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-6093939005453441038 | List of Superman enemies | List of Superman enemies - wikipedia List of Superman enemies Jump to : navigation , search `` Encantadora '' redirects here . For the song by Yandel , see Encantadora ( song ) . Various enemies of Superman , as they appear on the cover of Superman Villains : Secret Files and Origins # 1 ( June 1998 , art by Dan Jurgens ) . This is a list of fictional supervillains appearing in DC Comics who are or have been enemies of the superhero Superman . It is notable that several of Superman 's enemies ( most notably Darkseid and Brainiac ) are or have been foes of the Justice League of America as well . Contents ( hide ) 1 Central rogues gallery 2 Foes of lesser renown 3 Group villains 4 Allies in conflict 5 Enemies created for other media 6 Villains from comics in other media 7 See also 8 References Central rogues gallery ( edit ) In alphabetical order ( with issue and date of first appearance ) : Villain First appearance Description Atlas 1st Issue Special # 1 ( April 1975 ) A former one - shot Jack Kirby character recently revamped as a morally ambiguous antihero , Atlas has a crystal which gives him strength to rival Superman . Atomic Skull Superman # 303 ( September 1976 ) Albert Michaels was given radiation treatments that gave him atomic eye - blasts and worked from an agent of SKULL to becoming the organization 's leader . Adventures of Superman # 483 ( October 1991 ) Joseph Martin 's superhuman powers manifested after exposure to the Dominators ' gene - bomb , the film buff began to hallucinate that he was a 1930s movie hero called the Atomic Skull and that Superman was his nemesis . Anti-Monitor Crisis on Infinite Earths # 2 ( May 1985 ) The villain behind Crisis on Infinite Earths , the Anti-Monitor is one of the most powerful beings in the DC multiverse . Bizarro Superboy # 68 ( October 1958 ) Bizarro was created when Superboy was exposed to a `` duplicating ray '' , and was later destroyed in the same story . Action Comics # 254 ( July 1959 ) Lex Luthor exposed Kal - El , now Superman , to another duplicating ray , this time creating an adult Bizarro . This Bizarro later created a Bizarro Lois and left with her into space . In accordance with the science fiction concepts of Superman stories of the era , Bizarro relocated to `` the Bizarro World , '' a cubical planet called Htrae ( Earth spelled backwards ) which operated under `` Bizarro logic '' ( it was a crime to do anything good or right ) and which Bizarro populated with inverted versions of Superman 's supporting cast and other DC heroes . The Man of Steel # 5 ( December 1986 ) Bizarro was a flawed clone created by Lex Luthor 's staff of scientists . Superman vol. 2 # 160 ( September 2000 ) Post-Crisis another Bizarro was created when the Joker conned Mr. Mxyzptlk out of 99 % of his powers and created a Bizarro World . Black Zero Superman # 205 ( 1968 ) The original Black Zero was a space saboteur who destroyed planets for pay , and was the man responsible for destroying Krypton . He was erased from existence following Crisis on Infinite Earths . Superboy vol. 4 # 61 In an alternate reality in which Superman never returned from the dead , Superboy became the new Black Zero and took control of Earth by force . Bloodsport Superman vol. 2 # 4 ( April 1987 ) A gun - toting mercenary with Kryptonite bullets . Adventures of Superman # 506 ( November 1993 ) A white supremacist , Alex Trent uses similar technology to the first Bloodsport . Brainiac Action Comics # 242 ( July 1958 ) Most incarnations depict Brainiac ( alias Vril Dox ) as a bald , green - skinned alien cyborg or android from the planet Colu , and one of the most dangerous villains in the DC universe , capable of possessing others , inventing extremely weaponry ( such as force fields and shrink rays ) , physically matching or overpowering Superman , creating and manipulating computer systems , and exerting some control over time and space . Bruno Mannheim Superman 's Pal Jimmy Olsen # 139 ( July 1971 ) Mannheim is one of Metropolis most powerful gangsters , the leader of Intergang . Composite Superman World 's Finest Comics # 142 ( June 1964 ) An out of work diver , Joseph Meach gained the combined powers of the Legion of Super-Heroes after being struck by the energy discharge of their statues . He then desired to defeat Superman and Batman . However the effects eventually wear off . Later they are given back by an alien whose Father was imprisoned by the two heroes , but when he turned back he sacrificed himself to save Superman and Batman from the Magna - Gun the alien had shot at them . Conduit Superman : The Man of Steel # 0 ( October 1994 ) A good friend of Clark Kent 's while growing up , Kenny Braverman was exposed to Kryptonite radiation as a baby and so became a living Kryptonite battery . Obsessed with coming in second to Clark and killing both Clark and Superman , he has learned they are one and the same . He is currently deceased . Cyborg Superman Adventures of Superman # 466 ( May 1990 ) Hank Henshaw is an astronaut who died as a result of a doomed mission onboard space shuttle Excalibur . Because Superman failed to save him , Hank Henshaw blames him for the loss of his original body , as well as the death of his wife . Reduced to a formless entity that inhabits mechanical bodies , the Cyborg desires to cause Superman equal pain . He masqueraded as a resurrected Superman after the hero 's apparent death , claiming to be the result of Superman 's remains being reconstructed into cybernetic form . The ruse was a tremendous success , even earning the Cyborg an endorsement from the U.S. President as the `` true '' Superman . Hank Henshaw betrayed those whose lives he was entrusted with when he obliterated Coast City with the help of Mongul ; this event led to Green Lantern Hal Jordan 's mental breakdown and later transformation into Parallax . Later he became a member of the Sinestro Corps , still continuing to mockingly bear Superman 's insignia . Action Comics # 252 ( May 1959 ) Zor - El was introduced as the new Cyborg Superman following the New 52 relaunch of the DC Universe . Zor - El was rescued from Krypton 's destruction by Brainiac and was reconfigured as a cyborg to be his scout for looking for stronger species in the universe . Darkseid Superman 's Pal Jimmy Olsen # 134 ( November 1970 ) Uxas , son of Heggra , alien dictator of the planet Apokolips . As with gods in other mythologies , Darkseid is incredibly powerful , but can not escape his ultimate destiny . It has been foretold that Darkseid will meet his final defeat at the hands of his son , Orion , in a cataclysmic battle in the fiery Armaghetto of Apokolips . According to writer Mark Evanier , Jack Kirby modeled Darkseid on actor Jack Palance . Doomsday Superman : The Man of Steel # 18 ( November 1992 ) The creature who killed Superman in a titanic battle that also resulted in Doomsday 's death , although Doomsday comes back to life every time he dies , albeit more powerful . Created by an ancient genetic experiment on Krypton . Eradicator Action Comics Annual # 2 ( 1989 ) A powerful artificial intelligence from Krypton , the Eradicator program initially sought to transform and terraform Earth into a New Krypton . Since then , it has merged with human scientist David Conner , serving as a replacement Superman after the Man of Steel 's apparent death and later as an ally to Superman himself . Faora Hu - Ul Action Comics # 471 ( May 1977 ) A Kryptonian martial artist and man - hater who was sent to the Phantom Zone for murdering several men , she is able to beat Superman using her knowledge of Klurkor , a Kryptonian martial art enabling the user to immobilize an opponent via pressure points ( this character was used as the basis of General Zod 's lover , Zaora ) . General Zod Adventure Comics # 283 ( April 1961 ) General Dru - Zod is one of Superman 's more prominent enemies . Once the Military Director of the Kryptonian Space Center , Zod had personally known Jor - El when he was an aspiring scientist . Zod attempted to take over Krypton using a machine that produced Bizarro - like duplicates during a period of turmoil caused by the termination of the space program ; he was sentenced to the Phantom Zone for 40 years for his crimes . Zod was first released by Kal - El ( during his Superboy career ) when his term of imprisonment was up . However , he attempted to conquer Earth with powers gained under its yellow sun . Zod was sent back into the Phantom Zone , occasionally escaping to target Superman . Adventures of Superman # 444 ( September 1988 ) A General Zod based on the previous version created by the Time Trapper in a pocket dimension . Superman vol. 2 # 166 ( January 2001 ) Head of the Kryptonian military in an alternate reality created by Brainiac 13 . Action Comics # 779 ( July 2001 ) A Russian child that during an experiment developed powers similar to Superman , but where Zod gains power from red sunlight and becomes weak in yellow . He made contact with an otherworldly Zod that inspired him to face Superman . Superman vol. 2 # 204 ( June 2004 ) Created from the artificial Metropia constructed by Superman that claimed to be from Krypton . Action Comics # 845 ( January 2007 ) Following Jor - El 's belief that Krypton was doomed and attempted to usurp the ruling council , Zod and his compatriots Non and Ursa were captured and sentenced to the Phantom Zone with Jor - El their jailer . Having escaped the Phantom Zone with his allies , Zod 's new objective is to reclaim his son , Lor - Zod , who is currently in Superman and Lois Lane 's custody ( under the alias of `` Chris Kent ) . '' Gog The Kingdom # 1 ( February 1999 ) In a possible future timeline , a boy called William was the sole survivor of the destruction of Kansas in a nuclear blast . Saved by Superman , he came to view the Man of Steel as a savior and became a minister of a church devoted to him . When Superman tried to correct this misguided view , William came to see him as instead a demon whose failure led to Kansas ' destruction . Empowered by the cosmic beings known as the Quintessence , Gog has traveled across the dimensions of Hypertime , slaying versions of Superman wherever he finds them . Imperiex Superman # 153 ( February 2000 ) An all - powerful force of nature whose purpose is destroying galaxies , planning to create a new universe . Eventually , Superman , Steel , and Darkseid stopped Imperiex by using Doomsday as an ally , along with a powerful weapon called the Entropy Aegis . Intergang Superman 's Pal Jimmy Olsen # 133 ( October 1970 ) A nationwide organized crime syndicate armed with weapons supplied in part by Darkseid , led by Bruno Mannheim . Jax - Ur ( Pre-Crisis ) Adventure Comics # 289 ( October 1961 ) Jax - Ur was an amoral and criminally deviant scientist on the planet Krypton . He was imprisoned in the Phantom Zone for destroying Wegthor , one of the Krypton 's inhabited ( Population : 500 ) moons while experimenting with a nuclear warhead - equipped rocket . Jax - Ur 's intention was to launch and test - fire it against a passing space rock . If this test proved successful , Jax - Ur would then commence the build - up of a massive personal nuclear arsenal with which he would overthrow the Kryptonian government , and place the entire planet under his dominion . ( In the World of Krypton miniseries , he is shown test - launching a nuclear missile , intended to destroy a space rock , but a collision with a spaceship piloted by Jor - El sent it off - course . ) Because of this , space travel was forbidden . He calls himself `` the worst criminal in the Phantom Zone '' . His sentence for his act of mass murder is life imprisonment . In his first appearance , he managed to escape from the Phantom Zone , and posed as a super-powered version of Jonathan Kent . Superboy eventually sent Jax - Ur back to the Phantom Zone . Most of his later Silver Age appearances show him in his ghostly Phantom Zone form . Jax - Ur did not appear after the Crisis on Infinite Earths for some time , as until the recent appearance of Supergirl there was a rule that no Kryptonians survived except Superman . However , in one story he shows some honour , as he is released to help Superman defeat a criminal who caused Krypton 's destruction and allows himself to be sent back . ( Post-Crisis ) Action Comics # 846 ( February 2007 ) He is one of the criminals unleashed from the Phantom Zone by Zod . In the current continuity , Jax - Ur destroyed Krypton 's moon during an attempt at interstellar space travel . When the moon was destroyed Brainiac became aware of Krypton and attacked Kandor killing millions and put the city into a bottle . Jax - Ur subsequently became the first prisoner banished to the Phantom Zone . Jax - Ur is shown to be of the Science guild , is bald , and has one eye . He is part of General Zod 's sleeper agents on Earth . He is currently employed by S.T.A.R. Labs as a scientist . Jax - Ur appeared in Superman : The Animated Series , where he was voiced by Ron Perlman . He was portrayed more like Zod , a military genius who had attempted to overthrow the Science Council . His co-conspirator , and possible lover , is a beautiful Kryptonian female with long white hair named Mala ( based on Ursa and Faora ) . Kryptonite Man Superboy # 83 ( September 1960 ) A teenage delinquent who passed through a cloud of Kryptonite and gained super powers . Superman vol. 2 # 43 ( May 1990 ) A clone of Superman mutated by Kryptonite exposure created by Simyan and Mokkari . Superman / Batman # 20 ( December 2005 ) An energy being formed from the latent energy of Major Force combining with the energy from the Kryptonite meteor Captain Atom sacrificed himself to keep from destroying the Earth . This being could hop between bodies , taking a body over and emanate Kryptonite radiation . Superman # 650 ( May 2006 ) A scientist looking for a way to turn Kryptonite into a fuel source ; he arrogantly ignores any dangers and is turned into the Kryptonite Man . Lex Luthor Action Comics # 23 ( May 1940 ) Superman 's archenemy , and the consummate evil genius . He continues to play different roles in various Superman comics and media . In his classic Silver Age incarnation , Lex Luthor and Superman were once friends , but a lab accident indirectly caused by Superman ( then Superboy ) caused Lex 's hair to fall out completely . This event causes Luthor to snap and become a dangerous criminal who plots the destruction of Superman . In the modern era , Lex Luthor was re-envisioned as a wealthy CEO / scientist who hides his sociopathic tendencies behind a mask of philanthropy . Although beloved by the people of Metropolis for his many public works , Superman knows the truth . In the mainstream comic series , Luthor eventually manipulates his way to the U.S. Presidency , but is forcibly unseated from office by Superman and the Justice League . Lobo Omega Men # 3 ( June 1983 ) A bounty hunter , the last member of the alien Czarnian race . Metallo Action Comics # 252 ( May 1959 ) Former mercenary John Corben was transformed into a powerful cyborg with a heart of kryptonite . He seeks to use this power source as the instrument of Superman 's downfall . Superman # 310 ( April 1977 ) Roger Corben , John Corben 's brother , had his brain transferred into a similar robotic body as his brother by SKULL . Mongul DC Comics Presents # 27 ( November 1980 ) Ruler of the gladiatorial planet Warworld , Mongul 's strength rivals that of Superman and he has often attempted to break the Man of Steel . He was slain by the demon Neron . ( unnamed ) Showcase ' 95 # 8 ( September 1995 ) ( as Mongul ) Superman vol. 2 , # 151 ( December 1999 ) Mongul 's son who has since taken up the mantle , as has his daughter Mongal . Morgan Edge Superman 's Pal Jimmy Olsen # 133 ( October 1970 ) A corrupt corporate executive , he tried to take control of Intergang and organized the post-Crisis iteration of the Superman Revenge Squad . Mister Mxyzptlk Superman # 30 ( September 1944 ) An imp from the fifth dimension , Mr. Mxyzptlk possesses nigh - limitless reality - bending powers , which he often uses to pose challenges to Superman for his own amusement . Parasite Action Comics # 340 ( August 1966 ) Raymond Maxwell Jensen is a worker at a research plant that stumbles upon waste collected by Superman and is transformed into a purple - skinned monster that lives off the energy of others . Firestorm , the Nuclear Man # 58 ( April 1987 ) Rudy Jones , a S.T.A.R. Labs janitor , is manipulated by Darkseid into a similar situation that created the original Parasite becoming like him , becoming green - skinned ( however his skin eventually became purple , like the original Parasite , due to attempts by doctors to cure his condition ) . Phantom Zone criminals Adventure Comics # 283 ( April 1961 ) Pre-Crisis , these were Kryptonian criminals exiled to a border continuum called the `` Phantom Zone , '' discovered by Superman 's father , in which they only existed in a ghostlike form ; this allowed them to survive the destruction of Krypton . Various such criminals would sometimes escape and attack Superman . Prankster Action Comics # 51 ( August 1942 ) Oswald Loomis , the Prankster , was a criminal ; his particular gimmick was the use of various practical jokes and gags in committing his crimes . In the early 2000s , he began using high tech weaponry . Professor Hamilton Adventures of Superman # 424 ( January 1987 ) Emil Hamilton , a mad scientist from S.T.A.R. Labs ; he spent years as Superman 's ally , but he later turned to evil and joined the Secret Society of Supervillains . Silver Banshee Action Comics # 595 ( December 1987 ) A Gaelic woman trapped in a Limbo for decades by magic after she was double - crossed by a clan chief , then emerged with magic powers and vowed to track down his descendants for revenge . Her scream drains the life out of others . Solomon Grundy Superman # 319 ( January 1978 ) Created by the Parasite from slime into which the original Grundy came into contact . Superboy - Prime DC Comics Presents # 87 ( November 1985 ) Clark Kent was born on a parallel world that was destroyed during the Crisis on Infinite Earths , Superboy - Prime was trapped outside time for decades . However , his faith in Earth 's heroes was destroyed by decades of their mistakes , and he emerged from a pocket dimension to try to replace Superman . Terra - Man Superman # 249 ( March 1972 ) A fanatic environmentalist and former businessman with no real superpowers that used advanced technology to give himself abilities . Titano the Super-Ape Superman # 127 ( February 1959 ) A colossal ape with kryptonite vision . Post-Crisis , he was a test monkey transformed by a genetic experiment gone awry . Toyman Action Comics # 64 ( September 1943 ) The Toyman ( Winslow Schott ) uses toy - based or toy - themed devices and gimmicks in his various crimes . The Toyman 's weapons , while sometimes comical , are also very dangerous . The Toyman first appeared in animated form on Challenge of the Superfriends , as part of the archvillain supergroup , the Legion of Doom , where he donned a jester 's outfit . Toyman was a recurring villain in Superman : The Animated Series , where he wore an overgrown fiberglass child 's head with a creepy blank expression on it over his own head . The Toyman also appears in seasons 8 and 9 of Smallville as an overweight technogeek trying to destroy Luthorcorp and the Daily Planet in attempts to kill Oliver Queen , who had fired Winslow from Queen Industries . Ultra-Humanite Action Comics # 13 ( July 1939 ) The Ultra-Humanite is the first super-villain ever faced by Superman and one of the first of the Golden Age of Comics . He was designed to be the polar opposite of the Man of Steel : while Superman is a hero with superhuman strength , Ultra-Humanite is a criminal mastermind who has a crippled body but a highly advanced intellect . Siegel and Shuster retired the Ultra-Humanite as Superman 's archfoe when Lex Luthor was introduced into the Superman comic . The Ultra-Humanite was thus retired for several decades only to return with Superman ( Earth - Two ) and the Justice Society of America the targets of his machinations . The Ultra-Humanite has developed a process of transplanting his mind into different bodies , first doing this with actress Dolores Winters when he was nearly killed , most famously with an albino ape , and also with Johnny Thunder . Ultraman Justice League of America # 29 ( August 1964 ) An evil counterpart of Superman from an alternate Earth , Ultraman possesses powers similar to Superman 's . Post-Crisis , Ultraman 's power source is through exposure to Anti-Kryptonite instead of his Earth 's yellow sun . Ultraman is a member of the Crime Syndicate of America , a villainous version of the Justice League indigenous to his universe . His power levels are equal to Superman 's as long as his exposure to Anti-Kryptonite is regularly maintained ; if he is away from it for too long his power levels drop and lessen . Foes of lesser renown ( edit ) In alphabetical order ( with issue and date of first appearance ) : Villain First appearance Description Aarbur - Z Action Comics # 383 ( December 1969 ) Disembodied intelligence inhabiting super-powered costume , pursued by similar entity Enforcer NZ - 2 , attempted to possess Superman . Aethyr The Phantom Zone # 3 ( March 1982 ) A godlike entity from the Phantom Zone that 's created from the fusion of millions of souls . Adversary Adventures of Superman # 579 ( June 2000 ) Wheelchair - bound Cary Richards is a young child neighbor of Clark and Lois who made a deal with the demon Lord Satanis to gain psionic powers , subconsciously becoming a stereotypical macho 1990s supervillain ( musclebound , wearing leather with metal spikes , spouting profanities , chewing a cigar ) named Adversary that wanted to develop a reputation defeating Superman in similar fashion as Doomsday . Alex Evell Superman # 5 ( Summer 1940 ) Corrupt politician who forces publisher Zachary Collum to sell the Morning Pictorial to him to help him take over the city . He uses it to lie about his enemies , and when Daily Planet Publisher Burt Mason refuses to stop a story by Clark Kent about his lies and wo n't sell the paper he declares war against the Planet . His men attack delivery trucks , steal papers and attack those selling them , but Superman helps the Planet and stops the thugs . Knowing Superman is fond of Lois he calls her to say Clark has been badly injured and is calling for Lois at Bentley Hospital . When she gets to the hospital she is kidnapped although Superman follows . Bentley sets the place on fire , despite two of his gang being in there , but Superman escapes , rescues the gangsters and stops Evel 's car . Bentley says he wo n't talk , but the thugs say they will to get even with him . Superman leaves them at a Police Station , Collum gets his paper back , and Evell goes to prison . Amalak Superman # 190 ( October 1966 ) Alien bounty hunter whose planet was once conquered by Krypton during an imperial phase . Superman # 669 ( December 2007 ) His people wiped out by Admiral Zod , Amalak dedicated his life to eradicating all Kryptonian life from existence . Amazing Grace Superman vol. 2 , # 3 ( March 1987 ) A servant of Darkseid , she uses her powers of persuasion to maintain his control of Apokolips . Amazo The Brave and the Bold # 30 ( June 1960 ) An android with powers similar to those of the Parasite , except that he replicates their abilities instead of absorbing them . Amok Superman : The 10 ¢ Adventure ( 2003 ) It is known that he was born in Iceland , but how he achieved his metahuman super-strength and energy powers is not yet known . The Amphi - Bandits Action Comics # 90 ( November 1945 ) Inventor - turned - criminal Horace Rikker led this gang who evaded police pursuit via a secret submersible vehicle in a Metropolis river . Andrar Superboy # 164 ( April 1970 ) Superboy enemy , led Crab Nebulan attempt to invade Earth with android duplicates . The Annihilator and the Annihilator Jr . Action Comics # 355 - 357 Defecting scientist from the Iron Curtain , he utilized Kryptonian explosives , briefly ruled the US . As the madness of his condition faded , his adopted son took a drink of the explosives and gained similar powers . Anomaly Adventures of Superman # 539 ( October 1996 ) Created by Project Cadmus , a clone of a felon . However , he was altered to have the power to mimic the substance of his surroundings . The Archer Superman # 13 ( December 1941 ) Quigley , first name unrevealed . Extortionist archer who targets millionaires , shooting them with a bow and arrow if they do not pay . Superman starts to pursue him and prevents him shooting Lois and Jimmy . He is revealed to be a hunter who decided to hunt humans instead of animals . The Auctioneer Action Comics # 841 ( September 2006 ) A gigantic alien that uses advanced technology to collect valuable items and beings to auction to the highest bidder . Baron Sunday Superman vol. 2 , # 26 ( December 1988 ) A villain who uses Voodoo magic against the Man of Steel . Barrage Superman Annual vol. 2 , # 2 ( 1988 ) Karnowsky is an armored criminal that came into conflict with Superman when he attacked Maggie Sawyer and would go on to join the Superman Revenge Squad . Baud Superman : Man of Steel # 71 ( September 1997 ) A female energy being that worked for Mainframe as a spy and fought Superman as part of the Superman Revenge Squad . Big Dome Batman # 307 ( January 1979 ) Large - headed purple - skinned being , possible extraterrestrial , planned planetary conquest from Earth base , defeated by Superman with civilian assistance . Blackie Sarto New York World 's Fair Comics # 2 ( 1940 ) A jewel thief who enters the World Fair in an attempt to steal the Madras Emerald , one of the world 's biggest jewels which is being delivered from India . Clark Kent recognises him and tells Lois Lane , and when she tells him Pinkerton checks on criminals and will not let them on , Clark says he covered a story four years ago in London where he was a suspect , but released on lack of evidence . With his super-hearing Clark hears him talking about stealing the Madras Emerald to a thug , and tells Lois he has a hunch . Lois evades him and follows Sarto , who realises she is following and kidnaps her by seizing her and threatening to shoot her . He takes her to a car where two accomplices are waiting . Clark realises she tried following Sarto and changes into Superman . Meanwhile , Lois is taken to Sarto 's River - Front hideaway . Sarto says they will decide how to get rid of her when they get back , and Lois is left bound and gagged . Sarto 's gang throws deadly gas bombs at the armoured car delivering the Emerald while wearing gas masks , but Superman stops them despite Sarto trying to kill them all with a gas bomb . Superman saves the crooks and takes them unconscious to the police . He then flies to the building and frees Lois , then takes her to the fair and delivers the gem . He then wires the story to the editor as Clark kent . Blackrock Action Comics # 458 ( April 1976 ) A man equipped with an alien rock which gives him energy - manipulation powers Blaze and Satanus Action Comics # 655 ( July 1990 ) Blaze is the half - demon daughter of the wizard Shazam . Adventures of Superman # 493 ( August 1992 ) Lord Satanus also resembled a traditional demon , save that he wore a heavy Roman - style helmet , and either had black skin or the helmet buried his face in shadow . They fought for possession of Blaze 's domain , using Superman as a pawn . At the end of the story it was revealed that Satanus was disguised as ' Colin Thornton ' , the publisher of Newstime magazine , who first appeared in Nov 1989 , and had previously hired Clark Kent as editor . Bloodthirst Superman : The Man of Steel # 29 ( January 1994 ) Bloodthirst is a very minor villain who is a massive alien creature with multiple holes on his skin that emit a green gas . His weapon appeared to be a circular device like a clock without hands that he could use to slow down or even stop time . Bloodthirst bragged throughout his first and ( to date ) only appearance that he was the cause of every major war and was there at every assassination . Bloodthirst was easily defeated by Superman and left Earth . Bloodthirst has not been seen or mentioned since . His storyline is similar to Cereberus who was mentioned in Superman : The Man of Steel # 1 and was finally seen in # 4 and not seen again . Borden Moseley Superman # 5 ( Summer 1940 ) A financer who is in league with Lex Luthor . Luthor places narcotics around some of the Countries most powerful men , taking control of their minds and allowing him to throw the country into depression . Moseley gets business tips from Luthor , although Luthor gets 75 % of his profits . Superman finds out about Moseley and gets a list from his Safe of those under Luthor 's control , despite Moseley trying to lock him in the safe . Moseley tries to ocmmit suicide by leaping from the window , but Superman saves him . He disguises himself as Moseley by contorting his face , a power which he used to use , and infiltrates Luthor 's meeting . Luthor realises Superman is there and threatens to shoot those under his control , but Superman stops him and he apparently dies after a plane crash , although he returns later . Those under his control are freed and Moseley is preseumbly arrested , although it is possible he committed suicide after Superman left . Calvin Denby Superman # 12 ( September -- October 1941 ) After a series of explosions at American defence industries , Superman rounds up members of the Grotak Bund , an organization that has orders to destroy certain American factories to seriously slow down US defence operations . Lois Lane goes to one factory but is seized by a criminal and prevented from speaking . The criminals bind her hand and foot and gag her next to dynamite , hoping her remains will be found and she will be blamed . However Superman stops the bomb in time . Lois goes to see Calvin Denby , who claims to be a patriotic American and is about to give his view on the attacks . Superman realises he is the Leader of the Grotak Bund and when Denby fires at Lois he deflects the bullet , stunning Calvin , who is jailed . Chandu Adventure Comics # 219 ( December 1955 ) Superboy enemy , giant gorilla who gained x-ray / heat vision from drinking powdered kryptonite , employed by Doc Baird and his gang for crimes . Colonel Future Action Comics # 484 ( June 1978 ) Edmund H. Future uses his gang to steal the most advanced technology and employ its use in his crimes . Superman # 378 ( December 1982 ) Edmund Hamilton is a NASA scientist who , through a freak accident , developed the ability to glimpse into the future by surviving near - death experiences . He uses this knowledge to develop an arsenal to steal components to prevent an event that would destroy the Earth . He reappears in a later story trying to save Superman from an assassination attempt , only to find out that he himself ( in a Superman costume ) would be the victim , and is saved by Superman performing CPR . The character and his alter ego are a hommage to science fiction author Edmond Hamilton and his most famous work , Captain Future . Count X Action Comics # 301 ( June 1963 ) Master spy . The Crime Professor Superboy # 30 ( January 1954 ) Superboy enemy , Mr. Oates , criminal strategist . Dabney Donovan Superman 's Pal Jimmy Olsen # 142 ( October 1971 ) A `` mad scientist '' and expert at genetic manipulation and cloning , former employee of Project Cadmus . Deathtrap / The Master Jailer Superman # 331 ( January 1979 ) Carl Draper , a master trapmaker , was hired to build a trap to contain the Parasite . However , when his daughter challenges him to trap Superman , he wholeheartedly accepted it . He would appear to Superman as a hologram and challenge him to escape the traps he created . Post-Crisis , his powers and skills were enhanced and he was part of an Anti-Kryptonian Brigade with Bizarro , Mongul and Silver Banshee . He eventually ( somewhat ) reformed and was employed by Checkmate . Dev - Em Adventure Comics # 287 ( June 1961 ) A surviving Kryptonian juvenile delinquent , he kidnapped Superboy and took his place . Years later he time - traveled to the future and became a law - enforcement agent . Dr. Chaos New Adventures of Superboy # 25 ( January 1982 ) Superboy enemy , Burt Belker , Prof. Lewis Lang 's assistant , empowered and possessed by a Lord of Chaos via the Chaos Helmet from the Valley of Ur . Dominus Action Comics # 747 ( August 1998 ) An alien priest that sought the powers of Kismet and brainwashed Superman into conquering Earth . Duke Duvvil Adventure Comics # 199 ( April 1954 ) Superboy enemy , traitorous nobleman in subterranean kingdom Subbania , sought to overthrow Queen Lya . Duran Superman Annual ( vol. 2 ) # 12 ( August 2000 ) Created as part of the Planet DC Annuals event , Duran is a Mexican wizard who is a member of the fictional `` Oto tribe '' . Disturbed by the practices of capitalist , anti-environment developers , Duran becomes their sworn enemy and embarks on a career of eco-terrorism . He devises a plan to summon and set loose an army of monsters against the Mexican people to punish them for the pollution they produce . Duran abducts a young girl and takes her to his base under the Plaza de la Constitución in Mexico City , with the intention of using her as the focus of a magical ritual to summon the power of the Aztec god Ometeotl . His plans were foiled by Superman with the assistance of the Mexican heroes Iman , Acrata and El Muerto . Dyna - Mind New Adventures of Superboy # 42 ( June 1983 ) Superboy enemy , Johnny Webber , granted telekinetic powers by meteor , able to create and animate giant figures . Eclipso House of Secrets # 61 ( August 1963 ) The immortal incarnation of the Wrath of God and the Angel of Vengeance who is able to possess people and has a huge variety of magical powers . Effron the Sorcerer World 's Finest Comics # 210 ( March 1972 ) A sorcerer who came from the magic kingdom of Veliathan and controlled a faceless puppet army . The Emperor of America Action Comics # 52 ( September 1942 ) Power - mad individual who creates a device which emits rays that take away the will of people to resist . He blankets the nation in the rays , then with just a few henchmen , wearing helmets that make them resistant to the ray , he marches into the White House and declares himself Emperor of America . He takes vast amounts of wealth , and even replaces the Supreme Court with his henchmen . Only Superman remains immune , and he is finally able to stop the Emperor 's plan . The character should not be confused with the Atom ( Al Pratt ) 's enemy of the same name from All - American Comics # 21 ( December 1940 ) . Equus Superman # 206 ( August 2004 ) A villainous cyborg , working under the direction of Mr Orr as a mercenary ( sometimes for covert elements of the American government ) La Encantadora Secret Origins of Super-Villains 80 - Page Giant ( December 1999 ) Gaining magic powers from the mystical Mists of Ibella , Lourdes Lucero first encountered Superman while hypnotizing him to react adversely to fake kryptonite . The Evolution King Superman vol. 1 # 15 Mar / Apr 1942 An evil scientist who has `` learned how to advance or revert a human being 's age '' by means of special pills . Aided by gangster Joe Glower and his henchmen , the Evolution King kidnaps prominent athletes , transforms them into helpless old men , and threatens to leave them in their decrepit condition unless they meet his extortion demands . He then starts turning people into infants . Clark realises an old man is a missing athlete due to his fingerprints . Lois Lane is with one of the athletes so is kidnapped with him , blindfolded , and driven to the base . Clark is also captured . Both he and Lois are soon tied to chairs and in the presence of the Evolution King . Goaded finally by Clark Kent into demonstrating the effects of his old - age pills by swallowing one himself , the Evolution King ages , causing Lois to faint . Clark then breaks his bonds and forces the Evolution King to reveal how people can be turned back . The Evolution King perishes when , moments later , he accidentally swallows some additional aging pills instead of the intended antidote . Faustus Coven Superboy # 175 ( June 1971 ) Superboy enemy , patriarch of Coven family , used combination of sorcery and science to separate Superboy 's soul from his body and enslave it . Ferlin Nyxly Superman # 235 ( March 1971 ) Former curator of the Metropolis Music Museum who , on some occasions , has attacked Superman with the help of magical objects or alien technology he found or stole . The Futuremen Superman # 128 ( April 1959 ) Two criminals , Vard and Boka , from the year 2000 travel back in time , and claim to an incredibly gullible FBI Chief that Superman is a criminal from their time . They capture him using red Kryptonite , and reveal an atomic experiment has dried up Earth 's water supply and they want Superman to restore it with ice from Saturn , hoping to get billions from Earth . Superman escapes them , has them jailed by the authorities of the year 2000 , and then returns to 1952 . Gaff Lomar Superboy # 27 ( August -- September 1953 ) Superboy enemy , `` pied piper '' who mesmerized Smallville 's children into following him . The Galactic Golem Superman # 248 ( February 1972 ) A construct created by Lex Luthor that sometimes is placed to fight Superman . The Gambler Superboy # 140 ( July 1967 ) Superboy enemy , `` Lucky '' Lucifer Chancel , gangster and obsessive gambler , engineered crises for Superboy to face , then accepted bets on results . The Gem Superboy # 19 ( April -- May 1952 ) Superboy enemy , a.k.a. the Crystalloid , crystalline life - form that consumes all in its path . Glowman ( as Bashford ) Superboy # 157 ( June 1969 ) ; ( as Glowman ) New Adventures of Superboy # 30 ( June 1982 ) Superboy enemy , Bradley `` Bash '' Bashford , Smallville High bully transformed into monstrous fiery form . Goldie Gates Superman # 27 ( March -- April 1944 ) The notorious Goldie Gates convinces Randall Rocksell that if he will invest huge sums of money with him , Rocksell will make a half - million a day on his investment . However , Superman discovers that Rocksell is being paid dividends with his own money and Gates is perilously close to gaining the power of attorney over Rocksell 's money and property . When Randall fully believes that Gates will make him money , he gives him access to his vault , after which Goldie takes the money . Superman sees the crooks and recognises one as Bucktooth Burger , one of Goldie Gates ' mob . Later Gates ' crooks get into Randall 's house , where he and Lois are talking . Bucktooth points a gun at Lois and Goldie says she will be shot unless Randall signs a document giving him control over his property . Despite Lois telling him not to , Randall signs . Bucktooth then cram a cloth into Lois 's mouth to gag her and Randall is knocked out . He comes to in an underground room with Lois next to him . Both of them are tied to a log . Goldie plans for them both to be killed by dynamite . However , Superman gets to the room and stops the dynamite . Meanwhile , the crooks think that they will be unable to get out of the tunnel in time . They are relieved to see Superman , who then takes them of to jail . Randall , meanwhile , becomes a better person . Grax Action Comics # 342 ( October 1966 ) Brainiac 's blue - skinned , four - armed rival featuring a 20th - level intellect ( opposed to Brainiac 's 12th - level intellect ) whose plots are also foiled by Superman and seeks vengeance . He also appeared in the Super Friends comic book . Harkon Superboy # 194 ( April 1973 ) Superboy enemy , renegade Atlantean / merman scientist , temporarily transformed Superboy into a merboy . The Hellgrammite The Brave and the Bold # 80 ( October -- November 1968 ) Roderick Rose transforms himself into a large insectoid and has battled Superman several times since . The Host Superman # 6 ( June 1987 ) A construct containing the souls of a long - lost prehuman race Illena Superman 's Girl Friend , Lois Lane # 52 ( October 1964 ) Alien woman , romanced Superman with intent to turn him into stone . Ignition Adventures of Superman # 582 ( September 2000 ) Created by the Joker after he stole the powers of Mr. Mxyzptlk . The Insect Queen ( Pre-Crisis , Earth - One ) Superboy # 124 ( October 1965 ) ( Pre-Crisis , Earth - Two ) Superman Family # 213 ( December 1981 ) ( Post-Crisis ) Superman # 671 ( February 2008 ) Pre-Crisis , Earth - One Lana Lang saves an alien that gives her a ring that offered her the powers of any insect or arachnid and becomes a superhero . Post-Crisis , Earth - Two Lana Lang receives a magical scarab from her archaeological father that possesses her and offers the power to enlarge and control insects becoming a supervillain . Post-Crisis , Insect Queen is an alien that assists Lex Luthor in return for his assistance into colonizing Earth . She uses Lana Lang 's DNA to make a new body mixed with her own genetic material . She would later return possessing Lana 's body . J. Wilbur Wolfingham Superman # 26 ( January / February 1944 ) A notorious confidence man whose elaborate schemes are interfered with by Superman to profit his victim while he is left with nothing . On one occasion he placed oil in a well to con the Eden Farming Community , an area recently hit by a tornado . He then bought the land and claimed that there was an oil well on it , after which the locals paid in cash for shares in it . Lois and Clark told them who Wilbur really was and they started searching the area for him . Lois found him in a barn and told him to give himself up , but he seized her , covering her mouth to prevent her speaking . He then bound and gagged her and lowered her into the well . He said she would probably be found before she starved , but by then he would be gone . He then hid in a haystack , but a match dropped by him set the oil alight . The flames then started burning through the rope holding Lois up . Clark saw where she was with his X-ray vision , changed into Superman , and saved her just as the rope snapped . He then burrowed underground to escape the explosion from the layer of oil , freed Lois , then found a genuine oil well which he diverted to the town . After this he captures Wilbur , who was stuck in the burning haystack , and makes him return the money to the people , who will now become rich due to the oil . J.E. Curtis Superman # 4 ( Spring 1940 ) An agent paid by a foreign power to stop the Nation 's return to prosperity , which is happening after the depression . His men cause incidents in industry to cause strikes . Superman investigates and stops the attacks . He gets to the boss , who tries to poison him , then when Superman is not killed , he tells Superman about Curtis . Curtis is about to make a call to agents in the stock market to cause the worst depression in American history , but Superman enters with the other crook . Curtis kills the man with a device that fires electrical bolts and tries to kill Superman after Superman refuses his offer to join him . But Superman is unharmed and touches Curtis , electrocuting and killing him . Kalibak New Gods # 1 ( February 1971 ) The son of Darkseid , a born villain . Kancer Action Comics # 777 ( May 2001 ) Created from a sliver of kryptonite - induced cancer at the behest of the Russian Zod . Khyber Superman # 657 ( December 2006 ) Hassan - I - Sabbah , leader of the Hashshashin assassins , is a shadowy figure behind world politics , steering humanity to fall under his rule in the future . Arion reveals to Superman that his presence on Earth has weakened humanity against future threats and in the future , after Superman falls to the cybernetically enhanced Khyber , humanity will die out because of this weakness . King Kosmos DC Comics Presents Annual # 2 ( 1983 ) A time - traveling despot from the future who comes to the present in order to conquer it . His efforts are halted by Superman and the mysterious Superwoman , who also makes her premier appearance and is , in reality , time traveler Kristin Wells . Klaxxu Superman Family # 197 ( September -- October 1979 ) Superboy enemy , extraterrestrial exiled to Earth for attempting to overthrow his planet 's government , posed as teacher at Smallville High , used mild - melder device in attempt to convince Superboy he was Klaxxu 's fellow subversive . Kokra New Adventures of Superboy # 2 ( February 1980 ) Superboy enemy , Middle Eastern demon who possessed Prof. Lewis Lang ( Lana 's father ) . Kosmon the Hunter Adventure Comics # 266 ( November 1959 ) Superboy enemy , alien hunter , captured Krypto and used shapechanging protoplasm creature to lure Superboy into battle . Kronn Adventure Comics # 308 ( May 1963 ) Superboy enemy , criminal Atlantean scientist , allied with Luthor to transmit mass hypnotic illusions to Smallville . Kru - El Superman 's Pal Jimmy Olsen # 62 ( July 1962 ) In most settings , Superman 's villainous cousin . The Kryptonoid Superman # 328 ( October 1978 ) A protoplasmic entity that sought revenge against Jor - El by seeking out his son and merging with a Superman Robot and General D.W. Derwent ( who blamed Superman for the loss of his arm ) . Kuku and Nardu Superboy # 167 ( July 1970 ) Superboy enemies , circus performers and criminals , used robot elephant to commit crimes . Kyack Superman # 13 ( November -- December 1941 ) Warrior of subterranean kingdom descended from pre-Ice Age civilization , sought to conquer surface world , destroyed buildings in prelude to invasion . Lady Lunar World 's Finest Comics # 266 ( January 1981 ) Stacy Macklin was exposed to the same radiation as the Moonman to become Lady Lunar and troubled Metropolis . It would take the efforts of Superman and Batman to stop her . Lashina Mister Miracle # 6 ( January 1972 ) A member of Darkseid 's Female Furies . The Laughing Gas Bandits Adventure Comics # 484 ( August 1981 ) Three men , used nitrous oxide laced with kryptonite in effort to immobilize Metropolis . The Leader Adventure Comics # 277 ( October 1960 ) Superboy enemy , with two fellow aliens , fought duel with Superboy , with potential invasion of Earth as the stakes . Lelia Superman # 13 ( December 1941 ) An agent of a foreign power . Scientist Charle Pierson invents a weapon , but is captured by agents of a foreign power , tortured and killed . His wife Clara leaves their baby with Clark Kent so the agents will not capture him and get the plans from her , along with a note saying she will get the baby soon . Superman stops the first kidnap attempt , but Lelia then appears claiming to be the mother and takes the baby . The mother turns up soon after and tells Clark what has happened . She gets a phone call telling her to come to a location , which Superman follows her to . She is held prisoner by the villains and tells them the plans are hidden inside the baby 's rattle , which is still in the flat . When the agents leave , Superman leaps in , overpowers Lelia , and after binding and gagging her , waits for the agents . The agents return to the apartment and seize Lois Lane , preventing her from speaking . However , they are captured and the plans are given to the government . Lelia and the other agents are probably jailed . The Leopard Superman # 20 ( January -- February 1943 ) Sam Kennedy , publicity manager for Cosmos Circus , wore a leopard head mask during a crime spree in which he and his gang used packs of big cats to commit crimes . The Lightning Master Superman # 14 ( January -- February 1942 ) A villain who learns how to control lightning and tries to ransom Metropolis for $300,000 . He captures Lois Lane twice , first when she goes to hear his ransom demand . She tries to unmask him , but is captured by him and bound hand and foot to a chair . He tries to send electrical bolts at the house to kill her , but Superman rescues her . The second time he straps her into an electric chair as he prepares to attack Metropolis for not paying the ransom . However Superman stops this and in the fight the Lightning Master is electrocuted and killed . Loophole Adventures of Superman # 505 ( October 1993 ) Deke Dickson , a former S.T.A.R. Labs employee , uses technology to open up portals that act as a tunnel through matter . Lorac - K7 Adventure Comics # 250 ( July 1958 ) Superboy enemy , criminal descendant of Lana Lang , traveled back in time from 2958 to steal cobalt for a cobalt bomb , impersonating Lana while doing so . Lord Satanis and Syrene Action Comics # 527 ( January 1982 ) Living in a time millions of years from now where magic has taken the place of science , Lord Satanis led a revolt of sorcerers against the powerful Queen Ambra and killed her . However , he was denied the right to possess her runestone of Merlin when she cast it into the past , out of his reach . Satanis would marry Ambra 's daughter Syrene ( whom she had with Merlin ) , who also sought possession of the runestone . Both would eventually find the spells necessary to follow the item and both face Superman who was needed as a component to use it . The couple would struggle over the item until finally returning to their time period . The Lumberjack Wonder Woman # 268 ( June 1980 ) Lyla Action Comics # 812 ( April 2004 ) A telepath that pulled Superman into Kandor and stole his powers to escape in hopes of making the people of Earth worship her as a god . Maaldor the Darklord DC Comics Presents # 56 ( April 1983 ) An other - dimensional being of incalculable power that wanted to test his strength against Superman and Power Girl . When it became clear Maaldor was too powerful , Superman tricked him into destroying himself . Maaldor would return repeatedly , ofttimes seemingly resurrecting from destruction , to face Superman and later the Green Lantern Corps . He finally perished for good in Crisis on Infinite Earths and has not been seen since . Magpie The Man of Steel # 3 ( November 1986 ) A master jewel thief who targets gems named after birds and replaces them with booby - trapped replicas . Malleable Man ( as Skizzle Shanks ) Plastic Man # 17 ( April / May 1977 ) ( as Malleable Man ) DC Comics Presents # 93 ( May 1986 ) A criminal present when Plastic Man gained his powers , Skizzle Shanks later recreated the process to make himself malleable . He manipulated Plastic Man , Elongated Man , and Elastic Lad to battle Superman . Manchester Black Action Comics # 775 ( March 2001 ) A British telepath and antihero , he dislikes what he perceives as Superman 's simplistic view of the world and becomes obsessed with twisting and destroying Superman 's morality . He later learns Superman 's true identity and manipulates a large group of supervillains to attack Superman and his known family / friends / associates . When even this manipulation , climaxed with tricking Superman into thinking he has killed Lois Lane , fails to break Superman 's spirit , he retreats completely and ends his life over the anguish of his failure . Martin Action Comics # 29 ( October 1940 ) Clark and Lois investigates the Fullerton Insurance Company , which is selling small valued policies to poor people , who end up dying under mysterious circumstances . Lois investigates , but as she climbs through the widow she is seized by one of two thugs . One , called Tom Bruce , orders the other to tie her to a chair , which he does , and Lois is also gagged . The criminals decide to eliminate her as she can recognise them . But before the criminals can eliminate her , Superman gets in and saves her ; though the crooks are jailed , they are bailed out . Fullerton goes to Martin , who shoots him , revealing he was causing the events . But Superman then gets Martin and he is jailed . The Mask World 's Finest Comics # 66 ( September -- October 1953 ) Harry `` King '' Saphire , crime czar who wore a lead mask as part of an elaborate scheme to frame Superman for his crimes . The Masked Stuntman Adventure Comics # 165 ( June 1951 ) Superboy enemy , Flip Wilson , acrobatic criminal using stuntman school as a front . Massacre Adventures of Superman # 509 ( February 1994 ) An alien warrior who traveled space as energy seeking a worthy opponent , he died during the Our Worlds at War crossover . The Mechanical Master Superman Family # 193 ( January -- February 1979 ) Superboy enemy , able to animate machines to do his bidding . Medini Action Comics # 25 ( June 1940 ) A great Asian hypnotist who performs crimes using his hypnotism to make people forget of them . When he meets Superman , the Man of Steel is weakened by his hypnotic power and is unable to control his powers properly , while Medini leaves with a captive hypnotized Lois Lane , planning to rob a gold shipment to Kentucky from a plane . Superman leaps through the stratosphere , then suddenly down again , the swift descent and sudden atmospheric change restoring his mind to normal . He then stops the plane Medini has robbed from crashing and tells the police where the loot is hidden . It is unknown what happened to Medini , as he is not mentioned to have been arrested or escaped , although Superman is shown throwing the emptied plane onto some of his henchmen , so possibly Medini was also killed . Microwave Man Action Comics # 487 ( September 1978 ) Lewis Padgett was a supervillain named Microwave Man in the 1930s that traveled with aliens through space for 40 years returning to Earth as an old man . Padgett convinced the aliens to return his youth , although it meant he only had hours to live . His final wish was to defeat Superman , which the hero granted so that Padgett could die happy . Mighto Superboy # 108 ( October 1963 ) Superboy enemy , a.k.a. Tim Tates , super-powered alien youth briefly adopted by Kents prior to their adoption of Kal - El , became spacefaring criminal , returned years later to battle Superboy . Mind 's - Eye New Adventures of Superboy ( December 1982 ) Superboy enemy , seized mental control of Smallville High student body and channeled their energies to empower himself to fight Superboy . Mr. Cipher ( s ) Superboy # 150 ( September 1968 ) Superboy enemies , lookalike robots , equipped with explosives , attempted to take over Smallville on behalf of alien Cybor . Mr. Electronics Superboy # 73 ( June 1959 ) Superboy enemy , criminal scientist , employed mind - reading device . Mr. Migraine More Fun Comics # 106 ( November -- December 1945 ) Superboy enemy , racketeer . Mr. Ohm Superman # 51 ( March -- April 1948 ) Used electromagnetic plane to draw armored cars into air and take them to his gang 's hideout to loot at leisure . Mr. Sinister Superman # 16 ( May -- June 1942 ) Real name Lylo . Purple - skinned denizen of the Fourth Dimension , would - be conqueror and failed poet , used advanced technology to abduct buildings with inhabitants to hold for ransom . Mr. Z Superman vol. 2 # 51 ( January 1991 ) A mysterious immortal who seeks to trap famous people from history in a mystical crystal . He attempts to entrap Superman , but the Man of Steel manages to destroy the crystal . Momentus Superman , vol. 1 # 355 ( January 1981 ) Asa Ezaak was a noted author ( based on legendary science - fiction writer Isaac Asimov ) who could transform into a water - like being capable of controlling gravity after injecting himself with his created potion `` Ezaakis . '' Kidnapping Ezaak - fan Jimmy Olsen because he erroneously thought he was being investigated by the reporter , Momentus died in battle with Superman . Mongal ( unnamed ) Showcase ' 95 # 8 ( September 1995 ) ( as Mongal ) Superman vol. 2 , # 170 ( July 2001 ) The daughter of the interstellar tyrant Mongul . Moon - Man / Moonman World 's Finest Comics # 98 ( December 1958 ) Superman assists the military by launching astronaut Brice Rogers to travel around the moon . When Rogers returns to Earth , under the rays of the Moon , he transforms into the supervillain Moonman and menaces Superman , Batman and Robin . The Mummer Adventure Comics # 148 ( January 1950 ) Superboy enemy , costumed criminal , ex-vaudevillian , committed crimes with three `` robot dummies '' . Nam - Ek Superman # 282 ( December 1974 ) A Kryptonian that murdered a hideous , foul - smelling sacred beast called a rondor whose glowing horn emitted a healing ray ( this outlawed their being killed ) to develop an elixir for immortality . While it worked , Nam - Ek was transformed into a hideous , foul - smelling , purple - skinned rondor - like monster with a glowing horn protruding from his forehead and was sentenced to the Phantom Zone for his crime . He would escape and battle Superman . The Negative Superboy Superboy # 168 ( September 1970 ) Superboy enemy , negative - energy duplicate of Superboy created in a cosmic accident . Neutron Action Comics # 525 ( November 1981 ) Nathaniel Tryon was a petty thug and a member of the TNT Trio before an accident transformed him into living nuclear energy . The Njllnans New Adventures of Superboy # 40 ( April 1983 ) Superboy enemies , N 'll , Vrt and others attempted to make Superboy into a `` living robot '' as their pawn in conquering Earth . N.R.G. - X ( Pre-Crisis ) Superman # 339 ( September 1979 ) ; ( Post-Crisis ) Superman / Batman # 68 ( March 2010 ) Pre-Crisis : Grant Haskill was transformed into a living robot by an explosion . At one point , he accidentally turned the Man of Steel into actual steel . Post-Crisis : Miguel Diaz and Ray Ryker were two physicists until a nuclear experiment goes wrong . Diaz is caught in an explosion that transfers his essence into the mechanical being , N.R.G. - X ( Nuclear Radiation Generator Experimental ) . Confused and trying to escape , he confronts Superman encasing him in a steel shell . N.R.G. - X attempts to go after Ryker . Breaking free , Superman once again confronts N.R.G. - X who self - destructs in the process , reverting to a comatose Daiz . Nylor Truggs New Adventures of Superboy # 50 ( February 1984 ) Superboy enemy , 30th century criminal , stole Dial H for Hero dial from museum and traveled back in time to ally with teen Lex Luthor ; used dial - created super-identities Cyclone , Landslide , Smasher and High - Roller . Nzykmulk Superman # 421 ( July 1986 ) Mr. Mxyzptlk 's deranged cousin from the same fifth dimension with magical powers surpassing even Mr. Mxyzptlk 's own . Although through human eyes he looks identical to Mr. Mxyzptlk , according to Mxyzptlk that is far from the truth . Escaping from the fifth dimension 's mental institution equivalent of a madhouse ( gooloogog ) , Nzykmulk 's greater fifth dimension powers stems from several more years of experience in comparison to his cousin , 42 joljos ( years ? ) difference with his greater age . Appeared only once during the last Pre-Crisis era days to cause Superman and Mxyzptlk problems while trapping them both within the fifth dimension itself . Obsession Adventures of Superman # 532 ( February 1996 ) A disturbed fan of Superman , Dana Dearden stole magical objects to gain powers to be Superman 's partner and lover , beating Jimmy Olsen until he gave her his signal watch . Dubbing herself Superwoman , Olsen instead called her Obsession and she would eventually give her life to save Superman . The Orbitrons Batman # 312 ( June 1979 ) Floating globe - like aliens residing `` somewhere in the outermost galaxy '' , used magnetic rays to plunder gold and abduct Earth scientists until dissuaded by Superman . Othar Superboy # 101 ( December 1962 ) Superboy enemy , abducted Superboy and other super-heroes to the planet Thrann . Pee Wee Ragan Superboy # 110 ( January 1964 ) Superboy enemy , scrawny criminal , received duplicate Superboy powers from Prof. Sardon . The Planeteer Superman # 387 ( September 1983 ) a.k.a. King Alexander . Alexander Mason was a child prodigy who became the world 's leading magnetism expert at a very young age ; however , he was also a megalomaniac who believed that he was the reincarnation of Alexander the Great and that it was his destiny to conquer the world . As the Planeteer , he used advanced magnetic field technology to abduct world leaders . When Superman rescued them , he destroyed the magnetic machines , unaware that by doing so , he was channeling their power directly into the Planeteer , who thus gained superhuman magnetic abilities . He later teamed up with Zazzala the Queen Bee . Povra New Adventures of Superboy # 20 ( August 1981 ) Superboy enemy , beautiful woman from planet Ulmara , abducted Superboy and brainwashed him to be a tourist attraction on Ulmara . The Predators Superman vs. Predator , DC Comics crossover miniseries ( May -- July 2000 ) A space hunter from the 1987 horror film Predator directed by John McTiernan . The Predators are depicted as large , sapient and sentient humanoid creatures who possess advanced technology , such as active camouflage and energy weapons , and are capable of interstellar travel . Preus Superman vol. 2 # 202 ( April 2004 ) Formerly a law enforcement officer from the bottle city of Kandor , he escaped the city and hunts Superman . Prof. Amos Weldon Superboy # 53 ( December 1956 ) Superboy enemy , criminal scientist , his time - ray inadvertently caused Superboy to change places in time with Superman . Professor Sands Action Comics # 178 ( March 1953 ) a.k.a. the Sandman of Crime ; proprietor of the Dreamorama , a theater which , via what might today be considered virtual reality technology , allowed demoralized criminals to live out their greatest criminal fantasies in `` dream films '' . Professor X Superboy # 69 ( December 1958 ) Superboy enemies , two criminals using a single identity as a mob boss . Professor Zee Superman # 8 ( January -- February 1941 ) An evil scientist who creates a formula that turns people into giants . He causes chaos around the country , kidnapping a powerful figure and threatening to turn his daughter into a giant . However he is killed in an accident caused by the giants . He is not to be confused with the Professor Zee who created the time machine used by Per Degaton . Psi - Phon and Dreadnaught Superman vol. 2 # 19 ( July 1988 ) Psi - Phon drained Superman 's powers and gave them to Dreadnaught . Pulsar New Adventures of Superboy # 31 ( July 1982 ) Superboy enemy , Robert Altus Jr. , empowered by obsessed scientist father to supplant Superboy . The Puzzler Action Comics # 49 ( June 1942 ) A criminal obsessed with games and puzzles , he fought Superman after he tried to start a protection racket . Superman # 187 ( December 2002 ) Valerie Van Haften is made - up of living puzzle pieces , able to move and reconstruct herself at will . Quarmer Superman # 233 ( January 1971 ) Originally a non-corporeal being from a realm called the Quarrm Dimension , it entered our dimension where it built itself a body of sand and over time drained Superman 's powers , gradually turning into a sandmade doppelganger of Superman . Quex - Ul Superman # 157 ( November 1962 ) A Kryptonian criminal and inmate of the Phantom Zone . Usually a henchman of General Zod . R24 Superman # 71 ( July -- August 1951 ) Leader of a uranium - smuggling ring . The Rainbow Raider Superboy # 84 ( October 1960 ) Superboy enemy ; the Rainbow Raider identity was originally used by Jonathan Kent to impersonate a supervillain as part of an elaborate scheme for Superboy to capture gangster Vic Munster and his henchmen ; later , Munster himself used the Rainbow Raider identity , but was again defeated . The Rainmaker World 's Best Comics # 1 ( Spring 1941 ) Used rain machine to destroy dam and flood valley as part of extortion scheme , briefly weakened Superman with `` radical new paralysis gas . '' Ralph Cowan Action Comics # 41 ( October 1941 ) A respectable figure who has been paid to case sabotage around the nation . One of his agents , Steve Grant , places a bomb inside a plant . He is one of three employees who took the day off and is tracked down by Superman . Cowan tries to kill him to stop him from talking , but Superman foils the attempts . He hears of a wave of sabotage across the nation . Cowan , angry at the Daily Planet writing down stories of the sabotage , gets into the Planet , and when Lois meets him he claims to be an electrician . She sees him planting a bomb , so he ties her up and gags her . He leaves , hoping she will be killed in the bomb blast . However Superman rescues her in time and stops the bomb from destroying the Planet . He then captures Cowan . Razkal Superman vol. 1 # 15 Mar / Apr 1942 The dictator of Oxnalia who is based on Adolf Hitler and attacks the democratic nation of Numark . Superman stops an assassination attempt on Numark 's King Boris , then saves Numark 's young Prince Micheal after he is kidnapped and taken to the castle of the treacherous Lord Murgot , who is killed . Superman then stops an attacking army as well as bringing about peace between the two nations . Razkal tries to escape , but is shot and killed by one of hs own men . Rebello Superboy # 72 ( April 1959 ) Superboy enemy , renegade Superboy robot , considered itself more `` perfect '' than Superboy and sought to supplant him . Redemption Action Comics # 848 ( May 2007 ) Jarod Dale is able to draw power from his congregation 's faith and prayer to become an immensely powerful superhuman . However , Pastor Matthews Hightower was the catalyst behind the power and subverted Redemption into killing soldiers in Africa . Remnant Superman : Day of Doom miniseries ( 2003 ) A villain whose identity is still a mystery . He holds Superman responsible for the tragedies that resulted from his first battle with Doomsday . Even though he looks like a supernatural wraith , Superman deduced the villain is an ordinary human with such advanced illusionary technology that even the Man of Steel had difficulty determining whether it was real or illusions , despite his enhanced senses of sight and hearing . The Ringmaster Adventure Comics # 120 ( September 1947 ) Superboy enemy , led a `` Crime Circus '' including Grillo , Musculo , Loop and Swoop . Riot Superman : The Man of Steel # 61 ( October 1996 ) Scientist Frederick Legion worked with machinery and discovered a way to duplicate himself at the cost of his ability to sleep . Driven mad by insomnia , he began a criminal career . The Rock Superman : Man of Tomorrow # 8 ( Spring 1997 ) An astronaut where after an experiment becomes a rock - like behemoth , blaming Lex Luthor for the development and coming into conflict with Superman while trying to enact revenge . Ron - Avon Superboy # 141 ( September 1967 ) Superboy enemy , superhuman youth from the planet Belgor , forced to fight Superboy in gladiatorial combat . The Savior Action Comics # 705 ( December 1994 ) Ramsey Murdoch believes that Superman is a fake and that the real Superman never recovered from his death at the hands of Doomsday . He has the ability to create or become anything he imagines . The Seal Gang Action Comics # 231 ( August 1957 ) Modern - day pirates whose use of a subterranean base on the supposedly deserted island Vumania was inadvertently exposed by Jimmy Olsen when he inherited the island . The Seeker Superman Family # 191 ( September -- October 1978 ) Superboy enemy , sentient Kryptonian spacecraft , sent prior to Krypton 's destruction to locate suitable planet for relocation , attempted to terraform Earth to fit specifications . Shadowdragon Superman # 97 ( February 1995 ) A quasi-techno ninja , Savitar Bandu is the prince of Bhutan who worked briefly for Conduit before learning what kind of person he was and turning on him . Shockwave Blue Devil # 2 ( July 1984 ) A short armored criminal . Simyan and Mokkari Superman 's Pal Jimmy Olsen # 135 ( January 1971 ) Products of the twisted genius of Dabney Donovan , they ran from him and became servants of Darkseid . SKULL Superman # 301 ( July 1976 ) Criminal organization of geniuses and scientists formed by the original Atomic Skull that often comes into conflict with Kobra . Skyhook Superman vol. 2 # 15 ( March 1988 ) A Fagin - like corrupter of children who was turned into a winged demon by Blaze . His egg - like cocoons can mutate children into winged beings under his control . Sleez Action Comics # 592 ( September 1987 ) An evil schemer from Apokolips . Slug Kelly Superman # 5 ( Summer 1940 ) A criminal who places rigged slot machines in stores to make schoolchildren lose their money , threatening some store owners . When Lois and Clark enter his hideout and will not be bribed , he threatens to kill Clark unless Lois signs a paper saying her editor George Taylor is Slug 's partner in the slot - machine racket , meaning nothing he printed against him would be believed . He then has it taken to the Morning Pictorial . Clark becomes Superman and wrecks the building , which is set alight , but Superman escapes with the unconscious Lois and the ledger books . Taylor is angry at the false story , but Superman uses his photographic memory to remember the addresses from Slug 's secret records , after which he starts clearing Metropolis of the slot machines . Slug kidnaps Lois , but Superman captures Slug and dangles him over a school building until he tells the children about the slot machines . Although the men confess , the police say they can not hold them without witnesses , but hundreds of schoolchildren then pour into the station as witnesses . The connection between Taylor and Slug is disapproved during the trial . This story was a message to children not to use slot machines . Socrates Adventure Comics # 225 ( June 1956 ) Superboy enemy , mynah bird who acquired superpowers and criminal human - level intelligence from drinking kryptonite - tainted water . Sodom and Gomorrah Action Comics # 819 ( November 2004 ) A husband - and - wife team that have the ability to fire blasts when touching each other 's hand . The blast on impact turns whatever it hits into salt . Solar Boy Adventure Comics # 269 ( February 1960 ) Superboy enemy , super-powered alien youth who captured and sadistically mistreated Krypto until Superboy rescued him . Space - Boy Adventure Comics # 264 ( September 1959 ) Superboy enemy , Zall - Dix , alien youth who attempted to force Superboy to exchange bodies with him . Srakka Superman # 398 ( January 1984 ) An alien dybbuk who can possess the bodies of others . Stasis Superman Family # 192 ( November -- December 1978 ) Superboy enemy , able to halt biological functions in victims ' bodies , led gang in attempted takeover of Smallville . Subjekt - 17 Superman # 655 ( October 2006 ) An alien family crashes in Kazakhstan , the father dead and pregnant mother taken by Russian scientists for testing . However , the female would die during this time and all that was left was the alien infant . Dubbed Subjekt - 17 , the infant would spend largely its entirely life imprisoned . Upon escape , unable to blend into human culture because of his appearance and angry at his treatment , he seeks revenge against Earth 's people , the similarly alien Superman becoming the focus of his ire . The Strongarm Bandit Action Comics # 27 ( August 1940 ) A masked criminal with enormous strength who starts committing crimes around the city after a circus comes to town . Herculo the circus strongman is suspected and Superman competes with him , easily defeating him . Clark is earlier robbed at the circus after buying multiple tickets for orphans , but has sprinkled a red powder on the money , meaning the criminal is caught ' red - handed ' , is revealed to be a clown who was the former strongman , and who is arrested . Superwoman Justice League of America # 29 ( August 1964 ) A villainous version of Wonder Woman from a reversed version of Earth . The Talon Superman # 17 ( July -- August 1942 ) Albert Caldwell , president of Metropolis Subway Inc. and Axis fifth columnist who attempted to sabotage Metropolis 's transportation system . Tara Cobol Mystery in Space # 114 ( December 1980 ) With assistant Fortran , used S.T.A.R. computer to seize control of weather satellites . Thaddeus Killgrave Superman # 19 ( July 1988 ) Mad scientist . The Thing from 40,000 A.D. Superman # 87 ( February 1954 ) Shape - changing mass of `` primeval matter '' banished from the year 40,000 A.D. , impersonated Superman and others during attempt to return to home era and conquer it . The Thought Explorers Adventure Comics # 456 ( March -- April 1978 ) Superboy enemies , two alien researchers , used illusory attacks on Smallville to test Superboy . Tolos Superman vol. 2 , # 107 ( December 1995 ) An alien wizard that added alien beings to the bottle city of Kandor with the ability to possess the bodies of its inhabitants . Turlock the Berserker New Adventures of Superboy # 49 ( January 1984 ) Superboy enemy , extradimensional barbarian warrior , wielded burning sword , rode in chariot drawn by two two - headed dog / rat creatures . The Tweeds Action Comics # 26 ( July 1940 ) Clark arrives for a date with Lois , who is making a donation to the Brentwood Rehabilitation Home . Clark tells her that the place is more interested in money than their young charges . Lois decides they should visit the home so that she can disprove Clark . After a pleasant visit , Lois and Clark are stopped by a charge , Davey Merrill , who cut his hands climbing the wall just to ask for something to eat . Once they feed him , he tells them all about the horrible conditions at the home . They return , but the barking of the guard dog Black Satan wakes up Mrs. Tweed . Superman saves them from the dog , but when Davey enters the Tweeds find him and seeing his cut hands they realise he has been over the fence and lock him in a cupboard downstairs . Lois goes back to investigate and finds records which prove the Tweeds are not spending the money on the children , but she is seized by the Tweeds . They tie her up , gag her and leave her in a barred cell . Lois then hears a noise from Davey . She rubs her face against the iron bars of her cell and removes her gag . She talks to Davey . Assuming Lois has gotten into trouble , Superman rushes to the home to save her and Davey . He saves them both and the Tweeds are arrested . The Untouchables DC Comics Presents # 58 ( June 1983 ) Originally called the Intangibles , a trio of criminals that use technology that make themselves intangible who fought Superman , Robin and Elongated Man . They would return modelling themselves after John Dillinger , Clyde Barrow and Bonnie Parker and battle Hawk and Dove . Vakox Superboy # 104 ( April 1963 ) A Phantom Zone prisoner . Varx Superboy # 192 ( December 1972 ) Superboy enemy , sole survivor of subterranean Atlantean civilization , attempted to screen Smallville from the sun , which he superstitiously feared . Vyndktvx Action Comics # 1 ( September 2011 ) An impish supervillain that is an enemy of Superman and Superman 's enemy Mr. Mxyzptlk . The Wraith New Adventures of Superboy # 21 ( September 1981 ) Superboy enemy , spectral menace from outer space . Xasnu Action Comics # 278 ( July 1961 ) Alien plant - being , planned Earth invasion , empowered and mind - controlled Perry White as `` Masterman '' to battle Superman . The Xenomorphs Alien ( 1979 ) The Xenomorph endoparasitoid extraterrestrial species that is the primary antagonist of the Alien film series . The species made its debut in the 1979 film Alien , and reappeared in its sequels Aliens ( 1986 ) , Alien 3 ( 1992 ) and Alien Resurrection ( 1997 ) . The Alien has battled Superman in Superman vs. Aliens , Superman / Aliens 2 : God War , and Superman and Batman versus Aliens and Predator . The Xnorians Adventure Comics # 294 ( March 1962 ) Superboy enemies , teleported Smallville students to Xnor and Xnor students to Earth in involuntary `` student exchange program , '' threatened to destroy Earth if Xnorian students were mistreated . Zaora Adventures of Superman # 444 ( September 1988 ) A Kryptonian criminal and inmate of the Phantom Zone , usually connected to General Zod . She may be a Post-Crisis variant of Faora Hu - Ul ( see above ) . Zha - Vam Action Comics # 351 ( June 1967 ) Only appearing in Action Comics # 351 - 353 , created by the gods to defeat Superman with their powers , like Hercules ' strength , and possessing a belt that gives him other powers , like transforming into a Gorgon . Zozz Superboy # 81 ( June 1960 ) Superboy enemy , tyrant of planet Xenon , where most inhabitants have superhuman powers and those who do not are persecuted and exiled . In addition , Superman has fought many aliens . Group villains ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( April 2015 ) Group / Team First appearance Description Black Zero ( organisation ) World of Krypton ( 1988 ) A `` clone liberation '' movement and terrorist organisation from the planet Krypton that was ultimately responsible for the planet 's destruction . Superman Revenge Squad Action Comics # 286 ( March 1962 ) After Superboy foiled the plans of several blue - skinned criminals from the planet Wexr II , the Wexrans banded together as the Superboy Revenge Squad and plotted against him ; the group 's name changed when Superboy reached adulthood as Superman . Over the years , their membership expanded to include villains from several planets , all seeking vengeance against Superman for curtailing their criminal activities . Named members include leader Rava and Scout 627 ( from Action Comics # 287 ) ; Dixo and Vagu ( Action Comics # 295 ) ; Dorx and Krit ( Action Comics # 380 ) ; Dramx - One , Fwom , Jumrox , Klakok , and Nryana ( Superman # 366 ) ; Nakox ( Superman # 367 ) ; and Tydru ( Superman # 368 ) . Adventures of Superman # 543 ( February 1997 ) A group of villains , brought together by Morgan Edge with the intention of killing Superman . Their numbers in this Post-Crisis incarnation included Maxima , Barrage , Riot , Misa , Anomaly , Baud , Rock and the Parasite . Intergang Superman 's Pal Jimmy Olsen # 133 ( October 1970 ) An organized crime syndicate based primarily in Metropolis that uses technology provided by Darkseid . The Invisible Empire Superboy # 153 ( January 1969 ) Superboy enemies , alien invaders able to disassemble their atomic structure to enter and control any objects or people , sought to possess Earth 's leaders . Allies in conflict ( edit ) Some characters originally conceived as heroes have come into conflict with Superman . Enemy First appearance Description Batman Detective Comics # 27 ( May 1939 ) As a child , Bruce Wayne watched his parents get murdered by mugger Joe Chill . Driven by this , he worked to make himself into the perfect crime fighter . He has fought Superman on occasion , most notably in the 1986 miniseries Batman : The Dark Knight Returns . Maxima Action Comics # 645 ( September 1989 ) The princess of Almerac . She came to Earth , looking for Superman as a potential mate , but he turned her down . She has been both a friend and enemy of Superman . She died during the Our Worlds at War crossover . Vartox Superman # 281 ( November 1974 ) An alien superhero , who sometimes fights Superman . His powers are equivalent to Superman 's and he was once a boyfriend of Lana Lang Enemies created for other media ( edit ) These are Superman villains created in other media , with no appearances in previous comics . Villain Media Actor / Actress Description Nigel St. John Lois & Clark : The New Adventures of Superman Tony Jay The butler and confidante of Lex Luthor , who later betrays him to Intergang and attempts to blackmail Superman with knowledge of his identity . Tempus Lois & Clark : The New Adventures of Superman Lane Davies A time - traveller from the future who despises the peaceful society Superman created and wants to change time by killing or disposing of him beforehand . Wicked Warlock The New Adventures of Superman Ray Owens A male witch who appeared in six episodes of Filmation 's varied incarnations of Superman . His power is derived from a sorcerer 's ruby , a crimson jewel fitted to his cane that casts magical energy beams . Lionel Luthor Smallville John Glover The father of Lex Luthor and a classic corrupt businessman . Baern Smallville Bow Wow A wraith that escaped from the Phantom Zone and could absorb and project nuclear energy . Aldar Smallville Dave Batista A hulking man - eating humanoid . Titan Smallville Kane ( wrestler ) A bloodthirsty alien warrior looking for the ultimate opponent . Margaret Isobel Thoreaux Smallville Kristin Kreuk Lana Lang 's ancestor and a witc Spider Lady Superman ( 1948 serial ) Carol Forman The Dollmaker Super Friends Batman vs. Robin Frank Welker `` Weird Al '' Yankovic Not to be confused with Barton Mathis , a Batman villain who also calls himself `` the Dollmaker '' , Anton Schott is the son of the Toyman who kidnaps children and turns them into doll - like slaves . The character was originally created for the animated series , Super Friends : The Legendary Super Powers Show , as a stand - in for the Toyman but would later go on to appear in the comic books . The character most recently appeared in the animated film , Batman vs. Robin , albeit with some of Barton Mathis ' characteristics . Big Susan and Lizzie Superman : The Animated Series Valri Bromfield ( Big Susan ) Laurie Fraser ( Lizzie ) Small - time robbers . Kurt Bowman Superman : The Animated Series Eddie Barth A corrupt detective . Ironically realised Clark Kent is Superman moments before his execution . Earl Garver Superman : The Animated Series Brian Cox A mad scientist who held Metropolis ransom with a lead - covered bomb . Livewire Superman : The Animated Series Lori Petty A Superman - criticizing shock jock who received the power to manipulate and turn into electricity from a bolt of lightning . Justice League Maria Canals Luminus Superman : The Animated Series Robert Hays A scientist armed with light - based weaponry and hard - light constructs in a manner reminiscent of Mirror Master . Mercy Graves Superman : The Animated Series Justice League Lisa Edelstein Lex Luthor 's faithful henchman , an experienced hand - to - hand combatant . The Batman Gwendoline Yeo Prometheon creature Superman : The Animated Series Frank Welker A gigantic earth - like construct with minimal intelligence and made for simple labour , absorbing heat to fuel itself . Corey Mills Superman : The Animated Series Xander Berkeley An outstanding officer who was selected to don a battle suit controlled directly by his neural systems , but eventually go more and more violent as this affects him . Unity Superman : The Animated Series Stephen Root A huge grey blob that converts humans into mindless drones and with a crippling weakness to X-rays . Volcana Superman : The Animated Series Justice League Peri Gilpin A pyrokinetic imprisoned by the government as a secret weapon . Rescued by Superman during his series , but returned as a generic villain in the Justice League series . Non Superman : The Movie Superman II Jack O'Halloran The mute henchman of General Zod . He has the same superpowers as Superman and Zod and sports a mustache and thicker beard than that of Zod . He obeys Zod 's commands , most graphically when he hurls a police siren light at hypervelocity to kill a fleeing boy in East Houston , Idaho . Non later crossed into the comics . Ursa Superman : The Movie Superman II Sarah Douglas The female companion of General Zod . She has the same superpowers as Superman and Zod and sports short hair . She has a fascination with authoritative - appearing badges and is driven by `` perversions and unreasoning hatred of all mankind . '' Ross Webster Superman III Robert Vaughn An industrialist trying to gain a monopoly by destroying his rivals , who turns Superman evil with tainted kryptonite Nuclear Man Superman IV : The Quest for Peace Mark Pillow ( actor ) Gene Hackman ( voice ) A solar - powered menace born by detonating a nuclear bomb attached with Superman 's genetic material in the sun . Villains from Comics in other media ( edit ) A number of villains from the comic books have made an appearance , or appearances , in Superman related live - action media . Villain Media Actor / Actress Amanda Waller Smallville Pam Grier Amos Fortune Smallville James Kidnie Bizarro Superboy Barry Meyers Smallville Tom Welling Quinn Lord Brainiac Smallville James Marsters Allison Mack Bruno Mannheim Smallville Dominic Zamprogna Darkseid Smallville John Glover Michael Daingerfield Deadshot Smallville Bradley Stryker Deathstroke Lois & Clark : The New Adventures of Superman Antonio Sabàto , Jr . Smallville Michael Hogan Desaad Smallville Steve Byers Doomsday Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice Robin Atkin Downes Smallville Sam Witwer Dario Delacio Faora Man of Steel Antje Traue Smallville Erica Durance Sharon Taylor General Zod Superman : The Movie Superman II Terence Stamp Man of Steel Michael Shannon Smallville Michael Rosenbaum Callum Blue Terence Stamp Glorious Godfrey Smallville Michael Daingerfield Granny Goodness Smallville Nancy Amelia Bell Christine Willes Icicle ( Cameron Mahkent ) Smallville Wesley Macinnes Icicle ( Joar Mahkent ) Smallville Rick Dietrich Jax - Ur Man of Steel Mackenzie Gray Lashina Smallville Rochelle Okoye Lex Luthor Atom Man vs. Superman Lyle Talbot Superman : The Movie Superman II Superman IV : The Quest for Peace Gene Hackman Superman Returns Kevin Spacey Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice Jesse Eisenberg Superboy Scott James Wells Sherman Howard Lois & Clark : The New Adventures of Superman John Shea Smallville Michael Rosenbaum Livewire Supergirl Brit Morgan Mad Harriet Smallville Lindsay Hartley Maxima Smallville Charlotte Sullivan Supergirl Eve Torres Maxwell Lord Smallville Gil Bellows Supergirl Peter Facinelli Mercy Graves Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice Tao Okamoto Metallo Superboy Michael Callan Lois & Clark : The New Adventures of Superman Scott Valentine Smallville Brian Austin Green Supergirl Frederick Schmidt Mr. Mxyzptlk Superboy Michael J. Pollard Lois & Clark : The New Adventures of Superman Howie Mandel Smallville Trent Ford Supergirl Peter Gadiot Morgan Edge Smallville Rutger Hauer Patrick Bergin Nam - Ek Smallville Leonard Roberts Non Superman : The Movie Superman II Jack O'Halloran Supergirl Chris Vance Neutron Smallville Nathaniel Tryon Parasite Smallville Brendan Fletcher Supergirl William Mapother Persuader Smallville Fraser Aitcheson Plastique Smallville Jessica Parker Kennedy Prankster Lois & Clark : The New Adventures of Superman Bronson Pinchot Roulette Smallville Steph Song Supergirl Dichen Lachman Silver Banshee Smallville Odessa Rae Allison Mack Erica Durance Supergirl Italia Ricci Solomon Grundy Smallville John DeSantis Toyman Lois & Clark : The New Adventures of Superman Sherman Hemsley Smallville Chris Gauthier Supergirl Henry Czerny Ultraman Smallville Tom Welling Dr. Curtis Knox Smallville Dean Cain Nick O'Teen created for the Health Education Council ; his catchphrase is `` One puff , and they 'll soon be in my grasp '' See also ( edit ) List of Aquaman enemies List of Batman Family adversaries List of Flash enemies List of Green Lantern enemies List of Wonder Woman enemies References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Supergirl ( vol. 6 ) # 22 Jump up ^ Evanier , Mark ( November 10 , 2006 ) . `` The Palance - Darkseid Connection '' . News from me . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Amalak '' . Supermanica . Archived from the original on 2010 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ Lord Satanus may be based on the Pre-Crisis magic villain Lord Satanis . Jump up ^ `` The Man Who Saved the Future ! '' Superman # 378 ( December 1982 ) Jump up ^ `` The Man Who Saw Superman Die ! '' Superman # 399 ( September 1984 ) Jump up ^ Oscar Pinto , Francisco Haghenbeck , Brian K. Vaughan ( w ) , Carlo Barberi ( p ) , Marlo Alquiza , Juan Vlasco ( i ) . Superman Annual 12 ( August , 2000 ) , DC Comics Jump up ^ Byrne , John ( w ) , Byrne , John ( p ) , Kesel , Karl ( i ) . `` The Last Five Hundred '' Superman v2 , 6 ( June 1987 ) , DC Comics Jump up ^ `` J. Wilbur Wolfingham '' . Supermanica . Archived from the original on 2011 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Kru - El '' . Supermanica . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Byrne , John ( w ) , Byrne , John ( p ) , Beatty , John ( i ) . `` The Power That Failed ! '' Superman v2 , 19 : 22 ( July 1988 ) , DC Comics Jump up ^ Byrne , John ( w ) , Byrne , John ( p ) , Kesel , Karl ( i ) . `` Wings '' Superman v2 , 15 ( March 1988 ) , DC Comics Jump up ^ `` Professor Vakox '' . Supermanica . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Zha - Vam '' . Supermanica . Archived from the original on 2010 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ Supergirl # 58 ( January 2011 ) Jump up ^ `` Jay Oliva on Weird Al Yankovic 's Role In Batman vs. Robin '' . Crave Online . Jump up ^ `` '' Smallville '' Legion ( 2009 ) -- Full cast and crew `` . IMDb.com . Retrieved May 28 , 2011 . Superman characters Superman family Superman Clark Kent Superboy Kal - El Kon - El Jonathan Samuel Kent Krypto Supergirl Kara Zor - El Matrix Linda Danvers Power Girl Superwoman Mon - El Nightwing Chris Kent / Lor - Zod Flamebird Thara Ak - Var The Eradicator Steel ( John Henry Irons ) Natasha Irons Supporting characters Daily Planet Staff Cat Grant George Taylor Lois Lane Jimmy Olsen Perry White Ron Troupe Steve Lombard Metropolis Police Department Dan Turpin David Corporon Inspector Henderson Maggie Sawyer Smallville residents Chief Parker Jonathan and Martha Kent Lana Lang Pete Ross Kryptonians Jor - El Lara Zor - El Other Bibbo Bibbowski Draaga Lena Luthor Lobo Lori Lemaris Lucy Lane Maxima Professor Potter Superhero allies Batman Wonder Woman Enemies Core antagonists Bizarro Brainiac Cyborg Superman Hank Henshaw Darkseid Doomsday General Zod Lex Luthor Metallo Mister Mxyzptlk Mongul Parasite Toyman Recurring adversaries Atomic Skull Bloodsport Bruno Mannheim Faora Imperiex Jax - Ur Kryptonite Man Livewire Mercy Graves Morgan Edge Neutron Non Prankster Quex - Ul Silver Banshee Terra - Man Titano Ultra-Humanite Ursa Other enemies Black Zero Composite Superman Codename : Assassin Conduit Equus Moxie Mannheim Rampage Riot Solomon Grundy Group enemies Intergang Superman Revenge Squad Alternative versions Superman Earth - One version Earth - Two version Earth - Three version ( Ultraman ) Earth Prime version ( Superboy - Prime ) Kingdom Come version Superman Red / Superman Blue Clark Kent ( Smallville ) Alternative versions of Lex Luthor Alternative versions of Supergirl Team affiliations World 's Finest Team Legion of Super-Heroes Justice League Miscellanea Superman character and cast Superman and Lois Lane Beppo Streaky Comet Chloe Sullivan Category Superman Jerry Siegel Joe Shuster Other writers and artists Characters List of DC Comics characters named Superman List of Superman supporting characters List of Superman enemies Locations Metropolis Ace o ' Clubs Daily Planet Daily Star Galaxy Communications LexCorp Project Cadmus Suicide Slum List of areas , landmarks , institutions and businesses Krypton Argo City Kandor Kryptonopolis Vathlo Island Apokolips Bizarro World Colu Daxam Fortress of Solitude Phantom Zone S.T.A.R. Labs Smallville Stryker 's Island Warworld Objects and material Kryptonite Supermobile History and themes Character and cast Dynasty Kryptonian Origin Powers and abilities Publication history Action Comics # 1 Superman and Lois Lane Symbol Ongoing publications Action Comics Batman / Superman Superboy Supergirl Superman Superman / Wonder Woman In other media In film Miscellaneous Alternative versions of Superman Superman ( gene ) Joanne Siegel Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Superman_enemies&oldid=829039582 '' Categories : Superman lists Lists of DC Comics characters DC Comics supervillains Lists of DC Comics supervillains Lists of fictional superhuman characters Hidden categories : Articles to be expanded from April 2015 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Edit links This page was last edited on 6 March 2018 , at 07 : 43 . 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"\n\nVillain\nMedia\nActor/Actress\n\n\nAmanda Waller\nSmallville\nPam Grier\n\n\nAmos Fortune\nSmallville\nJames Kidnie\n\n\nBizarro\nSuperboy\nBarry Meyers\n\n\nSmallville\nTom Welling\nQuinn Lord\n\n\nBrainiac\nSmallville\nJames Marsters\nAllison Mack\n\n\nBruno Mannheim\nSmallville\nDominic Zamprogna\n\n\nDarkseid\nSmallville\nJohn Glover\nMichael Daingerfield\n\n\nDeadshot\nSmallville\nBradley Stryker\n\n\nDeathstroke\nLois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman\nAntonio Sabàto, Jr.\n\n\nSmallville\nMichael Hogan\n\n\nDesaad\nSmallville\nSteve Byers\n\n\nDoomsday\nBatman v Superman: Dawn of Justice\nRobin Atkin Downes\n\n\nSmallville\nSam Witwer\nDario Delacio\n\n\nFaora\nMan of Steel\nAntje Traue\n\n\nSmallville\nErica Durance\nSharon Taylor\n\n\nGeneral Zod\nSuperman: The Movie\nSuperman II\nTerence Stamp\n\n\nMan of Steel\nMichael Shannon\n\n\nSmallville\nMichael Rosenbaum\nCallum Blue\nTerence Stamp\n\n\nGlorious Godfrey\nSmallville\nMichael Daingerfield\n\n\nGranny Goodness\nSmallville\nNancy Amelia Bell\nChristine Willes\n\n\nIcicle (Cameron Mahkent)\nSmallville\nWesley Macinnes\n\n\nIcicle (Joar Mahkent)\nSmallville\nRick Dietrich\n\n\nJax-Ur\nMan of Steel\nMackenzie Gray\n\n\nLashina\nSmallville\nRochelle Okoye\n\n\nLex Luthor\nAtom Man vs. Superman\nLyle Talbot\n\n\nSuperman: The Movie\nSuperman II\nSuperman IV: The Quest for Peace\nGene Hackman\n\n\nSuperman Returns\nKevin Spacey\n\n\nBatman v Superman: Dawn of Justice\nJesse Eisenberg\n\n\nSuperboy\nScott James Wells\nSherman Howard\n\n\nLois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman\nJohn Shea\n\n\nSmallville\nMichael Rosenbaum\n\n\nLivewire\nSupergirl\nBrit Morgan\n\n\nMad Harriet\nSmallville\nLindsay Hartley\n\n\nMaxima\nSmallville\nCharlotte Sullivan\n\n\nSupergirl\nEve Torres\n\n\nMaxwell Lord\nSmallville\nGil Bellows\n\n\nSupergirl\nPeter Facinelli\n\n\nMercy Graves\nBatman v Superman: Dawn of Justice\nTao Okamoto\n\n\nMetallo\nSuperboy\nMichael Callan\n\n\nLois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman\nScott Valentine\n\n\nSmallville\nBrian Austin Green\n\n\nSupergirl\nFrederick Schmidt\n\n\nMr. Mxyzptlk\nSuperboy\nMichael J. Pollard\n\n\nLois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman\nHowie Mandel\n\n\nSmallville\nTrent Ford\n\n\nSupergirl\nPeter Gadiot\n\n\nMorgan Edge\nSmallville\nRutger Hauer\nPatrick Bergin\n\n\nNam-Ek\nSmallville\nLeonard Roberts\n\n\nNon\nSuperman: The Movie\nSuperman II\n\nJack O'Halloran\n\n\nSupergirl\nChris Vance\n\n\nNeutron\nSmallville\nNathaniel Tryon\n\n\nParasite\nSmallville\nBrendan Fletcher\n\n\nSupergirl\nWilliam Mapother\n\n\nPersuader\nSmallville\nFraser Aitcheson [17]\n\n\nPlastique\nSmallville\nJessica Parker Kennedy\n\n\nPrankster\nLois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman\nBronson Pinchot\n\n\nRoulette\nSmallville\nSteph Song\n\n\nSupergirl\nDichen Lachman\n\n\nSilver Banshee\nSmallville\nOdessa Rae\nAllison Mack\nErica Durance\n\n\nSupergirl\nItalia Ricci\n\n\nSolomon Grundy\nSmallville\nJohn DeSantis\n\n\nToyman\nLois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman\nSherman Hemsley\n\n\nSmallville\nChris Gauthier\n\n\nSupergirl\nHenry Czerny\n\n\nUltraman\nSmallville\nTom Welling\n\n\nDr. Curtis Knox\nSmallville\nDean Cain\n\n\nNick O'Teen\ncreated for the Health Education Council; his catchphrase is \"One puff, and they'll soon be in my grasp\"\n\n",
