of sectors illuminated informing the user what category the error falls into . Since the redesign of the console removed the red LEDs , this error reporting system is no longer used . The original Xbox 360 weighs approximately 3.5 kg ( 7.7 lb ) , about 350 grams heavier than the new Xbox . The new version weighs in at 2.9 kg ( 6.6 lbs ) . Power supply ( edit ) The console uses an external power supply with a 10 A / 100 -- 120 V or 5 A / 220 - 230 V ( AC ) input and DC output rated at 203 / 175 / 150 / 130 / 115 W ( depending on revision ) . An estimated 2 W of power are used while the older versions of console are in standby mode giving a yearly usage of approximately 17.5 kWh . The new version uses around 0.5 W while in standby . Saving the console size and weight , the power supply displaces 1300 cm3 . Xbox 360 power supplies are designed with keys in the plug to be forwards , but not backwards compatable . For example , a 203 watt supply would fit and work on a 175 watt console , but not the other way around . See also ( edit ) Microsoft portal Xbox portal Xbox 360 technical problems References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Xbox 360 Technical Specifications '' . Xbox.com . Archived from the original on 2008 - 08 - 22 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ Brown , Jeffry ( 2005 - 12 - 06 ) . `` Application - customized CPU design '' . IBM . Retrieved 2006 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Xbox 360 System Architecture '' . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ Baumann , Dave ( 2006 - 06 - 13 ) . `` ATI Xenos : XBOX 360 Graphics Demystified '' . Beyond3D . Archived from the original on 2006 - 11 - 18 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ Wasson , Scott ( 2005 - 05 - 19 ) . `` Embedded DRAM for `` free '' antialiasing `` . The Tech Report , LLC . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ Douglass , Perry ( 2005 - 05 - 20 ) . `` Microsoft 's Xbox 360 vs. Sony 's PlayStation 3 '' . IGN . Retrieved 2006 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ Cross , Jason ( 2005 - 05 - 20 ) . `` Xbox 360 GPU Details '' . ExtremeTech . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2007 . Retrieved 2006 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ McLain , Alex ( 2005 - 10 - 31 ) . `` Xbox 360 High Def Details '' . Microsoft Corporation . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2007 . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ Reimer , Jeremy ( 2006 - 10 - 30 ) . `` Microsoft prepares major update to Xbox Live '' . Ars Technica , LLC . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : Bennett , Hugh . `` Understanding Recordable & Rewritable DVD '' . OSTA . Archived from the original on 2004 - 06 - 11 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ Hill , Brandon ( 2007 - 02 - 06 ) . `` Microsoft 's Xbox 360 Gets New Internal Optical Drive '' . DailyTECH . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` New Benq ( LiteOn ) drive in Xbox 360 '' . Jump up ^ Padilla , Raymond ( 2005 - 03 - 08 ) . `` We Got Next -- Part One ( Xbox ) '' . GameSpy . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ Farivar , Cyrus ( 2006 - 10 - 05 ) . `` Microsoft fires back at DVD firmware hack '' . Weblogs , Inc . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : `` Xbox 360 technical specifications '' . Microsoft . Archived from the original on 2006 - 11 - 29 . Retrieved 2006 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ Miller , Jonathan ( 2005 - 12 - 05 ) . `` Xbox 360 : Glitch In The System ? '' . IGN Xbox 360 . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : Sinclair , Brendan ( 2006 - 09 - 27 ) . `` $199 360 HD - DVD drive coming in mid-November '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2007 . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ Berardini , César ( 2006 - 08 - 17 ) . `` HD DVD Xbox 360 Games Another Rumor Debunked '' . TeamXbox . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ Menendez , Cesar ( 2006 - 06 - 30 ) . `` No Internal HD DVD Plans '' . Gamerscore . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ Magrino , Tom . `` Microsoft drops 360 's HD DVD player '' . Gamespot . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 25 . Jump up ^ Burg , Dustin ( 2007 - 04 - 23 ) . `` Save some cash , use your own 120GB HDD '' . Joystiq . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Gears 3 LCE Console and Controller Announced '' . Microsoft . June 7 , 2011 . Retrieved June 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Xbox 360 Gets a 500GB Media Hard Drive '' . IGN . Jump up ^ Microsoft Xbox 360 Internal Memorandum 11952006 ; Announcement of new motherboards may cause consumers to delay purchases of existing units and some regions with slower inventory turnover may not see the newer units for some time Jump up ^ Heckendorn , Ben . `` New 65nm CPU * not found * in very new Xbox 360 '' . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Ben Heck : Inside an Xbox 360 Jasper '' . Jump up ^ `` New Jasper Xbox 360 Probably Shipping First Week of September '' . Jump up ^ `` Rumor : XBox 360 `` Jasper '' Motherboard Set For 8 / 08 Release `` . Jump up ^ `` Leaked Xbox 360 ' Valhalla ' motherboard analyzed by Ben Heck '' . Engadget . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ http://www.anandtech.com/show/2682 ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) Archived July 1 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Kemp , David ( 2006 - 04 - 01 ) . `` Collaboration and the creation of the Xbox 360 '' . Core77 . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` New Xbox 360 is Actually Called the Xbox 360 ' S ' '' . Tomsguide.com. 2010 - 06 - 22 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Hollister , Sean ( 2010 - 07 - 02 ) . `` New Xbox 360 250GB review '' . Engadget . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ Berardini , César ( 2006 - 06 - 19 ) . `` Game Console Energy Consumption '' . TeamXbox . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ Cole , Vladimir ( 2005 - 12 - 06 ) . `` Xbox 360 power supply dunked in water to prove it 's damned big '' . Joystiq . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Jasper is here : A look at the new Xbox 360 '' . 2008 - 12 - 10 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 15 . External links ( edit ) Official website Xbox Development Team Blog Video gaming products by Microsoft Microsoft Studios Xbox series Xbox Controller Games With HD support Special limited edition consoles Xbox 360 Launch Technical problems System software Applications Controller Accessories HD DVD Player Wireless Headset Wireless Racing Wheel Xbox Live Vision Games With 3D support Kinect Backward - compatible Downloadable Arcade Arcade Kinect Xbox Originals Kinect Fun Labs Xbox One System software Applications Controller Games Best - selling Kinect Xbox One X enhanced Backward - compatible Others Kinect Xbox app Platinum Hits Windows DirectX Games for Windows games GFWL games Games on Demand games Xbox on Windows games Microsoft SideWinder Other platforms Xbox on Windows Phone Zune games Online services Xbox Live Avatars Games Store Arcade Indie Games Xbox Game Pass Live Anywhere Mixer MSN Games Game Room Games Xbox Play Anywhere games Games with Gold Developer tools Xbox Development Kit XNA XNA Game Studio PartnerNet ID@Xbox Promotions OurColony Official Xbox Magazine Xbox Exhibition `` X '' Show Xbox Rewards Summer of Arcade Microsoft History Outline People Founders Bill Gates Paul Allen Board of directors John W. 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-4785532971371258829 | United Nations Security Council veto power | United Nations Security Council veto power - Wikipedia United Nations Security Council veto power hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) The factual accuracy of parts of this article ( those related to article ) may be compromised due to out - of - date information . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( March 2013 ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Room of the United Nations Security Council The United Nations Security Council `` veto power '' refers to the power of the permanent members of the UN Security Council ( China , France , Russia , United Kingdom , and United States ) to veto any `` substantive '' resolution . A permanent member 's abstention or absence does not prevent a draft resolution from being adopted . This veto power does not apply to `` procedural '' votes , as determined by the permanent members themselves . A permanent member can also block the selection of a Secretary - General , although a formal veto is unnecessary since the vote is taken behind closed doors . The unconditional veto possessed by the five governments has been seen by critics as the most undemocratic character of the UN . Critics also claim that veto power is the main cause for international inaction on war crimes and crimes against humanity . However , the United States refused to join the United Nations in 1945 unless it was given a veto . The absence of the United States from the League of Nations contributed to its ineffectiveness . Supporters of the veto power regard it as a promoter of international stability , a check against military interventions , and a critical safeguard against U.S. domination . Contents 1 Article 27 2 Origins of the veto provision 3 Use of the veto power 3.1 Selection of a Secretary - General 4 Most common users 5 Most recent veto per country 6 Analysis by country 6.1 China ( ROC / PRC ) 6.2 Soviet Union / Russia 6.3 France 6.4 United Kingdom 6.5 United States 7 Criticism 8 Veto power reform 9 Notes 10 Further reading 11 External links 12 See also Article 27 ( edit ) Article 27 of the United Nations Charter states : Each member of the Security Council shall have a vote . Decisions of the Security Council on procedural matters shall be made by an affirmative vote of nine members . Decisions of the Security Council on all other matters shall be made by an affirmative vote of nine members including the concurring votes of the permanent members ; provided that , in decisions under Chapter VI , and under paragraph 3 of Article 52 , a party to a dispute shall abstain from voting . Although the `` power of veto '' is not explicitly mentioned in the UN Charter , the fact that `` substantive '' decisions by the UNSC require `` the concurring votes of the permanent members '' , means that any of those permanent members can prevent the adoption , by the Council , of any draft resolutions on `` substantive '' matters . For this reason , the `` power of veto '' is also referred to as the principle of `` great power unanimity '' and the veto itself is sometimes referred to as the `` great power veto '' . Origins of the veto provision ( edit ) The idea of states having a veto over the actions of international organizations was not new in 1945 . From the foundation of the League of Nations in 1920 , each member of the League Council , whether permanent or non-permanent , had a veto on any non-procedural issue . From 1920 there were 4 permanent and 4 non-permanent members , but by 1936 the number of non-permanent members had increased to 11 . Thus there were in effect 15 vetoes . This was one of several defects of the League that made action on many issues impossible . The UN Charter provides for unanimity among the Permanent Members of the Security Council ( the veto ) was the result of extensive discussion , including at Dumbarton Oaks ( August -- October 1944 ) and Yalta ( February 1945 ) . The evidence is that the UK , US , USSR , and France all favoured the principle of unanimity and that they were motivated in this not only by a belief in the desirability of the major powers acting together but also by a concern to protect their own sovereign rights and national interest . Truman , who became President of the US in April 1945 , went so far as to write in his memoirs : `` All our experts , civil and military , favored it , and without such a veto no arrangement would have passed the Senate . '' The veto was forced on all other governments by the ( soon to be ) five veto holders . In the negotiations building up to the creation of the UN , the veto power was resented by many small countries , and in fact was forced on them by the veto nations - US , UK , China , France and the Soviet Union - through a threat that without the veto there would be no UN . Francis O. Wilcox , an adviser to US delegation to the 1945 conference described it : `` At San Francisco , the issue was made crystal clear by the leaders of the Big Five : it was either the Charter with the veto or no Charter at all . Senator Connally ( from the US delegation ) dramatically tore up a copy of the Charter during one of his speeches and reminded the small states that they would be guilty of that same if they opposed the unanimity principle . `` You may , if you wish , '' he said , `` go home from this Conference and say that you have defeated the veto . But what will be your answer when you are asked : ' Where is the Charter ' ? '' The United Nations Security Council veto system was established in order to prohibit the UN from taking any future action directly against its principal founding members . One of the lessons of the League of Nations ( 1919 -- 46 ) had been that an international organization can not work if all the major powers are not members . The expulsion of the Soviet Union from the League of Nations in December 1939 , following its November 1939 attack on Finland soon after the outbreak of World War II , was just one of many events in the League 's long history of incomplete membership . It had already been decided at the UN 's founding conference in 1944 , that United Kingdom , China , the Soviet Union , the United States and , `` in due course '' France , should be the permanent members of any newly formed Council . France had been defeated and occupied by Germany ( 1940 -- 44 ) , but its role as a permanent member of the League of Nations , its status as a colonial power and the activities of the Free French forces on the allied side allowed it a place at the table with the other four . Use of the veto power ( edit ) The actual use of the veto , and the constant possibility of its use , have been central features of the functioning of the Security Council throughout the UN 's history . In the period from 1945 to the end of 