"\n\nVillain\nMedia\nActor/Actress\n\n\nAmanda Waller\nSmallville\nPam Grier\n\n\nAmos Fortune\nSmallville\nJames Kidnie\n\n\nBizarro\nSuperboy\nBarry Meyers\n\n\nSmallville\nTom Welling\nQuinn Lord\n\n\nBrainiac\nSmallville\nJames Marsters\nAllison Mack\n\n\nBruno Mannheim\nSmallville\nDominic Zamprogna\n\n\nDarkseid\nSmallville\nJohn Glover\nMichael Daingerfield\n\n\nDeadshot\nSmallville\nBradley Stryker\n\n\nDeathstroke\nLois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman\nAntonio Sabàto, Jr.\n\n\nSmallville\nMichael Hogan\n\n\nDesaad\nSmallville\nSteve Byers\n\n\nDoomsday\nBatman v Superman: Dawn of Justice\nRobin Atkin Downes\n\n\nSmallville\nSam Witwer\nDario Delacio\n\n\nFaora\nMan of Steel\nAntje Traue\n\n\nSmallville\nErica Durance\nSharon Taylor\n\n\nGeneral Zod\nSuperman: The Movie\nSuperman II\nTerence Stamp\n\n\nMan of Steel\nMichael Shannon\n\n\nSmallville\nMichael Rosenbaum\nCallum Blue\nTerence Stamp\n\n\nGlorious Godfrey\nSmallville\nMichael Daingerfield\n\n\nGranny Goodness\nSmallville\nNancy Amelia Bell\nChristine Willes\n\n\nIcicle (Cameron Mahkent)\nSmallville\nWesley Macinnes\n\n\nIcicle (Joar Mahkent)\nSmallville\nRick Dietrich\n\n\nJax-Ur\nMan of Steel\nMackenzie Gray\n\n\nLashina\nSmallville\nRochelle Okoye\n\n\nLex Luthor\nAtom Man vs. Superman\nLyle Talbot\n\n\nSuperman: The Movie\nSuperman II\nSuperman IV: The Quest for Peace\nGene Hackman\n\n\nSuperman Returns\nKevin Spacey\n\n\nBatman v Superman: Dawn of Justice\nJesse Eisenberg\n\n\nSuperboy\nScott James Wells\nSherman Howard\n\n\nLois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman\nJohn Shea\n\n\nSmallville\nMichael Rosenbaum\n\n\nLivewire\nSupergirl\nBrit Morgan\n\n\nMad Harriet\nSmallville\nLindsay Hartley\n\n\nMaxima\nSmallville\nCharlotte Sullivan\n\n\nSupergirl\nEve Torres\n\n\nMaxwell Lord\nSmallville\nGil Bellows\n\n\nSupergirl\nPeter Facinelli\n\n\nMercy Graves\nBatman v Superman: Dawn of Justice\nTao Okamoto\n\n\nMetallo\nSuperboy\nMichael Callan\n\n\nLois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman\nScott Valentine\n\n\nSmallville\nBrian Austin Green\n\n\nSupergirl\nFrederick Schmidt\n\n\nMr. Mxyzptlk\nSuperboy\nMichael J. Pollard\n\n\nLois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman\nHowie Mandel\n\n\nSmallville\nTrent Ford\n\n\nSupergirl\nPeter Gadiot\n\n\nMorgan Edge\nSmallville\nRutger Hauer\nPatrick Bergin\n\n\nNam-Ek\nSmallville\nLeonard Roberts\n\n\nNon\nSuperman: The Movie\nSuperman II\n\nJack O'Halloran\n\n\nSupergirl\nChris Vance\n\n\nNeutron\nSmallville\nNathaniel Tryon\n\n\nParasite\nSmallville\nBrendan Fletcher\n\n\nSupergirl\nWilliam Mapother\n\n\nPersuader\nSmallville\nFraser Aitcheson [17]\n\n\nPlastique\nSmallville\nJessica Parker Kennedy\n\n\nPrankster\nLois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman\nBronson Pinchot\n\n\nRoulette\nSmallville\nSteph Song\n\n\nSupergirl\nDichen Lachman\n\n\nSilver Banshee\nSmallville\nOdessa Rae\nAllison Mack\nErica Durance\n\n\nSupergirl\nItalia Ricci\n\n\nSolomon Grundy\nSmallville\nJohn DeSantis\n\n\nToyman\nLois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman\nSherman Hemsley\n\n\nSmallville\nChris Gauthier\n\n\nSupergirl\nHenry Czerny\n\n\nUltraman\nSmallville\nTom Welling\n\n\nDr. Curtis Knox\nSmallville\nDean Cain\n\n\nNick O'Teen\ncreated for the Health Education Council; his catchphrase is \"One puff, and they'll soon be in my grasp\"\n\n",
"\n\nVillain\nMedia\nActor/Actress\n\n\nAmanda Waller\nSmallville\nPam Grier\n\n\nAmos Fortune\nSmallville\nJames Kidnie\n\n\nBizarro\nSuperboy\nBarry Meyers\n\n\nSmallville\nTom Welling\nQuinn Lord\n\n\nBrainiac\nSmallville\nJames Marsters\nAllison Mack\n\n\nBruno Mannheim\nSmallville\nDominic Zamprogna\n\n\nDarkseid\nSmallville\nJohn Glover\nMichael Daingerfield\n\n\nDeadshot\nSmallville\nBradley Stryker\n\n\nDeathstroke\nLois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman\nAntonio Sabàto, Jr.\n\n\nSmallville\nMichael Hogan\n\n\nDesaad\nSmallville\nSteve Byers\n\n\nDoomsday\nBatman v Superman: Dawn of Justice\nRobin Atkin Downes\n\n\nSmallville\nSam Witwer\nDario Delacio\n\n\nFaora\nMan of Steel\nAntje Traue\n\n\nSmallville\nErica Durance\nSharon Taylor\n\n\nGeneral Zod\nSuperman: The Movie\nSuperman II\nTerence Stamp\n\n\nMan of Steel\nMichael Shannon\n\n\nSmallville\nMichael Rosenbaum\nCallum Blue\nTerence Stamp\n\n\nGlorious Godfrey\nSmallville\nMichael Daingerfield\n\n\nGranny Goodness\nSmallville\nNancy Amelia Bell\nChristine Willes\n\n\nIcicle (Cameron Mahkent)\nSmallville\nWesley Macinnes\n\n\nIcicle (Joar Mahkent)\nSmallville\nRick Dietrich\n\n\nJax-Ur\nMan of Steel\nMackenzie Gray\n\n\nLashina\nSmallville\nRochelle Okoye\n\n\nLex Luthor\nAtom Man vs. Superman\nLyle Talbot\n\n\nSuperman: The Movie\nSuperman II\nSuperman IV: The Quest for Peace\nGene Hackman\n\n\nSuperman Returns\nKevin Spacey\n\n\nBatman v Superman: Dawn of Justice\nJesse Eisenberg\n\n\nSuperboy\nScott James Wells\nSherman Howard\n\n\nLois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman\nJohn Shea\n\n\nSmallville\nMichael Rosenbaum\n\n\nLivewire\nSupergirl\nBrit Morgan\n\n\nMad Harriet\nSmallville\nLindsay Hartley\n\n\nMaxima\nSmallville\nCharlotte Sullivan\n\n\nSupergirl\nEve Torres\n\n\nMaxwell Lord\nSmallville\nGil Bellows\n\n\nSupergirl\nPeter Facinelli\n\n\nMercy Graves\nBatman v Superman: Dawn of Justice\nTao Okamoto\n\n\nMetallo\nSuperboy\nMichael Callan\n\n\nLois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman\nScott Valentine\n\n\nSmallville\nBrian Austin Green\n\n\nSupergirl\nFrederick Schmidt\n\n\nMr. Mxyzptlk\nSuperboy\nMichael J. Pollard\n\n\nLois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman\nHowie Mandel\n\n\nSmallville\nTrent Ford\n\n\nSupergirl\nPeter Gadiot\n\n\nMorgan Edge\nSmallville\nRutger Hauer\nPatrick Bergin\n\n\nNam-Ek\nSmallville\nLeonard Roberts\n\n\nNon\nSuperman: The Movie\nSuperman II\n\nJack O'Halloran\n\n\nSupergirl\nChris Vance\n\n\nNeutron\nSmallville\nNathaniel Tryon\n\n\nParasite\nSmallville\nBrendan Fletcher\n\n\nSupergirl\nWilliam Mapother\n\n\nPersuader\nSmallville\nFraser Aitcheson [17]\n\n\nPlastique\nSmallville\nJessica Parker Kennedy\n\n\nPrankster\nLois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman\nBronson Pinchot\n\n\nRoulette\nSmallville\nSteph Song\n\n\nSupergirl\nDichen Lachman\n\n\nSilver Banshee\nSmallville\nOdessa Rae\nAllison Mack\nErica Durance\n\n\nSupergirl\nItalia Ricci\n\n\nSolomon Grundy\nSmallville\nJohn DeSantis\n\n\nToyman\nLois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman\nSherman Hemsley\n\n\nSmallville\nChris Gauthier\n\n\nSupergirl\nHenry Czerny\n\n\nUltraman\nSmallville\nTom Welling\n\n\nDr. Curtis Knox\nSmallville\nDean Cain\n\n\nNick O'Teen\ncreated for the Health Education Council; his catchphrase is \"One puff, and they'll soon be in my grasp\"\n\n"
] | [
"Doomsday",
"Lex Luthor",
"Mercy Graves"
] |
7113105384242986093 | Battle of the Sexes (tennis) | Battle of the Sexes ( tennis ) - wikipedia Battle of the Sexes ( tennis ) Jump to : navigation , search Battle of the Sexes I Margaret Court vs. Bobby Riggs Set Margaret Court Bobby Riggs 6 6 Date May 13 , 1973 Location Ramona , California Battle of the Sexes II Billie Jean King vs. Bobby Riggs Set Billie Jean King 6 6 6 Bobby Riggs Date September 20 , 1973 Location Astrodome Houston , Texas Battle of the Sexes III Martina Navratilova vs. Jimmy Connors Set Martina Navratilova 5 Jimmy Connors 7 6 Date September 25 , 1992 Location Caesars Palace Las Vegas , Nevada In tennis , `` Battle of the Sexes '' is a term that has been used to describe various exhibition matches played between a man and a woman ( or , in one case , a doubles match between two men and two women ) . Most famously , the term is used for a nationally televised match in 1973 , held at the Houston Astrodome , between 55 - year - old Bobby Riggs and 29 - year - old Billie Jean King , which King won in three sets . The match attracted massive attention and was viewed by an estimated 90 million people around the world ; King 's win is considered a milestone in public acceptance of women 's tennis . Two other matches commonly referred to as a `` battle of the sexes '' include a match held four months earlier in 1973 between Riggs and Margaret Court , over the best of three sets , and one in 1992 between Jimmy Connors and Martina Navratilova , over the best of three sets and hybrid rules favoring the female player , dubbed `` The Battle of Champions '' . At least eight other exhibition matches have been played between notable male and female tennis players , starting in 1888 , though only some of them were referred to at the time as a `` battle of the sexes '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 1973 : Riggs v Court 2 1973 : Riggs v King 2.1 Allegations of match - throwing 2.2 Effects on women 's tennis 2.3 In popular culture 3 1992 : Navratilova v Connors 4 Other matches of men against women 4.1 1888 : Ernest Renshaw vs Lottie Dod 4.2 1922 : Bill Tilden vs Suzanne Lenglen 4.3 1933 : Helen Wills vs Phil Neer 4.4 1975 : Challenge of the Sexes 4.5 1985 : Battle of the Sexes : The Challenge ! ( doubles ) 4.6 1998 : Karsten Braasch vs. the Williams sisters 4.7 2003 : Yannick Noah vs Justine Henin 4.8 2013 : Novak Djokovic vs Li Na 5 Challenges that never came to be 6 References 1973 : Riggs v Court ( edit ) Riggs had been one of the world 's top tennis players in the 1940s ; he once held the top ranking and had won six major titles during his career . After he retired from professional tennis in 1951 , Riggs remained a master promoter of himself and of tennis . In 1973 , he opined that the female game was inferior and that even at his current age of 55 he could still beat any of the top female players . Riggs first challenged Billie Jean King , but when she declined , Margaret Court stepped in . At the time in 1973 , Court was 30 years old and the top female player in the world . On the day of their match on May 13 , 5,000 fans came to a Mother 's Day match in Ramona , California . Televised by CBS Sports , Riggs descended the stadium steps and presented Court with Mother 's Day flowers , which she accepted while curtsying . Riggs used his drop shots and lobs to keep Court off balance . His quick victory ( 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 1 ) landed Riggs on the cover of both Sports Illustrated and Time . 1973 : Riggs v King ( edit ) Paraphernalia from the Billie Jean King vs Bobby Riggs match Suddenly in the national limelight following his win over Court , Riggs taunted all female tennis players , prompting King to accept a lucrative financial offer to play Riggs in a nationally televised match in prime time on ABC that the promoters dubbed the `` Battle of the Sexes . '' The match , which had a winner - take - all prize of $ 100,000 , was held in Texas at the Houston Astrodome on Thursday , September 20 , 1973 . King entered the court in the style of Cleopatra , on a feather - adorned litter carried by four bare - chested muscle men dressed in the style of ancient slaves . Riggs followed in a rickshaw drawn by a bevy of scantily clad models . Riggs presented King with a giant Sugar Daddy lollipop , and she responded by giving him a squealing piglet , symbolic of male chauvinism . Riggs was given $50,000 to wear a yellow Sugar Daddy jacket during the match , which he took off after three games . Riggs also placed many bets on and invested a lot of money in the match . King , who also competed in the Virginia Slims of Houston during the same week , won in straight sets , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 3 . In the first set , she fell behind 3 -- 2 when Riggs broke her serve . In a 2015 interview , she said that most people do not remember that she was initially behind in the first set , and it looked bad for her in the early going . At this point , King realized that she `` had to win '' given the importance of the match , and broke right back and again in the tenth game to close out the set . She had learned from Court 's loss and was ready for Riggs ' game . Rather than playing her own usual aggressive game , King mostly stayed at the baseline , easily handling Riggs 's lobs and soft shots , making him cover the entire court as she ran him from side to side and beat him at his own defensive style of play . After quickly failing from the baseline , where he had intended to play , Riggs dropped his comedic effect and showed a more serious demeanor , as he was forced to change to a serve - and - volley game . A few critics were less than impressed by King 's victory ; she was 26 years younger , and some experts claimed that it was more an age versus youth game . According to Jack Kramer , `` I do n't think Billie Jean played all that well . She hit a lot of short balls which Bobby could have taken advantage of had he been in shape . I would never take anything away from Billie Jean -- because she was smart enough to prepare herself properly -- but it might have been different if Riggs had n't kept running around . It was more than one woman who took care of Bobby Riggs in Houston . '' Before the match , however , King had forced the American television network ABC to drop Kramer as a commentator . King said , `` He does n't believe in women 's tennis . Why should he be part of this match ? He does n't believe in half of the match . I 'm not playing . Either he goes -- or I go . '' After the match , Pancho Segura declared that Riggs was only the third best senior player , behind himself and Gardnar Mulloy , and he challenged King to another match . King refused . Despite some of the comments downplaying the loss by Riggs ( or victory of King ) , following the match Riggs was `` devastated '' and isolated himself in his hotel room for four hours . The match had an audience of an estimated 50 million in the U.S. and 90 million worldwide . The attendance in the Houston Astrodome was 30,472 ; as of 2012 , it remains the largest audience to see a tennis match in the United States . Allegations of match - throwing ( edit ) There was also widespread speculation , based on Riggs ' unusually poor play and large number of unforced errors , that Riggs had purposely lost the match in order to win large sums of money that he had bet against himself , as a way to pay off his gambling debts . ESPN 's Outside the Lines on August 25 , 2013 featured a man who had been silent for 40 years who said he heard several members of the mafia talking about Riggs throwing the match in exchange for cancelling his gambling debt to the mob . On the other hand , the article says Riggs ' close friend and estate executor Lornie Kuhle vehemently denied he was ever in debt to the mob or received a payoff from them . The article also quotes Riggs ' son who claims his father felt he had made a terrible mistake and was depressed for six months following the match . Riggs wanted a rematch but not King . He considered suing her as a rematch had been part of the contract . King and Riggs would appear together spoofing their rivalry less than two months after the match on an episode of The Odd Couple ( titled `` The Pig Who Came To Dinner '' ) and they became good friends . Kramer wrote , however , that `` Billie Jean beat him fair and square . A lot of men -- especially around our age -- were so stunned when he lost that they figured he must have tanked . Budge is convinced of that . But what motive would Riggs have for that ? Bobby Riggs , the biggest ham in the world , gets his greatest audience -- and purposefully looks bad ? There 's no way . If he had beaten Billie Jean , he could have kept the act going indefinitely . Next they would have had him play Chrissy on clay . '' Selena Roberts claimed in her book documenting the match , A Necessary Spectacle , that Riggs later undertook a public polygraph test to prove he did not throw the match . Effects on women 's tennis ( edit ) King viewed the match as more than a publicity stunt , feeling that beating Riggs was important both for women 's tennis and for the women 's liberation movement as a whole . She said later , `` I thought it would set us back 50 years if I did n't win that match . It would ruin the women 's tour and affect all women 's self - esteem . '' She believed that she had a destiny to work for gender equality in sports . Billie Jean was part of the Original 9 , which formed the Virginia Slims Series , created because the women wanted to end inequality of pay between male and female victors . These nine women created their own tournaments and played wherever they could . Eventually this turned into the Women 's Tennis Association ( WTA ) . In popular culture ( edit ) In 2001 , ABC aired a television film about the match between King and Riggs titled When Billie Beat Bobby , starring Holly Hunter and Ron Silver as King and Riggs respectively . In 2013 , New Black Films released the documentary movie Battle of the Sexes in cinemas , with television broadcast following soon after . It was directed by James Erskine and Zara Hayes . The film was released on DVD in 2014 . The 2017 film Battle of the Sexes , directed by Jonathan Dayton and Valerie Faris , is about the King / Riggs match , and stars Emma Stone and Steve Carell as King and Riggs , respectively . 1992 : Navratilova v Connors ( edit ) Nineteen years later , a third `` Battle of the Sexes '' match , entitled Battle of Champions , was played in 1992 . Outdoors at Caesars Palace in Paradise , Nevada , it matched 40 year - old Jimmy Connors and Martina Navratilova , age 35 . Navratilova had previously turned down invitations to take on John McEnroe and Ilie Năstase , as she considered them undignified . The promoters initially tried to match Connors with the then top - ranked female player , Monica Seles . Connors called the match ' war . ' Navratilova , on the other hand , called it a battle of egos . A pay - per - view telecast , the match was played on Friday night , September 25 , under hybrid rules to make it more competitive ; Connors was allowed only one serve per point , and Navratilova was allowed to hit into half of the doubles alleys . Each player received a $650,000 guarantee , with a further $500,000 for the winner . Connors won 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 2 , as Navratilova made eight double faults and 36 unforced errors . Connors , too , was nervous and there was a rumor that he had placed a bet on himself to win at 4 : 1 . According to Connors ' book The Outsider , he placed a million - dollar bet that he would lose no more than eight games . Other matches of men against women ( edit ) 1888 : Ernest Renshaw vs. Lottie Dod ( edit ) In 1888 , the Wimbledon 's men 's champion , Ernest Renshaw , played a handicap match against the ladies ' champion , Lottie Dod , where Dod was starting each game with a 30 -- 0 advantage . The match was played in Exmouth , England , and ended with Renshaw 's victory -- 2 -- 6 , 7 -- 5 , 7 -- 5 . 1922 : Bill Tilden vs. Suzanne Lenglen ( edit ) On May 27 , 1921 Bill Tilden and Suzanne Lenglen played a match at Saint Cloud , France . It was only a single set but Tilden prevailed 6 -- 0 . When later asked about the match , Lenglen said , `` Someone won 6 -- 0 , but I do n't recall who it was . '' 1933 : Helen Wills vs. Phil Neer ( edit ) Former NCAA champion Phil Neer played a two - set match against Helen Wills on January 28 , 1933 , in San Francisco . Neer had been ranked nationally as high as No. 20 and had occasionally played mixed doubles with Wills . Wills had won at Wimbledon the year prior . Though Neer was only 32 , Wills won the match 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 . 1975 : challenge of the Sexes ( edit ) October 26 , 1975 a Challenge of the Sexes event was held in Mission Viejo , CA televised on CBS . It involved male and female athletes from various sports , such as Laura Baugh and Jane Blalock vs. Hale Irwin and Doug Sanders in golf , and Jerry West vs. Karen Logan in basketball . The tennis event pitted future Wimbledon champion Virginia Wade vs. Björn Borg , and Nastase vs. Evonne Goolagong . A single set was played where the men were limited to one serve and the women had the added area of the alleys for shot placement . Borg , Wade , and Goolagong entered the court in standard attire and demeanor , while Nastase entered wearing a dress . With Martina Navratilova also in the packed audience , Borg defeated Wade 6 -- 2 , but Goolagong defeated Nastase 7 -- 5 . 1985 : Battle of the Sexes : the challenge ! ( Doubles ) ( edit ) On August 23 , 1985 , at age 67 , Riggs returned to the tennis spotlight when he partnered with Vitas Gerulaitis , at the time a top - 20 player , to launch another challenge to female players . He challenged Martina Navratilova and Pam Shriver to a doubles match . Navratilova said that she accepted because she believed she and Pam had no weaknesses when playing doubles , and that they were going to ' do a Billie ' and win , especially given Riggs ' age . The match took place at The Atlantic City Convention Hall in Atlantic City , New Jersey . Riggs ' health had deteriorated somewhat from his last outing as he was now deaf and wore glasses . Moreover , because Riggs was a finesse player and not a power player , the women expected that defeating him would be easier than a retired power player . Riggs ' return was short lived when the women won 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 4 . Mike Penner ( of The Los Angeles Times ) wrote : `` The great misconception about ' The Challenge ! ' was that it might actually serve as a legitimate proving ground for the sexes . '' The sports writer went on to point out that there were things keeping this match from being seriously viewed as a legitimate challenge . `` First , it was a doubles match , not a one - on - one competition . The strategy is different in doubles , weaknesses can be more easily masked and stamina is not nearly so critical a factor . '' The other point to be made : `` Riggs amounted to a 67 - year - old ball - and - chain shackled to the ankle of Gerulaitis . Riggs could n't serve , could n't return serves , could n't hit overheads with any amount of force . Older than the combined ages of Navratilova and Shriver , Riggs was painfully out of place in this match . Even John McEnroe , on his finest day , would be an underdog against Navratilova and Shriver if Riggs were his partner . '' 1998 : Karsten Braasch vs. the Williams sisters ( edit ) Another event dubbed a `` Battle of the Sexes '' took place during the 1998 Australian Open between Karsten Braasch and the Williams sisters . Venus and Serena Williams had claimed that they could beat any male player ranked outside the world 's top 200 , so Braasch , then ranked 203rd , challenged them both . Braasch was described by one journalist as `` a man whose training regime centered around a pack of cigarettes and more than a couple bottles of ice cold lager '' . The matches took place on court number 12 in Melbourne Park , after Braasch had finished a round of golf and two shandies . He first took on Serena and after leading 5 -- 0 , beat her 6 -- 1 . Venus then walked on court and again Braasch was victorious , this time winning 6 -- 2 . Braasch said afterwards , `` 500 and above , no chance '' . He added that he had played like someone ranked 600th in order to keep the game `` fun '' . Braasch said the big difference was that men can chase down shots much easier , and that men put spin on the ball that the women ca n't handle . The Williams sisters adjusted their claim to beating men outside the top 350 . 2003 : Yannick Noah vs. Justine Henin ( edit ) In December 2003 , Yannick Noah and Justine Henin played a friendly match at the Forest National in Brussels . Noah donned a dress for much of the match . He played predominantly trick shots and slices , but still ended up winning 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 7 -- 6 . 2013 : Novak Djokovic vs. Li Na ( edit ) In October 2013 , Novak Djokovic and Li Na played a light - hearted exhibition mini set in Beijing , China to commemorate the tenth anniversary of the China Open . Djokovic clowned to the amusement of the crowd , and at one point swapped places with a ballboy . Li was given a 30 -- 0 advantage at the start of each service game , and she went on to win 3 -- 2 . Challenges that never came to be ( edit ) In 2013 , Andy Murray responded to a Twitter user who asked whether he would consider challenging Serena Williams , saying , `` I 'd be up for it . Why not ? '' Williams also reacted positively to the suggestion , remarking `` That would be fun . I doubt I 'd win a point , but that would be fun . '' In August 2015 , John McEnroe was interviewed on Jimmy Kimmel Live ! . At that time , McEnroe was 56 years old but still active on the seniors tennis circuit , Serena Williams was 34 years old and in the chase for a `` calendar - year '' Grand Slam . McEnroe mentioned to Kimmel that about 15 years prior , Donald Trump had suggested that he would like to put together a `` battle of the sexes '' match between McEnroe and Williams . McEnroe said he would face Williams but that Trump was not offering a big enough payout . McEnroe said that he believed he could take Williams in a tennis match . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Riggs `` Courts '' Margaret - then hustles a victory `` . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Associated Press . May 14 , 1973 . p. 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` Billie Jean slam - bangs Riggs to defeat '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Associated Press . September 21 , 1973 . p. 1 , sec. 1 . ^ Jump up to : `` Martina 's miscues aid Connors ' win '' . Eugene Register - Guard . ( Oregon ) . Associated Press . September 26 , 1992 . p. 1B . Jump up ^ Jares , Joe ( September 10 , 1973 ) . `` Riggs to riches - take two '' . p. 24 . ^ Jump up to : Kirkpatrick , Curry ( October 1 , 1973 ) . `` There she is , Ms. America '' . Sports Illustrated . p. 30 . ^ Jump up to : Kirkpatrick , Curry ( May 21 , 1973 ) . `` Mother 's Day Ms. match '' . Sports Illustrated . p. 34 . Jump up ^ Daily Comprehension : February . Remedia Publications -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` How Bobby Runs and Talks , Talks , Talks '' . Time . September 10 , 1973 . Retrieved June 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Husar , John ( May 13 , 1973 ) . `` Riggs challenges Court in tennis match today '' . Chicago Tribune . p. 1 , sec. 3 . Jump up ^ `` Can middleaged Bobby back up his big boast '' . Eugene Register - Guard . ( Oregon ) . Associated Press . May 13 , 1973 . p. 3C . Jump up ^ The Battle of the Sexes . Performed by Amanda Edwards , Billie Jean King , Bobby Riggs . United Kingdom , 2013 . Film . Jump up ^ `` Mother 's Day Massacre : Margaret Court vs Bobby Riggs '' . YouTube . ( CBS Sports ) . May 13 , 1973 . Retrieved July 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Time Magazine Cover : Bobby Riggs -- September 10 , 1973 '' . Jump up ^ `` Battle of the Sexes '' . Chicago Tribune . ( advertisement ) . September 20 , 1973 . p. 5 , sec. 3 . Jump up ^ `` Riggs hopes to make it a King 's ransom '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . ( New York Times ) . September 20 , 1973 . p. 24 . Jump up ^ `` Riggs already winner - for talking '' . Spokane Daily Chronicle . ( Washington ) . Associated Press . September 20 , 1973 . p. 31 . Jump up ^ Markus , Robert ( September 20 , 1973 ) . `` ' Hogston ' turns into Roman circus '' . Chicago Tribune . p. 1 , sec. 3 . Jump up ^ Kleiman , Carol ( September 20 , 1973 ) . `` Better sex wins '' . Chicago Tribune . p. 1 , sec. 1 . Jump up ^ Adams , Cecil ( December 17 , 2010 ) . `` Was the `` Battle of the Sexes '' tennis match between Billie Jean King and Bobby Riggs fixed ? `` . The Straight Dope . Jump up ^ Roberts , Selena ( September 20 , 2008 ) . `` A ray of progress for women as Battle of the Sexes turns 35 '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved June 24 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Berkow , Ira ( July 27 , 1982 ) . `` PLAYERS ; RIGGS SEES DOUBLE '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Greenspan , Jesse ( September 20 , 2013 ) . `` Billie Jean King Wins the ' Battle of the Sexes , ' 40 Years Ago '' . History . Jump up ^ `` First look at their period tennis drama ' Battle of the Sexes ' '' . ^ Jump up to : `` King whips Riggs in straight sets '' . Sarasota Herald - Tribune . ( Florida ) . Associated Press . September 21 , 1973 . p. 1D . Jump up ^ `` Billie Jean King . '' CNN Special Presentation -- The 70s : Battle Of The Sexes . August 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sport : How King Rained on Riggs ' Parade '' . Time . October 1 , 1973 . Retrieved June 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Buzinski , Jim . `` King a True Pioneer , HBO Hits an Ace with Tennis Documentary '' . OutSports.com . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2010 . Retrieved June 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` USTA Northern California celebrates National Hispanic Heritage Month '' . USTA Northern California . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bobby Riggs Vs. Billie Jean King '' . Essortment.com . Retrieved June 2 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Van Natta Jr. , Don ( August 25 , 2013 ) . `` The Match Maker '' . ESPN . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ A Necessary Spectacle . Roberts , Selena . Crown Books , 2005 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 5146 - 5 Jump up ^ Greenspan , Jesse ( September 20 , 2013 ) . `` Billie Jean King Wins the ' Battle of the Sexes , ' 40 Years Ago '' . History.com . Retrieved March 29 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Schwartz , Larry . `` Billie Jean Won For All Women '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved March 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Billie Jean King . '' PBS . September 10 , 2013 . Accessed March 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jr , Mike Fleming ( April 20 , 2015 ) . `` Game , Set Match ? Searchlight Serves Up ' Battle Of The Sexes ; ' Dayton & Faris Direct Emma Stone As Billie Jean King , Steve Carell As Bobby Riggs '' . deadline.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Connors , Martina get set for Battle of the Sexes '' . Eugene Register - Guard . ( Oregon ) . Associated Press . September 25 , 1992 . p. 3B . ^ Jump up to : Penner , Mike ( March 10 , 1985 ) . `` Navratilova , Shriver vs. Riggs , Gerulaitis : At Least , It 's Different '' . The Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Meyers , Kate ( September 25 , 1992 ) . `` Serve them up in Sin City '' . EW.com . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2010 . Retrieved August 2 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Newman , Bruce ( October 5 , 1992 ) . `` Scorecard : Double faux '' . Sports Illustrated . p. 9 . Jump up ^ `` SPORTS PEOPLE : TENNIS ; Connors - Navratilova for $500,000 '' . New York Times . July 29 , 1992 . Jump up ^ `` 1992 Tennis Jimmy Connors Martina Navratilova B '' . YouTube . Retrieved March 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Scorecard : Double Faux '' . Sports Illustrated . October 5 , 1992 . Jump up ^ Cronin , Matt ( May 15 , 2013 ) . `` Connors admits to million - dollar bet in match vs. Navratilova '' . Tennis . Retrieved July 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Conner , Floyd ( 2002 ) . `` Battle of the Sexes '' . Tennis 's Most Wanted : The Top 10 Book of Baseline Blunders , Clay Court Wonders , and Lucky Lobs . Washington , DC : Potomac Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57488 - 363 - 3 . Jump up ^ Conner , Floyd ( 2002 ) . Tennis 's Most Wanted . Potomac Books . Jump up ^ `` USA Today : This day in sports '' . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2009 . Retrieved September 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ohnsorg , Roger ( 2011 ) . Robert Lindley Murray : The Reluctant U.S. Tennis Champion . Trafford Publishing . Jump up ^ `` Goolagong ' Conquers ' Nastase '' . New York Times . 1975 . Jump up ^ Sarni , Jim ( August 24 , 1985 ) . `` Women Win War Of Sexes '' . South Florida Sun Sentinel . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Penner , Mike ( September 1 , 1985 ) . `` Tennis : Navratilova Admits she is no match for men '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 28 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` How to ... beat both Williams sisters in one afternoon '' . The Guardian . September 2 , 2001 . Retrieved June 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Serena Williams still savouring Andy Roddick ' win ' 16 years on '' , OnTennis.com , posted January 22 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` Sister Act falls in Battle of Sexes '' . The Free Lance Star . January 27 , 1998 . Retrieved January 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` How to ... beat both Williams sisters in one afternoon '' . September 1 , 2001 . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2015 . Retrieved March 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to Dispatch Online '' . Dispatch.co.za . November 12 , 2010 . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2009 . Retrieved March 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Gilbert says Henin no match for low - ranked men '' . Tennis X . Jump up ^ `` Djokovic , Li Na put on a show in Battle of the Sexes at China Open '' . Sports Illustrated . October 10 , 2013 . Retrieved June 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hart , Simon ( 27 June 2013 ) . `` Wimbledon 2013 : Serena Williams believes playing Andy Murray in a battle of the sexes ' would be fun ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 18 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Marszal , Andrew ( 21 August 2015 ) . `` John McEnroe : I could still beat Serena Williams '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 18 September 2017 . Tennis exhibition tournaments Current Kooyong Classic ( since 1988 ) Hopman Cup ( since 1989 ) Boodles Challenge ( since 2002 ) Liverpool International ( since 2002 ) BNP Paribas Tennis Classic ( since 2007 ) World Tennis Championship ( since 2009 ) World Tennis Challenge ( since 2009 ) BNP Paribas Showdown ( since 2009 ) Hua Hin Tennis Exhibition ( since 2010 ) Necker Cup ( since 2012 ) Tie Break Tens ( since 2015 ) The Skills Challenge ( since 2017 ) Previous 1971 -- 1985 , 1995 -- 2013 Torneo Tenis Playa 1973 , 1985 , 1992 , 1998 Battle of the Sexes 1981 -- 1989 Challenge of Champions Hamlet Challenge Cup 1982 -- 1991 ECC Antwerp 1988 -- 1989 Eurocard Open 1999 -- 2011 Hong Kong Tennis Classic 2003 -- 2012 Copa Peugeot Argentina de Tenis 2004 Superset Tennis 2007 Battle of Surfaces 2007 Turbo Tennis 2008 -- 2009 Masters France 2009 -- 2012 Masters Guinot - Mary Cohr 2009 -- 2014 Diamond Games 2010 Hit for Haiti ( Australian Open ) 2010 Best of Belgium 2010 Match for Africa 2010 Joining Forces for the Benefit of Children 2011 Rally for Relief 2011 Bratislava Tennis Exhibition 2011 Li Na & Friends 2011 Singapore Women 's Tennis Exhibition 2011 -- 2012 La Grande Sfida Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Sexes_(tennis)&oldid=818067204 '' Categories : 1973 in tennis History of tennis Tennis matches 1992 in tennis Feminism and history May 1973 sports events September 1973 sports events September 1992 sports events 1973 in American tennis 1992 in American tennis Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from July 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Deutsch Français Italiano ქართული Português Русский Slovenščina Edit links This page was last edited on 1 January 2018 , at 09 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where was the battle of the sexes match played | [
"In tennis, \"Battle of the Sexes\" is a term that has been used to describe various exhibition matches played between a man and a woman (or, in one case, a doubles match between two men and two women). Most famously, the term is used for a nationally televised match in 1973, held at the Houston Astrodome, between 55-year-old Bobby Riggs and 29-year-old Billie Jean King,[4] which King won in three sets.[2][5] The match attracted massive attention and was viewed by an estimated 90 million people around the world; King's win is considered a milestone in public acceptance of women's tennis."
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"Houston Astrodome"
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-3170485449516077449 | Rock and Roll Music | Rock and Roll Music - wikipedia Rock and Roll Music Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the song . For the general style of music , see Rock music . For the specific genre of music , see Rock and roll . For the compilation album by The Beatles , see Rock ' n ' Roll Music ( The Beatles album ) . `` Rock and Roll Music '' Single by Chuck Berry from the album One Dozen Berrys B - side `` Blue Feeling '' Released September 1957 ( 1957 - 09 ) Format 7 '' 45 - RPM , 10 '' 78 - RPM Recorded May 6 or 15 , 1957 , Chicago , Illinois Genre Rock and roll Length 2 : 30 Label Chess 1671 Songwriter ( s ) Chuck Berry Producer ( s ) Leonard Chess , Phil Chess Chuck Berry singles chronology `` Oh Baby Doll '' ( 1957 ) `` Rock and Roll Music '' ( 1957 ) `` Sweet Little Sixteen '' ( 1958 ) `` Oh Baby Doll '' ( June 1957 ) `` Rock and Roll Music '' ( September 1957 ) `` Sweet Little Sixteen '' ( January 1958 ) `` Rock and Roll Music '' is a 1957 hit single written and recorded by rock and roll star Chuck Berry . The song has been widely covered and is recognized as one of Berry 's most popular and enduring compositions . In the fall of 1957 , his recording reached number 6 on Billboard magazine 's R&B Singles chart and number 8 on its Hot 100 chart . The song has been recorded by many well - known artists , including Bill Haley & His Comets , the Beatles , the Beach Boys ( who had a top ten hit with the song on the Hot 100 in 1976 ) , Dickie Rock and the Miami Showband , REO Speedwagon , Mental As Anything , Humble Pie , Manic Street Preachers and Bryan Adams . Berry performed it on December 16 , 1957 , on ABC 's short - lived variety program The Guy Mitchell Show . In 2004 , Rolling Stone magazine ranked Berry 's version number 128 on its list of the `` 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' . The song is also included in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame 's 500 Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll . Contents ( hide ) 1 Chuck Berry original 1.1 Recording 1.2 Release and chart performance 1.3 Single track listings 1.3. 1 Chess 7 '' single 1.3. 2 Chess 7 '' EP 1.3. 3 Chess 7 '' maxi single 1.3. 4 Golden 45 7 '' Single 2 The Beatles version 2.1 Personnel 3 The Beach Boys version 3.1 Personnel 4 Charts 4.1 Weekly charts 4.2 Year - end charts 5 References 6 External links Chuck Berry original ( edit ) Recording ( edit ) The sessions for `` Rock and Roll Music '' took place on either May 6 or May 21 , 1957 , in Chicago , Illinois . The session was produced by Leonard Chess and Phil Chess . Backing Berry were Lafayette Leake ( piano ) , Willie Dixon ( bass ) , and Fred Below ( drums ) . Release and chart performance ( edit ) Sometime after the single was released in September 1957 , `` Rock and Roll Music '' reached # 6 on Billboard magazine 's R&B Singles chart and # 8 on the Billboard Top 100 chart before the year 's end . Single track listings ( edit ) Chess 7 '' single ( edit ) Side one `` Rock and Roll Music '' Side two `` Blue Feeling '' Chess 7 '' EP ( edit ) Side one `` Rock and Roll Music '' `` Blue Feeling '' Side two `` Oh Baby Doll '' `` La Jaunda '' Chess 7 '' maxi single ( edit ) Side one `` Rock and Roll Music '' Side two `` Johnny B. Goode '' `` School Days '' Golden 45 7 '' Single ( edit ) Side one `` Rock and Roll Music '' Side two `` Sweet Little Sixteen '' The Beatles version ( edit ) `` Rock and Roll Music '' The Belgian single release of the song , backed with `` I 'm a Loser '' Song by the Beatles from the album Beatles for Sale Released December 4 , 1964 ( 1964 - 12 - 04 ) Recorded 18 October 1964 Genre Rock and roll Length 2 : 30 Label Parlophone Songwriter ( s ) Chuck Berry Producer ( s ) George Martin The Beatles performed the song in many of their early Hamburg shows , and also played it on the BBC show Pop Go The Beatles . In late 1964 , exhausted from non-stop touring and recording and short of original material , they decided to record several of their old rock and rhythm and blues favorites to fill out their LP release Beatles for Sale . Among these was a version of Berry 's tune that eventually became as well known as the original . The lead vocal in The Beatles ' version was performed by John Lennon . In contrast to Berry 's even - toned rendition , Lennon sang it as loudly and dynamically as his voice would permit . In the United States , it was released on the LP , Beatles ' 65 . The song was part of the set list for the group 's final tour in 1966 - the performance from their June 30 show at the Nippon Budokan was included in 1996 's Anthology 2 - and was also performed during the Get Back / Let It Be Sessions in January 1969 . It also served as the title song to The Beatles ' 1976 compilation album , Rock ' n ' Roll Music . The Beatles ' version of `` Rock and Roll Music '' was released as a single in some countries , and topped the charts in Finland , Norway , the Netherlands ( double a-side with `` No Reply '' ) and Australia . Personnel ( edit ) John Lennon -- lead vocals , rhythm guitar Paul McCartney -- bass George Harrison -- lead guitar Ringo Starr -- drums George Martin -- piano Personnel according to The Beatles Bible Sources have varied in crediting the piano on the track . The original Beatles for Sale liner notes , by Derek Taylor , said that `` George Martin joins John and Paul on one piano '' , implying an overdub by all three that was added after the basic take . In the 1988 book The Complete Beatles Recording Sessions , Mark Lewisohn described the recording as a single take with no overdubs , with `` all The Beatles on their familiar instruments '' and Martin on piano . The tape engineer for the session , Geoff Emerick , provided yet another account in his 2006 book ; he recalled that McCartney played piano while Harrison covered on bass and that the only overdub was for double - tracking Lennon 's vocal . The Beach Boys version ( edit ) `` Rock and Roll Music '' Single by The Beach Boys from the album 15 Big Ones B - side `` TM Song '' Released May 24 , 1976 Format 7 '' 45 RPM Recorded 1976 Genre Rock Length 2 : 29 Label Brother / Reprise Songwriter ( s ) Chuck Berry Producer ( s ) Brian Wilson The Beach Boys singles chronology `` Sail On , Sailor '' ( 1975 ) `` Rock and Roll Music '' ( 1976 ) `` It 's O.K. '' ( 1976 ) `` Sail On , Sailor '' ( 1975 ) `` Rock and Roll Music '' ( 1976 ) `` It 's O.K. '' ( 1976 ) The Beach Boys ' version is notable for the use of backing vocals which repeat the phrase `` Rock , roll , rockin ' and roll . '' There is a difference between the LP version and the single version in that the LP version has more synthesizer . Their version reached number 5 on the US chart and number 11 in Canada during the summer of 1976 . Personnel ( edit ) Mike Love -- lead vocals Brian Wilson -- tack piano , organ , Moog bass , ARP synthesizer , backing vocals Dennis Wilson -- drums , backing vocals Carl Wilson -- backing vocals Al Jardine -- backing vocals Marilyn Wilson -- backing vocals Mike Altschol -- saxophone Ed Carter -- lead guitar Steve Douglas -- saxophone Dennis Dreith -- clarinet Gene Estes -- percussion Billy Hinsche -- rhythm guitar John J. Kelson , Jr. -- clarinet Carol Lee Miller -- autoharp Jack Nimitz -- clarinet Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1976 ) Peak position Australia 35 Canada RPM Top Singles 11 UK 36 US Billboard Hot 100 5 US Cash Box Top 100 11 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1976 ) Rank Canada 112 US Billboard Hot 100 81 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Rudolph , Dietmar . `` A Collector 's Guide to the Music of Chuck Berry : The Chess Era ( 1955 -- 1966 ) '' . Retrieved December 4 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Anthology ( CD liner ) . Chuck Berry . United States : Geffen Records / Chess Records . 2005 . pp. 21 , 27 . 0602498805589 . Jump up ^ `` Chuck Berry : Music Biography , Credits and Discography '' . AllMusic. 1926 - 10 - 18 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chuck Berry : Billboard Singles '' . Allmusic . Rovi . Retrieved December 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Beach Boys : Billboard Singles '' . Allmusic . Rovi . Retrieved December 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Jann S. Wenner , ed . ( December 9 , 2004 ) . `` The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' . Rolling Stone . United States ( 963 ) . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The 500 Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Howlett , Kevin ; Mike Heatley ( 2008 ) . `` Beatles for Sale - Historical Notes '' . Beatles for Sale ( CD liner ) . The Beatles . Capitol . p. 16 . 0946 3 82414 2 3 . Jump up ^ `` The Beatles Bible : Rock and Roll Music '' . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Album Liner Notes : Beatles for Sale '' . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ Lewisohn , Mark ( 1988 ) . The Beatles Recording Sessions . New York : Harmony Books . p. 50 . ISBN 0 - 517 - 57066 - 1 . Jump up ^ Emerick , Geoff ; Massey , Howard ( 2006 ) . Here , There and Everywhere : My Life Recording the Music of The Beatles . New York : Gotham . pp. 96 -- 97 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59240 - 179 - 6 . Jump up ^ Canada , Library and Archives ( 17 July 2013 ) . `` Image : RPM Weekly '' . bac-lac.gc.ca . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 1955 - 1990 - ISBN 0 - 89820 - 089 - X Jump up ^ `` Cash Box Top 100 7 / 31 / 76 '' . tropicalglen.com . Jump up ^ `` Top Singles -- Volume 26 , No. 14 & 15 , January 08 1977 '' . RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2016 . Retrieved January 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1976 / Top 100 Songs of 1976 '' . www.musicoutfitters.com . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Chuck Berry Studio albums After School Session ( 1957 ) One Dozen Berrys ( 1958 ) Chuck Berry Is on Top ( 1959 ) Rockin ' at the Hops ( 1960 ) New Juke Box Hits ( 1961 ) Two Great Guitars ( with Bo Diddley ) ( 1964 ) St. Louis to Liverpool ( 1964 ) Chuck Berry in London ( 1965 ) Fresh Berry 's ( 1965 ) Chuck Berry 's Golden Hits ( 1967 ) Chuck Berry in Memphis ( 1967 ) From St. Louie to Frisco ( 1968 ) Concerto in `` B Goode '' ( 1969 ) Back Home ( 1970 ) San Francisco Dues ( 1971 ) The London Chuck Berry Sessions ( 1972 ) ( Side 1 ) Bio ( 1973 ) Chuck Berry ( 1975 ) Rock It ( 1979 ) Chuck ( 2017 ) Live albums Chuck Berry on Stage ( 1963 ) Live at the Fillmore Auditorium ( 1967 ) The London Chuck Berry Sessions ( 1972 ) ( Side 2 ) Chuck Berry Live in Concert ( 1978 ) Hail ! Hail ! Rock ' n ' Roll ( 1987 ) Live ! ( 2000 ) Live on Stage ( 2000 ) Chuck Berry -- In Concert ( 2002 ) Compilations Rock , Rock , Rock ( 1956 ) Chuck Berry Twist ( 1962 ) Chuck Berry 's Golden Decade ( 1967 , 1973 , 1974 ) The Great Twenty - Eight ( 1982 ) The Chess Box ( 1988 ) The Anthology ( 2000 ) Volume 2 ( 1995 ) Hit singles `` Maybellene '' / `` Wee Wee Hours '' ( 1955 ) `` Roll Over Beethoven '' / `` Drifting Heart '' ( 1956 ) `` Too Much Monkey Business '' / `` Brown Eyed Handsome Man '' ( 1956 ) `` School Days '' / `` Deep Feeling '' ( 1957 ) `` Rock and Roll Music '' / `` Blue Feeling '' `` Sweet Little Sixteen '' / `` Reelin ' and Rockin ' '' ( 1958 ) `` Johnny B. Goode '' / `` Around and Around '' ( 1958 ) `` Almost Grown '' / `` Little Queenie '' ( 1959 ) `` Back in the U.S.A. '' / `` Memphis , Tennessee '' ( 1959 ) `` Nadine '' ( 1964 ) `` No Particular Place to Go '' ( 1964 ) `` My Ding - a-Ling '' ( 1972 ) Other articles Discography Chuck Berry House Hail ! Hail ! Rock ' n ' Roll Book Category Beatles for Sale Songs Side one `` No Reply '' `` I 'm a Loser '' `` Baby 's in Black '' `` Rock and Roll Music '' `` I 'll Follow the Sun '' `` Mr. Moonlight '' `` Kansas City '' / `` Hey , Hey , Hey , Hey '' Side two `` Eight Days a Week '' `` Words of Love '' `` Honey Do n't '' `` Every Little Thing '' `` I Do n't Want to Spoil the Party '' `` What You 're Doing '' `` Everybody 's Trying to Be My Baby '' Non-album single `` I Feel Fine '' `` She 's a Woman '' Outtakes `` Leave My Kitten Alone '' Related articles Beatles for Sale ( EP ) Beatles for Sale No. 2 Beatles ' 65 Beatles VI The Beatles discography Please Please Me With the Beatles A Hard Day 's Night Beatles for Sale Help ! Rubber Soul Revolver Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band Magical Mystery Tour The Beatles ( White Album ) Yellow Submarine Abbey Road Let It Be Past Masters The Beach Boys singles discography 1960s 1961 `` Surfin ' '' / `` Luau '' 1962 `` Surfin ' Safari '' / `` 409 '' `` Ten Little Indians '' / `` County Fair '' 1963 `` Surfin ' U.S.A. '' / `` Shut Down '' `` Surfer Girl '' / `` Little Deuce Coupe '' `` Be True to Your School '' / `` In My Room '' `` Little Saint Nick '' / `` The Lord 's Prayer '' 1964 `` Fun , Fun , Fun '' / `` Why Do Fools Fall in Love '' `` I Get Around '' / `` Do n't Worry Baby '' `` When I Grow Up ( To Be a Man ) '' / `` She Knows Me Too Well '' `` Dance , Dance , Dance '' / `` The Warmth of the Sun '' `` The Man with All the Toys '' / `` Blue Christmas '' 1965 `` Do You Wanna Dance ? '' / `` Please Let Me Wonder '' `` Help Me , Rhonda '' / `` Kiss Me , Baby '' `` California Girls '' / `` Let Him Run Wild '' `` The Little Girl I Once Knew '' / `` There 's No Other ( Like My Baby ) '' `` Barbara Ann '' / `` Girl Do n't Tell Me '' 1966 `` Sloop John B '' / `` You 're So Good to Me '' `` Would n't It Be Nice '' / `` God Only Knows '' `` Good Vibrations '' / `` Let 's Go Away for Awhile '' 1967 `` Then I Kissed Her '' / `` Mountain of Love '' `` Heroes and Villains '' / `` You 're Welcome '' `` Wild Honey '' / `` Wind Chimes '' `` Darlin ' '' / `` Here Today '' 1968 `` Friends '' / `` Little Bird '' `` Do It Again '' / `` Wake the World '' `` Bluebirds over the Mountain '' / `` Never Learn Not to Love '' 1969 `` I Can Hear Music '' / `` All I Want to Do '' `` Break Away '' / `` Celebrate the News '' 1970s 1970 `` Add Some Music to Your Day '' / `` Susie Cincinnati '' `` Cottonfields '' / `` The Nearest Faraway Place '' `` Slip On Through '' / `` This Whole World '' `` Tears in the Morning '' / `` It 's About Time '' 1971 `` Cool , Cool Water '' / `` Forever '' `` Would n't It Be Nice '' ( live ) / `` The Times They Are a-Changin ' '' ( by Merry Clayton ) `` Long Promised Road '' / `` Deirdre '' `` Long Promised Road '' / `` ' Til I Die '' `` Surf 's Up '' / `` Do n't Go Near the Water '' 1972 `` You Need a Mess of Help to Stand Alone '' / `` Cuddle Up '' `` Marcella '' / `` Hold On Dear Brother '' 1973 `` Sail On , Sailor '' / `` Only with You '' `` California Saga : California '' / `` Funky Pretty '' `` Surfin ' U.S.A. '' / `` The Warmth of the Sun '' `` Child of Winter ( Christmas Song ) '' / `` Susie Cincinnati '' `` Sail On , Sailor '' / `` Only with You '' 1976 `` Rock and Roll Music '' / `` TM Song '' `` It 's O.K. '' / `` Had to Phone Ya '' `` Everyone 's in Love with You '' / `` Susie Cincinnati '' 1977 `` Honkin ' Down the Highway '' / `` Solar System '' 1978 `` Peggy Sue '' / `` Hey Little Tomboy '' 1979 `` Here Comes the Night '' / `` Baby Blue '' `` Good Timin ' '' / `` Love Surrounds Me '' `` Lady Lynda '' / `` Full Sail '' `` It 's a Beautiful Day '' / `` Sumahama '' 1980s 1980 `` Goin ' On '' / `` Endless Harmony '' `` Livin ' with a Heartache '' / `` Santa Ana Winds '' 1981 `` The Beach Boys Medley '' / `` God Only Knows '' `` Come Go with Me '' / `` Do n't Go Near the Water '' 1985 `` Getcha Back '' / `` Male Ego '' `` It 's Gettin ' Late '' / `` It 's O.K. '' `` She Believes in Love Again '' / `` It 's Just a Matter of Time '' 1986 `` Rock ' n ' Roll to the Rescue '' / `` Good Vibrations '' ( live ) `` California Dreamin ' '' / `` Lady Liberty '' `` Happy Endings '' ( with Little Richard ) / `` California Girls '' ( live ) `` Kokomo '' / `` Tutti Frutti '' ( Little Richard ) `` Still Cruisin ' '' / `` Kokomo '' 1990s `` Somewhere Near Japan '' / `` Kokomo '' `` Problem Child '' / `` Problem Child ( Instrumental ) '' `` Hot Fun in the Summertime '' / `` Summer of Love '' `` I Just Was n't Made for These Times '' / `` Would n't It Be Nice '' / `` Here Today '' 2010s 2011 `` Good Vibrations '' / `` Heroes and Villains '' `` Do n't Fight the Sea '' / `` Friends '' `` Cabinessence '' / `` Wonderful '' 2012 `` That 's Why God Made the Radio '' / `` That 's Why God Made the Radio '' ( instrumental ) `` Is n't It Time '' / Live in Chicago Book Category 15 Big Ones Songs Side one `` Rock and Roll Music '' `` It 's O.K. '' `` Had to Phone Ya '' `` Chapel of Love '' `` Everyone 's in Love with You '' `` Talk to Me '' `` That Same Song '' `` TM Song '' Side two `` Palisades Park '' `` Susie Cincinnati '' `` A Casual Look '' `` Blueberry Hill '' `` Back Home '' `` In the Still of the Night '' `` Just Once in My Life '' Outtakes `` 10,000 Years Ago '' `` Come Go With Me '' `` Come to the Sunshine '' `` Do n't Fight the Sea '' `` Gold Rush '' `` Let 's Dance '' `` Lisa '' `` Michael Rowed the Boat Ashore '' `` Mony Mony '' `` On Broadway '' `` Peggy Sue '' `` Running Bear '' `` Secret Love '' `` Shake , Rattle , and Roll '' `` Short Skirts '' `` Working in the Coal Mine '' Related articles Adult / Child The Beach Boys The Beach Boys discography Fifty Big Ones Surfin ' Safari Surfin ' U.S.A. Surfer Girl Little Deuce Coupe Shut Down Vol. 2 All Summer Long Christmas Album Today ! Summer Days ( And Summer Nights ! ! ) Party Pet Sounds Smiley Smile Wild Honey Friends 20 / 20 Sunflower Surf 's Up Carl and the Passions -- `` So Tough '' Holland 15 Big Ones Love You M.I.U. Album L.A. ( Light Album ) Keepin ' the Summer Alive The Beach Boys Still Cruisin ' Summer in Paradise Stars and Stripes Vol. 1 That 's Why God Made the Radio Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rock_and_Roll_Music&oldid=842158411 '' Categories : 1957 songs 1965 singles 1976 singles Chess Records singles Chuck Berry songs The Beatles songs The Beach Boys songs Bill Haley songs Jan and Dean songs Humble Pie ( band ) songs Number - one singles in Norway Number - one singles in Australia Parlophone singles REO Speedwagon songs Reprise Records singles Song recordings produced by George Martin Songs written by Chuck Berry Songs written by Brian Wilson Songs about music Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Articles with hAudio microformats All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from March 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Español Français Italiano ქართული 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 May 2018 , at 16 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played piano on rock and roll music by the beatles | [
"George Martin – piano"
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-6811297819471951728 | Fear the Walking Dead (season 4) | Fear the Walking Dead ( season 4 ) - wikipedia Fear the Walking Dead ( season 4 ) Jump to : navigation , search Fear the Walking Dead ( season 4 ) Promotional poster Starring Kim Dickens Frank Dillane Alycia Debnam - Carey Maggie Grace Colman Domingo Danay García Garret Dillahunt Lennie James Jenna Elfman Country of origin United States No. of episodes 6 Release Original network AMC Original release April 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 15 ) -- present ( present ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 3 List of Fear the Walking Dead episodes The fourth season of Fear the Walking Dead , an American horror - drama television series on AMC , premiered on April 15 , 2018 , and will comprise 16 episodes split into two eight - episode parts . It is a companion series to The Walking Dead , and the season premiere contained the first crossover between the two series . The season features new showrunners Andrew Chambliss and Ian B. Goldberg , as well as several new cast members including The Walking Dead 's Lennie James , who portrays Morgan Jones . The series also moved to a new filming location , Austin , Texas . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Main cast 1.2 Supporting cast 1.3 Guest cast 2 Episodes 3 Production and writing 4 Release 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Ratings 6 References 7 External links Cast ( edit ) Main cast ( edit ) Kim Dickens as Madison Clark : The series ' domineering main protagonist , and the mother of Nick and Alicia . Frank Dillane as Nick Clark : A brave and selfless recovering heroin addict , Madison 's son , and Alicia 's brother . Alycia Debnam - Carey as Alicia Clark : The fiery yet compassionate daughter of Madison , and Nick 's sister . Maggie Grace as Althea : A curious and tactical journalist who encounters Morgan and John . Colman Domingo as Victor Strand : A smart and sophisticated conman - turned - businessman , who forms friendships with Nick and Madison . Danay García as Luciana Galvez : A strong and cautious former member of the La Colonia community in Tijuana , Mexico , and Nick 's girlfriend . Garret Dillahunt as John Dorie : A lonesome and friendly police officer whom Morgan encounters . Lennie James as Morgan Jones : A mentally unstable and ruthlessly pragmatic man , formerly a part of Rick Grimes ' group on The Walking Dead , who encounters the core group of survivors . Jenna Elfman as Naomi / Laura : A kind and mysterious nurse whom Madison encounters . Supporting cast ( edit ) Kevin Zegers as Mel : The antagonistic leader of the Vultures . Evan Gamble as Ennis : A member of the Vultures . Sebastian Sozzi as Cole : A resident of the community within the baseball stadium . Rhoda Griffis as Viv : A resident of the community within the baseball stadium . Alexa Nisenson as Charlie : A young girl who is a spy for the Vultures . Kenneth Wayne Bradley as Douglas : A resident of the community within the baseball stadium . Rubén Blades as Daniel Salazar : A courageous and practical former Sombra Negra member , and a barber . Guest cast ( edit ) Andrew Lincoln as Rick Grimes : The main protagonist of The Walking Dead , Morgan 's friend , and the leader of Alexandria , a Safe - Zone in Virginia . Melissa McBride as Carol Peletier : Morgan 's friend from Virginia who resides in the Kingdom . Tom Payne as Paul `` Jesus '' Rovia : Morgan 's friend from Virginia who resides in the Hilltop . Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Fear the Walking Dead episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 38 `` What 's Your Story ? '' John Polson Scott M. Gimple & Andrew Chambliss & Ian B. Goldberg April 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 15 ) 4.09 Morgan Jones leaves his community in Virginia , despite being urged to stay by his various friends , including Rick Grimes . Morgan makes his way to the Texas border where he meets a man named John Dorie . The next day , Morgan and John are held captive by a group of survivors , but they are saved by a woman named Althea , who drives a SWAT vehicle . Althea tells Morgan and John that she is a journalist and wants to get their stories on camera . John tells Althea that he is on a mission to find his girlfriend , Laura . Morgan eventually opens up and tells Althea about his past in Atlanta and Virginia . The group stops their vehicle when they see a woman crawling on the ground , which turns out to be Alicia Clark . Morgan , John and Althea are then surrounded at gunpoint by Nick Clark , Victor Strand and Luciana Galvez . 39 `` Another Day in the Diamond '' Michael E. Satrazemis Andrew Chambliss & Ian B. Goldberg April 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 22 ) 3.07 Madison , Nick , Alicia , Strand , and Luciana are a part of a community living in a baseball stadium . Nick is farming vegetables , but weevils are destroying them . Madison and others , excluding Nick , set out to find Charlie 's family , a young girl in the community . Madison 's group reaches a deserted town and they split up to search . Madison and Alicia find a burned down camp near giant oil tanks , which has a white flag with the number `` 457 '' . Madison comes across a woman named Naomi and Madison invites her to their community . At night , a large convoy of trucks approach the stadium . Mel , the leader of the group known as the Vultures , rounds up walkers outside the stadium and into a truck ; it 's then labeled `` 12 '' . Madison goes out to talk with Mel , and he tells Madison he knows of their weevil problem , thanks to Charlie who is revealed as a spy . Mel orders Madison to give them all their supplies or they 'll die from their lack of resources . Madison refuses and walks away . Catching up to the events of the previous episode : Luciana finds a flag marked `` 51 '' in Althea 's SWAT vehicle , and Alicia orders them to take them to where they found the flag . 40 `` Good Out Here '' Dan Liu Shintaro Shimosawa April 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 29 ) 2.71 In flashbacks , Nick and Madison go on a supply run , however when arrive , they discover that Mel 's brother Ennis has already looted it . Charlie eavesdropped on Madison and obtained the location , giving it to Ennis . Nick pleads with Charlie to not listen to the Vultures . Nick then attacks Ennis with his knife , but Madison stops him from killing Ennis . Charlie goes with Ennis in his blue El Camino and they drove off . In the present , the SWAT vehicle swerves off the road and crashes after a commotion inside the vehicle between the two groups . Nick spots the blue El Camino and chases after it . The others find a service station which has a truck with wire cable , that they can use to tow the SWAT vehicle from the mud . Returning to the SWAT truck , they fight off various infected and successfully tow it . Nick finds Ennis at a farm and they fight inside a silo . Nick impales Ennis on a deer antler display , killing him . Nick is then shot by Charlie . The rest of the group arrives , where they try to revive him , but he dies . Alicia sobs and is left devastated . 41 `` Buried '' Magnus Martens Alex Delyle May 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 06 ) 2.49 Alicia , Strand , and Luciana tell Althea their stories about they ended up in their current situation , which led to Nick 's death . In flashbacks , various groups go on supply runs ; Strand and Cole search a nursery for plants ; Nick and Luciana search a library ; and Alicia and Naomi go to a water park . At the library , there 's no food , but Nick insists on finding books because he argues people need more than just food . At the water park , Alicia and Naomi find various medical supplies and a machine gun . Strand shows Cole a secret car that is filled with supplies just for himself . At the stadium , Madison tells Mel she 's willing to build a community together , but Mel scoffs at the idea . Nick suggests to Madison they should venture farther north to find seeds and fertilizer to bring back , instead of moving to a new location . In the present , the group tells Althea that they should have left the stadium . They stop the SWAT van , where they dig up a cache of weapons -- to kill the Vultures with . The group then buries Nick . John recognizes a backpack , which belongs to Naomi , revealing that she is Laura . Alicia tells John that Laura died at the stadium . Everyone leaves in the van , except Morgan and John , who go off alone . 42 5 `` Laura '' Michael E. Satrazemis Anna Fishko May 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 13 ) 2.46 In flashbacks , John finds Naomi unconscious in the water outside his cabin . John brings her inside , dresses her wound and lets her rest . Because she refuses to tell her name , John calls her Laura . John notices that more infected have been washing up on the creek surrounding his cabin , so he and Naomi canoe upstream to discover a broken guardrail on a bridge . They then patch the guardrail with a piece of metal . During the night , Naomi reveals to John that she lost a child . The next day , John teaches Naomi how to fish and they play Scrabble . The infected have still been floating downstream , so they investigate the bridge again . This time , they block the gap with a Jeep . During a scuffle with the infected , John refuses to use his pistols , but instead stabs them . He explains his refusal to use firearms is because of an incident from when he was a police officer . The infected eventually knock the Jeep into the river and float towards John 's cabin . John and Naomi fight off the infected , where John uses his weapons to save Naomi . Later , John tells Naomi he loves her and they kiss . The next day , John discovers Naomi has left , but leaves a note with Scrabble tiles : `` I love you too I 'm sorry . '' 43 6 `` Just in Case '' Daisy von Scherler Mayer Richard Naing May 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 20 ) 2.31 In flashbacks , Madison and Strand join Naomi on a supply run to a FEMA shelter that may have seeds and fertilizer . They rest for the night at a motel , but when Madison wakes in the morning , she discovers Naomi is missing . Naomi goes to the shelter , which is filled with infected , and retrieves a set of keys marked `` JIC '' written . She is eventually surrounded by infected and takes refuge at the top of scaffolding . Madison and Strand arrive and are able to save her . Naomi explains that she and her daughter , Rose , had stayed at the shelter . When Rose caught pneumonia , she left to find antibiotics . But when she returned , she discovered that Rose had died , turned and infected everyone else . Naomi then takes Madison and Strand to a truck stocked with supplies . They return to the stadium with plants and fertilizer , and the Vultures decide to vacate the parking lot . In the present , Alicia , Strand and Luciana face off with Mel and the Vulture 's at the meeting spot . Morgan and John are also present . A woman pulls up in a vehicle , revealed to be Naomi . Alicia then shoots at Naomi but accidentally hits John when he steps in the way . 44 7 `` The Wrong Side of Where You Are Now '' TBA TBA June 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 03 ) TBD 45 8 `` No One 's Gone '' TBA TBA June 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 10 ) TBD Production and writing ( edit ) On April 14 , 2017 , AMC renewed the series for a 16 - episode fourth season and announced that Andrew Chambliss and Ian Goldberg would replace the departing Dave Erickson as showrunners . Production began in November 2017 in Austin , Texas . Michael E. Satrazemis , a director of photography for The Walking Dead and director of 12 episodes , joined Fear the Walking Dead as a directing - producer . Lennie James joined the cast this season as Morgan Jones , his character from The Walking Dead . New cast members Maggie Grace , Garret Dillahunt and Jenna Elfman . In November 2017 , it was reported that Lennie James who portrays Morgan Jones on The Walking Dead would crossover and join the main cast in the fourth season . The fourth season also sees the additions of several new series regulars , played by Garret Dillahunt , Jenna Elfman , and Maggie Grace . On April 21 , 2018 , Colman Domingo revealed that he would be directing the twelfth episode of this season . The fourth season features a redesigned title sequence with new theme music . Each episode of the season has a different title card , and tells a story which will become apparent once the season is completed . The Hollywood Reporter reflected on the new intro , calling the new season , `` a Western with zombies , very much by design . '' Goldberg spoke of the season 's narrative structure , which features multiple timelines : `` We 're playing with the structure , depending on which story we 're telling in the episode . What we find so exciting about telling stories across time is it allows for mystery and for finding characters in an emotional place and exploring how they came to be that way , and finding them in a very different emotional place in the flashback storyline -- not only from a plot perspective of piecing it together , but also showing how people became who they are by charting them in the present and comparing it to where they 've been in the past . '' New showrunners Andrew Chambliss ( left ) and Ian B. Goldberg ( right ) . The new showrunners also were inspired by Westerns ; Chambliss stated , `` It all started with the themes we set out at the beginning : isolation and community . Those themes run through a lot of classic Western stories . '' Visually , the season is inspired by John Ford and Sergio Leone 's Westerns , using Once Upon a Time in the West as a template for directors . Chambliss said , `` it 's all about having wide shots , not moving the characters , but moving the characters within the frame . When we get to the editing room , it 's really about slowing down the cutting pattern , and harkening back to that style of filmmaking . It does infuse the show with a different feel than what we 've seen before . It 's something that we 're very excited for people to see . '' The third episode of the season features the death of Nick Clark , played by Frank Dillane . In an interview after the episode had aired , Dillane revealed he asked to leave the show prior to the fourth season . The actor explained : `` I had been doing it for three or four years , the show has undergone many changes in terms of different people in charge , all of this stuff , and I just felt like the beginning of this season kind of felt like the end of an era with this show . And television is hard work , and you have to shoot a lot . I also missed Europe very much . I 'm not American , so after a while I get quite homesick and all of those things . I also felt like we had achieved what needed to be achieved in the first few seasons , so I thought it was time to keep moving . '' Release ( edit ) On March 15 , 2018 , it was announced that the season premiere and the season eight finale of The Walking Dead would be screened at AMC , Regal , and Cinemark theaters across the United States on April 15 , the same day as the televised airing , for `` Survival Sunday : The Walking Dead & Fear the Walking Dead '' . The episodes marked the first crossover between the two series . The cinema screening also included an extra half - hour of exclusive bonus content . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes , the fourth season has an approval rating of 90 % based on 50 reviews , with an average rating of 8.16 / 10 . TVLine reevaluated the series for its fourth season , giving it a grade of a `` B + '' . Reviewer Charlie Mason wrote , `` it 's gone from being an adequate stopgap between seasons of The Walking Dead to a show that 's as good or arguably even better than the one from which it was spun off . '' He also praised the addition of Jenna Elfman and Garret Dillahunt and that season 4 has had several genuine surprises in its storytelling . Fear the Walking Dead ( season 4 ) : Critical reception by episode Season 4 ( 2018 ) : Percentage of positive reviews tracked by the website Rotten Tomatoes Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` What 's Your Story ? '' April 15 , 2018 1.6 4.09 0.9 2.01 2.5 6.11 `` Another Day in the Diamond '' April 22 , 2018 1.1 3.07 0.5 1.18 1.6 4.25 `` Good Out Here '' April 29 , 2018 1.0 2.71 0.6 1.50 1.6 4.21 `` Buried '' May 6 , 2018 0.9 2.49 N / A N / A N / A N / A 5 `` Laura '' May 13 , 2018 0.9 2.46 0.6 1.47 1.5 3.94 6 `` Just in Case '' May 20 , 2018 0.8 2.31 TBD TBD TBD TBD 7 `` The Wrong Side of Where You Are Now '' June 3 , 2018 TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD Jump up ^ Live + 7 ratings were not available , so Live + 3 ratings have been used instead . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Davis , Brandon ( January 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' Fear The Walking Dead ' Crossover Season Premiere Date Announced '' . Comicbook.com . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Ross , Dalton ( January 11 , 2018 ) . `` Fear the Walking Dead : Meet the new characters '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fear The Walking Dead ' : Kevin Zegers Digs Up Role In Season 4 '' . Deadline . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( January 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' Fear The Walking Dead ' Casts Evan Gamble ; Monique Green In ' One Day She 'll Darken ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved February 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tomasi , Rollo ( March 18 , 2018 ) . `` FEAR THE WALKING DEAD : Season 4 TV Teaser Trailers : ' A New World to Fear ' & ' After the Fall ' ( AMC ) '' . film-book.com . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wigler , Josh ( April 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Fear the Walking Dead ' : What to Expect From Morgan 's New Adventure '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 17 , 2018 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Fear the Walking Dead ' opens higher '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 24 , 2018 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Westworld ' Season 2 opens on par with series debut '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 1 , 2018 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Westworld ' and ' Fear the Walking Dead ' dip '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 8 , 2018 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Westworld , ' ' Silicon Valley , ' ' Fear the Walking Dead ' all dip '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 15 , 2018 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : Lifetime 's ' Harry & Meghan ' movie performs well '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 22 , 2018 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Fear the Walking Dead ' dips opposite NBA Playoffs '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fear the Walking Dead : Episode Guide '' . Zap2it . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( April 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fear The Walking Dead ' Renewed For Season 4 By AMC With New Showrunners '' . Deadline . Retrieved April 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Davis , Brandon ( November 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fear The Walking Dead ' Season 4 Moves Production To Texas '' . Comicbook.com . Retrieved February 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ross , Dalton ( March 14 , 2018 ) . `` Fear the Walking Dead 's other key crossover '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ross , Dalton ( November 26 , 2017 ) . `` The Walking Dead : Lennie James will cross over to Fear The Walking Dead '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( November 14 , 2017 ) . `` Garret Dillahunt Joins Fear TWD as Series Regular in Season 4 '' . TVLine . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mason , Charlie ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` Jenna Elfman Joins Fear TWD Season 4 '' . TVLine . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fear the Walking Dead ' : Maggie Grace Joins Season 4 As Series Regular '' . Deadline . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Domingo , Colman ( April 21 , 2018 ) . `` A whirlwind of a week . With great comrades ... you can do anything you ever dreamed of . And I know a secret ... You are only as good as the company you keep . Our crew is the best crew . # feartwd '' . Instagram . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dwilson , Stephanie Dube ( April 30 , 2018 ) . `` ' Fear the Walking Dead ' Title Cards : Season 4 Intro Videos & Clues '' . Heavy.com . Retrieved May 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Wigler , Josh ; Goldberg , Lesley ( April 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' Fear the Walking Dead ' : Inside the Massive Season 4 Reboot '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ross , Dalton ( April 30 , 2018 ) . `` Fear the Walking Dead actor explains why he asked off the show '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nyren , Erin ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' Finale and ' Fear ' Premiere to Screen in Theaters '' . Variety . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fear the Walking Dead : Season 4 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Manson , Charlie ( May 21 , 2018 ) . `` Fear the Walking Dead Review : Why the AMC Drama Deserves a Reevaluation '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Last O.G. ' scores for TBS in cable Live + 7 ratings for April 9 - 15 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 30 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jersey Shore , ' ' Fear the Walking Dead ' get the biggest bumps in cable Live + 3 ratings for April 16 - 22 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' Suits ' finale gets solid bump in cable Live + 7 ratings for April 23 - 29 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Atlanta ' finale gets a good boost in cable Live + 7 ratings for May 7 - 13 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website List of Fear the Walking Dead episodes on IMDb ( hide ) The Walking Dead Robert Kirkman Tony Moore Charlie Adlard Comic books The Walking Dead Television series The Walking Dead Episodes season 1 5 6 7 8 Accolades Soundtrack Vol. 1 Talking Dead Fear the Walking Dead Episodes season 1 Web series The Walking Dead Torn Apart Cold Storage Fear the Walking Dead Flight 462 Miscellaneous Video games Season One `` 400 Days '' Two Michonne Three : A New Frontier Other games Survival Instinct Road to Survival Rides The Walking Dead : The Ride Novels Rise of the Governor The Road to Woodbury The Fall of the Governor Descent Invasion Search and Destroy Return to Woodbury Characters Lists Comic book series Television series Aaron Alden Amy Jessie Anderson Andrea Axel Tara Chambler Clementine Daryl Dixon Merle Dixon Dwight Rosita Espinosa Lee Everett King Ezekiel Abraham Ford Gareth The Governor Gregory Beth Greene Hershel Greene Maggie Greene Carl Grimes Lori Grimes Rick Grimes Dale Horvath Jadis Morgan Jones Lilly Milton Mamet Caesar Martinez Deanna Monroe Paul `` Jesus '' Monroe Spencer Monroe Morales Michonne Negan Olivia The Prisoners Carol Peletier Sophia Peletier Eugene Porter Glenn Rhee Lizzie and Mika Samuels Simon Gabriel Stokes Bob Stookey T - Dog Shane Walsh Sasha Williams Tyreese Williams Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fear_the_Walking_Dead_(season_4)&oldid=843309086 '' Categories : 2018 American television seasons Fear the Walking Dead Hidden categories : Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Português Edit links This page was last edited on 28 May 2018 , at 08 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when does season 4 of fear the walking dead premiere | [
"The fourth season of Fear the Walking Dead, an American horror-drama television series on AMC, premiered on April 15, 2018, and will comprise 16 episodes split into two eight-episode parts.[1] It is a companion series to The Walking Dead, and the season premiere contained the first crossover between the two series. The season features new showrunners Andrew Chambliss and Ian B. Goldberg, as well as several new cast members including The Walking Dead's Lennie James, who portrays Morgan Jones. The series also moved to a new filming location, Austin, Texas."
] | [
"April 15, 2018"
] |
8296098135334973633 | March On, Bahamaland | March on , Bahamaland - Wikipedia March on , Bahamaland Jump to : navigation , search March On , Bahamaland National anthem of Bahamas Lyrics Timothy Gibson Music Timothy Gibson Adopted 1973 Audio sample March On , Bahamaland ( instrumental ) file help March On , Bahamaland is the national anthem of the Bahamas . It was composed by Timothy Gibson and adopted in 1973 . Lyrics ( edit ) Lift up your head to the rising sun , Bahamaland ; March on to glory , your bright banners waving high . See how the world marks the manner of your bearing ! Pledge to excel through love and unity . Pressing onward , march together to a common loftier goal ; Steady sunward , tho ' the weather hide the wide and treachrous shoal . Lift up your head to the rising sun , Bahamaland , ' Til the road you 've trod lead unto your God , MARCH ON , BAHAMALAND . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lyrics of `` March On , Bahamaland '' on Bahamas.gov.bs External links ( edit ) Audio of March On , Bahamaland , with information and lyrics March On , Bahamaland MIDI The Bahamas articles History Battle of Nassau Colonial heads Eleutheran Adventurers American Civil War Raid on Charles Town Raid on Nassau Battle of Nassau ( 1720 ) Capture of the Bahamas ( 1782 ) Capture of the Bahamas ( 1783 ) Geography Cities Nassau Freeport Islands New Providence Grand Bahama Rivers Wildlife birds mammals Politics Defence Force Elections Foreign relations Governor - General Law Judiciary Supreme Court Chief Justice Enforcement Capital punishment Local government Monarchy Parliament Political parties Prime Minister Security and intelligence Economy Agriculture Communications Dollar ( currency ) Stock exchange Transport Society Demographics Ethnic groups Education Languages Religion LGBT rights in the Bahamas Culture Coat of Arms Creole Flag Films Music Television Anthem National Song Pledge Outline Index Bibliography Book Portal National anthems of North America Independent countries Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Dependencies American West Indies Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands British West Indies Anguilla Bermuda British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Montserrat Turks and Caicos Islands Dutch Caribbean Aruba Bonaire Curaçao Saba Sint Eustatius ( Statia ) Sint Maarten French West Indies Guadeloupe Martinique Saint - Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Kingdom of Denmark Greenland Complete list Africa Asia Europe North America Oceania and the Pacific Islands South America This Bahamas - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=March_On,_Bahamaland&oldid=799868101 '' Categories : North American anthems Bahamian songs National symbols of the Bahamas March music Year of song unknown National anthems Bahamas stubs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Pages using infobox anthem with unknown parameters All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Languages Беларуская Bosanski Català Cymraeg Deutsch Ελληνικά Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย Yorùbá 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 September 2017 , at 08 : 46 . About Wikipedia | who wrote the national anthem of the bahamas | [
"March On, Bahamaland is the national anthem of the Bahamas. It was composed by Timothy Gibson and adopted in 1973."
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"Timothy Gibson"
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-200983519791595954 | The 48 Laws of Power | The 48 Laws of Power - wikipedia The 48 Laws of Power Jump to : navigation , search This article contains content that is written like an advertisement . Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links , and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view . ( January 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The 48 Laws of Power Author Robert Greene Country United States Subject Self - help Published 1998 ( Viking Press ) ( HC ) ; 2007 ( HighBridge Audio ) CD Pages 452 ISBN 0 - 670 - 88146 - 5 ( HC ) ; 978 - 1 - 59887 - 092 - 3 ( CD ) OCLC 39733201 Dewey Decimal 303.3 21 LC Class BD438 . G74 1998 Followed by The Art of Seduction The 48 Laws of Power ( 1998 ) is the first book by American author Robert Greene . The book is a bestseller , selling over 1.2 million copies in the United States , and is popular with prison inmates and celebrities . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Reception 3 References 4 External links Background ( edit ) Greene initially formulated some of the ideas in The 48 Laws of Power while working as a writer in Hollywood and concluding that today 's power elite shared similar traits with powerful figures throughout history . In 1995 , Greene worked as a writer at Fabrica , an art and media school , and met a book packager named Joost Elffers . Greene pitched a book about power to Elffers and six months later , Elffers requested that Greene write a treatment . Although Greene was unhappy in his current job , he was comfortable and saw the time needed to write a proper book proposal as too risky . However , at the time Greene was rereading his favorite biography about Julius Caesar and took inspiration from Caesar 's decision to cross the Rubicon River and fight Pompey , thus inciting the Great Roman Civil War . Greene wrote the treatment , which later became The 48 Laws of Power . He would note this as the turning point of his life . Reception ( edit ) The 48 Laws of Power has sold over 1.2 million copies in the United States and has been translated into 24 languages . Fast Company called the book a `` mega cult classic , '' and The Los Angeles Times noted that The 48 Laws of Power turned Greene into a `` cult hero with the hip - hop set , Hollywood elite and prison inmates alike . '' The 48 Laws of Power has been reported to be much requested in American prison libraries , and has been studied as a first year text in some US colleges . Former drug dealer Curtis Jackson ( now better known as rapper 50 Cent ) stated that he related to the book `` immediately , '' and approached Greene with the prospect of a potential collaboration , which would later become The 50th Law , another New York Times bestseller . Busta Rhymes used The 48 Laws of Power to deal with problematic movie producers . DJ Premier has a tattoo inspired from Law # 5 , `` Reputation is the cornerstone of power '' , on his arm and DJ Calvin Harris has an `` Enter with boldness '' arm tattoo based on Law # 28 . The 48 Laws of Power has also been mentioned in songs by UGK , Jay Z , Kanye West , and Drake . Dov Charney , founder and former CEO of American Apparel , frequently quoted the laws during board meetings , has given friends and employees copies of the book , and appointed Greene to the board of American Apparel . Former Cuban President Fidel Castro is also claimed by the book 's author to have read the book . Professor Jeffrey Pfeffer said that Greene 's so - called laws are based on isolated examples , and not on solid research . Kirkus Reviews said Greene offers no evidence to support his world view , Greene 's laws contradict each other , and the book is `` simply nonsense '' . Newsweek also points out ways the laws contradict each other and says `` Intending the opposite , Greene has actually produced one of the best arguments since the New Testament for humility and obscurity . '' Director magazine notes `` some of Greene 's ' laws ' seem contradictory '' and the work is `` plodding and didactic '' . There has been no empirical research that any of the laws actually achieve positive social results . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Greene , Robert ( 2000 ) . The 48 Laws of Power . New York , NY . p. 452 . ISBN 0140280197 . Jump up ^ `` Business Bestsellers '' . New York Times . November 8 , 1998 . Jump up ^ Green , Hardy . `` Best Selling List '' . BusinessWeek . ^ Jump up to : Chang , Andrea . American Apparel 's in - house guru shows a lighter side . LA Times . August 30 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Blake , John . How to Master the ' 48 Laws of Power ' . CNN . March 15 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Lee , Chris ( July 12 , 2006 ) . `` Laws for an Outlaw Culture '' . LA Times . Jump up ^ Tice , Carol . All 's Fair ? . Entrepreneur . November 1 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Paumgarten , Nick . Fresh Prince . NewYorker . November 6 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Bosh , Chris . Chris Bosh NBA Blog . NBA.com. April 10 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Perlroth , Nicole . Robert Greene on Power Ambition Glory . Forbes . June 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Lynn . The 50 Cent Bible . Fast Company . September 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Garner , Dwight . The Readers Behind Bars Put Books to Many Uses . The New York Times . October 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 48 Laws of Power Syllabus '' ( PDF ) . Millsaps College . Jump up ^ `` The 48 Laws of Power Syllabus '' ( PDF ) . Ramapo College . Jump up ^ Burkeman , Oliver ( September 4 , 2009 ) . `` When the gangsta rapper met the self - help guru '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Harris , Randy . `` calvin says : enter with boldness '' . FMLY . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2011 . Retrieved May 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kanye West -- Primetime Lyrics '' . RapGenius . Jump up ^ `` UGK -- Living This Life '' . Jump up ^ `` Drake -- What I 'm Thinkin ' Right Now Lyrics '' . RapGenius . Jump up ^ `` THE 48 LAWS OF POWER '' . Kirkus Reviews . Retrieved 12 Jan 2014 . Jump up ^ Adler , Jerry ( 1998 ) , The Prince Wants a Word With You , Newsweek , retrieved 12 Jan 2014 Jump up ^ Kennedy , Carol ( 1999 ) , The 48 Laws of Power By Robert Greene , Director Publications , retrieved 12 Jan 2014 External links ( edit ) Power , Seduction and War : The Robert Greene Blog ( hide ) Books by Robert Greene The 48 Laws of Power ( 1998 ) The Art of Seduction ( 2001 ) The 33 Strategies of War ( 2006 ) The 50th Law ( 2009 ) Mastery ( 2012 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_48_Laws_of_Power&oldid=801033293 '' Categories : 1998 books Books by Robert Greene ( American author ) Self - help books Business books Viking Press books Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2016 Articles with a promotional tone from January 2014 All articles with a promotional tone Pages to import images to Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Brezhoneg Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español עברית Македонски Polski Română Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 17 September 2017 , at 07 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was the 48 laws of power written | [
"The 48 Laws of Power (1998) is the first book by American author Robert Greene.[1] The book is a bestseller,[2][3] selling over 1.2 million copies in the United States,[4] and is popular with prison inmates and celebrities.[4][5][6][7][8][9]"
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-7703253803735166072 | Construction of the World Trade Center | Construction of the World Trade Center - Wikipedia Construction of the World Trade Center Jump to : navigation , search The completed World Trade Center in March 2001 The construction of New York City 's first World Trade Center complex was conceived as an urban renewal project , spearheaded by David Rockefeller , to help revitalize Lower Manhattan . The project was developed by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey , which hired architect Minoru Yamasaki who came up with the specific idea for twin towers . After extensive negotiations , the New Jersey and New York state governments , which oversee the Port Authority , agreed to support the World Trade Center project , which was built at the site of Radio Row in the Lower West Side of Manhattan , New York City . To make the agreement acceptable to New Jersey , the Port Authority agreed to take over the bankrupt Hudson & Manhattan Railroad , which brought commuters from New Jersey to the Lower Manhattan site and , upon the Port Authority 's takeover of the railroad , was renamed PATH . The towers were designed as framed tube structures , which provided tenants with open floor plans , uninterrupted by columns or walls . This was accomplished using numerous closely spaced perimeter columns to provide much of the strength to the structure , along with gravity load shared with the core columns . The elevator system , which made use of sky lobbies and a system of express and local elevators , allowed substantial floor space to be freed up for use as office space by making the structural core smaller . The design and construction of the World Trade Center , most centrally its twin towers , involved many other innovative techniques , such as the slurry wall for digging the foundation , and wind tunnel experiments . Construction of the World Trade Center 's North Tower began in August 1968 , and the South Tower in 1969 . Extensive use of prefabricated components helped to speed up the construction process . The first tenants moved into the North Tower in December 1970 and into the South Tower in January 1972 . Four other low - level buildings were constructed as part of the World Trade Center in the 1970s , and the seventh building , 7 World Trade Center , was constructed in the mid-1980s . Contents ( hide ) 1 Planning 1.1 Original plans 1.2 Agreement 1.3 Controversy 2 Design 2.1 Design announced 2.2 Structural design 2.3 Wind effects 2.4 Aircraft impact 2.5 Fire protection 3 Construction 3.1 Twin Towers 3.2 Other buildings 4 Modifications 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Planning ( edit ) In 1942 , Austin J. Tobin became the Executive Director of the Port Authority , beginning a 30 - year career during which he oversaw the planning and development of the World Trade Center . The concept of establishing a `` world trade center '' was conceived during the post -- World War II period , when the United States thrived economically and international trade was increasing . In 1946 , the New York State Legislature passed a bill that called for a `` world trade center '' to be established . The World Trade Corporation was founded , and a board was appointed by New York Governor Thomas E. Dewey to develop plans for the project . Architect John Eberson and his son Drew devised a plan that included 21 buildings over a ten - block area , at an estimated cost of $150 million . In 1949 , the World Trade Corporation was dissolved by the New York State Legislature , and plans for a `` world trade center '' were put on hold . Original plans ( edit ) Architect 's model for the proposed World Trade Center on the East River During the post-war period , economic growth was concentrated in Midtown Manhattan , in part stimulated by the Rockefeller Center , which was developed in the 1930s . Meanwhile , Lower Manhattan was left out of the economic boom . One exception was the construction of One Chase Manhattan Plaza in the Financial District by David Rockefeller , who led urban renewal efforts in Lower Manhattan . In 1958 , Rockefeller established the Downtown - Lower Manhattan Association ( DLMA ) , which commissioned Skidmore , Owings and Merrill to draw up plans for revitalizing Lower Manhattan . The plans , made public in late June 1960 called for a World Trade Center to be built on a 13 - acre ( 53,000 m ) site along the East River , from Old Slip to Fulton Street and between Water Street and South Street . The complex would include a 900 - foot ( 275 m ) long exhibition hall , and a 50 -- 70 story building , with some of its upper floors used as a hotel . Other amenities would include a theater , shops , and restaurants . The plan also called for a new securities exchange building , which the Downtown - Lower Manhattan Association hoped would house the New York Stock Exchange . David Rockefeller suggested that the Port Authority would be a logical choice for taking on the project , and argued that the Trade Center would provide great benefits in facilitating and increasing volume of international commerce coming through the Port of New York . Given the importance of New York City in global commerce , Port Authority director Austin J. Tobin remarked that the proposed project should be the World Trade Center , and not just a `` world trade center . '' After a year - long review of the proposal , the Port Authority formally backed the project on March 11 , 1961 . Agreement ( edit ) Location of World Trade Center ( in red ) and originally proposed site ( in orange ) The States of New York and New Jersey also needed to approve the project , given their control and oversight role of the Port Authority . Objections to the plan came from New Jersey Governor Robert B. Meyner , who resented that New York would be getting this $335 million project . Meanwhile , ridership on New Jersey 's Hudson and Manhattan Railroad ( H&M ) had declined substantially from a high of 113 million riders in 1927 to 26 million in 1958 , after new automobile tunnels and bridges opened across the Hudson River . Toward the end of 1961 , negotiations with outgoing New Jersey Governor Meyner regarding the World Trade Center project reached a stalemate . In December 1961 , Tobin met with newly elected New Jersey Governor Richard J. Hughes , and made a proposal to shift the World Trade Center project to a west side site where the Hudson Terminal was located . In acquiring the Hudson & Manhattan Railroad , the Port Authority would also acquire the Hudson Terminal and other buildings which were deemed obsolete . On January 22 , 1962 , the two states reached an agreement to allow the Port Authority to take over the railroad and to build the World Trade Center on Manhattan 's lower west side . The shift in location for the World Trade Center to a site more convenient to New Jersey , together with Port Authority acquisition of the H&M Railroad , brought New Jersey to agreement in support of the World Trade Center project . Controversy ( edit ) Even once the agreement between the states of New Jersey , New York , and the Port Authority was finalized , the World Trade Center plan faced continued controversy . The site for the World Trade Center was the location of Radio Row , which was home to hundreds of commercial and industrial tenants , property owners , small businesses , and approximately 100 residents . The World Trade Center plans involved evicting these business owners , some of whom fiercely protested the forced relocation . In June 1962 , a group representing approximately 325 shops and 1,000 other affected small businesses filed an injunction , challenging the Port Authority 's power of eminent domain . The dispute with local business owners worked its way through the court system , up to the New York State Court of Appeals , which in April 1963 upheld the Port Authority 's right of eminent domain , saying that the project had a `` public purpose . '' On November 12 , 1963 , the United States Supreme Court refused to accept the case . Under the state law , the Port Authority was required to assist business owners in relocating , though many business owners regarded what the Port Authority offered as inadequate . Questions continued while the World Trade Center was constructed , as to whether the Port Authority really ought to take on the project , described by some as a `` mistaken social priority . '' By 1964 , by which time the intended scale of the Yamasaki designed scheme had been made public with plans for the twin 110 - story towers , private real estate developers and members of the Real Estate Board of New York also expressed concerns about this much `` subsidized '' office space going on the open market , competing with the private sector when there was already a glut of vacancies . An especially vocal critic was Lawrence A. Wien , owner of the Empire State Building , which would lose its title of tallest building in the world . Wien organized a group of builders into a group called the `` Committee for a Reasonable World Trade Center '' to demand that the project be scaled down . In January 1964 , the Port Authority inked a deal with the State of New York to locate government offices at the World Trade Center . The Port Authority began signing commercial tenants in the spring and summer of 1964 , including several banks . In 1965 , the Port Authority signed the United States Customs Service as a tenant . A final obstacle for the Port Authority was getting approval from New York City Mayor John Lindsay and the New York City Council , who raised concerns about the limited extent that the Port Authority involved the city in the negotiations and deliberations . Negotiations between The City of New York and the Port Authority were centered on tax issues . A final agreement was made on August 3 , 1966 , that the Port Authority would make annual payments to the City , in lieu of taxes , for the portion of the World Trade Center leased to private tenants . In subsequent years , the payments would rise as the real estate tax rate increased . Design ( edit ) A typical floor layout and elevator arrangement of the WTC towers Design announced ( edit ) On September 20 , 1962 , the Port Authority announced the selection of Minoru Yamasaki as lead architect , and Emery Roth & Sons as associate architects . Originally , Yamasaki submitted to the Port Authority a concept incorporating twin towers , but with each building only 80 stories tall . Yamasaki remarked that the `` obvious alternative , a group of several large buildings , would have looked like a housing project . '' Yamasaki 's design for the World Trade Center was unveiled to the public on January 18 , 1964 , with an eight - foot model . The towers had a square plan , approximately 207 feet ( 63 m ) in dimension on each side . The buildings were designed with narrow office windows , only 18 inches ( 45 cm ) wide , which reflected on Yamasaki 's fear of heights and desire to make building occupants feel secure . Yamasaki 's design called for the building facades to be sheathed in aluminum - alloy . To meet the Port Authority 's requirement to build 10 million square feet ( 930,000 m2 ) of office space , the buildings would each need to be 110 stories tall . A major limiting factor in building heights is elevators ; the taller the building , the more elevators are needed to service the building , requiring more space - consuming elevator banks . Yamasaki and the engineers decided to use a new system that included sky lobbies , which are floors where people can switch from a large - capacity express elevator , which goes only to the sky lobbies , to a local elevator that goes to each floor in a section ( the local elevators can be stacked within the same elevator shaft ) . Located on the 44th and 78th floors of each tower , the sky lobbies enabled the elevators to be used efficiently , while also increasing the amount of usable space on each floor from 62 to 75 percent by reducing the number of required elevator shafts . The World Trade Center towers were the second supertall buildings to use sky lobbies , after the John Hancock Center in Chicago . This system was inspired by the New York City Subway system , whose lines include local stations where local trains stop and express stations where all trains stop . Original architectural and engineering model . This model is now on permanent display at the National September 11th . Memorial and Museum in NYC . Yamasaki , who had previously designed Saudi Arabia 's Dhahran International Airport with the Saudi Binladin Group , incorporated features of Arabic architecture into the design of the World Trade Center . The plaza was modelled after Mecca , incorporating features such as a vast delineated square , a fountain , and a radial circular pattern . Yamasaki described the plaza as `` a mecca , a great relief from the narrow streets and sidewalks of the Wall Street area . '' He also incorporated other features of Arabic architecture into the building design , including pointed arches , interweaving tracery of prefabricated concrete , a minaret like flight tower , and arabesque patterns . The World Trade Center design brought criticism of its aesthetics from the American Institute of Architects and other groups . Lewis Mumford , author of The City in History and other works on urban planning , criticized the project and described it and other new skyscrapers as `` just glass - and - metal filing cabinets . '' Television broadcasters raised concerns that the World Trade Center twin towers would cause interference in television reception for viewers in the New York City area . In response to these concerns , the Port Authority offered to provide new television transmission facilities at the World Trade Center . The Linnaean Society of the American Museum of Natural History also opposed the Trade Center project , citing hazards the buildings would impose on migrating birds . The structural engineering firm Worthington , Skilling , Helle & Jackson worked to implement Yamasaki 's design , developing the tube - frame structural system used in the buildings . The Port Authority 's Engineering Department served as foundation engineers , Joseph R. Loring & Associates as electrical engineers , and Jaros , Baum & Bolles ( JB&B ) as mechanical engineers . Tishman Realty & Construction Company was the general contractor on the World Trade Center project . Guy F. Tozzoli , director of the World Trade Department at the Port Authority , and the Port Authority 's Chief Engineer , Rino M. Monti , oversaw the project . Structural design ( edit ) As an interstate agency , the Port Authority was not subject to local laws and regulations of the City of New York , including building codes . Nonetheless , the Port Authority required architects and structural engineers to follow the New York City building codes . At the time when the World Trade Center was planned , new building codes were being devised to replace the 1938 version that was still in place . The structural engineers ended up following draft versions of the new 1968 building codes , which incorporated `` advanced techniques '' in building design . The World Trade Center towers included many structural engineering innovations in skyscraper design and construction , which allowed the buildings to reach new heights and become the tallest in the world . Traditionally , skyscrapers used a skeleton of columns distributed throughout the interior to support building loads , with interior columns disrupting the floor space . The tube - frame concept , earlier introduced by Fazlur Khan , was a major innovation , allowing open floor plans and more space to rent . The buildings used high - strength , load - bearing perimeter steel columns called Vierendeel trusses that were spaced closely together to form a strong , rigid wall structure . There were 60 perimeter columns , narrowly spaced , on each side of the buildings . In all , the perimeter walls of the towers were 210 feet ( 64 m ) on each side , and the corners were beveled . The perimeter columns were designed to provide support for virtually all lateral loads ( such as wind loads ) and to share the gravity loads with the core columns . Structural analysis of major portions of the World Trade Center were computed on an IBM 1620 . Typical WTC architectural floor plan The perimeter structure was constructed with extensive use of prefabricated modular pieces , which consisted of three columns , three stories tall , connected by spandrel plates . The perimeter columns had a square cross section , 14 inches ( 36 cm ) on a side , and were constructed of welded steel plate . The thickness of the plates and grade of structural steel varied over the height of the tower , ranging from 36,000 to 100,000 pounds per square inch ( 260 to 670 MPa ) . The strength of the steel and thickness of the steel plates decreased with height because they were required to support lesser amounts of building mass on higher floors . The tube - frame design required 40 percent less structural steel than conventional building designs . From the 7th floor to the ground level , and down to the foundation , the columns were spaced 10 feet ( 3 m ) apart . All columns were placed on bedrock , which , unlike that in Midtown Manhattan , where the bedrock is shallow , is at 65 -- 85 feet ( 20 -- 26 m ) below the surface . The spandrel plates were welded to the columns to create the modular pieces off - site at the fabrication shop . The modular pieces were typically 52 inches ( 1.3 m ) deep , and extended for two full floors and half of two more floors . Adjacent modules were bolted together , with the splices occurring at mid-span of the columns and spandrels . The spandrel plates were located at each floor , transmitting shear stress between columns , allowing them to work together in resisting lateral loads . The joints between modules were staggered vertically , so the column splices between adjacent modules were not at the same floor . The building 's core housed the elevator and utility shafts , restrooms , three stairwells , and other support spaces . The core of each tower was a rectangular area 87 by 135 feet ( 27 by 41 m ) , and contained 47 steel columns running from the bedrock to the top of the tower . The columns tapered after the 66th floor , and consisted of welded box - sections at lower floors and rolled wide - flange sections at upper floors . The structural core in 1 WTC was oriented with the long axis east to west , while that of 2 WTC was oriented north to south . All elevators were located in the core . Each building had three stairwells , also in the core , except on the mechanical floors where the two outside stairwells temporarily left the core in order to avoid the express elevator machine rooms , and then rejoined the core by means of a transfer corridor . It was this arrangement that allowed Stairwell A of 2 WTC to remain passable after the aircraft impact on September 11 , 2001 . Schematic of composite floor truss system The large , column - free space between the perimeter and core was bridged by prefabricated floor trusses . The floors supported their own weight , as well as live loads , provided lateral stability to the exterior walls , and distributed wind loads among the exterior walls . The floors consisted of 4 - inch ( 10 cm ) thick lightweight concrete slabs laid on a fluted steel deck with shear connections for composite action . A grid of lightweight bridging trusses and main trusses supported the floors . The trusses had a span of 60 feet ( 18 m ) in the long - span areas and 35 feet ( 11 m ) in the short span area . The trusses connected to the perimeter at alternate columns , and were on 6 - foot - 8 - inch ( 2.03 m ) centers . The top chords of the trusses were bolted to seats welded to the spandrels on the exterior side and a channel welded to the core columns on the interior side . The floors were connected to the perimeter spandrel plates with viscoelastic dampers , which helped reduce the amount of sway felt by building occupants . Hat trusses ( or `` outrigger truss '' ) located from the 107th floor to the top of the buildings were designed to support a tall communication antenna on top of each building . Only 1 WTC ( north tower ) actually had an antenna fitted , which was added in 1978 . The truss system consisted of six trusses along the long axis of the core and four along the short axis . This truss system allowed some load redistribution between the perimeter and core columns and supported the transmission tower . Wind effects ( edit ) The tube frame design using steel core and perimeter columns protected with sprayed - on fire resistant material created a relatively lightweight structure that would sway more in response to the wind , compared to traditional structures such as the Empire State Building that have thick , heavy masonry for fireproofing of steel structural elements . During the design process , wind tunnel tests were done at Colorado State University and at the National Physical Laboratory in the United Kingdom to establish design wind pressures that the World Trade Center towers could be subjected to and structural response to those forces . Experiments were also done to evaluate how much sway occupants could tolerate . Subjects were recruited for `` free eye exams , '' while the real purpose of the experiment was to subject them to simulated building sway and find out how much they could comfortably tolerate . Many subjects did not respond well , experiencing dizziness and other ill effects . One of the chief engineers Leslie Robertson worked with Canadian engineer Alan G. Davenport to develop viscoelastic dampers to absorb some of the sway . These viscoelastic dampers , used throughout the structures at the joints between floor trusses and perimeter columns , along with some other structural modifications reduced the building sway to an acceptable level . Aircraft impact ( edit ) The structural engineers on the project also considered the possibility that an aircraft could crash into the building . In July 1945 , a B - 25 bomber that was lost in the fog had crashed into the 78th and 79th floors of the Empire State Building . A year later , another airplane crashed into the 40 Wall Street building , and there was another close call at the Empire State Building . In designing the World Trade Center , Leslie Robertson considered the scenario of the impact of a jet airliner , the Boeing 707 , which might be lost in the fog , seeking to land at JFK or at Newark airports . The National Institute of Standards and Technology ( NIST ) found a three - page white paper that mentioned another aircraft impact analysis , involving impact of a jet at 600 mph ( 970 km / h ) , was indeed considered , but NIST could not locate the documentary evidence of the aircraft impact analysis . Fire protection ( edit ) Sprayed - fire resistant materials ( SFRMs ) were used to protect some structural steel elements in the towers , including all floor trusses and beams . Gypsum wallboard in combination with SFRMs , or in some cases gypsum wallboard alone , was used to protect core columns . Vermiculite plaster was used on the interior - side and SFRMs on the other three sides of the perimeter columns for fire protection . The 1968 New York City building codes were more lenient in some aspects of fire protection , such as allowing three exit stairwells in the World Trade Center towers , instead of six as required under older building codes . In April 1970 , the New York City Department of Air Resources ordered contractors building the World Trade Center to stop the spraying of asbestos as an insulating material . More fireproofing was added after a fire in February 1975 that spread to six floors before being extinguished . After the 1993 bombing , inspections found fireproofing to be deficient . The Port Authority was in the process of replacing it , but replacement had been completed on only 18 floors in WTC 1 , including all the floors affected by the aircraft impact and fires on September 11 , and on 13 floors in WTC 2 , although only three of these floors ( 77 , 78 , and 85 ) were directly affected by the aircraft impact . The 1968 New York City building codes did not require sprinklers for high - rise buildings , except for underground spaces . In accordance with building codes , sprinklers were originally installed only in the underground parking structures of the World Trade Center . Following a major fire in February 1975 , the Port Authority decided to start installing sprinklers throughout the buildings . By 1993 , nearly all of 2 WTC and 85 percent of 1 WTC had sprinklers installed , and the entire complex was retrofitted by 2001 . Construction ( edit ) South Tower and slurry wall `` bathtub '' under construction in 1969 In March 1965 , the Port Authority began acquiring property at the World Trade Center site . The Ajax Wrecking and Lumber Corporation was hired for the demolition work , which began on March 21 , 1966 to clear the site for construction of the World Trade Center . Twin Towers ( edit ) Groundbreaking was on August 5 , 1966 , marking the beginning of construction of the World Trade Center 's foundations . The site of the World Trade Center was located on landfill , with the bedrock located 65 feet ( 20 m ) below grade . In order to construct the World Trade Center , it was necessary to build `` The Bathtub '' , with the slurry wall along the West Street side of the site , to keep water from the Hudson River out . This method was used in place of conventional dewatering methods because lowering the groundwater table would cause large settlements of nearby buildings not built on deep foundations . The slurry method involves digging a trench , and as excavation proceeds , filling the space with a `` slurry '' mixture , composed of bentonite which plugs holes and keeps water out . When the trench was dug out , a steel cage was inserted , with concrete poured in , forcing the `` slurry '' out . The `` slurry '' method was devised by Port Authority chief engineer John M. Kyle Jr . Towards the end of 1966 , work began on building the slurry wall , led by Montreal - based Icanda , a subsidiary of an Italian engineering firm , Impresa Costruzioni Opere Specializzate ( I.C.O.S. ) . It took fourteen months for the slurry wall to be completed , which was necessary before excavation of material from the interior of the site could begin . The original Hudson Tubes , which carried PATH trains into Hudson Terminal , remained in service as elevated tunnels until 1971 when a new PATH station was built . Construction work began on the North Tower in August 1968 with construction beginning on the South Tower by January 1969 . In January 1967 , $74 million in contracts were awarded to the Pacific Car and Foundry Company , Laclede Steel Company , Granite City Steel Company , and Karl Koch Erecting Company to supply steel for the project . The Port Authority chose to use many different steel suppliers , bidding on smaller portions of steel , rather than buy larger amounts from a single source such as Bethlehem Steel or U.S. Steel as a cost - saving measure . Karl Koch was also hired to do all the work of erecting the steel , and a contract for work on the aluminum facade was awarded to the Aluminum Company of America . Tishman Realty & Construction was hired in February 1967 to oversee construction of the project . World Trade Center under construction in 1971 Extensive use of prefabricated parts for the perimeter framing and floor truss systems helped speed up the construction process and reduce costs , while providing greater quality control . Steel components were freighted into a Penn Central yard in Jersey City . From there , they were brought in early morning hours through the Holland Tunnel to the construction site , and lifted into place by a crane . Larger pieces were brought to the construction site by tugboats . A special type of crane , suitable for constructing such tall buildings , that used hydraulics to lift components and provided its own power was used in construction of the World Trade Center . The Favco Standard 2700 Crane , manufactured by Favelle Mort Ltd. of New South Wales , Australia was informally called a `` kangaroo crane . '' In 1970 , tugboat workers went on strike , halting the transport of material to the construction site . The Port Authority attempted other means of transporting material , including via helicopter . When this method was tried , the helicopter lost its load of steel into the Kill Van Kull . Some other mishaps occurred during the construction process , including disruption of telephone service in Lower Manhattan when telephone cables were crushed by pile drivers . On March 16 , 1970 , an explosion injured six workers when a truck hit a propane tank . In all , 60 workers were killed in construction accidents while the World Trade Center was being built . The topping out ceremony of 1 WTC ( North Tower ) took place on December 23 , 1970 , with 2 WTC 's ceremony ( South Tower ) occurring later on July 19 , 1971 . The first tenants moved into the North Tower on December 15 , 1970 , and into the South Tower in January 1972 . The buildings were dedicated on April 4 , 1973 ; Tobin , who had resigned the year before , was absent from the ceremonies . Building the World Trade Center involved excavating 1,200,000 cubic yards ( 920,000 m ) of material . Rather than transporting this material at great costs out to sea or to landfills in New Jersey , the fill material was used to expand the Manhattan shoreline across West Street . Work to demolish the piers began on January 5 , 1967 , including Pier 7 to Pier 11 which were all constructed around 1910 . The demolition work moved forward , despite conflicts between David Rockefeller , Governor Nelson Rockefeller , and Mayor John Lindsay regarding plans for Battery Park City . Landfill material from the World Trade Center was used to add land , and a cellular cofferdam was constructed to retain the material . The result was a 700 - foot ( 210 m ) extension into the Hudson River , running six blocks or 1,484 feet ( 452 m ) . This land was a `` gift '' to New York City , allowing more tax - generating developments in Battery Park City . The original estimates put forth by the Port Authority had the costs for construction of the World Trade Center at $350 million -- an optimistic figure . In December 1966 , the Port Authority announced increased cost estimates , bringing the estimated total to $575 million . This announcement brought criticism of the project from private real estate developers , The New York Times , and others in New York City . The critics charged that the Port Authority figure was an unrealistically low estimate , and they estimated the project would end up costing $750 million . When the World Trade Center twin towers were completed , the total costs to the Port Authority had reached $900 million . The project was financed through tax - exempt bonds issued by the Port Authority . Other buildings ( edit ) The World Trade Center complex included four other smaller buildings constructed during the 1970s . 3 World Trade Center was a 22 - story building , which was home to the Marriott World Trade Center . It was designed by Skidmore , Owings and Merrill in 1978 -- 79 . 4 World Trade Center , 5 World Trade Center , and 6 World Trade Center were all 8 -- 9 story buildings that were designed by the same team as the Twin Towers , including Minoru Yamasaki ; Emery Roth & Sons ; and Skilling , Helle , Christiansen , Robertson . 7 World Trade Center was built in the mid-1980s , just north of the main World Trade Center site . The 47 - story building was designed by Emery , Roth & Sons , and constructed on top of a Con Edison power substation . Modifications ( edit ) Over time , numerous structural modifications were made to suit the needs of tenants in the Twin Towers . Modifications were made in accordance with the Port Authority 's Tenant Alteration Review Manual and were reviewed by the Port Authority to ensure the changes did not compromise structural integrity of the buildings . In many instances , openings were cut in the floors to accommodate new stairways to connect tenant floors . Some steel beams in the core were reinforced and strengthened to accommodate heavy live loads , such as large amounts of heavy files that tenants had on their floors . Repairs to structural elements on the lower levels of 1 WTC were made following the 1993 bombing . The greatest damage occurred on levels B1 and B2 , with significant structural damage also on level B3 . Primary structural columns were not damaged , but secondary steel members experienced some damage . Floors that were blown out needed to be repaired to restore the structural support they provided to columns . The slurry wall was in peril following the bombing and loss of the floor slabs which provided lateral support to counteract pressure from Hudson River water on the other side . The refrigeration plant on sublevel B5 , which provided air conditioning to the entire World Trade Center complex , was heavily damaged and replaced with a temporary system for the summer of 1993 . The fire alarm system for the entire complex needed to be replaced , after critical wiring and signaling in the original system was destroyed in the 1993 bombing . Installation of the new system took years to complete , and replacement of some components was still underway in September 2001 . See also ( edit ) Construction of One World Trade Center Collapse of the World Trade Center Plans to rebuild the World Trade Center 1 World Trade Center Two World Trade Center Three World Trade Center Four World Trade Center References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Doig , Jameson W. ( 2001 ) . `` Chapter 1 '' . Empire on the Hudson . Columbia University Press . ISBN 0 - 231 - 07676 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dewey Picks Board for Trade Center '' . The New York Times . July 6 , 1946 . Jump up ^ Crisman , Charles B. ( November 10 , 1946 ) . `` Plans are Tabled for Trade Center '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Lets Port Group Disband , State Senate for Dissolution of World Trade Corporation '' . The New York Times . March 11 , 1949 . ^ Jump up to : Gillespie , Angus K. ( 1999 ) . `` Chapter 1 '' . Twin Towers : The Life of New York City 's World Trade Center . Rutgers University Press . ISBN 0 - 7838 - 9785 - 5 . Jump up ^ Levinson , Leonard Louis ( 1961 ) . Wall Street . New York : Ziff Davis Publishing . p. 346 . ^ Jump up to : Grutzner , Charles ( January 27 , 1960 ) . `` A World Center of Trade Mapped Off Wall Street '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Koch , Karl III ( 2002 ) . Men of Steel : The Story of the Family That Built the World Trade Center . Three Rivers Press . p. 173 . ISBN 1 - 4000 - 4950 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : `` Text of Trade Center Report by the Downtown - Lower Manhattan Association '' . The New York Times . January 27 , 1960 . Jump up ^ `` Tobin Says Proposed Center Should Be World 's Best '' . The New York Times . May 5 , 1960 . Jump up ^ `` 355 Million World Trade Center Backed by Port Authority Study '' . The New York Times . March 12 , 1961 . Jump up ^ Cudahy , Brian J. ( 2002 ) . Rails Under the Mighty Hudson ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : Fordham University Press . p. 56 . ISBN 0 - 8232 - 2190 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Grutzner , Charles ( December 29 , 1961 ) . `` Port Unit Backs Linking of H&M and Other Lines '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Wright , George Cable ( January 23 , 1962 ) . `` 2 States Agree on Hudson Tubes and Trade Center '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Clark , Alfred E. ( June 27 , 1962 ) . `` Injunction Asked on Trade Center '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Crowell , Paul ( April 5 , 1963 ) . `` World Trade Center Here Upheld by Appeals Court '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Merchants Ask Supreme Court to Bar Big Trade Center Here '' . The New York Times / Associated Press . August 26 , 1963 . ^ Jump up to : Arnold , Martin ( November 13 , 1963 ) . `` High Court Plea is Lost by Foes of Trade Center '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ 375 US . 4 -- Courtesy Sandwich Shop , Inc. , et al. v. Port of New York Authority Jump up ^ Apple Jr . R.W. ( November 16 , 1963 ) . `` Port Body Raises Relocation Aid '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Kheel Urges Port Authority to Sell Trade Center '' . The New York Times . November 12 , 1969 . Jump up ^ Knowles , Clayton ( February 14 , 1964 ) . `` New Fight Begun on Trade Center '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Ennis , Thomas W. ( February 15 , 1964 ) . `` Critics Impugned on Trade Center '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Knowles , Clayton ( March 9 , 1964 ) . `` All Major Builders are Said to Oppose Trade Center Plan '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Sibley , John ( January 14 , 1964 ) . `` State Will Rent at Trade Center '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` 4th Bank Signed by Trade Center '' . The New York Times . July 14 , 1964 . Jump up ^ Fowler , Glenn ( July 7 , 1965 ) . `` Customs to Move to Trade Center '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Smith , Terence ( August 4 , 1966 ) . `` City Ends Fight with Port Body on Trade Center '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Smith , Terence ( January 26 , 1967 ) . `` Mayor Signs Pact on Trade Center '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Esterow , Milton ( September 21 , 1962 ) . `` Architect Named for Trade Center '' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : Huxtable , Ada Louise ( January 19 , 1964 ) . `` A New Era Heralded '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Lew , H.S. ; Richard W. Bukowski ; Nicholas J. Carino ( September 2005 ) . Design , Construction , and Maintenance of Structural and Life Safety Systems ( NCSTAR 1 - 1 ) . National Institute of Standards and Technology . p. 7 . Jump up ^ Pekala , Nancy ( November 1 , 2001 ) . `` Profile of a lost landmark ; World Trade Center '' . Journal of Property Management . ^ Jump up to : Huxtable , Ada Louise ( May 29 , 1966 ) . `` Who 's Afraid of the Big Bad Buildings '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Huxtable , Ada Louise ( January 26 , 1964 ) . `` Biggest Buildings Herald New Era '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Lew , H.S. ; Richard W. Bukowski ; Nicholas J. Carino ( September 2005 ) . Design , Construction , and Maintenance of Structural and Life Safety Systems ( NCSTAR 1 - 1 ) . National Institute of Standards and Technology . p. 9 . Jump up ^ `` Otis History : The World Trade Center '' . Otis Elevator Company . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2006 . Retrieved December 7 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Gillespie , Angus K. ( 1999 ) . Twin Towers : The Life of New York City 's World Trade Center . Rutgers University Press . p. 76 . ISBN 0 - 7838 - 9785 - 5 . Jump up ^ Robert Grudin ( 20 April 2010 ) . Design And Truth . Yale University Press . p. 39 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 16203 - 5 . Jump up ^ Kerr , Laurie ( 2001 - 12 - 28 ) . `` Bin Laden 's special complaint with the World Trade Center . '' . Slate Magazine . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ Steese , Edward ( March 10 , 1964 ) . `` Marring City 's Skyline '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Whitman , Alden ( March 22 , 1967 ) . `` Mumford Finds City Strangled By Excess of Cars and People '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Schumach , Murray ( February 20 , 1966 ) . `` TV Group Objects to Trade Towers '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` TV Mast Offered on Trade Center '' . The New York Times . February 24 , 1966 . Jump up ^ Knowles , Clayton ( March 16 , 1967 ) . `` Big Trade Center Called Bird Trap '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ National Construction Safety Team ( September 2005 ) . `` Chapter 1 '' . Final Report on the Collapse of the World Trade Center Towers ( PDF ) . NIST . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Lew , H.S. ; Richard W. Bukowski ; Nicholas J. Carino ( September 2005 ) . Design , Construction , and Maintenance of Structural and Life Safety Systems ( NCSTAR 1 - 1 ) . National Institute of Standards and Technology . p. xxxviii . Jump up ^ National Construction Safety Team ( September 2005 ) . `` Chapter 1 '' . Final Report on the Collapse of the World Trade Center Towers ( PDF ) . NIST . pp. 5 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Taylor , R.E. ( December 1966 ) . `` Computers and the Design of the World Trade Center '' . ASCE , Structural Division . 92 ( ST -- 6 ) : 75 -- 91 . ^ Jump up to : National Construction Safety Team ( September 2005 ) . Final Report on the Collapse of the World Trade Center Towers ( PDF ) . NIST . Jump up ^ A36 steel has a nominal yield strength of 36,000 to 100,000 pounds per square inch . ^ Jump up to : American Iron and Steel Institute ( 1964 ) . `` The World Trade Center -- New York City '' . Contemporary Steel Design . American Iron and Steel Institute . 1 ( 4 ) . Jump up ^ National Construction Safety Team ( September 2005 ) . Final Report on the Collapse of the World Trade Center Towers ( PDF ) . NIST . p. 10 . Jump up ^ Tamaro , George J. ( Spring 2002 ) . `` World Trade Center `` Bathtub '' : From Genesis to Armageddon `` . Bridges. 32 ( 1 ) . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ National Construction Safety Team ( September 2005 ) . Final Report on the Collapse of the World Trade Center Towers ( PDF ) . NIST . p. 8 . ^ Jump up to : Lew , H.S. ; Richard W. Bukowski ; Nicholas J. Carino ( September 2005 ) . Design , Construction , and Maintenance of Structural and Life Safety Systems ( NCSTAR 1 - 1 ) . National Institute of Standards and Technology . p. 8 . Jump up ^ Cauchon , , Dennis ; Moore , Martha T. `` Machinery saved people in WTC '' . USA Today . Retrieved 17 May 2002 . Jump up ^ `` New York : A Documentary Film -- The Center of the World ( Construction Footage ) '' . Port Authority / PBS . Retrieved May 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Glanz , James ; Eric Lipton ( 2003 ) . City in the Sky . Times Books . p. 138 . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 7428 - 7 . Jump up ^ Fanella , David A. ; Arnaldo T. Derecho ; S.K. Ghosh ( September 2005 ) . Design and Construction of Structural Systems ( NCSTAR 1 - 1A ) . National Institute of Standards and Technology . p. 65 . Jump up ^ Glanz , James ; Eric Lipton ( 2003 ) . City in the Sky . Times Books . pp. 139 -- 144 . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 7428 - 7 . Jump up ^ Glanz , James ; Eric Lipton ( 2003 ) . City in the Sky . Times Books . pp. 160 -- 167 . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 7428 - 7 . Jump up ^ Glanz , James ; Eric Lipton ( September 8 , 2002 ) . `` The Height of Ambition '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Robertson , Leslie E. ( 2002 ) . `` Reflections on the World Trade Center '' . The Bridge Volume 32 , Number 1 . National Academy of Engineering . Retrieved July 28 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Sadek , Fahim . Baseline Structural Performance and Aircraft Impact Damage Analysis of the World Trade Center Towers ( NCSTAR 1 -- 2 appendix A ) . NIST 2005 . pp. 305 -- 307 . Jump up ^ Lew , H.S. ; Richard W. Bukowski ; Nicholas J. Carino ( September 2005 ) . Design , Construction , and Maintenance of Structural and Life Safety Systems ( NCSTAR 1 - 1 ) . National Institute of Standards and Technology . p. 153 . Jump up ^ New York Times : April 28 , 1970 , p. 83 Jump up ^ Hamburger , Ronald ; et al. `` World Trade Center Building Performance Study '' ( pdf ) . Federal Emergency Management Agency . Retrieved July 27 , 2006 . Jump up ^ NCSTAR 1 -- 6 , ( p lxxi ) NIST lists upgraded floors as 92 -- 100 and 102 plus 8 unspecified floors . Jump up ^ NCSTAR 1 -- 6 , ( p lxvii -- lxix ) NIST lists upgraded floors as 77 , 78 , 85 , 88 , 89 , 92 , 96 and 97 plus 5 unspecified floors . Although replacement fireproofing was specified at 1.5 inches in thickness , NIST found the average thickness to be 2.5 inches ( 64 mm ) . ( NCSTAR 1 - 6A p xl ) NIST concluded that `` The existing condition of the fireproofing prior to aircraft impact and the fireproofing thickness on the WTC floor system did not play a significant role . '' Jump up ^ Dwyer , Jim ; Kevin Flynn ( 2005 ) . 102 Minutes . Times Books . pp. 9 -- 10 . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 7682 - 4 . Jump up ^ Lew , H.S. ; Richard W. Bukowski ; Nicholas J. Carino ( September 2005 ) . Design , Construction , and Maintenance of Structural and Life Safety Systems ( NCSTAR 1 - 1 ) . National Institute of Standards and Technology . p. 162 . Jump up ^ Lew , H.S. ; Richard W. Bukowski ; Nicholas J. Carino ( September 2005 ) . Design , Construction , and Maintenance of Structural and Life Safety Systems ( NCSTAR 1 - 1 ) . National Institute of Standards and Technology . p. 163 . Jump up ^ Evans , David D. ; Richard D. Peacock , Erica D. Kuligowski ; W. Stuart Dols ; William L. Grosshandler ( September 2005 ) . Active Fire Protection Systems ( NCSTAR 1 -- 4 ) . National Institute of Standards and Technology . p. 14 . Jump up ^ Ingraham , Joseph C. ( March 29 , 1965 ) . `` Port Agency Buys Downtown Tract '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Gillespie , Angus K. ( 1999 ) . Twin Towers : The Life of New York City 's World Trade Center . Rutgers University Press . p. 61 . ISBN 0 - 7838 - 9785 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Jackhammers Bite Pavement to Start Trade Center Job '' . The New York Times . August 6 , 1966 . ^ Jump up to : Iglauer , Edith ( November 4 , 1972 ) . `` The Biggest Foundation '' . The New Yorker . Condé Nast . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Kapp , Martin S ( July 9 , 1964 ) . `` Tall Towers will Sit on Deep Foundations '' . Engineering News Record . ^ Jump up to : Gillespie , Angus K. ( 1999 ) . Twin Towers : The Life of New York City 's World Trade Center . Rutgers University Press . p. 68 . ISBN 0 - 7838 - 9785 - 5 . Jump up ^ Carroll , Maurice ( December 30 , 1968 ) . `` A Section of the Hudson Tubes is Turned into Elevated Tunnel '' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : `` Timeline : World Trade Center chronology '' . PBS -- American Experience . Retrieved May 15 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Contracts Totaling $74,079,000 Awarded for the Trade Center '' . The New York Times . January 24 , 1967 . Jump up ^ Gillespie , Angus K. ( 1999 ) . Twin Towers : The Life of New York City 's World Trade Center . Rutgers University Press . p. 83 . ISBN 0 - 7838 - 9785 - 5 . Jump up ^ Kihss , Peter ( February 27 , 1967 ) . `` Trade Center Job To Go To Tishman '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Micheal T. ( June 6 , 1969 ) . `` Trade Center is Doing Everything Big '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Gillespie , Angus K. ( 1999 ) . Twin Towers : The Life of New York City 's World Trade Center . Rutgers University Press . p. 88 . ISBN 0 - 7838 - 9785 - 5 . Jump up ^ Gillespie , Angus K. ( 1999 ) . Twin Towers : The Life of New York City 's World Trade Center . Rutgers University Press . pp. 92 -- 94 . ISBN 0 - 7838 - 9785 - 5 . Jump up ^ McFadden , Robert D. ( February 2 , 1970 ) . `` 300 Tugboats Idle as Men Walk Out for Doubled Wage '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Gillespie , Angus K. ( 1999 ) . Twin Towers : The Life of New York City 's World Trade Center . Rutgers University Press . p. 91 . ISBN 0 - 7838 - 9785 - 5 . Jump up ^ Carroll , Maurice ( March 19 , 1969 ) . `` Phones Disrupted by a Pile Driver '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Van Gelder , Lawrence ( March 17 , 1970 ) . `` Propane Blast Hits Trade Center '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` America Rebuilds : Quick Facts '' . PBS . Retrieved May 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ History of the Twin Towers , Port Authority of New York and New Jersey.PANYNJ.gov. 2013 . Retrieved September 11 , 2015 Jump up ^ Lew , H.S. ; Richard W. Bukowski ; Nicholas J. Carino ( September 2005 ) . Design , Construction , and Maintenance of Structural and Life Safety Systems ( NCSTAR 1 - 1 ) . National Institute of Standards and Technology . p. xxxvi . Jump up ^ Darton , Eric ( 1999 ) Divided We Stand : A Biography of New York 's World Trade Center , Chapter 6 , Basic Books . ^ Jump up to : Gillespie , Angus K. ( 1999 ) . Twin Towers : The Life of New York City 's World Trade Center . Rutgers University Press . p. 71 . ISBN 0 - 7838 - 9785 - 5 . Jump up ^ Horne , George ( January 5 , 1967 ) . `` Demolition Begun on 5 City Piers '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Roberts , Steven V. ( January 17 , 1967 ) . `` Conflicts Stall Landfill Plans '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` New York Gets $90 Million Worth of Land for Nothing '' . Engineering News Record . April 18 , 1968 . Jump up ^ Gillespie , Angus K. ( 1999 ) . Twin Towers : The Life of New York City 's World Trade Center . Rutgers University Press . p. 70 . ISBN 0 - 7838 - 9785 - 5 . Jump up ^ Gillespie , Angus K. ( 1999 ) . Twin Towers : The Life of New York City 's World Trade Center . Rutgers University Press . p. 69 . ISBN 0 - 7838 - 9785 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Questions on the Trade Center '' . The New York Times . December 24 , 1966 . Jump up ^ Phillips , McCandlish ( December 29 , 1966 ) . `` Estimate Raised for Trade Center '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Cudahy , Brian J. ( 2002 ) . Rails Under the Mighty Hudson ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : Fordham University Press . p. 58 . ISBN 0 - 8232 - 2190 - 3 . Jump up ^ Allan , John H. ( February 28 , 1968 ) . `` Bonds : Port of New York Authority to Raise $100 - Million '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ McAllister , Therese ; Johnathan Barnett ; John Gross ; Ronald Hamburger ; Jon Magnusson ( May 2002 ) . `` WTC3 '' . World Trade Center Building Performance Study . FEMA . Jump up ^ McAllister , Therese ; Johnathan Barnett ; John Gross ; Ronald Hamburger ; Jon Magnusson ( May 2002 ) . `` WTC4 , 5 , and 6 '' . World Trade Center Building Performance Study . FEMA . Jump up ^ McAllister , Therese ; Johnathan Barnett ; John Gross ; Ronald Hamburger ; Jon Magnusson ( May 2002 ) . `` WTC7 '' . World Trade Center Building Performance Study . FEMA . Jump up ^ Lew , H.S. ; Richard W. Bukowski ; Nicholas J. Carino ( September 2005 ) . Design , Construction , and Maintenance of Structural and Life Safety Systems ( NCSTAR 1 - 1 ) . National Institute of Standards and Technology . p. xliv . Jump up ^ Lew , H.S. ; Richard W. Bukowski ; Nicholas J. Carino ( September 2005 ) . Design , Construction , and Maintenance of Structural and Life Safety Systems ( NCSTAR 1 - 1 ) . National Institute of Standards and Technology . p. xlv . Jump up ^ Fasullo , Eugene . `` Experiences of the Chief Engineer of the Port Authority '' ( PDF ) . United States Fire Administration . Retrieved May 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Port Authority Risk Management Staff . `` The World Trade Center Complex '' ( PDF ) . United States Fire Administration . Retrieved May 15 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Ramabhushanam , Ennala ; Marjorie Lynch ( 1994 ) . `` Structural Assessment of Bomb Damage for World Trade Center '' . Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities . 8 ( 4 ) : 229 -- 242 . doi : 10.1061 / ( ASCE ) 0887 - 3828 ( 1994 ) 8 : 4 ( 229 ) . Jump up ^ Evans , David D. ; Richard D. Peacock , Erica D. Kuligowski ; W. Stuart Dols , William L. Grosshandler ( September 2005 ) . Active Fire Protection Systems ( NCSTAR 1 -- 4 ) . National Institute of Standards and Technology . p. 44 . External links ( edit ) New York : A Documentary Film -- The Center of the World -- Building the World Trade Center , an 18 - minute film , with construction footage , produced by the Port Authority in 1983 World Trade Center -- Skyscraper Museum Coordinates : 40 ° 42 ′ 42 '' N 74 ° 00 ′ 49 '' W / 40.71167 ° N 74.01361 ° W / 40.71167 ; - 74.01361 ( hide ) New York City 's World Trade Center First WTC ( 1973 -- 2001 ) Construction Towers One Two Three Four Five Six Seven Windows on the World Mall The Bathtub Tenants One Two Four Five Six Seven Major events February 13 , 1975 fire February 26 , 1993 bombing January 14 , 1998 robbery September 11 , 2001 attacks Collapse Timeline Victims Aftermath Deutsche Bank Building St. Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church Second WTC ( 2001 -- present ) Site , towers , and structures One Construction Two Three Four Five Seven Performing Arts Center Vehicular Security Center Liberty Park St. Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church Westfield Mall Rapid transit PATH stations Transportation Hub New York City Subway stations Chambers Street -- WTC / Park Place ( 2 3 A C E trains ) Cortlandt Street ( N R W trains ) Cortlandt Street ( 1 2 trains ) Fulton Street ( 2 3 4 5 A C J Z trains ) Fulton Center Corbin Building Dey Street Passageway 9 / 11 memorials 9 / 11 Tribute Center National September 11 Memorial & Museum Competition Memory Foundations Tribute in Light America 's Response Monument Empty Sky Relics from original WTC The Sphere Cross Survivors ' Staircase People Minoru Yamasaki Emery Roth & Sons Larry Silverstein Austin J. Tobin David Childs Michael Arad THINK Team Daniel Libeskind Leslie E. Robertson Other Park51 Project Rebirth Take Back The Memorial West Street pedestrian bridges In popular culture Film Music 9 / 11 - related media featuring One WTC 10048 ZIP code Former : IFC Former : Twin Towers 2 Brookfield Place Brookfield Place 200 Liberty Street 225 Liberty Street 200 Vesey Street 250 Vesey Street Winter Garden Atrium New York Mercantile Exchange Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Construction_of_the_World_Trade_Center&oldid=802564000 '' Categories : World Trade Center Construction in the United States History of New York City 20th century in New York City 1960s in New York ( state ) 1970s in New York ( state ) 1980s in New York ( state ) Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Featured articles Use American English from April 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from April 2014 Coordinates on Wikidata Pages using New York City Subway service templates Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español Français 한국어 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 September 2017 , at 00 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was the first world trade center built | [
"Construction of the World Trade Center's North Tower began in August 1968, and the South Tower in 1969. Extensive use of prefabricated components helped to speed up the construction process. The first tenants moved into the North Tower in December 1970 and into the South Tower in January 1972. Four other low-level buildings were constructed as part of the World Trade Center in the 1970s, and the seventh building, 7 World Trade Center, was constructed in the mid-1980s."