2009 , 215 resolutions on substantive issues were vetoed , sometimes by more than one of the P5 . The average number of vetoes cast each year to 1989 was over five : since then the average annual number has been just above one . The figures reflect the fact that a Permanent Member of the Security Council can avoid casting a veto if the proposal in question does not in any event obtain the requisite majority . In the first two decades of the UN , the Western states were frequently able to defeat resolutions without actually using the veto ; and the Soviet Union was in this position in the 1970s and 1980s . Use of the veto has reflected a degree of diplomatic isolation of the vetoing state ( s ) on the particular issue . Because of the use or threat of the veto , the Security Council could at best have a limited role in certain wars and interventions in which its Permanent Members were involved -- for example in Algeria ( 1954 -- 62 ) ; Suez ( 1956 ) , Hungary ( 1956 ) , Vietnam ( 1946 -- 75 ) , the Sino - Vietnamese war ( 1979 ) , Afghanistan ( 1979 -- 88 ) , Panama ( 1989 ) , Iraq ( 2003 ) , and Georgia ( 2008 ) . Not all cases of UN inaction in crises have been due to the actual use of the veto . For example , re the Iran -- Iraq war of 1980 -- 88 there was no use of the veto , but the UN role was minimal except in its concluding phase . Likewise , the limited involvement of the UN in the crisis in the Darfur region of Sudan from 2003 onwards was not due to any actual use of the veto . Since 1990 the veto has been used sparingly . The period from 31 May 1990 to 11 May 1993 was the longest without the use of the veto in the history of the UN . Up until the end of 1989 , the number of resolutions passed by the Security Council had been 646 -- an average of about 15 per annum . The figures for the years since then show a peak of Security Council activism in 1993 , followed by a modest degree of retrenchment . In 1950 the Soviet Union missed one important opportunity to exercise its veto power . The Soviet government had adopted an `` empty chair '' policy at the Security Council from January 1950 , owing to its discontent over the UN 's refusal to recognize the People 's Republic of China 's representatives as the legitimate representatives of China , and with the hope of preventing any future decisions by the Council on substantive matters . Despite the wording of the Charter ( which makes no provisions for passing resolutions with the abstention or absence of a veto - bearing member ) , this was treated as a non-blocking abstention . This had in fact already become Council practice by that time , the Council has already adopted numerous draft resolutions despite the lack of an affirmative vote by each of its permanent members . The result of the Soviet Union 's absence from the Security Council was that it was not in a position to veto the UN Security Council resolutions 83 ( 27 June 1950 ) and 84 ( 7 July 1950 ) authorising the US - led military coalition in Korea that assisted South Korea in repelling the North Korean attack . Selection of a Secretary - General ( edit ) Main article : United Nations Secretary - General selection The veto power can also be used to block the selection of a Secretary - General . However , this is not counted as a veto of a Security Council Resolution , because the Security Council is only issuing a `` recommendation '' to the General Assembly . Since 1981 , no Secretary - General has been formally vetoed , because the Security Council does not vote until they have already agreed on a Secretary - General in a series of straw polls . A vote by a permanent member to `` discourage '' a candidate is considered equivalent to a veto , and the candidate will withdraw from the race without forcing a formal veto . The formal recommendation of a Secretary - General is approved unanimously by acclamation . Every permanent member has vetoed at least one candidate for Secretary - General . The United States circumvented the Soviet veto in 1950 by asking the General Assembly to vote on Trygve Lie 's reappointment without a recommendation from the Security Council . However , every Secretary - General since 1953 has been recommended by a unanimous vote of the permanent members of the Security Council . Vetoes have not been recorded publicly since 1981 , because the straw poll is taken by secret ballot . However , countries may announce their votes to encourage the rotating members to vote for another candidate . Most common users ( edit ) Number of resolutions vetoed by each of the five permanent members of the Security Council between 1946 and 2016 . In the history of the Security Council , almost half the vetoes were cast by the Soviet Union , with the vast majority of those being before 1965 . Since 1966 , out of the total 153 vetoes cast , 119 were issued by one of the council 's three NATO members : the US , the UK and France . From 1946 to 2016 , vetoes were issued on 258 occasions . For that period , usage breaks down as follows : Russia and the Soviet Union have used the veto on 122 occasions , more than any other of the five permanent members of the Security Council . The United States has used the veto on 79 occasions between 1946 and 2016 ; and since 1972 , it has used its veto power more than any other permanent member . Most recent veto per country ( edit ) See also : List of Vetoed United Nation Security Council Resolutions The following list describes the most recent veto from each of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council . France and the United Kingdom have not vetoed any resolutions since 1989 . However , China , Russia , and the United States have all exercised their veto power in 2017 . December 17 , 2017 : The United States vetoed a draft resolution calling on countries to avoid establishing embassies in Jerusalem . ( 14 - 1 - 0 ) November 17 , 2017 : Russia vetoed a 30 - day renewal of a commission investigating chemical weapons attacks in Syria. ( 11 - 2 - 2 ) February 28 , 2017 : China and Russia vetoed UN sanctions over chemical weapons in Syria. ( 9 - 3 - 3 ) December 23 , 1989 : France , the United Kingdom ( and the United States ) vetoed a draft resolution condemning the United States invasion of Panama . ( 10 - 4 - 1 ) Analysis by country ( edit ) China ( ROC / prc ) ( edit ) See also : China and the United Nations Between 1946 and 1971 , the Chinese seat on the Security Council was the government of the Republic of China ( that retreated to Taiwan in 1949 ) during which time its representative used the veto only once , to block Mongolia 's application for membership in 1955 , because the ROC considered the country to be a part of China . This postponed the admission of Mongolia until 1961 , when the Soviet Union announced that unless Mongolia was admitted , it would block the admission of all of the newly independent African states . Faced with this pressure , the ROC relented under protest . After the Republic of China 's expulsion from the United Nations in 1971 , the first veto cast by the present occupant , the People 's Republic of China , was issued on 25 August 1972 over Bangladesh 's admission to the United Nations . As of February 2017 , the People 's Republic of China has used its veto eleven times . Observers have noted a preference for China to abstain rather than the veto on resolutions not directly related to Chinese interests . Soviet Union / Russia ( edit ) See also : the Soviet Union and the United Nations and Russia and the United Nations In the early days of the United Nations , the Soviet Union commissar and later minister for foreign affairs , Vyacheslav Molotov , vetoed resolutions so many times that he was known as `` Mr. Veto '' . In fact , the Soviet Union was responsible for nearly half of all vetoes ever cast -- 79 vetoes were used in the first 10 years . Molotov regularly rejected bids for new membership because of the US 's refusal to admit all of the Soviet republics . Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union , Russia used its veto power sparingly . However , its use of the veto increased in the late 2000s and 2010s , due to a number of resolutions on conflicts that it was involved militarily in , including Georgia , Syria and Ukraine . France ( edit ) See also : France and the United Nations France uses its veto power sparingly . The last time it unilaterally vetoed a draft was in 1976 to block a resolution on the question of the independence of the Comoros , which was done to keep the island of Mayotte as a French overseas community . It also vetoed , along with U.K , a resolution calling on the immediate cessation of military action by the Israeli army against Egypt in 1956 during the Suez Crisis . The last time France used its veto power was in December 1989 concerning the situation in Panama . In 2003 , the threat of a French veto of resolution on the impending invasion of Iraq caused friction between France and the United States . United Kingdom ( edit ) See also : the United Kingdom and the United Nations The United Kingdom has used its Security Council veto power on 32 occasions . The first occurrence was in October 1956 when the United Kingdom and France vetoed a letter from the USA to the President of the Security Council concerning Palestine . The most recent was in December 1989 when the United Kingdom , France and the United States vetoed a draft resolution condemning the United States invasion of Panama . The United Kingdom used its veto power , along with France , to veto a draft resolution aimed at resolving the Suez Canal crisis ( in which France and UK were militarily involved ) in 1956 . The UK and France eventually withdrew from Egypt after the U.S. instigated an ' emergency special session ' of the General Assembly , under the terms of the `` Uniting for Peace '' resolution , which led to the establishment of the United Nations Emergency Force I ( UNEF I ) , by the adoption of Assembly resolution 1001 . The UK also used its veto seven times in relation to Rhodesia from 1963 to 1973 , five of these occasions were unilateral ; the only occasions on which the UK has used its veto power unilaterally . United States ( edit ) See also : the United States and the United Nations Ambassador Charles W. Yost cast the first U.S. veto in 1970 , regarding a crisis in Rhodesia , and the U.S. cast a lone veto in 1972 to block a resolution that condemned Israel for war against Syria and Lebanon . Since that time it has become the most frequent user of veto power , mainly on resolutions criticizing and condemning Israel and almost always unilaterally for war and human rights violations ; since 2002 , the Negroponte doctrine has been applied for the use of a veto on resolutions relating to the ongoing Israel - Palestinian conflict . This has been a constant cause of friction between the General Assembly and the Security Council . On 18 February 2011 , the Obama administration vetoed resolutions condemning Israeli settlements . On December 23 , 2016 , the Obama administration allowed a resolution calling for an end to Israeli settlements to pass . Criticism ( edit ) The veto power has brought criticism to the Security Council . As it stands , a veto from any of the permanent members can halt any possible action the Council may take . One country 's objection , rather than the opinions of a majority of countries , may cripple any possible UN armed or diplomatic response to a crisis . For instance , John J. Mearsheimer claimed that `` since 1982 , the US has vetoed 32 Security Council resolutions critical of Israel , more than the total number of vetoes cast by all the other Security Council members . '' Since candidates for the Security Council are proposed by regional blocs , the Arab League and its allies are usually included but Israel , which joined the UN in 1949 , has never been elected to the Security Council . The Council has repeatedly condemned Israel . On the other hand , critics contend that , while Israel has the United States to rely on to veto any pertinent legislation against it , the Palestinians lack any such power . Apart from the US , several resolutions have been vetoed by Russia , notably attempts to impose sanctions on Syria during the Syrian Civil War and to condemn Russia 's own annexation of Crimea in 2014 . In the case of the latter , Russia 's lone veto overruled the thirteen other votes in favor of the condemnation . As part of the Soviet Union , Russia also vetoed a UN resolution condemning the USSR 's shooting down of Korean Air Lines Flight 007 in 1983 . The veto has been singled out as a threat to human rights , with Amnesty International claiming that the five permanent members had used their veto to `` promote their political self interest or geopolitical interest above the interest of protecting civilians . '' As of 2015 , Amnesty International has suggested that a solution would involve the five permanent members surrendering their veto on issues of genocide . Some see the fact that veto power exclusive to the permanent five as being anachronistic , unjust , or counterproductive . Peter Nadin writes that `` The veto is an anachronism ... In the twenty - first century , the veto has come to be almost universally seen as a disproportionate power and an impediment to credible international action to crises . '' The `` enormous influence of the veto power '' has been cited as a cause of the UN 's ineffectiveness in preventing and responding to genocide , violence , and human rights violations . Various countries outside the P5 , such as the Non-Aligned Movement and African Union have proposed limitations on the veto power . Because of this situation , it has been denounced that the Security Council is only effective when it comes to safeguarding the interests of its permanent members , and is unable to act against them . Consequently , resolutions authorizing intervention in the internal affairs of other countries have been few . The interests of the permanent members have come to rest on the concept of non-interference , at the expense of the `` keep the peace and security '' mandate with which the Security Council was created . Perhaps because , while the `` responsibility to protect '' is not binding , state sovereignty remains a priority and , as the specialist in international relations Philippe Moreau - Desfarges points out , `` even if the rights of their populations are violated , only the Security Council can decide