] | [
"Construction of the World Trade Center's North Tower began in August 1968"
] |
6630262593962882907 | Danube | Danube - wikipedia Danube Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the river . For other uses , see Danube ( disambiguation ) . Danube River The Danube in Vienna Countries Germany , Austria , Slovakia , Hungary , Croatia , Serbia , Bulgaria , Romania , Moldova , Ukraine Cities Ulm , Ingolstadt , Regensburg , Linz , Vienna , Bratislava , Győr , Budapest , Dunaújváros , Vukovar , Novi Sad , Zemun , Belgrade , Pančevo , Smederevo , Drobeta Turnu - Severin Primary source Breg - location Martinskapelle , Black Forest , Germany - elevation 1,078 m ( 3,537 ft ) - length 46 km ( 29 mi ) - coordinates 48 ° 05 ′ 44 '' N 08 ° 09 ′ 18 '' E / 48.09556 ° N 8.15500 ° E / 48.09556 ; 8.15500 Secondary source Brigach - location St. Georgen , Black Forest , Germany - elevation 940 m ( 3,084 ft ) - length 40 km ( 25 mi ) - coordinates 48 ° 06 ′ 24 '' N 08 ° 16 ′ 51 '' E / 48.10667 ° N 8.28083 ° E / 48.10667 ; 8.28083 Source confluence - location Donaueschingen - coordinates 47 ° 57 ′ 03 '' N 08 ° 31 ′ 13 '' E / 47.95083 ° N 8.52028 ° E / 47.95083 ; 8.52028 Mouth Danube Delta - coordinates 45 ° 13 ′ 3 '' N 29 ° 45 ′ 41 '' E / 45.21750 ° N 29.76139 ° E / 45.21750 ; 29.76139 Coordinates : 45 ° 13 ′ 3 '' N 29 ° 45 ′ 41 '' E / 45.21750 ° N 29.76139 ° E / 45.21750 ; 29.76139 Length 2,780 km ( 1,727 mi ) Depth 1 -- 8 m ( 3 -- 26 ft ) Basin 801,463 km ( 309,447 sq mi ) Discharge for before delta - average 7,000 m / s ( 247,203 cu ft / s ) Discharge elsewhere ( average ) - Passau 580 m / s ( 20,483 cu ft / s ) 30km before town - Vienna 1,900 m / s ( 67,098 cu ft / s ) - Budapest 2,350 m / s ( 82,989 cu ft / s ) - Belgrade 4,000 m / s ( 141,259 cu ft / s ) Course of the Danube , marked in red Danube summary route map Legend 2860 Source at Donaueschingen 2587 Limit of navigation at Ulm 2458 Ingolstadt 2411 Rhine -- Main -- Danube Canal 2376 Regensburg 2226 Inn River Germany Austria 2128 Linz 1918 Vienna Austria Slovakia Morava River 1867 Bratislava Slovakia Hungary 1794 Győr 1639 Budapest 1579 Dunaújváros Hungary Croatia 1433 Hungary Serbia 1425 Danube -- Tisa -- Danube Canal 1424 Bezdan Bridge 1382 Drava River 1367 Bogojevo Road Bridge 1366 Bogojevo Railway Bridge 1335 Vukovar 1297 Ilok -- Bačka Palanka Bridge 1296 Croatia Serbia in Serbia 1258 Liberty Bridge 1255 Varadin Bridge 1254 Novi Sad 1254 Boško Perošević Bridge 1253 Danube -- Tisa -- Danube Canal 1232 Beška Bridge 1215 Tisza River 1176 Pupin Bridge 1173 Zemun 1170 Sava River 1169 Belgrade 1167 Pančevo Bridge 1153 Pančevo 1104 Great Morava 1116 Smederevo 1113 Pipeline bridge 1112 Kovin Bridge 1077 Danube -- Tisa -- Danube Canal 1076 Serbia Romania 943 Iron Gate I 930 Drobeta - Turnu Severin 863 Iron Gate II Serbia Bulgaria 846 796 New Europe Bridge Olt River 495 Ruse 489 Danube Bridge Bulgaria Romania 300 Anghel Saligny Bridge 300 Cernavodă Bridge 238 Giurgeni -- Vadu Oii Bridge Romania Moldova Moldova Ukraine Danube Delta 0 Black Sea Note : Distances are in kilometers , rounded to the nearest kilometer . Waterway distances are shown , not towpath distances . Country capitals are shown in bold . The Danube or Donau ( / ˈdæn. juːb / DAN - yoob , known by various names in other languages ) is Europe 's second longest river , after the Volga . It is located in Central and Eastern Europe . The Danube was once a long - standing frontier of the Roman Empire , and today flows through 10 countries , more than any other river in the world . Originating in Germany , the Danube flows southeast for 2,860 km ( 1,780 mi ) , passing through or touching the border of Austria , Slovakia , Hungary , Croatia , Serbia , Romania , Bulgaria , Moldova and Ukraine before emptying into the Black Sea . Its drainage basin extends into nine more countries . The Danube river basin is the most biodiverse region in Europe , and is home to hundreds of fish species , such as pike , zander , huchen , wels catfish , burbot and tench . It is also home to a large diversity of carp and sturgeon , as well as salmon and trout . A few species of euryhaline fish , such as European seabass , mullet , and eel , inhabit the Danube delta and the lower portion of the river . Contents ( hide ) 1 Names and etymology 2 Geography 2.1 Drainage basin 2.2 Tributaries 2.3 Cities and towns 2.4 Islands 2.5 Sectioning 3 Modern navigation 4 Piracy 5 Danube Delta 6 International cooperation 6.1 Ecology and environment 6.2 Navigation 7 Geology 8 History 8.1 Ancient cultural perspectives of the lower Danube 8.2 Ottoman -- Hungarian and Ottoman -- Habsburg rivalry along the Danube 9 Economics 9.1 Drinking water 9.2 Navigation and transport 9.3 Fishing 9.4 Tourism 9.4. 1 Danube Bike Trail 9.4. 2 Sultans Trail 9.4. 3 Donausteig 9.4. 4 The Route of Emperors and Kings 10 Important national parks 11 Cultural significance 12 See also 13 References 14 External links Names and etymology ( edit ) Old European river name derived from a Proto - Indo - European * dānu . Other river names from the same root include the Dunajec , Dzvina / Daugava , Don , Donets , Dnieper , Dniestr , Dysna , Tana and Tuoni . In Rigvedic Sanskrit , dānu means `` fluid , drop '' , in Avestan , the same word means `` river '' . In the Rigveda , Dānu once appears as the mother of Vrtra , `` a dragon blocking the course of the rivers . '' The Finnish word for Danube is Tonava , which is most likely derived from the word for the river in Swedish and German , Donau . Up North there is also a river called Tana . Its Sámi name Deatnu means `` Great River '' . It is possible that dānu in Scythian as in Avestan was a generic word for `` river '' : Dnieper and Dniestr , from Danapris and Danastius , are presumed to continue Scythian * dānu apara `` far river '' and * dānu nazdya - `` near river '' , respectively . Known to the ancient Greeks as the Istros ( Ἴστρος ) a borrowing from a Daco - Thracian name meaning `` strong , swift '' ( akin to Sanskrit iṣiras `` swift '' ) . In Latin , the Danube was variously known as Danubius , Danuvius or as Ister . The Dacian / Thracian name was Donaris for the upper Danube and Istros for the lower Danube . The Thraco - Phrygian name was Matoas , `` the bringer of luck '' . The Latin name is masculine , as are all its Slavic names , except Slovenian , ( the name of the Rhine is also masculine in Latin , most of the Slavic languages , as well as in German ) . The German Donau ( Early Modern German Donaw , Tonaw , Middle High German Tuonowe ) is feminine , as it has been re-interpreted as containing the suffix - ouwe `` wetland '' . The modern languages spoken in the Danube basin all use names related to Dānuvius : German : Donau ( ( ˈdoːnaʊ̯ ) ; ( Austro - Bavarian : Doana ) ; Silesian : Důnaj ; Upper Sorbian : Dunaj ; Slovak : Dunaj ( ( ˈdunaj ) ; Hungarian : Duna ( ( ˈdunɒ ) ) ; Serbo - Croatian : Dunav / Дунав ( ( dǔnaʋ ) or ( dǔnaːʋ ) Romanian : Dunărea ( ( ˈdunəre̯a ) ) ; Bulgarian : Дунав , Dunav ( ( ˈdunɐf ) ) ; Ukrainian : Дунай , Dunai ( ( duˈnɑj ) ) ; Czech : Dunaj ( Czech pronunciation : ( ˈdʊnaj ) ) ; Polish : Dunaj ( Polish pronunciation : ( ˈdũnaj ) ) ; Slovene : Donava ( ( ˈdóːnaʋa ) ) ; Portuguese : Danúbio ( ( da'nubjo ) ) ; French : Danube ( da'nub ) ) ; Italian : Danubio ( ( da'nubjo ) ) ; Spanish : Danubio ( ( da'nubjo ) ) ; Romansh : Danubi . Geography ( edit ) The Danube basin Classified as an international waterway , it originates in the town of Donaueschingen , in the Black Forest of Germany , at the confluence of the rivers Brigach and Breg . The Danube then flows southeast for about 2,730 km ( 1,700 mi ) , passing through four capital cities before emptying into the Black Sea via the Danube Delta in Romania and Ukraine . Once a long - standing frontier of the Roman Empire , the river passes through or touches the borders of 10 countries : Romania ( 29.0 % of basin area ) , Hungary ( 11.6 % ) , Serbia ( 10.2 % ) , Austria ( 10.0 % ) , Germany ( 7.0 % ) , Bulgaria ( 5.9 % ) , Slovakia ( 5.9 % ) , Croatia ( 4.4 % ) , Ukraine ( 3.8 % ) , and Moldova ( 1.6 % ) . Its drainage basin extends into nine more ( ten if Kosovo is included ) . Drainage basin ( edit ) The Danube discharges into the Black Sea ( the upper body of water in the image ) . Where the Danube Meets the Black Sea ( NASA Goddard image ) . In addition to the bordering countries ( see above ) , the drainage basin includes parts of nine more countries : Bosnia and Herzegovina ( 4.6 % ) , the Czech Republic ( 2.9 % ) , Slovenia ( 2.0 % ) , Montenegro ( 0.9 % ) , Switzerland ( 0.2 % ) , Italy ( < 0.1 % ) , Poland ( < 0.1 % ) , the Republic of Macedonia ( < 0.1 % ) and Albania ( < 0.1 % ) . Its total drainage basin is 801,463 km ( 309,447 sq mi ) . The highest point of the drainage basin is the summit of Piz Bernina at the Italy -- Switzerland border , at 4,049 metres ( 13,284 ft ) . Tributaries ( edit ) Main article : List of tributaries of the Danube The land drained by the Danube extends into many other countries . Many Danubian tributaries are important rivers in their own right , navigable by barges and other shallow - draught boats . From its source to its outlet into the Black Sea , its main tributaries are ( in order that they enter ) : Iller ( entering at Ulm ) Lech Altmühl ( entering at Kelheim ) Naab ( entering at Regensburg ) Regen ( entering at Regensburg ) Isar Inn ( entering at Passau ) Ilz ( entering at Passau ) Enns Morava ( entering near Devín Castle ) Rába ( entering at Győr ) Váh ( entering at Komárno ) Hron ( entering at Štúrovo ) Ipeľ Sió Dráva Vuka ( entering at Vukovar ) 18 . Tisza 19 . Sava ( entering at Belgrade ) 20 . Tamiš ( entering at Pančevo ) 21 . Great Morava 22 . Karaş 23 . Jiu ( entering at Bechet ) 24 . Iskar ( entering near Gigen ) 25 . Olt ( entering at Turnu Măgurele ) 26 . Osam ( entering near Nikopol , Bulgaria ) 27 . Argeș ( entering at Oltenița ) 28 . Ialomița 29 . Siret ( entering near Galați ) 30 . Prut ( entering near Galați ) The confluence of the Sava into the Danube at Belgrade . Pictured from Belgrade Fortress , Serbia Cities and towns ( edit ) The historical source of the Danube in Donaueschingen . The Donauzusammenfluss , or `` Danube confluence '' , where the Breg and Brigach unite to form the Danube in Donaueschingen , Germany The Danube in Ulm from the steeple of Ulm Minster , looking southwest Danube in Linz , Austria The Danube in Bratislava , Slovakia Basilica of Esztergom ( Hungary ) , the third largest cathedral in Europe Confluence of river Sava into the Danube beneath Belgrade citadel The Danube flows through many cities , including four national capitals ( shown below in bold ) , more than any other river in the world . Ordered from the source to the mouth they are : Germany Donaueschingen in the State of Baden - Württemberg -- rivers Brigach and Breg join to form the Danube Möhringen an der Donau in Baden - Württemberg Tuttlingen in Baden - Württemberg Sigmaringen in Baden - Württemberg Riedlingen in Baden - Württemberg Munderkingen in Baden - Württemberg Ehingen in Baden - Württemberg Ulm in Baden - Württemberg Neu - Ulm in Bavaria Günzburg in Bavaria Dillingen an der Donau in Bavaria Donauwörth in Bavaria Neuburg an der Donau in Bavaria Ingolstadt in Bavaria Kelheim in Bavaria Regensburg in Bavaria Straubing in Bavaria Deggendorf in Bavaria Passau in Bavaria Austria Linz , capital of Upper Austria Krems in Lower Austria Tulln in Lower Austria Vienna -- capital of Austria and the most populous city on the Danube , where the Danube floodplain is called the Lobau , though the Innere Stadt is situated away from the main flow of the Danube ( it is bounded by the Donaukanal -- ' Danube canal ' ) . Slovakia Bratislava -- capital of Slovakia Komárno Štúrovo Hungary Mosonmagyaróvár Győr Komárom Esztergom Visegrád Vác Szentendre Dunakeszi Budapest -- capital of Hungary , the largest city and the largest agglomeration on Danube ( about 3,300,000 people ) . Szigetszentmiklós Százhalombatta Ráckeve Adony Dunaújváros Dunaföldvár Paks Kalocsa Baja Mohács Croatia Vukovar Ilok Serbia Apatin Bačka Palanka Futog Veternik Novi Sad Sremski Karlovci Zemun Belgrade -- capital of Serbia Pančevo Smederevo Kovin Veliko Gradište Golubac Donji Milanovac Kladovo Bulgaria Danube at Nikopol , Bulgaria in winter Vidin Lom Kozloduy Oryahovo Nikopol Belene Svishtov Ruse Tutrakan Silistra Moldova Giurgiulești Ukraine 0 km , Danube Delta ( Ukraine ) Reni Izmail Kiliya Vylkove Romania The Danube in Sulina , Romania Moldova Nouă Orșova Drobeta - Turnu Severin Calafat Bechet Dăbuleni Corabia Turnu Măgurele Zimnicea Giurgiu Oltenița Călărași Fetești Cernavodă Hârșova Brăila Galați -- largest port on the Danube Isaccea Tulcea Sulina -- last city through which it flows Panorama of the Danube in Vienna The Danube Bend is a curve of the Danube in Hungary , near the city of Visegrád . The Transdanubian Mountains lie on the right bank ( left side of the picture ) , while the North Hungarian Mountains on the left bank ( right side of the picture ) . Panorama of the Danube in Budapest Budapest at night Panoramic image of the Danube and Sava river from Kalemegdan , Belgrade Serbia . Islands ( edit ) Further information : List of islands in the Danube Aerial view of Margaret Island , Budapest , Hungary . There are 15 bridges over the Danube in Budapest . Great War Island , Belgrade , as seen from Zemun , Serbia . It is located at the confluence of the Sava and Danube . Adakale Island in the Danube was forgotten during the peace talks at the Congress of Berlin in 1878 , which allowed it to remain a de jure Turkish territory and the Ottoman Sultan Abdülhamid II 's private possession until the Treaty of Lausanne in 1923 ( de facto until Romania unilaterally declared its sovereignty on the island in 1919 and further strengthened this claim with the Treaty of Trianon in 1920 . ) The island was submerged during the construction of the Iron Gates hydroelectric plant in 1970 , which also removed the possibility of a potential legal claim by the descendants of Abdülhamid II . Adakale Island Ostrovul Mare , Gogoșu Balta Ialomiței Belene Island Csepel Island Donauinsel Great Brăila Island Great War Island Island of Vukovar Island of Šarengrad Žitný ostrov Szigetköz Island of Szentendre Margaret Island Csepel Island Island of Mohács Ostrovul Ciocănești Ostrovul Mare , Islaz Ostrovo ( Kostolac ) Kozloduy Island Ribarsko Ostrvo , Novi Sad Vardim Island Sectioning ( edit ) Upper Section : From spring to Devín Gate , at the border of Austria and Slovakia . Danube remains a characteristic mountain river until Passau , with average bottom gradient 0.0012 % ( 12 ppm ) , from Passau to Devín Gate the gradient lessens to 0.0006 % ( 6 ppm ) . Middle Section : From Devín Gate to Iron Gate , at the border of Serbia and Romania . The riverbed widens and the average bottom gradient becomes only 0.00006 % ( 0.6 ppm ) . Lower Section : From Iron Gate to Sulina , with average gradient as little as 0.00003 % ( 0.3 ppm ) . Modern navigation ( edit ) The Danube in Budapest Fisher in the Danube Delta Play media Freight ship on the Danube near Vienna The Danube is navigable by ocean ships from the Black Sea to Brăila in Romania and by river ships to Kelheim , Bavaria , Germany ; smaller craft can navigate further upstream to Ulm , Württemberg , Germany . About 60 of its tributaries are also navigable . Since the completion of the German Rhine -- Main -- Danube Canal in 1992 , the river has been part of a trans - European waterway from Rotterdam on the North Sea to Sulina on the Black Sea , a distance of 3,500 km ( 2,200 mi ) . In 1994 the Danube was declared one of ten Pan-European transport corridors , routes in Central and Eastern Europe that required major investment over the following ten to fifteen years . The amount of goods transported on the Danube increased to about 100 million tons in 1987 . In 1999 , transport on the river was made difficult by the NATO bombing of three bridges in Serbia during the Kosovo War . Clearance of the resulting debris was completed in 2002 , and a temporary pontoon bridge that hampered navigation was removed in 2005 . At the Iron Gate , the Danube flows through a gorge that forms part of the boundary between Serbia and Romania ; it contains the Iron Gate I Hydroelectric Power Station dam , followed at about 60 km ( 37 mi ) downstream ( outside the gorge ) by the Iron Gate II Hydroelectric Power Station . On 13 April 2006 , a record peak discharge at Iron Gate Dam reached 15,400 m / s ( 540,000 cu ft / s ) . There are three artificial waterways built on the Danube : the Danube - Tisa - Danube Canal ( DTD ) in the Banat and Bačka regions ( Vojvodina , northern province of Serbia ) ; the 64 km ( 40 mi ) Danube - Black Sea Canal , between Cernavodă and Constanța ( Romania ) finished in 1984 , shortens the distance to the Black Sea by 400 km ( 250 mi ) ; the Rhine -- Main -- Danube Canal is about 171 km ( 106 mi ) , finished in 1992 , linking the North Sea to the Black Sea . Piracy ( edit ) In 2010 -- 12 , shipping companies ( especially from Ukraine ) claimed that their vessels suffered from `` regular pirate attacks '' , on the Serbian and Romanian stretches of the Danube . However , these transgressions may not be considered acts of piracy , as defined according to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea , but rather instances of `` river robbery '' . On the other hand , media reports say the crews on transport ships often steal and sell their own cargo and then blame the plundering on `` pirates '' , and the alleged attacks are not piracy but small - time contraband theft that is taking place along the river . Danube Delta ( edit ) Main article : Danube Delta The Danube Delta ( Romanian : Delta Dunării pronounced ( ˈdelta ˈdunərij ) ; Ukrainian : Дельта Дунаю , translit . Del'ta Dunaju ) is the largest river delta in the European Union . The greater part of the Danube Delta lies in Romania ( Tulcea county ) , while its northern part , on the left bank of the Chilia arm , is situated in Ukraine ( Odessa Oblast ) . The approximate surface is 4,152 km ( 1,603 sq mi ) , of which 3,446 km ( 1,331 sq mi ) are in Romania . If one includes the lagoons of Razim - Sinoe ( 1,015 km ( 392 sq mi ) of which 865 km ( 334 sq mi ) water surface ) , which are located south of the delta proper , but are related to it geologically and ecologically ( their combined territory is part of the World Heritage Site ) , the total area of the Danube Delta reaches 5,165 km ( 1,994 sq mi ) . The Danube Delta is also the best preserved river Delta in Europe , a UNESCO World Heritage Site ( since 1991 ) and a Ramsar Site . Its lakes and marshes support 45 freshwater fish species . Its wetlands support vast flocks of migratory birds of over 300 species , including the endangered pygmy cormorant ( Phalacrocorax pygmaeus ) . These are threatened by rival canalization and drainage schemes such as the Bystroye Canal . International cooperation ( edit ) Ecology and environment ( edit ) Main article : International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River Pelicans in the Danube Delta , Romania The International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River ( ICPDR ) is an organization consisting of 14 member states ( Germany , Austria , the Czech Republic , Slovakia , Slovenia , Hungary , Croatia , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Serbia , Bulgaria , Romania , Moldova , Montenegro and Ukraine ) and the European Union . The commission , established in 1998 , deals with the whole Danube river basin , which includes tributaries and the groundwater resources . Its goal is to implement the Danube River Protection Convention by promoting and coordinating sustainable and equitable water management , including conservation , improvement and rational use of waters and the implementation of the EU Water Framework Directive . Navigation ( edit ) Main article : Danube Commission The Danube Commission is concerned with the maintenance and improvement of the river 's navigation conditions . It was established in 1948 by seven countries bordering the river . Members include representatives from Austria , Bulgaria , Croatia , Germany , Hungary , Moldova , Slovakia , Romania , Russia , Ukraine , and Serbia , It meets regularly twice a year . It also convenes groups of experts to consider items provided for in the commission 's working plans . The commission dates to the Paris Conferences of 1856 and 1921 , which established for the first time an international regime to safeguard free navigation on the Danube . Today the Commission include riparian and non-riparian states . Geology ( edit ) Iron Gates , Serbia - Romania border Iron Gate I Hydroelectric Power Station , Romania - Serbia Although the headwaters of the Danube are relatively small today , geologically , the Danube is much older than the Rhine , with which its catchment area competes in today 's southern Germany . This has a few interesting geological complications . Since the Rhine is the only river rising in the Alps mountains which flows north towards the North Sea , an invisible line beginning at Piz Lunghin divides large parts of southern Germany , which is sometimes referred to as the European Watershed . Before the last ice age in the Pleistocene , the Rhine started at the southwestern tip of the Black Forest , while the waters from the Alps that today feed the Rhine were carried east by the so - called Urdonau ( original Danube ) . Parts of this ancient river 's bed , which was much larger than today 's Danube , can still be seen in ( now waterless ) canyons in today 's landscape of the Swabian Alb . After the Upper Rhine valley had been eroded , most waters from the Alps changed their direction and began feeding the Rhine . Today 's upper Danube is but a meek reflection of the ancient one . The Iron Gate , on the Serbian - Romanian border ( Iron Gates natural park and Đerdap national park ) Since the Swabian Alb is largely shaped of porous limestone , and since the Rhine 's level is much lower than the Danube 's , today subsurface rivers carry much water from the Danube to the Rhine . On many days in the summer , when the Danube carries little water , it completely oozes away noisily into these underground channels at two locations in the Swabian Alp , which are referred to as the Donauversickerung ( Danube Sink ) . Most of this water resurfaces only 12 kilometres ( 7 mi ) south at the Aachtopf , Germany 's wellspring with the highest flow , an average of 8,500 litres per second ( 300 cu ft / s ) , north of Lake Constance -- thus feeding the Rhine . The European Water Divide applies only for those waters that pass beyond this point , and only during the days of the year when the Danube carries enough water to survive the sink holes in the Donauversickerung . Since such large volumes of underground water erode much of the surrounding limestone , it is estimated that the Danube upper course will one day disappear entirely in favor of the Rhine , an event called stream capturing . The hydrological parameters of Danube are regularly monitored in Croatia at Batina , Dalj , Vukovar and Ilok . History ( edit ) The oldest bridge across the Danube , constructed by Apollodorus of Damascus between 103 - 105 CE , directed by Trajan , modern Serbia and Romania . At Esztergom and Štúrovo , the Danube separates Hungary from Slovakia The Danube in Vienna The Danube between Belene and Belene Island , Bulgaria A look upstream from the Donauinsel in Vienna , Austria during an unusually cold winter ( February 2006 ) . A frozen Danube usually occurs just once or twice in a lifetime . Bratislava does not usually suffer major floods , but the Danube sometimes overflows its right bank Combat between Russian and Turkish forces on the Danube in 1854 , during the Crimean War ( 1853 -- 1856 ) The Danube basin was the site of some of the earliest human cultures . The Danubian Neolithic cultures include the Linear Pottery cultures of the mid-Danube basin . Many sites of the sixth - to - third millennium BC Vinča culture , ( Vinča , Serbia ) are sited along the Danube . The third millennium BC Vučedol culture ( from the Vučedol site near Vukovar , Croatia ) is famous for its ceramics . Darius the Great , king of Persia , crossed the river in the late 6th century BC in order to invade European Scythia and to subdue the Scythians . Alexander the Great defeated the Triballian king Syrmus and the northern barbarian Thracian and Illyrian tribes by advancing from Macedonia as far as the Danube in 336 BC . Under the Romans the Danube formed the border of the Empire with the tribes to the north almost from its source to its mouth . At the same time it was a route for the transport of troops and the supply of settlements downstream . From AD 37 to the reign of the Emperor Valentinian I ( 364 -- 375 ) the Danubian Limes was the northeastern border of the Empire , with occasional interruptions such as the fall of the Danubian Limes in 259 . The crossing of the Danube into Dacia was achieved by the Imperium Romanum , first in two battles in 102 and then in 106 after the construction of a bridge in 101 near the garrison town of Drobeta at the Iron Gate . This victory over Dacia under Decebalus enabled the Province of Dacia to be created , but in 271 it was lost again . Avars used the river as their southeastern border in the 6th century . Ancient cultural perspectives of the lower Danube ( edit ) Part of the rivers Danubius or Istros was also known as ( together with the Black Sea ) the Okeanos in ancient times , being called the Okeanos Potamos ( Okeanos River ) . The lower Danube was also called the Keras Okeanoio ( Gulf or Horn of Okeanos ) in the Argonautica by Apollonius Rhodos ( Argon. IV . 282 ) . At the end of the Okeanos Potamos , is the holy island of Alba ( Leuke , Pytho Nisi , Isle of Snakes ) , sacred to the Pelasgian ( and later , Greek ) Apollo , greeting the sun rising in the east . Hecateus Abderitas refers to Apollo 's island from the region of the Hyperboreans , in the Okeanos . It was on Leuke , in one version of his legend , that the hero Achilles was buried ( to this day , one of the mouths of the Danube is called Chilia ) . Old Romanian folk songs recount a white monastery on a white island with nine priests . Ottoman -- Hungarian and Ottoman -- Habsburg rivalry along the Danube ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Between the late 14th and late 19th centuries , the Ottoman Empire competed first with the Kingdom of Hungary and later with the Austrian Habsburgs for controlling the Danube ( Turks call it Tuna ) , which formed the northern border of the Ottoman Empire for centuries . Many of the Ottoman -- Hungarian Wars ( 1366 -- 1526 ) and Ottoman -- Habsburg wars ( 1526 -- 1791 ) were fought along the river . The most important wars of the Ottoman Empire along the Danube include the Battle of Nicopolis ( 1396 ) , the Siege of Belgrade ( 1456 ) , the Battle of Mohács ( 1526 ) , the first Turkish Siege of Vienna ( 1529 ) , the Siege of Esztergom ( 1543 ) , the Long War ( 1591 -- 1606 ) , the Battle of Vienna ( 1683 ) , the Great Turkish War ( 1683 -- 1699 ) , the Crimean War ( 1853 -- 1856 ) and the Russo - Turkish War ( 1877 -- 1878 ) . Economics ( edit ) Drinking water ( edit ) Along its course , the Danube is a source of drinking water for about 20 million people . In Baden - Württemberg , Germany , almost 30 percent ( as of 2004 ) of the water for the area between Stuttgart , Bad Mergentheim , Aalen and Alb - Donau ( district ) comes from purified water of the Danube . Other cities such as Ulm and Passau also use some water from the Danube . In Austria and Hungary , most water is drawn from ground and spring sources , and only in rare cases is water from the Danube used . Most states also find it too difficult to clean the water because of extensive pollution ; only parts of Romania where the water is cleaner still obtain drinking water from the Danube on a regular basis . Navigation and transport ( edit ) In the 19th century , the Danube was an important waterway but was , as The Times of London put it , `` annually swept by ice that will lift a large ship out of the water or cut her in two as if she were a carrot . '' Today , as `` Corridor VII '' of the European Union , the Danube is an important transport route . Since the opening of the Rhine -- Main -- Danube Canal , the river connects the Port of Rotterdam and the industrial centres of Western Europe with the Black Sea and , also , through the Danube -- Black Sea Canal , with the Port of Constanța . The waterway is designed for large - scale inland vessels ( 110 × 11.45 m ) but it can carry much larger vessels on most of its course . The Danube has been partly canalized in Germany ( 5 locks ) and Austria ( 10 locks ) . Proposals to build a number of new locks to improve navigation have not progressed , due in part to environmental concerns . Downstream from the Freudenau locks in Vienna , canalization of the Danube was limited to the Gabčíkovo dam and locks near Bratislava and the two double Iron Gate locks in the border stretch of the Danube between Serbia and Romania . These locks have larger dimensions . Downstream of the Iron Gate , the river is free flowing all the way to the Black Sea , a distance of more than 860 kilometres ( 530 mi ) . The Danube connects with the Rhine -- Main -- Danube Canal at Kelheim , with the Donaukanal in Vienna , and with the Danube -- Black Sea Canal at Cernavodă . Apart from a couple of secondary navigable branches , the only major navigable rivers linked to the Danube are the Drava , Sava and Tisa . In Serbia , a canal network also connects to the river ; the network , known as the Danube -- Tisa -- Danube Canals , links sections downstream . Fishing from a Zille on the Danube in Lower Austria , 1982 In the Austrian and German sections of the Danube , a type of flat - bottomed boat called a Zille was developed for use along the river . Zillen are still used today for fishing , ferrying , and other transport of goods and people in this area . Fishing ( edit ) The importance of fishing on the Danube , which was critical in the Middle Ages , has declined dramatically . Some fishermen are still active at certain points on the river , and the Danube Delta still has an important industry . The Upper Danube ecoregion alone has about 60 fish species and the Lower Danube -- Dniester ecoregion has about twice as many . Among these are an exceptionally high diversity of sturgeon , a total of six species ( beluga , Russian sturgeon , bastard sturgeon , sterlet , starry sturgeon and European sea sturgeon ) , but these are all threatened and have largely -- or entirely in the case of the European sea sturgeon -- disappeared from the river . The huchen , one of the largest species of salmon , is endemic to the Danube basin , but has been introduced elsewhere by humans . Tourism ( edit ) Wachau Valley near Spitz , Austria Important tourist and natural spots along the Danube include the Wachau Valley , the Nationalpark Donau - Auen in Austria , Gemenc in Hungary , the Naturpark Obere Donau in Germany , Kopački rit in Croatia , Iron Gate in Serbia and Romania , the Danube Delta in Romania , and the Srebarna Nature Reserve in Bulgaria . Also , leisure and travel cruises on the river are of significance . Besides the often frequented route between Vienna and Budapest , some ships even go from Passau in Germany to the Danube Delta and back . During the peak season , more than 70 cruise liners are in use on the river , while the traffic - free upper parts can only be discovered with canoes or boats . The Danube region is not only culturally and historically of importance , but also due to its fascinating landmarks and sights important for the regional tourism industry . With its well established infrastructure regarding cycling , hiking and travel possibilities , the region along the Danube attracts every year an international clientele . In Austria alone , there are more than 14 million overnight stays and about 6.5 million arrivals per year . The Danube Banks in Budapest are a part of Unesco World Heritage sites , they can be viewed from a number of sightseeing cruises offered in the city . The Danube Bend is also a popular tourist destination . Danube Bike Trail ( edit ) The Danube Bike Trail running along the Schlögener Schlinge The Danube Bike Trail leading through the city Linz The Danube Bike Trail ( also called Danube Cycle Path or the Donauradweg ) is a bicycle trail along the river . Especially the parts through Germany and Austria are very popular , which makes it one of the 10 most popular bike trails in Germany . The Danube Bike Trail starts at the origin of the Danube and ends where the river flows into the Black Sea . It is divided into four sections : Donaueschingen -- Passau ( 559 km ) Passau -- Vienna ( 340 km ) Vienna -- Budapest ( 306 km ) Budapest -- Black Sea ( 1670 km ) Sultans Trail ( edit ) The Sultans Trail is a hiking trail that runs along the river between Vienna and Smederevo in Serbia . From there the Sultans Trail leaves the Danube , terminating in Istanbul . Sections along the river are as follows . Vienna -- Budapest ( 323 km ) Budapest -- Smederevo ( 595 km ) Donausteig ( edit ) Resting area along the Donausteig hiking trail near Bad Kreuzen In 2010 the Donausteig , a hiking trail from Passau to Grein , was opened . It is 450 kilometres ( 280 mi ) long and it is divided into 23 stages . The route passes five Bavarian and 40 Austrian communities . An impressive landscape and beautiful viewpoints , which are along the river , are the highlights of the Donausteig . The route of Emperors and Kings ( edit ) The Route of Emperors and Kings is an international touristic route leading from Regensburg to Budapest , calling in Passau , Linz and Vienna . The international consortium ARGE Die Donau - Straße der Kaiser und Könige , comprising ten tourism organisations , shipping companies , and cities , strives for the conservation and touristic development of the Danube region . In medieval Regensburg , with its maintained old town , stone bridge and cathedral , the Route of Emperors and Kings begins . It continues to Engelhartszell , with the only Trappist monastery in Austria . Further highlight - stops along the Danube include the `` Schlögener Schlinge '' , the city of Linz , which was European Capital of Culture in 2009 with its contemporary art richness , the Melk Abbey , the university city of Krems and the cosmopolitan city of Vienna . Before the Route of Emperors and Kings ends , you pass Bratislava and Budapest , the latter which was seen as the twin town of Vienna during the times of the Austro - Hungarian Empire . Since ancient Roman times , famous emperors and their retinue travelled on and along the Danube and used the river for travel and transportation . While travelling on the mainland was quite exhausting , most people preferred to travel by ship on the Danube . So the Route of Emperors and Kings was the setting for many important historical events , which characterize the Danube up until today . The route got its name from the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I of Barbarossa and the crusaders as well as from Richard I of England who had been jailed in the Dürnstein Castle , which is situated above the Danube . The most imperial journeys throughout time were those of the Habsburg family . Once crowned in Frankfurt , the emperors ruled from Vienna and also held in Regensburg the Perpetual Diet of Regensburg . Many famous castles , palaces , residences and state - run convents where built by the Habsburger along the river . Nowadays they still remind us of the bold architecture of the `` Donaubarock '' . Today , people can not only travel by boat on the Danube , but also by train , by bike on the Danube Bike Trail or walk on the `` Donausteig '' and visit the UNESCO World Heritage cities of Regensburg , Wachau and Vienna . Important national parks ( edit ) Gornje Podunavlje Special Nature Reserve in Serbia . Golubac Fortress in Đerdap National park , Serbia . Naturpark Obere Donau ( Germany ) Donauauen zwischen Neuburg und Ingolstadt ( Germany ) -- map Nature protection area Donauleiten ( Germany ) Nationalpark Donau Auen ( Austria ) -- map Chránená krajinná oblasť Dunajské luhy ( Slovakia ) -- map Danube - Ipoly National Park ( Hungary ) -- map Danube - Drava National Park ( Hungary ) -- map Naturalpark Kopački Rit ( Croatia ) -- map Gornje Podunavlje Nature Reserve ( Serbia ) -- map Fruška Gora National Park ( Serbia ) Koviljsko - petrovaradinski rit Nature Reserve ( Serbia ) Great War Island Nature Reserve ( Serbia ) Đerdap National park ( Serbia ) Iron Gates Natural Park ( Romania ) Persina Nature Park ( Bulgaria ) -- map Kalimok - Brushlen Protected Site ( Bulgaria ) -- map Srebarna Nature Reserve ( Bulgaria ) -- map Măcin Mountains Natural Park ( Romania ) Small Island of Brăila Natural Park ( Romania ) Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve ( Romania ) -- map Danube Biosphere Reserve in Ukraine Cultural significance ( edit ) This article is in a list format that may be better presented using prose . You can help by converting this article to prose , if appropriate . Editing help is available . ( May 2012 ) The 1900 plan to link the Danube and the Adriatic Sea by C. Wagenführer . It would be a realisation of the erroneous notion of the Danube having a bifurcation . The Danube is mentioned in the title of a famous waltz by Austrian composer Johann Strauss , An der schönen , blauen Donau ( On the Beautiful Blue Danube ) . This piece is well known across the world and is also used widely as a lullaby . The Waves of the Danube ( Romanian : Valurile Dunării ) is a waltz by the Romanian composer Iosif Ivanovici ( 1845 -- 1902 ) ; as the Anniversary Song , it has been performed by many vocalists , such as Al Jolson , Rosemary Clooney , Vera Lynn , Tom Jones , and countless others . ( It is most commonly known as the Anniversary Waltz , though that is actually a different song . ) Joe Zawinul wrote a symphony about the Danube called Stories of the Danube . It was performed for the first time at the 1993 Bruckner festival , at Linz . 16th - century Danube landscape near Regensburg , by Albrecht Altdorfer - a member of the Danube school . In 2008 , the Finnish indie rock band Wiidakko released a song called Tonava ( Danube in Finnish ) on their second album Asiat joita et voi koskaan saavuttaa . The Danube figures prominently in the Bulgarian National Anthem , as a symbolic representation of the country 's natural beauty . In Lithuanian folklore songs appearance of Danube ( Dunojus , Dunojėlis ) is more common than the appearance of the longest Lithuanian river Neman . The German tradition of landscape painting , the Danube school , was developed in the Danube valley in the 16th century . One of Claudio Magris 's masterpieces is called Danube ( ISBN 1 - 86046 - 823 - 3 ) . The book , published in 1986 , is a large cultural - historical essay , in which Magris travels the Danube from the very first sources to the delta , tracing the rich European ethnic and cultural heritage , literary and ideological past and present along the way . Jules Verne 's The Danube Pilot ( 1908 ) ( `` Le Pilote du Danube '' ) depicts the adventures of fisherman Serge Ladko as he travels down the river . Algernon Blackwood 's The Willows , about a boat excursion on the river , is considered one of the greatest stories in the literature of the supernatural . The river is the subject of the film The Ister ( 2004 ) ( official site here ( 1 ) ) . Parts of the German road movie Im Juli take place along the Danube . In Nicolas Roeg 's 1980 film Bad Timing , the border crossing over the Danube between Bratislava and Vienna is a recurring site in which the romance between Milena ( Teresa Russell ) , Alex ( Art Garfunkel ) and Milena 's husband Stefan ( Denholm Elliot ) is played out . In the Star Trek universe , the Danube - class runabout is a type of starship used by the Federation Starfleet , most notably in the Deep Space Nine series . The river is mentioned a great number of times throughout the Earth 's Children Saga by Jean M. Auel , especially in the book The Plains of Passage , when the main characters Ayla and Jondalar travel west along this river , which they call the Great Mother River , due to its big size . Miklós Jancsó 's film the Blue Danube Waltz ( 1992 ) The Hungarian sweet speciality , Duna kavics ( `` Danube pebbles '' ) is named after the river . A Hungarian folk ensemble , the Danube Folk Ensemble ( Duna Művészegyüttes ) is named after the river . The group is made up of 30 dancers and musicians . During their performances they show the Hungarian folk music , dance and costumes . There are Hasidic ( Chabad Nigunnim ) songs called `` dunai '' , dating from around 1800 . They are often lullabys and are named after the river Dunay . Farmers around the river used to come to it and sing spiritual songs to thank their god for the great beauty which they saw every day . See also ( edit ) 2006 European floods Between the Woods and the Water , a travel book telling of a Danubian journey in 1934 The Ister , 2004 film List of crossings of the Danube Steamboats on the Danube References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mallory , J.P. and Victor H. Mair . The Tarim Mummies : Ancient China and the Mystery of the Earliest Peoples from the West . London : Thames and Hudson , 2000 . p. 106 . Абаев В . И . Осетинский язык и фольклор ( Ossetian language and folklore ) . Moscow : Publishing house of Soviet Academy of Sciences , 1949 . P. 236 ^ Jump up to : Katičić , Radoslav . Ancient Languages of the Balkans , Part One . Paris : Mouton , 1976 : 144 . Jump up ^ Dyer , Robert ( 1974 ) . `` Matoas , the Thraco - Phrygian name for the Danube , and the IE root * madų '' . Glotta . Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht ( GmbH & Co . KG ) . 52 ( 1 / 2 ) : 91 . JSTOR 40266286 . Jump up ^ Šašel Kos , Marjeta ( 2009 ) . `` Reka kot božanstvo -- Sava v antiki '' ( River as a Deity -- The Sava in Antiquity ) . In Barachini , Jožef . Ukročena lepotica : Sava in njene zgodbe ( The Tamed Beauty : The Sava and Its Stories ) ( PDF ) ( in Slovenian and English ) . Sevnica : Javni zavod za kulturo , šport , turizem in mladinske dejavnosti . pp. 42 -- 50 . ISBN 978 - 961 - 92735 - 0 - 0 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 4 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Tonaw in Sebastian Franck , Weltbuch ( 1542 ) , 81 . Donaw e.g. in Leonhard Thurneisser zum Thurn , Pison ( 1572 ) , 186 ; spelling Donau from the 17th century . Jump up ^ Grimm , Deutsche Grammatik , 407 . ^ Jump up to : `` Countries of the Danube River Basin '' . International Commission for the protection of the Danube River . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ Complete table of the Bavarian Waterbody Register by the Bavarian State Office for the Environment ( xls , 10.3 MB ) Jump up ^ Danube River Basin District , Part A - Roof Report , IPCDR , p 8 Jump up ^ http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/env/water/blanks/assessment/black.pdf Jump up ^ Treaty of Peace with Turkey signed at Lausanne , Lausanne , Switzerland , 24 July 1923 , retrieved 6 December 2014 Jump up ^ `` Ada Kaleh '' . alexisphoenix.org . Jump up ^ Riječni gusari u Srbiji pljačkaju hrvatske brodove ( in Serbian ) Jump up ^ `` Ukrainian Danube Shipping Company Says Its Ships Are Being Attacked Frequently In Romanian Part Of River Danube '' . Un.ua . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ Romanian Pirates Attack Ukrainian Ships More Frequently ( in Ukrainian ) Jump up ^ Pirates on the lower Danube at rivercruiseinfo.com Jump up ^ Reports Of ' Pirates Of The Danube ' Get The Old Heave - Ho at Radio Free Europe Jump up ^ `` Daily hydrological report '' . State Hydrometeorological Bureau of the Republic of Croatia . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ Dacia Preistorica , Nicolae Densusianu ( 1913 ) . Jump up ^ `` The Danube '' . International Association of Water Supply Companies in the Danube River Catchement Area . Archived from the original on 19 May 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` The Danube , '' The Times , February 13 , 1883 , page 12 ^ Jump up to : Hales , J. ( 2013 ) . Upper Danube . Freshwater Ecoregions of the World . Retrieved 25 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Froese , Rainer and Pauly , Daniel , eds. ( 2013 ) . `` Hucho hucho '' in FishBase . February 2013 version . ^ Jump up to : `` Press release of the `` ARGE Donau Österreich '' '' ( PDF ) ( in German ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 13 March 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Die ADFC - Radreiseanalyse 2013 -- Zahlen , Daten und Fakten '' ( in German ) . Retrieved 12 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Donausteig '' . Retrieved 1 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Route of Emperors and Kings '' . www.bavaria.by . Retrieved 29 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Žmuc , Irena ( 2010 ) . `` Sustained Interest '' . In Županek , Bernarda . Emona : Myth and Reality ( PDF ) . Museum and Galleries of Ljubljana ; City Museum of Ljubljana . p. 63 . ISBN 978 - 961 - 6509 - 20 - 6 . Jump up ^ wiidakko ( 18 November 2013 ) . `` Wiidakko - Tonava '' -- via YouTube . External links ( edit ) Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Danube . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Danube . Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Danube . Geographic data related to Danube at OpenStreetMap Danube watershed map and information from the World Resources Institute Danube Panorama Project сайт о Дунае ( in Russian ) Danube and the sport of rowing Danube image pool on Flickr Danube Tourist Commission ( in German ) danubemap.eu - The Tourist Map of the Danube ( archive ) International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River Bridges of Budapest over the Danube Description of the Danube estuary in June 1877 , The Times of London The Danube Countries Germany Austria Slovakia Hungary Croatia Serbia Bulgaria Romania Moldova Ukraine Cities Ulm Ingolstadt Regensburg Passau Linz Vienna Bratislava Győr Budapest Vukovar Ilok Novi Sad Belgrade Ruse Brăila Galați Izmail Tulcea Tributaries Iller Lech Regen Isar Inn Morava Váh Hron Ipeľ / Ipoly Drava Tisza / Tisa Sava Timiș / Tamiš Great Morava Timok Jiu Iskar Olt Osam Yantra Vedea Argeș Ialomița Siret Prut See also List of islands in the Danube List of crossings of the Danube Hydrography of Croatia Rivers Bednja Boljunčica Bosut Cetina Česma Danube Dobra Drava Gacka Glina Glogovnica Ilova Jadro Karašica Karašica Korana Krapina Krka Kupa Kupčina Lika Lonja Mirna Mrežnica Mura Neretva Odra Ombla Orljava Pakra Plitvica Raša Rječina Sava Slunjčica Spačva Studva Sunja Sutla Trnava Una Vuka Zrmanja Lakes Vrana ( Dalmatia ) Dubrava Peruća Prokljan Varaždin Vrana ( Cres ) Krušćica Plitvice Baćina Trakošćan Valleys , estuaries , canyons , wetlands Lim Paklenica Kopački Rit Lonjsko Polje Waterfalls Galovački buk Skradinski buk Roški slap Štrbački buk Large waterfall ( Plitvice ) GND : 4012712 - 6 HDS : 7145 LCCN : n85318261 NARA : 10045695 NDL : 00628835 SELIBR : 143100 VIAF : 251797299 Germany portal Austria portal Slovakia portal Hungary portal Croatia portal Serbia portal Bulgaria portal Romania portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Danube&oldid=842198909 '' Categories : Danube Danube basin International rivers of Europe Geography of Central Europe Geography of Eastern Europe Geography of Southeastern Europe Rivers of Bavaria Rivers of Bulgaria Rivers of Croatia Rivers of Hungary Rivers of Moldova Rivers of Romania Rivers of Serbia Rivers of Slovakia Rivers of Ukraine Rivers of Baden - Württemberg Rivers of Upper Austria Rivers of Lower Austria Rivers of Vienna Bačka Banat Geography of Bács - Kiskun County Geography of Vojvodina Syrmia Border rivers Bulgaria -- Romania border Croatia -- Serbia border Hungary -- Slovakia border Romania -- Ukraine border Romania -- Serbia border Federal waterways in Germany Hidden categories : CS1 Slovenian - language sources ( sl ) CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Articles with Serbian - 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"\n\nDanube\n\n\nRiver\n\n\n\n\nThe Danube in Vienna\n\n\n\nCountries\nGermany, Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, Bulgaria, Romania, Moldova, Ukraine\n\n\n\n\n\nCities\nUlm, Ingolstadt, Regensburg, Linz, Vienna, Bratislava, Győr, Budapest, Dunaújváros, Vukovar, Novi Sad, Zemun, Belgrade, Pančevo, Smederevo, Drobeta Turnu-Severin\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nPrimary source\nBreg\n\n\n - location\nMartinskapelle, Black Forest, Germany\n\n\n - elevation\n1,078 m (3,537 ft)\n\n\n - length\n46 km (29 mi)\n\n\n - coordinates\n48°05′44″N 08°09′18″E / 48.09556°N 8.15500°E / 48.09556; 8.15500\n\n\nSecondary source\nBrigach\n\n\n - location\nSt. Georgen, Black Forest, Germany\n\n\n - elevation\n940 m (3,084 ft)\n\n\n - length\n40 km (25 mi)\n\n\n - coordinates\n48°06′24″N 08°16′51″E / 48.10667°N 8.28083°E / 48.10667; 8.28083\n\n\nSource confluence\n\n\n\n - location\nDonaueschingen\n\n\n - coordinates\n47°57′03″N 08°31′13″E / 47.95083°N 8.52028°E / 47.95083; 8.52028\n\n\nMouth\nDanube Delta\n\n\n - coordinates\n45°13′3″N 29°45′41″E / 45.21750°N 29.76139°E / 45.21750; 29.76139Coordinates: 45°13′3″N 29°45′41″E / 45.21750°N 29.76139°E / 45.21750; 29.76139\n\n\n\n\n\nLength\n2,780 km (1,727 mi)\n\n\nDepth\n1–8 m (3–26 ft)\n\n\nBasin\n801,463 km2 (309,447 sq mi)\n\n\nDischarge\nfor before delta\n\n\n - average\n7,000 m3/s (247,203 cu ft/s)\n\n\nDischarge elsewhere (average)\n\n\n - Passau\n580 m3/s (20,483 cu ft/s) \n30km before town\n\n\n - Vienna\n1,900 m3/s (67,098 cu ft/s)\n\n\n - Budapest\n2,350 m3/s (82,989 cu ft/s)\n\n\n - Belgrade\n4,000 m3/s (141,259 cu ft/s)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCourse of the Danube, marked in red\n\n\n"
] | [
"Danube Delta"
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-8115025213958672669 | Mexican–American War | Mexican -- American war - wikipedia Mexican -- American war Jump to : navigation , search `` Mexican War '' redirects here . For all other conflicts involving Mexico , see List of wars involving Mexico . Mexican -- American War Part of the prelude to the American Civil War Clockwise from top left : Winfield Scott entering Plaza de la Constitución after the Fall of Mexico City , U.S. soldiers engaging the retreating Mexican force during the Battle of Resaca de la Palma , American victory at Churubusco outside Mexico City , U.S. Marines storming Chapultepec castle under a large American flag , Battle of Cerro Gordo Date April 25 , 1846 -- February 3 , 1848 ( 1 year , 9 months , 1 week and 1 day ) Location Texas , New Mexico , California ; Northern , Central , and Eastern Mexico ; Mexico City Result American victory Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo Mexican recognition of U.S. sovereignty over Texas ( among other territories ) End of the conflict between Mexico and Texas Territorial changes Mexican Cession Belligerents United States California Republic Mexico Commanders and leaders James K. Polk Winfield Scott Zachary Taylor Stephen Watts Kearny John Drake Sloat Robert E. Lee William Jenkins Worth Robert Field Stockton Joseph Lane Franklin Pierce David Conner Matthew Calbraith Perry John Charles Fremont Thomas Childs Henry Stanton Burton William B. Ide Edward Dickinson Baker Ulysses S. Grant Antonio López de Santa Anna Mariano Arista Pedro de Ampudia José María Flores Mariano G. Vallejo Nicolás Bravo José Joaquín de Herrera Andrés Pico Manuel Armijo Martin Perfecto de Cos Pedro Maria de Anaya Agustín Jerónimo de Iturbide y Huarte Joaquín Rea Manuel Pineda Muñoz Gabriel Valencia Strength 73,532 regulars and volunteers 70,000 regulars 12,000 irregulars Casualties and losses 1,733 killed in battle ( 1,721 soldiers , 11 Marines , and 1 sailor ) 13,283 total dead 4,152 wounded 5,000 killed in battle 10,000 total military deaths Mexican -- American wars ( 1845 -- 1920 ) Mexican -- American War -- Taos Revolt -- Cortina Troubles -- Las Cuevas War -- San Elizario Salt War -- Garza Revolution -- Nogales Uprising -- Mexican Revolution -- Border War -- Bandit War Part of a series on the History of the United States Timeline ( hide ) Prehistory Pre-colonial Colonial period 1776 -- 1789 1789 -- 1849 1849 -- 1865 1865 -- 1918 1918 -- 1945 1945 -- 1964 1964 -- 1980 1980 -- 1991 1991 -- 2008 2008 -- present By ethnicity ( show ) African American Asian American Chinese American Filipino American Japanese American Jewish American Mexican American Polish American By topic ( show ) Antisemitism Civil Rights 1896 -- 1954 1955 -- 1968 Civil War Culture Demographics Diplomacy Economics Historiography Labor Medicine Military Socialism Southern By state Frontier ( Old West ) Technology and industry Territory LGBT Women United States portal Part of a series on the History of Mexico Pre-Columbian Spanish rule ( show ) Conquest Colonial period War of Independence First Empire First Republic ( hide ) Centralist Republic Texas Revolution Pastry War Mexican -- American War Second Federal Republic ( show ) La Reforma Reform War French intervention 1864 -- 1928 ( show ) Second Empire Restored Republic The Porfiriato Revolution La decena trágica Plan of Guadalupe Tampico Affair Occupation of Veracruz Cristero War Modern ( show ) Maximato ( 1928 -- 1934 ) Petroleum nationalization Mexican miracle Students of 1968 La Década Perdida 1982 economic crisis Chiapas conflict Mexican peso crisis PRI downfall Mexican Drug War Timeline Mexico portal The Mexican -- American War , also known as the Mexican War and in Mexico the American intervention in Mexico , was an armed conflict between the United States of America and the United Mexican States ( Mexico ) from 1846 to 1848 . It followed in the wake of the 1845 American annexation of the independent Republic of Texas , which Mexico still considered its northeastern province and a part of its territory after its de facto secession in the 1836 Texas Revolution a decade earlier . After its Treaty of Córdoba with obtaining independence in 1821 , from the Kingdom of Spain and its Spanish Empire as New Spain for the past 300 years , and a brief experiment with a monarchy government , Mexico became a republic in 1824 . It was characterized by considerable instability , leaving it ill - prepared for international conflict only two decades later when war broke out in 1846 . Native American raids in Mexico 's sparsely settled north in the decades preceding the war prompted the Mexican government to sponsor migration from the U.S.A. on its northeast border ( since 1803 with the Louisiana Purchase from the French Empire ( France ) of Emperor Napoleon I ) to the Mexican province of Texas to create a buffer . However , the newly - named `` Texians '' revolted against the Mexican government of President / dictator Antonio Lopez de Santa Ana , who had usurped the Mexican constitution of 1824 , in the subsequent 1836 Texas Revolution , creating a republic not recognized by Mexico , which still claimed it as part of its national territory . In 1845 , the Texan Republic agreed to an offer of annexation by the U.S. Congress , and became the 28th state in the Union on December 29 that year . In 1845 , newly - elected 11th U.S. President James K. Polk ( 1795 -- 1849 , served 1845 -- 1849 ) , made a proposition to the Mexican government to purchase the disputed lands between the Nueces River and the Rio Grande river further south . When that offer was rejected , President Polk moved U.S. troops commanded by Major General Zachary Taylor further south into the disputed territory . Mexican forces attacked an American Army outpost ( `` Thornton Affair '' ) in the occupied territory , killing 12 U.S. soldiers and capturing 52 . These same Mexican troops later laid siege to an American fort along the Rio Grande . Polk cited this attack as a so - called invasion of U.S. territory , and requested that the Congress declare war . U.S. forces quickly occupied the capital town of Santa Fe de Nuevo México of New Mexico along the upper Rio Grande and the Pacific coast territory province of Alta California ( Upper California ) , and then invaded to the south into parts of central Mexico ( modern - day Northeastern Mexico and Northwest Mexico ) ; meanwhile , the Pacific Squadron of the United States Navy conducted a blockade , and took control of several garrisons on the Pacific Ocean western coast farther south in lower Baja California Territory . The U.S. Army , under the command of Major General Winfield Scott , after several fierce battles of stiff resistance from the Mexican Army outside of the capital , Mexico City , eventually captured the city , having marched west from the port of Veracruz , where the Americans staged their first amphibious landing on the Gulf of Mexico coast . The 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo forced onto the remnant Mexican government , ended the war and specified its major consequence , the Mexican Cession of the northern territories of Alta California and Santa Fe de Nuevo México to the United States . The U.S. agreed to pay $15 million compensation for the physical damage of the war . In addition , the United States assumed $3.25 million of debt already owed earlier by the Mexican government to U.S. citizens . Mexico acknowledged the loss of their province , later Republic of Texas ( and now State of Texas ) and thereafter cited and acknowledged the Rio Grande as its future northern national border with the United States . Mexico had lost over one - third of its original territory from its 1821 independence . The territorial expansion of the United States toward the Pacific coast had been the goal of Polk , the leader of the Democratic Party . At first , the war was highly controversial in the United States , with the Whig Party , anti-imperialists , and anti-slavery elements strongly opposing . Critics in the United States pointed to the heavy casualties suffered by U.S. forces ( compared to earlier conflicts so far in America 's short history in the Revolutionary War ( 1775 -- 1783 ) , naval Quasi-War with France ( 1796 -- 1800 ) , two brief Barbary Wars ( 1801 -- 1804 , 1815 ) , the second conflict with Great Britain in the War of 1812 ( 1812 -- 1815 ) and the ongoing American Indian Wars in the western territories ) conflict 's high monetary cost . The war intensified the debate over slavery in the United States , contributing to bitter debates that culminated in the American Civil War ( 1861 -- 1865 ) . In Mexico , the war came in the middle of continued domestic political turmoil , which increased into chaos during the conflict . The military defeat and loss of territory was a disastrous blow , causing Mexico to enter `` a period of self - examination ... as its leaders sought to identify and address the reasons that had led to such a debacle . '' In the immediate aftermath of the war , some prominent Mexicans wrote that the war had resulted in `` the state of degradation and ruin '' in Mexico , further claiming , for `` the true origin of the war , it is sufficient to say that the insatiable ambition of the United States , favored by our weakness , caused it . '' The shift in the Mexico - U.S. border left many Mexican citizens separated from their national government . For the indigenous peoples who had never accepted Spanish or Mexican rule , the change in border meant conflicts with a new outside power . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Roots of the conflict in Northern Mexico 1.2 Designs on California 1.3 Republic of Texas 2 Origins of the war 3 Preparation for war 3.1 Challenges in Mexico 3.1. 1 Mexican Army 3.1. 2 Political divisions 3.2 United States Army 4 Outbreak of the war 4.1 Initial skirmish at the Nueces Strip 4.2 Further hostilities 4.3 Declarations of war 4.4 Antonio López de Santa Anna 5 Reaction in the United States 5.1 Opposition to the war 5.2 Defense of the war 5.3 U.S. press and popular war enthusiasm 6 Conduct of the war 6.1 New Mexico campaign 6.2 California campaign 6.3 Pacific Coast campaign 6.4 Northeastern Mexico 6.5 Northwestern Mexico 6.6 Southern Mexico 6.6. 1 First Battle of Tabasco 6.6. 2 Second Battle of Tabasco 6.6. 3 Yucatán 6.7 Desertion 6.8 Scott 's Mexico City campaign 6.8. 1 Landings and siege of Veracruz 6.8. 2 Advance on Puebla 6.8. 3 Pause at Puebla 6.8. 4 Advance on Mexico City and its capture 6.8. 4.1 Battle of Chapultepec 6.9 San Patricios 6.10 Santa Anna 's last campaign 6.11 Anti-guerrilla campaign 7 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 8 Results 8.1 Altered territories 9 Impact of the war in the United States 9.1 Effect on the American Civil War 10 Impact of the war in Mexico 11 See also 12 Notes 13 Citations 14 Bibliography 14.1 Reference works 14.2 Surveys 14.3 Military 14.4 Political and diplomatic 14.5 Memory and historiography 14.6 Primary sources 15 External links 15.1 Guides , bibliographies and collections 15.2 Media and primary sources 15.3 Other Background Roots of the conflict in northern Mexico Comanches of West Texas in war regalia , c. 1830 The 1832 boundaries of Comancheria , the Comanche homeland The northern area of Mexico was sparsely settled and not well controlled politically by the government based in Mexico City . After independence from Spain in 1821 , Mexico contended with internal struggles that sometimes verged on civil war and the northern frontier was not a high priority . In the sparsely settled interior of northern Mexico , the end of Spanish rule was marked by the end of financing for presidios and for subsidies to indigenous Americans to maintain the peace . There were conflicts between indigenous people in the northern region as well . The Comanche were particularly successful in expanding their territory in the Comanche -- Mexico Wars and garnering resources . The Apache -- Mexico Wars also made Mexico 's north a violent place , with no effective political control . The Apache raids left thousands of people dead throughout northern Mexico . When the United States Army entered northern Mexico in 1846 they found demoralized Mexican settlers . There was little resistance to US forces from the civilian population . Hostile activity from indigenous people also made communications and trade between the interior of Mexico and provinces such as Alta California and New Mexico difficult . As a result , New Mexico was dependent on the overland Santa Fe Trail trade with the United States at the outbreak of the Mexican -- American War . Mexico 's military and diplomatic capabilities declined after it attained independence and left the northern half of the country vulnerable to the Comanche , Apache , and Navajo . The indigenous people , especially the Comanche , took advantage of the weakness of the Mexican state to undertake large - scale raids hundreds of miles into the country to acquire livestock for their own use and to supply an expanding market in Texas and the US . The Mexican government 's policy of settlement of US citizens in its province of Tejas was aimed at expanding control into Comanche lands , the Comancheria . Instead of settlement occurring in the central and west of the province , people settled in East Texas , where there was rich farmland and which was contiguous to southern US slave states . As settlers poured in from the US , the Mexican government took steps to discourage further settlement , including its 1829 abolition of slavery . In 1836 , Mexico was relatively united in refusing to recognize the independence of Texas . Mexico threatened war with the United States if it annexed the Republic of Texas . Meanwhile , U.S. President Polk 's assertion of Manifest Destiny was focusing United States interest on westward expansion beyond its existing national borders . Designs on California During the Spanish colonial era , the Californias ( i.e. , the Baja California peninsula and Alta California ) were sparsely settled . After Mexico became independent , it shut down the missions and reduced its military presence . Mexico in 1824 . Alta California is the northwesternmost federal territory . In 1842 , the US minister in Mexico , Waddy Thompson Jr. , suggested Mexico might be willing to cede Alta California to settle debts , saying : `` As to Texas , I regard it as of very little value compared with California , the richest , the most beautiful , and the healthiest country in the world ... with the acquisition of Upper California we should have the same ascendency on the Pacific ... France and England both have had their eyes upon it . '' US President John Tyler 's administration suggested a tripartite pact that would settle the Oregon boundary dispute and provide for the cession of the port of San Francisco from Mexico ; Lord Aberdeen declined to participate but said Britain had no objection to U.S. territorial acquisition there . The British minister in Mexico , Richard Pakenham , wrote in 1841 to Lord Palmerston urging `` to establish an English population in the magnificent Territory of Upper California '' , saying that `` no part of the World offering greater natural advantages for the establishment of an English colony ... by all means desirable ... that California , once ceasing to belong to Mexico , should not fall into the hands of any power but England ... daring and adventurous speculators in the United States have already turned their thoughts in this direction . '' But by the time the letter reached London , Sir Robert Peel 's Tory government , with its Little England policy , had come to power and rejected the proposal as expensive and a potential source of conflict . A significant number of influential Californios were in favor of annexation , either by the United States or by the United Kingdom . Pío de Jesús Pico IV , the last governor of Alta California , was in favor of British annexation . Republic of Texas Main articles : Republic of Texas , Texas annexation , and Texas Revolution The Republic of Texas . The present - day outlines of the individual U.S. states are superimposed on the boundaries of 1836 -- 1845 . In 1800 , the colonial province of Texas was sparsely populated , with only about 7,000 non-Indian settlers . The Spanish crown developed a policy of colonization to more effectively control the territory . After independence , the Mexican government implemented the policy , granting Moses Austin , a banker from Missouri , a large tract of land in Texas . Austin died before he could bring his plan of recruiting American settlers for the land to fruition , but his son , Stephen F. Austin , brought over 300 American families into Texas . This started the steady trend of migration from the United States into the Texas frontier . Austin 's colony was the most successful of several colonies authorized by the Mexican government . The Mexican government intended the new settlers to act as a buffer between the Tejano residents and the Comanches , but the non-Hispanic colonists tended to settle where there was decent farmland and trade connections with American Louisiana , which the United States had acquired in the Louisiana Purchase , rather than further west where they would have been an effective buffer against the Indians . In 1829 , as a result of the large influx of American immigrants , the non-Hispanic outnumbered native Spanish speakers in the Texas territory . President Vicente Guerrero , a hero of Mexican independence , moved to gain more control over Texas and its influx of southern non-Hispanic colonists and discourage further immigration by abolishing slavery in Mexico . The Mexican government also decided to reinstate the property tax and increase tariffs on shipped American goods . The settlers and many Mexican businessmen in the region rejected the demands , which led to Mexico closing Texas to additional immigration , which continued from the United States into Texas illegally . In 1834 , General Antonio López de Santa Anna became the centralist dictator of Mexico , abandoning the federal system . He decided to quash the semi-independence of Texas , having succeeded in doing so in Coahuila ( in 1824 , Mexico had merged Texas and Coahuila into the enormous state of Coahuila y Tejas ) . Finally , Stephen F. Austin called Texians to arms ; they declared independence from Mexico in 1836 , and after Santa Anna defeated the Texians at the Alamo , he was defeated by the Texian Army commanded by General Sam Houston and captured at the Battle of San Jacinto and signed a treaty recognizing Texas ' independence . Texas consolidated its status as an independent republic and received official recognition from Britain , France , and the United States , which all advised Mexico not to try to reconquer the new nation . Most Texians wanted to join the United States of America , but annexation of Texas was contentious in the US Congress , where Whigs were largely opposed . In 1845 Texas agreed to the offer of annexation by the US Congress . Texas became the 28th state on December 29 , 1845 . Origins of the war The border of Texas as an independent state was originally never settled . The Republic of Texas claimed land up to the Rio Grande based on the Treaties of Velasco , but Mexico refused to accept these as valid , claiming that the Rio Grande in the treaty was the Nueces , and referred to the Rio Grande as the Rio Bravo . The ill - fated Texan Santa Fe Expedition of 1841 attempted to realize the claim to New Mexican territory East of the Rio Grande , but its members were captured and imprisoned . Reference to the Rio Grande boundary of Texas was omitted from the US Congress 's annexation resolution to help secure passage after the annexation treaty failed in the Senate . President Polk claimed the Rio Grande boundary , and when Mexico sent forces over the Rio Grande , this provoked a dispute . In July 1845 , Polk sent General Zachary Taylor to Texas , and by October 3,500 Americans were on the Nueces River , ready to take by force the disputed land . Polk wanted to protect the border and also coveted for the U.S. the continent clear to the Pacific Ocean . At the same time Polk wrote to the American consul in the Mexican territory of Alta California , disclaiming American ambitions in California , but offering to support independence from Mexico or voluntary accession to the United States , and warning that the United States would oppose a British or French takeover . To end another war scare with the United Kingdom over the Oregon Country , Polk signed the Oregon Treaty dividing the territory , angering northern Democrats who felt he was prioritizing Southern expansion over Northern expansion . In the Winter of 1845 -- 46 , the federally commissioned explorer John C. Frémont and a group of armed men appeared in Alta California . After telling the Mexican governor and the American Consul Larkin he was merely buying supplies on the way to Oregon , he instead went to the populated area of California and visited Santa Cruz and the Salinas Valley , explaining he had been looking for a seaside home for his mother . Mexican authorities became alarmed and ordered him to leave . Frémont responded by building a fort on Gavilan Peak and raising the American flag . Larkin sent word that Frémont 's actions were counterproductive . Frémont left California in March but returned to California and took control of the California Battalion following the outbreak of the Bear Flag Revolt in Sonoma . In November 1845 , Polk sent John Slidell , a secret representative , to Mexico City with an offer to the Mexican government of $25 million for the Rio Grande border in Texas and Mexico 's provinces of Alta California and Santa Fe de Nuevo México . US expansionists wanted California to thwart British ambitions in the area and to gain a port on the Pacific Ocean . Polk authorized Slidell to forgive the $3 million owed to US citizens for damages caused by the Mexican War of Independence and pay another $25 to $30 million in exchange for the two territories . Mexico was not inclined nor able to negotiate . In 1846 alone , the presidency changed hands four times , the war ministry six times , and the finance ministry sixteen times . Mexican public opinion and all political factions agreed that selling the territories to the United States would tarnish the national honor . Mexicans who opposed direct conflict with the United States , including President José Joaquín de Herrera , were viewed as traitors . Military opponents of de Herrera , supported by populist newspapers , considered Slidell 's presence in Mexico City an insult . When de Herrera considered receiving Slidell to settle the problem of Texas annexation peacefully , he was accused of treason and deposed . After a more nationalistic government under General Mariano Paredes y Arrillaga came to power , it publicly reaffirmed Mexico 's claim to Texas ; Slidell , convinced that Mexico should be `` chastised '' , returned to the US . Preparation for war Challenges in Mexico Mexican army General Antonio López de Santa Anna was a military hero who became president of Mexico on multiple occasions . The Mexican Army 's intervention in politics was an ongoing issue during much of the mid-nineteenth century . The Mexican Army emerged from the war of independence ( 1810 -- 1821 ) as a weak and divided force . Before the war with the United States , the military faced both internal and foreign challenges . The Spanish still occupied the coastal fortress of San Juan de Ulúa , and Spain did not recognize Mexico 's independence , so that the new nation was at risk for invasion . In 1829 , the Spanish attempted to reconquer their former colony and Antonio López de Santa Anna became a national hero defending the homeland . The army had a set of privileges ( fueros ) , established in the colonial era , that gave it jurisdiction over many aspects of its affairs . In general , the military supported conservative positions , advocating a strong central government and upholding privileges of the military and the Catholic Church . Some military men exercised power in local areas as caudillos and resisted central command . Liberal politicians , such as Valentín Gómez Farías , sought to rein in the military 's power . The military faced insurrections and separatist movements in Tabasco , Yucatán , and Texas . The French blockaded in Veracruz in 1838 to collect debts , a conflict known to history as the Pastry War . Compounding the demands on the Mexican military , there were continuing Indian challenges to power in the northern region . On the Mexican side , only 7 of the 19 states that formed the Mexican federation sent soldiers , armament , and money for the war effort , as the young Republic had not yet developed a sense of a unifying , national identity . Mexican soldiers were not easily melded into an effective fighting force . Santa Anna said `` the leaders of the army did their best to train the rough men who volunteered , but they could do little to inspire them with patriotism for the glorious country they were honored to serve . '' According to leading conservative politician Lucas Alamán , the `` money spent on arming Mexican troops merely enabled them to fight each other and ' give the illusion ' that the country possessed an army for its defense . '' However , an officer criticized Santa Anna 's training of troops , `` The cavalry was drilled only in regiments . The artillery hardly ever maneuvered and never fired a blank shot . The general in command was never present on the field of maneuvers , so that he was unable to appreciate the respective qualities of the various bodies under his command ... If any meetings of the principal commanding officers were held to discuss the operations of the campaign , it was not known , nor was it known whether any plan of campaign had been formed . '' At the beginning of the war , Mexican forces were divided between the permanent forces ( permanentes ) and the active militiamen ( activos ) . The permanent forces consisted of 12 regiments of infantry ( of two battalions each ) , three brigades of artillery , eight regiments of cavalry , one separate squadron and a brigade of dragoons . The militia amounted to nine infantry and six cavalry regiments . In the northern territories of Mexico , presidial companies ( presidiales ) protected the scattered settlements there . One of the contributing factors to loss of the war by Mexico was the inferiority of their weapons . The Mexican army was using surplus British muskets ( e.g. Brown Bess ) from the Napoleonic Wars period . While at the beginning of the war the majority of American soldiers were still equipped with the very similar Springfield 1816 flintlock muskets , more reliable caplock models gained large inroads within the rank and file as the conflict progressed . Some US troops carried radically modern weapons that gave them a significant advantage over their Mexican counterparts , such as the Springfield 1841 rifle of the Mississippi Rifles and the Colt Paterson revolver of the Texas Rangers . In the later stages of the war , the US Mounted Rifles were issued Colt Walker revolvers , of which the US Army had ordered 1,000 in 1846 . Most significantly , throughout the war the superiority of the US artillery often carried the day . While technologically Mexican and American artillery operated on the same plane , US army training as well as the quality and reliability of their logistics gave US guns and cannoneers a significant edge . Desertion was a major problem for the Mexican army , depleting forces on the eve of battle . Most soldiers were peasants who had a loyalty to their village and family , but not to the generals who had conscripted them . Often hungry and ill , under - equipped , only partially trained , and never well paid , the soldiers were held in contempt by their officers and had little reason to fight the invading US forces . Looking for their opportunity , many slipped away from camp to find their way back to their home village . Political divisions Liberal Valentín Gómez Farías , who served as Santa Anna 's vice president and implemented a liberal reform in 1833 , was an important political player in the era of the Mexican -- American War . Political divisions inside Mexico were another factor in the US victory . Inside Mexico , the centralistas and republicanos vied for power , and at times these two factions inside Mexico 's military fought each other rather than the invading US Army . Another faction called the monarchists , whose members wanted to install a monarch ( some advocated rejoining Spain ) , further complicated matters . This third faction would rise to predominance in the period of the French intervention in Mexico . The ease of the American landing at Veracruz was in large part due to civil warfare in Mexico City , which made any real defense of the port city impossible . As Gen. Santa Anna said , `` However shameful it may be to admit this , we have brought this disgraceful tragedy upon ourselves through our interminable in - fighting . '' United States army Main article : List of U.S. Army , Navy , and volunteer units in the Mexican -- American War U.S. Army occupation of Mexico City in 1847 . The American flag is flying over the National Palace , the seat of the Mexican government . On the American side , the war was fought by regiments of regulars and various regiments , battalions , and companies of volunteers from the different states of the Union as well as Americans and some Mexicans in the California and New Mexico territories . On the West Coast , the US Navy fielded a battalion of sailors , in an attempt to recapture Los Angeles . Although the US Army and Navy were not large at the outbreak of the war , the officers were generally well trained and the numbers of enlisted men fairly large compared to Mexico 's . At the beginning of the war , the US Army had eight regiments of infantry ( three battalions each ) , four artillery regiments and three mounted regiments ( two dragoons , one of mounted rifles ) . These regiments were supplemented by 10 new regiments ( nine of infantry and one of cavalry ) raised for one year of service by the act of Congress from February 11 , 1847 . State volunteers were raised in various sized units and for various periods of time , mostly for one year . Later some were raised for the duration of the war as it became clear it was going to last longer than a year . US soldiers ' memoirs describe cases of looting and murder of Mexican civilians , mostly by State Volunteers . One officer 's diary records : We reached Burrita about 5 pm , many of the Louisiana volunteers were there , a lawless drunken rabble . They had driven away the inhabitants , taken possession of their houses , and were emulating each other in making beasts of themselves . John L. O'Sullivan , a vocal proponent of Manifest Destiny , later recalled : The regulars regarded the volunteers with importance and contempt ... ( The volunteers ) robbed Mexicans of their cattle and corn , stole their fences for firewood , got drunk , and killed several inoffensive inhabitants of the town in the streets . Many of the volunteers were unwanted and considered poor soldiers . The expression `` Just like Gaines 's army '' came to refer to something useless , the phrase having originated when a group of untrained and unwilling Louisiana troops were rejected and sent back by Gen. Taylor at the beginning of the war . 1,563 US soldiers are buried in the Mexico City National Cemetery , which is maintained by the American Battle Monuments Commission . Outbreak of the war Initial Skirmish at the Nueces strip Main article : Nueces Strip President Polk ordered General Taylor and his forces south to the Rio Grande , entering the territory that Mexicans disputed . Mexico laid claim to all the lands as far north as the Nueces River -- about 150 mi ( 240 km ) north of the Rio Grande . The U.S. claimed that the border was the Rio Grande , citing the 1836 Treaties of Velasco . However , Mexico rejected the treaties and refused to negotiate , instead still claiming all of Texas . Taylor ignored Mexican demands to withdraw to the Nueces . He constructed a makeshift fort ( later known as Fort Brown / Fort Texas ) on the banks of the Rio Grande opposite the city of Matamoros , Tamaulipas . The Mexican forces under General Santa Anna immediately prepared for war . On April 25 , 1846 , a 2,000 - man Mexican cavalry detachment attacked a 70 - man U.S. patrol under the command of Captain Seth Thornton , which had been sent into the contested territory north of the Rio Grande and south of the Nueces River . In the Thornton Affair , the Mexican cavalry routed the patrol , killing 11 American soldiers . Regarding the beginning of the war , Ulysses S. Grant , who had opposed the war but served as an army lieutenant in Taylor 's Army , claims in his Personal Memoirs ( 1885 ) that the main goal of the U.S. Army 's advance from Nueces River to Rio Grande was to provoke the outbreak of war without attacking first , to debilitate any political opposition to the war . The presence of United States troops on the edge of the disputed territory farthest from the Mexican settlements , was not sufficient to provoke hostilities . We were sent to provoke a fight , but it was essential that Mexico should commence it . It was very doubtful whether Congress would declare war ; but if Mexico should attack our troops , the Executive could announce , `` Whereas , war exists by the acts of , etc. , '' and prosecute the contest with vigor . Once initiated there were but few public men who would have the courage to oppose it ... Mexico showing no willingness to come to the Nueces to drive the invaders from her soil , it became necessary for the `` invaders '' to approach to within a convenient distance to be struck . Accordingly , preparations were begun for moving the army to the Rio Grande , to a point near Matamoras ( sic ) . It was desirable to occupy a position near the largest centre of population possible to reach , without absolutely invading territory to which we set up no claim whatever . Further hostilities Captain Charles A. May 's squadron of the 2nd Dragoons slashes through the Mexican Army lines . Resaca de la Palma , Texas , May 9 , 1846 A few days after the defeat of the U.S. troops by General Arista , the Siege of Fort Texas began on May 3 , 1846 . Mexican artillery at Matamoros opened fire on Fort Texas , which replied with its own guns . The bombardment continued for 160 hours and expanded as Mexican forces gradually surrounded the fort . Thirteen U.S. soldiers were injured during the bombardment , and two were killed . Among the dead was Jacob Brown , after whom the fort was later named . On May 8 , Zachary Taylor and 2,400 troops arrived to relieve the fort . However , General Arista rushed north and intercepted him with a force of 3,400 at Palo Alto . The U.S. Army employed `` flying artillery '' , their term for horse artillery , a type of mobile light artillery that was mounted on horse carriages with the entire crew riding horses into battle . It had a devastating effect on the Mexican army . In contrast to the `` flying artillery '' of the Americans , the Mexican cannons at the Battle of Palo Alto fired at such slow velocities that it was possible for American soldiers to dodge artillery rounds . The Mexicans replied with cavalry skirmishes and their own artillery . The U.S. flying artillery somewhat demoralized the Mexican side , and seeking terrain more to their advantage , the Mexicans retreated to the far side of a dry riverbed ( resaca ) during the night . It provided a natural fortification , but during the retreat , Mexican troops were scattered , making communication difficult . During the Battle of Resaca de la Palma the next day , the two sides engaged in fierce hand to hand combat . The U.S. Cavalry managed to capture the Mexican artillery , causing the Mexican side to retreat -- a retreat that turned into a rout . Fighting on unfamiliar terrain , his troops fleeing in retreat , Arista found it impossible to rally his forces . Mexican casualties were heavy , and the Mexicans were forced to abandon their artillery and baggage . Fort Brown inflicted additional casualties as the withdrawing troops passed by the fort . Many Mexican soldiers drowned trying to swim across the Rio Grande . Both these engagements were fought before war was declared . Declarations of war Texas Campaign Thornton Affair Siege of Fort Texas Battle of Palo Alto Battle of Resaca de la Palma Overview map of the war . Key : Disputed territory United States territory , 1848 Mexican territory , 1848 After treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo In 1846 , relations between the two countries had deteriorated considerably and on April 23 , 1846 , the president of Mexico issued a proclamation , declaring Mexico 's intent to fight a `` defensive war '' against the encroachment of the United States . On April 25 , 1846 , 2,000 Mexican cavalry crossed into the disputed territory and routed a small detachment of American soldiers sparking the `` Thornton Affair '' Polk received word of the Thornton Affair , which , added to the Mexican government 's rejection of Slidell , Polk believed , constituted a casus belli ( cause for war ) . His message to Congress on May 11 , 1846 , claimed that `` Mexico has passed the boundary of the United States , has invaded our territory and shed American blood upon American soil . '' The U.S. Congress approved the declaration of war on May 13 , 1846 , after a few hours of debate , with southern Democrats in strong support . Sixty - seven Whigs voted against the war on a key slavery amendment , but on the final passage only 14 Whigs voted no , including Rep. John Quincy Adams . In Mexico , although President Paredes issued a manifesto on May 23 , 1846 and a declaration of a defensive war on April 23 , both of which are considered by some the de facto start of the war , Mexico officially declared war by Congress on July 7 , 1846 . Antonio López de Santa Anna Once the U.S. declared war on Mexico , Antonio López de Santa Anna wrote to the Mexican government , saying he no longer had aspirations to the presidency , but would eagerly use his military experience to fight off the foreign invasion of Mexico as he had before . President Valentín Gómez Farías , a civilian , was desperate enough to accept the offer and allowed Santa Anna to return . Meanwhile , Santa Anna had secretly been dealing with representatives of the U.S. , pledging that if he were allowed back in Mexico through the U.S. naval blockades he would work to sell all contested territory to the United States at a reasonable price . Once back in Mexico at the head of an army , Santa Anna reneged on both agreements . He declared himself president once again and unsuccessfully tried to fight off the U.S. invasion . Reaction in the United States Events leading to the American Civil War Slavery Northwest Ordinance Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions Missouri Compromise Tariff of 1828 Nat Turner 's slave rebellion Nullification Crisis The Amistad Prigg v. Pennsylvania Texas annexation Mexican -- American War Wilmot Proviso Manifest destiny Underground Railroad Nashville Convention Compromise of 1850 Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 Uncle Tom 's Cabin Kansas -- Nebraska Act Ostend Manifesto Bleeding Kansas Caning of Charles Sumner Dred Scott v. Sandford The Impending Crisis of the South Brown 's raid on Harpers Ferry 1860 presidential election Crittenden Compromise Secession of Southern States Star of the West Corwin Amendment Battle of Fort Sumter Opposition to the war Abraham Lincoln in his late 30s as a member of the U.S. House of Representatives when he opposed the Mexican -- American War . Photo taken by one of Lincoln 's law students around 1846 . In the United States , increasingly divided by sectional rivalry , the war was a partisan issue and an essential element in the origins of the American Civil War . Most Whigs in the North and South opposed it ; most Democrats supported it . Southern Democrats , animated by a popular belief in Manifest Destiny , supported it in hope of adding slave - owning territory to the South and avoiding being outnumbered by the faster - growing North . John L. O'Sullivan , editor of the Democratic Review , coined this phrase in its context , stating that it must be `` our manifest destiny to overspread the continent allotted by Providence for the free development of our yearly multiplying millions . '' Ex-slave and powerful anti-slavery advocate Frederick Douglass ( circa 1847 -- 52 ) opposed the Mexican -- American War . Northern antislavery elements feared the expansion of the Southern Slave Power ; Whigs generally wanted to strengthen the economy with industrialization , not expand it with more land . Among the most vocal opposing the war in the House of Representatives was John Quincy Adams of Massachusetts . Adams had first voiced concerns about expanding into Mexican territory in 1836 when he opposed Texas annexation . He continued this argument in 1846 for the same reason . War with Mexico would add new slavery territory to the nation . When the vote to go to war with Mexico came to a vote on May 13 , Adams spoke a resounding `` NO '' in the chamber . Only 13 others followed his lead . Ex-slave Frederick Douglass opposed the war and was dismayed by the weakness of the anti-war movement . `` The determination of our slave holding president , and the probability of his success in wringing from the people , men and money to carry it on , is made evident by the puny opposition arrayed against him . None seem willing to take their stand for peace at all risks . '' Democrats wanted more land ; northern Democrats were attracted by the possibilities in the far northwest . Joshua Giddings led a group of dissenters in Washington D.C. He called the war with Mexico `` an aggressive , unholy , and unjust war '' , and voted against supplying soldiers and weapons . He said : In the murder of Mexicans upon their own soil , or in robbing them of their country , I can take no part either now or hereafter . The guilt of these crimes must rest on others . I will not participate in them . Fellow Whig Abraham Lincoln contested Polk 's causes for the war . Polk had said that Mexico had `` shed American blood upon American soil '' . Lincoln submitted eight `` Spot Resolutions '' , demanding that Polk state the exact spot where Thornton had been attacked and American blood shed , and clarify whether or not that location was actually American soil , or in fact had been claimed by Spain and Mexico . Whig Senator Thomas Corwin of Ohio gave a long speech indicting presidential war in 1847 . Whig leader Robert Toombs of Georgia declared : This war is nondescript ... We charge the President with usurping the war - making power ... with seizing a country ... which had been for centuries , and was then in the possession of the Mexicans ... Let us put a check upon this lust of dominion . We had territory enough , Heaven knew . Portrait of Henry David Thoreau who spent a night in jail for not paying poll taxes to support the war and later wrote Civil Disobedience . Northern abolitionists attacked the war as an attempt by slave - owners to strengthen the grip of slavery and thus ensure their continued influence in the federal government . Acting on his convictions , Henry David Thoreau was jailed for his refusal to pay taxes to support the war , and penned his famous essay Civil Disobedience . Democratic Representative David Wilmot introduced the Wilmot Proviso , which would prohibit slavery in new territory acquired from Mexico . Wilmot 's proposal passed the House but not the Senate , and it spurred further hostility between the factions . Defense of the war Besides alleging that the actions of Mexican military forces within the disputed boundary lands north of the Rio Grande constituted an attack on American soil , the war 's advocates viewed the territories of New Mexico and California as only nominally Mexican possessions with very tenuous ties to Mexico . They saw the territories as actually unsettled , ungoverned , and unprotected frontier lands , whose non-aboriginal population , where there was any at all , represented a substantial -- in places even a majority -- American component . Moreover , the territories were feared to be under imminent threat of acquisition by America 's rival on the continent , the British . President Polk reprised these arguments in his Third Annual Message to Congress on December 7 , 1847 . In it he scrupulously detailed his administration 's position on the origins of the conflict , the measures the U.S. had taken to avoid hostilities , and the justification for declaring war . He also elaborated upon the many outstanding financial claims by American citizens against Mexico and argued that , in view of the country 's insolvency , the cession of some large portion of its northern territories was the only indemnity realistically available as compensation . This helped to rally congressional Democrats to his side , ensuring passage of his war measures and bolstering support for the war in the U.S. U.S. Press and popular war enthusiasm War News from Mexico ( 1848 ) Whipping up support for the war was embraced by the press . Richard Caton Woodville 's lithograph , War News From Mexico satirizes the reactions of various segments of the American population to the war . The lithograph is generally considered unfavorable to the war 's apparent pro-slavery motivations . The coverage of the war was an important development in the U.S. , with journalists as well as letter - writing soldiers giving the public in the U.S. `` their first - ever independent news coverage of warfare from home or abroad . '' During the war , inventions such as the telegraph created new means of communication that updated people with the latest news from the reporters , who were on the scene . The most important of these was George Wilkins Kendall , a Northerner who wrote for the New Orleans Picayune , and whose collected Dispatches from the Mexican War constitute an important primary source for the conflict . With more than a decade 's experience reporting urban crime , the `` penny press '' realized the public 's voracious demand for astounding war news . Moreover , Shelley Streetby demonstrates that the print revolution ( 1830s - 1840s ) , which preceded the U.S. - Mexican War , made it possible for the distribution of cheap newspapers throughout the country . This was the first time in American history that accounts by journalists , instead of opinions of politicians , had great influence in shaping people 's opinions about and attitudes toward a war . Along with written accounts of the war , there were war artists giving a visual dimension to the war at the time and immediately afterward . Carl Nebel 's visual depictions of the war are well known . By getting constant reports from the battlefield , Americans became emotionally united as a community . News about the war always caused extraordinary popular excitement . In the Spring of 1846 , news about Zachary Taylor 's victory at Palo Alto brought up a large crowd that met in a cotton textile town of Lowell , Massachusetts . New York celebrated the twin victories at Veracruz and Buena Vista in May 1847 . Among fireworks and illuminations , they had a `` grand procession '' of about 400,000 people . Generals Taylor and Scott became heroes for their people and later became presidential candidates . Conduct of the war See also : Mexican -- American War campaigns After the declaration of war on May 13 , 1846 , U.S. forces invaded Mexican territory on two main fronts . The U.S. War Department sent a U.S. Cavalry force under Stephen W. Kearny to invade western Mexico from Jefferson Barracks and Fort Leavenworth , reinforced by a Pacific fleet under John D. Sloat . This was done primarily because of concerns that Britain might also try to seize the area . Two more forces , one under John E. Wool and the other under Taylor , were ordered to occupy Mexico as far south as the city of Monterrey . New Mexico campaign This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main articles : Capture of Santa Fe and Taos Revolt New Mexico Campaign Mexican - American Conflict Capture of Santa Fe Capture of Tucson Battle of El Brazito Taos Revolt Battle of Cañada First Battle of Mora Battle of Embudo Pass Second Battle of Mora Siege of Pueblo de Taos Battle of Red River Canyon Battle of Las Vegas Battle of Cienega Creek Gen. Kearny 's annexation of New Mexico , August 15 , 1846 United States Army General Stephen W. Kearny moved southwest from Fort Leavenworth , Kansas with about 1,700 men in his Army of the West . Kearny 's orders were to secure the territories Nuevo México and Alta California . In Santa Fe , Governor Manuel Armijo wanted to avoid battle , but on August 9 , Catholic priests , Diego Archuleta ( the young regular - army commander ) , and the young militia officers Manuel Chaves and Miguel Pino forced him to muster a defense . Armijo set up a position in Apache Canyon , a narrow pass about 10 miles ( 16 km ) southeast of the city . However , on August 14 , before the American army was even in view , he decided not to fight . ( An American named James Magoffin claimed he had convinced Armijo and Archuleta to follow this course ; an unverified story says he bribed Armijo . ) When Pino , Chaves , and some of the militiamen insisted on fighting , Armijo ordered the cannon pointed at them . The New Mexican army retreated to Santa Fe , and Armijo fled to Chihuahua . Kearny and his troops encountered no Mexican forces when they arrived on August 15 . Kearny and his force entered Santa Fe and claimed the New Mexico Territory for the United States without a shot being fired . Kearny declared himself the military governor of the New Mexico Territory on August 18 and established a civilian government . American officers with a background in law drew up a temporary legal system for the territory called the Kearny Code . Kearny then took the remainder of his army west to Alta California . When he departed with his forces for California , he left Colonel Sterling Price in command of U.S. forces in New Mexico . He appointed Charles Bent as New Mexico 's first territorial governor . Following Kearny 's departure , dissenters in Santa Fe plotted a Christmas uprising . When the plans were discovered by the U.S. authorities , the dissenters postponed the uprising . They attracted numerous Indian allies , including Puebloan peoples , who also wanted to push the Americans from the territory . On the morning of January 19 , 1847 , the insurrectionists began the revolt in Don Fernando de Taos , present - day Taos , New Mexico , which later gave it the name the Taos Revolt . They were led by Pablo Montoya , a New Mexican , and Tomás Romero , a Taos pueblo Indian also known as Tomasito ( Little Thomas ) . Romero led an Indian force to the house of Governor Charles Bent , where they broke down the door , shot Bent with arrows , and scalped him in front of his family . They moved on , leaving Bent still alive . With his wife Ignacia and children , and the wives of friends Kit Carson and Thomas Boggs , the group escaped by digging through the adobe walls of their house into the one next door . When the insurgents discovered the party , they killed Bent , but left the women and children unharmed . The next day a large armed force of approximately 500 New Mexicans and Pueblo attacked and laid siege to Simeon Turley 's mill in Arroyo Hondo , several miles outside of Taos . Charles Autobees , an employee at the mill , saw the men coming . He rode to Santa Fe for help from the occupying U.S. forces . Eight to ten mountain men were left at the mill for defense . After a day - long battle , only two of the mountain men , John David Albert and Thomas Tate Tobin , Autobees ' half brother , survived . Both escaped separately on foot during the night . The same day New Mexican insurgents killed seven American traders who were passing through the village of Mora . At most , 15 Americans were killed in both actions on January 20 . The U.S. military moved quickly to quash the revolt ; Col. Price led more than 300 U.S. troops from Santa Fe to Taos , together with 65 volunteers , including a few New Mexicans , organized by Ceran St. Vrain , the business partner of the brothers William and Charles Bent . Along the way , the combined forces beat back a force of some 1,500 New Mexicans and Pueblo at Santa Cruz de la Cañada and Embudo Pass . The insurgents retreated to Taos Pueblo , where they took refuge in the thick - walled adobe church . During the ensuing battle , the U.S. breached a wall of the church and directed cannon fire into the interior , inflicting many casualties and killing about 150 rebels . They captured 400 more men after close hand - to - hand fighting . Only seven Americans died in the battle . A separate force of U.S. troops under captains Israel R. Hendley and Jesse I. Morin campaigned against the rebels in Mora . The First Battle of Mora ended in a New Mexican victory . The Americans attacked again in the Second Battle of Mora and won , which ended their operations against Mora . New Mexican rebels engaged U.S. forces three more times in the following months . The actions are known as the Battle of Red River Canyon , the Battle of Las Vegas , and the Battle of Cienega Creek . After the U.S. forces won each battle , the New Mexicans and Indians ended open warfare . California campaign Main article : Conquest of California California Campaign Battle of Chino Mexican -- American War Battle of Monterey Siege of Los Angeles Battle of Dominguez Rancho Battle of Natividad Battle of San Pasqual Battle of Rio San Gabriel Battle of La Mesa A replica of the first `` Bear Flag '' now at El Presidio de Sonoma , or Sonoma Barracks Although the U.S. declared war against Mexico on May 13 , 1846 , it took almost three months ( until early August 1846 ) for definitive word of Congress ' declaration of war to get to California . American consul Thomas O. Larkin , stationed in Monterey , worked successfully during the events in that vicinity to avoid bloodshed between Americans and the Mexican military garrison commanded by General José Castro , the senior military officer in California . Captain John C. Frémont , leading a U.S. Army topographical expedition to survey the Great Basin , entered the Sacramento Valley in December 1845 . Frémont 's party was at Upper Klamath Lake , Oregon Territory , when it received word that war between Mexico and the U.S. was imminent ; the party then returned to California . Mexico had issued a proclamation that unnaturalized foreigners were no longer permitted to have land in California and were subject to expulsion . With rumors swirling that General Castro was massing an army against them , American settlers in the Sacramento Valley banded together to meet the threat . On June 14 , 1846 , 34 American settlers seized control of the undefended Mexican government outpost of Sonoma to forestall Castro 's plans . One settler created the Bear Flag and raised it over Sonoma Plaza . Within a week , 70 more volunteers joined the rebels ' force , which grew to nearly 300 in early July . This event , led by William B. Ide , became known as the Bear Flag Revolt . On June 25 , Frémont 's party arrived to assist in an expected military confrontation . San Francisco , then called Yerba Buena , was occupied by the Bear Flaggers on July 2 . On July 5 Frémont 's California Battalion was formed by combining his forces with many of the rebels . Commodore John D. Sloat , commander of the U.S. Navy 's Pacific Squadron , near Mazatlan , Mexico , had received orders to seize San Francisco Bay and blockade California ports when he was positive that war had begun . Sloat set sail for Monterey , reaching it on July 1 . Sloat , upon hearing of the events in Sonoma and Frémont 's involvement , erroneously believed Frémont to be acting on orders from Washington and ordered his forces to occupy Monterey on July 7 and raise the American flag . On July 9 , 70 sailors and marines landed at Yerba Buena and raised the American flag . Later that day in Sonoma , the Bear Flag was lowered and the American flag was raised in its place . On Sloat 's orders , Frémont brought 160 volunteers to Monterey , in addition to the California Battalion . On July 15 , Sloat transferred his command of the Pacific Squadron to Commodore Robert F. Stockton , who was more militarily aggressive . He mustered the willing members of the California Battalion into military service with Frémont in command . Stockton ordered Frémont to San Diego to prepare to move northward to Los Angeles . As Frémont landed , Stockton 's 360 men arrived in San Pedro . General Castro and Governor Pío Pico wrote farewells and fled separately to the Mexican state of Sonora . Stockton 's army entered Los Angeles unopposed on August 13 , whereupon he sent a report to the Secretary of State that `` California is entirely free from Mexican dominion . '' Stockton , however , left a tyrannical officer in charge of Los Angeles with a small force . The Californios under the leadership of José María Flores , acting on their own and without federal help from Mexico , in the Siege of Los Angeles , forced the American garrison to retreat on September 29 . They also forced small U.S. garrisons in San Diego and Santa Barbara to flee . Captain William Mervine landed 350 sailors and Marines at San Pedro on October 7 . They were ambushed and repulsed at the Battle of Dominguez Rancho by Flores ' forces in less than an hour . Four Americans died , with 8 severely injured . Stockton arrived with reinforcements at San Pedro , which increased the American forces there to 800 . He and Mervine then set up a base of operations at San Diego . Meanwhile , U.S. Colonel Stephen W. Kearny and his force of about 100 men , who had performed a grueling march across New Mexico and the Sonoran Desert , crossed the Colorado River in late November , 1846 . Stockton sent a 35 - man patrol from San Diego to meet them . On December 7 , 100 lancers under General Andrés Pico ( brother of the governor ) , tipped off and lying in wait , fought Kearny 's army of about 150 at the Battle of San Pasqual , where 22 of Kearny 's men ( one of whom later died of wounds ) , including three officers , were killed in 30 minutes of fighting . The wounded Kearny and his bloodied force pushed on until they had to establish a defensive position on `` Mule Hill '' . However , General Pico kept the hill under siege for four days until a 215 - man American relief force arrived . Frémont and the 428 - man California Battalion arrived in San Luis Obispo on December 14 and Santa Barbara on December 27 . On December 28 , a 600 - man American force under Kearny began a 150 - mile march to Los Angeles . Flores then moved his ill - equipped 500 - man force to a 50 - foot - high bluff above the San Gabriel River . On January 8 , 1847 , the Stockton - Kearny army defeated the Californio force in the two - hour Battle of Rio San Gabriel . That same day , Frémont 's force arrived at San Fernando . The next day , January 9 , the Stockton - Kearny forces fought and won the Battle of La Mesa . On January 10 , the U.S. Army entered Los Angeles to no resistance . On January 12 , Frémont and two of Pico 's officers agreed to terms for a surrender . Articles of Capitulation were signed on January 13 by Frémont , Andrés Pico and six others at a rancho at Cahuenga Pass ( modern - day North Hollywood ) . This became known as the Treaty of Cahuenga , which marked the end of armed resistance in California . Pacific Coast Campaign Bombardment of Guaymas -- Battle of Mulege -- Bombardment of Punta Sombrero -- Battle of La Paz -- Battle of San José del Cabo -- Siege of La Paz -- Siege of San José del Cabo -- Skirmish of Todos Santos Pacific coast campaign Main article : Pacific Coast Campaign American ( left ) and Mexican ( right ) uniforms of the period . USS Independence assisted in the blockade of the Mexican Pacific coast , capturing the Mexican ship Correo and a launch on May 16 , 1847 . She supported the capture of Guaymas , Sonora , on October 19 , 1847 , and landed bluejackets and Marines to occupy Mazatlán , Sinaloa , on November 11 , 1847 . After upper California was secure , most of the Pacific Squadron proceeded down the California coast , capturing all major cities of the Baja California Territory and capturing or destroying nearly all Mexican vessels in the Gulf of California . Other ports , not on the peninsula , were taken as well . The objective of the Pacific Coast Campaign was to capture Mazatlán , on the Mexican mainland , which was a major supply base for Mexican forces . Numerous Mexican ships were also captured by this squadron , with the USS Cyane given credit for 18 ships captured and numerous destroyed . Entering the Gulf of California , Independence , Congress , and Cyane seized La Paz , then captured and burned the small Mexican fleet at Guaymas . Within a month , they cleared the Gulf of hostile ships , destroying or capturing 30 vessels . Later , their sailors and Marines captured the port of Mazatlán on November 11 , 1847 . A Mexican campaign under Manuel Pineda Muñoz to retake the various captured ports resulted in several small clashes ( Battle of Mulege , Battle of La Paz , Battle of San José del Cabo ) and two sieges ( Siege of La Paz , Siege of San José del Cabo ) in which the Pacific Squadron ships provided artillery support . U.S. garrisons remained in control of the ports . Following reinforcement , Lt. Col. Henry S. Burton marched out . His forces rescued captured Americans , captured Pineda , and , on March 31 , defeated and dispersed remaining Mexican forces at the Skirmish of Todos Santos , unaware that the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo had been signed in February 1848 and a truce agreed to on March 6 . When the American garrisons were evacuated to Monterey following the treaty ratification , many Mexicans went with them : those who had supported the American cause and had thought Lower California would also be annexed along with Upper California . Northeastern Mexico General Zachary Taylor rides his white horse at the Battle of Palo Alto near present - day Brownsville -- May 8 , 1846 The Mexican Army 's defeats at Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma caused political turmoil in Mexico , turmoil which Antonio López de Santa Anna used to revive his political career and return from self - imposed exile in Cuba in mid-August 1846 . It was President Polk 's plan to bring back the exiled dictator who had defeated the Texans at the Alamo and Goliad . On 4 August 1846 , `` Polk negotiated a deal to not only bring Santa Anna back , but to pay him $2 million -- ostensibly a bribe as an advance payment on the cession of California . '' Santa Anna promised the U.S. that if allowed to pass through the blockade , he would negotiate a peaceful conclusion to the war and sell the New Mexico and Alta California territories to the U.S. Once Santa Anna arrived in Mexico City , however , he reneged on his deal with the U.S. and offered his services to the Mexican government . Then , after being appointed commanding general , he reneged again and seized the presidency . Led by Zachary Taylor , 2,300 U.S. troops crossed the Rio Grande after some initial difficulties in obtaining river transport . His soldiers occupied the city of Matamoros , then Camargo ( where the soldiery suffered the first of many problems with disease ) and then proceeded south and besieged the city of Monterrey . The hard - fought Battle of Monterrey resulted in serious losses on both sides . The American light artillery was ineffective against the stone fortifications of the city . The Mexican forces were under General Pedro de Ampudia and repulsed Taylor 's best infantry division at Fort Teneria . The Battle of Monterrey September 20 -- 24 , 1846 , after a painting by Carl Nebel . The Battle of Buena Vista , February 23 , 1847 American soldiers , including many West Pointers , had never engaged in urban warfare before and they marched straight down the open streets , where they were annihilated by Mexican defenders well - hidden in Monterrey 's thick adobe homes . Two days later , they changed their urban warfare tactics . Texan soldiers had fought in a Mexican city before ( the Siege of Béxar in December 1835 ) and advised Taylor 's generals that the Americans needed to `` mouse hole '' through the city 's homes . In other words , they needed to punch holes in the side or roofs of the homes and fight hand to hand inside the structures . Mexicans called the Texas soldiers the Diabólicos Tejanos ( the Devil Texans ) . This method proved successful . Eventually , these actions drove and trapped Ampudia 's men into the city 's central plaza , where howitzer shelling forced Ampudia to negotiate . Taylor agreed to allow the Mexican Army to evacuate and to an eight - week armistice in return for the surrender of the city . Under pressure from Washington , Taylor broke the armistice and occupied the city of Saltillo , southwest of Monterrey . Santa Anna blamed the loss of Monterrey and Saltillo on Ampudia and demoted him to command a small artillery battalion . On February 22 , 1847 , Santa Anna personally marched north to fight Taylor with 20,000 men . Taylor , with 4,600 men , had entrenched at a mountain pass called Buena Vista . Santa Anna suffered desertions on the way north and arrived with 15,000 men in a tired state . He demanded and was refused surrender of the U.S. Army ; he attacked the next morning . Santa Anna flanked the U.S. positions by sending his cavalry and some of his infantry up the steep terrain that made up one side of the pass , while a division of infantry attacked frontally along the road leading to Buena Vista . Furious fighting ensued , during which the U.S troops were nearly routed , but managed to cling to their entrenched position , thanks to the Mississippi Rifles , a volunteer regiment led by Jefferson Davis , who formed them into a defensive V formation . The Mexicans had inflicted considerable losses but Santa Anna had gotten word of upheaval in Mexico City , so he withdrew that night , leaving Taylor in control of part of Northern Mexico . Polk mistrusted Taylor , who he felt had shown incompetence in the Battle of Monterrey by agreeing to the armistice . Taylor later used the Battle of Buena Vista as the centerpiece of his successful 1848 presidential campaign . Northwestern Mexico The Treaty of Bear Springs ended a large scale insurrection by the Ute , Zuni , Moquis , and Navajo tribes . After the successful conquest of New Mexico , American troops moved into modern - day northwest Mexico . On March 1 , 1847 , Alexander W. Doniphan occupied Chihuahua City . British consul John Potts did not want to let Doniphan search Governor Trias 's mansion , and unsuccessfully asserted it was under British protection . American merchants in Chihuahua wanted the American force to stay in order to protect their business . Major William Gilpin advocated a march on Mexico City and convinced a majority of officers , but Doniphan subverted this plan . Then in late April , Taylor ordered the First Missouri Mounted Volunteers to leave Chihuahua and join him at Saltillo . The American merchants either followed or returned to Santa Fe . Along the way , the townspeople of Parras enlisted Doniphan 's aid against an Indian raiding party that had taken children , horses , mules , and money . The civilian population of northern Mexico offered little resistance to the American invasion , possibly because the country had already been devastated by Comanche and Apache Indian raids . Josiah Gregg , who was with the American army in northern Mexico , said that `` the whole country from New Mexico to the borders of Durango is almost entirely depopulated . The haciendas and ranchos have been mostly abandoned , and the people chiefly confined to the towns and cities . '' Southern Mexico Southern Mexico had a large indigenous population and was geographically distant from the capital . Yucatán in particular had closer ties to Cuba and to the United States than it did to central Mexico . On a number of occasions in the early era of the Mexican Republic , Yucatán seceded from the federation . There were also rivalries between regional elites , with one faction based in Mérida and the other in Campeche . These issues factored into the Mexican -- American War . The U.S. Navy contributed to the war by controlling the coast and clearing the way for U.S. troops and supplies , especially to Mexico 's main port of Veracruz . Even before hostilities began in the disputed northern region , the U.S. Navy created a blockade . Given the shallow waters of that portion of the Gulf coast , the U.S. Navy needed ships with a shallow draft rather than large frigates . Since the Mexican Navy was almost non-existent , the U.S. Navy could operate unimpeded in Gulf waters . First Battle of Tabasco See also : First Battle of Tabasco Commodore Matthew C. Perry led a detachment of seven vessels along the northern coast of Tabasco state . Perry arrived at the Tabasco River ( now known as the Grijalva River ) on October 22 , 1846 , and seized the town Port of Frontera along with two of their ships . Leaving a small garrison , he advanced with his troops towards the town of San Juan Bautista ( Villahermosa today ) . Perry arrived in the city of San Juan Bautista on October 25 , seizing five Mexican vessels . Colonel Juan Bautista Traconis , Tabasco Departmental commander at that time , set up barricades inside the buildings . Perry realized that the bombing of the city would be the only option to drive out the Mexican Army , and to avoid damage to the merchants of the city , withdrew its forces preparing them for the next day . Second Battle of Tabasco . On the morning of October 26 , as Perry 's fleet prepared to start the attack on the city , the Mexican forces began firing at the American fleet . The U.S. bombing began to yield the square , so that the fire continued until evening . Before taking the square , Perry decided to leave and return to the port of Frontera , where he established a naval blockade to prevent supplies of food and military supplies from reaching the state capital . Second Battle of Tabasco See also : Second Battle of Tabasco On June 13 , 1847 , Commodore Perry assembled the Mosquito Fleet and began moving towards the Grijalva River , towing 47 boats that carried a landing force of 1,173 . On June 15 , 12 miles ( 19 km ) below San Juan Bautista , the fleet ran through an ambush with little difficulty . Again at an `` S '' curve in the river known as the `` Devil 's Bend '' , Perry encountered Mexican fire from a river fortification known as the Colmena redoubt , but the fleet 's heavy naval guns quickly dispersed the Mexican force . On June 16 , Perry arrived at San Juan Bautista and commenced bombing the city . The attack included two ships that sailed past the fort and began shelling it from the rear . David D. Porter led 60 sailors ashore and seized the fort , raising the American flag over the works . Perry and the landing force arrived and took control of the city around 14 : 00 . Yucatán The U.S. was concerned with the extension of British power in the Caribbean , especially Spanish Cuba , as well as the strategic Yucatán peninsula . In 1847 Maya revolted against the white elites of the peninsula in a racial war known as the Caste War of Yucatan . Jefferson Davis , then a senator from Mississippi , argued in congress that the president needed no further powers to intervene in Yucatan since the war with Mexico was underway . Davis 's concern was strategic and part of his vision of Manifest Destiny , considering the Gulf of Mexico `` a basin of water belonging to the United States '' and continuing `` the cape of Yucatan and the island of Cuba must be ours '' rather than under British influence . In the end , the U.S. did not intervene in Yucatán , but it had figured in congressional debates about the Mexican -- American War . At one point , the government of Yucatán petitioned the U.S. for protection during the Caste War , but the U.S. did not respond . Desertion Battle of Churubusco by J. Cameron , published by Nathaniel Currier . Hand tinted lithograph , 1847 . Digitally restored . Further information : Saint Patrick 's Battalion Desertion was a major problem for the Mexican Army , depleting forces on the eve of battle . Most soldiers were peasants who had a loyalty to their village and family , but not to the generals who had conscripted them . Often hungry and ill , under - equipped , only partially trained , and never well paid , the soldiers were held in contempt by their officers and had little reason to fight the Americans . Looking for their opportunity , many slipped away from camp to find their way back to their home village . The desertion rate in the U.S. Army was 8.3 % ( 9,200 out of 111,000 ) , compared to 12.7 % during the War of 1812 and usual peacetime rates of about 14.8 % per year . Many men deserted to join another U.S. unit and get a second enlistment bonus . Some deserted because of the miserable conditions in camp . It has been suggested that others used the army to get free transportation to California , where they deserted to join the gold rush ; this , however , is unlikely as gold was only discovered in California on January 24 , 1848 , less than two weeks before the war concluded . By the time word reached the eastern U.S. that gold had been discovered , word also reached it that the war was over . Several hundred U.S. deserters went over to the Mexican side . Nearly all were recent immigrants from Europe with weak ties to the U.S. ; the most famous group was the Saint Patrick 's Battalion composed primarily of Catholic Irish and German immigrants ; the battalion also included Canadians , English , French , Italians , Poles , Scots , Spaniards , Swiss , and Mexican people , many of whom were members of the Catholic Church . The Mexicans issued broadsides and leaflets enticing U.S. soldiers with promises of money , land bounties , and officers ' commissions . Mexican guerrillas shadowed the U.S. Army and captured men who took unauthorized leave or fell out of the ranks . The guerrillas coerced these men to join the Mexican ranks . The generous promises proved illusory for most deserters , who risked being executed if captured by U.S. forces . About 50 of the San Patricios were tried and hanged following their capture at Churubusco in August 1847 . Scott 's Mexico city campaign Mexico City Campaign Veracruz -- Cerro Gordo -- Contreras -- Churubusco -- Molino del Rey -- Chapultepec -- Mexico City The Battle of Chapultepec . Landings and Siege of Veracruz Bombardment of Veracruz Scott 's campaign . Rather than reinforce Taylor 's army for a continued advance , President Polk sent a second army under General Winfield Scott , which was transported to the port of Veracruz by sea , to begin an invasion of the Mexican heartland . On March 9 , 1847 , Scott performed the first major amphibious landing in U.S. history in preparation for the Siege of Veracruz . A group of 12,000 volunteer and regular soldiers successfully offloaded supplies , weapons , and horses near the walled city using specially designed landing crafts . Included in the invading force were Robert E. Lee , George Meade , Ulysses S. Grant , James Longstreet , and Thomas `` Stonewall '' Jackson . The city was defended by Mexican General Juan Morales with 3,400 men . Mortars and naval guns under Commodore Matthew C. Perry were used to reduce the city walls and harass defenders . After a bombardment on March 24 , 1847 , the walls of Veracruz had a thirty - foot gap . The city replied the best it could with its own artillery . The effect of the extended barrage destroyed the will of the Mexican side to fight against a numerically superior force , and they surrendered the city after 12 days under siege . U.S. troops suffered 80 casualties , while the Mexican side had around 180 killed and wounded , about half of whom were civilian . During the siege , the U.S. side began to fall victim to yellow fever . Advance on Puebla Main article : Battle of Cerro Gordo Scott then marched westward on April 2 , 1847 , toward Mexico City with 8,500 healthy troops , while Santa Anna set up a defensive position in a canyon around the main road about 50 miles ( 80 km ) north - west of Veracruz , near the hamlet of Cerro Gordo . Santa Anna had entrenched with 12,000 troops , and artillery that were trained on the road , where he expected Scott to appear . However , Scott had sent 2,600 mounted dragoons ahead and they reached the pass on April 12 . The Mexican artillery prematurely fired on them and therefore revealed their positions , beginning the Battle of Cerro Gordo . Instead of taking the main road , Scott 's troops trekked through the rough terrain to the north , setting up his artillery on the high ground and quietly flanking the Mexicans . Although by then aware of the positions of U.S. troops , Santa Anna and his troops were unprepared for the onslaught that followed . In the battle fought on April 18 , the Mexican army was routed . The U.S. Army suffered 400 casualties , while the Mexicans suffered over 1,000 casualties and 3,000 were taken prisoner . In August 1847 , Captain Kirby Smith , of Scott 's 3rd Infantry , reflected on the resistance of the Mexican army : They can do nothing and their continued defeats should convince them of it . They have lost six great battles ; we have captured six hundred and eight cannon , nearly one hundred thousand stands of arms , made twenty thousand prisoners , have the greatest portion of their country and are fast advancing on their Capital which must be ours , -- yet they refuse to treat ( i.e. , negotiate terms ) ! Pause at Puebla In May , Scott pushed on to Puebla , the second largest city in Mexico . Because of the citizens ' hostility to Santa Anna , the city capitulated without resistance on May 1 . During the following months Scott gathered supplies and reinforcements at Puebla and sent back units whose enlistments had expired . Scott also made strong efforts to keep his troops disciplined and treat the Mexican people under occupation justly , so as to prevent a popular rising against his army . Advance on Mexico city and its capture The Battle of Molino del Rey With guerrillas harassing his line of communications back to Veracruz , Scott decided not to weaken his army to defend Puebla but , leaving only a garrison at Puebla to protect the sick and injured recovering there , advanced on Mexico City on August 7 with his remaining force . The capital was laid open in a series of battles around the right flank of the city defenses , the Battle of Contreras and Battle of Churubusco . After Churubusco , fighting halted for an armistice and peace negotiations , which broke down on September 6 , 1847 . With the subsequent battles of Molino del Rey and of Chapultepec , and the storming of the city gates , the capital was occupied . Scott became military governor of occupied Mexico City . His victories in this campaign made him an American national hero . Battle of Chapultepec Storming of Chapultepec The Battle of Chapultepec was an encounter between the Mexican Army and the United States on the castle of Chapultepec in Mexico City . At this time , this castle was a renowned military school in Mexico City . After the battle , which ended in an American victory , the legend of `` Los Niños Héroes '' was born . Although not confirmed by historians , six military cadets between the ages of 13 and 17 stayed in the school instead of evacuating . They decided to stay and fight for Mexico . These Niños Héroes ( hero children ) became icons in Mexico 's pantheon of heroes . Rather than surrender to the U.S. Army , some military cadets leaped from the castle walls . A cadet named Juan Escutia wrapped himself in the Mexican flag and jumped to his death . San Patricios The mass hanging of Irish Catholic soldiers who joined the Mexican side , forming the Saint Patrick 's Battalion . Saint Patrick 's Battalion ( San Patricios ) was a group of several hundred immigrant soldiers , the majority Irish , who deserted the U.S. Army because of ill - treatment or sympathetic leanings to fellow Mexican Catholics . They joined the Mexican army . Most were killed in the Battle of Churubusco ; about 100 were captured by the U.S. and roughly half were hanged as deserters . The leader , Jon Riley , was merely branded since he had deserted before the war started . Santa Anna 's last campaign In late September 1847 , Santa Anna made one last attempt to defeat the Americans , by cutting them off from the coast . General Joaquín Rea began the Siege of Puebla , soon joined by Santa Anna , but they failed to take it before the approach of a relief column from Veracruz under Brig. Gen. Joseph Lane prompted Santa Anna to stop him . Puebla was relieved by Gen. Lane October 12 , 1847 , following his defeat of Santa Anna at the Battle of Huamantla on October 9 , 1847 . The battle was Santa Anna 's last . Following the defeat , the new Mexican government led by Manuel de la Peña y Peña asked Santa Anna to turn over command of the army to General José Joaquín de Herrera . Anti-guerrilla campaign Following his capture and securing of the capital , General Scott sent about a quarter of his strength to secure his line of communications to Veracruz from the Light Corps of General Joaquín Rea and other Mexican guerrilla forces that had been harassing it since May . He strengthened the garrison of Puebla and by November had added a 1200 - man garrison at Jalapa , established 750 - man posts along the National Road , the main route between the port of Veracruz and the capital , at the pass between Mexico City and Puebla at Rio Frio , at Perote and San Juan on the road between Jalapa and Puebla , and at Puente Nacional between Jalapa and Veracruz . He had also detailed an anti guerrilla brigade under Brig. Gen. Joseph Lane to carry the war to the Light Corps and other guerrillas . He ordered that convoys would travel with at least 1,300 - man escorts . Victories by General Lane over the Light Corps at Atlixco ( October 18 , 1847 ) , at Izucar de Matamoros ( November 23 , 1847 ) and Galaxara Pass ( November 24 , 1847 ) ended the threat of General Rea . Later a raid against the guerrillas of Padre Jarauta at Zacualtipan ( February 25 , 1848 ) further reduced guerrilla raids on the American line of communications . After the two governments concluded a truce to await ratification of the peace treaty , on March 6 , 1848 , formal hostilities ceased . However some bands continued in defiance of the Mexican government until the American evacuation in August . Some were suppressed by the Mexican Army or , like Padre Jarauta , executed . Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo Main article : Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo The Mexican Cession , shown in red , and the later Gadsden Purchase , shown in yellow . Outnumbered militarily and with many of its large cities occupied , Mexico could not defend itself ; the country was also faced with many internal divisions , including the Caste War of Yucatán . The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo , signed on February 2 , 1848 , by American diplomat Nicholas Trist and Mexican plenipotentiary representatives Luis G. Cuevas , Bernardo Couto , and Miguel Atristain , ended the war . The treaty gave the U.S. undisputed control of Texas , established the U.S. - Mexican border of the Rio Grande , and ceded to the United States the present - day states of California , Nevada , and Utah , most of New Mexico , Arizona and Colorado , and parts of Texas , Oklahoma , Kansas , and Wyoming . In return , Mexico received $ 15 million ( $415 million today ) -- less than half the amount the U.S. had attempted to offer Mexico for the land before the opening of hostilities -- and the U.S. agreed to assume $3.25 million ( $90 million today ) in debts that the Mexican government owed to U.S. citizens . The treaty was ratified by the U.S. Senate by a vote of 38 to 14 on March 10 , and by Mexico through a legislative vote of 51 - 34 and a Senate vote of 33 - 4 , on May 19 . News that New Mexico 's legislative assembly had passed an act for organization of a U.S. territorial government helped ease Mexican concern about abandoning the people of New Mexico . The acquisition was a source of controversy then , especially among U.S. politicians who had opposed the war from the start . A leading antiwar U.S. newspaper , the Whig Intelligencer , sardonically concluded that `` We take nothing by conquest ... Thank God . '' Mexican territorial claims relinquished in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in white . Jefferson Davis introduced an amendment giving the U.S. most of northeastern Mexico , which failed 44 -- 11 . It was supported by both senators from Texas ( Sam Houston and Thomas Jefferson Rusk ) , Daniel S. Dickinson of New York , Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois , Edward A. Hannegan of Indiana , and one each from Alabama , Florida , Mississippi , Ohio , Missouri , and Tennessee . Most of the leaders of the Democratic party -- Thomas Hart Benton , John C. Calhoun , Herschel V. Johnson , Lewis Cass , James Murray Mason of Virginia , and Ambrose Hundley Sevier -- were opposed . An amendment by Whig Senator George Edmund Badger of North Carolina to exclude New Mexico and Upper California lost 35 -- 15 , with three Southern Whigs voting with the Democrats . Daniel Webster was bitter that four New England senators made deciding votes for acquiring the new territories . The acquired lands west of the Rio Grande are traditionally called the Mexican Cession in the U.S. , as opposed to the Texas Annexation two years earlier , though division of New Mexico down the middle at the Rio Grande never had any basis either in control or Mexican boundaries . Mexico never recognized the independence of Texas before the war , and did not cede its claim to territory north of the Rio Grande or Gila River until this treaty . Before ratifying the treaty the U.S. Senate made two modifications : changing the wording of Article IX ( which guaranteed Mexicans living in the purchased territories the right to become U.S. citizens ) and striking out Article X ( which conceded the legitimacy of land grants made by the Mexican government ) . On May 26 , 1848 , when the two countries exchanged ratifications of the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo , they further agreed to a three - article protocol ( known as the Protocol of Querétaro ) to explain the amendments . The first article claimed that the original Article IX of the treaty , although replaced by Article III of the Treaty of Louisiana , would still confer the rights delineated in Article IX . The second article confirmed the legitimacy of land grants under Mexican law . The protocol was signed in the city of Querétaro by A.H. Sevier , Nathan Clifford , and Luis de la Rosa . Article XI offered a potential benefit to Mexico , in that the US pledged to suppress the Comanche and Apache raids that had ravaged northern Mexico and pay restitutions to the victims of raids it could not prevent . However , the Indian raids did not cease for several decades after the treaty , although a cholera epidemic reduced the numbers of the Comanche in 1849 . Robert Letcher , U.S. Minister to Mexico in 1850 , was certain `` that miserable 11th article '' would lead to the financial ruin of the US if it could not be released from its obligations . The US was released from all obligations of Article XI five years later by Article II of the Gadsden Purchase of 1853 . Results American occupation of Mexico City . Altered territories Before the secession of Texas , Mexico comprised almost 1,700,000 sq mi ( 4,400,000 km ) , but by 1849 it was just under 800,000 square miles ( 2,100,000 km ) . Another 30,000 square miles ( 78,000 km ) were sold to the U.S. in the Gadsden Purchase of 1853 , so the total reduction of Mexican territory was more than 55 % , or 900,000 square miles ( 2,300,000 km ) . Though the annexed territory was about the size of Western Europe , it was sparsely populated . The land contained about 14,000 non-indigenous people in Alta California and about 60,000 in Nuevo México , as well as large Indian nations , such as the Papago , Pima , Puebloan , Navajo , Apache and many others . Although some native people relocated farther south in Mexico , the great majority remained in the U.S. territory . The American settlers surging into the newly conquered Southwest were openly contemptuous of Mexican law ( a civil law system based on the law of Spain ) as alien and inferior and disposed of it by enacting reception statutes at the first available opportunity . However , they recognized the value of a few aspects of Mexican law and carried them over into their new legal systems . For example , most of the southwestern states adopted community property marital property systems , as well as water law . Mexicans and Indians in the annexed territories faced a loss of civil and political rights , even though the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo promised American citizenship to all Mexican citizens living in the territory of the Mexican Cession . The U.S. government withheld citizenship from Indians in the southwest until the 1930s , despite the fact that they were citizens under Mexican law . Impact of the war in the United States In much of the United States of America , victory and the acquisition of new land brought a surge of patriotism . Victory seemed to fulfill Democrats ' belief in their country 's Manifest Destiny . While Whig Ralph Waldo Emerson rejected war `` as a means of achieving America 's destiny , '' he accepted that `` most of the great results of history are brought about by discreditable means . '' Although the Whigs had opposed the war , they made Zachary Taylor their presidential candidate in the election of 1848 , praising his military performance while muting their criticism of the war . Has the Mexican War terminated yet , and how ? Are we beaten ? Do you know of any nation about to besiege South Hadley ( Massachusetts ) ? If so , do inform me of it , for I would be glad of a chance to escape , if we are to be stormed . I suppose ( our teacher ) Miss ( Mary ) Lyon would furnish us all with daggers and order us to fight for our lives ... -- The sixteen - year - old Emily Dickinson , writing to her older brother , Austin in the fall of 1847 , shortly after the Battle of Chapultepec A month before the end of the war , Polk was criticized in a United States House of Representatives amendment to a bill praising Major General Zachary Taylor for `` a war unnecessarily and unconstitutionally begun by the President of the United States . '' This criticism , in which Congressman Abraham Lincoln played an important role with his Spot Resolutions , followed congressional scrutiny of the war 's beginnings , including factual challenges to claims made by President Polk . The vote followed party lines , with all Whigs supporting the amendment . Lincoln 's attack won lukewarm support from fellow Whigs in Illinois but was harshly counter-attacked by Democrats , who rallied pro-war sentiments in Illinois ; Lincoln 's Spot resolutions haunted his future campaigns in the heavily Democratic state of Illinois , and were cited by enemies well into his presidency . Effect on the American Civil war Second lieutenant Ulysses S. Grant , one of the many officers in the U.S. Army in the Mexican -- American War to serve in the American Civil War Many of the military leaders on both sides of the American Civil War were trained at the U.S. Military Academy at West Point and had fought as junior officers in Mexico . This list includes military men fighting for the Union : Ulysses S. Grant , George B. McClellan , William T. Sherman , George Meade , William Rosecrans , and Ambrose Burnside . Military men who joined the Southern secessionists of the Confederate States of America were Robert E. Lee , Stonewall Jackson , James Longstreet , Joseph E. Johnston , Braxton Bragg , Sterling Price , and the future Confederate President Jefferson Davis . Both sides had leaders with significant experience in active combat in strategy and tactics , likely shaping ways the Civil War conflict played out . President Ulysses S. Grant , who as a young army lieutenant had served in Mexico under General Taylor , recalled in his Memoirs , published in 1885 , that : Generally , the officers of the army were indifferent whether the annexation was consummated or not ; but not so all of them . For myself , I was bitterly opposed to the measure , and to this day regard the war , which resulted , as one of the most unjust ever waged by a stronger against a weaker nation . It was an instance of a republic following the bad example of European monarchies , in not considering justice in their desire to acquire additional territory . Grant also expressed the view that the war against Mexico had brought punishment on the United States in the form of the American Civil War : The Southern rebellion was largely the outgrowth of the Mexican war . Nations , like individuals , are punished for their transgressions . We got our punishment in the most sanguinary and expensive war of modern times . This view was shared by the philosopher Ralph Waldo Emerson , who towards the end of the war wrote that `` The United States will conquer Mexico , but it will be as the man swallows the arsenic , which brings him down in turn . Mexico will poison us . '' `` An Available Candidate : The One Qualification for a Whig President . '' Political cartoon about the 1848 presidential election which refers to Zachary Taylor or Winfield Scott , the two leading contenders for the Whig Party nomination in the aftermath of the Mexican -- American War . Published by Nathaniel Currier in 1848 , digitally restored . General Robert E. Lee , leader of the Confederate forces through the end of the American Civil War , began building his reputation as a military officer in America 's war against Mexico . At the start of the Mexican -- American War , Captain Lee invaded Mexico with General Wool 's engineering department from the North . By early 1847 , he helped take the Mexican cities of Vera Cruz , Quebec , Cerro Gordo , Contreras , Churubusco , Molino del Rey , and Chapultepec. Lee was wounded in Chapultepec . By September , Mexico City surrendered and the United States was victorious . General Scott was the ranking officer in the army during the Mexican -- American campaign . He described Robert E. Lee as `` gallant and indefatigable , '' saying that Lee had displayed the `` greatest feat of physical and moral courage performed by any individual in ( his ) knowledge during the campaign . '' Robert E. Lee 's humility and professionalism was apparent early on in his career when gave credit to General Scott for the victories . He said that `` It was his stout heart ... his bold self reliance ... his indomitable courage that ... ressed us forward to this capital . '' It is important to note that although Lee is remembered for his valor during the Mexican -- American War , he was only a junior officer `` who had never commanded a regiment in the field '' . In 1861 , it was General Scott who advised Abraham Lincoln to ask Lee to command the union forces . Lee declined , and later recounted `` I declined the offer he made me to take command of the army that was brought into the field , stating candidly and as courteously as I could that though opposed to secession and depreciating war , I could take no part in the invasion of the southern states . '' ( Sneiderman , 118 ) On 9 April 1865 , it was General Robert E. Lee who had surrendered to President Lincoln 's Union Forces . Despite initial objections from the Whigs and abolitionists , the war nevertheless united the U.S. in a common cause and was fought almost entirely by volunteers . The army swelled from just over 6,000 to more than 115,000 . The majority of 12 - month volunteers in Scott 's army decided that a year 's fighting was enough and returned to the U.S. Veterans of the war were often broken men . `` As the sick and wounded from Taylor 's and Scott 's campaigns made their way back from Mexico to the United States , their condition shocked the folks at home . Husbands , sons , and brothers returned in broken health , some with missing limbs . '' Anti-slavery elements opposed that position and fought for the exclusion of slavery from any territory absorbed by the U.S. In 1847 the House of Representatives passed the Wilmot Proviso , stipulating that none of the territory acquired should be open to slavery . The Senate avoided the issue , and a late attempt to add it to the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was defeated . The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was the result of Nicholas Trist 's unauthorized negotiations . It was approved by the U.S. Senate on March 10 , 1848 , and ratified by the Mexican Congress on May 25 . Mexico 's cession of Alta California and Nuevo México and its recognition of U.S. sovereignty over all of Texas north of the Rio Grande formalized the addition of 1.2 million square miles ( 3.1 million km ) of territory to the United States . In return the U.S. agreed to pay $15 million and assumed the claims of its citizens against Mexico . A final territorial adjustment between Mexico and the U.S. was made by the Gadsden Purchase in 1853 . The sale of this territory was a contributing factor in the final fall of Santa Anna in Mexico for having sold Mexican patrimony . As late as 1880 , the `` Republican Campaign Textbook '' by the Republican Congressional Committee described the war as `` Feculent , reeking Corruption '' and `` one of the darkest scenes in our history -- a war forced upon our and the Mexican people by the high - handed usurpations of Pres 't Polk in pursuit of territorial aggrandizement of the slave oligarchy . '' The war was one of the most decisive events for the U.S. in the first half of the 19th century . While it marked a significant waypoint for the nation as a growing military power , it also served as a milestone especially within the U.S. narrative of Manifest Destiny . The resultant territorial gains set in motion many of the defining trends in American 19th - century history , particularly for the American West . The war did not resolve the issue of slavery in the U.S. but rather in many ways inflamed it , as potential westward expansion of the institution took an increasingly central and heated theme in national debates preceding the American Civil War . Furthermore , in doing much to extend the nation from coast to coast , the Mexican -- American War was one step in the huge migrations to the West of Americans , which culminated in transcontinental railroads and the Indian wars later in the same century . Impact of the war in Mexico Memorial to the Mexican cadets killed in the Battle of Chapultepec The obvious impact of the war was the loss of its northern areas and the defeat of the Mexican military . The war remains a painful historical event for Mexicans . In the immediate aftermath of the war , a group of prominent Mexicans wrote an assessment of the reasons for the war and Mexico 's defeat , edited by Ramón Alcaraz and including contributions by Ignacio Ramírez , Guillermo Prieto , José María Iglesias , and Francisco Urquidi . The work was translated to English by Col. Albert Ramsey , a veteran of the Mexican -- American War and published in 1850 . In Mexico City 's Chapultepec Park , the Niños Héroes ( Monument to the Heroic Cadets ) commemorates the heroic sacrifice of six teenaged military cadets who fought to their deaths rather than surrender to American troops during the Battle of Chapultepec Castle on September 13 , 1847 . The monument is an important patriotic site in Mexico . On March 5 , 1947 , nearly one hundred years after the battle , U.S. President Harry S. Truman placed a wreath at the monument and stood for a moment of silence . See also Battles of the Mexican -- American War Christopher Werner , maker of the `` Iron Palmetto '' commemorating the loss of South Carolinians in the War Reconquista ( Mexico ) Republic of Texas -- United States relations Territories of Mexico General : History of Mexico History of New Mexico List of conflicts in the United States List of wars involving Mexico Mexico -- United States relations Notes Jump up ^ Variations include U.S. -- Mexican War , the U.S. -- Mexico War . Jump up ^ Spanish : Intervención americana en México , or Intervención estadounidense en México . In Mexico , it may also be called the United States - Mexico War ( Guerra de Estados Unidos - México ) . Citations Jump up ^ 1846 only . ^ Jump up to : Clodfelter 2017 , p. 249 . Jump up ^ Official DOD data Archived February 28 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Ramón Alcaraz , et al . The Other Side or Notes for the History of the War between Mexico and the United States . New York : Burt Franklin 1850 , republished 1970 , 1 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : See `` '' Republic of Texas `` '' . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2009 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 05 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ History.com Jump up ^ See Rives , The United States and Mexico , vol. 2 , p. 658 Jump up ^ Pedro Santoni , `` U.S. - Mexican War '' in Encyclopedia of Mexico , Chicago : Fitzroy Dearborn 1997 , p. 1511 . Jump up ^ Alcaraz , et al . The Other Side , pp. 1 - 2 . Jump up ^ DeLay , Brian . The War of a Thousand Deserts New Haven : Yale U Press , 2008 , p. 286 Jump up ^ `` The Borderlands on the Eve of War '' . The U.S. - Mexican War . PBS . Jump up ^ Brian Delay , `` Independent Indians and the U.S. Mexican War '' The American Historical Review , Vol 112 , No. l ( February 2007 ) , p 35 Jump up ^ `` The Annexation of Texas '' U.S. Department of State , Retrieved July 6 , 2012 Jump up ^ Rives , ' ' The United States and Mexico ' ' vol. 2 , pp 45 -- 46 . Books.google.com . September 28 , 2007 . Retrieved May 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Rives , pp. 48 -- 49 Jump up ^ Engelson , Lester G. ( 1939 ) . `` Proposals for the Colonization of California by England : In Connection with the Mexican Debt to British Bondholders 1837 - 1846 '' . California Historical Society Quarterly . University of California Press . 18 ( 2 ) : 136 -- 48 . ISSN 0008 - 1175 . JSTOR 25139106 . doi : 10.2307 / 25139106 -- via JSTOR . ( Registration required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Groom , Winston `` Kearny 's March '' Alfred A. Knopf , 2011 pp. 46 ^ Jump up to : Santoni , `` U.S. - Mexican War '' , p. 1511 . Jump up ^ Jesús F. de la Teja , `` Texas Secession '' in Encyclopedia of Mexico , Chicago : Fitzroy Dearborn 1997 , 1403 - 04 . Jump up ^ Douglas W. Richmond , `` Vicente Guerrero '' in Encyclopedia of Mexico , Chicago : Fitzroy Dearborn 1997 , p. 617 . ^ Jump up to : Rives , vol. 2 , pp. 165 -- 168 Jump up ^ Rives , vol. 2 , pp. 172 -- 173 Jump up ^ Mary Lee Spence , and Donald Jackson , The Expeditions of John Charles Fremont : The Bear Flag Revolt and the Court - Martial . U of Illinois Press , 1973 . Jump up ^ Smith ( 1919 ) p. xi . Jump up ^ Richard R. Stenberg , `` The Failure of Polk 's Mexican War Intrigue of 1845 , '' Pacific Historical Review 4 # 1 ( 1935 ) , pp. 39 - 68 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Donald Fithian Stevens , Origins of Instability in Early Republican Mexico ( 1991 ) p. 11 . Jump up ^ Miguel E. Soto , `` The Monarchist Conspiracy and the Mexican War '' in Essays on the Mexican War ed by Wayne Cutler ; Texas A&M University Press . 1986 . pp. 66 -- 67 . ^ Jump up to : Brooks ( 1849 ) pp. 61 -- 62 . Jump up ^ Mexican War from Global Security.com . Jump up ^ Christon I. Archer , `` Military : 1821 -- 1914 '' in Encyclopedia of Mexico , Chicago : Fitzroy Dearborn 1997 , 905 . Jump up ^ Archer , `` Military , 1821 -- 1914 '' , pp. 906 - 907 . Jump up ^ `` The End of the Mexican American War : The Signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo '' . Memoria Política de México ( Political History of Mexico ) ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 22 April 2015 . Jump up ^ quoted in Carol and thomas Christensen , The U.S. - Mexican War . Companion to the Public Television Series , The U.S. - Mexican War , 1846 -- 48 . San Francisco : Bay Books 1998 , p. 138 . Jump up ^ Alamán paraphrased in Christensen , The U.S. - Mexican War , p. 61 . Jump up ^ Mexican soldier Manuel Balontín , quoted in Christensen , The U.S. - Mexican War , p. 137 . Jump up ^ René Chartrand , ' ' Santa Anna 's Mexican Army 1821 -- 48 ' ' , Illustrated by Bill Younghusband , Osprey Publishing , 2004 , ISBN 1 - 84176 - 667 - 4 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 84176 - 667 - 6 . Books.google.com . Retrieved May 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Meed , Douglas ( 2003 ) . The Mexican War , 1846 -- 1848 . Routledge . p. 67 . Jump up ^ Missionaries of Republicanism : A Religious History of the Mexican - American War By John C. Pinheiro , page 96 Jump up ^ Santa Anna of Mexico , By Will Fowler , page 265 Jump up ^ `` William Hugh Robarts , `` Mexican War veterans : a complete roster of the regular and volunteer troops in the war between the United States and Mexico , from 1846 to 1848 ; the volunteers are arranged by states , alphabetically '' , BRENTANO 'S ( A.S. WITHERBEE & CO , Proprietors ) ; WASHINGTON , D.C. , 1887 `` . Archive.org . March 10 , 2001 . Retrieved May 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Robarts , `` Mexican War veterans '' pp. 1 -- 24 Jump up ^ Robarts , `` Mexican War veterans '' pp. 39 -- 79 Jump up ^ Bronwyn Mills . U.S. - Mexican War ISBN 0 - 8160 - 4932 - 7 . Jump up ^ Spencer Tucker . U.S. Leadership in Wartime : Clashes , Controversy , and Compromise , Volume 1 . page 249 Jump up ^ David Montejano ( 1987 ) . Anglos and Mexicans in the Making of Texas , 1836 - 1986 . University of Texas Press . p. 30 . Jump up ^ Justin Harvey Smith ( 1919 ) . The war with Mexico vol. 1 . Macmillan . p. 464 . Jump up ^ K. Jack Bauer ( 1993 ) . Zachary Taylor : Soldier , Planter , Statesman of the Old Southwest . Louisiana State University Press . p. 149 . Jump up ^ `` PERSONAL MEMOIRS U.S. GRANT , COMPLETE '' . www.gutenberg.org . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Brooks ( 1849 ) p. 122 . Jump up ^ Brooks ( 1849 ) pp. 91 , 117 . Jump up ^ Brooks ( 1849 ) p. 121 . Jump up ^ Morgan , Robert `` Lions of the West '' Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill , 2011 pp. 237 ^ Jump up to : Tucker ( 2013 ) p. 718 . Jump up ^ Smith ( 1919 ) p. 279 . Jump up ^ Faragher , John Mack , et al. , eds . Out Of Many : A History of the American People . Upper Saddle River : Pearson Education , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Message of President Polk , May 11 , 1846 '' . Retrieved July 20 , 2008 . Mexico has passed the boundary of the United States , has invaded our territory and shed American blood upon the American soil . She has proclaimed that hostilities have commenced , and that the two nations are now at war . ^ Jump up to : Bauer ( 1992 ) p. 68 . Jump up ^ see A. Brook Caruso , The Mexican Spy Company . 1991 , p. 62 - 79 Jump up ^ Jay ( 1853 ) pp. 165 -- 166 . Jump up ^ Jay ( 1853 ) p. 165 . Jump up ^ See O'Sullivan's 1845 article `` Annexation '' , United States Magazine and Democratic Review Jump up ^ quoted in Christensen , The U.S. - Mexican War , p. 74 . Jump up ^ Giddings , Joshua Reed . Speeches in Congress ( 1841 -- 1852 ) , J.P. Jewett and Company , 1853 , p. 17 Jump up ^ Speech of U.S. Senator against the Mexican -- American War characterizing it as imperialist and presidential Jump up ^ Beveridge 1 : 417 . Jump up ^ `` James K. Polk : Third Annual Message -- December 7 , 1847 '' . Presidency.ucsb.edu . Retrieved May 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` War News From Mexico '' : What the Blacks in the 1848 Painting Tell Us The Root , 2013 Jump up ^ Lawrence Delbert Cress , `` Introduction '' , Dispatches from the Mexican War , Norman : University of Oklahoma Press 1999 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ George Wilkins Kendall , Dispatches from the Mexican War , edited by Larence Delbert Cress . Norman : University of Oklahoma Press 1999 . Jump up ^ Streetby , Shellby ( 2001 ) . `` American Sensations : Empire , Amnesia , and the US - Mexican War '' . American Literary History . 13 : 1 : 2 . Jump up ^ Ron Tyler . `` A Great American Book : The War between the United States and Mexico , Illustrated '' in Artes de México . No. 80 , `` Carl Nebel : Nineteenth - Century Itinerant Painter '' , August 2006 , pp. 77 - 80 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Battle of Santa Fe '' . Early American Wars : A Guide to Early American Units and Battles before 1865 . MyCivilWar.com. 2005 -- 2008 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Simmons , Marc ( 1973 ) . The Little Lion of the Southwest : a life of Manuel Antonio Chaves . Chicago : The Swallow Press . ISBN 0 - 8040 - 0633 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` New Mexico Historic Markers : Canoncito at Apache Canyon '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 27 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 15 . Includes a link to a map . Jump up ^ Keleher , William A. ( 1952 ) . Turmoil in New Mexico 1846 -- 1848 . University of New Mexico Press . ISBN 0 - 8263 - 0631 - 4 . Jump up ^ Beck , Warren A. ( 1962 ) . New Mexico : A History of Four Centuries . University of Oklahoma Press . Jump up ^ Morgan , Robert ( 2011 ) . Lions of the West . Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill . p. 243 Jump up ^ Garrard , Lewis H. ( 1850 ) . Wah - to - yah and the Taos Trail ; or Prairie Travel and Scalp Dances , with a Look at Los Rancheros from Muleback and the Rocky Mountain Camp - fire , pp. 214 - 215 ; reprint , University of Oklahoma Press , Norman , 1955 Jump up ^ Walker , Dale L. ( 1999 ) . Bear Flag Rising : The Conquest of California , 1846 . New York : Macmillan . p. 104 . ISBN 0312866852 . Jump up ^ Walker p. 91 - 92 , 96 Jump up ^ Walker p. 72 Jump up ^ Walker p. 103 Jump up ^ Walker p. 107 Jump up ^ Walker p. 101 Jump up ^ Walker p. 110 Jump up ^ Walker p. 123 - 125 Jump up ^ Walker p. 129 Jump up ^ Walker p. 139 Jump up ^ Walker p. 134 Jump up ^ Walker p. 138 Jump up ^ Walker p. 140 Jump up ^ Walker p. 98 Jump up ^ Walker p. 142 Jump up ^ Walker p. 143 - 144 Jump up ^ Walker p. 148 Jump up ^ Walker p. 149 ^ Jump up to : Walker p. 154 Jump up ^ Walker p. 156 Jump up ^ Walker p. 157 Jump up ^ Walker p. 158 Jump up ^ Walker p. 159 Jump up ^ Walker p. 196 Jump up ^ Walker p. 197 Jump up ^ Walker p. 198 Jump up ^ Walker p. 199 Jump up ^ Walker p. 200 Jump up ^ Walker p. 201 Jump up ^ Walker p. 203 Jump up ^ Walker p. 209 Jump up ^ Walker p. 204 Jump up ^ Walker p. 215 - 219 Jump up ^ Walker p. 221 Jump up ^ Walker p. 224 Jump up ^ Walker p. 234 Jump up ^ Walker p. 235 Jump up ^ Brooks ( 1849 ) p. 257 . Jump up ^ Walker p. 233 Jump up ^ Walker p. 237 Jump up ^ Bauer ( 1992 ) pp. 190 -- 191 . Jump up ^ Walker p. 238 Jump up ^ Walker p. 239 Jump up ^ Walker p. 240 - 241 Jump up ^ Walker p. 242 ^ Jump up to : Walker p. 246 Jump up ^ Silversteen , p42 Jump up ^ Bauer ( 1992 ) p. 201 . Jump up ^ Schweikart , Larry ; Allen , Michael ( 2004 ) . A Patriot 's History of the United States : From Columbus 's Great Discovery to the War on Terror . Sentinel HC . p. 242 . ISBN 978 - 1595230010 . Retrieved 22 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Rives , George Lockhart , The United States and Mexico , 1821 -- 1848 : a history of the relations between the two countries from the independence of Mexico to the close of the war with the United States , Volume 2 , C. Scribner 's Sons , New York , 1913 , p. 233 . Books.google.com . September 28 , 2007 . Retrieved May 28 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Urban Warfare '' . Battle of Monterrey.com . Retrieved May 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Rip Ford 's Texas Memoirs , Stephen Oates , University of Texas Press , 1963 Jump up ^ Dishman , Christopher ( 2010 ) . A Perfect Gibraltar : The Battle for Monterrey , Mexico . University of Oklahoma Press . ISBN 0 - 8061 - 4140 - 9 . Jump up ^ Shelby Foote , The Civil War : A Narrative : Volume 1 : Fort Sumter to Perryville ( 1958 ) Jump up ^ Groom , Winston `` Kearny 's March '' Alfred A. Knopf , 2011 pp. 143 Jump up ^ Roger D. Launius ( 1997 ) . Alexander William Doniphan : portrait of a Missouri moderate . University of Missouri Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8262 - 1132 - 3 . Jump up ^ Hamalainen , Pekka . The Comanche Empire . New Haven : Yale University Press . p. 232 . Jump up ^ Gilbert M. Joseph , `` The United States , Feuding Elites , and Rural Revolt in Yucatán , 1836 -- 1915 '' in Rural Revolt in Mexico : U.S. Intervention and the Domain of Subaltern Politics , expanded edition , Daniel Nugent , ed . Durham : Duke University Press 1998 pp. 173 - 206 . Jump up ^ K. Jack Bauer , The Mexican war , 1846 -- 1848 . 1974 . Republished by University of Nebraska Press 1992 , pp. 108 - 109 . Jump up ^ quoted in Brian Loveman , No Higher Law : American Foreign Policy and the Western Hemisphere Since 1776 . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press 2010 , p. 70 . Jump up ^ `` Message from the President of the United States with communications from the government of Yucatan , representing the state of suffering to which that country is reduced by an insurrection of the Indians , imploring the protection of the United States , and offering , in case it should be granted , to transfer the dominion and sovereignty of the peninsula to the United States . '' United States . Congress . Senate . April 29 , 1848 . Read , referred to the Committee on Foreign Relations , and ordered to be printed . ( Washington , D.C. ) 19 pages , 30th Congress , 1st session . Senate . Ex . Doc . No. 40 Jump up ^ Meed , Douglas ( 2003 ) . The Mexican War , 1846 -- 1848 . Routledge . p. 67 . Jump up ^ McAllister , Brian . `` see Coffman , ' ' Old Army ' ' ( 1988 ) p. 193 '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved May 28 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Foos , Paul ( 2002 ) . A Short , Offhand , Killing Affair . pp. 25 , 103 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Miller , Robert Ryal ( 1989 ) . Shamrock and Sword , The Saint Patrick 's Battalion in the US -- Mexican War . Norman , Oklahoma : University of Oklahoma Press . pp. 188 -- 192 . ISBN 0 - 8061 - 2964 - 6 . Jump up ^ Morgan , Robert , Lions of the West , Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill , 2011 p. 282 Jump up ^ Eisenhower , John S.D. ( 1989 ) . So Far from God : The U.S. War With Mexico , 1846 -- 1848 . New York : Random House . p. 295 . ISBN 0 - 8061 - 3279 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Diseño Web y Desarrollo de Aplicaciones por Webtopia , Retrieved May 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kirkwood , Burton ( 2000 ) . The History of Mexico . pp. 97 , 98 , 99 . ISBN 9780313303517 . Jump up ^ Executive Document , No. 60 , House of Representatives , first Session of the thirtieth Congress , pp. 1028 , 1032 Jump up ^ Carney , Stephen A. ( 2005 ) , U.S. Army Campaigns of the Mexican War : The Occupation of Mexico , May 1846 - July 1848 ( CMH Pub 73 - 3 ) , Washington : U.S. Government Printing Office , pp. 30 -- 38 Jump up ^ Celedonio Domeco de Jarauta from es.wikipedia.org accessed June 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Memoria Política de México '' . Jump up ^ Smith ( 1919 ) p. 241 . Jump up ^ Mills , Bronwyn . U.S. - Mexican War . p. 23 . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 4932 - 7 . Jump up ^ Jay ( 1853 ) p. 117 . Jump up ^ Rives , p. 649 Jump up ^ Davis , Kenneth C. ( 1995 ) . Do n't Know Much About History . New York : Avon Books . p. 143 . Jump up ^ Zinn , Howard ( 2003 ) . A People 's History of the United States . New York : HarperCollins Publishers . p. 169 . Jump up ^ Rives , George Lockhart ( 1913 ) . The United States and Mexico , 1821 -- 1848 . C. Scribner 's Sons . pp. 634 -- 636 . Jump up ^ Frazier , Donald S. `` Boundary Disputes '' . US - Mexican War , 1846 -- 1848 . PBS . ^ Jump up to : `` Treaty of Peace , Friendship , Limits , and Settlement Between the United States of America and the United Mexican States Concluded at Guadalupe Hidalgoa '' . Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo . University of Dayton ( academic.udayton.edu ) . Retrieved October 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Article IX '' . Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ; February 2 , 1848 . Lillian Goldman Law Library . Jump up ^ Hamalainen , 293 - 341 Jump up ^ DeLay , Brian ( 2008 ) . War of a thousand deserts : Indian raids and the U.S. - Mexican War . New Haven : Yale University Press . p. 302 . Jump up ^ `` Gadsden Purchase Treaty : December 30 , 1853 '' . Lillian Goldman Law Library . Jump up ^ `` Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo '' . www.ourdocuments.gov . Retrieved June 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Franzius , Andrea . `` California Gold -- Migrating to California : Overland , around the Horn and via Panama '' . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2012 . Retrieved July 6 , 2012 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Table 16 . Population : 1790 to 1990 '' , Population and Housing Unit Counts. 1990 Census of Population and Housing . CPH - 2 - 1. , U.S. Department of Commerce , Bureau of the Census , pp. 26 -- 27 , ISBN 99946 - 41 - 25 - 5 Jump up ^ Griswold el Castillo , Richard War 's End : Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo '' PBS , 2006 Jump up ^ Emerson , Ralph Waldo ( 1860 ) . The Conduct of Life . p. 110 . ISBN 1 - 4191 - 5736 - 1 . Jump up ^ Linscott , 1959 , pp. 218 -- 219 Jump up ^ `` Congressional Globe , 30th Session ( 1848 ) '' . Memory.loc.gov . pp. 93 -- 95 . Retrieved May 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` House Journal , 30th Session ( 1848 ) pp. 183 -- 184 / '' . Memory.loc.gov . Retrieved May 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Donald , David Herbert ( 1995 ) . Lincoln . pp. 124 , 128 , 133 . Jump up ^ `` Ulysses S Grant Quotes on the Military Academy and the Mexican War '' . Fadedgiant.net . Retrieved May 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Personal Memoirs of General U.S. Grant -- Complete by Ulysses S. Grant '' . Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Groom , Winston `` Kearny 's March '' Alfred A. Knopf , 2011 pp. 275 ^ Jump up to : Winston , Robert ( 1934 ) . Robert E. Lee ; a Biography . New York : W. Morrow & Co. p. 84 . ISBN 9780313384370 . Jump up ^ sneiderman , Barney ( 2006 ) . Warriors Seven : seven American Commanders , Seven Wars , and the Irony of Battle . New York : Savas beatie . p. 118 . ISBN 1932714286 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Prescott ( 1897 ) . The battles of the war for the union being the story of the great Civil War from the election of Abraham Lincoln to the surrender at Appomatox . Philadelphia : H. Altemus . p. 333 . Jump up ^ Christensen , The U.S. - Mexican War , p. 187 . Jump up ^ Christensen , The U.S. - Mexican War , p. 190 . Jump up ^ John Douglas Pitts Fuller ( 1969 ) ( 1936 ) . The Movement for the Acquisition of All Mexico , 1846 -- 1848 . New York : Da Capo Press . Retrieved May 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Mexican -- American War description from the Republican Campaign Textbook . Jump up ^ Ramón Alcaraz , et al . The Other Side : or Notes for the History of the War between Mexico and the United States . Translated by Albert C. Ramsey , Colonel of the Eleventh United States Infantry During with War with Mexico . New York : Burt Franklin 1850 . Republished 1970 . Bibliography Reference works Crawford , Mark ; Heidler , Jeanne ; Heidler ( eds . ) , David Stephen ( 1999 ) . Encyclopedia of the Mexican War . ISBN 1 - 57607 - 059 - X . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Frazier , Donald S. ed . The U.S. and Mexico at War , ( 1998 ) , 584 ; an encyclopedia with 600 articles by 200 scholars Surveys Bauer , Karl Jack ( 1992 ) . The Mexican War : 1846 -- 1848 . University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 6107 - 1 . De Voto , Bernard , Year of Decision 1846 ( 1942 ) , well written popular history Greenberg , Amy S. A Wicked War : Polk , Clay , Lincoln , and the 1846 U.S. Invasion of Mexico ( 2012 ) . ISBN 9780307592699 and Corresponding Author Interview at the Pritzker Military Library on December 7 , 2012 Henderson , Timothy J. A Glorious Defeat : Mexico and Its War with the United States ( 2008 ) Meed , Douglas . The Mexican War , 1846 -- 1848 ( 2003 ) . A short survey . Merry Robert W. A Country of Vast Designs : James K. Polk , the Mexican War and the Conquest of the American Continent ( 2009 ) Smith , Justin Harvey . The War with Mexico , Vol 1 . ( 2 vol 1919 ) , full text online . Smith , Justin Harvey . The War with Mexico , Vol 2 . ( 1919 ) . full text online . Military Bauer K. Jack . Zachary Taylor : Soldier , Planter , Statesman of the Old Southwest . Louisiana State University Press , 1985 . Dishman , Christopher , A Perfect Gibraltar : The Battle for Monterrey , Mexico , '' University of Oklahoma Press , 2010 ISBN 0 - 8061 - 4140 - 9 . Eisenhower , John . So Far From God : The U.S. War with Mexico , Random House ( 1989 ) . Eubank , Damon R. , Response of Kentucky to the Mexican War , 1846 -- 1848 . ( Edwin Mellen Press , 2004 ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7734 - 6495 - 7 . Foos , Paul . A Short , Offhand , Killing Affair : Soldiers and Social Conflict during the Mexican - War ( 2002 ) . Fowler , Will . Santa Anna of Mexico ( 2007 ) 527pp ; a major scholarly study Frazier , Donald S . The U.S. and Mexico at War , Macmillan ( 1998 ) . Hamilton , Holman , Zachary Taylor : Soldier of the Republic , ( 1941 ) . Huston , James A . The Sinews of War : Army Logistics , 1775 -- 1953 ( 1966 ) , U.S. Army ; 755p . pp 125 - 58 Lewis , Lloyd . Captain Sam Grant ( 1950 ) . Johnson , Timothy D. Winfield Scott : The Quest for Military Glory ( 1998 ) McCaffrey , James M. Army of Manifest Destiny : The American Soldier in the Mexican War , 1846 -- 1848 ( 1994 ) excerpt and text search Smith , Justin H. ( 1918 ) . `` American Rule in Mexico '' . The American Historical Review . American Historical Association . 23 ( 2 ) : 287 -- 302 . ISSN 1937 - 5239 . JSTOR 1836568 . doi : 10.2307 / 1836568 -- via JSTOR . ( Registration required ( help ) ) . Smith , Justin Harvey . The War with Mexico . 2 vol ( 1919 ) . Pulitzer Prize winner . full text online . Winders , Richard Price . Mr. Polk 's Army : The American Military Experience in the Mexican War ( 1997 ) Clodfelter , M. ( 2017 ) . Warfare and Armed Conflicts : A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures , 1492 - 2015 ( 4th ed . ) . McFarland . ISBN 978 - 0786474707 . Political and diplomatic Beveridge , Albert J. Abraham Lincoln , 1809 -- 1858 . Volume : 1 . 1928 . Brack , Gene M. Mexico Views Manifest Destiny , 1821 -- 1846 : An Essay on the Origins of the Mexican War ( 1975 ) . Fowler , Will . Tornel and Santa Anna : The Writer and the Caudillo , Mexico , 1795 -- 1853 ( 2000 ) . Fowler , Will . Santa Anna of Mexico ( 2007 ) 527pp ; the major scholarly study excerpt and text search Gleijeses , Piero . `` A Brush with Mexico '' Diplomatic History 2005 29 ( 2 ) : 223 -- 254 . ISSN 0145 - 2096 debates in Washington before war . Graebner , Norman A. Empire on the Pacific : A Study in American Continental Expansion. ( 1955 ) . Graebner , Norman A. ( 1978 ) . `` Lessons of the Mexican War '' . Pacific Historical Review . University of California Press . 47 ( 3 ) : 325 -- 42 . ISSN 1533 - 8584 . JSTOR 3637470 . doi : 10.2307 / 3637470 -- via JSTOR . ( Registration required ( help ) ) . Graebner , Norman A. ( 1980 ) . `` The Mexican War : A Study in Causation '' . Pacific Historical Review . University of California Press . 49 ( 3 ) : 405 -- 26 . ISSN 1533 - 8584 . JSTOR 3638563 . doi : 10.2307 / 3638563 -- via JSTOR . ( Registration required ( help ) ) . Henderson , Timothy J. A Glorious Defeat : Mexico and Its War with the United States ( 2007 ) , survey Krauze , Enrique . Mexico : Biography of Power , ( 1997 ) , textbook . Linscott , Robert N. , Editor . 1959 . Selected Poems and Letters of Emily Dickinson . Anchor Books , New York . ISBN 0 - 385 - 09423 - X Mayers , David ; Fernández Bravo , Sergio A. , `` La Guerra Con Mexico Y Los Disidentes Estadunidenses , 1846 -- 1848 '' ( The War with Mexico and US Dissenters , 1846 -- 48 ) . Secuencia ( Mexico ) 2004 ( 59 ) : 32 -- 70 . ISSN 0186 - 0348 . Pinheiro , John C. Manifest Ambition : James K. Polk and Civil - Military Relations during the Mexican War ( 2007 ) . Pletcher David M. The Diplomacy of Annexation : Texas , Oregon , and the Mexican War . University of Missouri Press , 1973 . Price , Glenn W. Origins of the War with Mexico : The Polk - Stockton Intrigue . University of Texas Press , 1967 . Reeves , Jesse S. ( 1905 ) . `` The Treaty of Guadalupe - Hidalgo '' . The American Historical Review . American Historical Association . 10 ( 2 ) : 309 -- 24 . ISSN 1937 - 5239 . JSTOR 1834723 . doi : 10.2307 / 1834723 -- via JSTOR . ( Registration required ( help ) ) . Rives , George Lockhart ( 1913 ) . The United States and Mexico , 1821 -- 1848 : a history of the relations between the two countries from the independence of Mexico to the close of the war with the United States . 2 . New York : C. Scribner 's Sons . Rodríguez Díaz , María Del Rosario . `` Mexico 's Vision of Manifest Destiny During the 1847 War '' Journal of Popular Culture 2001 35 ( 2 ) : 41 -- 50 . ISSN 0022 - 3840 . Ruiz , Ramon Eduardo . Triumph and Tragedy : A History of the Mexican People , Norton 1992 , textbook Schroeder John H. Mr. Polk 's War : American Opposition and Dissent , 1846 -- 1848 . University of Wisconsin Press , 1973 . Sellers Charles G. James K. Polk : Continentalist , 1843 -- 1846 ( 1966 ) , the standard biography vol 1 and 2 are online at ACLS e-books Smith , Justin Harvey . The War with Mexico . 2 vol ( 1919 ) . Pulitzer Prize winner . full text online . Stephenson , Nathaniel Wright . Texas and the Mexican War : A Chronicle of Winning the Southwest . Yale University Press ( 1921 ) . Weinberg Albert K. Manifest Destiny : A Study of Nationalist Expansionism in American History Johns Hopkins University Press , 1935 . Yanez , Agustin . Santa Anna : Espectro de una sociedad ( 1996 ) . Memory and historiography Faulk , Odie B. , and Stout , Joseph A. , Jr. , eds . The Mexican War : Changing Interpretations ( 1974 ) Rodriguez , Jaime Javier . The Literatures of the U.S. - Mexican War : Narrative , Time , and Identity ( University of Texas Press ; 2010 ) 306 pages . Covers works by Anglo , Mexican , and Mexican - American writers . Benjamin , Thomas . `` Recent Historiography of the Origins of the Mexican War , '' New Mexico Historical Review , Summer 1979 , Vol. 54 Issue 3 , pp 169 -- 181 Vázquez , Josefina Zoraida . `` La Historiografia Sobre la Guerra entre Mexico y los Estados Unidos , '' ( `` The historiography of the war between Mexico and the United States '' ) Histórica ( 02528894 ) , 1999 , Vol. 23 Issue 2 , pp 475 -- 485 Primary sources Calhoun , John C. The Papers of John C. Calhoun . Vol. 23 : 1846 , ed. by Clyde N. Wilson and Shirley Bright Cook . ( 1996 ) . 598 pp Calhoun , John C. The Papers of John C. Calhoun . Vol. 24 : December 7 , 1846 -- December 5 , 1847 ed. by Clyde N. Wilson and Shirley Bright Cook , ( 1998 ) . 727 pp . Conway , Christopher , ed . The U.S. - Mexican War : A Binational Reader ( 2010 ) Grant , Ulysses S. ( 1885 ) . Personal Memoirs of U.S. Grant . New York : Charles L. Webster & Co . Kendall , George Wilkins ( 1999 ) . Lawrence Dilbert Cress , ed . Dispatches from the Mexican War . Norman , Oklahoma : University of Oklahoma Press . Polk , James , K. ( 1910 ) . Milo Milton Quaife , ed . The Diary of James K. Polk : During his Presidency , 1845 -- 1849 . Chicago : A.C. McClurg & Co . Robinson , Cecil , The View From Chapultepec : Mexican Writers on the Mexican War , University of Arizona Press ( Tucson , 1989 ) . Smith , Franklin ( 1991 ) . Joseph E. Chance , ed . The Mexican War Journal of Captain Franklin Smith . Jackson , Mississippi : University Press of Mississippi . George Winston and Charles Judah , ed. ( 1968 ) . Chronicles of the Gringos : The U.S. Army in the Mexican War , 1846 -- 1848 , Accounts of Eyewitnesses and Combatants . Albuquerque , New Mexico : The University of New Mexico Press . Webster , Daniel ( 1984 ) . Charles M. Wiltse , ed . The Papers of Daniel Webster , Correspondence. 6 . Hanover , New Hampshire : The University Press of New England . `` Treaty of Guadalope Hidalgo '' . Internet Sourcebook Project . Retrieved November 26 , 2008 . `` 28th Congress , 2nd session '' . United States House Journal . Retrieved November 26 , 2008 . `` 29th Congress , 1st session '' . United States House Journal . Retrieved November 26 , 2008 . `` 28th Congress , 2nd session '' . United States Senate Journal . Retrieved November 26 , 2008 . `` 29th Congress , 1st session '' . United States Senate Journal . Retrieved November 26 , 2008 . William Hugh Robarts , `` Mexican War veterans : a complete roster of the regular and volunteer troops in the war between the United States and Mexico , from 1846 to 1848 ; the volunteers are arranged by states , alphabetically '' , BRENTANO 'S ( A.S. WITHERBEE & CO , Proprietors ) ; WASHINGTON , D.C. , 1887 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mexican -- American War . Guides , bibliographies and collections Library of Congress Guide to the Mexican War The Handbook of Texas Online : Mexican War Reading List compiled by the United States Army Center of Military History Mexican War Resources The Mexican -- American War , Illinois Historical Digitization Projects at Northern Illinois University Libraries Media and primary sources A Continent Divided : The U.S. - Mexico War Robert E. Lee Mexican War Maps in the VMI Archives The Mexican War and the Media , 1845 -- 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo and related resources at the U.S. Library of Congress Letters of Winfield Scott including official reports from the front sent to the Secretary of War Franklin Pierce 's Journal on the March from Vera Cruz Mexican -- American War Time line Animated History of the Mexican -- American War Maps showing course of Mexican - American War at omniatlas.com Other PBS site of US - Mexican war program Battle of Monterrey Web Site -- Complete Info on the battle Manifest Destiny and the U.S. - Mexican War : Then and Now The Mexican War Smithsonian teaching aids for `` Establishing Borders : The Expansion of the United States , 1846 -- 48 '' A History by the Descendants of Mexican War Veterans Mexican -- American War Invisible Men : Blacks and the U.S. Army in the Mexican War by Robert E. May Milton Meltzer , `` Bound for the Rio Grande : Traitors -- Or Martyrs '' , Reading , video , and lesson for high school students , 1974 , Zinn Education Project / Rethinking Schools . Google Map of The Mexican - American War of 1846 -- 1848 John H. 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Polk Pre-statehood history of Arizona Pre-statehood history of California Pre-statehood history of Nevada Pre-statehood history of New Mexico Pre-statehood history of Utah Southwestern United States United States Marine Corps in the 18th and 19th centuries Wars fought in Arizona Wars fought in California Wars fought in Texas Wars involving the United States Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Pages with login required references or sources CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use mdy dates from October 2013 Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015 Articles needing additional references from May 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles that may contain original research Articles that may contain original research from September 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Languages Afrikaans Azərbaycanca Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Gaeilge گیلکی 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Кыргызча Latina Lietuvių Ligure Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 October 2017 , at 14 : 07 . 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"\n\nMexican–American War\n\n\nPart of the prelude to the American Civil War\n\n\n\nClockwise from top left: Winfield Scott entering Plaza de la Constitución after the Fall of Mexico City, U.S. soldiers engaging the retreating Mexican force during the Battle of Resaca de la Palma, American victory at Churubusco outside Mexico City, U.S. Marines storming Chapultepec castle under a large American flag, Battle of Cerro Gordo\n\n\n\n\n\nDate\nApril 25, 1846 – February 3, 1848\n(1 year, 9 months, 1 week and 1 day)\n\n\nLocation\nTexas, New Mexico, California; Northern, Central, and Eastern Mexico; Mexico City\n\n\nResult\n\nAmerican victory\n\nTreaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo\nMexican recognition of U.S. sovereignty over Texas (among other territories)\nEnd of the conflict between Mexico and Texas\n\n\n\n\nTerritorial\nchanges\nMexican Cession\n\n\n\n\n\nBelligerents\n\n\n United States\n California Republic[1]\n Mexico\n\n\nCommanders and leaders\n\n\n James K. Polk\n Winfield Scott\n Zachary Taylor\n Stephen Watts Kearny\n John Drake Sloat\n Robert E. Lee\n William Jenkins Worth\n Robert Field Stockton\n Joseph Lane\n Franklin Pierce\n David Conner\n Matthew Calbraith Perry\n John Charles Fremont\n Thomas Childs\n Henry Stanton Burton\n William B. Ide\n Edward Dickinson Baker\n Ulysses S. Grant\n Antonio López de Santa Anna\n Mariano Arista\n Pedro de Ampudia\n José María Flores\n Mariano G. Vallejo\n Nicolás Bravo\n José Joaquín de Herrera\n Andrés Pico\n Manuel Armijo\n Martin Perfecto de Cos\n Pedro Maria de Anaya\n Agustín Jerónimo de Iturbide y Huarte\n Joaquín Rea\n Manuel Pineda Muñoz\n Gabriel Valencia\n\n\nStrength\n\n\n73,532 regulars and volunteers[2]\n70,000 regulars[2]\n12,000 irregulars[2]\n\n\nCasualties and losses\n\n\n1,733 killed in battle\n(1,721 soldiers, 11 Marines, and 1 sailor)[2]\n13,283 total dead\n4,152 wounded[3]\n5,000 killed in battle[2]\n10,000 total military deaths[2]\n\n"
] | [
"Antonio López de Santa Anna"
] |
5153831248255959579 | Palk Strait | Palk strait - wikipedia Palk strait Palk Strait பாக்கு நீரிணை Palk Strait Location Laccadive Sea -- Bay of Bengal Coordinates 10 ° 00 ′ N 79 ° 45 ′ E / 10.000 ° N 79.750 ° E / 10.000 ; 79.750 Coordinates : 10 ° 00 ′ N 79 ° 45 ′ E / 10.000 ° N 79.750 ° E / 10.000 ; 79.750 Type Strait Etymology Robert Palk Part of Indian Ocean Basin countries India , Sri Lanka Max . width 82 kilometres ( 51 mi ) Adam 's Bridge separating Palk Strait from the Gulf of Mannar The Palk Strait ( Tamil : பாக்கு சலசந்தி / பாக்கு நீரிணை , Sinhala : පෝක් සමුද්ර සන්ධිය Pok Samudra Sandhiya ) is a strait between the Tamil Nadu state of India and the Mannar district of the Northern Province of the island nation of Sri Lanka . It connects the Bay of Bengal in the northeast with Palk Bay in the southwest . The strait is 53 to 82 kilometres ( 33 to 51 mi ) wide . Several rivers flow into it , including the Vaigai River of Tamil Nadu . The strait is named after Robert Palk , who was a governor of Madras ( 1755 -- 1763 ) during the Company Raj period . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geography 2 History 2.1 Proposed canal 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Geography ( edit ) Palk Bay is studded at its southern end with a chain of low islands and reef shoals that are collectively called Adam 's Bridge , since ages it is popularly known in Hindu Mythology as `` Ram Setu '' i.e. The Bridge of Rama . This chain extends between Dhanushkodi on Pamban Island ( also known as Rameswaram Island ) in Tamil Nadu and Mannar Island in Sri Lanka . The island of Rameswaram is linked to the Indian mainland by the Pamban Bridge . History ( edit ) As from 1914 , there used to be regular trains from Madras / Chennai to Dhanushkodi , a ferry to Talaimannar on Mannar Island , and thence a train to Colombo . In 1964 , a cyclone destroyed Dhanushkodi and the railway and caused severe damage along the shores of Palk Strait and Palk Bay . Dhanushkodi was not rebuilt and the railway from Talaimannar to Mahawilachchiya in Sri Lanka was given up due to the civil war ( It was later completely rebuilt ) . There was a ferry between small piers in Rameswaram and Talaimannar , but this was discontinued till date . Proposed canal ( edit ) The shallow waters and reefs of the strait make it difficult for large ships to pass through , although fishing boats and small craft carrying coastal trade have navigated the strait for centuries . Large ships must travel around Sri Lanka . Construction of a shipping canal through the strait was first proposed to the British government of India in 1860 , and a number of commissions have studied the proposal up to the present day . The most recent study of the Sethusamudram Shipping Canal Project , as it is now called , was an environmental impact assessment and a technical feasibility study commissioned by the Tamil Nadu government in 2004 . However , the plan encountered opposition from various religious circles . The Indian epic poem Ramayana , written thousands of years ago in Sanskrit and an important Hindu text , recounts how Rama , with the help of an army of vanaras , built a bridge of stones across the sea to Lanka to rescue his wife Sita from the Asura king Ravana . The Ram Karmabhoomi movement , encouraged by a NASA satellite photograph of Rama 's Setu , was formed to prevent the shipping canal from being built . See also ( edit ) Palk Strait bridge References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Map of Sri Lanka with Palk Strait and Palk Bay Jump up ^ Distances measured on Google Earth ^ Jump up to : Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Palk Straits '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 20 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 635 . Jump up ^ `` Adam 's bridge '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ Land 's end Jump up ^ Sri Lanka , India to relaunch ferry service after three decades Jump up ^ Harnessing the Troubled Waters : Sethusamudram Canal Project Jump up ^ `` Hanuman bridge is myth : Experts '' . Times of India . October 19 , 2002 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 25 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Palk Strait . Photo essay on the Palk Strait . Hydrography of the Indian subcontinent Inland rivers Beas Betwa Bhagirathi Brahmaputra Chambal Chenab Damodar Godavari Gandaki Ganges Ghaghara Indus Jhelum Kali Kaveri Kosi Krishna Luni Mahanadi Mahaweli Meghna Narmada Padma Ravi Sarasvati Sankosh Sharda Son Sutlej Tapti Yamuna Inland lakes , deltas , etc . Ganges Basin Ganges Delta Indus Delta Dal Lake Pookode Lake Skeleton Lake Chilika Lake Lake Powai Borith Lake Saiful Muluk Gosaikunda Nizam Sagar Red Hills Lake Malampuzha Kerala backwaters Pulicat Lake Coastal Indian Ocean Arabian Sea Bay of Bengal Gulf of Kutch Gulf of Khambhat Gulf of Mannar Laccadive Sea Palk Strait Categories Lakes of Bangladesh / India / Nepal / Pakistan Reservoirs and dams in India Rivers of Bangladesh / Bhutan / India / Nepal / Pakistan Geography of Sri Lanka Climate Climate Climatic regions Dry Zone Wet Zone Natural disasters Geology Indian Plate Gems Central Highlands Hanthana Mountain Range Knuckles Mountain Range Extreme points Highest North South East West Landforms Beaches Islands Lagoons Lakes Mountains Rivers Valleys Waterfalls Bordering entities Bay of Bengal Gulf of Mannar India Indian Ocean Palk Strait Subdivisions Provinces Districts DS Divisions GN Divisions Settlements Cities Towns Environment Environmental issues Deforestation Biogeographic classification Biosphere Reserves Ecoregions Forests National Parks Protected Areas Sanctuaries Wildlife Fauna Flora Earth 's oceans and seas Arctic Ocean Amundsen Gulf Barents Sea Beaufort Sea Chukchi Sea East Siberian Sea Greenland Sea Gulf of Boothia Kara Sea Laptev Sea Lincoln Sea Prince Gustav Adolf Sea Pechora Sea Queen Victoria Sea Wandel Sea White Sea Atlantic Ocean Adriatic Sea Aegean Sea Alboran Sea Archipelago Sea Argentine Sea Baffin Bay Balearic Sea Baltic Sea Bay of Biscay Bay of Bothnia Bay of Campeche Bay of Fundy Black Sea Bothnian Sea Caribbean Sea Celtic Sea English Channel Foxe Basin Greenland Sea Gulf of Bothnia Gulf of Finland Gulf of Lion Gulf of Guinea Gulf of Maine Gulf of Mexico Gulf of Saint Lawrence Gulf of Sidra Gulf of Venezuela Hudson Bay Ionian Sea Irish Sea Irminger Sea James Bay Labrador Sea Levantine Sea Libyan Sea Ligurian Sea Marmara Sea Mediterranean Sea Myrtoan Sea North Sea Norwegian Sea Sargasso Sea Sea of Åland Sea of Azov Sea of Crete Sea of the Hebrides Thracian Sea Tyrrhenian Sea Wadden Sea Indian Ocean Andaman Sea Arabian Sea Bali Sea Bay of Bengal Flores Sea Great Australian Bight Gulf of Aden Gulf of Aqaba Gulf of Khambhat Gulf of Kutch Gulf of Oman Gulf of Suez Java Sea Laccadive Sea Mozambique Channel Persian Gulf Red Sea Timor Sea Pacific Ocean Arafura Sea Banda Sea Bering Sea Bismarck Sea Bohai Sea Bohol Sea Camotes Sea Celebes Sea Ceram Sea Chilean Sea Coral Sea East China Sea Gulf of Alaska Gulf of Anadyr Gulf of California Gulf of Carpentaria Gulf of Fonseca Gulf of Panama Gulf of Thailand Gulf of Tonkin Halmahera Sea Koro Sea Mar de Grau Molucca Sea Moro Gulf Philippine Sea Salish Sea Savu Sea Sea of Japan Sea of Okhotsk Seto Inland Sea Shantar Sea Sibuyan Sea Solomon Sea South China Sea Sulu Sea Tasman Sea Visayan Sea Yellow Sea Southern Ocean Amundsen Sea Bellingshausen Sea Cooperation Sea Cosmonauts Sea Davis Sea D'Urville Sea King Haakon VII Sea Lazarev Sea Mawson Sea Riiser - Larsen Sea Ross Sea Scotia Sea Somov Sea Weddell Sea Landlocked seas Aral Sea Caspian Sea Dead Sea Salton Sea Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palk_Strait&oldid=831599419 '' Categories : Palk Strait Straits of India Straits of Sri Lanka India -- Sri Lanka border International straits Landforms of Tamil Nadu Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia infobox body of water articles without image Articles containing Tamil - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Башҡортса Беларуская Català Cebuano Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français Frysk 한국어 हिन्दी Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Lietuvių മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური Nederlands नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Русский Scots සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 中文 43 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 March 2018 , at 11 : 02 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | which water body separates sri lanka from india | [
"The Palk Strait (Tamil: பாக்கு சலசந்தி / பாக்கு நீரிணை, Sinhala: පෝක් සමුද්ර සන්ධිය Pok Samudra Sandhiya) is a strait between the Tamil Nadu state of India and the Mannar district of the Northern Province of the island nation of Sri Lanka. It connects the Bay of Bengal in the northeast with Palk Bay in the southwest.[1] The strait is 53 to 82 kilometres (33 to 51 mi) wide.[2] Several rivers flow into it, including the Vaigai River of Tamil Nadu. The strait is named after Robert Palk, who was a governor of Madras (1755–1763) during the Company Raj period.[3]\n"
] | [
"The Palk Strait"
] |
601005439582797573 | Ada Lovelace | Ada Lovelace - Wikipedia Ada Lovelace Jump to : navigation , search Ada , Countess of Lovelace Ada , Countess of Lovelace , 1840 The Hon . Augusta Ada Byron ( 1815 - 12 - 10 ) 10 December 1815 London , England 27 November 1852 ( 1852 - 11 - 27 ) ( aged 36 ) Marylebone , London , England Resting place Church of St. Mary Magdalene , Hucknall , Nottingham , England Known for Mathematics Computing Title Countess of Lovelace Spouse ( s ) William King - Noel , 1st Earl of Lovelace Children Byron King - Noel , Viscount Ockham and 12th Baron Wentworth Anne Blunt , 15th Baroness Wentworth Ralph King - Milbanke , 2nd Earl of Lovelace Parent ( s ) George Gordon Byron , 6th Baron Byron Anne Isabella Milbanke , 11th Baroness Wentworth Augusta Ada King - Noel , Countess of Lovelace ( née Byron ; 10 December 1815 -- 27 November 1852 ) was an English mathematician and writer , chiefly known for her work on Charles Babbage 's proposed mechanical general - purpose computer , the Analytical Engine . She was the first to recognise that the machine had applications beyond pure calculation , and created the first algorithm intended to be carried out by such a machine . As a result , she is often regarded as the first to recognise the full potential of a `` computing machine '' and the first computer programmer . Ada Lovelace was the only legitimate child of the poet Lord Byron , and his wife Anne Isabella Milbanke ( `` Annabella '' ) , Lady Wentworth . All of Byron 's other children were born out of wedlock to other women . Byron separated from his wife a month after Ada was born and left England forever four months later , eventually dying of disease in the Greek War of Independence when Ada was eight years old . Her mother remained bitter towards Lord Byron and promoted Ada 's interest in mathematics and logic in an effort to prevent her from developing what she saw as the insanity seen in her father , but Ada remained interested in him despite this ( and was , upon her eventual death , buried next to him at her request ) . Often ill , she spent most of her childhood sick . Ada married William King in 1835 . King was made Earl of Lovelace in 1838 , and she became Countess of Lovelace . Her educational and social exploits brought her into contact with scientists such as Andrew Crosse , Sir David Brewster , Charles Wheatstone , Michael Faraday and the author Charles Dickens , which she used to further her education . Ada described her approach as `` poetical science '' and herself as an `` Analyst ( & Metaphysician ) '' . When she was a teenager , her mathematical talents led her to a long working relationship and friendship with fellow British mathematician Charles Babbage , also known as `` the father of computers '' , and in particular , Babbage 's work on the Analytical Engine . Lovelace first met him in June 1833 , through their mutual friend , and her private tutor , Mary Somerville . Between 1842 and 1843 , Ada translated an article by Italian military engineer Luigi Menabrea on the engine , which she supplemented with an elaborate set of notes , simply called Notes . These notes contain what many consider to be the first computer program -- that is , an algorithm designed to be carried out by a machine . Lovelace 's notes are important in the early history of computers . She also developed a vision of the capability of computers to go beyond mere calculating or number - crunching , while many others , including Babbage himself , focused only on those capabilities . Her mindset of `` poetical science '' led her to ask questions about the Analytical Engine ( as shown in her notes ) examining how individuals and society relate to technology as a collaborative tool . She died of uterine cancer in 1852 at the age of 36 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Biography 1.1 Early Life 1.2 Adult years 1.3 Education 1.4 Death 2 Work 2.1 First computer program 2.2 Beyond numbers 2.3 Controversy over extent of contributions 3 In popular culture 4 Commemoration 5 Titles and styles by which she was known 6 Ancestry 7 Bicentenary 8 Publications 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 Sources 13 External links Biography ( edit ) Early life ( edit ) Byron expected his baby to be a `` glorious boy '' and was disappointed when his wife gave birth to a girl . Augusta was named after Byron 's half - sister , Augusta Leigh , and was called `` Ada '' by Byron himself . Ada , aged four On 16 January 1816 Ada 's mother , Annabella , at Byron 's behest , left for her parents ' home at Kirkby Mallory taking one - month - old Ada with her . Although English law at the time gave fathers full custody of their children in cases of separation , Byron made no attempt to claim his parental rights but did request that his sister keep him informed of Ada 's welfare . On 21 April Byron signed the Deed of Separation , although very reluctantly , and left England for good a few days later . Aside from an acrimonious separation , Annabella continually made allegations about Byron 's immoral behaviour throughout her life . This set of events made Ada famous in Victorian society . Byron did not have a relationship with his daughter , and never saw her again . He died in 1824 when she was eight years old . Her mother was the only significant parental figure in her life . Ada was not shown the family portrait of her father ( covered in green shroud ) until her twentieth birthday . Her mother became Baroness Wentworth in her own right in 1856 . Annabella did not have a close relationship with the young Ada and often left her in the care of her own mother Judith , Hon . Lady Milbanke who doted on her grandchild . However , because of societal attitudes of the time -- which favoured the husband in any separation , with the welfare of any child acting as mitigation -- Annabella had to present herself as a loving mother to the rest of society . This included writing anxious letters to Lady Milbanke about Ada 's welfare , with a cover note saying to retain the letters in case she had to use them to show maternal concern . In one letter to Lady Milbanke , she referred to Ada as `` it '' : `` I talk to it for your satisfaction , not my own , and shall be very glad when you have it under your own . '' In her teenage years , several of her mother 's close friends watched Ada for any sign of moral deviation . Ada dubbed these observers the `` Furies '' and later complained they exaggerated and invented stories about her . Ada , aged seventeen , 1832 Ada was often ill , beginning in early childhood . At the age of eight , she experienced headaches that obscured her vision . In June 1829 , she was paralysed after a bout of measles . She was subjected to continuous bed rest for nearly a year , which may have extended her period of disability . By 1831 , she was able to walk with crutches . Despite being ill Ada developed her mathematical and technological skills . At age 12 this future `` Lady Fairy '' , as Charles Babbage affectionately called her , decided she wanted to fly . Ada went about the project methodically , thoughtfully , with imagination and passion . Her first step , in February 1828 , was to construct wings . She investigated different material and sizes . She considered various materials for the wings : paper , oilsilk , wires , and feathers . She examined the anatomy of birds to determine the right proportion between the wings and the body . She decided to write a book , Flyology , illustrating , with plates , some of her findings . She decided what equipment she would need ; for example , a compass , to `` cut across the country by the most direct road '' , so that she could surmount mountains , rivers , and valleys . Her final step was to integrate steam with the `` art of flying '' . In early 1833 Ada had an affair with a tutor and , after being caught , tried to elope with him . The tutor 's relatives recognised her and contacted her mother . Annabella and her friends covered the incident up to prevent a public scandal . Ada never met her younger half - sister , Allegra , the daughter of Lord Byron and Claire Clairmont . Allegra died in 1822 at the age of five . Ada did have some contact with Elizabeth Medora Leigh , the daughter of Byron 's half - sister Augusta Leigh , who purposely avoided Ada as much as possible when introduced at Court . Adult years ( edit ) Lovelace became close friends with her tutor Mary Somerville , who introduced her to Charles Babbage in 1833 . She had a strong respect and affection for Somerville , and they corresponded for many years . Other acquaintances included the scientists Andrew Crosse , Sir David Brewster , Charles Wheatstone , Michael Faraday and the author Charles Dickens . She was presented at Court at the age of seventeen `` and became a popular belle of the season '' in part because of her `` brilliant mind . '' By 1834 Ada was a regular at Court and started attending various events . She danced often and was able to charm many people , and was described by most people as being dainty , although John Hobhouse , Byron 's friend , described her as `` a large , coarse - skinned young woman but with something of my friend 's features , particularly the mouth '' . This description followed their meeting on 24 February 1834 in which Ada made it clear to Hobhouse that she did not like him , probably because of the influence of her mother , which led her to dislike all of her father 's friends . This first impression was not to last , and they later became friends . On 8 July 1835 , she married William , 8th Baron King , becoming Lady King . They had three homes : Ockham Park , Surrey , a Scottish estate on Loch Torridon in Ross - shire , and a house in London . They spent their honeymoon at Worthy Manor in Ashley Combe near Porlock Weir , Somerset . The Manor had been built as a hunting lodge in 1799 and was improved by King in preparation for their honeymoon . It later became their summer retreat and was further improved during this time . From 1845 the family 's main house was East Horsley Towers , rebuilt in the Victorian Gothic fashion by the architect of the Houses of Parliament , Charles Barry . They had three children : Byron ( born 12 May 1836 ) ; Anne Isabella ( called Annabella ; born 22 September 1837 ) ; and Ralph Gordon ( born 2 July 1839 ) . Immediately after the birth of Annabella , Lady King experienced `` a tedious and suffering illness , which took months to cure . '' Ada was a descendant of the extinct Barons Lovelace and in 1838 , her husband was made Earl of Lovelace and Viscount Ockham , meaning Ada became the Countess of Lovelace . In 1843 -- 44 , Ada 's mother assigned William Benjamin Carpenter to teach Ada 's children and to act as a `` moral '' instructor for Ada . He quickly fell for her and encouraged her to express any frustrated affections , claiming that his marriage meant he would never act in an `` unbecoming '' manner . When it became clear that Carpenter was trying to start an affair , Ada cut it off . In 1841 Lovelace and Medora Leigh ( the daughter of Lord Byron 's half - sister Augusta Leigh ) were told by Ada 's mother that her father was also Medora 's father . On 27 February 1841 , Ada wrote to her mother : `` I am not in the least astonished . In fact , you merely confirm what I have for years and years felt scarcely a doubt about , but should have considered it most improper in me to hint to you that I in any way suspected . '' She did not blame the incestuous relationship on Byron , but instead blamed Augusta Leigh : `` I fear she is more inherently wicked than he ever was . '' In the 1840s Ada flirted with scandals : first , from a relaxed relationship with men who were not her husband , which led to rumours of affairs -- and secondly , her love of gambling . She apparently lost more than £ 3,000 on the horses during the later 1840s . The gambling led to her forming a syndicate with male friends , and an ambitious attempt in 1851 to create a mathematical model for successful large bets . This went disastrously wrong , leaving her thousands of pounds in debt to the syndicate , forcing her to admit it all to her husband . She had a shadowy relationship with Andrew Crosse 's son John from 1844 onwards . John Crosse destroyed most of their correspondence after her death as part of a legal agreement . She bequeathed him the only heirlooms her father had personally left to her . During her final illness , she would panic at the idea of the younger Crosse being kept from visiting her . Education ( edit ) Throughout her illnesses , she continued her education . Her mother 's obsession with rooting out any of the insanity of which she accused Byron was one of the reasons that Ada was taught mathematics from an early age . She was privately schooled in mathematics and science by William Frend , William King , and Mary Somerville , the noted researcher and scientific author of the 19th century . One of her later tutors was the mathematician and logician Augustus De Morgan . From 1832 , when she was seventeen , her mathematical abilities began to emerge , and her interest in mathematics dominated the majority of her adult life . In a letter to Lady Byron , De Morgan suggested that her daughter 's skill in mathematics could lead her to become `` an original mathematical investigator , perhaps of first - rate eminence '' . Lovelace often questioned basic assumptions by integrating poetry and science . While studying differential calculus , she wrote to De Morgan : I may remark that the curious transformations many formulae can undergo , the unsuspected and to a beginner apparently impossible identity of forms exceedingly dissimilar at first sight , is I think one of the chief difficulties in the early part of mathematical studies . I am often reminded of certain sprites and fairies one reads of , who are at one 's elbows in one shape now , and the next minute in a form most dissimilar Lovelace believed that intuition and imagination were critical to effectively applying mathematical and scientific concepts . She valued metaphysics as much as mathematics , viewing both as tools for exploring `` the unseen worlds around us '' . Death ( edit ) Painting of Ada Lovelace at a piano in 1852 by Henry Phillips . While she was in great pain at the time , she sat for the painting as Phillips ' father , Thomas Phillips , had painted Ada 's father , Lord Byron . Lovelace died at the age of 36 -- the same age that her father had died -- on 27 November 1852 , from uterine cancer probably exacerbated by bloodletting by her physicians . The illness lasted several months , in which time Annabella took command over whom Ada saw , and excluded all of her friends and confidants . Under her mother 's influence , she had a religious transformation and was coaxed into repenting of her previous conduct and making Annabella her executor . She lost contact with her husband after she confessed something to him on 30 August which caused him to abandon her bedside . What she told him is unknown . She was buried , at her request , next to her father at the Church of St. Mary Magdalene in Hucknall , Nottinghamshire . A memorial plaque in Latin to her and her father is in the chapel attached to Horsley Towers . Work ( edit ) Throughout her life , Lovelace was strongly interested in scientific developments and fads of the day , including phrenology and mesmerism . After her work with Babbage , Lovelace continued to work on other projects . In 1844 she commented to a friend Woronzow Greig about her desire to create a mathematical model for how the brain gives rise to thoughts and nerves to feelings ( `` a calculus of the nervous system '' ) . She never achieved this , however . In part , her interest in the brain came from a long - running pre-occupation , inherited from her mother , about her ' potential ' madness . As part of her research into this project , she visited the electrical engineer Andrew Crosse in 1844 to learn how to carry out electrical experiments . In the same year , she wrote a review of a paper by Baron Karl von Reichenbach , Researches on Magnetism , but this was not published and does not appear to have progressed past the first draft . In 1851 , the year before her cancer struck , she wrote to her mother mentioning `` certain productions '' she was working on regarding the relation of maths and music . Portrait of Ada by British painter Margaret Sarah Carpenter ( 1836 ) Lovelace first met Charles Babbage in June 1833 , through their mutual friend Mary Somerville . Later that month Babbage invited Lovelace to see the prototype for his Difference Engine . She became fascinated with the machine and used her relationship with Somerville to visit Babbage as often as she could . Babbage was impressed by Lovelace 's intellect and analytic skills . He called her `` The Enchantress of Number '' . In 1843 he wrote to her : Forget this world and all its troubles and if possible its multitudinous Charlatans -- every thing in short but the Enchantress of Number . During a nine - month period in 1842 -- 43 , Lovelace translated the Italian mathematician Luigi Menabrea 's article on Babbage 's newest proposed machine , the Analytical Engine . With the article , she appended a set of notes . Explaining the Analytical Engine 's function was a difficult task , as even many other scientists did not really grasp the concept and the British establishment was uninterested in it . Lovelace 's notes even had to explain how the Analytical Engine differed from the original Difference Engine . Her work was well received at the time ; the scientist Michael Faraday described himself as a supporter of her writing . The notes are around three times longer than the article itself and include ( in Section G ) , in complete detail , a method for calculating a sequence of Bernoulli numbers with the Engine , which could have run correctly had Babbage 's Analytical Engine been built . ( Only his Difference Engine has been built , completed in London in 2002 . ) Based on this work Lovelace is now widely considered the first computer programmer and her method is recognised as the world 's first computer program . Section G also contains Lovelace 's dismissal of artificial intelligence . She wrote that `` The Analytical Engine has no pretensions whatever to originate anything . It can do whatever we know how to order it to perform . It can follow analysis ; but it has no power of anticipating any analytical relations or truths . '' This objection has been the subject of much debate and rebuttal , for example by Alan Turing in his paper `` Computing Machinery and Intelligence '' . Lovelace and Babbage had a minor falling out when the papers were published when he tried to leave his own statement ( a criticism of the government 's treatment of his Engine ) as an unsigned preface -- which would imply that she had written that also . When Taylor 's Scientific Memoirs ruled that the statement should be signed , Babbage wrote to Lovelace asking her to withdraw the paper . This was the first that she knew he was leaving it unsigned , and she wrote back refusing to withdraw the paper . The historian Benjamin Woolley theorised that : `` His actions suggested he had so enthusiastically sought Ada 's involvement , and so happily indulged her ... because of her ' celebrated name ' . '' Their friendship recovered , and they continued to correspond . On 12 August 1851 , when she was dying of cancer , Lovelace wrote to him asking him to be her executor , though this letter did not give him the necessary legal authority . Part of the terrace at Worthy Manor was known as Philosopher 's Walk , as it was there that Lovelace and Babbage were reputed to have walked while discussing mathematical principles . First computer program ( edit ) Lovelace 's diagram from Note G , the first published computer algorithm In 1840 , Babbage was invited to give a seminar at the University of Turin about his Analytical Engine . Luigi Menabrea , a young Italian engineer , and the future Prime Minister of Italy wrote up Babbage 's lecture in French , and this transcript was subsequently published in the Bibliothèque universelle de Genève in October 1842 . Babbage 's friend Charles Wheatstone commissioned Ada Lovelace to translate Menabrea 's paper into English . She then augmented the paper with notes , which were added to the translation . Ada Lovelace spent the better part of a year doing this , assisted with input from Babbage . These notes , which are more extensive than Menabrea 's paper , were then published in Taylor 's Scientific Memoirs under the initialism AAL . Ada Lovelace 's notes were labelled alphabetically from A to G. In note G , she describes an algorithm for the Analytical Engine to compute Bernoulli numbers . It is considered the first published algorithm ever specifically tailored for implementation on a computer , and Ada Lovelace has often been cited as the first computer programmer for this reason . The engine was never completed so her program was never tested . In 1953 , more than a century after her death , Ada Lovelace 's notes on Babbage 's Analytical Engine were republished . The engine has now been recognised as an early model for a computer and her notes as a description of a computer and software . Beyond numbers ( edit ) In her notes , Lovelace emphasised the difference between the Analytical Engine and previous calculating machines , particularly its ability to be programmed to solve problems of any complexity . She realised the potential of the device extended far beyond mere number crunching . In her notes , she wrote : ( The Analytical Engine ) might act upon other things besides number , were objects found whose mutual fundamental relations could be expressed by those of the abstract science of operations , and which should be also susceptible of adaptations to the action of the operating notation and mechanism of the engine ... Supposing , for instance , that the fundamental relations of pitched sounds in the science of harmony and of musical composition were susceptible of such expression and adaptations , the engine might compose elaborate and scientific pieces of music of any degree of complexity or extent . This analysis was an important development from previous ideas about the capabilities of computing devices and anticipated the implications of modern computing one hundred years before they were realised . Walter Isaacson ascribes Lovelace 's insight regarding the application of computing to any process based on logical symbols to an observation about textiles : `` When she saw some mechanical looms that used punchcards to direct the weaving of beautiful patterns , it reminded her of how Babbage 's engine used punched cards to make calculations . '' This insight is seen as significant by writers such as Betty Toole and Benjamin Woolley , as well as the programmer John Graham - Cumming , whose project Plan 28 has the aim of constructing the first complete Analytical Engine . According to the historian of computing and Babbage specialist Doron Swade : Ada saw something that Babbage in some sense failed to see . In Babbage 's world his engines were bound by number ... What Lovelace saw -- what Ada Byron saw -- was that number could represent entities other than quantity . So once you had a machine for manipulating numbers , if those numbers represented other things , letters , musical notes , then the machine could manipulate symbols of which number was one instance , according to rules . It is this fundamental transition from a machine which is a number cruncher to a machine for manipulating symbols according to rules that is the fundamental transition from calculation to computation -- to general - purpose computation -- and looking back from the present high ground of modern computing , if we are looking and sifting history for that transition , then that transition was made explicitly by Ada in that 1843 paper . Controversy over extent of contributions ( edit ) Though Lovelace is referred to as the first computer programmer , some biographers and historians of computing claim otherwise . Allan G. Bromley , in the 1990 article Difference and Analytical Engines : All but one of the programs cited in her notes had been prepared by Babbage from three to seven years earlier . The exception was prepared by Babbage for her , although she did detect a ' bug ' in it . Not only is there no evidence that Ada ever prepared a program for the Analytical Engine , but her correspondence with Babbage shows that she did not have the knowledge to do so . Bruce Collier , who later wrote a biography of Babbage , wrote in his 1970 Harvard University PhD thesis that Lovelace `` made a considerable contribution to publicizing the Analytical Engine , but there is no evidence that she advanced the design or theory of it in any way '' . Eugene Eric Kim and Betty Alexandra Toole consider it `` incorrect '' to regard Lovelace as the first computer programmer , as Babbage wrote the initial programs for his Analytical Engine , although the majority were never published . Bromley notes several dozen sample programs prepared by Babbage between 1837 and 1840 , all substantially predating Lovelace 's notes . Dorothy K. Stein regards Lovelace 's notes as `` more a reflection of the mathematical uncertainty of the author , the political purposes of the inventor , and , above all , of the social and cultural context in which it was written , than a blueprint for a scientific development '' . In his book , Idea Makers , Stephen Wolfram defends Lovelace 's contributions . While acknowledging that Babbage wrote several unpublished algorithms for the Analytical Engine prior to Lovelace 's notes , Wolfram argues that `` there 's nothing as sophisticated -- or as clean -- as Ada 's computation of the Bernoulli numbers . Babbage certainly helped and commented on Ada 's work , but she was definitely the driver of it . '' Wolfram then suggests that Lovelace 's main achievement was to distill from Babbage 's correspondence `` a clear exposition of the abstract operation of the machine -- something which Babbage never did . '' Doron Swade , a specialist on history of computing known for his work on Babbage , analyzed four claims about Lovelace during a lecture on Babbage 's analytical engine : She was a mathematical genius She made an influential contribution to the analytical engine She was the first computer programmer She was a prophet of the computer age According to him , only the fourth claim had `` any substance at all '' . He explained that Ada was only a `` promising beginner '' instead of genius in mathematics , that she began studying basic concepts of mathematics five years after Babbage conceived the analytical engine so she could n't have made important contributions to it , and that she only published the first computer program instead of actually writing it . But he agrees that Ada was the only person to see the potential of the analytical engine as a machine capable of expressing entities other than quantities . In popular culture ( edit ) An illustration inspired by the A.E. Chalon portrait created for the Ada Initiative , which supported open technology and women Lovelace has been portrayed in Romulus Linney 's 1977 play Childe Byron , the 1990 steampunk novel The Difference Engine by William Gibson and Bruce Sterling , the 1997 film Conceiving Ada , and in John Crowley 's 2005 novel Lord Byron 's Novel : The Evening Land , where she is featured as an unseen character whose personality is forcefully depicted in her annotations and anti-heroic efforts to archive her father 's lost novel . In Tom Stoppard 's 1993 play Arcadia , the precocious teenage genius Thomasina Coverly ( a character `` apparently based '' on Ada Lovelace -- the play also involves Lord Byron ) comes to understand chaos theory , and theorises the second law of thermodynamics , before either is officially recognised . The 2015 play Ada and the Memory Engine by Lauren Gunderson portrays Lovelace and Charles Babbage in unrequited love , and it imagines a post-death meeting between Lovelace and her father . Lovelace and Babbage are the main characters in Sydney Padua 's webcomic and graphic novel The Thrilling Adventures of Lovelace and Babbage . The comic features extensive footnotes on the history of Ada Lovelace , and many lines of dialogue are drawn from actual correspondence . Lovelace and Mary Shelley as teenagers are the central characters in Jordan Stratford 's steampunk series , The Wollstonecraft Detective Agency . In 2017 , a Google Doodle honoured her on International Women 's Day . Lovelace and Babbage appear as characters in the ITV series Victoria . Commemoration ( edit ) Blue plaque to Lovelace in St. James 's Square , London The computer language Ada , created on behalf of the United States Department of Defense , was named after Lovelace . The reference manual for the language was approved on 10 December 1980 and the Department of Defense Military Standard for the language , MIL - STD - 1815 , was given the number of the year of her birth . Since 1998 the British Computer Society ( BCS ) has awarded the Lovelace Medal , and in 2008 initiated an annual competition for women students . BCSWomen sponsors the Lovelace Colloquium , an annual conference for women undergraduates . Ada College is a further - education college in Tottenham Hale , London focused on digital skills . Ada Lovelace Day is an annual event celebrated in mid-October whose goal is to `` ... raise the profile of women in science , technology , engineering , and maths , '' ( see Women in STEM fields ) and to `` create new role models for girls and women '' in these fields . The Ada Initiative was a non-profit organisation dedicated to increasing the involvement of women in the free culture and open source movements . The Engineering in Computer Science and Telecommunications College building in Zaragoza University is called the Ada Byron Building . The computer centre in the village of Porlock , near where Lovelace lived , is named after her . Ada Lovelace House is a council - owned building in Kirkby - in - Ashfield , Nottinghamshire , near where Lovelace spent her infancy ; the building was once an internet centre She is also the inspiration and influence for the Ada Developers Academy in Seattle , Washington . The academy is a non-profit that seeks to increase diversity in tech by training women , trans and non-binary people to be software engineers . One of the tunnel boring machines excavating London 's Crossrail project is named Ada . Ada : A Journal of Gender , New Media , and Technology is an `` open - access , multi-modal , ( open - ) peer - reviewed feminist journal concerned with the intersections of gender , new media , and technology '' that began in 2012 and is run by the Fembot Collective . Titles and styles by which she was known ( edit ) 10 December 1815 -- 8 July 1835 : The Honourable Ada Byron 8 July 1835 -- 30 June 1838 : The Right Honourable The Lady King 30 June 1838 -- 27 November 1852 : The Right Honourable The Countess of Lovelace Ancestry ( edit ) ( show ) Ancestors of Ada Lovelace 16 . William Byron , 4th Baron Byron 8 . Vice Admiral The Hon . John Byron 17 . The Hon . Frances Berkeley 4 . Captain John Byron 18 . John Trevanion 9 . Sophia Trevanion 19 . The Hon . Barbara Berkeley 2 . George Gordon Byron , 6th Baron Byron 20 . Alexander Gordon of Gight 10 . George Gordon of Gight 21 . Margaret Duff 5 . Catherine Gordon 22 . Alexander Innes 11 . Catherine Innes 23 . Katherine Abercromby 1 . Augusta Ada King , Countess of Lovelace 24 . Sir Ralph Milbanke , 4th Baronet , of Halnaby 12 . Sir Ralph Milbanke , 5th Baronet , of Halnaby 25 . Anne Delaval 6 . Admiral Sir Ralph Milbanke , 6th Baronet , of Halnaby 26 . John Hedworth 13 . Elizabeth Hedworth 27 . Susanna Sophia Pelsant 3 . Anne Isabella Milbanke , 11th Baroness Wentworth 28 . Sir Clobery Noel , 5th Baronet , of Kirkby Mallery 14 . Edward Noel , 1st Viscount Wentworth 29 . Elizabeth Rowney 7 . The Hon . Judith Noel 30 . William Lamb 15 . Judith Lamb 31 . Martha Bicentenary ( edit ) The bicentenary of Ada Lovelace 's birth was celebrated with a number of events , including : The Ada Lovelace Bicentenary Lectures on Computability , Israel Institute for Advanced Studies , 20 December 2015 -- 31 January 2016 . Ada Lovelace Symposium , University of Oxford , 13 -- 14 October 2015 . Special exhibitions were displayed by the Science Museum in London and the Weston Library ( part of the Bodleian Library ) in Oxford , England . Publications ( edit ) Menabrea , Luigi Federico ; Lovelace , Ada ( 1843 ) . `` Sketch of the Analytical Engine invented by Charles Babbage ... with notes by the translator . Translated by Ada Lovelace '' . In Richard Taylor . Scientific Memoirs. 3 . London : Richard and John E. Taylor . pp. 666 -- 731 . See also ( edit ) Computer programming portal Biography portal Great Lives ( BBC Radio 4 ) aired on 17 September 2013 was dedicated to the story of Ada Lovelace . Code : Debugging the Gender Gap List of pioneers in computer science Women in computing Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ William King , her tutor , and William King , her future husband , were not related . Jump up ^ Some writers give it as `` Enchantress of Numbers '' . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Fuegi & Francis 2003 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Ana Lena ( November -- December 2011 ) . `` Crowdsourcing Gender Equity : Ada Lovelace Day , and its companion website , aims to raise the profile of women in science and technology '' . American Scientist. 99 ( 6 ) : 463 . Jump up ^ `` Ada Lovelace honoured by Google doodle '' . The Guardian . 10 December 2012 . Retrieved 10 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Ada Lovelace Biography , biography.com ^ Jump up to : Toole , Betty Alexandra ( 1987 ) , `` Poetical Science '' , The Byron Journal , 15 : 55 -- 65 , doi : 10.3828 / bj. 1987.6 . Jump up ^ Toole 1998 , pp. 234 -- 235 . Jump up ^ Toole 1998 , pp. 156 -- 157 . Jump up ^ Fuegi & Francis 2003 , pp. 19 , 25 . ^ Jump up to : Turney 1972 , p. 35 . ^ Jump up to : Stein 1985 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Stein 1985 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Woolley 1999 , p. 80 . Jump up ^ Turney 1972 , pp. 36 -- 38 . Jump up ^ Woolley 1999 , pp. 74 -- 77 . Jump up ^ Turney 1972 , p. 138 . Jump up ^ Woolley 1999 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Woolley 1999 , pp. 85 -- 87 . Jump up ^ Woolley 1999 , p. 86 . Jump up ^ Woolley 1999 , p. 119 . Jump up ^ Woolley 1999 , pp. 120 -- 21 . Jump up ^ Turney 1972 , p. 155 . Jump up ^ Woolley 1999 , pp. 138 -- 40 . ^ Jump up to : Turney 1972 , p. 138 . Jump up ^ Turney 1972 , pp. 138 -- 39 . ^ Jump up to : Turney 1972 , p. 139 . Jump up ^ `` Hon . Ada Augusta Byron '' . The Peerage. 31 January 2012 . Jump up ^ A History of the County of Surrey : Volume 3 . Parishes : East Horsley . Retrieved 26 February 2017 . Horsley Towers is a large house standing in a park of 300 acres , the seat of the Earl of Lovelace . The old house was rebuilt about 1745 . The present house was built by Sir Charles Barry for Mr. Currie on a new site , between 1820 and 1829 , in Elizabethan style . Mr. Currie , who owned the combined manors , 1784 -- 1829 , rebuilt most of the houses in the village and restored the church . Jump up ^ Wright , Brian ( 28 October 2015 ) . Andrew Crosse and the mite that shocked the world : The life and work of an electrical pioneer . Matador . p. 262 . ISBN 9781784624385 . Jump up ^ `` Lovelace , Earl of '' . Cracroft 's Peerage. 2005 . Jump up ^ Woolley 1999 , pp. 285 -- 86 . Jump up ^ Woolley 1999 , pp. 289 -- 96 . Jump up ^ Turney 1972 , p. 159 . Jump up ^ Turney 1972 , p. 160 . Jump up ^ Moore 1961 , p. 431 . Jump up ^ Woolley 1999 , p. 302 . Jump up ^ Babbage 's Dancer Simon Schaffer http://www.hrc.wmin.ac.uk/theory-babbagesdancer-print.html Retrieved 4 August 2017 Jump up ^ Woolley 1999 , pp. 340 -- 42 . Jump up ^ Woolley 1999 , pp. 336 -- 37 . Jump up ^ Woolley 1999 , p. 361 . Jump up ^ Stein 1985 , pp. 28 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Stein 1985 , p. 82 . Jump up ^ Toole 1998 , p. 99 . Jump up ^ Toole 1998 , pp. 91 -- 100 . Jump up ^ `` December 1852 1a * MARYLEBONE -- Augusta Ada Lovelace '' , Register of Deaths , GRO . Jump up ^ Baum 1986 , pp. 99 -- 100 . Jump up ^ Woolley 1999 , p. 370 . Jump up ^ Woolley 1999 , p. 369 . Jump up ^ Woolley 1999 , p. 198 . Jump up ^ Woolley 1999 , pp. 232 -- 33 . Jump up ^ Woolley 1999 , p. 305 . Jump up ^ Woolley 1999 , pp. 310 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Woolley 1999 , pp. 315 -- 17 . Jump up ^ Woolley 1999 , p. 335 . Jump up ^ Toole 1998 , pp. 36 -- 38 . ^ Jump up to : Wolfram , Stephen ( 10 December 2015 ) . `` Untangling the Tale of Ada Lovelace '' . Then , on Sept. 9 , Babbage wrote to Ada , expressing his admiration for her and ( famously ) describing her as ' Enchantress of Number ' and ' my dear and much admired Interpreter ' . ( Yes , despite what 's often quoted , he wrote ' Number ' not ' Numbers ' . ) Jump up ^ Menabrea 1843 . Jump up ^ Woolley 1999 , p. 265 . Jump up ^ Woolley 1999 , p. 267 . ^ Jump up to : Woolley 1999 , p. 307 . Jump up ^ `` Sketch of The Analytical Engine , with notes upon the Memoir by the Translator '' . Switzerland : fourmilab.ch . Retrieved 28 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Hammerman , Robin ; Russell , Andrew L. , eds. ( 2015 ) . Ada 's Legacy : Cultures of Computing from the Victorian to the Digital Age . Morgan & Claypool . ISBN 978 - 1 - 97000 - 149 - 5 . doi : 10.1145 / 2809523 . Jump up ^ `` The Babbage Engine '' . Computer History Museum . 2008 . Jump up ^ Gleick , J. ( 2011 ) The Information : A History , a Theory , a Flood , London , Fourth Estate , pp. 116 -- 118 . Jump up ^ Turing , Alan ( 2004 ) . Stuart Shieber , ed . Computing Machinery and Intelligence . The Turing Test : Verbal Behavior as the Hallmark of Intelligence . MIT Press . pp. 67 -- 104 . Jump up ^ Woolley 1999 , pp. 277 -- 80 . Jump up ^ Simonite , Tom ( 24 March 2009 ) . `` Short Sharp Science : Celebrating Ada Lovelace : the ' world 's first programmer ' '' . New Scientist . Retrieved 14 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Parker , Matt ( 2014 ) . Things to Make and Do in the Fourth Dimension . Farrar , Straus & Giroux . p. 261 . ISBN 0374275653 . Jump up ^ Kim & Toole 1999 . Jump up ^ Toole 1998 , pp. 175 -- 82 . Jump up ^ Lovelace , Ada ; Menabrea , Luigi ( 1842 ) . `` Sketch of the Analytical Engine invented by Charles Babbage Esq . '' . Scientific Memoirs . Richard Taylor : 694 . Jump up ^ Hooper , Rowan ( 16 October 2012 ) . `` Ada Lovelace : My brain is more than merely mortal '' . New Scientist . Retrieved 16 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Isaacson , Walter . `` Walter Isaacson on the women of ENIAC . '' Fortune magazine . 18 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Toole 1998 , pp. 2 -- 3 , 14 . Jump up ^ Woolley 1999 , pp. 272 -- 77 . Jump up ^ Kent , Leo ( 17 September 2012 ) . `` The 10 - year - plan to build Babbage 's Analytical Engine '' . Humans Invent . Retrieved 16 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Bromley , Allan G. ( 1990 ) . `` Difference and Analytical Engines '' ( pdf ) . In Aspray , William . Computing Before Computers . Ames : Iowa State University Press . pp. 59 -- 98 . ISBN 0 - 8138 - 0047 - 1 . p. 89 . Jump up ^ Collier , Bruce ( 1970 ) . The Little Engines That Could 've : The Calculating Machines of Charles Babbage ( PhD ) . Harvard University . Retrieved 18 December 2015 . Chapter 3 . Jump up ^ Kim & Toole 1999 , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Bromley , Allan G. ( July -- September 1982 ) . `` Charles Babbage 's Analytical Engine , 1838 '' ( pdf ) . IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 4 ( 3 ) : 197 -- 217 . doi : 10.1109 / mahc. 1982.10028 . p. 197 . Jump up ^ Stein , Dorothy K. ( 1984 ) . `` Lady Lovelace 's Notes : Technical Text and Cultural Context '' . Victorian Studies . 28 ( 1 ) : 33 -- 67 . p. 34 . Jump up ^ Wolfram , Stephen ( 2016 ) . Idea Makers : Personal Perspectives on the Lives & Ideas of Some Notable People . Wolfram Media . pp. 45 -- 98 . ISBN 1579550037 . Jump up ^ Doron Swade : `` Charles Babbage and Difference Engine No. 2 '' Talks at Google Jump up ^ Klein , Alvin ( 13 May 1984 ) . `` Theatre in review : A lusty Byron in Rockland '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ Plant , Sadie ( 1995 ) . `` The Future Looms : Weaving Women and Cybernetics '' . In Featherstone , Mike ; Burrows , Roger . Cyberspace / Cyberbodies / Cyberpunk : Cultures of Technological Embodiment . SAGE Publications , in association with Theory , Culture & Society , School of Human Studies , University of Teesside . pp. 45 -- 64 . ISBN 9781848609143 . Jump up ^ Holden , Stephen ( 26 February 1999 ) . `` ' Conceiving Ada ' : Calling Byron 's Daughter , Inventor of a Computer '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ Straub , Peter ( 5 June 2005 ) . `` Byron 's heir '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Brad Leithauser , `` Tom Stoppard 's ' Arcadia , ' at Twenty '' . The New Yorker , 8 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Profile , Gale Edwards , 1994 , Director of `` Arcadia '' for the Sydney Theatre Company Jump up ^ `` Ada and the Memory Engine '' . KQED . Retrieved 14 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Costello , Elizabeth ( 22 October 2015 ) . `` Ada and the Memory Engine : Love by the Numbers '' . SF Weekly . Retrieved 14 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Doctorow , Cory ( 5 October 2009 ) . `` Comic about Ada Lovelace and Charles Babbage '' . BoingBoing . Retrieved 10 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Moyer , Edward ( 13 April 2012 ) . `` Can Jane Austen + steampunk spark girls ' science fire ? '' . Retrieved 26 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` International Women 's Day '' . Retrieved 8 March 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt6327804/ Jump up ^ `` Lovelace Lecture & Medal '' . BCS . Retrieved 2 March 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` BCSWomen Lovelace Colloquium '' . UK . Jump up ^ Davis , Anna . `` New college in north London ' will boost women in tech sector ' '' . Evening Standard . Retrieved 16 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` FAQ '' . About . Finding Ada . Retrieved 10 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Aurora , Valerie ( 13 December 2011 ) , `` An update on the Ada Initiative '' , LWN , retrieved 5 October 2012 Jump up ^ `` Ada Byron Building '' . Jump up ^ Robinson , Dan ( 11 January 2017 ) . `` New high - quality offices to be created at house named after Lord Byron 's daughter '' . Nottingham Post . Retrieved 26 February 2017 . Jump up ^ https://adadevelopersacademy.org/ Jump up ^ Kremer , William ( 1 August 2013 ) . `` Crossrail : Where is it in the list of ' big digs ' ? '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ `` FAQ -- Ada : A Journal of Gender , New Media , and Technology '' . University of Oregon Libraries . Retrieved 17 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ada Lovelace Day : Celebrating the achievements of women in science , technology , engineering and maths '' . FindingAda.com. 13 October 2015 . Retrieved 11 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ada Lovelace Bicentenary Lectures on Computability '' . Ada Lovelace Day . FindingAda.com. 20 December 2015 -- 31 January 2016 . Retrieved 11 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Ada Lovelace Bicentenary Lectures on Computability '' . Israel Institute for Advanced Studies . 20 December 2015 -- 31 January 2016 . Retrieved 11 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ada Lovelace Symposium -- Celebrating 200 Years of a Computer Visionary '' . Podcasts . UK : University of Oxford . Retrieved 11 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ada Lovelace '' . UK : Science Museum , London . Retrieved 11 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bodleian Libraries celebrates Ada Lovelace 's 200th birthday with free display and Wikipedia editathons '' . UK : Bodleian Libraries . Retrieved 11 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Radio 4 -- Great Lives , Series 31 , Konnie Huq on Ada Lovelace '' . BBC . Sources ( edit ) Baum , Joan ( 1986 ) , The Calculating Passion of Ada Byron , Archon , ISBN 0 - 208 - 02119 - 1 . Elwin , Malcolm ( 1975 ) , Lord Byron 's Family , John Murray . Essinger , James ( 2014 ) , Ada 's algorithm : How Lord Byron 's daughter Ada Lovelace launched the digital age , Melville House Publishing , ISBN 978 - 1 - 61219 - 408 - 0 . Fuegi , J ; Francis , J ( October -- December 2003 ) , `` Lovelace & Babbage and the creation of the 1843 ' notes ' '' , Annals of the History of Computing , IEEE , 25 ( 4 ) : 16 -- 26 , doi : 10.1109 / MAHC. 2003.1253887 . Hammerman , Robin ; Russell , Andrew L. ( 2015 ) , Ada 's Legacy : Cultures of Computing from the Victorian to the Digital Age , Association for Computing Machinery and Morgan & Claypool , ISBN 9781970001518 , doi : 10.1145 / 2809523 . Isaacson , Walter ( 2014 ) , The Innovators : How a Group of Hackers , Geniuses , and Geeks Created the Digital Revolution , Simon & Schuster . Kim , Eugene ; Toole , Betty Alexandra ( 1999 ) . `` Ada and the First Computer '' . Scientific American . 280 ( 5 ) : 76 -- 81 . Bibcode : 1999SciAm. 280e ... 76E . doi : 10.1038 / scientificamerican0599 - 76 ... Lewis , Judith S. ( July -- August 1995 ) . `` Princess of Parallelograms and her daughter : Math and gender in the nineteenth century English aristocracy '' . Women 's Studies International Forum . ScienceDirect. 18 ( 4 ) : 387 -- 394 . doi : 10.1016 / 0277 - 5395 ( 95 ) 80030 - S . Marchand , Leslie ( 1971 ) , Byron A Portrait , John Murray . Menabrea , Luigi Federico ( 1843 ) , `` Sketch of the Analytical Engine Invented by Charles Babbage '' , Scientific Memoirs , 3 , archived from the original on 15 September 2008 , retrieved 29 August 2008 With notes upon the memoir by the translator . Moore , Doris Langley ( 1977 ) , Ada , Countess of Lovelace , John Murray , ISBN 0 7195 3384 8 . Moore , Doris Langley ( 1961 ) , The Late Lord Byron , Philadelphia : Lippincott , ISBN 0 - 06 - 013013 - X , OCLC 358063 . Stein , Dorothy ( 1985 ) , Ada : A Life and a Legacy , MIT Press Series in the History of Computing , Cambridge , MA : The MIT Press , ISBN 0 - 262 - 19242 - X . Toole , Betty Alexandra ( 1992 ) , Ada , the Enchantress of Numbers : A Selection from the Letters of Ada Lovelace , and her Description of the First Computer , Strawberry Press , ISBN 0912647094 . Toole , Betty Alexandra ( 1998 ) , Ada , the Enchantress of Numbers : Prophet of the Computer Age , Strawberry Press , ISBN 0912647183 . Turney , Catherine ( 1972 ) , Byron 's Daughter : A Biography of Elizabeth Medora Leigh , Scribner , ISBN 0684127539 Woolley , Benjamin ( February 1999 ) , The Bride of Science : Romance , Reason , and Byron 's Daughter , AU : Pan Macmillan , ISBN 0 - 333 - 72436 - 4 , retrieved 7 April 2013 . Woolley , Benjamin ( February 2002 ) ( 1999 ) , The Bride of Science : Romance , Reason , and Byron 's Daughter , McGraw - Hill Ryerson , ISBN 978 - 0 - 07138860 - 3 , retrieved 7 April 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ada Lovelace . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Ada Lovelace Wikisource has original works written by or about : Ada Lovelace Works by Ada Lovelace at Open Library Ada Lovelace at Goodreads `` Untangling the Tale of Ada Lovelace '' . StephenWolfram.com. 10 December 2015 . `` Ada Lovelace : Founder of Scientific Computing '' . Women in Science . SDSC . `` Ada Byron , Lady Lovelace '' . Biographies of Women Mathematicians . Agnes Scott College . `` Papers of the Noel , Byron and Lovelace families '' . UK : Archives hub . `` Ada Lovelace & The Analytical Engine '' . Babbage . Computer History . `` Ada & the Analytical Engine '' . Educause . `` Ada Lovelace , Countess of Controversy '' . Tech TV vault . G4 TV . `` Ada Lovelace '' ( streaming ) . In Our Time ( audio ) . UK : The BBC ( Radio 4 ) . 6 March 2008 . `` Ada Lovelace 's Notes and The Ladies Diary '' . Yale . `` The fascinating story Ada Lovelace '' . Sabine Allaeys ( Youtube ) . `` Ada Lovelace , the World 's First Computer Programmer , on Science and Religion '' . Maria Popova ( Brain ) . `` How Ada Lovelace , Lord Byron 's Daughter , Became the World 's First Computer Programmer '' . Maria Popova ( Brain ) . O'Connor , John J. ; Robertson , Edmund F. , `` Ada Lovelace '' , MacTutor History of Mathematics archive , University of St Andrews . Lord Byron Topics Barony of Byron The Byronic hero Early life Newstead Abbey Timeline of Lord Byron People Anne Isabella , Lady Byron ( wife ) Ada Lovelace ( daughter ) Allegra Byron ( daughter ) John Byron ( father ) Claire Clairmont Nicolo Giraud Contessa Guiccioli Jane Harley John Cam Hobhouse Lady Caroline Lamb Augusta Leigh ( half - sister ) Medora Leigh Thomas Moore John William Polidori Mary Shelley Percy Bysshe Shelley Edward John Trelawny Charles Nodier Longer poetry Hours of Idleness ( 1807 ) English Bards and Scotch Reviewers ( 1809 ) The Giaour ( 1813 ) The Bride of Abydos ( 1813 ) The Corsair ( 1814 ) Lara , A Tale ( 1814 ) Hebrew Melodies ( 1815 ) The Siege of Corinth ( 1816 ) Parisina ( 1816 ) The Prisoner of Chillon ( 1816 ) The Dream ( 1816 ) Prometheus ( 1816 ) `` Darkness '' ( 1816 ) The Lament of Tasso ( 1817 ) Beppo ( 1818 ) Childe Harold 's Pilgrimage ( 1812 - 1818 ) Don Juan ( 1819 -- 1824 ; incomplete upon Byron 's death in 1824 ) Mazeppa ( 1819 ) The Prophecy of Dante ( 1819 ) The Vision of Judgment ( 1821 ) The Age of Bronze ( 1823 ) The Island ( 1823 ) Plays Manfred ( 1817 ) Marino Faliero ( 1820 ) Sardanapalus ( 1821 ) The Two Foscari ( 1821 ) Cain ( 1821 ) Heaven and Earth ( 1821 ) Werner ( 1822 ) The Deformed Transformed ( 1822 ) Shorter poetry `` The First Kiss of Love '' ( 1806 ) `` Thoughts Suggested by a College Examination '' ( 1806 ) `` To a Beautiful Quaker '' ( 1807 ) `` The Cornelian '' ( 1807 ) `` Lines Addressed to a Young Lady '' ( 1807 ) `` Lachin y Gair '' ( 1807 ) `` Epitaph to a Dog '' ( 1808 ) `` Maid of Athens , ere we part '' ( 1810 ) `` She Walks in Beauty '' ( 1814 ) `` My Soul is Dark '' ( 1815 ) `` The Destruction of Sennacherib '' ( 1815 ) `` Fare Thee Well '' ( 1816 ) `` When We Two Parted '' ( 1817 ) `` Love 's Last Adieu '' `` So , we 'll go no more a roving '' ( 1830 ) Prose Fragment of a Novel ( 1819 ) Related Byron ( 1908 play ) Lord Byron ( 1972 opera ) Childe Byron ( 1977 play ) Timelines of computing Computing 2400 BC -- 1949 1950 -- 1979 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Software Open - source software 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Programming languages Hypertext technology Operating systems DOS family Windows Linux Virtualization development Malware Computer science Artificial intelligence Quantum computing Internet Web browsers Internet conflicts Women in computing Kathleen Antonelli Jean Bartik Adele Goldstine Lois Haibt Betty Holberton Ada Lovelace Margaret Hamilton Grace Hopper Nancy Leveson Marlyn Meltzer Klara Dan von Neumann Frances Spence Ruth Teitelbaum VIAF : 61632881 LCCN : n78030997 ISNI : 0000 0000 7689 7871 GND : 119232022 SELIBR : 251062 SUDOC : 028921488 BNF : cb123997091 ( data ) NDL : 01237915 NKC : jo2016900225 BNE : XX4907321 IATH : w6d22c67 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ada_Lovelace&oldid=801753514 '' Categories : 1815 births 1852 deaths 19th - century English mathematicians 19th - century women scientists 19th - century British women writers 19th - century British writers Ada ( programming language ) British computer scientists British countesses Burials in Nottinghamshire Byron family Deaths from cancer in England Computer designers Daughters of barons Deaths from uterine cancer English computer programmers English computer scientists English people of Scottish descent English scientists English women poets Lord Byron Women computer scientists Women in engineering Women in technology Women mathematicians Women of the Victorian era Hidden categories : Use British English from August 2011 Use dmy dates from October 2015 Articles with hCards Open Library ID different from Wikidata Articles with Open Library links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Afrikaans Alemannisch Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Gaelg Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Kreyòl ayisyen Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar मैथिली Malagasy മലയാളം Malti मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پښتو Piemontèis Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Yorùbá 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 September 2017 , at 16 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is known as the world's first computer programmer | [
"Augusta Ada King-Noel, Countess of Lovelace (née Byron; 10 December 1815 – 27 November 1852) was an English mathematician and writer, chiefly known for her work on Charles Babbage's proposed mechanical general-purpose computer, the Analytical Engine. She was the first to recognise that the machine had applications beyond pure calculation, and created the first algorithm intended to be carried out by such a machine. As a result, she is often regarded as the first to recognise the full potential of a \"computing machine\" and the first computer programmer.[1][2][3]",
"Augusta Ada King-Noel, Countess of Lovelace (née Byron; 10 December 1815 – 27 November 1852) was an English mathematician and writer, chiefly known for her work on Charles Babbage's proposed mechanical general-purpose computer, the Analytical Engine. She was the first to recognise that the machine had applications beyond pure calculation, and created the first algorithm intended to be carried out by such a machine. As a result, she is often regarded as the first to recognise the full potential of a \"computing machine\" and the first computer programmer.[1][2][3]"
] | [
"Augusta Ada King-Noel, Countess of Lovelace",
"née Byron"
] |