whether peace is threatened and take measures to protect that peace '' . Thus , the Security Council has not taken forceful measures to punish governments considered as authoritarian , neglecting the `` responsibility to defend civilian populations '' , recognized by the UN General Assembly in 2005 . Veto power Reform ( edit ) See also : Reform of the United Nations Security Council Various discussions have taken place in recent years over the suitability of the Security Council veto power in today 's world . Key arguments include that the five permanent members no longer represent the most stable and responsible member states in the United Nations , and that their veto power slows down and even prevents important decisions being made on matters of international peace and security . Due to the global changes that have taken place politically and economically since the formation of the UN in 1945 , widespread debate has been apparent over whether the five permanent members of the UN Security Council remain the best member states to hold veto power . While some of the permanent members are still typically regarded as great powers , there is debate over their suitability to retain exclusive veto power . A second argument against retaining the UNSC veto power is that it is detrimental to balanced political decisions , as any draft text needs to be approved of by each permanent member before any draft resolution can possibly be adopted . Indeed , several proposed draft resolutions are never formally presented to the Council for a vote owing to the knowledge that a permanent member would vote against their adoption ( the so - called `` pocket veto '' ) . Debate also exists over the potential use of the veto power to provide `` diplomatic cover '' to a permanent member 's allies . The United States has used its veto power more than any other permanent member since 1972 , particularly on resolutions condemning the actions or policies of Israel . Advocates of the veto power believe that it is just as necessary in the current geo - political landscape , and that without the veto power , the Security Council would be open to making democratic `` majority rules '' decisions on matters that have implications at a global level -- decisions that may well go directly against the interests of a permanent member . Discussions on improving the UN 's effectiveness and responsiveness to international security threats often include reform of the UNSC veto . Proposals include : limiting the use of the veto to vital national security issues ; requiring agreement from multiple states before exercising the veto ; and abolishing the veto entirely . However , any reform of the veto will be very difficult , if not impossible . In fact , Articles 108 and 109 of the United Nations Charter grant the P5 veto over any amendments to the Charter , requiring them to approve of any modifications to the UNSC veto power that they themselves hold : it is highly unlikely that any of the P5 would accept a reform of the UN Charter that would be detrimental to their own national interests . Nonetheless , it has been argued that with the adoption of the `` Uniting for Peace '' resolution by the General Assembly , and given the interpretations of the Assembly 's powers that became customary international law as a result , that the Security Council `` power of veto '' problem could be surmounted . By adopting A / RES / 377 A , on 3 November 1950 , over two - thirds of UN Member states declared that , according to the UN Charter , the permanent members of the UNSC can not and should not prevent the UNGA from taking any and all action necessary to restore international peace and security , in cases where the UNSC has failed to exercise its `` primary responsibility '' for maintaining peace . Such an interpretation sees the UNGA as being awarded `` final responsibility '' -- rather than `` secondary responsibility '' -- for matters of international peace and security , by the UN Charter . Various official and semi-official UN reports make explicit reference to the Uniting for Peace resolution as providing a mechanism for the UNGA to overrule any UNSC vetoes ; thus rendering them little more than delays in UN action , should two - thirds of the Assembly subsequently agree that action is necessary . The threat of the use of the veto by the P5 has led the UN Security Council to adopt what some commentators have described as unlawful resolutions that violated the UN Charter . For example , UNSC resolution 1422 of 2002 , renewed once through resolution 1487 of 2003 , aimed at exempting peace - keepers and other military personnel conducting operations authorized by the Security Council from the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court ( ICC ) for a period of 12 months . Resolution 1422 was adopted as a consequence to the US veto on 30 June 2002 to the renewal of the Peace - keeping operation in Bosnia and Herzegovina , a State Party to the Rome Statute of the ICC . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : II . The Yalta Voting Formula , Author ( s ) : Francis O. Wilcox , Source : The American Political Science Review , Vol. 39 , No. 5 ( Oct. , 1945 ) , pp. 943 - 956 , Stable URL : https://www.jstor.org/stable/1950035 , Accessed : 05 - 05 - 2015 17 : 13 UTC Jump up ^ Oliphant , Roland ( 4 October 2016 ) . `` ' End Security Council veto ' to halt Syria violence , UN human rights chief says amid deadlock '' . The Telegraph . Jump up ^ Putin , Vladimir V. ( 11 September 2013 ) . `` What Putin Has to Say to Americans About Syria '' . The New York Times . The United Nations ' founders understood that decisions affecting war and peace should happen only by consensus , and with America 's consent the veto by Security Council permanent members was enshrined in the United Nations Charter . The profound wisdom of this has underpinned the stability of international relations for decades . Jump up ^ `` Wang Yi : China Is Participant , Facilitator and Contributor of International Order '' . Consulate - General of the People 's Republic of China in Los Angeles . 27 June 2015 . China 's veto at the Security Council has always played an important role in checking the instinct of war and resisting power politics . Jump up ^ `` Veto right prevents UNSC from turning into ' rubber stamp ' for US & allies -- Churkin '' . RT International . 16 October 2016 . Jump up ^ UN Charter , Article 27 , as amended in 1965 . Before that date , Articles 27 ( 2 ) and ( 3 ) had specified the affirmative votes of seven members . The change was part of the process whereby the size of the Council was increased from 11 to 15 members . Jump up ^ `` Membership of the Security Council '' . www.un.org. 2 May 2012 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 05 - 02 . Retrieved 25 October 2017 . Jump up ^ League of Nations Covenant , Article 5 ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ Luck , Edward C. ( 2008 ) . `` Creation of the Council '' . In Lowe , Vaughan ; Roberts , Adam ; Welsh , Jennifer ; et al . The United Nations Security Council and War : The Evolution of Thought and Practice since 1945 . Oxford University Press . pp. 61 -- 85 . Jump up ^ See e.g. Winston S. Churchill , The Second World War , vol. 6 : Triumph and Tragedy , Cassell , London , 1954 , pp. 181 - 2 and 308 - 13 ; Harry S. Truman , Year of Decisions : 1945 ( London , 1955 ) , pp. 194 - 5 , 201 , and 206 - 7 ; Charles de Gaulle , War Memoirs : Salvation 1944 - 1946 -- Documents , tr . Murchie and Erskine ( London , 1960 ) , pp. 94 - 5 . Jump up ^ Truman , Year of Decisions : 1945 , p. 207 . See also US Department of State : `` The United States and the Founding of the United Nations '' . October 2005 . Retrieved 1 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Vaughan ; Roberts , Adam ; Welsh , Jennifer ; et al. , eds. ( 2008 ) . The United Nations Security Council and War : The Evolution of Thought and Practice since 1945 . Oxford University Press . pp. 78 -- 82 , 135 -- 7 , 155 -- 65 , 688 -- 705 . Jump up ^ Malanczuk , P. Akehurst 's Modern Introduction to International Law , Ed . 7 , page 375 , Routledge , 1997 Jump up ^ Stueck , Wiliam ( 2008 ) . `` The United Nations , the Security Council , and the Korean War '' . In Lowe , Vaughan ; Roberts , Adam ; Welsh , Jennifer ; et al . The United Nations Security Council and War : The Evolution of Thought and Practice since 1945 . Oxford University Press . pp. 266 -- 7 , 277 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Chesterman , Simon ( 2007 ) . `` Introduction '' . In Chesterman , Simon . Secretary or General ? The UN Secretary - General in World Politics . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . p. 7 . Jump up ^ `` An Historical Overview on the Selection of United Nations Secretaries - General '' ( PDF ) . UNA - USA . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 25 October 2007 . Retrieved 30 September 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Global Policy Forum ( 2008 ) : `` Changing Patterns in the Use of the Veto in the Security Council '' . Retrieved 30 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Veto database and information at Global Policy Forum ^ Jump up to : Security Council - Veto List at Global Policy Forum Jump up ^ ( 1 ) United Nations Documentation at The United Nations Jump up ^ Foroohar , Kambiz . `` Jerusalem Embassy Vote Draws First U.S. Veto at UN Under Trump '' . Jump up ^ Nichols , Michelle . `` Russia casts 10th U.N. veto on Syria action , blocking inquiry renewal '' . Jump up ^ `` Double Veto Prevents Security Council from Adopting Draft Resolution Intended to Impose Sanctions for Use of Chemical Weapons in Syria '' . United Nations . Jump up ^ List of vetoes in the United Nations Security Council . Retrieved 20 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Security Council - Veto List . Retrieved 13 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Veto List '' . United Nations . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` Subjet of UN Security Council Vetoes '' . Retrieved 18 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Changing Patterns in the Use of the Veto in The Security Council '' ( PDF ) . Global Policy Forum . Retrieved 29 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Security Council - Veto List '' . UN Dag Hammarskjöld Library . Retrieved 29 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Emergency Special Sessions '' . United Nations . Retrieved 25 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Israeli settlements : UN Security Council calls for an end '' . BBC News . 2016 - 12 - 23 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ John J. Mearsheimer and Stephen Walt . `` The Israel Lobby and U.S. Foreign Policy '' . KSG Faculty Research Working Paper Series . Harvard University . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2007 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Section , United Nations News Service ( 2014 - 03 - 15 ) . `` UN News - UN Security Council action on Crimea referendum blocked '' . UN News Service Section . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Amnesty calls on UN powers to lose veto on genocide votes - BBC News '' . BBC News . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Peter Nadin , UN Security Council Reform ( Routledge , 2016 ) , pp. 133 - 34 . Jump up ^ Sevak Joseph Manjikian , `` Genocide and the Failure to Respond '' in Civil Courage : A Response to Contemporary Conflict and Prejudice ( ed . Naomi Kramer : Peter Lang , 2007 ) , pp. 49 - 50 . Jump up ^ Edwin Egede & Peter Sutch , The Politics of International Law and International Justice ( Edinburgh University Press , 2013 ) , p. 142 . Jump up ^ Máiquez , Miguel ( 2011 - 04 - 19 ) . `` El derecho de veto continúa atrancando las decisiones de la ONU 65 años después '' . 20 Minutos ( in Spanish ) . Madrid : 20 Minutos Editora . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Can the United Nations Reform '' Archived 2006 - 09 - 06 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Hunt , C. `` The ' veto ' charade '' , ZNet , 7 November 2006 . Retrieved 1 March 2008 Jump up ^ United Nations General Assembly Session 52 Document 856 . A / 52 / 856 Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty . `` The Responsibility to Protect '' Archived 2005 - 09 - 10 at the Wayback Machine. , ICISS.ca , December 2001 . Retrieved 1 March 2008 . Jump up ^ A / 58 / 47 `` Report of the Open - ended Working Group on the Question of Representation on and Increase in the Membership of the Security Council '' , UN.org , 21 July 2004 . Retrieved 1 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Non-Aligned Movement . Ministerial Meeting of the Coordinating Bureau of the Non-Aligned Movement '' Archived 11 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine. , UN.int , 27 -- 30 May 2006 . Retrieved 1 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Writings of Flavia Lattanzi , Kai Ambos and Claus Kress , inter alia Further reading ( edit ) Bardo Fassbender , UN Security Council Reform and the Right of Veto : A Constitutional Perspective , Kluwer Law International , The Hague / London / Boston , 1998 . ISBN 90 - 411 - 0592 - 1 . Bardo Fassbender , ' Pressure for Security Council Reform ' , in : David M. Malone ( ed . ) , The UN Security Council : From the Cold War to the 21st Century , Lynne Rienner Publishers , Boulder , Colorado , and London , 2004 , pp. 341 -- 355 . Bardo Fassbender , ' The Security Council : Progress is Possible but Unlikely ' , in : Antonio Cassese ( ed . ) , Realizing Utopia : The Future of International Law , Oxford University Press , 2012 , pp. 52 -- 60 . Vaughan Lowe ; Adam Roberts ; Jennifer Welsh ; Dominik Zaum ( eds . ) . The United Nations Security Council and War : The Evolution of Thought and Practice since 1945 , Oxford University Press , 2008 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 953343 - 5 ( hardback ) ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 958330 - 0 ( paperback ) . US edition . On Google . David Malone ( ed ) , The UN Security Council : From the Cold War to the 21st Century , Lynne Rienner , Boulder , Colorado , 2004 . ISBN 1 - 58826 - 240 - 5 ( paperback ) . External links ( edit ) `` Can You Bypass a U.N. Security Council Veto ? '' , Slate magazine `` Security Council veto power usage '' , Peace.ca `` Global Policy Forum '' , information on use of the veto