-4530823753213816346 | Major League Baseball Rookie of the Year Award | Major League Baseball Rookie of the Year award - wikipedia Major League Baseball Rookie of the Year award Jump to : navigation , search Rookie of the Year Award Jackie Robinson , the inaugural winner in 1947 and eventual namesake of the award Given for Major League Baseball 's best regular - season rookie History First award 1947 Most recent Aaron Judge ( American League ) Cody Bellinger ( National League ) Website Rookie of the Year In Major League Baseball , the Rookie of the Year Award is annually given to one player from each league as voted on by the Baseball Writers ' Association of America ( BBWAA ) . The award was established in 1940 by the Chicago chapter of the BBWAA , which selected an annual winner from 1940 through 1946 . The award became national in 1947 ; Jackie Robinson , the Brooklyn Dodgers ' second baseman , won the inaugural award . One award was presented for both leagues in 1947 and 1948 ; since 1949 , the honor has been given to one player each in the National and American League . Originally , the award was known as the J. Louis Comiskey Memorial Award , named after the Chicago White Sox owner of the 1930s . The award was renamed the Jackie Robinson Award in July 1987 , 40 years after Jackie Robinson broke the baseball color line . Of the 140 players named Rookie of the Year ( as of 2016 ) , 16 have been elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame -- Jackie Robinson , five American League players , and ten others from the National League . The award has been shared twice : once by Butch Metzger and Pat Zachry of the National League in 1976 ; and once by John Castino and Alfredo Griffin of the American League in 1979 . Members of the Brooklyn and Los Angeles Dodgers have won the most awards of any franchise ( with 18 ) , twice the total of the New York Yankees , and members of the Philadelphia and Oakland Athletics ( eight ) , who have produced the most in the American League . Fred Lynn and Ichiro Suzuki are the only two players who have been named Rookie of the Year and Most Valuable Player in the same year , and Fernando Valenzuela is the only player to have won Rookie of the Year and the Cy Young Award in the same year . Sam Jethroe is the oldest player to have won the award , at age 32 , 33 days older than 2000 winner Kazuhiro Sasaki ( also 32 ) . Aaron Judge of the New York Yankees and Cody Bellinger of the Los Angeles Dodgers are the most recent winners . Contents ( hide ) 1 Qualifications and voting 2 Winners 2.1 Key 2.2 Major Leagues combined ( 1947 -- 48 ) 2.3 American League winners ( 1949 -- present ) 2.4 National League winners ( 1949 -- present ) 3 See also 4 References Qualifications and voting ( edit ) Hideo Nomo won in 1995 , the first of several players to win with past professional baseball experience in Nippon Professional Baseball . From 1947 through 1956 , each BBWAA voter used discretion as to who qualified as a rookie . In 1957 , the term was first defined as someone with fewer than 75 at bats or 45 innings pitched in any previous Major League season . This guideline was later amended to 90 at bats , 45 innings pitched , or 45 days on a Major League roster before September 1 of the previous year . The current standard of 130 at bats , 50 innings pitched or 45 days on the active roster of a Major League club ( excluding time in military service or on the disabled list ) before September 1 was adopted in 1971 . Since 1980 , each voter names three rookies : a first - place choice is given five points , a second - place choice three points , and a third - place choice one point . The award goes to the player who receives the most overall points . Edinson Vólquez received three second - place votes in 2008 balloting despite no longer being a rookie under the award 's definition . The award has drawn criticism in recent years because several players with experience in Nippon Professional Baseball ( NPB ) have won the award , such as Hideo Nomo in 1995 , Kazuhiro Sasaki in 2000 , and Ichiro Suzuki in 2001 . The current definition of rookie status for the award is based only on Major League experience , but some feel that past NPB players are not true rookies because of their past professional experience . Others , however , believe it should make no difference since the first recipient and the award 's namesake played for the Negro Leagues prior to his MLB career and thus could also not be considered a `` true rookie '' . This issue arose in 2003 when Hideki Matsui narrowly lost the AL award to Ángel Berroa . Jim Souhan of the Minneapolis Star Tribune said he did not see Matsui as a rookie in 2003 because `` it would be an insult to the Japanese league to pretend that experience did n't count . '' The Japan Times ran a story in 2007 on the labeling of Daisuke Matsuzaka , Kei Igawa , and Hideki Okajima as rookies , saying `` ( t ) hese guys are n't rookies . '' Past winners such as Jackie Robinson , Don Newcombe , and Sam Jethroe had professional experience in the Negro Leagues . Winners ( edit ) Key ( edit ) Cal Ripken , Jr. won in 1982 , and is one of 16 Hall of Famers to win Rookie of the Year honors . Year Links to the article about the corresponding Major League Baseball season † Member of the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum Denotes player who is still active * Denotes year in which the award was shared § Unanimous selection Major Leagues combined ( 1947 -- 48 ) ( edit ) Year Player Team Position Selected statistics Ref 1947 Robinson , Jackie Jackie Robinson Brooklyn Dodgers 1B . 297 batting average 125 runs scored 29 stolen bases 1948 Dark , Alvin Alvin Dark Boston Braves SS . 322 batting average 3 home runs 48 runs batted in American League winners ( 1949 -- present ) ( edit ) Mike Trout , 2012 AL winner Jeremy Hellickson , the 2011 AL winner Evan Longoria , the 2008 AL winner Dustin Pedroia , the 2007 AL winner Justin Verlander , the 2006 AL winner Year Player Team Position Selected statistics Ref 1949 Sievers , Roy Roy Sievers St. Louis Browns OF . 306 batting average 16 home runs 91 runs batted in 1950 Dropo , Walt Walt Dropo Boston Red Sox 1B . 322 batting average 34 home runs 144 runs batted in 1951 McDougald , Gil Gil McDougald New York Yankees 3B . 306 batting average 14 home runs 63 runs batted in 1952 Byrd , Harry Harry Byrd Philadelphia Athletics 3.31 earned run average 15 complete games 15 -- 15 record in 37 appearances ( 28 games started ) 1953 Kuenn , Harvey Harvey Kuenn Detroit Tigers SS . 308 batting average 94 runs scored 209 hits 1954 Grim , Bob Bob Grim New York Yankees 3.26 earned run average 199 innings pitched 20 -- 6 record in 37 appearances ( 20 games started ) 1955 Score , Herb Herb Score Cleveland Indians 2.85 earned run average 227 ⁄ innings pitched 16 -- 10 record in 32 games started 1956 Aparicio , Luis Luis Aparicio Chicago White Sox SS . 266 batting average 21 stolen bases 69 runs scored 1957 Kubek , Tony Tony Kubek New York Yankees SS . 297 batting average 56 runs scored 39 runs batted in 1958 Pearson , Albie Albie Pearson Washington Senators OF . 275 batting average 3 home runs 63 runs scored 1959 Allison , Bob Bob Allison Washington Senators OF . 261 batting average 30 home runs 85 runs batted in 1960 Hansen , Ron Ron Hansen Baltimore Orioles SS . 255 batting average 22 home runs 86 runs batted in 1961 Schwall , Don Don Schwall Boston Red Sox 3.22 earned run average 178 ⁄ innings pitched 15 -- 7 record in 25 games started 1962 Tresh , Tom Tom Tresh New York Yankees SS . 286 batting average 20 home runs 93 runs batted in 1963 Peters , Gary Gary Peters Chicago White Sox 2.33 earned run average 243 innings pitched 19 -- 8 record in 41 appearances ( 30 games started ) 1964 Oliva , Tony Tony Oliva Minnesota Twins OF . 323 batting average 32 home runs 94 runs batted in 1965 Blefary , Curt Curt Blefary Baltimore Orioles OF . 260 batting average 22 home runs 70 runs batted in 1966 Agee , Tommie Tommie Agee Chicago White Sox OF . 273 batting average 44 stolen bases 98 runs scored 1967 Carew , Rod Rod Carew Minnesota Twins 2B . 292 batting average 8 home runs 66 runs scored 1968 Bahnsen , Stan Stan Bahnsen New York Yankees 2.05 earned run average 267 ⁄ innings pitched 17 -- 12 record in 34 games started 1969 Piniella , Lou Lou Piniella Kansas City Royals OF . 282 batting average 11 home runs 68 runs batted in 1970 Munson , Thurman Thurman Munson New York Yankees . 302 batting average 53 runs batted in 52 % caught stealing percentage in the field 1971 Chambliss , Chris Chris Chambliss Cleveland Indians 1B . 275 batting average 9 home runs 48 runs batted in 1972 Fisk , Carlton Carlton Fisk Boston Red Sox . 293 batting average 22 home runs 61 runs batted in 1973 Bumbry , Al Al Bumbry Baltimore Orioles OF . 337 batting average 11 triples 73 runs scored Hargrove , Mike Mike Hargrove Texas Rangers 1B . 323 batting average . 395 on - base percentage 66 runs batted in Lynn , Fred Fred Lynn Boston Red Sox OF . 331 batting average 47 doubles 105 runs batted in 1976 Fidrych , Mark Mark Fidrych Detroit Tigers 2.34 earned run average 24 complete games 19 -- 9 record in 29 games started 1977 Murray , Eddie Eddie Murray Baltimore Orioles DH . 283 batting average 27 home runs 88 runs batted in 1978 Whitaker , Lou Lou Whitaker Detroit Tigers 2B . 285 batting average 3 home runs 58 runs batted in 1979 * Castino , John John Castino Minnesota Twins 3B . 285 batting average 8 triples 52 runs batted in 1979 * Griffin , Alfredo Alfredo Griffin Toronto Blue Jays SS . 287 batting average 10 triples 81 runs scored 1980 Charboneau , Joe Joe Charboneau Cleveland Indians OF . 289 batting average 23 home runs 87 runs batted in 1981 Righetti , Dave Dave Righetti New York Yankees 2.05 earned run average 105 ⁄ innings pitched 8 -- 4 record in 15 games started 1982 Ripken , Cal Cal Ripken , Jr . Baltimore Orioles SS . 264 batting average 28 home runs 93 runs batted in Kittle , Ron Ron Kittle Chicago White Sox OF . 254 batting average 35 home runs 100 runs batted in 1984 Davis , Alvin Alvin Davis Seattle Mariners 1B . 284 batting average 27 home runs 116 runs batted in 1985 Guillén , Ozzie Ozzie Guillén Chicago White Sox SS . 273 batting average 9 triples 71 runs scored 1986 Canseco , Jose Jose Canseco Oakland Athletics OF . 240 batting average 33 home runs 117 runs batted in McGwire , Mark Mark McGwire Oakland Athletics 1B . 289 batting average 49 home runs 118 runs batted in 1988 Weiss , Walt Walt Weiss Oakland Athletics SS . 250 batting average 3 home runs 39 runs batted in 1989 Olson , Gregg Gregg Olson Baltimore Orioles 1.69 earned run average 85 innings pitched 27 saves 1990 Alomar , Jr. , Sandy Sandy Alomar , Jr . Cleveland Indians . 290 batting average 9 home runs 66 runs batted in 1991 Knoblauch , Chuck Chuck Knoblauch Minnesota Twins 2B . 281 batting average 25 stolen bases 78 runs scored 1992 Listach , Pat Pat Listach Milwaukee Brewers SS . 290 batting average 54 stolen bases 93 runs scored 1993 Salmon , Tim Tim Salmon California Angels OF . 283 batting average 31 home runs 95 runs batted in 1994 Hamelin , Bob Bob Hamelin Kansas City Royals DH . 282 batting average 24 home runs 65 runs batted in 1995 Cordova , Marty Marty Cordova Minnesota Twins OF . 277 batting average 24 home runs 84 runs batted in Jeter , Derek Derek Jeter New York Yankees SS . 314 batting average 10 home runs 104 runs scored 1997 Garciaparra , Nomar Nomar Garciaparra Boston Red Sox SS . 306 batting average 30 home runs 122 runs scored 1998 Grieve , Ben Ben Grieve Oakland Athletics OF . 288 batting average 18 home runs 89 runs batted in 1999 Beltrán , Carlos Carlos Beltrán Kansas City Royals OF . 293 batting average 22 home runs 108 runs batted in 2000 Sasaki , Kazuhiro Kazuhiro Sasaki Seattle Mariners 3.16 earned run average 78 strikeouts 37 saves 2001 Suzuki , Ichiro Ichiro Suzuki Seattle Mariners OF . 350 batting average 56 stolen bases 127 runs scored 2002 Hinske , Eric Eric Hinske Toronto Blue Jays 3B . 279 batting average 24 home runs 84 runs batted in 2003 Berroa , Ángel Ángel Berroa Kansas City Royals SS . 287 batting average 21 stolen bases 92 runs scored Crosby , Bobby Bobby Crosby Oakland Athletics SS . 239 batting average 22 home runs 64 runs batted in 2005 Street , Huston Huston Street Oakland Athletics 1.72 earned run average 78 ⁄ innings pitched 23 saves 2006 Verlander , Justin Justin Verlander Detroit Tigers 3.63 earned run average 186 innings pitched 17 -- 9 record in 30 games started 2007 Pedroia , Dustin Dustin Pedroia Boston Red Sox 2B . 317 batting average 39 doubles 86 runs scored 2008 Longoria , Evan Evan Longoria Tampa Bay Rays 3B . 272 batting average 27 home runs 85 runs batted in 2009 Andrew Bailey Oakland Athletics 1.84 earned run average 83 ⁄ innings pitched 26 saves Feliz , Neftalí Neftalí Feliz Texas Rangers 2.73 earned run average 69 ⁄ innings pitched 40 saves 2011 Hellickson , Jeremy Jeremy Hellickson Tampa Bay Rays 2.95 earned run average 117 strikeouts 13 -- 10 record in 29 games started 2012 Trout , Mike Mike Trout Los Angeles Angels OF . 326 batting average 30 home runs 129 runs scored 49 stolen bases 2013 Myers , Wil Wil Myers Tampa Bay Rays OF . 293 batting average 13 home runs 53 runs batted in 2014 Abreu , José José Abreu Chicago White Sox 1B . 317 batting average 36 home runs 107 runs batted in 2015 Correa , Carlos Carlos Correa Houston Astros SS . 279 batting average 22 home runs 68 runs batted in 2016 Fulmer , Michael Michael Fulmer Detroit Tigers 3.06 earned run average 132 strikeouts 11 -- 7 record in 26 games started 2017 Judge , Aaron Aaron Judge New York Yankees OF . 284 batting average 52 home runs 114 runs batted in 128 runs scored National League winners ( 1949 -- present ) ( edit ) Bryce Harper , 2012 NL winner Craig Kimbrel , 2011 NL winner Geovany Soto , 2008 NL winner Ryan Braun , 2007 NL winner Ryan Howard , 2005 NL winner Year Player Team Position Selected statistics Ref 1949 Newcombe , Don Don Newcombe Brooklyn Dodgers 3.17 earned run average 5 shutouts 17 -- 8 record in 31 games started 1950 Jethroe , Sam Sam Jethroe Boston Braves OF . 273 batting average 35 stolen bases 100 runs scored 1951 Mays , Willie Willie Mays New York Giants OF . 274 batting average 20 home runs 68 runs batted in 1952 Black , Joe Joe Black Brooklyn Dodgers 2.15 earned run average 15 saves 15 -- 4 record in 56 appearances 1953 Gilliam , Jim Jim Gilliam Brooklyn Dodgers 2B . 278 batting average 17 triples 125 runs scored 1954 Moon , Wally Wally Moon St. Louis Cardinals OF . 304 batting average 12 home runs 106 runs scored 1955 Virdon , Bill Bill Virdon St. Louis Cardinals OF . 281 batting average 17 home runs 68 runs batted in 1956 Robinson , Frank Frank Robinson Cincinnati Reds OF . 290 batting average 38 home runs 122 runs scored 1957 Sanford , Jack Jack Sanford Philadelphia Phillies 3.08 earned run average 188 strikeouts 19 -- 8 record in 33 games started 1958 Cepeda , Orlando Orlando Cepeda San Francisco Giants 1B . 312 batting average 25 home runs 96 runs batted in 1959 McCovey , Willie Willie McCovey San Francisco Giants 1B . 354 batting average 13 home runs 38 runs batted in 1960 Howard , Frank Frank Howard Los Angeles Dodgers OF . 268 batting average 23 home runs 77 runs batted in 1961 Williams , Billy Billy Williams Chicago Cubs OF . 278 batting average 25 home runs 86 runs batted in 1962 Hubbs , Ken Ken Hubbs Chicago Cubs 2B . 260 batting average 90 runs scored Gold Glove Award 1963 Rose , Pete Pete Rose Cincinnati Reds 2B . 273 batting average 9 triples 101 runs scored 1964 Allen , Dick Dick Allen Philadelphia Phillies 3B . 318 batting average 13 triples 125 runs scored 1965 Lefebvre , Jim Jim Lefebvre Los Angeles Dodgers 2B . 250 batting average 12 home runs 69 runs batted in 1966 Helms , Tommy Tommy Helms Cincinnati Reds 2B . 284 batting average 9 home runs 72 runs scored 1967 Seaver , Tom Tom Seaver New York Mets 2.76 earned run average 251 innings pitched 16 -- 13 record in 34 games started 1968 Bench , Johnny Johnny Bench Cincinnati Reds . 275 batting average 15 home runs 82 runs batted in 1969 Sizemore , Ted Ted Sizemore Los Angeles Dodgers 2B . 271 batting average 4 home runs 69 runs scored 1970 Morton , Carl Carl Morton Montreal Expos 3.60 earned run average 284 ⁄ innings pitched 18 -- 11 record in 43 appearances ( 37 games started ) 1971 Williams , Earl Earl Williams Atlanta Braves . 260 batting average 33 home runs 87 runs batted in 1972 Matlack , Jon Jon Matlack New York Mets 2.32 earned run average 244 innings pitched 15 -- 10 record in 32 games started 1973 Matthews , Gary Gary Matthews San Francisco Giants OF . 300 batting average 12 home runs 74 runs scored McBride , Bake Bake McBride St. Louis Cardinals OF . 309 batting average 30 stolen bases 81 runs scored Montefusco , John John Montefusco San Francisco Giants 2.88 earned run average 215 strikeouts 15 -- 9 record on 34 games started 1976 * Metzger , Butch Butch Metzger San Diego Padres 2.92 earned run average 16 saves 11 -- 4 record in 77 appearances 1976 * Zachry , Pat Pat Zachry Cincinnati Reds 2.74 earned run average 204 innings pitched 14 -- 7 record in 38 appearances ( 28 games started ) 1977 Dawson , Andre Andre Dawson Montreal Expos OF . 282 batting average 19 home runs 65 runs batted in 1978 Horner , Bob Bob Horner Atlanta Braves 3B . 266 batting average 23 home runs 63 runs batted in 1979 Sutcliffe , Rick Rick Sutcliffe Los Angeles Dodgers 3.46 earned run average 242 innings pitched 17 -- 10 record in 39 appearances ( 30 games started ) 1980 Howe , Steve Steve Howe Los Angeles Dodgers 2.66 earned run average 84 ⁄ innings pitched 17 saves 1981 Valenzuela , Fernando Fernando Valenzuela Los Angeles Dodgers 2.48 earned run average 8 shutouts 13 -- 7 record in 25 games started 1982 Sax , Steve Steve Sax Los Angeles Dodgers 2B . 282 batting average 49 stolen bases 88 runs scored Strawberry , Darryl Darryl Strawberry New York Mets OF . 257 batting average 26 home runs 74 runs batted in 1984 Gooden , Dwight Dwight Gooden New York Mets 2.60 earned run average 276 strikeouts 17 -- 9 record in 31 games started 1985 Coleman , Vince Vince Coleman St. Louis Cardinals OF . 267 batting average 110 stolen bases 107 runs scored 1986 Worrell , Todd Todd Worrell St. Louis Cardinals 2.08 earned run average 103 ⁄ innings pitched 36 saves Santiago , Benito Benito Santiago San Diego Padres . 300 batting average 18 home runs 79 runs batted in 1988 Sabo , Chris Chris Sabo Cincinnati Reds 3B . 271 batting average 46 stolen bases 74 runs scored 1989 Walton , Jerome Jerome Walton Chicago Cubs OF . 293 batting average 24 stolen bases 64 runs scored 1990 Justice , David David Justice Atlanta Braves OF . 282 batting average 28 home runs 78 runs batted in 1991 Bagwell , Jeff Jeff Bagwell Houston Astros 1B . 294 batting average 15 home runs 82 runs batted in 1992 Karros , Eric Eric Karros Los Angeles Dodgers 1B . 257 batting average 20 home runs 88 runs batted in 1993 Piazza , Mike Mike Piazza Los Angeles Dodgers . 318 batting average 35 home runs 112 runs batted in 1994 Mondesí , Raúl Raúl Mondesí Los Angeles Dodgers OF . 306 batting average 16 home runs 56 runs batted in 1995 Nomo , Hideo Hideo Nomo Los Angeles Dodgers 2.54 earned run average 236 strikeouts 13 -- 6 record in 28 games started Hollandsworth , Todd Todd Hollandsworth Los Angeles Dodgers OF . 291 batting average 12 home runs 59 runs batted in 1997 Rolen , Scott Scott Rolen Philadelphia Phillies 3B . 283 batting average 21 home runs 92 runs batted in 1998 Wood , Kerry Kerry Wood Chicago Cubs 3.40 earned run average 233 strikeouts 13 -- 6 record in 26 games started 1999 Williamson , Scott Scott Williamson Cincinnati Reds 2.41 earned run average 19 saves 12 -- 7 record in 62 appearances 2000 Furcal , Rafael Rafael Furcal Atlanta Braves SS . 295 batting average 40 stolen bases 87 runs scored 2001 Pujols , Albert Albert Pujols St. Louis Cardinals 3B . 329 batting average 37 home runs 130 runs batted in 2002 Jennings , Jason Jason Jennings Colorado Rockies 4.52 earned run average 185 ⁄ innings pitched 16 -- 8 record in 32 games started 2003 Willis , Dontrelle Dontrelle Willis Florida Marlins 3.30 earned run average 160 ⁄ innings pitched 14 -- 6 record in 27 games started Bay , Jason Jason Bay Pittsburgh Pirates OF . 282 batting average 26 home runs 82 runs batted in 2005 Howard , Ryan Ryan Howard Philadelphia Phillies 1B . 288 batting average 22 home runs 63 runs batted in 2006 Ramírez , Hanley Hanley Ramírez Florida Marlins SS . 292 batting average 51 stolen bases 119 runs scored 2007 Braun , Ryan Ryan Braun Milwaukee Brewers 3B . 324 batting average 34 home runs 97 runs batted in 2008 Soto , Geovany Geovany Soto Chicago Cubs . 285 batting average 23 home runs 86 runs batted in 2009 Coghlan , Chris Chris Coghlan Florida Marlins OF . 321 batting average 162 base hits 84 runs scored Posey , Buster Buster Posey San Francisco Giants . 305 batting average 18 home runs 67 runs batted in 2011 Kimbrel , Craig Craig Kimbrel Atlanta Braves 2.10 earned run average 127 strikeouts in 77 innings pitched 46 saves 2012 Harper , Bryce Bryce Harper Washington Nationals OF . 270 batting average 22 home runs 59 runs batted in 2013 Fernández , José José Fernández Miami Marlins 2.19 earned run average 0.98 WHIP 12 wins 2014 deGrom , Jacob Jacob deGrom New York Mets 2.69 earned run average 1.14 WHIP 9 wins 2015 Bryant , Kris Kris Bryant Chicago Cubs 3B . 275 batting average 26 home runs 99 runs batted in 2016 Seager , Corey Corey Seager Los Angeles Dodgers SS . 308 batting average 26 home runs 72 runs batted in 2017 Bellinger , Cody Cody Bellinger Los Angeles Dodgers 1B . 267 batting average 39 home runs 97 runs batted in See also ( edit ) Baseball portal Esurance MLB Awards Best Rookie ( in MLB ) Players Choice Awards Outstanding Rookie ( in each league ) Baseball America Rookie of the Year ( in MLB ) Sporting News Rookie of the Year Award ( in each league ) Rookie of the Month Topps All - Star Rookie Teams Baseball awards Rookie of the Year Award ( all sports ) Rookie of the Year ( film ) References ( edit ) General `` Rookie of the Year winners '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved September 10 , 2009 . `` Rookie of the Year Awards & Rolaids Relief Award Winners '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 10 , 2009 . Inline citations ^ Jump up to : Vass , George ( July 1998 ) . `` History of the rookie award filled with controversy '' . Baseball Digest . 57 ( 7 ) : 26 . ISSN 0005 - 609X . Jump up ^ `` Sports News '' . Associated Press . July 14 , 1987 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Richard ( June 19 , 2001 ) . `` Sam Jethroe Is Dead at 83 ; Was Oldest Rookie of the Year '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Cour , Jim ( November 7 , 2000 ) . `` Sasaki voted AL Rookie of the Year '' . Associated Press . Jump up ^ `` MLB Miscellany : Rules , regulations and statistics '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved July 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Rookie of the Year Award / Jackie Robinson Award '' . Baseball Almanac. 2008 . Retrieved July 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Longoria , Soto are Rookies of the Year '' . Major League Baseball . November 10 , 2008 . Retrieved September 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The BBWAA and Edinson Volquez '' . Baseball Prospectus . November 16 , 2008 . Retrieved September 9 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Berroa barely edges Matsui for AL honor '' . ESPN . Associated Press . Retrieved July 10 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Graczyk , Wayne ( May 27 , 2007 ) . `` MLB should eliminate ' rookie ' label for Japanese veterans '' . The Japan Times . Retrieved September 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Jackie Robinson Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Alvin Dark Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Roy Sievers Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Walt Dropo Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Gil McDougald Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Byrd Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Harvey Kuenn Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Bob Grim Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Herb Score Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Luis Aparicio Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tony Kubek Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Albie Pearson Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Bob Allison Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ron Hansen Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Don Schwall Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Tresh Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Gary Peters Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tony Oliva Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Curt Blefary Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tommiee Agee Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Rod Carew Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Stan Bahnsen Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Lou Piniella Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Thurman Munson Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Chambliss Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Carlton Fisk Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Al Bumbry Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Hargrove Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Fred Lynn Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Fidrych Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Eddie Murray Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Lou Whitaker Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` John Castino Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Alfredo Griffin Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Joe Charboneau Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Dave Righetti Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Cal Ripken , Jr . Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ron Kittle Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Alvin Davis Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ozzie Guillén Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . 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Jump up ^ `` Marty Cordova Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Derek Jeter Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Nomar Garciaparra Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ben Grieve Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Carlos Beltrán Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Kazuhiro Sasaki Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ichiro Suzuki Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Eric Hinske Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ángel Berroa Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Bobby Crosby Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Huston Street Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Verlander Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Dustin Pedroia Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Evan Longoria Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Andrew Bailey Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , T.R. ( November 15 , 2010 ) . `` Feliz wins AL Rookie of the Year Award '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved November 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Jeremy Hellickson Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ http://bbwaa.com/12-al-roy/ Jump up ^ http://bbwaa.com/13-al-roy/ Jump up ^ http://bbwaa.com/14-al-roy/ Jump up ^ http://bbwaa.com/15-al-roy/ Jump up ^ http://bbwaa.com/16-al-roy/ Jump up ^ http://bbwaa.com/17-al-roy/ Jump up ^ `` Don Newcombe Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Sam Jethroe Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Willie Mays Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Joe Black Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Jim Gilliam Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Wally Moon Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Virdon Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Frank Robinson Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Jack Sanford Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Orlando CepedaStatistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Willie McCovey Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Frank Howard Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Billy Williams Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ken Hubbs Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Pete Rose Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Dick Allen Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . 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Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Steve Sax Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Darryl Strawberry Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Dwight Gooden Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Vince Coleman Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Todd Worrell Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Benito Santiago Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Sabo Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Jerome Walton Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` David Justice Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Jeff Bagwell Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Eric Karros Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Piazza Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Raúl Mondesí Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Hideo Nomo Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Todd Hollandsworth Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Scott RolenStatistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Kerry Wood Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Scott Williamson Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Rafael Furcal Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Albert Pujols Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Jason Jennings Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Dontrelle Willis Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Jason Bay Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ryan Howard Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Hanley Ramírez Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ryan Braun Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Geovany Soto Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Coghlan Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Stephens , Bailey ( November 15 , 2010 ) . `` Posey tops Heyward for NL Rookie honor '' . Major League Baseball . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2010 . Retrieved November 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Craig Kimbrel Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bryce Harper Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved November 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ http://bbwaa.com/13-nl-roy/ Jump up ^ http://bbwaa.com/14-nl-roy/ Jump up ^ http://www.cbssports.com/mlb/eye-on-baseball/25377126/cubs-kris-bryant-unanimously-named-2015-nl-rookie-of-the-year Jump up ^ http://bbwaa.com/16-nl-roy/ Jump up ^ http://bbwaa.com/17-nl-roy/ Major League Baseball awards and trophies Team Commissioner 's Trophy ( list of winners ) Warren Giles Trophy ( NL pennant winners ) William Harridge Trophy ( AL pennant winners ) Individual Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) Cy Young Manager of the Year Rookie of the Year Roberto Clemente Hank Aaron Gold Glove Silver Slugger World Series MVP All - Star Game MVP Rolaids Relief Man Comeback Player of the Year League Championship Series MVP Reliever of the Year Player of the Month Pitcher of the Month Rookie of the Month Player of the Week Other Commissioner 's Historic Achievement Award Book : Major League Baseball awards Category : Major League Baseball awards Portal : Baseball American League Rookie of the Year Award 1949 : Sievers 1950 : Dropo 1951 : McDougald 1952 : Byrd 1953 : Kuenn 1954 : Grim 1955 : Score 1956 : Aparicio 1957 : Kubek 1958 : Pearson 1959 : Allison 1960 : Hansen 1961 : Schwall 1962 : Tresh 1963 : Peters 1964 : Oliva 1965 : Blefary 1966 : Agee 1967 : Carew 1968 : Bahnsen 1969 : Piniella 1970 : Munson 1971 : Chambliss 1972 : Fisk 1973 : Bumbry 1974 : Hargrove 1975 : Lynn 1976 : Fidrych 1977 : Murray 1978 : Whitaker 1979 : Castino & Griffin 1980 : Charboneau 1981 : Righetti 1982 : Ripken Jr . 1983 : Kittle 1984 : Davis 1985 : Guillén 1986 : Canseco 1987 : McGwire 1988 : Weiss 1989 : Olson 1990 : Alomar Jr . 1991 : Knoblauch 1992 : Listach 1993 : Salmon 1994 : Hamelin 1995 : Cordova 1996 : Jeter 1997 : Garciaparra 1998 : Grieve 1999 : Beltrán 2000 : Sasaki 2001 : Suzuki 2002 : Hinske 2003 : Berroa 2004 : Crosby 2005 : Street 2006 : Verlander 2007 : Pedroia 2008 : Longoria 2009 : Bailey 2010 : Feliz 2011 : Hellickson 2012 : Trout 2013 : Myers 2014 : Abreu 2015 : Correa 2016 : Fulmer 2017 : Judge National League Rookie of the Year Award 1947 : J. Robinson 1948 : Dark 1949 : Newcombe 1950 : Jethroe 1951 : Mays 1952 : Black 1953 : Gilliam 1954 : Moon 1955 : Virdon 1956 : F. Robinson 1957 : Sanford 1958 : Cepeda 1959 : McCovey 1960 : F. Howard 1961 : B. Williams 1962 : Hubbs 1963 : Rose 1964 : Allen 1965 : Lefebvre 1966 : Helms 1967 : Seaver 1968 : Bench 1969 : Sizemore 1970 : Morton 1971 : E. Williams 1972 : Matlack 1973 : Matthews 1974 : McBride 1975 : Montefusco 1976 : Metzger & Zachry 1977 : Dawson 1978 : Horner 1979 : Sutcliffe 1980 : Howe 1981 : Valenzuela 1982 : Sax 1983 : Strawberry 1984 : Gooden 1985 : Coleman 1986 : Worrell 1987 : Santiago 1988 : Sabo 1989 : Walton 1990 : Justice 1991 : Bagwell 1992 : Karros 1993 : Piazza 1994 : Mondesi 1995 : Nomo 1996 : Hollandsworth 1997 : Rolen 1998 : Wood 1999 : Williamson 2000 : Furcal 2001 : Pujols 2002 : Jennings 2003 : Willis 2004 : Bay 2005 : R. Howard 2006 : Ramírez 2007 : Braun 2008 : Soto 2009 : Coghlan 2010 : Posey 2011 : Kimbrel 2012 : Harper 2013 : Fernández 2014 : deGrom 2015 : Bryant 2016 : Seager 2017 : Bellinger Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Major_League_Baseball_Rookie_of_the_Year_Award&oldid=817980442 '' Categories : Major League Baseball Rookie of the Year Award winners Major League Baseball trophies and awards Awards established in 1947 1947 establishments in the United States Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano 日本 語 Polski Русский Simple English Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 31 December 2017 , at 19 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who won rookie of the year in major league baseball | [
"Of the 140 players named Rookie of the Year (as of 2016), 16 have been elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame—Jackie Robinson, five American League players, and ten others from the National League. The award has been shared twice: once by Butch Metzger and Pat Zachry of the National League in 1976; and once by John Castino and Alfredo Griffin of the American League in 1979. Members of the Brooklyn and Los Angeles Dodgers have won the most awards of any franchise (with 18), twice the total of the New York Yankees, and members of the Philadelphia and Oakland Athletics (eight), who have produced the most in the American League. Fred Lynn and Ichiro Suzuki are the only two players who have been named Rookie of the Year and Most Valuable Player in the same year, and Fernando Valenzuela is the only player to have won Rookie of the Year and the Cy Young Award in the same year. Sam Jethroe is the oldest player to have won the award, at age 32,[3] 33 days older than 2000 winner Kazuhiro Sasaki (also 32).[4] Aaron Judge of the New York Yankees and Cody Bellinger of the Los Angeles Dodgers are the most recent winners.",
"Of the 140 players named Rookie of the Year (as of 2016), 16 have been elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame—Jackie Robinson, five American League players, and ten others from the National League. The award has been shared twice: once by Butch Metzger and Pat Zachry of the National League in 1976; and once by John Castino and Alfredo Griffin of the American League in 1979. Members of the Brooklyn and Los Angeles Dodgers have won the most awards of any franchise (with 18), twice the total of the New York Yankees, and members of the Philadelphia and Oakland Athletics (eight), who have produced the most in the American League. Fred Lynn and Ichiro Suzuki are the only two players who have been named Rookie of the Year and Most Valuable Player in the same year, and Fernando Valenzuela is the only player to have won Rookie of the Year and the Cy Young Award in the same year. Sam Jethroe is the oldest player to have won the award, at age 32,[3] 33 days older than 2000 winner Kazuhiro Sasaki (also 32).[4] Aaron Judge of the New York Yankees and Cody Bellinger of the Los Angeles Dodgers are the most recent winners."
] | [
"Aaron Judge",
"Cody Bellinger"
] |
-47089541172245653 | 2017 French Open – Men's Singles | 2017 French Open -- men 's singles - wikipedia 2017 French Open -- men 's singles Jump to : navigation , search Men 's Singles 2017 French Open Champion Rafael Nadal Runner - up Stan Wawrinka Final score 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 1 Details Draw 128 ( 16 Q / 8 WC ) Seeds 32 Events Singles men women boys girls Doubles men women mixed boys girls Legends − 45 45 + women WC Singles men women WC Doubles men women ← 2016 French Open 2018 → Main article : 2017 French Open Novak Djokovic was the defending champion , but lost to Dominic Thiem in the quarterfinals . Rafael Nadal won his 10th French Open title and 15th Grand Slam singles title , defeating Stan Wawrinka in the final , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 1 . Nadal is the only man ever to win 10 singles titles at the same Grand Slam event . He also won this event without losing a set for the third time , thereby tying Björn Borg for the overall men 's Grand Slam record . Throughout the tournament , Nadal lost just 33 games , one short of tying Borg 's long - standing record . The win also meant that Nadal holds records for most titles at a single tournament for grand slams , Masters 1000 events ( Monte Carlo - 10 ) , and ATP500 tournaments ( Barcelona - 10 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Seeds 2 Qualifying 3 Draw 3.1 Key 3.2 Finals 3.3 Top half 3.3. 1 Section 1 3.3. 2 Section 2 3.3. 3 Section 3 3.3. 4 Section 4 3.4 Bottom half 3.4. 1 Section 5 3.4. 2 Section 6 3.4. 3 Section 7 3.4. 4 Section 8 4 References Seeds ( edit ) 01 . Andy Murray ( Semifinals ) 02 . Novak Djokovic ( Quarterfinals ) 03 . Stan Wawrinka ( Final ) 04 . Rafael Nadal ( Champion ) 05 . Milos Raonic ( Fourth round ) 06 . Dominic Thiem ( Semifinals ) 07 . Marin Čilić ( Quarterfinals ) 08 . Kei Nishikori ( Quarterfinals ) 09 . Alexander Zverev ( First round ) 10 . David Goffin ( Third round , retired ) 11 . Grigor Dimitrov ( Third round ) 12 . Jo - Wilfried Tsonga ( First round ) 13 . Tomáš Berdych ( Second round ) 14 . Jack Sock ( First round ) 15 . Gaël Monfils ( Fourth round ) 16 . Lucas Pouille ( Third round ) 17 . Roberto Bautista Agut ( Fourth round ) 18 . Nick Kyrgios ( Second round ) 19 . Albert Ramos Viñolas ( Fourth round ) 20 . Pablo Carreño Busta ( Quarterfinals , retired ) 21 . John Isner ( Third round ) 22 . Pablo Cuevas ( Third round ) 23 . Ivo Karlović ( Second round ) 24 . Richard Gasquet ( Third round , retired ) 25 . Steve Johnson ( Third round ) 26 . Gilles Müller ( First round ) 27 . Sam Querrey ( First round ) 28 . Fabio Fognini ( Third round ) 29 . Juan Martín del Potro ( Third round ) 30 . David Ferrer ( Second round ) 31 . Gilles Simon ( First round ) 32 . Mischa Zverev ( First round ) Click on the seed number of a player to go to their draw section . Qualifying ( edit ) Main article : 2017 French Open -- Men 's Singles Qualifying Draw ( edit ) Key ( edit ) Q = Qualifier WC = Wild Card LL = Lucky Loser Alt = Alternate SE = Special Exempt PR = Protected Ranking w / o = Walkover r = Retired d = Defaulted Finals ( edit ) Quarterfinals Semifinals Final Andy Murray 6 7 6 8 Kei Nishikori 6 6 Andy Murray 7 7 6 Stan Wawrinka 6 6 5 7 6 Stan Wawrinka 6 6 6 7 Marin Čilić Stan Wawrinka Rafael Nadal 6 6 6 20 Pablo Carreño Busta 0 Rafael Nadal 6 Rafael Nadal 6 6 6 6 Dominic Thiem 0 6 Dominic Thiem 7 6 6 Novak Djokovic 6 0 Top half ( edit ) Section 1 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round A Murray 6 6 6 A Kuznetsov 6 0 A Murray 6 6 6 7 WC L Lokoli 6 6 6 M Kližan 7 6 M Kližan 7 6 0 6 A Murray 7 7 6 M Baghdatis 7 6 29 JM del Potro 6 5 0 N Almagro 6 6 6 7 N Almagro 6 Q G Pella 29 JM del Potro 6 29 JM del Potro 6 6 6 A Murray 6 6 6 21 J Isner 6 7 6 K Khachanov J Thompson 6 6 21 J Isner 6 7 7 P Lorenzi 6 6 6 P Lorenzi 6 6 PR R Berankis 0 21 J Isner 6 7 6 K Khachanov 6 7 6 K Khachanov 7 6 6 7 Q N Jarry 6 6 K Khachanov 7 6 6 J-L Struff 6 13 T Berdych 5 13 T Berdych 6 6 6 Section 2 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round 9 A Zverev 6 F Verdasco 6 6 6 F Verdasco 6 6 6 P-H Herbert 6 7 6 P-H Herbert 6 6 J Donaldson 6 F Verdasco 6 6 6 D Džumhur 6 22 P Cuevas N Kicker 6 6 6 N Kicker Q M Hamou 22 P Cuevas 6 6 6 22 P Cuevas 6 6 6 F Verdasco 6 0 27 S Querrey 6 8 K Nishikori 0 6 6 6 H Chung 6 6 6 H Chung 6 7 6 E Escobedo 6 D Istomin 5 D Istomin 7 6 6 H Chung 5 7 6 R Albot 6 8 K Nishikori 7 6 6 0 6 J Chardy 6 6 7 J Chardy 0 6 PR T Kokkinakis 6 8 K Nishikori 6 6 7 8 K Nishikori 6 6 6 Section 3 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round S Wawrinka 6 7 6 Q J Kovalík 6 S Wawrinka 6 7 7 A Dolgopolov 7 6 6 A Dolgopolov 6 5 C Berlocq 5 S Wawrinka 7 6 6 Q S Giraldo 6 28 F Fognini 6 0 A Seppi 6 6 6 A Seppi 5 F Tiafoe 6 6 0 28 F Fognini 6 7 6 28 F Fognini 6 6 6 S Wawrinka 7 7 6 24 R Gasquet 6 6 6 15 G Monfils 5 6 Q A De Greef 6 24 R Gasquet 6 6 6 Q T Gabashvili 7 6 6 V Estrella Burgos 0 V Estrella Burgos 6 7 6 6 24 R Gasquet 6 7 T Monteiro 7 7 6 15 G Monfils 7 5 WC A Müller 6 6 6 6 0 T Monteiro D Brown 5 0 15 G Monfils 6 6 6 15 G Monfils 6 7 6 Section 4 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round 12 J-W Tsonga 5 7 R Olivo 7 6 6 6 R Olivo 5 K Edmund 6 6 7 K Edmund 7 6 6 G Elias 5 K Edmund 7 6 7 K Anderson 7 6 7 K Anderson 6 7 5 6 6 M Jaziri 6 6 K Anderson 5 6 6 6 P Kohlschreiber 6 18 N Kyrgios 7 18 N Kyrgios 6 7 6 K Anderson 0 30 D Ferrer 5 6 6 13 7 M Čilić 6 D Young 7 6 11 30 D Ferrer 5 6 5 6 F López 6 7 6 F López 7 7 6 Q B Fratangelo 6 F López K Kravchuk 6 6 7 7 M Čilić 6 6 6 F Delbonis 6 K Kravchuk PR E Gulbis 7 M Čilić 6 6 6 7 M Čilić 6 6 6 Bottom half ( edit ) Section 5 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round 5 M Raonic 6 6 6 S Darcis 5 M Raonic 6 6 6 R Dutra Silva 7 7 6 R Dutra Silva 6 M Youzhny 6 6 6 6 5 M Raonic 6 Q M Trungelliti 6 7 6 6 G García López 0 WC Q Halys 6 7 6 Q M Trungelliti 5 5 G García López 7 6 6 6 G García López 7 6 7 26 G Müller 6 7 5 M Raonic 6 6 7 6 20 P Carreño Busta 6 6 6 20 P Carreño Busta 7 6 6 8 F Mayer 20 P Carreño Busta 7 6 6 Q T Daniel 6 6 6 Q T Daniel 5 6 0 PR J Janowicz 20 P Carreño Busta 7 6 6 PR T Robredo 5 6 6 6 11 G Dimitrov 5 D Evans 7 PR T Robredo 5 S Robert 11 G Dimitrov 6 6 7 11 G Dimitrov 6 6 6 Section 6 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round 14 J Sock 5 5 J Veselý 7 7 6 J Veselý 6 6 6 A Bedene 6 6 6 A Bedene 6 R Harrison 0 6 J Veselý M Kukushkin 6 6 6 17 R Bautista Agut 6 6 6 WC T Sandgren M Kukushkin 6 6 PR J Millman 6 17 R Bautista Agut 6 6 7 17 R Bautista Agut 6 6 0 6 17 R Bautista Agut 31 G Simon 6 R Nadal 6 6 6 N Basilashvili 6 6 6 N Basilashvili 7 7 7 V Troicki 7 6 6 V Troicki 6 6 6 E Donskoy 6 0 N Basilashvili 0 0 R Haase 6 6 6 R Nadal 6 6 6 WC A De Minaur R Haase B Paire R Nadal 6 6 6 R Nadal 6 6 6 Section 7 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round 6 D Thiem 6 6 6 B Tomic 0 6 D Thiem 7 6 6 Q S Bolelli 6 6 6 Q S Bolelli 5 N Mahut 6 D Thiem 6 7 6 WC M Bourgue 6 25 S Johnson 6 B Ćorić 7 6 6 B Ćorić 6 6 6 Y Sugita 7 7 25 S Johnson 6 7 7 25 S Johnson 6 6 6 6 6 6 D Thiem 6 6 6 23 I Karlović 7 7 6 H Zeballos Q S Tsitsipas 6 5 23 I Karlović 6 6 H Zeballos 7 6 6 H Zeballos 7 7 6 A Mannarino 5 H Zeballos Y-h Lu 6 10 D Goffin 5 Q S Stakhovsky 6 6 7 Q S Stakhovsky 6 Q P-H Mathieu 10 D Goffin 6 6 6 10 D Goffin 6 6 6 Section 8 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round 16 L Pouille 7 6 6 WC J Benneteau 6 6 6 16 L Pouille 7 6 6 T Bellucci 7 6 6 T Bellucci 6 D Lajović 6 5 16 L Pouille 6 7 WC B Bonzi 5 6 6 19 A Ramos Viñolas 6 5 6 6 D Medvedev 7 WC B Bonzi Q M Copil 7 19 A Ramos Viñolas 6 6 6 19 A Ramos Viñolas 6 6 6 6 19 A Ramos Viñolas 6 32 M Zverev 6 5 N Djokovic 7 6 6 Q S Napolitano 7 6 6 Q S Napolitano 5 LL A Rublev 6 7 7 D Schwartzman 6 7 6 D Schwartzman 0 6 6 6 9 D Schwartzman 7 6 J Sousa 7 6 6 N Djokovic 5 6 6 6 J Tipsarević 6 6 J Sousa M Granollers N Djokovic 6 6 6 N Djokovic 6 6 6 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` French Open men 's final : Rafael Nadal beats Stan Wawrinka -- as it happened '' . Guardian . 11 June 2017 . Retrieved 14 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` French Open : Rafael Nadal beats Stan Wawrinka to win the tournament for a 10th time '' . BBC Sport. 11 June 2017 . Retrieved 14 June 2017 . French Open Men 's Singles drawsheets Pre Open Era 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 -- 1945 ( WWII ) 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 Open Era 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2017 2017 ATP World Tour `` 2016 2018 '' Grand Slam events Australian Open ( S , D , X ) French Open ( S , D , X ) Wimbledon ( S , D , X ) US Open ( S , D , X ) ATP World Tour Masters 1000 Indian Wells ( S , D ) Miami ( S , D ) Monte Carlo ( S , D ) Madrid ( S , D ) Rome ( S , D ) Montreal ( S , D ) Cincinnati ( S , D ) Shanghai ( S , D ) Paris ( S , D ) ATP World Tour 500 series Rotterdam ( S , D ) Rio ( S , D ) Dubai ( S , D ) Acapulco ( S , D ) Barcelona ( S , D ) London ( S , D ) Halle ( S , D ) Hamburg ( S , D ) Washington D.C. ( S , D ) Beijing ( S , D ) Tokyo ( S , D ) Vienna ( S , D ) Basel ( S , D ) ATP World Tour 250 series Brisbane ( S , D ) Chennai ( S , D ) Doha ( S , D ) Sydney ( S , D ) Auckland ( S , D ) Montpellier ( S , D ) Sofia ( S , D ) Quito ( S , D ) Buenos Aires ( S , D ) Memphis ( S , D ) Delray Beach ( S , D ) Marseille ( S , D ) São Paulo ( S , D ) Marrakesh ( S , D ) Houston ( S , D ) Budapest ( S , D ) Munich ( S , D ) Estoril ( S , D ) Istanbul ( S , D ) Lyon ( S , D ) Geneva ( S , D ) ' s - Hertogenbosch ( S , D ) Stuttgart ( S , D ) Eastbourne ( S , D ) Antalya ( S , D ) Newport ( S , D ) Båstad ( S , D ) Umag ( S , D ) Atlanta ( S , D ) Gstaad ( S , D ) Los Cabos ( S , D ) Kitzbühel ( S , D ) Winston - Salem ( S , D ) Metz ( S , D ) St. Petersburg ( S , D ) Shenzhen ( S , D ) Chengdu ( S , D ) Stockholm ( S , D ) Moscow ( S , D ) Antwerp ( S , D ) Team events Davis Cup ( World Group + Play - offs Americas Asia / Oceania Europe / Africa ) ATP Finals , London ( S , D ) Next Generation ATP Finals , Milan ( S ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2017_French_Open_ -- _Men % 27s_Singles&oldid = 801315959 '' Categories : 2017 French Open French Open by year -- Men 's Singles 2017 ATP World Tour Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Русский Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 September 2017 , at 23 : 41 . About Wikipedia | who won the men's singles at the 2017 french open | [
"\n\nMen's Singles\n\n\n2017 French Open\n\n\nChampion\n Rafael Nadal\n\n\nRunner-up\n Stan Wawrinka\n\n\nFinal score\n6–2, 6–3, 6–1\n\n\nDetails\n\n\nDraw\n128 (16Q / 8WC)\n\n\nSeeds\n32\n\n\nEvents\n\n\n\n\n\nSingles\nmen\nwomen\n\nboys\ngirls\n\n\nDoubles\nmen\nwomen\nmixed\nboys\ngirls\n\n\nLegends\n−45\n45+\nwomen\n\n\nWC Singles\nmen\nwomen\n\n\nWC Doubles\nmen\nwomen\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n← 2016 ·\nFrench Open\n· 2018 →\n\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"Rafael Nadal"
] |
-8326499111006206862 | Indian Head cent | Indian Head cent - wikipedia Indian Head cent Jump to : navigation , search Indian Head cent United States Value 1 cent ( 0.01 US dollars ) Mass ( 1859 -- 1864 ) 4.67 g , ( 1864 -- 1909 ) 3.11 g Diameter 19.05 mm ( 0.750 in ) Edge Plain Composition ( 1859 -- 1864 ) 88 % copper , 12 % nickel ( 1864 -- 1909 ) 95 % copper , 5 % tin or zinc Years of minting 1859 -- 1909 Mint marks S. Located below the wreath on the reverse . Philadelphia Mint specimens struck without mint mark . Obverse Design Liberty with head dress . Designer James B. Longacre Design date 1859 Reverse Design Laurel wreath Designer James B. Longacre Design date 1859 Design Oak wreath and shield Designer James B. Longacre Design date 1860 The Indian Head cent , also known as an Indian Head penny , was a one - cent coin ( $0.01 ) produced by the United States Bureau of the Mint from 1859 to 1909 . It was designed by James Barton Longacre , the Chief Engraver at the Philadelphia Mint . From 1793 to 1857 , the cent was a copper coin about the size of a half dollar . As rising copper prices made it impractical to keep striking them , in 1857 the Mint reduced the size of the cent , issuing a new design , the Flying Eagle cent . The new pieces were identical in diameter to modern cents , though somewhat thicker and made of copper - nickel . The design caused production difficulties , and the Mint soon looked to replace the coin . Mint Director James Ross Snowden selected the Indian Head design , and chose a laurel wreath for the reverse that was replaced in 1860 by an oak wreath with a shield . Cents were hoarded during the economic chaos of the American Civil War , when the metal nickel was in short supply . As Mint officials saw that privately issued bronze tokens were circulating , they induced Congress to pass the Coinage Act of 1864 , authorizing a slimmer cent of bronze alloy . In the postwar period , the cent became very popular and was struck in large numbers in most years . An exception was 1877 , when a poor economy and little demand for cents created one of the rarest dates in the series . With the advent of coin - operated machines in the late 19th and early 20th centuries , even more cents were produced , reaching 100 million for the first time in 1907 . In 1909 , the Indian Head cent was replaced by the Lincoln cent , designed by Victor D. Brenner . Contents ( hide ) 1 Inception 2 Design 3 Production 3.1 Redesign and surplus ( 1859 -- 1861 ) 3.2 Shortage and redesign ( 1862 -- 1864 ) 3.3 Later years ( 1865 -- 1909 ) 4 Replacement 5 Collecting 6 References 7 External links Inception ( edit ) Main articles : Large cent ( United States coin ) and Flying Eagle cent The half - dollar - sized large cent was struck from 1793 to 1857 . That coin was intended to contain close to a cent 's worth of copper , as people then expected that coins contain close to their face values in metal . Nevertheless , because of the constitutional clause making only gold and silver legal tender , the government would not accept copper cents for taxes or other payments . By the early 1850s , fluctuations in the price of copper led the Mint of the United States ( hereafter Mint ) to seek alternatives , including reducing the size of the cent and experimenting with compositions other than pure copper . The result was the Flying Eagle cent , the same diameter as the later Lincoln cent but somewhat thicker and heavier , composed of 88 % copper and 12 % nickel . The Flying Eagle cent was struck in limited numbers as a pattern coin in 1856 , then for circulation in 1857 and 1858 . The Flying Eagle cent was issued in exchange for worn Spanish colonial silver coins , which until then had circulated widely in the United States . These `` small cents '' were also issued in exchange for the copper coins they had replaced . By 1858 , Mint authorities found the piece unsatisfactory in production . The high points on both sides of the coin ( the eagle 's head and the wreath ) opposed each other , and it was difficult to get the design to be brought out fully in the tough copper - nickel alloy . Mint Engraver James B. Longacre , designer of the Flying Eagle cent , was instructed to develop alternative designs . He produced one , showing a slimmer eagle , which would not clash as much with the reverse wreath . Although this would have cured the production problem , the design was not liked . Mint Director James Ross Snowden suggested a head of Columbus as an obverse design , but Longacre felt the public would not approve of a historic figure on an American coin . A Spanish colonial two - reales piece ( `` two bits '' ) from the Potosí Mint ( today in Bolivia ) In 1858 , the Mint tested new designs for the cent . Between 60 and 100 sets of twelve pattern coins were struck , consisting of the standard Flying Eagle obverse , a `` scrawny eagle '' pattern , and the Indian Head design , mated with four different wreaths for the reverse . Snowden would make his choice of what design would be struck in 1859 from these patterns ; the sets were also sold to collectors . The Indian Head design was apparently prepared by April , as on the twelfth of that month , a Mr. Howard wrote to Snowden that `` I have learned that a new pattern piece for the cent has been struck off at the Mint ( with ) a head resembling that of the three dollar piece and on the reverse a shield at the top of the olive and oak wreath '' , and asking to purchase a specimen . Other numismatists also sought pieces : R. Coulton Davis , a Philadelphia druggist with ties to the Mint , wrote to Snowden in June informing him of a favorable story in a Boston newspaper , and Augustus B. Sage wrote to the Mint Director the same month , asking for a specimen for himself , and one for the newly founded American Numismatic Society . According to Walter Breen , Snowden most likely chose the combination of the Indian Head and the laurel wreath as it was the lowest relief of any of the options , and could be expected to strike well . On November 4 , 1858 , Snowden wrote to Treasury Secretary Howell Cobb about the Indian Head design , and two days later wrote to Longacre , informing him that it was approved . Longacre was to prepare the necessary dies for production , which was to begin on January 1 , 1859 . Design ( edit ) Longacre advocated his Indian Head design in an August 21 , 1858 , letter to Snowden : From the copper shores of Lake Superior , to the silver mountains of Potosi from the Ojibwa to the Aramanian , the feathered tiara is as characteristic of the primitive races of our hemisphere , as the turban is of the Asiatic . Nor is there anything in its decorative character , repulsive to the association of Liberty ... It is more appropriate than the Phrygian cap , the emblem rather of the emancipated slave , than of the independent freeman , of those who are able to say `` we were never in bondage to any man '' . I regard then this emblem of America as a proper and well defined portion of our national inheritance ; and having now the opportunity of consecrating it as a memorial of Liberty , ' our Liberty ' , American Liberty ; why not use it ? One more graceful can scarcely be devised . We have only to determine that it shall be appropriate , and all the world outside of us can not wrest it from us . By numismatic legend , the facial features of the goddess Liberty on the obverse of the Indian Head cent were based on the features of Longacre 's daughter Sarah ; the tale runs that she was at the mint one day when she tried on the headdress of one of a number of Native Americans who were visiting , and her father sketched her . However , Sarah Longacre was 30 years old and married in 1858 , not 12 as in the tale , and Longacre himself stated that the face was based on a statue of Venus in Philadelphia on loan from the Vatican . He did often sketch his elder daughter , and there are resemblances between the depictions of Sarah and the various representations of Liberty on his coins of the 1850s . These tales were apparently extant at the time , as Snowden , writing to Treasury Secretary Howell Cobb in November 1858 , denied that the coin was based `` on any human features in the Longacre family '' . Lee F. McKenzie , in his 1991 article on Longacre , notes that any artist can be influenced by many things , but calls the story `` essentially false '' . Regardless of who posed for Longacre , the facial features of the `` Indian '' are essentially Caucasian , meaning that a White woman wears the headdress of a Native American man . Longacre had , in 1854 , designed the three - dollar piece with a female with similar features ( also supposedly based on the museum sculpture ) but a more fanciful headdress , and adapted that design for the gold dollar . Officials were aware of this artistic license at the time of issue ; Snowden , in his November 1858 letter to Cobb , characterizes the two earlier coins as `` the artists at the Mint evidently not realizing the absurd incongruity of placing this most masculine attribute of the warrior brave on the head of a woman '' . Longacre would not be the last to juxtapose the features of a White woman with an Indian headdress reserved for men ; Augustus Saint Gaudens , for the Indian Head eagle ( 1907 ) , produced a similar design . Later issues depict more accurate Indians , including Bela Lyon Pratt 's Indian Head gold pieces ( 1908 ) , the Buffalo nickel ( 1913 ) by James Earle Fraser , who worked from Native American models , and the Oregon Trail Memorial half dollar ( 1926 ) , designed by Fraser and his wife Laura . Cornelius Vermeule thought the Indian Head cent was better than Longacre 's 1859 pattern half dollar . Art historian Cornelius Vermeule had mixed emotions about the Indian Head cent : `` Longacre enriched the mythology of American coinage in a pleasant if unpretentious fashion . Given his pattern half - dollar designs of 1859 as a yardstick , he could have done worse . '' In another comparison , Vermeule suggested , `` far from a major creation aesthetically or iconographically , and far less attractive to the eye than the ( flying eagle ) , the Indian head cent was at least to achieve the blessing of popular appeal . The coin became perhaps the most beloved and typically American of any piece great or small in the American series . Great art the coin was not , but it was one of the first products of the United States mints to achieve the common touch . '' Production ( edit ) Redesign and surplus ( 1859 -- 1861 ) ( edit ) Production of the Indian Head cent for commerce began at the start of 1859 . As issued for circulation , the pieces differ in some particulars from the pattern 1858 cent of similar design ; Longacre sharpened some details . The pattern coin had the laurel leaves in the reverse wreath in bunches of five leaves ; the issued 1859 cent has them in bunches of six . Cents dated 1858 with the adopted reverse ( with six - leaf bunches ) are known , were most likely struck in 1859 , and are extremely rare . In 1860 , the reverse of the cent was changed to feature an oak wreath and a narrow shield ; such reverses are also known on 1859 - dated pieces struck as patterns . According to Richard Snow in his guide book to Flying Eagle and Indian Head cents , this was not due to problems with the `` Laurel Wreath '' reverse design used in 1859 , as full details survive on many extant pieces . Walter Breen , however , suggested that the feathers and curls on the obverse did not strike as well as they would later , and that `` this may account for Snowden 's decision to change the design again '' . David Lange , in his history of the Mint , states that it was to give the coin , quoting Snowden , `` more National character '' . All 1859 cents and some from 1860 have the cutoff of Liberty 's bust on the obverse end with a point ; most 1860 cents and all later issues have it rounded . Tens of millions of Flying Eagle cents had been issued in exchange for the old American coppers and small Spanish silver . The Spanish silver was still flowing into the Mint in early 1859 and , at Snowden 's urging , Congress on March 3 of that year extended the redemption of these foreign coins , legal tender in the US until 1857 , for another two years . Neil Carothers , in his work on small - denomination currency , challenged this decision as unnecessary -- deprived of legal tender status , the remaining Spanish silver would have been eliminated through sales to banks for their bullion . Those who brought the old coins to the Mint received cents for them , at first Flying Eagle , and then Indian Head . In the year following the renewal , some forty million Indian Head cents were issued , meaning nearly a hundred million copper - nickel cents had entered commerce since 1857 . As the coin did not circulate in the South and West due to prejudice against base - metal money , they choked commerce . No one had to take them ; no law made them legal tender . At Snowden 's urging Congress in June 1860 ended the exchange . Nevertheless , as Snowden admitted in his annual report that year , there were too many cents in circulation . In October 1860 , The Bankers ' Magazine and Statistical Register reported that there were ten million cents in commerce in New York City above what was needed , and if anyone wished to order in bulk , they could be purchased at a discount . Shortage and redesign ( 1862 -- 1864 ) ( edit ) The surplus of cents was relieved by the economic chaos engendered by the American Civil War , which began in 1861 . At the end of that year , the banks stopped paying out gold , which thereafter commanded a premium over paper money . These greenbacks , beginning in the following year , were issued in large quantities by the federal government . Silver vanished from commerce in June 1862 , as the price of that metal rose , leaving the cent the sole federal coin that had not entirely vanished from commerce through hoarding . The glut of cents had by then abated , as merchants had stored them away in quantity -- one New York City floor collapsed beneath the load . There were other means of making change which passed in the emergency , from postage stamps to privately issued tokens , but the public demand was for the cent -- the Philadelphia Mint struck record numbers , and set aside part of the production to be transmitted to other cities . Nevertheless , by July 1862 , the cent , in quantity , could only be purchased at a premium of 4 % in paper money in major cities in the East . The copper - nickel pieces were nicknamed `` nickels '' , or `` nicks '' . Presentation of coins in payment carried with it no obligation to make change in the same . Accordingly , with a small quantity of `` nicks '' , a shopper could make purchases with exact change , without receiving such makeshifts as merchants ' credit slips , that others might not accept at the stated value . By 1863 , The Bankers ' Magazine reported that the premium for cents in Philadelphia had risen to 20 % . Thereafter , the premium decreased as there was a flood of metal tokens issued by merchants , which were widely accepted . Other war expedients , such as fractional currency , lessened the demand for the cent by taking the place of missing silver coinage . Small quantities of cents circulated among them , though many were still hoarded . Government officials saw that the public readily accepted the merchant tokens . Many of these tokens were made of bronze , and when , in 1863 , they attempted to restore coins to circulation , the use of bronze coins , which would not contain their face values in metal , was considered . In his annual report submitted October 1 , 1863 , Lincoln Administration Mint Director James Pollock noted that `` whilst people expect a full value in their gold and silver coins , they merely want the inferior ( base metal ) money for convenience in making exact payments '' . He observed that the private cent tokens had sometimes contained as little as a fifth of a cent in metal , yet had still circulated . He proposed that the copper - nickel cent be replaced with a bronze piece of the same size . Pollock also wanted to eliminate nickel as a coinage metal ; its hard alloys destroyed dies and machinery . On December 8 , Pollock wrote to Treasury Secretary Salmon P. Chase , proposing a bronze cent and two - cent piece . Cent - sized Civil War token , which was issued privately as federal coinage was hoarded . On March 2 , 1864 , Pollock wrote urgently to Chase , warning him that the Mint was running out of nickel and that demand for cents was at an all - time high . He also informed the Secretary that the United States Assay Commission , composed of citizens and officials who had met the previous month to test the nation 's silver and gold coinage , had recommended the use of French bronze ( 95 % copper with the remainder tin and zinc ) as a coinage metal for the cent and a new two - cent piece . Three days later , Chase sent Pollock 's December letter and draft legislation for bronze one - and two - cent pieces to Maine Senator William P. Fessenden , chairman of the Senate Finance Committee . Fessenden took no immediate action , and on March 16 , Pollock wrote again to Chase , warning that the Mint was going to run out of nickel , much of which was imported . Chase forwarded his letter to Fessenden . Legislation was finally introduced by New Hampshire Senator Daniel Clark on March 22 ; Pollock 's letters were read and apparently influenced proceedings as the Senate passed the bill without debate . The domestic supply of nickel was at that time produced by a mine at Gap , Pennsylvania , owned by industrialist Joseph Wharton . On March 19 , Pollock wrote to Chase that they had no more nickel , nor was any available from overseas ; `` we are thus shut up to the home supply ; from the works of Mr. Wharton '' . Opposed to the removal of nickel from the cent , Wharton published a pamphlet in April 1864 proposing coinage of one - , two - , three - , five - , and ten - cent pieces of an alloy of one part nickel to three of copper , doubling the percentage of nickel used in the cent . Despite Wharton 's efforts , on April 20 , a select committee of the House of Representatives endorsed the bill . It was opposed by Pennsylvania 's Thaddeus Stevens , who represented the mining area from which Wharton extracted his nickel . Wharton had spent $200,000 to develop his mine and ore refinement machinery , Stevens related , and it was unfair to deprive him of the major use of his metal . `` Shall we destroy all this property because by coining with another metal more money may be saved to the government ? '' Besides , he argued , the copper - nickel alloy for the cent had been approved by Congress , and the new metal , which he termed `` brass '' , would show rust . He was rebutted by Iowa Congressman John A. Kasson , chairman of the House Committee on Coinage , Weights , and Measures , who stated that the bronze alloy did not resemble brass , and he could not support the proposition that the government is bound to purchase from a supplier because he has spent money in anticipation of sales . The legislation passed the House , and the Coinage Act of 1864 was signed by President Abraham Lincoln on April 22 , 1864 . The legislation made base metal coins legal tender for the first time : both cents and two - cent pieces were acceptable in quantities of up to ten . The government would not , however , redeem them in bulk . The act also outlawed the private one - and two - cent tokens , and later that year Congress abolished all such issues . The legislation did not allow for the redemption of the old copper - nickel cents ; it had been drafted by Pollock , who was hoping that the seignorage income from issuing the new coins would help finance Mint operations , and he did not want it reduced by the recall of the old pieces . Wharton and his interests were appeased by the passage of a bill for a three - cent piece in 1865 and a five - cent piece in 1866 , both of his proposed alloy , out of which the `` nickel '' , as the latter coin has come to be known , is still struck . Despite this , Wharton and his nickel interests made repeated attempts to return nickel to the cent , each time failing , both as part of the deliberations over what became the Coinage Act of 1873 , and in the early 1880s . The copper - nickel cents from early in 1864 were generally bought up by speculators and did not circulate in large numbers . The Mint began producing bronze cents on May 13 , three weeks after the passage of the Coinage Act , and they were released into circulation on May 20 . Dies prepared for copper - nickel pieces were used to strike bronze . Sometime during 1864 , Longacre sharpened his design for use in striking the softer bronze pieces , and also added his initial `` L '' . It is not known when this was done ; it may have been as early as May , with the new dies used alongside the old . These bronze pieces are often referred to as `` 1864 - L '' and `` 1864 No L '' . The `` L '' is known on 1863 - dated pieces , in both metals , and on 1864 - dated copper - nickel pieces -- some of these issues , all extremely rare , were likely struck at a later date . The bronze cent was immediately accepted by the public , and heavy production of the issue soon alleviated the shortage of cents . Later years ( 1865 -- 1909 ) ( edit ) The rare 1877 Indian Head cent In the postwar years , the heavy production of cents was scaled back , as hoarding ceased and some of the slack was taken up by other base - metal coins . Nevertheless , the various issues of small coins , at that time not redeemed by the government , caused another glut in commerce , which was not completely broken until the Act of March 3 , 1871 , allowed redemption of cents and other minor coins in lots of $20 or more . Pursuant to this act , over thirty million copper - nickel cents , of both the Indian Head and Flying Eagle designs , were redeemed ; the Mint melted these for recoinage . Fifty - five million bronze cents were also sold to the government ; beginning in 1874 , the Mint re-issued these in response to commercial requests for cents , lowering the demand for new coins . Drops in the price of silver brought coins of that metal , hoarded for a decade or more , back into commerce , also decreasing demand . Between 1866 and 1878 , production only occasionally exceeded ten million ; the 1877 coin , with a circulation mintage of 852,500 , is a rare date for the series . After 1881 , there were few redemptions of bronze cents , due to high demand for the denomination , though copper - nickel cents continued to be redeemed and melted . With the discontinuance of the two - cent piece and three - cent silver in 1873 , the cent and the three - cent nickel were the sole survivors of the coins valued at less than five cents . The three - cent nickel , by this time , was unpopular because of its odd denomination and ( with the return of silver coinage ) its similarity in size to the dime . A three - cent postage rate had been one of the reasons why that denomination had begun , in the 1850s ; in the early 1880s the Post Office decreased the basic rate for letters to two cents . This change both increased demand for cents , and decreased the demand for the three - cent nickel , which was abolished in 1890 . In most years of the 1880s , there were large issues of Indian Head cents . The exception was in the mid-1880s , when poor economic times led to less demand for minor coins . No cents or five - cent nickels were minted after February 1885 until near the end of 1886 . Production of undated dies into which the year of issue could be punched did continue , and during the hiatus in coin production , Chief Engraver Charles E. Barber modified the design , removing light outlines between the lettering on the obverse and the rest of the design , and making other changes . This led to two types for the 1886 Indian Head cent , which may be distinguished : on the Type I , the lowest feather on the obverse points between the I and the C in `` AMERICA '' , while on the Type II it points between the C and the final A. Snow estimates that 14 million of the mintage of 17,654,290 were Type I , as were a majority of the 4,290 proof strikings . The economic Panic of 1893 again caused a decrease in the number of cents produced , as coins accumulated in private hands were spent , creating a surplus . Aside from that , the final years of the series before its termination in 1909 were marked by large mintages , with 1907 topping the hundred million mark . A healthy economy in most years fueled demand , as did the increasing popularity of coin - operated machines , some of which could be found at penny arcades . By the early 20th century , the cent was accepted across the nation , but by law production of the cent was limited to the Philadelphia Mint . Treasury officials sought removal of this restriction , and for an increase in the annual appropriation to purchase base metals for production of the cent and nickel -- the amount expended had remained the same since 1873 , although demand for cents had greatly increased . By the Act of April 24 , 1906 , the Mint received permission to strike base metal coins at any mint , and the appropriation was quadrupled to $200,000 . Small quantities of cents were struck at the San Francisco Mint in 1908 and 1909 . See also : Indian Head cent mintage figures Replacement ( edit ) Main article : Lincoln cent 1909 - S Lincoln cent Congress passed legislation in 1890 allowing the Mint to alter designs that had been in use for 25 years without the need for legislative authorization . In 1904 , President Theodore Roosevelt wrote to his Secretary of the Treasury , Leslie Mortier Shaw , complaining that U.S. coinage lacked artistic merit , and enquiring if it would be possible to engage a private artist , such as sculptor Augustus Saint - Gaudens , to prepare new coin designs . At Roosevelt 's instructions , the Mint hired Saint - Gaudens to redesign the cent and the four gold pieces : the double eagle ( $20 ) , eagle ( $10 ) , half eagle ( $5 ) , and quarter eagle ( $2.50 ) . As the designs of those pieces had remained the same for 25 years , they could be changed without an act of Congress , as could the Indian Head cent . Saint - Gaudens ' model for the cent obverse : Liberty with an Indian headdress added , the design was later developed for the $10 piece . Saint - Gaudens originally conceived a flying eagle design for the cent , but at Roosevelt 's request , developed it for the $20 piece after learning that under the 1873 act , an eagle could not appear on the cent . Writer and friend Witter Bynner recalled that in January 1907 , Saint - Gaudens was seriously ill with cancer , and was carried to his studio for ten minutes a day to critique the work of his assistants on current projects , including the cent . Saint - Gaudens died on August 3 , 1907 , without having submitted another design for the cent . With the redesign of the four gold denominations completed by 1908 , Roosevelt turned his attention to the cent . The centennial of the birth of assassinated president Abraham Lincoln would occur in February 1909 , and large numbers of privately manufactured souvenirs were already being issued . Many citizens had written to the Treasury Department , proposing a Lincoln coin , and Roosevelt was interested in honoring his fellow Republican . This was a break with previous American numismatic tradition ; before the Lincoln cent , no regularly circulating U.S. coin had featured an actual person ( as opposed to idealized personifications , as of `` liberty '' ) . In late 1908 , Roosevelt sat for sculptor Victor David Brenner , who was designing a medal for the Panama Canal Commission . It is uncertain how Brenner was selected to design the coin , but in January 1909 , Mint Director Frank A. Leach hired him to design a Lincoln cent . This went into circulation later in 1909 , putting an end to the Indian Head cent series . Collecting ( edit ) ' S ' mint mark ( designated with arrow ) on the reverse of a 1908 S Indian head penny Indian Head cents were popular among coin collectors even in the half - century when they were produced ; since then , with the growth of the hobby , interest has increased . The 1930s introduction of inexpensive coin albums to house the series and encourage collectors to seek a complete set came at a time when the bronze version of the Indian Head cent was still common in pocket change . They were not widely studied until the 1960s ; numismatic writer Tom DeLorey , in his introduction to Snow 's book , ascribes this to prejudice among numismatists who grew up with the Indian Head cent as a common circulation piece . He notes that the 1960 edition of R.S. Yeoman 's A Guide Book of United States Coins ( commonly , the Red Book ) listed only four dates for which there were varieties , one of which , the overdate 1869 / 68 was in error , as the final digit was actually over another 9 . The 2018 edition of the Red Book lists varieties for 12 dates . Like most other denominations of U.S. coins , the 1873 may be found in two varieties , depending on the appearance of the final digit of the date : the `` Close 3 '' or `` Closed 3 '' is from early dies ; but after Chief Coiner A. Loudon Snowden complained that the `` 3 '' looked too much like an `` 8 '' , Chief Engraver William Barber modified his work to create the `` Open 3 '' . Some 1875 pieces have a dot appearing on the letter `` N '' in `` ONE '' on the reverse . This may have been a secret mark , added to catch a thief within the Philadelphia Mint . The Indian Head cent was struck in large quantities and most dates remain inexpensive : Yeoman lists all dates from 1900 to 1908 from Philadelphia at $2 in Good - 4 condition . The record holder for the denomination is a proof specimen of the 1864 - L , of which there were an estimated 20 struck ; it sold for $161,000 in 2012 . References ( edit ) Explanatory notes Jump up ^ After 1873 , called the Bureau of the Mint . Jump up ^ Nevertheless , Columbus would be the first historic figure on an American coin , in 1892 with the commemorative Columbian half dollar . Jump up ^ This sale later caused Snowden difficulties . As word got around the small , scattered coin collecting community , Snowden received a small blizzard of requests for patterns ; an exasperated Mint Director wrote to one applicant , seeking a range of pieces for `` a friend '' , that he could send coins , but preferred to wait as the Mint arranged other methods of sale so that `` your friend , and all other collectors of Coins , AND THEIR NAME IS LEGION , can be supplied to their heart 's content '' . See Snow , p. 223 . Jump up ^ Snowden caused several of the patterns to be restruck . At the time , the Mint Director was seeking specimens of medals depicting George Washington to add to the Mint 's coin collection , and newly struck specimens of past coins and patterns were often exchanged for them . This caused disquiet among some collectors and dealers who saw rare pieces being devalued , but Snowden made no secret of what he was doing and was undeterred . See Snow , p. 224 . Citations Jump up ^ Yeoman , p. 99 . Jump up ^ Snow , pp. 7 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Yeoman , pp. 114 -- 115 . Jump up ^ Snow , pp. 21 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Taxay , p. 239 . ^ Jump up to : Lange , p. 94 . ^ Jump up to : Breen , p. 217 . Jump up ^ Snow , p. 242 . ^ Jump up to : Snow , p. 25 . ^ Jump up to : Snow , pp. 25 -- 26 . Jump up ^ Breen , pp. 217 -- 218 . Jump up ^ McKenzie , p. 1980 . ^ Jump up to : Snow , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Snow , pp. 26 -- 27 . Jump up ^ Breen , p. 256 . ^ Jump up to : Vermeule , p. 57 . Jump up ^ Snow , p. 244 . Jump up ^ Breen , p. 218 . Jump up ^ Yeoman , p. 116 . Jump up ^ Carothers , pp. 146 -- 147 . Jump up ^ Snow , p. 28 -- 29 . Jump up ^ Snow , p. 33 . Jump up ^ Carothers , pp. 154 -- 155 . Jump up ^ Snow , pp. 34 -- 35 . Jump up ^ Taxay , pp. 239 -- 240 . ^ Jump up to : Taxay , p. 240 . Jump up ^ Carothers , p. 196 . Jump up ^ Radeker , p. 1740 . Jump up ^ Carothers , pp. 196 -- 197 . Jump up ^ Carothers , p. 197 . Jump up ^ Taxay , pp. 241 -- 242 . ^ Jump up to : Taxay , p. 242 . Jump up ^ Carothers , p. 205 . Jump up ^ Carothers , p. 195 . Jump up ^ Carothers , p. 199 . Jump up ^ Taxay , pp. 243 -- 244 . Jump up ^ Yeoman , p. 142 . ^ Jump up to : Taxay , pp. 253 -- 254 . Jump up ^ Bowers , p. 136 . Jump up ^ Snow , pp. 85 -- 90 . Jump up ^ Breen , pp. 220 -- 221 . Jump up ^ Carothers , p. 200 . ^ Jump up to : Snow , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Snow , p. 114 . Jump up ^ Snow , p. 144 . Jump up ^ Carothers , pp. 272 -- 274 . Jump up ^ Bowers , pp. 148 -- 149 . Jump up ^ Snow , pp. 150 -- 156 . Jump up ^ Bowers , p. 149 . ^ Jump up to : Snow , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Carothers , p. 274 . Jump up ^ Bureau of the Mint , p. 80 . Jump up ^ Burdette , p. 19 . ^ Jump up to : Burdette , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Moran , p. 264 . Jump up ^ Moran , p. 270 . Jump up ^ Moran , p. 285 . Jump up ^ Vinciguerra , Thomas ( February 7 , 2009 ) . `` Now if Only We Could Mint Lincoln Himself '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Burdette , pp. 25 -- 26 . Jump up ^ Yeoman , p. 119 -- 120 . Jump up ^ Snow , pp. vi , 1 . ^ Jump up to : Yeoman , pp. 116 -- 119 . Jump up ^ Breen , p. 220 . Jump up ^ Yeoman , p. 118 . Bibliography Bowers , Q. David ( 2006 ) . A Guide Book of Shield and Liberty Head Nickels . Atlanta , GA : Whitman Publishing , LLC . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7948 - 1921 - 7 . Breen , Walter ( 1988 ) . Walter Breen 's Complete Encyclopedia of U.S. and Colonial Coins . New York : Doubleday . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 14207 - 6 . Burdette , Roger W. ( 2007 ) . Renaissance of American Coinage , 1909 -- 1915 . Great Falls , VA : Seneca Mill Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9768986 - 2 - 7 . Bureau of the Mint ( 1904 ) . Laws of the United States Relating to the Coinage . Washington , DC : United States Government Printing Office . OCLC 8109299 . Carothers , Neil ( 1930 ) . Fractional Money : A History of Small Coins and Fractional Paper Currency of the United States . New York : John Wiley & Sons , Inc. ( reprinted 1988 by Bowers and Merena Galleries , Inc. , Wolfeboro , NH ) . ISBN 0 - 943161 - 12 - 6 . Lange , David W. ( 2006 ) . History of the United States Mint and its Coinage . Atlanta , GA : Whitman Publishing , LLC . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7948 - 1972 - 9 . McKenzie , Lee F. ( December 1991 ) . `` Longacre 's Influence on Numismatic Art '' . The Numismatist . Colorado Springs , CO : American Numismatic Association : 1922 -- 1924 , 1979 -- 1980 . Moran , Michael F. ( 2008 ) . Striking Change : The Great Artistic Collaboration of Theodore Roosevelt and Augustus Saint - Gaudens . Atlanta , GA : Whitman Publishing , LLC . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7948 - 2356 - 6 . Radeker , William T. ( November 1991 ) . `` Those Collectable 2 - Cent Pieces '' . The Numismatist . Colorado Springs , CO : American Numismatic Association : 1739 -- 1741 , 1805 . ISSN 0029 - 6090 . Snow , Richard ( 2009 ) . A Guide Book of Flying Eagle and Indian Head Cents . Atlanta , GA : Whitman Publishing , LLC . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7948 - 2831 - 8 . Taxay , Don ( 1983 ) . The U.S. Mint and Coinage ( reprint of 1966 ed . ) . New York : Sanford J. Durst Numismatic Publications . ISBN 978 - 0 - 915262 - 68 - 7 . Vermeule , Cornelius ( 1971 ) . Numismatic Art in America . Cambridge , MA : The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 62840 - 3 . Yeoman , R.S. ( 2017 ) . A Guide Book of United States Coins ( The Official Red Book ) ( 71st ed . ) . Atlanta , GA : Whitman Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7948 - 4506 - 3 . External links ( edit ) Indian Head Cent Pictures Preceded by Flying Eagle cent United States one - cent coin 1859 -- 1909 Succeeded by Wheat cent ( hide ) Coinage of the United States Cent ( 1 ¢ ) Fugio Cent ( 1787 ) Chain ( 1793 ) Wreath ( 1793 ) Liberty Cap ( 1793 -- 96 ) Draped Bust ( 1796 -- 1807 ) Classic Head ( 1808 -- 14 ) Matron Head ( 1816 -- 39 ) Large cent ( Braided Hair ) ( 1835 -- 57 ) Flying Eagle cent ( 1856 -- 58 ) Indian Head ( 1859 -- 1909 ) Lincoln cent ( 1909 -- present ) 1943 steel cent 1955 doubled die cent 1974 aluminum cent Nickel ( 5 ¢ ) Half dime Flowing Hair ( 1794 -- 95 ) Draped Bust ( 1796 -- 97 , 1800 -- 05 ) Capped Bust ( 1829 -- 37 ) Seated Liberty ( 1837 -- 73 ) Shield ( 1866 -- 83 ) Liberty Head ( 1883 -- 1913 ) Buffalo ( 1913 -- 38 ) Jefferson ( 1938 -- present ) Dime ( 10 ¢ ) Disme ( 1792 ) Draped Bust ( 1796 -- 1807 ) Capped Bust ( 1809 -- 37 ) Seated Liberty ( 1837 -- 91 ) Barber ( 1892 -- 1916 ) Mercury ( 1916 -- 45 ) Roosevelt ( 1946 -- present ) Quarter dollar ( 25 ¢ ) Draped Bust ( 1796 -- 1807 ) Capped Bust ( 1815 -- 39 ) Seated Liberty ( 1839 -- 91 ) Barber ( 1892 -- 1916 ) Standing Liberty ( 1916 -- 30 ) Washington ( 1932 -- 1998 ) 50 State Quarters ( 1999 -- 2008 ) District of Columbia and United States Territories Quarters ( 2009 ) America the Beautiful Quarters ( 2010 -- present ) Half dollar ( 50 ¢ ) Flowing Hair ( 1794 -- 95 ) Draped Bust ( 1796 -- 1807 ) Capped Bust ( 1807 -- 39 ) Seated Liberty ( 1839 -- 91 ) Barber ( 1892 -- 1915 ) Walking Liberty ( 1916 -- 47 ) Franklin ( 1948 -- 63 ) Kennedy ( 1964 -- present ) Dollar ( $1 ) Flowing Hair ( 1794 -- 95 ) Draped Bust ( 1795 -- 1804 ) 1804 ( 1834 , c. 1858 -- 60 ) Gobrecht ( 1836 -- 39 ) Seated Liberty ( 1840 -- 73 ) Gold ( 1849 -- 89 ) Trade ( 1873 -- 85 ) Morgan ( 1878 -- 1904 ; 1921 ) Peace ( 1921 -- 35 ) Eisenhower ( 1971 -- 78 ) Susan B. Anthony ( 1979 -- 81 ; 1999 ) Silver Eagle ( 1986 -- present ) Sacagawea ( 2000 -- present ) Presidential ( 2007 -- 16 ) Gold Turban Head eagle ( 1795 -- 1804 ) Half eagle ( 1795 -- 1929 ) Eagle ( 1795 -- 1933 ) Quarter eagle ( 1796 -- 1929 ) Gold dollar ( 1849 -- 89 ) Three - dollar piece ( 1854 -- 89 ) Liberty Head double eagle ( 1849 -- 1907 ) Double eagle ( 1849 -- 1933 ) Saint - Gaudens double eagle ( 1907 -- 33 ) Indian Head eagle ( 1907 -- 33 ) Indian Head gold pieces ( 1908 -- 29 ) Gold eagle ( 1986 -- present ) Gold Buffalo ( 2006 -- present ) First Spouse gold bullion coins ( 2007 -- 16 ) Commemorative Early ( 1892 -- 1954 ) Columbian half dollar ( 1892 -- 93 ) Isabella quarter ( 1893 ) Lafayette dollar ( 1900 ) Louisiana Purchase Exposition dollar ( 1903 ) Lewis and Clark Exposition dollar ( 1904 -- 05 ) Panama -- Pacific commemorative coins ( 1915 ) McKinley Birthplace Memorial dollar ( 1916 -- 17 ) Illinois Centennial half dollar ( 1918 ) Maine Centennial half dollar ( 1920 ) Pilgrim Tercentenary half dollar ( 1920 -- 21 ) Missouri Centennial half dollar ( 1921 ) Alabama Centennial half dollar ( 1921 ) Monroe Doctrine Centennial half dollar ( 1923 ) Huguenot - Walloon half dollar ( 1924 ) Stone Mountain Memorial half dollar ( 1925 ) Lexington - Concord Sesquicentennial half dollar ( 1925 ) California Diamond Jubilee half dollar ( 1925 ) Fort Vancouver Centennial half dollar ( 1925 ) United States Sesquicentennial coinage ( 1926 ) Oregon Trail Memorial half dollar ( 1926 -- 39 ) Vermont Sesquicentennial half dollar ( 1927 ) Hawaii Sesquicentennial half dollar ( 1928 ) Texas Centennial half dollar ( 1934 -- 38 ) Hudson Sesquicentennial half dollar ( 1935 ) Connecticut Tercentenary half dollar ( 1935 ) Rhode Island Tercentenary half dollar ( 1936 ) Cincinnati Musical Center half dollar ( 1936 ) Cleveland Centennial half dollar ( 1936 ) Bridgeport half dollar ( 1936 ) Elgin , Illinois , Centennial half dollar ( 1936 ) Modern ( 1982 -- present ) Los Angeles XXIII Olympiad dollar ( 1984 ) Eisenhower commemorative dollar ( 1990 ) Library of Congress ten dollar coin ( 2000 ) John Marshall commemorative dollar ( 2005 ) Marine Corps 230th Anniversary silver dollar ( 2005 ) Boy Scouts of America centennial silver dollar ( 2010 ) Patterns Three - cent bronze ( 1863 ) Stella ( 1879 -- 80 ) Half - union ( 1877 ) Other Half cent ( 1793 -- 1857 ) Two - cent piece ( 1864 -- 73 ) Three - cent silver ( 1851 -- 73 ) Three - cent nickel ( 1865 -- 89 ) Twenty - cent piece ( 1875 -- 78 ) United States Bicentennial coinage ( 1975 -- 76 ) Platinum Eagle ( 1997 -- present ) America the Beautiful Silver Bullion Coins ( 2010 -- present ) Norse - American medal ( 1925 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_Head_cent&oldid=780785374 '' Categories : 1859 introductions One - cent coins of the United States Historical currencies of the United States 1859 establishments in the United States Native Americans in art Liberty symbols Hidden categories : Featured articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 17 May 2017 , at 05 : 37 . 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] |