power Malone , D & Mahbubani , K : `` The UN Security Council -- from the Cold War to the 21st Century '' , UN World Chronicle , 30 March 2004 . See also ( edit ) Vetocracy hide United Nations António Guterres , Secretary - General Amina J. Mohammed , Deputy Secretary - General Miroslav Lajčák , General Assembly President United Nations System United Nations Charter Preamble Principal organs Security Council Members Secretariat Secretary - General Deputy Secretary - General Under - Secretary - General General Assembly President Economic and Social Council International Court of Justice statute Trusteeship Council Secretariat Offices and Departments Headquarters Envoy on Youth Spokesperson for the Secretary - General Geneva Palace of Nations Nairobi Vienna Economic and Social Affairs Political Affairs Public Information Dag Hammarskjöld Library Safety and Security Palestinian Rights Peacekeeping Operations Internal Oversight Legal Affairs Developing Countries Sport for Development and Peace Disarmament Affairs Outer Space Affairs Partnerships Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs UN organizations by location United Nations Office for Developing Countries Sexual Violence in Conflict Programmes and specialized agencies Culture of peace FAO ICAO IFAD ILO IMO ITC IPCC IAEA MINURSO UNIDO ITU UNAIDS SCSL UNCTAD UNCITRAL UNCDF UNDG UNDP UNDPI UNDPKO peacekeeping UNEP OzonAction UNEP / GRID - Arendal UNEP - WCMC UNESCO UNFIP UNFPA UN-HABITAT OHCHR UNHCR UNHRC UNICEF UNICRI UNIDIR UNITAR UN-Oceans UNODC UNOPS UNOSAT UNRISD UNRWA UNSSC UNU UNU - OP UNU - CRIS UNV UN Women UNWTO UPU WFP WHO WIPO WMO Members / observers Full members Founding members UNSC Permanent members Observers European Union History League of Nations Four Policemen Declaration by United Nations Peacekeeping missions history timeline Enlargement Resolutions Security Council vetoes General Assembly 66th 67th Security Council Cyprus Iran Iraq Israel Lebanon Nagorno - Karabakh North Korea Palestine Syria Western Sahara Elections Secretary - General ( 2016 ) International Court of Justice 2011 General Assembly President ( 2016 ) Security Council ( 2016 ) Related Bretton Woods system Comprehensive Nuclear - Test - Ban Treaty Criticism Delivering as One Flag Honour Flag Four Nations Initiative Genocide Convention UN Global Compact International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights International Criminal Court International Decade for a Culture of Peace and Non-Violence for the Children of the World International Years UN laissez - passer Military Staff Committee Official languages Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons Peacekeeping Standard Minimum Rules for the Administration of Juvenile Justice Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners ( the Mandela Rules ) Treaty Series UN Day Universal Declaration of Human Rights Millennium Declaration Summit Development Goals Security Council veto power UN reform Security Council reform UN Art Collection UN Memorial Cemetery Korea Other Outline UN television film series ( 1964 -- 1966 ) In popular culture Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Security_Council_veto_power&oldid=851475461 '' Categories : Veto United Nations Security Council Vetoed United Nations Security Council resolutions Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from June 2018 Articles with obsolete information from March 2013 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Articles needing additional references from February 2010 All articles needing additional references Articles with multiple maintenance issues All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2008 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2009 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски தமிழ் Українська 中文 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 July 2018 , at 15 : 21 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | which organ of the uno enjoys veto powers | [
"The United Nations Security Council \"veto power\" refers to the power of the permanent members of the UN Security Council (China, France, Russia, United Kingdom, and United States) to veto any \"substantive\" resolution. A permanent member's abstention or absence does not prevent a draft resolution from being adopted. This veto power does not apply to \"procedural\" votes, as determined by the permanent members themselves. A permanent member can also block the selection of a Secretary-General, although a formal veto is unnecessary since the vote is taken behind closed doors.\n",
"The United Nations Security Council \"veto power\" refers to the power of the permanent members of the UN Security Council (China, France, Russia, United Kingdom, and United States) to veto any \"substantive\" resolution. A permanent member's abstention or absence does not prevent a draft resolution from being adopted. This veto power does not apply to \"procedural\" votes, as determined by the permanent members themselves. A permanent member can also block the selection of a Secretary-General, although a formal veto is unnecessary since the vote is taken behind closed doors.\n",
"The United Nations Security Council \"veto power\" refers to the power of the permanent members of the UN Security Council (China, France, Russia, United Kingdom, and United States) to veto any \"substantive\" resolution. A permanent member's abstention or absence does not prevent a draft resolution from being adopted. This veto power does not apply to \"procedural\" votes, as determined by the permanent members themselves. A permanent member can also block the selection of a Secretary-General, although a formal veto is unnecessary since the vote is taken behind closed doors.\n",
"The United Nations Security Council \"veto power\" refers to the power of the permanent members of the UN Security Council (China, France, Russia, United Kingdom, and United States) to veto any \"substantive\" resolution. A permanent member's abstention or absence does not prevent a draft resolution from being adopted. This veto power does not apply to \"procedural\" votes, as determined by the permanent members themselves. A permanent member can also block the selection of a Secretary-General, although a formal veto is unnecessary since the vote is taken behind closed doors.\n",
"The United Nations Security Council \"veto power\" refers to the power of the permanent members of the UN Security Council (China, France, Russia, United Kingdom, and United States) to veto any \"substantive\" resolution. A permanent member's abstention or absence does not prevent a draft resolution from being adopted. This veto power does not apply to \"procedural\" votes, as determined by the permanent members themselves. A permanent member can also block the selection of a Secretary-General, although a formal veto is unnecessary since the vote is taken behind closed doors.\n"
] | [
"China",
"France",
"Russia",
"United Kingdom",
"United States"
] |
-7354685481414047157 | Without You (Badfinger song) | Without You ( Badfinger song ) - wikipedia Without You ( Badfinger song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Without You '' Song by Badfinger from the album No Dice Released 9 November 1970 ( 1970 - 11 - 09 ) Length 4 : 43 Label Apple Records Songwriter ( s ) Pete Ham , Tom Evans Producer ( s ) Geoff Emerick No Dice track listing `` No Matter What '' ( 5 ) `` Without You '' ( 6 ) `` Blodwyn '' ( 7 ) `` Without You '' is a song written by Pete Ham and Tom Evans of British rock group Badfinger , and first released on their 1970 album No Dice . The song has been recorded by over 180 artists , and versions released as singles by Harry Nilsson ( 1971 ) and Mariah Carey ( 1994 ) became international best - sellers . Paul McCartney once described the ballad as `` the killer song of all time '' . In 1972 , writers Ham and Evans received the British Academy 's Ivor Novello Award for Best Song Musically and Lyrically . Contents ( hide ) 1 Badfinger origins 2 Harry Nilsson version 2.1 Background 2.2 Harry Nilsson track listing 2.3 Chart performance 2.3. 1 Weekly charts 2.3. 2 Year - end charts 2.3. 3 Certifications 2.3. 4 Personnel 3 Mariah Carey version 3.1 Background 3.2 Impact 3.3 Appraisal 3.4 Track listing 3.5 Charts 3.5. 1 Weekly charts 3.5. 2 Decade - end charts 3.5. 3 Year - end charts 3.5. 4 Certifications and sales 4 Other versions 5 In films and television 6 ASCAP and Ivor Novello recognition 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Badfinger origins ( edit ) First recorded by the rock group Badfinger , the song was composed by two of its members . Two streams , referring to real events in the songwriters ' lives flowed together to create the song . Pete Ham had written a song originally titled `` If It 's Love '' but it had lacked a strong chorus . At the time of writing the band shared residence with the Mojos at 7 Park Avenue in Golders Green . One evening , in the midst of the parties , songwriting , touring , in Golders Green , Ham and his girlfriend Beverly Tucker were about to go out for the evening . But just as they were leaving Tom Evans said he had an idea for a song -- Ham said , ' Not tonight , I 've promised Bev . ' But she thought he would be wondering if he had done the right thing later , if he went out , -- she told him -- ' Go into the studio , I 'm fine about it ... ' He said , `` Your mouth is smiling , but your eyes are sad . '' The song Ham wrote that night was called ' If its Love ' and has the verse `` Well I ca n't forget tomorrow , when I think of all my sorrow , I had you there but then I let you go , and now it 's only fair that I should let you know ... if it 's love ... '' But Pete was n't happy with the chorus . '' Events in Evans ' love life would lead to the completion of the track . While Evans was touring in Cologne he had met the woman who would become his future wife , Marianne . She moved to London . It was a sparky relationship . `` One evening he went to her friend Karen and told Karen , ' She 's left me . I need her back . I ca n't live without her . ' He flew to Bonn to find her -- he wrote a song called ' I Ca n't Live ' . Its chorus ; `` I ca n't live , if living is without you , I ca n't live , I ca n't give any more . '' And so the merging of the two songs , Ham and Evans created the hit . Ham 's verse , ' warm , sweet , sentimental ' and Evans ' chorus , -- ' intense , dramatic , heartbreaking . ' '' Both Ham and Evans said they did not consider the song to have much potential at the time Badfinger recorded it , and the track was slotted to close Side A of their 1970 No Dice album . Badfinger 's recording of the song , which is more brusque than its successors ' versions , was not released as a single in Europe or North America . `` Without You '' was released backed by `` We 're For The Dark '' in The Philippines on Apple Records , Catalogue number APPLE - 025 , `` Without You '' was also finally released as a 3 '' CD single in Japan in March 1993 along with the track `` No Matter What '' . Two writers of the song , Ham and Evans , later committed suicide due to legal and financial issues . In Evans ' case , it was a dispute over songwriting royalties for `` Without You '' that precipitated his action . Songwriting royalties had become the subject of constant legal wrangling for Evans , and In 1983 , following an acrimonious argument with his bandmate Joey Molland over the royalties for the song , Evans hanged himself . Harry Nilsson version ( edit ) `` Without You '' Single by Nilsson from the album Nilsson Schmilsson B - side `` Gotta Get Up '' Released 11 October 1971 ( 1971 - 10 - 11 ) Format 7 '' single Recorded 1971 , Trident Studios , London . Genre Soft rock Length 3 : 17 Label RCA Records Songwriter ( s ) Pete Ham , Tom Evans Producer ( s ) Richard Perry Nilsson singles chronology `` Me and My Arrow '' ( 1971 ) `` Without You '' ( 1971 ) `` Jump into the Fire '' ( 1972 ) `` Me and My Arrow '' ( 1971 ) `` Without You '' ( 1971 ) `` Jump into the Fire '' ( 1972 ) Background ( edit ) Harry Nilsson , at the time best known for his hit `` Everybody 's Talkin ' '' and for composing such hits as Three Dog Night 's `` One '' , heard Badfinger 's recording of `` Without You '' at a party , and mistook it for a Beatles song . After realising it was not , he decided to cover the song for his album Nilsson Schmilsson in 1971 . The song was released as a single in October 1971 , and it stayed at number 1 on the U.S. pop chart for four weeks , from 13 February to 11 March 1972 . The song also spent five weeks atop the U.S. adult contemporary chart . Billboard ranked it as the No. 4 song for 1972 . In the UK , the song spent five weeks at number 1 on the British pop chart , beginning on 11 March , and sold almost 800,000 copies . It went to Number One in several other countries , including Australia ( for 5 weeks ) , Ireland ( 2 weeks ) and New Zealand ( 2 weeks ) . The single was produced by Richard Perry , who later explained , `` It was a different record for its time . It was a big ballad with a heavy backbeat , and although many artists have cut songs like it since , no one was doing it then . '' Gary Wright who worked with Badfinger on George Harrison 's projects , played the piano . Also featured are Klaus Voormann ( bass ) , Jim Keltner ( drums ) and Tom Plovanic ( acoustic guitar ) . The string and horn arrangements are by Paul Buckmaster . In 1973 , Nilsson won the `` Best Male Pop Vocal '' Grammy award for the song . While Nilsson rarely gave live concerts , he did perform the song with Ringo Starr and his All - Starr Band at Caesar 's Palace in Las Vegas in September 1992 . Harry Nilsson track listing ( edit ) Worldwide Single `` Without You '' -- 3 : 17 `` Gotta Get Up '' -- 2 : 24 EP ( Portugal ) `` Without You '' -- 3 : 17 `` The Moonbeam Song '' -- 3 : 18 `` Gotta Get Up '' -- 2 : 24 `` Jump Into The Fire '' -- 3 : 32 Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1971 -- 72 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 13 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 10 France Singles Chart 46 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 12 Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy Singles Chart New Zealand ( Listener ) South Africa Singles Chart UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) U.S. Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1972 ) Rank Australia Canada 12 UK U.S. Billboard Hot 100 Certifications ( edit ) Country ( Provider ) Certification ( sales thresholds ) United States ( RIAA ) Gold Personnel ( edit ) According to the 1971 LP credits : Harry Nilsson -- vocals Gary Wright -- piano John Uribe -- acoustic guitar Klaus Voormann -- bass Jim Keltner -- drums Paul Buckmaster -- string and horn arrangements Mariah Carey version ( edit ) `` Without You '' Standard cover art ; most of non-UK European releases omit `` Never Forget You '' on the front cover Single by Mariah Carey from the album Music Box B - side `` Never Forget You '' Released 24 January 1994 ( 1994 - 01 - 24 ) Format CD single , cassette single , 7 '' single , 12 '' maxi single Recorded Length 3 : 36 Label Columbia Records Songwriter ( s ) Pete Ham , Tom Evans Producer ( s ) Mariah Carey Walter Afanasieff Mariah Carey singles chronology `` Hero '' ( 1993 ) `` Without You '' / `` Never Forget You '' ( 1994 ) `` Anytime You Need a Friend '' ( 1994 ) `` Hero '' ( 1993 ) `` Without You '' / `` Never Forget You '' ( 1994 ) `` Anytime You Need a Friend '' ( 1994 ) Alternative covers Music video `` Without You '' on YouTube Background ( edit ) Mariah Carey 's version , based on Harry Nilsson 's version rather than the Badfinger original , was released as the third single off Music Box in the first quarter of 1994 , its U.S. release date of 24 January 1994 falling just over a week after Nilsson had died following a heart attack on 15 January 1994 . In the U.S. `` without You '' was promoted as a double A-side with `` Never Forget You '' . While she had heard Nilsson 's version as a very young girl , Carey 's decision to remake his hit was based on a chance hearing during the time she was recording Music Box ( Mariah Carey quote :) `` I heard that song in a restaurant and just knew it would be a huge international hit . '' Carey 's version has been considered very popular on talent shows . `` Without You '' was later included on some non-U.S. pressings of her compilation album # 1 's ( 1998 ) , and her 2001 compilation , Greatest Hits . `` Without You '' was also included on her 2009 compilation The Ballads . Impact ( edit ) `` Without You '' reached number 3 on the Billboard Hot 100 for six weeks , remaining in the top 40 for 21 weeks and on the chart for 23 . It reached number 2 on both the Billboard Hot 100 Airplay and Radio & Records pop charts ( ending Carey 's streak of consecutive number ones on the latter chart ; all ten of her previous singles had gone to the top ) , and number 3 on the Hot 100 Singles Sales . It was certified gold by the RIAA and sold 600,000 copies domestically . It was ranked 16 on the Hot 100 1994 year - end charts . `` Without You '' remains Carey 's biggest hit across Europe . In the British Isles , where Carey had yet to score a number one hit , `` Without You '' made its UK chart debut at number one where it remained for four weeks in total , while in Ireland the track was number one for five weeks : `` Without You '' remains Carey 's only number one solo hit in both the UK and Ireland although she has since topped both nations ' charts with her 2000 collaboration with Westlife : `` Against All Odds '' . `` Without You '' is one of only two Carey singles certified Gold in the UK with sales of 470,000 copies . Also Carey 's first chart - topper in Italy , `` Without You '' was a runaway success in Switzerland ( with ten non-consecutive weeks at number 1 ) , the Netherlands ( number one for twelve weeks ) and Flemish Belgium and Sweden ( both eight weeks at number one ) , also topping the singles chart in Germany for four weeks and Austria for eight weeks , where Carey 's success had previously been limited . In France `` Without You '' peaked at number two and in Norway at number three . `` Without You '' was certified gold in Germany and Austria by IFPI and in France by SNEP . A number three hit for Carey in both Canada and Australia , `` Without You '' was a number one hit in New Zealand : certified platinum in Australia by ARIA , `` Without You '' was also certified gold in New Zealand by RIANZ . Appraisal ( edit ) David Browne of Entertainment Weekly called Carey 's `` Without You '' a `` by - the - numbers remake of Nilsson 's melodramatic 1972 hit . '' Stephen Holden of Rolling Stone called this song `` likeliest contender '' for ballads like `` I Will Always Love You '' praising how `` Carey dips into her lower register and is accompanied by backup singers ( including herself ) magnified to sound like a mighty gospel chorus . '' Singer Chris De Burgh , who remade `` Without You '' for his 2008 covers album `` Footsteps '' , would state : `` I loved the Nilsson song . I thought the Mariah Carey ( cover ) was a joke . She was missing the point . He meant it . She did n't . '' Carey herself would state of `` Without You '' in 2008 : `` That song did a lot for me but it 's not really representative of me as an artist . '' Track listing ( edit ) Worldwide CD single `` Without You '' -- 3 : 38 `` Never Forget You '' -- 3 : 45 European maxi - CD single # 1 `` Without You '' -- 3 : 38 `` Never Forget You '' -- 3 : 45 `` Dreamlover ( live from Here Is Mariah Carey ) '' -- 4 : 09 European maxi - CD single # 2 `` Without You '' -- 3 : 38 `` Vision of Love '' -- 3 : 28 `` I 'll Be There '' ( Featuring Trey Lorenz ) -- 4 : 28 `` Love Takes Time '' -- 3 : 48 Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1994 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Canada ( The Record ) Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Europe ( European Hot 100 Singles ) France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Iceland ( Íslenski Listinn Topp 40 ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 7 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 9 Decade - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1990 -- 99 ) Position Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 23 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1994 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 16 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 27 Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) 31 France ( SNEP ) 8 Germany ( Official German Charts ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 6 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 21 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 6 US Billboard Hot 100 16 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 16 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 61 Certifications and sales ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Platinum 70,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Platinum 50,000 France ( SNEP ) Gold 250,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Platinum 500,000 Netherlands ( NVPI ) Platinum 75,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Gold 5,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) Gold 25,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Gold 470,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 600,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Other versions ( edit ) Notable versions of `` Without You '' have also been recorded by : in 1975 : Ruby Winters ( single / # 95 R&B ) in 1977 : Susie Allanson ( album A Little Love ) ( also 1979 single / # 77 C&W ) ; Heart ( album Magazine ) in 1980 : Melissa Manchester ( album For the Working Girl ) ( also single ) in 1981 : Brotherhood of Man ( album 20 Disco Greats / 20 Love Songs ) in 1983 : Herman van Veen ( album On Broadway ) ; T.G. Sheppard ( album Greatest Hits ) ( also single / # 12 C&W ) in 1991 : Air Supply ( album The Earth Is ... ) ( also single / # 48 A / C ) ; Grant & Forsyth ( album Country Love Songs Vol. 2 ) In films and television ( edit ) Nilsson 's version of `` Without You '' was used as the opening tune to the 1979 feature film Porridge . In the film Casino , the Nilsson version is playing during one of Ginger 's manic episodes . In the film The Rules of Attraction , a college girl commits suicide in a bathtub while this song plays on the soundtrack . In Bridget Jones ' Diary , the title character performs a tuneless rendition of this song . In Whiskey Tango Foxtrot , this song plays during a raid in which American Marines rescue a kidnapped journalist . On August 27 , 2002 Kelly Clarkson performed `` Without You '' on American Idol ( season 1 ) during the Top 3 show as the judges choice song . Then again as an encore performance for the results show . The Top 3 performance can be seen on the DVD `` American Idol Search for a Superstar '' issued in 2002 . In June 2010 the Harry Nilsson version of the song was used in television advertising for the UK brand Soda Stream . Nilsson 's version was also included in the Apple Productions Movie , `` The Son of Dracula '' . It was also used in the final scenes of the Inside No. 9 episode A Quiet Night In . In series two of Peep Show this song was featured in the episode titled Wedding . In the 2015 movie Vacation , the Harry Nilsson version plays during the Grand Canyon rafting scene . Nilsson 's version was heard in a 2016 commercial for Heinz ketchup that debuted on CBS ' coverage of Super Bowl 50 on 7 February 2016 . In the television series 30 Rock episode `` Cutbacks '' Jonathan sings chorus to Jack after being let go . In June 2017 , Nilsson 's version was used in the ending scene of the penultimate episode in the final season of Pretty Little Liars . ASCAP and Ivor Novello recognition ( edit ) On 15 May 1995 , at ASCAP 's twelfth annual Pop Music Awards in Beverly Hills , California , `` Without You '' was recognised as one of the 50 most - played songs of 1994 ( due largely to Mariah Carey 's recording ) . Discrepancies in ASCAP 's books , resulting from a lawsuit against the Ham and Evans estates by their former manager , incorrectly attributed the song as being composed not only by Ham and Evans , but also by Badfinger 's other bandmembers , Mike Gibbins and Joey Molland , and their former manager , Bill Collins . This designation and a lack of correction by ASCAP prompted the Ham Estate to boycott the ceremony . The song was also nominated for `` Song Of The Year '' in London at the Ivor Novello Awards . See also ( edit ) List of Dutch Top 40 number - one singles of 1994 List of Hot 100 number - one singles of 1972 ( U.S. ) List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 1972 ( U.S. ) List of number - one singles from the 1970s ( UK ) List of number - one hits of 1994 ( Austria ) List of number - one hits of 1994 ( Germany ) List of number - one singles of 1994 ( Ireland ) List of number - one hits of 1994 ( Switzerland ) List of number - one singles from the 1990s ( UK ) List of RPM number - one singles of 1972 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ According to the ASCAP Jump up ^ Paul McCartney VH1 Behind The Music , Retrieved 10 June 2009 Jump up ^ Lister , David , Pop ballads bite back in lyrical fashion , The Independent , 28 May 1994 Jump up ^ `` BBC Radio 2 - Song Stories , Without You '' . Bbc.co.uk. 9 February 2011 . Retrieved 27 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Badfinger -- Without You '' . BBC Wales . Retrieved 2 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Song Stories , Radio 2 , 9 February 2011 Jump up ^ Nick Clark ( 26 April 2013 ) . `` Badfinger : last act in a rock'n'roll tragedy '' . Independent . Jump up ^ David K. Frasier . Suicide in the Entertainment Industry : An Encyclopedia of 840 Twentieth Cases . McFarland . p. 20 . ISBN 9781476608075 . Jump up ^ Matovina 2000 , p. 152 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Billboard Year - End Hot 100 singles of 1972 Jump up ^ Dafydd Rees and Luke Crampton , Rock Stars Encyclopedia ( New York : DK Publishing , 1999 ) , 714 . Jump up ^ `` '' Without You '' - Nilsson `` . Superseventies.com. 19 February 1972 . Retrieved 27 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Matovina 2000 , p. 209 . Jump up ^ Chip Madinger and Mark Easter , Eight Arms To Hold You : The Solo Beatles Compendium ( Chesterfield , MO : 44.1 Productions , 2000 ) , 543 . Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 . Australian Chart Book . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Nilsson -- Without You '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 7602 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Nilsson -- Without You '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Nilsson -- Without You '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Without You '' . Irish Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` flavour of new zealand - search listener '' . Jump up ^ `` Nilsson : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Music : Top 100 Songs - Billboard Hot 100 Chart '' . Billboard . Retrieved 28 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nilsson Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2 June 2016 . Retrieved 8 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 16 September 2011 . Retrieved 12 July 2013 . Jump up ^ 1972_in_British_music # Best - selling_singles Jump up ^ `` Top Pop 100 Singles '' Billboard 30 December 1972 : TA - 3 Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Nilsson -- Without You '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 5 February 2013 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ Nilsson Schmilsson ( CD booklet : reproduced 1971 LP sleeve ) . Harry Nilsson . BMG Entertainment . 2000 . Jump up ^ Matovina 2000 , p. 395 . Jump up ^ https://www.rollingstone.com/movies/videos/american-idol-recap-candice-glover-steals-the-show-again-20130418 Jump up ^ `` Mariah 's `` Without you '' popular on talent searches -- The Mariah Carey Archives `` . Mcarchives.com . Retrieved 9 April 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` American single certifications -- Mariah Carey -- Without You '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 5 May 2015 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH ^ Jump up to : `` Best - Selling Records of 1994 '' . Billboard . BPI Communications . 107 ( 3 ) : 57 . 21 January 1995 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved 5 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Without You on ChartStats '' . Chartstats.com . Retrieved 9 April 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Myers , Justin ( 14 February 2014 ) . `` Official Charts Flashback 1994 : Mariah Carey -- Without You '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 14 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Browne , David ( 27 August 1993 ) . `` Music Box Review Music Reviews and News '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved 27 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Music Box Album Reviews '' . Rolling Stone . Jann Wenner. 28 October 1993 . Retrieved 27 March 2014 . Jump up ^ https://www.expressandstar.com/entertainment/2009/03/12/chris-de-burgh-sees-red/#2fm51TlcAvXeRmml.99 Jump up ^ https://www.theguardian.com/music/2008/apr/20/popandrock.mariahcarey Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Mariah Carey -- Without You '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved May 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Mariah Carey -- Without You '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved May 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Mariah Carey -- Without You '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved May 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hits of the World '' ( PDF ) . Billboard. 2 April 1994 . p. 44 . Retrieved 1 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 2428 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved May 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Adult Contemporary : Issue 2458 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard 25 . jun 1994 '' . Nielsen Business Media , Inc. 1994 : 75 . Retrieved 24 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hits of the World '' . Billboard. 11 June 1994 . p. 41 . Retrieved 22 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Mariah Carey -- Without You '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved May 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mariah Carey - Without You '' ( in German ) . GfK Entertainment . Retrieved 22 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Íslenski Listinn Topp 40 10.02. 1994 - 16.02. 1994 '' ( PDF ) . Dagblaðið Vísir - Tónlist . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Without You '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved May 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 13 , 1994 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Retrieved May 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Mariah Carey -- Without You '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved May 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Mariah Carey -- Without You '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved May 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Mariah Carey -- Without You '' . VG - lista . Retrieved May 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved May 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Mariah Carey -- Without You '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved May 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Mariah Carey -- Without You '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved May 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mariah Carey : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved May 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mariah Carey Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mariah Carey Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mariah Carey Chart History ( Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mariah Carey Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mariah Carey Chart History ( Rhythmic ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Zeitraum für die Auswertung : 07.01. 1990 - 26.12. 1999 '' ( in German ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved 27 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts - End Of Year Charts - Top 50 Singles 1994 '' . ARIA . Archived from the original on 4 February 2014 . Retrieved 22 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jahreshitparade Singles 1994 '' ( in German ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved 22 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 1994 '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop . Retrieved 22 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` RPM Top 100 Hit Tracks of 1994 '' . RPM. 12 December 1994 . Retrieved 22 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` RPM Top 100 AC Tracks of 1994 '' . RPM. 12 December 1994 . Retrieved 22 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Classement Singles - année 1994 '' ( in French ) . SNEP . Archived from the original on 24 December 2013 . Retrieved 22 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Single - Jahrescharts '' ( in German ) . GfK Entertainment . Retrieved 5 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jaarlijsten 1994 '' ( in Dutch ) . Stichting Nederlandse Top 40 . Retrieved 22 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten - Single 1994 '' ( in Dutch ) . GfK Dutch Charts . Retrieved 22 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 1994 '' . RIANZ . Retrieved 22 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Årslista Singlar - År 1994 '' ( in Swedish ) . GLF . Archived from the original on 22 May 2015 . Retrieved 22 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Swiss Year - end Charts 1994 '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 22 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Archive - 1990s Singles '' . everyHit.com . Retrieved 22 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Year in Music : 1994 '' ( PDF ) . Billboard. 24 December 1994 . Retrieved 22 May 2015 . Jump up ^ David Kent ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 - 1992 . Australia : St Ives , N.S.W. : Australian Chart Book . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Austrian single certifications -- Mariah Carey -- Without You '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Retrieved 12 December 2012 . Enter Mariah Carey in the field Interpret . Enter Without You in the field Titel . Select single in the field Format . Click Suchen Jump up ^ `` French single certifications -- Mariah Carey -- Without You '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved 12 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Mariah Carey ; ' Without You ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved 12 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dutch single certifications -- Mariah Carey -- Without You '' ( in Dutch ) . Nederlandse Vereniging van Producenten en Importeurs van beeld - en geluidsdragers . Retrieved 12 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Mariah Carey -- Without You '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved 22 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Mariah Carey ; ' Without You ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Retrieved 12 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Mariah Carey -- Without You '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 12 December 2012 . Enter Without You in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1996 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 - 1995 . Record Research . p. 489 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1993 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 -- 1993 . Record Research . p. 13 . Jump up ^ `` New Sodastream advert June 2010 ( Nilsson - Without You ) '' ( Video ) . 12 July 2010 . Retrieved 14 February 2017 . Jump up ^ , page 395 , Matovina , Dan . Without You : The Tragic Story of Badfinger , Google Books , 2000 . Retrieved 17 June 2009 Works cited Matovina , Dan ( 2000 ) . Without You : The Tragic Story of `` Badfinger '' . Frances Glover Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9657122 - 2 - 4 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Badfinger Pete Ham Tom Evans Joey Molland Mike Gibbins Bob Jackson Joe Tansin Tony Kaye Glenn Sherba Al Wodtke Richard Bryans The Iveys : Ron Griffiths Dai Jenkins Studio albums Maybe Tomorrow ( as The Iveys ) Magic Christian Music No Dice Straight Up Ass Badfinger Wish You Were Here Airwaves Say No More Head First Live albums The Concert for Bangladesh ( backing band ) Day After Day : Live BBC in Concert 1972 -- 1973 Singles `` Maybe Tomorrow '' ( as The Iveys ) `` Dear Angie '' ( as The Iveys ) `` Come and Get It '' `` No Matter What '' `` Day After Day '' `` Baby Blue '' `` Apple of My Eye '' `` Love Is Easy '' `` I Miss You '' `` Lost Inside Your Love '' `` Love Is Gonna Come at Last '' `` Hold On '' `` I Got You '' `` Because I Love You '' Other songs `` Without You '' `` Name of the Game '' `` Meanwhile Back at the Ranch '' / `` Should I Smoke '' See also The Magic Christian Apple Records discography David Garrick Ivor Novello Awards -- Best Song Musically and Lyrically 1960s `` She 's Leaving Home '' ( 1968 ) 1970s `` Where Do You Go To ( My Lovely ) ? '' ( 1970 ) `` Something '' ( 1971 ) `` Do n't Let It Die '' ( 1972 ) `` Without You '' ( 1973 ) `` Daniel '' ( 1974 ) `` Streets of London '' * ( 1975 ) `` Do n't Cry for Me Argentina '' ( 1978 ) `` Baker Street '' ( 1979 ) 1980s `` The Logical Song '' ( 1980 ) `` Woman in Love '' ( 1981 ) `` Memory '' ( 1982 ) `` Have You Ever Been in Love '' ( 1983 ) `` Every Breath You Take '' ( 1984 ) `` Against All Odds '' ( 1985 ) `` Nikita '' ( 1986 ) `` Do n't Give Up '' ( 1987 ) `` Something Inside So Strong '' ( 1988 ) `` They Dance Alone '' ( 1989 ) 1990s `` The Living Years '' ( 1990 ) `` Sacrifice '' ( 1991 ) `` The Whole of the Moon '' ( 1992 ) `` Why '' ( 1993 ) `` If I Ever Lose My Faith in You '' ( 1994 ) `` Think Twice '' ( 1995 ) `` Common People '' ( 1996 ) `` Too Much Love Will Kill You '' ( 1997 ) `` Paranoid Android '' ( 1998 ) `` Believe '' ( 1999 ) 2000s `` Strong '' ( 2000 ) `` Babylon '' ( 2001 ) `` Walk On '' ( 2002 ) `` The Other Side '' ( 2003 ) `` Leave Right Now '' ( 2004 ) `` Dry Your Eyes '' ( 2005 ) `` Suddenly I See '' ( 2006 ) `` Elusive '' ( 2007 ) `` Love Is a Losing Game '' ( 2008 ) `` One Day Like This '' ( 2009 ) 2010s `` The Fear '' ( 2010 ) `` Becoming a Jackal '' ( 2011 ) `` The A Team '' ( 2012 ) `` Next to Me '' ( 2013 ) `` Strong '' ( 2014 ) `` Take Me to Church '' ( 2015 ) `` Was n't Expecting That '' ( 2016 ) `` Black Man in a White World '' ( 2017 ) * Awarded as The Best Song Harry Nilsson Studio albums Spotlight on Nilsson Pandemonium Shadow Show Aerial Ballet Harry Nilsson Sings Newman The Point ! Nilsson Schmilsson Son of Schmilsson A Little Touch of Schmilsson in the Night Pussy Cats Duit on Mon Dei Sandman ... That 's the Way It Is Knnillssonn Flash Harry Soundtracks Skidoo The Point ! Son of Dracula Popeye Remixes Aerial Pandemonium Ballet Compilations Early Tymes A Touch More Schmilsson in the Night Nilsson ' 62 : The Debut Sessions Hollywood Dreamer Nilsson The RCA Albums Collection Singles `` All for the Beatles '' `` Sixteen Tons '' `` You Ca n't Do That '' `` River Deep -- Mountain High '' `` One '' `` Everybody 's Talkin ' '' `` Me and My Arrow '' `` Without You '' `` Jump into the Fire '' `` Coconut '' `` As Time Goes By '' `` Subterranean Homesick Blues '' `` Save the Last Dance for Me '' `` Many Rivers to Cross '' `` A Love Like Yours ( Do n't Come Knocking Everyday ) '' `` Sail Away '' `` Just One Look / Baby I 'm Yours ( medley ) '' Other songs `` This Could Be the Night '' `` Ten Little Indians '' `` The Puppy Song '' `` Old Dirt Road '' `` You 're Breakin ' My Heart '' Collaborations John Lennon Pussy Cats Every Man Has a Woman Ringo Starr Ringo Son of Dracula Goodnight Vienna Ringo 's Rotogravure Stop and Smell the Roses Keith Moon Two Sides of the Moon Hal Willner Stay Awake : Various Interpretations of Music from Vintage Disney Films Related articles Discography RCA Victor The Monkees Midnight Cowboy Richard Perry The Hollywood Vampires The Lost Weekend The Telephone `` Pussy Cats '' Starring the Walkmen For the Love of Harry : Everybody Sings Nilsson Who Is Harry Nilsson ( And Why Is Everybody Talkin ' About Him ) ? Air Supply Russell Hitchcock Graham Russell Frank Esler - Smith Rex Goh Studio albums Air Supply The Whole Thing 's Started Love & Other Bruises Life Support Lost in Love The One That You Love Now and Forever Air Supply Hearts in Motion The Christmas Album The Earth Is ... The Vanishing Race News from Nowhere The Book of Love Yours Truly Across the Concrete Sky Mumbo Jumbo Live & compilations Greatest Hits Making Love ... The Very Best of Air Supply Greatest Hits Live ... Now and Forever Forever Love : 36 Greatest Hits Singles `` Lost in Love '' `` All Out of Love '' `` Every Woman in the World '' `` The One That You Love '' `` Here I Am ( Just When I Thought I Was Over You ) '' `` Even the Nights Are Better '' `` Two Less Lonely People in the World '' `` Making Love Out of Nothing at All '' `` The Power of Love ( You Are My Lady ) '' `` Lonely Is the Night '' `` Without You '' `` Unchained Melody '' Related articles Discography Harry Maslin Book Commons category T.G. Sheppard Notable singles `` Devil in the Bottle '' `` Tryin ' to Beat the Morning Home '' `` Motels and Memories '' `` Solitary Man '' `` Happy Together '' `` You Feel Good All Over '' `` Last Cheater 's Waltz '' `` I 'll Be Coming Back for More '' `` Smooth Sailin ' '' `` Do You Wanna Go to Heaven '' `` I Feel Like Loving You Again '' `` I Loved ' Em Every One '' `` Party Time '' `` Only One You '' `` Finally '' `` War Is Hell ( On the Homefront Too ) '' `` Faking Love '' ( with Karen Brooks ) `` Without You '' `` Slow Burn '' `` Make My Day '' ( with Clint Eastwood ) `` Somewhere Down the Line '' `` One Owner Heart '' `` You 're Going Out of My Mind '' `` Fooled Around and Fell in Love '' `` Doncha ? '' `` In Over My Heart '' `` Strong Heart '' `` Half Past Forever ( Till I 'm Blue in the Heart ) '' `` You 're My First Lady '' `` One for the Money '' `` You Still Do '' Mariah Carey songs Singles discography Songs recorded 1990s songs `` Vision of Love '' `` Love Takes Time '' `` Someday '' `` I Do n't Wanna Cry '' `` There 's Got to Be a Way '' `` Emotions '' `` Ca n't Let Go '' `` Make It Happen '' `` If It 's Over '' `` I 'll Be There '' `` Dreamlover '' `` Hero '' `` Anytime You Need a Friend '' `` Without You '' `` Never Forget You '' `` Endless Love '' `` All I Want for Christmas Is You '' `` O Holy Night '' `` Joy to the World '' `` Fantasy '' `` Underneath the Stars '' `` One Sweet Day '' `` Open Arms '' `` Always Be My Baby '' `` Forever '' `` Honey '' `` My All '' `` Butterfly '' `` The Roof '' `` Breakdown '' `` Close My Eyes '' `` The Beautiful Ones '' `` Sweetheart '' `` When You Believe '' `` I Still Believe '' `` Theme from Mahogany ( Do You Know Where You 're Going To ) '' `` Heartbreaker '' `` Thank God I Found You '' `` Ca n't Take That Away ( Mariah 's Theme ) '' `` Against All Odds ( Take a Look at Me Now ) '' `` Crybaby '' 2000s songs `` Loverboy '' `` Do n't Stop ( Funkin ' 4 Jamaica ) '' `` Reflections ( Care Enough ) '' `` Last Night a DJ Saved My Life '' `` Never Too Far '' `` Never Too Far / Hero Medley '' `` Through the Rain '' `` Boy ( I Need You ) '' `` Bringin ' On the Heartbreak '' `` I Know What You Want '' `` It 's Like That '' `` We Belong Together '' `` Shake It Off '' `` Mine Again '' `` Say Somethin ' '' `` Get Your Number '' `` Fly Like a Bird '' `` Do n't Forget About Us '' `` So Lonely '' `` Migrate '' `` Touch My Body '' `` I Stay in Love '' `` Side Effects '' `` I 'm That Chick '' `` I 'll Be Lovin ' U Long Time '' `` Bye Bye '' `` Hero '' ( 2008 version ) `` Betcha Gon ' Know ( The Prologue ) '' `` Obsessed '' `` I Want to Know What Love Is '' `` H.A.T.E.U. '' 2010s songs `` Up Out My Face '' `` Angels Cry '' `` Oh Santa ! '' `` Christmas Time Is in the Air Again '' `` When Christmas Comes '' `` One Child '' `` Auld Lang Syne ( The New Year 's Anthem ) '' `` # Beautiful '' `` Thirsty '' `` You 're Mine ( Eternal ) '' `` You Do n't Know What to Do '' `` Meteorite '' `` The Art of Letting Go '' `` Infinity '' `` I Do n't '' Other releases `` 100 % '' `` Almost Home '' `` Every Time I Close My Eyes '' `` Just Stand Up ! '' `` Lil ' L.O.V.E. '' `` My Love '' `` Right to Dream '' `` So Lonely '' `` Things That U Do '' `` Triumphant ( Get ' Em ) '' `` U Make Me Wanna '' `` What More Can I Give '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Without_You_(Badfinger_song)&oldid=843656089 '' Categories : 1970 songs 1971 singles 1994 singles Songs written by Pete Ham Songs written by Tom Evans ( musician ) Badfinger songs Harry Nilsson songs Shirley Bassey songs Air Supply songs T.G. Sheppard songs Mariah Carey songs Song recordings produced by Buddy Killen Song recordings produced by Walter Afanasieff Song recordings produced by Richard Perry Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Billboard Hot Latin Songs number - one singles Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles UK Singles Chart number - one singles Dutch Top 40 number - one singles Single Top 100 number - one singles European Hot 100 Singles number - one singles Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Number - one singles in Germany Number - one singles in Israel Number - one singles in Italy Number - one singles in Scotland Number - one singles in Sweden Number - one singles in Switzerland RCA Records singles Warner Bros. Records singles Curb Records singles Columbia Records singles United Artists Records singles Apple Records singles Giant Records ( Warner ) singles Pandora ( musical group ) songs Sony Music Entertainment singles Songs about heartache Torch songs 1970s ballads Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2014 Articles with dead external links from May 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Use British English from December 2011 Use dmy dates from December 2011 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart called without song Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Canadaadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphop Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Netherlands Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська 中文 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 15 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who wrote the song can't live without you | [
"\"Without You\" is a song written by Pete Ham and Tom Evans of British rock group Badfinger, and first released on their 1970 album No Dice. The song has been recorded by over 180 artists,[1] and versions released as singles by Harry Nilsson (1971) and Mariah Carey (1994) became international best-sellers. Paul McCartney once described the ballad as \"the killer song of all time\".[2]"
] | [
"Pete Ham and Tom Evans"
] |
8097197265241790851 | List of longest mountain chains on Earth | List of longest mountain chains on Earth - wikipedia List of longest mountain chains on Earth Jump to : navigation , search The Andes range consist of hundreds of mountain peaks . The world 's longest above - water mountain range is the Andes , about 7,000 km ( 4,300 mi ) long . The range stretches from north to south through seven countries in South America , along the west coast of the continent : Venezuela , Colombia , Ecuador , Peru , Bolivia , Chile , and Argentina . Aconcagua is the highest peak , at about 6,962 m ( 22,841 ft ) . This list does not include submarine mountain ranges . If submarine mountains are included , the longest is the global mid-ocean ridge system which extends for about 65,000 km ( 40,000 mi ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Formation 2 List 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Formation ( edit ) Mountain chains are typically formed by the process of plate tectonics . Tectonic plates slide very slowly over the Earth 's mantle , a lower place of rock that is heated from the Earth 's interior . Several huge sections of the earth 's crust are impelled by heat currents in the mantle , producing tremendous forces that can buckle the material at the edges of the plates to form mountains . Usually one plate is forced underneath the other , and the lower plate is slowly absorbed by the mantle . Where the two plates pass one another , heated rock from the mantle can burst through the crust to form volcanoes . The movement of the plates against one another can also cause earthquakes . List ( edit ) Rank Range Continent Country Approx. length Approx . width Max . elevation Highest point Andes South America Argentina Bolivia Chile Colombia Ecuador Peru Venezuela 32 ° S 70 ° W / 32 ° S 70 ° W / - 32 ; - 70 7,000 km ( 4,350 mi ) 500 km ( 300 mi ) 6,962 m ( 22,841 ft ) Mount Aconcagua Southern Great Escarpment Africa Zimbabwe South Africa Swaziland Lesotho Namibia Angola 29 ° S 29 ° E / 29 ° S 29 ° E / - 29 ; 29 5,000 km ( 3,100 mi ) 300 km ( 200 mi ) 3,482 m ( 11,424 ft ) Thabana Ntlenyana Rocky Mountains North America Canada United States 39 ° N 106 ° W / 39 ° N 106 ° W / 39 ; - 106 4,800 km ( 3,000 mi ) 300 km ( 200 mi ) 4,401 m ( 14,440 ft ) Mount Elbert Transantarctic Mountains Antarctica Antarctica 84 ° S 166 ° E / 84 ° S 166 ° E / - 84 ; 166 3,542 km ( 2,200 mi ) 400 km ( 250 mi ) 4,528 m ( 14,856 ft ) Mount Kirkpatrick 5 Great Dividing Range Australia Australia 36 ° S 148 ° E / 36 ° S 148 ° E / - 36 ; 148 3,059 km ( 1,900 mi ) 650 km ( 400 mi ) 2,228 m ( 7,310 ft ) Mount Kosciuszko 6 Himalayas Asia Bhutan India Nepal Pakistan Afghanistan China Myanmar 27 ° N 86 ° E / 27 ° N 86 ° E / 27 ; 86 2,576 km ( 1,600 mi ) 350 km ( 220 mi ) 8,848 m ( 29,029 ft ) Mount Everest See also ( edit ) List of mountain ranges List of mountains Continent References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Andes Mountains by Alan W. / Knapp Gregory . 1999 Retrieve 2002 Jump up ^ Windows to Universe The Andes Mountains by : Julia Genyuk . Retrieve 17 November 2008 Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica `` Great Escarpment '' by : Encyclopædia Britannica ( undated ) Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica Article The Great Escarpment of southern Africa : a new frontier for biodiversity by V. Ralph Clark , Nigel P. Barker and Laco Mucina Retrieve 2015 Jump up ^ Biodiversity and Conservation ) Jump up ^ USA tourist Rocky Mountain National Park by : Mike Leco ( undated ) Jump up ^ Tour Guide Article Rocky Mountain National Park by John William Uhler Retrieve 2007 Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica Rocky Mountains By Armand J. Eardley / Richard A. Marston Jump up ^ Antarctic Connection The Transantarctic Mountains ( undated ) Jump up ^ Aaron Martin TAM - The Transantarctic Mountains Retrieve 4 / 7 / 02 . Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica. Article - Online Transantarctic Mountains Retrieve 22 march 2011 Jump up ^ Australian Explorer Australian Travel Information - Great Dividing Range Jump up ^ Peakware World Mountain Encyclopedia - Great Dividing Range 1998 Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica Great Dividing Range Jump up ^ Great Dividing Range The Columbia Encyclopedia , Retrieve 2008 Jump up ^ Travel Himalayas The legendary majestic Beauty - Himalayan Mountain Range Jump up ^ Himalayan Mountain Himalaya , A dream for all explorers Jump up ^ Explore Himalayan Mountain Ranges of Himalayas External links ( edit ) Longest mountain range in the world The Andes - Introduction Arranging Ranges : Mountain Ranges of the World Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_longest_mountain_chains_on_Earth&oldid=815983187 '' Categories : Mountain ranges Lists of mountains Lists of superlatives Geography - related lists Geology - related lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 18 December 2017 , at 13 : 48 . About Wikipedia | what is the longest mountain range on earth | [
"The world's longest above-water mountain range is the Andes,[1][2] about 7,000 km (4,300 mi) long. The range stretches from north to south through seven countries in South America, along the west coast of the continent: Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Chile, and Argentina. Aconcagua is the highest peak, at about 6,962 m (22,841 ft)."
] | [
"Andes"
] |
-5067417553338465800 | Augustinian Province of Santo Niño de Cebu | Augustinian Province of Santo Niño de Cebu - wikipedia Augustinian Province of Santo Niño de Cebu Jump to : navigation , search Augustinian logo The Augustinian Province of Sto . Niño de Cebu , based in the city of Cebu in the Philippines , is a geographical and administrative subdivision of the religious Order of St. Augustine . The Province is actively involved in education , parish administration , mission work and formation of candidates for religious life . It has worked on joint missions with other Augustinian provinces , namely , the Australian Province in South Korea , the Dutch Province in Indonesia , and the Provinces of Villanova ( United States ) , Ireland and England - Scotland in South Africa . In keeping with its goal to become a missionary Province , it has begun sending friars overseas to help in apostolic and pastoral ministries . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Formation of the province 3 Houses 4 See also 5 External links 6 Footnotes History ( edit ) Logo of the Province of Sto . Niño de Cebu , Philippines ca . 1983 The first group of Augustinians , under the leadership of the Venerable Andres Urdaneta , came to the Philippines in 1565 from Spain through Mexico as the pioneers in the Catholic Church 's task of evangelization in that part of the globe . Originally establishing themselves in Cebu , these missionaries soon expanded their apostolic activities to the neighboring towns and islands and later to almost all the other principal regions of the archipelago . On March 7 , 1575 , the then Prior General of the Order , Fr . Tadeo de Perusa , decreed the creation of a new Augustinian Province in the Philippines under the title Santisimo Nombre de Jesus de Filipinas -- Most Holy Name of Jesus of the Philippines . During the Spanish colonial times in the Philippines , they founded almost three hundred towns and churches from 1565 to 1898 . At the turn of the twentieth century , the Province of the Most Holy Name of Jesus of the Philippines decided to shift its missionary activities to newer territories , such as Peru , Colombia , and Venezuela . As a logical consequence of this move , the seat of the Province was transferred from Manila to Madrid . The Augustinian presence in the country was then reduced to a minimum . To compensate for this loss of manpower , the remaining Augustinians intensified the recruitment and formation of Filipino candidates . And as the number of the latter increased and their preparedness adequately established , the idea of creating a new Province came to be seriously considered . Plans for the organization of such a Province began in 1974 when the Regional Assembly of the Philippine Augustinian Vicariate asked for the creation of a Vice-Province in the islands . Though the plan was not realized , it was again revived by a group of Filipino Augustinians at a meeting in the Basilica Minore del Santo Niño in Cebu on April 29 , 1981 . The plan this time was for the creation of a new Province . The move to create a new Province , which would be called the Province of Sto . Niño de Cebu - Philippines , was officially endorsed by the Regional Assembly of the Augustinian Vicariate of the Philippines at the closing of its sessions on August 19 , 1981 , in the Monastery of San Agustin , Intramuros , Manila , and by the Provincial Chapter of the Province of the Most Holy Name of Jesus of the Philippines , held in Valladolid , Spain on July 17 , 1982 . The proposal was overwhelmingly approved by the members of the 174th General Chapter held in Rome on September 15 , 1983 , and the new province was canonically established on December 25 , 1983 . Formation of the Province ( edit ) The province was officially formed on September 13 , 1983 , inside the Istituto Patristico Augustinianum in Rome during the 174th General Chapter of the Augustinian Order , where ninety - three delegates approved the creation of the first indigenous Augustinian province in Asia after over 400 years of control by Spanish religious leaders . The Province of Sto . Niño de Cebu gained autonomy from the mother province , the Province of the Most Holy Name of Jesus of the Philippines , which is based in Spain . The first Prior Provincial was Rev. Fr . Eusebio B. Berdon , OSA , who later became an assistant Prior General of the Order in Rome . Initially , the Province had thirty - six friars and religious brothers and sixty - one aspirants , novices , postulants and theology students . Houses ( edit ) Institutions , or houses , owned by the Province , include the following : Basilica Minore del Santo Niño , also called the Basilica of Sto . Niño de Cebu , where the image of the Santo Niño de Cebú is kept . University of San Agustin in Iloilo City . University of San Agustin Extension Campus at Sambag , Jaro , Iloilo City . Colegio San Agustin - Bacolod in Bacolod City . San Jose Parochial School and Parish in Plaza Libertad , Iloilo City . Colegio San Agustin - Biñan in Biñan , Laguna . Colegio San Agustin - Mati in Davao Guadalupe Monastery in Makati City . San Agustin Center of Studies ( San Agustin Major Seminary ) / San Agustin Center of Studies in Quezon City . Augustinian Novitiate and Prayer House in Talisay City , Cebu Province . Sto . Niño de Cebu Parish , Lower Mohon , Talisay City , Cebu University of San Agustin ( Mati - Davao Oriental Campus ) / UC Our Mother of Pepetual Help Parish , Socorro , Surigao del Norte St. Lawrence the Deacon Parish , Bagacay , Sorsogon Sto . Niño Spirituality Center , Consolacion , Cebu Sto . Niño Pilgrim Center , Cebu City ( Provincialate Community ) Sta . Ana Sub-Parish , Burgos , Siargao Island , Surigao del Norte St. Augustine of Hippo Quasi-parish , Saguday , Quirino See also ( edit ) Augustinian Province of the Most Holy Name of Jesus of the Philippines External links ( edit ) Official Website of the Augustinians in the Philippines Official Website of the Basilica Minore del Santo Niño Order of Saint Augustine ( Roman Curia ) Augustinians in Australia Augustinians in Britain Augustinians in Midwest - USA Augustinian presence in the United Nations Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Augustinian Order '' . www.basilicadelsantoninodecebu.org.ph. 2006 . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ Fr . Eusebio B. Berdon , OSA : The New Province : Profile , Challenges & Goals , Inauguration of the Augustinian Province of Sto . Niño de Cebu , Philippines , Yuhum La Defensa Press , Iloilo City , 1984 Jump up ^ Anita D. Bellosillo : Fr . Eusebio Berdon : His Brethren 's Choice , Inauguration of the Augustinian Province of Sto . Niño de Cebu , Philippines , Yuhum La Defensa Press , Iloilo City , 1984 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= Augustinian_Province_of_Santo_Niño_de_Cebu&oldid = 790309775 '' Categories : Religious organizations established in 1983 Augustinian Order Catholic Church in the Philippines Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 12 July 2017 , at 22 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was the santo niño de cebu parish of biñan laguna founded | [
"The province was officially formed on September 13, 1983, inside the Istituto Patristico Augustinianum in Rome during the 174th General Chapter of the Augustinian Order, where ninety-three delegates approved the creation of the first indigenous Augustinian province in Asia after over 400 years of control by Spanish religious leaders. The Province of Sto. Niño de Cebu gained autonomy from the mother province, the Province of the Most Holy Name of Jesus of the Philippines, which is based in Spain.[2]"
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"September 13, 1983"
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8578158398567446443 | 2018 Commonwealth Games medal table | 2018 Commonwealth Games medal table - Wikipedia 2018 Commonwealth Games medal table Jump to : navigation , search Part of a series on 2018 Commonwealth Games ( show ) Bids Venues ( Athletes ' Village ) Concerns and controversies Queen 's Baton Relay Opening ceremony ( Parade of Nations ) Participating teams Medal table Chronological summary Closing ceremony Mascot CGF CGA The 2018 Commonwealth Games ( officially known as the XXI Commonwealth Games ) , were a multi-sport event held in Gold Coast , Queensland , Australia , between 4 and 15 April 2018 . 275 medal events were held at these games . Australia , serving as the host nation , dominated the games with 80 gold , 59 silver and 59 bronze , for a total of 198 medals . Contents ( hide ) 1 Firsts 2 Medal table 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Firsts ( edit ) The Solomon Islands won its first ever Commonwealth Games medal , a bronze won by Jenly Tegu Wini in the women 's 58 kg weightlifting event . The Cook Islands won its first ever Commonwealth Games medal , a bronze won by Taiki Paniani and Aidan Zittersteijn in the men 's pairs lawn bowls event . Vanuatu won its first ever Commonwealth Games medal , a bronze won by para athlete Friana Kwevira in the women 's javelin throw ( F46 ) event . Dominica won its first ever Commonwealth Games medal when Thea LaFond won a bronze medal in the women 's triple jump event . A few days later , Dominica won its first ever silver medal when Yordanys Duranona Garcia came second in the men 's triple jump event . British Virgin Islands won its first ever Commonwealth Games medal when Kyron McMaster won the men 's 400m hurdles . Saint Lucia won its first ever Commonwealth Games gold medal when Levern Spencer won the women 's high jump event . Medal table ( edit ) The ranking in this table is consistent with International Olympic Committee convention in its published medal tables . By default , the table is ordered by the number of gold medals the athletes from a nation have won ( in this context , a `` nation '' is an entity represented by a Commonwealth Games Association ) . The number of silver medals is taken into consideration next and then the number of bronze medals . If nations are still tied , equal ranking is given and they are listed alphabetically by their three - letter country code . Australia tops the medal table rank with 80 gold , second England with 45 gold and third India with 26 gold . Key * Host nation ( Australia ) 2018 Commonwealth Games medal table Rank CGA Gold Silver Bronze Total Australia ( AUS ) * 80 59 59 198 England ( ENG ) 45 45 46 136 India ( IND ) 26 20 20 66 Canada ( CAN ) 15 40 27 82 5 New Zealand ( NZL ) 15 16 15 46 6 South Africa ( RSA ) 13 11 13 37 7 Wales ( WAL ) 10 12 14 36 8 Scotland ( SCO ) 9 13 22 44 9 Nigeria ( NGR ) 9 9 6 24 10 Cyprus ( CYP ) 8 5 14 11 Jamaica ( JAM ) 7 9 11 27 12 Malaysia ( MAS ) 7 5 12 24 13 Singapore ( SGP ) 5 9 14 Kenya ( KEN ) 7 6 17 15 Uganda ( UGA ) 6 16 Botswana ( BOT ) 5 17 Samoa ( SAM ) 0 5 18 Trinidad and Tobago ( TTO ) 0 19 Namibia ( NAM ) 0 0 20 Northern Ireland ( NIR ) 7 12 21 Bahamas ( BAH ) 0 22 Papua New Guinea ( PNG ) 0 23 Fiji ( FIJ ) 24 Pakistan ( PAK ) 0 5 25 Grenada ( GRN ) 0 26 Bermuda ( BER ) 0 0 Guyana ( GUY ) 0 0 British Virgin Islands ( IVB ) 0 0 Saint Lucia ( LCA ) 0 0 30 Bangladesh ( BAN ) 0 0 31 Sri Lanka ( SRI ) 0 5 6 32 Cameroon ( CMR ) 0 33 Dominica ( DMA ) 0 34 Isle of Man ( IOM ) 0 0 Mauritius ( MRI ) 0 0 Nauru ( NRU ) 0 0 37 Malta ( MLT ) 0 0 Vanuatu ( VAN ) 0 0 39 Cook Islands ( COK ) 0 0 Ghana ( GHA ) 0 0 Norfolk Island ( NFI ) 0 0 Seychelles ( SEY ) 0 0 Solomon Islands ( SOL ) 0 0 Total ( 43 CGAs ) 275 276 289 840 See also ( edit ) Commonwealth Games portal 2010s portal Gold Coast portal Queensland portal Australia portal All - time Commonwealth Games medal table References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Sport : Solomon Islands win first Comm Games medal '' . Radio New Zealand . Wellington , New Zealand . 7 April 2018 . Retrieved 7 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Persico , Christina ; Mitchell , Stephanie ( 9 April 2018 ) . `` Taranaki teen wins Cook Islands ' first Commonwealth Games medal '' . Stuff.co.nz . Retrieved 9 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Butler , Nick ( 9 April 2018 ) . `` Simbine stuns Blake to win Commonwealth Games 100 metres '' . Insidethegames.biz . Dunsar Media . Retrieved 9 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATE : Thea Lafond wins bronze for Dominica at Commonwealth Games '' . Dominica News Online . Retrieved 10 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Athletics Event Schedule Women 's Triple Jump - Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games '' . results.gc2018.com . Retrieved 10 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Kelner , Martha ( 12 April 2018 ) . `` Kyron McMaster lets the tears flow after gold follows coach 's death '' . The Guardian . London , England . Retrieved 13 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Scott , Chris ( 12 April 2018 ) . `` A year after Hurricane Irma , Kyron McMaster wins BVI 's first Commonwealth medal '' . CNN . Atlanta , Georgia , United States . Retrieved 13 April 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official medal table ( hide ) Commonwealth Games medal tables 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_Commonwealth_Games_medal_table&oldid=842226240 '' Categories : 2018 Commonwealth Games Commonwealth Games medal tables Queensland - related lists Hidden categories : Use Australian English from April 2018 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Use dmy dates from April 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Deutsch हिन्दी 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 May 2018 , at 02 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who won the most medals in commonwealth games 2018 | [
"Australia, serving as the host nation, dominated the games with 80 gold, 59 silver and 59 bronze, for a total of 198 medals."
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"Australia"
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6033941793602785894 | Oak apple | Oak apple - wikipedia Oak apple Jump to : navigation , search Oak galls on a Pyrenean oak ( Quercus pyrenaica ) in León , Spain . An oak apple on a tree in Worcestershire , England Oak apple or oak gall is the common name for a large , round , vaguely apple - like gall commonly found on many species of oak . Oak apples range in size from 2 to 4 centimetres ( 1 to 2 in ) in diameter and are caused by chemicals injected by the larva of certain kinds of gall wasp in the family Cynipidae . The adult female wasp lays single eggs in developing leaf buds . The wasp larvae feed on the gall tissue resulting from their secretions . Considerable confusion exists in the general `` literature '' between the oak apple and the oak marble gall . The oak marble is frequently called the oak apple due to the superficial resemblance and the preponderance of the oak marble gall in the wild . Other galls found on oak trees include the oak artichoke gall and the acorn cup gall , but each of these has its own distinctive form . Some common oak - apple - forming species are the Biorhiza pallida gall wasp in Europe , Amphibolips confluenta in eastern North America , and Atrusca bella in western North America . Oak apples may be brownish , yellowish , greenish , pinkish , or reddish . Contents ( hide ) 1 Iron gall ink 2 Folklore 3 Gallery 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Iron gall ink ( edit ) Main article : Iron gall ink Oak galls have been used in the production of ink since at least the time of the Roman Empire . From the Middle Ages to the early twentieth century , iron gall ink was the main medium used for writing in the Western world . Iron gall ink was used to write Magna Carta and the 1217 Charter of the Forest , and a special new ' recipe ' for ink made with oak galls by artist Jo Lathwood is being used to write the new Charter for Trees , Woods and People , launching in November 2017 after being developed with public input by the Woodland Trust and 70 other steering group organisations . Folklore ( edit ) It is said that if a `` worm '' is found inside the gall on Michaelmas Day , then the year will be pleasant and unexceptional , and if a spider is found , then it will be a bad year with shortages and ruined crops . If a fly is found inside , then it will be a moderate season , and if nothing is found , then serious diseases will occur all that year . Oak Apple Day ( or Royal Oak Day ) is a former public holiday in England on 29 May that commemorated the Restoration of Charles II in 1660 . The popular name refers to the event during the English Civil War when Charles hid in an oak tree . The commemoration persists in some areas today , although festivities have little to do with the Restoration . Gallery ( edit ) An oak apple on an oak leaf . Oak apples on the undersides of oak leaves , Wiltshire , England October 2007 . An oak tree with multiple oak apples . Andricus kollari oak gall Oak apples on an oak tree . Oak apple gall on Garry oak ( Quercus garryana ) , Sonoma County , California Oak apples on oak leaf and in cross section , Willamette Valley , Oregon . Biorhiza pallida male See also ( edit ) Knopper gall Oak Apple Day Pineapple gall References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Cranshaw , Whitney ( 2004 ) . Garden Insects of North America . Princeton , New Jersey : Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 09560 - 4 . Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary Jump up ^ Diringer , David ( 1 March 1982 ) . The Book Before Printing : Ancient , Medieval and Oriental . Dover Publications . pp. 551 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Roud , Steven ( 2003 ) . The Penguin Guide to the Superstitions of Britain and Ireland . Pengun Books . p. 344 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Galls on Quercus . Amphibolips confluenta Biorhiza pallida Gloucestershire Naturalists ' Society photograph of galls with ' red apple ' appearance See also : ( 1 ) The Oak Apple Gall Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oak_apple&oldid=792738697 '' Categories : Cynipoidea Oak galls Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Latina Nederlands 日本 語 Português Русский کوردی Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 July 2017 , at 10 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what are the balls that grow on oak trees | [
"Oak apple or oak gall is the common name for a large, round, vaguely apple-like gall commonly found on many species of oak. Oak apples range in size from 2 to 4 centimetres (1 to 2 in) in diameter and are caused by chemicals injected by the larva of certain kinds of gall wasp in the family Cynipidae.[1] The adult female wasp lays single eggs in developing leaf buds. The wasp larvae feed on the gall tissue resulting from their secretions. Considerable confusion exists in the general \"literature\" between the oak apple and the oak marble gall. The oak marble is frequently called the oak apple due to the superficial resemblance and the preponderance of the oak marble gall in the wild. Other galls found on oak trees include the oak artichoke gall and the acorn cup gall, but each of these has its own distinctive form."
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"Oak apple or oak gall"
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