9098335560072222602 | Article Two of the United States Constitution | Article two of the United States Constitution - wikipedia Article two of the United States Constitution Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Article Two of the United States Constitution This article is part of a series on the Constitution of the United States of America Preamble and Articles of the Constitution Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments to the Constitution Bill of Rights II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXI XXII XXIII XXIV XXV XXVI XXVII Unratified Amendments Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Child Labor Equal Rights D.C. Voting Rights History Drafting and ratification timeline Convention Signing Federalism Republicanism Full text of the Constitution and Amendments Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments I -- X Amendments XI -- XXVII Unratified Amendments United States portal U.S. Government portal Law portal Wikipedia book Article Two of the United States Constitution establishes the executive branch of the federal government , which carries out and enforces federal laws . The executive branch includes the President , the Vice President , the Cabinet , executive departments , independent agencies , and other boards , commissions , and committees . Contents ( hide ) 1 Section 1 : President and Vice President 1.1 Clause 1 : Executive Power 1.2 Clause 2 : Method of choosing electors 1.3 Clause 3 : Electors 1.4 Clause 4 : Election day 1.5 Clause 5 : Qualifications for office 1.6 Clause 6 : Vacancy and disability 1.7 Clause 7 : Salary 1.8 Clause 8 : Oath or affirmation 2 Section 2 : Presidential powers 2.1 Clause 1 : Command of military ; Opinions of cabinet secretaries ; Pardons 2.2 Clause 2 : Advice and Consent Clause 2.2. 1 Treaties 2.2. 2 Appointments 2.3 Clause 3 : Recess appointments 3 Section 3 : Presidential responsibilities 3.1 Clause 1 : State of the Union 3.2 Clause 2 : Making recommendations to Congress 3.3 Clause 3 : Calling Congress into extraordinary session ; adjourning Congress 3.4 Clause 4 : Receiving foreign representatives 3.5 Clause 5 : Caring for the faithful execution of the law 3.6 Clause 6 : Officers ' commissions 4 Section 4 : Impeachment 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Section 1 : President and Vice President ( edit ) Clause 1 : executive power ( edit ) The executive Power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America . He shall hold his Office during the Term of four Years , and , together with the Vice President , chosen for the same Term , be elected , as follows George Washington 's inauguration as the nation 's first President , April 30 , 1789 Section 1 begins with a vesting clause that confers federal executive power upon the President . Similar clauses are found in Article I and Article III . The former bestows federal legislative power exclusively to Congress , and the latter grants judicial power solely to the Supreme Court . These three articles create a separation of powers among the three branches of the federal government . In addition to separation of powers and equally important to limited government , each independent and sovereign branch also provides checks and balances on the operation and power of the other two branches . The President 's executive power is subject to two important limitations . First , the President lacks executive authority explicitly granted to Congress . Hence the President can not declare war , grant letters of marque and reprisal , or regulate commerce , even though executives had often wielded such authority in the past . In these instances , Congress retained portions of the executive power that the Continental Congress had wielded under the Articles of Confederation . In fact , because those actions require legislation passed by Congress which must be signed by the President to take effect , those powers are not strictly executive powers granted to or retained by Congress per se . Nor were they retained by the U.S. Congress as leftovers from the Articles of Confederation . The Articles of Confederation , Continental Congress and its powers were abolished at the time the new U.S. Congress was seated and the new federal government formally and officially replaced its interim predecessor . And although the President is not specifically granted the power to declare war , a declaration of war is not in and of itself a vehicle of executive power since it is literally just a public declaration that the U.S. government considers itself `` at war '' with a foreign political entity . Regardless of the inability to declare war , the President does have the power to unilaterally order military action in defense of the United States when he determines that a foreign political entity poses a clear and present danger to the safety and security of the United States . By U.S. law , the only limitation on that power is a requirement to notify specific members of Congress within 48 hours after the beginning of military operations . Once proper legal notification is given to the required members of Congress , military action can continue and remain secret so long as the President judges it necessary to national security . Second , specific constitutional provisions may check customary executive authority . Notwithstanding his executive power , the President can not make treaties or appointments without the advice and consent of the Senate . Likewise , the President 's pardon power is limited to offenses against the United States ( federal crimes ) and does not extend to impeachments or violations of state law . As treaties are by U.S. law official agreements with foreign governments recognized as such only after Senate ratification , the President obviously can not make treaties unilaterally . However , the President does determine and decide U.S. foreign policy and can enter into non-binding discussions and give conditional approval to agreements reached with foreign governments subject to Senate ratification at a future date . Additionally , since official treaties are specifically created under and by constitutional U.S. law and are entered into by both government and the people as a whole , in his capacity as head of state and as the single individual representative of the United States and its citizens , the President does have Coauthority and Constitutional duty to unilaterally withdraw the United States from treaties if he determines the best interests and well being of the U.S. and its citizens are benefited by doing so . As far as presidential appointments , as with treaties a person is not officially and legally appointed to a position until their appointment is approved by the Senate . Prior to Senate approval and publication of that approval along with an official date and time for their swearing - in and assumption of duties and responsibilities , they are nominees rather than appointees . And again , the President nominates people for specific positions at his pleasure and can do so without or in spite of Senate advice . Senate consent occurs when a supermajority of senators votes to approve and therefore appoint a nominee . The head of the Executive Branch is the President . Although also named in this first clause , the Vice President is not constitutionally vested with any executive power . Nonetheless , the Constitution dictates that the President and Vice President are to be elected at the same time , for the same term , and by the same constituency . The framers ' intent was to preserve the independence of the executive branch should the person who was Vice President succeed to the duties of the presidency . Clause 2 : method of choosing Electors ( edit ) Each State shall appoint , in such Manner as the Legislature thereof may direct , a Number of Electors , equal to the whole Number of Senators and Representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress : but no Senator or Representative , or Person holding an Office of Trust or Profit under the United States , shall be appointed an Elector . Under the U.S. Constitution the President and Vice President are chosen by Electors , under a constitutional grant of authority delegated to the legislatures of the several states . The Constitution reserves the choice of the precise manner for creating Electors to the will of the state legislatures . It does not define or delimit what process a state legislature may use to create its state college of Electors . In practice , the state legislatures have generally chosen to create Electors through an indirect popular vote , since the 1820s . Most states have a `` winner - take - all '' system in which the candidate with the most votes in the state gets all the electoral votes . Maine and Nebraska allow individual congressional districts to elect one elector . In an indirect popular vote , it is the names of the candidates who are on the ballot to be elected . Most states do not put the names of the electors on the ballot . It is generally understood by the voters and the Electors themselves that they are the representative `` stand - ins '' for the candidates and are expected to cast their electoral college ballots for the President and Vice President who appeared on the ballot . The actual electors being voted for are usually selected by the candidate 's party . There are a few cases where some electors have refused to vote for the designated candidate . Many states have mandated in law that Electors shall cast their electoral college ballot for the designated Presidential Candidate . The constitutionality of such mandates is uncertain . Each state chooses as many Electors as it has Representatives and Senators representing it in Congress . Under the 23rd Amendment , the District of Columbia may choose no more electors than the state with the lowest number of electoral votes . No Senators , Representatives or federal officers may become Electors . Clause 3 : Electors ( edit ) The Electors shall meet in their respective States , and vote by Ballot for two Persons , of whom one at least shall not be an Inhabitant of the same State with themselves . And they shall make a List of all the Persons voted for , and of the Number of Votes for each ; which List they shall sign and certify , and transmit sealed to the Seat of the Government of the United States , directed to the President of the Senate . The President of the Senate shall , in the Presence of the Senate and House of Representatives , open all the Certificates , and the Votes shall then be counted . The Person having the greatest Number of Votes shall be the President , if such Number be a Majority of the whole Number of Electors appointed ; and if there be more than one who have such Majority , and have an equal Number of Votes , then the House of Representatives shall immediately chuse ( sic ) by Ballot one of them for President ; and if no Person have a Majority , then from the five highest on the List the said House shall in like Manner chuse ( sic ) the President . But in chusing ( sic ) the President , the Votes shall be taken by States , the Representation from each State having one Vote ; A quorum for this Purpose shall consist of a Member or Members from two thirds of the States , and a Majority of all the States shall be necessary to a Choice . In every Case , after the Choice of the President , the Person having the greatest Number of Votes of the Electors shall be the Vice President . But if there should remain two or more who have equal Votes , the Senate shall chuse ( sic ) from them by Ballot the Vice President . ( Note : This procedure was changed by the 12th Amendment in 1804 . ) In modern practice , each state chooses its electors in popular elections . Once chosen , the electors meet in their respective states to cast ballots for the President and Vice President . Originally , each elector cast two votes for President ; at least one of the individuals voted for had to be from a state different from the elector 's . The individual with the majority of votes became President , and the runner - up became Vice President . In case of a tie between candidates who received votes from a majority of electors , the House of Representatives would choose one of the tied candidates ; if no person received a majority , then the House could again choose one of the five with the greatest number of votes . When the House voted , each state delegation cast one vote , and the vote of a majority of states was necessary to choose a President . If second - place candidates were tied , then the Senate broke the tie . A quorum in the House consisted of at least one member from two - thirds of the state delegations ; there was no special quorum for the Senate . This procedure was followed in 1801 after the electoral vote produced a tie , and nearly resulted in a deadlock in the House . The 12th Amendment introduced a number of important changes to the procedure . Now , Electors do not cast two votes for President ; rather , they cast one vote for President and another for Vice President . In case no Presidential candidate receives a majority , the House chooses from the top three ( not five , as before the 12th Amendment ) . The Amendment also requires the Senate to choose the Vice President from those with the two highest figures if no Vice Presidential candidate receives a majority of electoral votes ( rather than only if there 's a tie for second for President ) . It also stipulates that to be the Vice President , a person must be qualified to be the President . Clause 4 : election day ( edit ) Certificate for the vote for Rutherford B. Hayes and William A. Wheeler for the State of Louisiana The Congress may determine the Time of chusing ( sic ) the Electors , and the Day on which they shall give their Votes ; which Day shall be the same throughout the United States . Congress sets a national Election Day . Currently , Electors are chosen on the Tuesday following the first Monday in November ( the first Tuesday after November 1 ) , in the year before the President 's term is to expire . The Electors cast their votes on the Monday following the second Wednesday in December ( the first Monday after December 12 ) of that year . Thereafter , the votes are opened and counted by the Vice President , as President of the Senate , in a joint session of Congress . Clause 5 : qualifications for office ( edit ) Beginning of the clause in the 1787 document Section 1 of Article Two of the United States Constitution sets forth the eligibility requirements for serving as president of the United States : No Person except a natural born Citizen , or a Citizen of the United States , at the time of the Adoption of this Constitution , shall be eligible to the Office of President ; neither shall any person be eligible to that Office who shall not have attained to the Age of thirty five Years , and been fourteen Years a Resident within the United States . See also : President of the United States In this 1944 poster , Franklin Roosevelt ( left ) successfully campaigned for a fourth term . He was the only President who served more than two terms . At the time the President takes office he must be : a natural born citizen at least 35 years old an inhabitant of the United States for at least fourteen years . Eligibility for holding the office of President and Vice President were modified by subsequent amendments : The 12th Amendment ( 1804 ) requires the Vice President to meet all of the qualifications of being President . The 22nd Amendment ( 1951 ) prevents anyone from being elected to the presidency more than twice ( or once , if the person has completed at least two years of a presidential term to which someone else was originally elected ) . Clause 6 : vacancy and Disability ( edit ) 1888 illustration of new President John Tyler receiving the news of President William H. Harrison 's death from Chief Clerk of the State Department Fletcher Webster . In Case of the Removal of the President from Office , or of his Death , Resignation , or Inability to discharge the Powers and Duties of the said Office , the Same shall devolve on the Vice President , and the Congress may by Law provide for the Case of Removal , Death , Resignation or Inability , both of the President and Vice President , declaring what Officer shall then act as President , and such Officer shall act accordingly , until the Disability be removed , or a President shall be elected . ( Note : This clause was partially superseded by the 25th Amendment in 1967 . ) The wording of this clause caused much controversy at the time it was first used . When William Henry Harrison died in office , a debate arose over whether the Vice President would become President , or if he would just inherit the powers , thus becoming an Acting President . Harrison 's Vice President , John Tyler , believed that he had the right to become President . However , many Senators argued that he only had the right to assume the powers of the presidency long enough to call for a new election . Because the wording of the clause is so vague , it was impossible for either side to prove its point . Tyler took the Oath of Office as President , setting a precedent that made it possible for later Vice Presidents to ascend to the presidency unchallenged following the President 's death . The `` Tyler Precedent '' established that if the President dies , resigns or is removed from office , the Vice President becomes President . The Congress may provide for a line of succession beyond the Vice President . The current Presidential Succession Act establishes the order as the Speaker of the House of Representatives , the President pro tempore of the Senate and then the fifteen Cabinet Secretaries in order of that Department 's establishment . There are concerns regarding the constitutionality of having members of Congress in the line of succession , however , as this clause specifies that only an `` officer of the United States '' may be designated as a presidential successor . Constitutional scholars from James Madison to the present day have argued that the term `` officer '' excludes members of Congress . The 25th Amendment explicitly states that if the President dies , resigns or is removed from office , the Vice President becomes President , and also establishes a procedure for filling a vacancy in the office of the Vice President . The Amendment further provides that the President , or the Vice President and Cabinet , can declare the President unable to discharge his duties , in which case the Vice President becomes Acting President . If the declaration is done by the Vice President and Cabinet , the Amendment permits the President to take control back , unless the Vice President and Cabinet challenge the President and two - thirds of both Houses vote to sustain the findings of the Vice President and Cabinet . If the declaration is done by the President , he may take control back without risk of being overridden by the Congress . Clause 7 : salary ( edit ) `` Domestic Emoluments Clause '' redirects here . For other uses , see Emoluments Clause . The President shall , at stated Times , receive for his Services , a Compensation , which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the Period for which he shall have been elected , and he shall not receive within that Period any other Emolument from the United States , or any of them . The President 's salary , currently $400,000 a year , must remain constant throughout the President 's term . The President may not receive other compensation from either the federal or any state government . Clause 8 : oath or Affirmation ( edit ) President Barack Obama being administered the oath of office by Chief Justice John Roberts for the second time at his first inauguration , on January 21 , 2009 . Further information : Oath of office of the President of the United States Before he enters the Execution of his Office , he shall take the following Oath or Affirmation : -- `` I do solemnly swear ( or affirm ) that I will faithfully execute the Office of President of the United States , and will to the best of my Ability , preserve , protect and defend the Constitution of the United States . '' According to the Joint Congressional Committee on Presidential Inaugurations , George Washington added the words `` So help me God '' during his first inaugural , though this has been disputed . There are no contemporaneous sources for this fact , and no eyewitness sources to Washington 's first inaugural mention the phrase at all -- including those that transcribed what he said for his oath . Also , the President - elect 's name is typically added after the `` I '' , for example , `` I , George Washington , do ... '' Normally , the Chief Justice of the United States administers the oath . It is sometimes asserted that the oath bestows upon the President the power to do whatever is necessary to `` preserve , protect and defend the Constitution . '' Andrew Jackson , while vetoing an Act for the renewal of the charter of the national bank , implied that the President could refuse to execute statutes that he felt were unconstitutional . In suspending the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus , President Abraham Lincoln claimed that he acted according to the oath . His action was challenged in court and overturned by the U.S. Circuit Court in Maryland ( led by Chief Justice Roger B. Taney ) in Ex Parte Merryman , 17 F. Cas. 144 ( C.C.D. Md. 1861 ) . Lincoln ignored Taney 's order . Finally , Andrew Johnson 's counsel referred to the theory during his impeachment trial . Otherwise , few have seriously asserted that the oath augments the President 's powers . The Vice President also has an oath of office , but it is not mandated by the Constitution and is prescribed by statute . Currently , the Vice Presidential oath is the same as that for Members of Congress . I do solemnly swear ( or affirm ) that I will support and defend the Constitution of the United States against all enemies , foreign and domestic ; that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the same ; that I take this obligation freely , without any mental reservation or purpose of evasion ; and that I will well and faithfully discharge the duties of the office on which I am about to enter . So help me God . Section 2 : Presidential powers ( edit ) In the landmark decision Nixon v. General Services Administration , Justice William Rehnquist , afterwards the Chief Justice , declared in his dissent the need to `` fully describe the preeminent position that the President of the United States occupies with respect to our Republic . Suffice it to say that the President is made the sole repository of the executive powers of the United States , and the powers entrusted to him as well as the duties imposed upon him are indeed a powerful and incredible responsibility but as well as a great honor . '' Clause 1 : command of military ; opinions of Cabinet Secretaries ; Pardons ( edit ) President Franklin D. Roosevelt as Commander in Chief , with his military subordinates during World War II . Left to right : General Douglas MacArthur , President Franklin Roosevelt , Admiral William D. Leahy , Admiral Chester W. Nimitz . The President shall be Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States , and of the Militia of the several States , when called into the actual Service of the United States ; he may require the Opinion , in writing , of the principal Officer in each of the executive Departments , upon any Subject relating to the Duties of their respective Offices , and he shall have Power to grant Reprieves and Pardons for Offenses against the United States , except in Cases of Impeachment . The Constitution vests the President with Executive Power . That power reaches its zenith when wielded to protect national security . And federal courts in the United States must pay proper deference to the Executive in assessing the threats that face the nation . The President is the military 's commander - in - chief ; however Article One gives Congress and not the President the exclusive right to declare war . Nevertheless , the power of the president to initiate hostilities has been subject to question . According to historian Thomas Woods , `` Ever since the Korean War , Article II , Section 2 ( ... ) has been interpreted ' The president has the power to initiate hostilities without consulting Congress ' ( ... ) But what the framers actually meant by that clause was that once war has been declared , it was the President 's responsibility as commander - in - chief to direct the war . Alexander Hamilton spoke in such terms when he said that the president , although lacking the power to declare war , would have `` the direction of war when authorized or begun . '' The president acting alone was authorized only to repel sudden attacks ( hence the decision to withhold from him only the power to `` declare '' war , not to `` make '' war , which was thought to be a necessary emergency power in case of foreign attack ) . Since World War II , every major military action has been technically a U.S. military operation or a U.N. `` police action '' , which are deemed legally legitimate by Congress , and various United Nations Resolutions because of decisions such as the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution or the Resolution of The Congress Providing Authorization for Use of Force In Iraq . The President may require the `` principal officer '' of any executive department to tender his advice in writing . While the Constitution nowhere requires a formal Cabinet , it does authorize the president to seek advice from the principal officers of the various departments as he ( or she ) performs their official duties . George Washington found it prudent to organize his principal officers into a Cabinet , and it has been part of the executive branch structure ever since . Presidents have used Cabinet meetings of selected principal officers but to widely differing extents and for different purposes . Secretary of State William H. Seward advocated the use of a parliamentary - style Cabinet government to President Abraham Lincoln , but was rebuffed . Later , Woodrow Wilson advocated use of a parliamentary - style Cabinet while he was a professor , but as President he would have none of it in his administration . In recent administrations , cabinets have grown to include key White House staff in addition to department and agency heads . President Ronald Reagan formed seven subcabinet councils to review many policy issues , and subsequent Presidents have followed that practice . The President , furthermore , may grant pardon or reprieves , except in cases of impeachment . Originally , as ruled by the Supreme Court in United States v. Wilson ( 1833 ) , the pardon could be rejected by the convict . In Biddle v. Perovich 274 U.S. 480 ( 1927 ) , the Supreme Court reversed the doctrine , ruling that `` ( a ) pardon in our days is not a private act of grace from an individual happening to possess power . It is a part of the Constitutional scheme . When granted it is the determination of the ultimate authority that the public welfare will be better served by inflicting less than what the judgment fixed . '' Clause 2 : advice and consent Clause ( edit ) The President exercises the powers in the Advice and Consent Clause with the advice and consent of the Senate . He shall have Power , by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate , to make Treaties , provided two thirds of the Senators present concur ; and he shall nominate , and by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate , shall appoint Ambassadors , other public Ministers and Consuls , Judges of the supreme Court , and all other Officers of the United States , whose Appointments are not herein otherwise provided for , and which shall be established by Law : but the Congress may by Law vest the Appointment of such inferior Officers , as they think proper , in the President alone , in the Courts of Law , or in the Heads of Departments . Treaties ( edit ) Main article : Treaty Clause The President may enter the United States into treaties , but they are not effective until ratified by a two - thirds vote in the Senate . In Article II however , the Constitution is not very explicit about the termination of treaties . The first abrogation of a treaty occurred in 1798 , when Congress passed a law terminating a 1778 Treaty of Alliance with France . In the nineteenth century , several Presidents terminated treaties after Congress passed resolutions requesting the same . In 1854 , however , President Franklin Pierce terminated a treaty with Denmark with the consent of the Senate alone . A Senate committee ruled that it was correct procedure for the President to terminate treaties after being authorized by the Senate alone , and not the entire Congress . President Pierce 's successors , however , returned to the former procedure of obtaining authorization from both Houses . Some Presidents have claimed to themselves the exclusive power of terminating treaties . The first unambiguous case of a President terminating a treaty without authorization , granted prior to or after the termination , occurred when Jimmy Carter terminated a treaty with the Republic of China . For the first time , judicial determination was sought , but the effort proved futile : the Supreme Court could not find a majority agreeing on any particular principle , and therefore instructed the trial court to dismiss the case . Appointments ( edit ) Main article : Appointments Clause The President may also appoint judges , ambassadors , consuls , ministers and other officers with the advice and consent of the Senate . By law , however , Congress may allow the President , heads of executive departments , or the courts to appoint inferior officials . The Senate has a long - standing practice of permitting motions to reconsider previous decisions . In 1931 , the Senate granted advice and consent to the President on the appointment of a member of the Federal Power Commission . The officer in question was sworn in , but the Senate , under the guise of a motion to reconsider , rescinded the advice and consent . In the writ of quo warranto proceedings that followed , the Supreme Court ruled that the Senate was not permitted to rescind advice and consent after the officer had been installed . After the Senate grants advice and consent , however , the President is under no compulsion to commission the officer . It has not been settled whether the President has the prerogative to withhold a commission after having signed it . This issue played a large part in the famous court case Marbury v. Madison . At times the President has asserted the power to remove individuals from office . Congress has often explicitly limited the President 's power to remove ; during the Reconstruction Era , Congress passed the Tenure of Office Act , purportedly preventing Andrew Johnson from removing , without the advice and consent of the Senate , anyone appointed with the advice and consent of the Senate . President Johnson ignored the Act , and was later impeached and acquitted . The constitutionality of the Act was not immediately settled . In Myers v. United States , 272 U.S. 52 ( 1926 ) , the Supreme Court held that Congress could not limit the President 's power to remove an executive officer ( the Postmaster General ) , but in Humphrey 's Executor v. United States , 295 U.S. 602 ( 1935 ) it upheld Congress 's authority to restrict the President 's power to remove officers of the Federal Trade Commission , an `` administrative body ( that ) can not in any proper sense be characterized as an arm or eye of the executive . '' Congress may repeal the legislation that authorizes the appointment of an executive officer . But it `` can not reserve for itself the power of an officer charged with the execution of the laws except by impeachment . '' Congress has from time to time changed the number of justices in the Supreme Court . Clause 3 : recess appointments ( edit ) President George W. Bush announcing the August 1 , 2005 recess appointment of John R. Bolton as the U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations as U.S. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice looks on . Main article : Recess appointment The President shall have Power to fill up all Vacancies that may happen during the Recess of the Senate , by granting Commissions which shall expire at the End of their next Session . During recesses of the Senate , the President may appoint officers , but their commissions expire at the conclusion of the Senate 's next session . Section 3 : Presidential responsibilities ( edit ) He shall from time to time give to the Congress Information of the State of the Union , and recommend to their Consideration such Measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient ; he may , on extraordinary Occasions , convene both Houses , or either of them , and in Case of Disagreement between them , with Respect to the Time of Adjournment , he may adjourn them to such Time as he shall think proper ; he shall receive Ambassadors and other public Ministers ; he shall take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed , and shall Commission all the Officers of the United States . Clause 1 : State of the Union ( edit ) 2011 State of the Union Address given by former President Barack Obama The President must give the Congress information on the `` State of the Union '' `` from time to time . '' This is called the State of the Union Clause . Originally , Presidents personally delivered annual addresses to Congress . Thomas Jefferson , who felt that the procedure resembled the Speech from the Throne delivered by British monarchs , chose instead to send written messages to Congress for reading by clerks . Jefferson 's procedure was followed by future Presidents until Woodrow Wilson reverted to the former procedure of personally addressing Congress , which has continued to this day . Kesavan and Sidak explain the purpose of the State of the Union clause : `` The State of the Union Clause imposes an executive duty on the President . That duty must be discharged periodically . The President 's assessment of the State of the Union must be publicized to Congress , and thus to the nation . The publication of the President 's assessment conveys information to Congress - information uniquely gleaned from the President 's perspective in his various roles as Commander - in - Chief , chief law enforcer , negotiator with foreign powers , and the like - that shall aid the legislature in public deliberation on matters that may justify the enactment of legislation because of their national importance . '' Clause 2 : making recommendations to Congress ( edit ) The president has the power and duty to recommend , for the consideration of Congress , such measures which the president deems as `` necessary and expedient '' . At his inauguration George Washington declared in his Inaugural Address : `` By the article establishing the executive department it is made the duty of the President ' to recommend to your consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient . ' '' This is the Recommendation Clause . Kesavan and Sidak explain the purpose of the Recommendation clause : `` The Recommendation Clause also imposes an executive duty on the President . His recommendations respect the equal dignity of Congress and thus embody the anti-royalty sentiment that ignited the American Revolution and subsequently stripped the trappings of monarchy away from the new chief executive . Through his recommendations to Congress , the President speaks collectively for the People as they petition Government for a redress of grievances , and thus his recommendations embody popular sovereignty . The President tailors his recommendations so that their natural implication is the enactment of new legislation , rather than some other action that Congress might undertake . Finally , the President shall have executive discretion to recommend measures of his choosing . '' Sidak explained that there is a connection between the Recommendation clause and the Petition Clause of the 1st Amendment : `` Through his performance of the duty to recommend measures to Congress , the President functions as the agent of a diffuse electorate who seek the redress of grievances . To muzzle the President , therefore , is to diminish the effectiveness of this right expressly reserved to the people under the first amendment . '' Kesavan and Sidak also cited a Professor Bybee who stated in this context : `` The Recommendation Clause empowers the President to represent the people before Congress , by recommending measures for the reform of government , for the general welfare , or for the redress of grievances . The Right of Petition Clause prevents Congress from abridging the right of the people to petition for a redress of grievances . '' The Recommendation clause imposes a duty , but its performance rests solely with the President . Congress possesses no power to compel the President to recommend , as he alone is the `` judge '' of what is `` necessary and expedient . '' Unlike the Necessary and Proper Clause of Article I , which limits Congress 's discretion to carrying out only its delegated powers , the phrase `` necessary and expedient '' implies a wider range of discretion for the President . Because this is a political question , there has been little judicial involvement with the President 's actions under the clause as long as Presidents have not tried to extend their legislative powers . In Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer ( 1952 ) , the Supreme Court noted that the Recommendations Clause serves as a reminder that the President can not make law by himself : `` The power to recommend legislation , granted to the President , serves only to emphasize that it is his function to recommend and that it is the function of the Congress to legislate . '' The Court made a similar point in striking down the line - item veto in Clinton v. City of New York ( 1998 ) . When President Bill Clinton attempted to shield the records of the President 's Task Force on Health Care Reform as essential to his functions under the Recommendations Clause , a federal circuit court rejected the argument and noted in Ass'n of American Physicians & Surgeons v. Clinton ( 1993 ) : `` ( T ) he Recommendation Clause is less an obligation than a right . The President has the undisputed authority to recommend legislation , but he need not exercise that authority with respect to any particular subject or , for that matter , any subject . '' Clause 3 : calling Congress into extraordinary session ; adjourning Congress ( edit ) To allow the government to act quickly in case of a major domestic or international crisis arising when Congress is not in session , the President is permitted to call extraordinary sessions of one or both Houses of Congress . If the two Houses can not agree on a date for adjournment , the President may adjourn both Houses to such a time as befits the circumstances . The last time this power was exercised was in 1948 , when President Harry S Truman called a special session of Congress . That was the twenty - seventh time in American history that a president convened such a session . Following the widespread adoption of transcontinental air travel in the second half of the twentieth century , Congress began meeting year - round . Since that time , it has always been in session on every occasion when the President might otherwise have perceived the need to call Congress into extraordinary session . Clause 4 : receiving foreign Representatives ( edit ) The President receives all foreign Ambassadors . This clause of the Constitution , known as the Reception Clause , has been interpreted to imply that the President possesses broad power over matters of foreign policy , and to provide support for the President 's exclusive authority to grant recognition to a foreign government . Clause 5 : caring for the Faithful execution of the law ( edit ) The President must `` take care that the laws be faithfully executed . '' This clause in the Constitution imposes a duty on the President to enforce the laws of the United States and is called the Take Care Clause , also known as the Faithful Execution Clause or Faithfully Executed Clause . This clause is meant to ensure that a law is faithfully executed by the President even if he disagrees with the purpose of that law . Addressing the North Carolina ratifying convention , William Maclaine declared that the Faithful Execution Clause was `` one of the ( Constitution 's ) best provisions . '' If the President `` takes care to see the laws faithfully executed , it will be more than is done in any government on the continent ; for I will venture to say that our government , and those of the other states , are , with respect to the execution of the laws , in many respects mere ciphers . '' President George Washington interpreted this clause as imposing on him a unique duty to ensure the execution of federal law . Discussing a tax rebellion , Washington observed , `` it is my duty to see the Laws executed : to permit them to be trampled upon with impunity would be repugnant to ( that duty . ) '' According to former United States Assistant Attorney General Walter E. Dellinger III , the Supreme Court and the Attorneys General have long interpreted the Take Care Clause to mean that the President has no inherent constitutional authority to suspend the enforcement of the laws , particularly of statutes . The Take Care Clause demands that the President obey the law , the Supreme Court said in Humphrey 's Executor v. United States , and repudiates any notion that he may dispense with the law 's execution . In Printz v. United States , 521 U.S. 898 ( 1997 ) , the Supreme Court explained how the President executes the law : `` The Constitution does not leave to speculation who is to administer the laws enacted by Congress ; the President , it says , `` shall take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed , '' Art . II , § 3 , personally and through officers whom he appoints ( save for such inferior officers as Congress may authorize to be appointed by the `` Courts of Law '' or by `` the Heads of Departments '' with other presidential appointees ) , Art . II , § 2 . '' The President may not prevent a member of the executive branch from performing a ministerial duty lawfully imposed upon him by Congress . ( See Marbury v. Madison ( 1803 ) ; and Kendall v. United States ex rel . Stokes ( 1838 ) ) . Nor may the President take an action not authorized either by the Constitution or by a lawful statute . ( See Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer ( 1952 ) ) . Finally , the President may not refuse to enforce a constitutional law , or `` cancel '' certain appropriations , for that would amount to an extra-constitutional veto or suspension power . The President , while having to enforce the law , also possesses wide discretion in deciding how and even when to enforce laws . He also has a range of interpretive discretion in deciding the meaning of laws he must execute . When an appropriation provides discretion , the President can gauge when and how appropriated moneys can be spent most efficiently . Some Presidents have claimed the authority under this clause to impound money appropriated by Congress . President Jefferson , for example , delayed the expenditure of money appropriated for the purchase of gunboats for over a year . President Franklin D. Roosevelt and his successors sometimes refused outright to expend appropriated money . The Supreme Court , however , has held that impoundments without Congressional authorization are unconstitutional . It has been asserted that the President 's responsibility in the `` faithful '' execution of the laws entitles him to suspend the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus . Article One provides that the privilege may not be suspended save during times of rebellion or invasion , but it does not specify who may suspend the privilege . The Supreme Court ruled that Congress may suspend the privilege if it deems it necessary . During the American Civil War , President Abraham Lincoln suspended the privilege , but , owing to the vehement opposition he faced , obtained congressional authorization for the same . Since then , the privilege of the writ has only been suspended upon the express authorization of Congress . In Mississippi v. Johnson , 71 U.S. 475 ( 1867 ) , the Supreme Court ruled that the judiciary may not restrain the President in the execution of laws . In that case the Supreme Court refused to entertain a request for an injunction preventing President Andrew Johnson from executing the Reconstruction Acts , which were claimed to be unconstitutional . The Court found that `` ( t ) he Congress is the legislative department of the government ; the President is the executive department . Neither can be restrained in its action by the judicial department ; though the acts of both , when performed , are , in proper cases , subject to its cognizance . '' Thus , the courts can not bar the passage of a law by Congress , though it may strike down such a law as unconstitutional . A similar construction applies to the executive branch . Clause 6 : officers ' commissions ( edit ) The President commissions `` all the Officers of the United States . '' These include officers in both military and foreign service . ( Under Article I , Section 8 , the States have authority for `` the Appointment of the Officers ... of the ( State ) Militia ... `` ) The presidential authority to commission officers had a large impact on the 1803 case Marbury v. Madison , where outgoing Federalist President John Adams feverishly signed many commissions to the judiciary on his final day in office , hoping to , as incoming Democratic - Republican President Thomas Jefferson put it , `` ( retire ) into the judiciary as a stronghold . '' However , in his haste , Adams ' Secretary of State neglected to have all the commissions delivered . Incoming President Jefferson was enraged with Adams , and ordered his Secretary of State , James Madison , to refrain from delivering the remaining commissions . William Marbury took the matter to the Supreme Court , where the famous Marbury was decided . Section 4 : impeachment ( edit ) Depiction of the impeachment trial of President Andrew Johnson , in 1868 , Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase presiding . Main article : Impeachment in the United States The President , Vice President and all civil Officers of the United States , shall be removed from Office on Impeachment for , and Conviction of , Treason , Bribery , or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors . The Constitution also allows for involuntary removal from office . The President , Vice-President , Cabinet Secretaries , and other executive officers , as well as judges , may be impeached by the House of Representatives and tried in the Senate . Any official convicted by impeachment is immediately removed from office . The Senate may also choose to bar the removed official from holding any federal office in the future . No other punishments may be inflicted pursuant to the impeachment proceeding , but the convicted party remains liable to trial and punishment in the courts for civil and criminal charges . See also ( edit ) Unitary executive theory References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The U.S. Constitution With Declaration of Independence , US Government Printing Office '' ( PDF ) . gpo.gov . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Prakash , Sai Prakash . `` Essays on Article II : Executive Vesting Clause '' . The Heritage Foundation . ^ Jump up to : `` The Electoral College '' . ncsl.org . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Joint Congressional Committee on Presidential Inaugurations '' . U.S. Senate . Retrieved November 10 , 2006 . Jump up ^ 5 U.S.C. § 3331 Jump up ^ Cf : Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer , 343 U.S. 579,637 ( 1952 ) ( Jackson , J. , concurring ) ( `` When the President acts pursuant to an express or implied authorization from Congress , '' his actions are `` supported by the strongest of presumptions and the widest latitude of judicial interpretation , and the burden of persuasion ... rest ( s ) heavily upon any who might attack it . '' ) . Jump up ^ Boumediene v. Bush , 553 U.S. 723 , 797 ( 2008 ) ( `` ( M ) ost federal judges ( do not ) begin the day with briefings that describe new and serious threats to our Nation and its people . '' ) . Jump up ^ Woods , Thomas ( July 7 , 2005 ) Presidential War Powers , LewRockwell.com Jump up ^ Woods , Thomas ( 2013 ) . `` Presidential War Powers : The Constitutional Answer '' . Liberty Classrooom . Retrieved September 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gaziano , Todd . `` Essays on Article II : Opinion Clause '' . The Heritage Foundation . Jump up ^ Biddle , at 486 Jump up ^ United States Senate . `` Treaties '' . senate.gov . Jump up ^ United States Library of Congress ( February 15 , 2011 ) . `` Primary Documents in American History Treaty of Alliance with France '' . loc.gov . Jump up ^ John H. Haswell , University of Minnesota ; United States Department of State ( 2010 ) . Treaties and Conventions Concluded Between the United States of America Since July 4 , 1776 . google.books.com . pp. 1,232 . Jump up ^ Goldwater v. Carter , 444 U.S. 996 ( 1979 ) Jump up ^ Bowsher v. Synar , 478 U.S. 714 ( 1986 ) ^ Jump up to : Vasan Kesavan and J. Gregory Sidak ( 2002 ) . `` The Legislator - In - Chief '' . William and Mary Law Review . 44 ( 1 ) . Retrieved June 28 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Sidak , Gregory ( August 1989 ) . `` The Recommendation Clause '' . Georgetown Law Journal . 77 ( 6 ) : 2079 -- 2135 . SSRN 296114 . ^ Jump up to : Kesavan , Vasan . `` The Heritage Guide to the Constitution : Recommendations Clause '' . The Heritage Foundation . Retrieved October 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ U.S. Senate Turnip Day Session ( January 5 , 2011 ) . Jump up ^ United States v. Curtiss - Wright Export Corp. , 299 U.S. 304 ( 1936 ) , characterized the President as the `` sole organ of the nation in its external relations , '' an interpretation criticized by Louis Fisher of the Library of Congress . Jump up ^ Zivotofsky v. Kerry , 576 U.S. ___ ( 2015 ) . Jump up ^ `` Article II , Section 3 , U.S. Constitution '' . law.cornell.edu . Legal Information Institute . 2012 . Retrieved August 7 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Take Care Clause Law & Legal Definition '' . USLegal.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Take Care Clause . `` Take Care Clause '' . The Heritage Guide to the Constitution . The Heritage Foundation . Retrieved October 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Prepared by Devotion Garner . Updated by Cheryl Nyberg . `` Popular Names of Constitutional Provisions '' . Gallagher Library of the University of Washington School of Law . Retrieved November 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chapter 12 - The Presidency Flashcards '' . Flashcard Machine . January 16 , 2012 . Retrieved July 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Walter E. Dellinger III ( September 7 , 1995 ) . `` CONSTITUTIONAL LIMITATIONS ON FEDERAL GOVERNMENT PARTICIPATION IN BINDING ARBITRATION '' . United States Department of Justice . Retrieved July 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kinkopf , Neil ( September -- October 2005 ) . `` FURIOUS GEORGE - The belligerence of the Bush Administration in pursuing expansive power has a long Republican pedigree '' . Legal Affairs - The magazine at the intersection of Law and Life . Retrieved July 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sai Prakash . `` Take Care Clause '' . The Heritage Guide to the Constitution . The Heritage Foundation . Retrieved August 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Johnson , at 500 Jump up ^ An example of this is Alcee Hastings who was removed from a federal judgeship , but was not barred from serving in another federal office . He was later elected to , and currently serves in , the House of Representatives . Jump up ^ Cf . Ritter v. United States , 677 F. 2d 957 ( 2d . Cir. 19 ) 84 Ct . Cl. 293 , 300 ( Ct . Cl. 1936 ) ( `` While the Senate in one sense acts as a court on the trial of an impeachment , it is essentially a political body and in its actions is influenced by the views of its members on the public welfare . '' ) ; STAFF OF H. COMM . ON THE JUDICIARY , 93D CONG. , CONSTITUTIONAL GROUNDS FOR PRESIDENTIAL IMPEACHMENT 24 ( Comm . Print 1974 ) ( `` The purpose of impeachment is not personal punishment ; its function is primarily to maintain constitutional government . '' ) ( citation omitted ) , reprinted in 3 LEWIS DESCHLER , DESCHLER 'S PRECEDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES , H.R. DOC . NO . 94 ‒ 661 ch. 14 , app . at 2269 ( 1977 ) . External links ( edit ) Kilman , Johnny and George Costello ( Eds ) . ( 2000 ) . The Constitution of the United States of America : Analysis and Interpretation . CRS Annotated Constitution : Article 2 Mount , Steve . ( 2003 ) . `` Presidential Pardons . '' ( hide ) United States Constitution Text ( via Wikisource ) Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments 1 -- 10 Amendments 11 -- 27 Unsuccessful Proposed Amendments Debates in State Conventions on the Adoption of the Constitution Preamble and articles Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments Ratified Bill of Rights 5 6 7 8 9 10 Others 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Pending Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Amendment Child Labor Repealed Eighteenth Amendment Unsuccessful Equal Rights District of Columbia Voting Rights List of Amendments Bill of Rights ( Amendments 1 -- 10 ) Reconstruction Amendments ( Amendments 13 -- 15 ) Amendment proposals in Congress Convention to propose amendments State ratifying conventions Formation History Articles of Confederation Mount Vernon Conference Annapolis Convention Philadelphia Convention Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan Connecticut Compromise Three - Fifths Compromise Committee of Detail Signing Independence Hall Syng inkstand The Federalist Papers Anti-Federalist Papers Massachusetts Compromise Virginia Ratifying Convention Hillsborough Convention Rhode Island ratification Drafting and ratification timeline Clauses Appointments Appropriations Assistance of Counsel Bills of credit Case or Controversy Citizenship Commerce Compact Compulsory Process Confrontation Contract Copyright and Patent Double Jeopardy Due Process Equal Protection Establishment Exceptions Excessive Bail Ex post facto Extradition Free Exercise Free Speech Fugitive Slave Full Faith and Credit General Welfare Guarantee Impeachment Import - Export Ineligibility Militia Natural - born citizen Necessary and Proper New States No Religious Test Oath or Affirmation Origination Petition Postal Presentment Privileges and Immunities Privileges or Immunities Recommendation Self - Incrimination Speech or Debate Speedy Trial State of the Union Supremacy Suspension Take Care Takings Taxing and Spending Territorial Title of Nobility Treaty Trial by Jury Vesting Vicinage War Powers List of clauses Interpretation Concurrent powers Congressional enforcement Constitutional law Criminal procedure Criminal sentencing Dormant Commerce Clause Enumerated powers Equal footing Executive privilege Incorporation of the Bill of Rights Judicial review Nondelegation doctrine Preemption Saxbe fix Separation of church and state Separation of powers Taxation power Unitary executive theory Display and legacy National Archives Charters of Freedom Rotunda Independence Mall Constitution Day Constitution Gardens National Constitution Center Scene at the Signing of the Constitution ( painting ) A More Perfect Union ( film ) Worldwide influence US Government Portal Law Portal Wikipedia book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Article_Two_of_the_United_States_Constitution&oldid=810380736 '' Categories : Articles of the United States Constitution Article Two of the United States Constitution Executive branch of the United States government Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from November 2013 All articles needing additional references Use mdy dates from September 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2008 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2008 Talk Article Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español فارسی Français Русский Simple English 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 November 2017 , at 22 : 17 . 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-1551188550917848379 | Don't Give Up on Us (song) | Do n't Give up on Us ( song ) - wikipedia Do n't Give up on Us ( song ) `` Do n't Give Up on Us '' Single by David Soul B - side `` Black Bean Soup '' Released 1976 ( UK ) January 1977 ( U.S. ) Format 7 '' Recorded 1976 Genre Soft rock Length 3 : 32 Label Private Stock Songwriter ( s ) Tony Macaulay Producer ( s ) Tony Macaulay David Soul singles chronology `` Do n't Give Up on Us '' ( 1976 ) `` Going in With My Eyes Open '' ( 1977 ) `` Do n't Give Up on Us '' ( 1976 ) `` Going in With My Eyes Open '' ( 1977 ) `` Do n't Give Up on Us '' is a song by American - British singer David Soul . Riding high on the success of playing in the hit TV show Starsky and Hutch , Soul returned to one of his early career choices as a singer . His debut , the Tony Macaulay - written - and - produced `` Do n't Give Up on Us '' was a worldwide smash , spending four weeks at No. 1 on the UK Singles Chart in January and February 1977 , and a single week at No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 in April 1977 . In addition , the song spent one week at No. 1 on the U.S. adult contemporary chart . It has sold 1.16 million copies in the UK . Its B - side , `` Black Bean Soup '' , was a duet with actress Lynne Marta , whom Soul was involved with at the time . `` Do n't Give Up on Us '' was rated No. 93 in VH1 's 100 Greatest One - Hit Wonders because , despite having more hits in the UK , Soul was never again able to reach the top forty in the US . Soul recorded a new version of the song in 2004 , allegedly after being embarrassed when hearing it by chance in an elevator as sung by Owen Wilson in the film version of Starsky and Hutch . Zsa Zsa Padilla revived this in 1998 , making it the first Filipino revival . Piolo Pascual also covered this song for the soundtrack of the film of the same title in the Philippines . The song was also used in the film Johnny English Reborn ( 2011 ) . Contents 1 Chart performance 1.1 Weekly charts 1.2 Year - end charts 1.3 Decade - end charts 2 References 3 External links Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1976 -- 77 ) Peak position Australia Canada RPM Top Singles Canada RPM Adult Contemporary Irish Singles Chart New Zealand Singles Chart UK US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Adult Contemporary US Cash Box Top 100 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1977 ) Rank Australia 11 Canada 20 New Zealand UK US Billboard Hot 100 29 US Billboard Adult Contemporary 22 US Cash Box Top 100 40 Decade - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1970 - 79 ) Rank UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 9 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` David Soul - Do n't Give Up On Us ( Vinyl ) at Discogs '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` VH1 's 40 Most Softsational Soft - Rock Songs '' . Stereogum . SpinMedia . May 31 , 2007 . Retrieved July 31 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . pp. 335 -- 6 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn , Joel ( 2002 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 - 2001 . Record Research . p. 227 . Jump up ^ Ami Sedghi ( 4 November 2012 ) . `` UK 's million - selling singles : the full list '' . Guardian . Retrieved 4 November 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Steffen Hung . `` Forum - 1970 ( ARIA Charts : Special Occasion Charts ) '' . Australian-charts.com . Archived from the original on 2016 - 06 - 02 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Image : RPM Weekly - Library and Archives Canada '' . Bac-lac.gc.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Image : RPM Weekly - Library and Archives Canada '' . Bac-lac.gc.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` NZ Top 40 Singles Chart The Official New Zealand Music Chart '' . Nztop40.co.nz. 1977 - 04 - 03 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 1955 - 1990 - ISBN 0 - 89820 - 089 - X Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 01 - 20 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Image : RPM Weekly - Library and Archives Canada '' . Bac-lac.gc.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 1977 The Official New Zealand Music Chart '' . Nztop40.co.nz. 1977 - 12 - 31 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` 1970s Singles Chart Archive '' . EveryHit.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1977 / Top 100 Songs of 1977 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ Billboard . Books.google.com. 1977 - 12 - 24 . p . Front cover . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 04 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Archive -- 1970s Singles '' . everyHit.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Don%27t_Give_Up_on_Us_(song)&oldid=847150283 '' Categories : 1976 singles David Soul songs UK Singles Chart number - one singles Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Songs written by Tony Macaulay 1976 songs Private Stock Records singles Pop ballads Number - one singles in Australia RPM Top Singles number - one singles RPM Adult Contemporary number - one singles Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Number - one singles in New Zealand Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 23 June 2018 , at 07 : 56 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | who sings don't give up on us | [
"\"Don't Give Up on Us\" is a song by American-British singer David Soul.[1] Riding high on the success of playing in the hit TV show Starsky and Hutch, Soul returned to one of his early career choices as a singer. His debut, the Tony Macaulay-written-and-produced \"Don't Give Up on Us\" was a worldwide smash, spending four weeks at No. 1 on the UK Singles Chart in January and February 1977,[3] and a single week at No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 in April 1977. In addition, the song spent one week at No. 1 on the U.S. adult contemporary chart.[4] It has sold 1.16 million copies in the UK.[5]\n"
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"American-British singer David Soul"
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-8142684332463903590 | 8 Simple Rules | 8 Simple Rules - wikipedia 8 Simple Rules Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 8 Simple Rules Original title card Also known as 8 Simple Rules for Dating My Teenage Daughter ( season 1 -- 2 ) Created by Tracy Gamble Based on 8 Simple Rules for Dating My Teenage Daughter by W. Bruce Cameron Starring John Ritter Katey Sagal Kaley Cuoco Amy Davidson Martin Spanjers James Garner David Spade Composer ( s ) Dan Foliart Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 76 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Tom Shadyac Michael Bostick ( entire run ) Tracy Gamble ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) Flody Suarez ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) James Widdoes ( seasons 2 -- 3 ) Judd Pillot John Peaslee ( season 3 ) Camera setup Film ; Multi-camera Running time 22 minutes Production company ( s ) Shady Acres Entertainment FlodyCo Tracy Gamble Productions ( season 3 ) Touchstone Television Distributor Buena Vista Television ( U.S. syndication ) Buena Vista International Television ( international syndication ) Release Original network ABC Picture format 16 : 9 480i ( SDTV ) 720p ( HDTV ) Original release September 17 , 2002 ( 2002 - 09 - 17 ) -- April 15 , 2005 ( 2005 - 04 - 15 ) 8 Simple Rules ( originally 8 Simple Rules for Dating My Teenage Daughter for the first season ) is an American sitcom , originally starring John Ritter and Katey Sagal as middle - class parents Paul and Cate Hennessy raising a family of three . Kaley Cuoco , Amy Davidson and Martin Spanjers co-starred as their teenage kids ; Bridget , Kerry and Rory Hennessy . The series ran on ABC from September 17 , 2002 to April 15 , 2005 . The first season focused on Paul being left in charge of the kids after Cate takes a full - time job as a nurse , with comedic emphasis on his often strict rules concerning his daughters and dating . The series ' name and premise were derived from the book 8 Simple Rules for Dating My Teenage Daughter : And Other Tips from a Beleaguered Father ( Not That Any of Them Work ) by W. Bruce Cameron . While 8 Simple Rules was renewed for a second season and production had begun , Ritter 's sudden death in September 2003 left the series in an uncertain position . After a hiatus , the series returned and continued without Ritter , with the producers deciding to kill off Paul and not replace him . James Garner and David Spade later joined the main cast as Cate 's father and nephew , Jim Egan and C.J. Barnes , in an attempt to fill the void left by Ritter . After three seasons , ABC cancelled 8 Simple Rules in May 2005 due to low ratings . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Production 2.1 Ritter 's death 2.2 Third season and cancellation 3 Cast of characters 3.1 Main cast 3.2 Recurring cast 4 Episodes 5 Syndication 6 DVD releases 7 Accolades 8 References 9 External links Premise ( edit ) The rules are : Use your hands on my daughter and you 'll lose them after . You make her cry , I make you cry . Safe sex is a myth . Anything you try will be hazardous to your health . Bring her home late , there 's no next date . If you pull into my driveway and honk , you better be dropping off a package because you 're sure not picking anything up ( Alternative rule # 5 : Only delivery men honk . Dates ring the doorbell . Once . ) No complaining while you 're waiting for her . If you 're bored , change my oil . If your pants hang off your hips , I 'll gladly secure them with my staple gun . Dates must be in crowded public places . You want romance ? Read a book . The third season ( after Ritter 's death ) took a creative turn , revolving more around cousin C.J. ( David Spade ) and grandfather Jim ( James Garner ) , than the immediate Hennessy family , more specifically not revolving around the raising of the Hennessy girls . After the novelty of newly added ensemble characters wore off , the series returned to its original format . Production ( edit ) Ritter 's death ( edit ) The first three episodes of the series ' second season had been completed when Ritter experienced discomfort during a rehearsal on the afternoon of September 11 , 2003 . Crew members took him to a nearby hospital , Providence Saint Joseph Medical Center , where he was misdiagnosed as having a heart attack and as a result , his condition had worsened when physicians later diagnosed him with an aortic dissection , and he died that evening at the age of 54 . Following Ritter 's death , ABC announced that 8 Simple Rules would continue after a hiatus , and would incorporate the death of his character . The three new episodes that Ritter completed were aired with Sagal introducing them . 8 Simple Rules returned two months after Ritter 's death with a one - hour episode , `` Goodbye '' , which was turned into a tribute to Ritter 's character . Subsequent episodes dealt with the family 's reaction to his death and how they moved on from it . The first four post-Ritter episodes were shot without a live audience with James Garner and Suzanne Pleshette guest - starring as Cate 's strict parents and David Spade guest - starring as Cate 's wayward nephew , C.J. Barnes . Garner and Spade later received starring roles in order to fill the void left by Ritter for the remainder of the series ' run . Third season and cancellation ( edit ) Before Ritter 's death , 8 Simple Rules ranked 42nd in the Nielsen ratings . After Ritter 's death , it had slipped to 50th , but was renewed for a third season , in which ABC moved the series to Friday at 8 : 00 pm as part of its TGIF comedy line - up . The series ' creator and showrunner , Tracy Gamble , left the series for a time over creative differences prior to the third season , but he later returned as a consulting producer midway through the third season . Gamble was replaced by Judd Pillot and John Peaslee , who had performed the same role in the final season of Spade 's sitcom , Just Shoot Me ! . The series plunged to 94th in the ratings . Even before the third - season finale 's airing , rumors began circulating that 8 Simple Rules was facing cancellation due to Ritter 's death and poor ratings . The Friday night `` death slot '' ratings took their toll on 8 Simple Rules . The third season finale was not aired for May sweeps . The finale received a 3.9 / 8 rating share which gave ABC a third - place finish behind NBC 's Dateline ( 5.8 / 11 ) and CBS 's Joan of Arcadia ( 4.9 / 10 ) , which starred Ritter 's son , Jason . Shortly afterwards , ABC officially cancelled 8 Simple Rules in May 2005 . Cast of characters ( edit ) Main cast ( edit ) Paul Hennessy , portrayed by John Ritter ( 2002 -- 2003 ) , is a former sports writer who worked from home as a Lifestyle columnist described as being `` the master of the double standard '' and a `` Psycho - Dad '' , as well as a perceived hypocrite who often embarrasses his children , even if he wants what is best for them . Nonetheless , he loves his children , and wants them to have happy futures . Paul dies in the second season after collapsing in the store while buying milk . ( Though no real reason is given for why he collapsed , it is believed that it had something to do with his heart , as was the reason for John Ritter 's death . ) Cate S. Hennessy ( née Egan ) , portrayed by Katey Sagal , is the wife , mother , nurse , and easily the most sane and composed person in the family . She takes a nursing job at the kids ' school so she can work standard hours and spend more time with the kids . Cate starts dating her kids ' high - school principal , Ed Gibb ( portrayed by Adam Arkin ) , towards the end of season three . During her teens , she was more or less just as popular , scheming , and rebellious as Bridget , thus she is usually the first to notice when Bridget is up to something . She received her middle name `` Stinky '' as a result of her father promising his best friend he would name one of his children after him after accidentally stabbing him with a bayonet while they were drunk in Korea ; to hide this , she claims that the S stands for `` Stacy . '' Bridget Erin `` Beach '' Hennessy , portrayed by Kaley Cuoco , is the beautiful , ditzy oldest child . She is depicted as a stereotypical blonde , a popular bombshell who is preoccupied with her looks , teenaged boys , and little else . She sometimes displays intelligence or profundity , but these are initially few and far between , yet often poignant . Her favorite book is J.D. Salinger 's The Catcher in the Rye . After her father dies , she begins to steadily mature . Bridget initially felt guilty about Paul 's death because the last words she ever spoke to him were `` I hate you '' after arguing with him earlier that morning , because he said no to her using the car . In season two , Bridget was revealed to have been conceived on a beach . Kerry `` Care Bear '' Hennessy , portrayed by Amy Davidson , is the middle child , but is not very happy about it . She is often seen as unattractive when compared to her beautiful older sister , Bridget . She was accused by Bridget of stealing her ( ex - ) boyfriend , Kyle , though clearly Bridget 's actions drove Kyle away . Kerry is sarcastic , often making snide remarks about essentially everybody , though less to her mother . She is also a passionate activist who cares about animal rights . She lost her virginity to Bruno ( her boyfriend in Europe ) later in the third season . She is often annoyed at her sister and is easily upset , yet frequently the two girls team up against their parents ' authority or at the expense of their younger rascal brother . Kerry is also very artistic and keeps a sketchbook . She is the smart child , but often shows naiveté . After she starts dating Bridget 's popular ex-boyfriend Kyle , her own popularity increases , and she begins to act a little more like her older sister . Rory Joseph Hennessy , portrayed by Martin Spanjers , is Cate and Paul 's son and their youngest child . He constantly tattles on his sisters , getting twisted pleasure out of it , as per his remark when he had stirred the pot to his liking : `` This is just like my birthday ! '' Usually he waits until his sisters already commit an infraction , then he tattles to see his father explode . Rory is his father 's favorite , being the boy . He becomes involved in money - making schemes with C.J. He is commonly seen playing in the living room and mentions wanting a monkey , which he once had by trading some of his father 's baseball cards ; the monkey was later traded for a guitar , which was short - lived , as Rory annoyed the family with it . He also delights in showing his friends the private aspects of his sister Bridget 's life , mentioning once that his friends looted Bridget 's underwear drawer . Rory was hit hard by Paul 's death and ended up punching a hole in his wall out of anger , cutting his hand . He covered for it saying he burnt it taking a casserole out of the oven . After he enters high school , Rory matures , leaving C.J. to be the wisecracker of the family . However , Rory still had his moments . Jim Egan , portrayed by James Garner ( 2003 -- 2005 ) , is Cate 's father . Jim served in the Korean War and is proud of his service ( he angers whenever it is mentioned as a `` police action '' ) . He is very protective of the family . He often sneaks away to smoke tobacco . He is divorced , having formerly resided in Florida before moving into Cate 's basement , and often used to try to beat C.J. with his cane . He takes pride in C.J. 's success as a teacher . When C.J. 's biological father comes to visit his son , Jim feels out of place and angry because he prepared a car for C.J. after he becomes a full - fledged teacher , but then Mr. Barnes gives C.J. a sports car . C.J. Barnes , portrayed by David Spade ( 2004 -- 2005 ) , is Cate 's nephew . He was once in the Army and claims to have studied aerial photography during the Gulf War , and to have received a Purple Heart in combat , which is in complete contrast with his generally childish attitude . He is a teacher at the school and often pursues women , albeit unsuccessfully . When C.J. first arrives , the family is initially surprised . He reveals to them that he was ashamed that he did not live up to be the person Paul had once said he would be and avoided them because of that . He lives along with his grandfather , Jim , in the basement ( having previously lived in a van , which was burned by that same grandfather ) . He once dated Mrs. Krupp , his cousins ' ( Kerry and Bridget ) math teacher , but he ended up cheating on her with his ex-girlfriend Cheryl . He once revealed that his first initial stands for Corey , but Rory said that was untrue . C.J. previously smoked marijuana heavily ( and in fact used to smoke with Kyle 's older brother ) , but at the start of his appearances , he claims not to have touched it in two years ( he originally claimed it was five , though he relented after Jim expressed disbelief ) . Recurring cast ( edit ) Kyle , portrayed by Billy Aaron Brown , is Bridget 's -- and later Kerry 's -- boyfriend . He is often seen spending time with Rory when not with either Kerry or Bridget . His father , Tommy , used to work with Paul . Ed Gibb , portrayed by Adam Arkin , is the principal of the local high school . Cate and he knew each other in high school , and even dated . When discussing it , their account of their first romantic encounter varied , with either believing they had more self - control and admitting to the other that they liked the other as just friends . Despite this , they have had some very intimate moments . Coach Scott , portrayed by Dan Cortese , is a high - school coach on whom Bridget had a crush . He likes Cate , and Cate initially likes him , but then discovers Bridget 's crush , which causes her to deny Scott 's romantic advances towards her . Jenna Sharpe , portrayed by Nikki Danielle Moore ( 2003 -- 2005 ) , is Paul 's boss Nick 's daughter , and one of Bridget 's rivals , who later becomes her friend . She has a younger sister , Rachael ( Nicole Mansour ) , who is a friend of Kerry . Missy Kleinfeld , portrayed by Daniella Monet ( 2003 -- 2004 ) , is Rory 's love interest in season two . She has a sister , Sissy ( Elena Lyons ) , who likes C.J. Jeremy , portrayed by Jonathan Taylor Thomas ( 2004 ) , is Bridget 's tutor and eventual boyfriend . He is considered a nerd at school , and because of this , Bridget at first denies her interest in him by saying it was only because he was her tutor . Anthony W. , portrayed by Cole Williams ( 2002 -- 2003 ) , is a student in Bridget 's class . He was a white boy who spoke like a black rapper , often resulting in confusion . In `` Cool Parent '' , he is shown to play lacrosse . Maggie Barnes ( née Egan ) , portrayed by Cybill Shepherd , is Cate 's sister and C.J. 's mother . Maggie shares the same sensitive , moody nature as Kerry . However , it appears ( from a conversation between Ed Gibb and Cate ) that Cate was the smarter one , as well as being more popular . Fred Doyle , portrayed by John Ratzenberger , is a persistent and over-friendly neighbor of the Hennessys , and husband of Mary Ellen ( portrayed originally by Shelley Long and then by Cindy Williams ) . He is the father of Donald `` Donny '' Doyle , who has dated Bridget for some time . Fred was the head of the neighborhood watch , and his family is revealed as religious when Bridget claims she is going over for Bible study in an episode in season two . Mrs. Crupp , portrayed by Suzy Nakamura , is a math teacher from school . Damian , portrayed by Paul Wesley , is Bridget 's ex-boyfriend . He appeared in two episodes . Lacey / Lacy , portrayed by Kala Savage ( 2003 - 2004 ) , a sometimes friend of Bridget , appeared in three episodes . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of 8 Simple Rules episodes Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Average viewers ( in millions ) Rank 28 September 17 , 2002 ( 2002 - 09 - 17 ) May 20 , 2003 ( 2003 - 05 - 20 ) 10.9 # 46 24 September 23 , 2003 ( 2003 - 09 - 23 ) May 18 , 2004 ( 2004 - 05 - 18 ) 10.0 # 50 24 September 24 , 2004 ( 2004 - 09 - 24 ) April 15 , 2005 ( 2005 - 04 - 15 ) 6.8 # 90 Syndication ( edit ) While 8 Simple Rules ratings were well above those of the surrounding TGIF shows during its third season , ABC cancelled it due to the perceived inability to sell reruns of the show into syndication ( a fourth season would have given the show the 100 episodes necessary to enter daily syndication ) . On July 11 , 2005 ( less than two months after ABC officially cancelled it ) , The WB network announced it would air back - to - back repeats of all 76 episodes of 8 Simple Rules from 4 -- 5 p.m. as part of the replacement of Kids ' WB with the more broad - audience Daytime WB block . It aired weekdays from January 2 , 2006 to September 15 , 2006 when it was replaced by Reba upon the merger of UPN and The WB into The CW . On Tuesday , June 12 , 2007 , the show joined the ABC Family line - up , airing weekdays from 6 : 00 pm to 7 : 00 pm Then in September 2008 , the show started airing from 3 : 00 pm to 4 : 00 pm , until October 10 , 2008 . On October 3 , 2009 , 8 Simple Rules returned to ABC Family , having been absent for a year , airing on Saturdays from 10 : 00 am to 11 : 00 am , and Sundays at 11 : 00 a.m. - 12 : 00 pm Airings have been sporadic due to the channel 's unpredictable movie schedule and holiday programming block . On February 8 , 2010 , the series was added back to ABC Family 's weekday lineup , airing from 6 - 7PM / ET , replacing The Fresh Prince of Bel - Air . After a few months of being absent on the channel , 8 Simple Rules resumed airings on ABC Family at 7 / 6 c on select weekend mornings , beginning July 18 , 2010 . In mid-December 2012 , 8 Simple Rules was removed from ABC Family 's weekday line - up , only to be added back in September 2013 . In 2003 , the show began airing in the UK on the Disney Channel , which was edited for children 's viewing . It was picked up by ABC1 which aired the show until the channel 's closure in 2007 . The same year , Channel 5 began airing the series , in which season one only aired , then from 2008 , was shown on 5 * , which aired all three seasons . The series was aired uncut on subsequent channels following its cancellation by Disney Channel . Both Channel 5 and 5 * aired the series in its originally - produced widescreen format . Danish channel TV3 and the Canadian channels YTV and ABC Spark ( the Canadian version of ABC Family ) also have carried the series . The series was shown on Irish channel RTÉ Two , then later , rights to the show were acquired by TG4 , which aired the series weeknights at 5.35 pm . The series was shown on both these channels full uncut , despite the fact it was shown pre-watershed ( 9.00 pm ) , although , the show was issued an age rating . On RTÉ Two it was issued a ' PS ' rating and on TG4 , a ' 12 ' rating . Comedy Central UK obtained the rights to the show and will start airing it in the UK on 12 June 2017 . DVD releases ( edit ) On August 7 , 2007 , Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment released Season 1 of 8 Simple Rules on DVD in Region 1 . Season 1 was released in Britain on September 1 , 2008 . In August 2008 , Lionsgate Home Entertainment announced that they had acquired the rights to the series from ABC Studios . They subsequently released Season 2 on DVD in Region 1 on May 19 , 2009 . DVD Name Ep # Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 The Complete First Season 28 August 7 , 2007 September 1 , 2008 November 12 , 2008 The Complete Second Season 24 May 19 , 2009 TBA TBA The Complete Third Season 24 TBA TBA TBA Accolades ( edit ) Award Recipient Result Ref ( s ) 56th Primetime Emmy Awards Cinematography for a Multi-Camera Series Bruce L. Finn Won Lead Actor in a Comedy Series John Ritter ( posthumously ) Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` John Ritter '' . CBS News . Page 1 of 17 . Retrieved October 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` John Ritter Legacy Lives in `` Ritter Rules '' `` . cbsnews.com . March 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Considine , Bob ( February 4 , 2008 ) . `` John Ritter 's widow talks about wrongful death suit '' . today.com . Jump up ^ `` John Ritter : 1948 -- 2003 '' . people.com . September 18 , 2003 . p. 2 . Jump up ^ http://www.biography.com/people/john-ritter-9542508 Jump up ^ Snauffer , Douglas ( 2008 ) . The Show Must Go On : How the Deaths of Lead Actors Have Affected Television Series . Jefferson , NC : McFarland . p. 17 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 3295 - 0 . Jump up ^ http://tvseriesfinale.com/tv-show/8-simple-rules-for-dating-my-teenage-daughter-last-episode/ Jump up ^ `` Drummer Boy ( part 2 ) '' . 8 Simple Rules . Season 1 . Episode 18 . 2003 - 02 - 11 . ABC . Jump up ^ `` Sex Ed '' . 8 Simple Rules . Season 2 . Episode 2 . 2003 - 09 - 30 . ABC . ^ Jump up to : `` Nielsen 's TOP 156 Shows for 2002 -- 03 Retrieved July 29 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2003 -- 2004 TV Ratings Archived 2008 - 05 - 21 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved July 29 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2004 -- 2005 TV Ratings Retrieved July 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ The Futon Critic Jump up ^ ABC Family October 2009 Jump up ^ `` 8 Simple Rules ... for dating my teenage daughter '' . disney.co.uk . Retrieved August 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fiver to air 8 Simple Rules '' . the8rules.co.uk. April 21 , 2008 . Retrieved August 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Listing at Amazon.uk Jump up ^ Season 2 on DVD at TV Shows on DVD Jump up ^ `` 8 Simple Rules -- Complete Season 1 ( 3 Disc Set ) '' . Mighty Ape . Jump up ^ 8 Simple Rules at emmys.com External links ( edit ) 8 Simple Rules on IMDb 8 Simple Rules at TV.com 8 Simple Rules at epguides.com An online ( archived ) version of Bruce Cameron 's article presenting the premise of the 8 Simple Rules James Garner Interview on the Charlie Rose Show James Garner interview at Archive of American Television Camacho , Melissa. `` 8 Simple Rules '' . Common Sense Media . Retrieved October 4 , 2012 . TGIF 1980 Perfect Strangers ( 1989 -- 1993 ) Just the Ten of Us ( 1989 -- 1990 ) Full House ( 1989 -- 1991 ) Family Matters ( 1989 -- 1997 ) T G I f New Attitude ( 1990 ) Going Places ( 1990 -- 1991 ) Baby Talk ( 1991 -- 1992 ) Dinosaurs ( 1991 -- 1993 ) Hi Honey , I 'm Home ! 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My Dad Says ( 2011 ) 2 Broke Girls ( 2012 ) The New Normal ( 2013 ) Super Fun Night ( 2014 ) Jane the Virgin ( 2015 ) Scream Queens ( 2016 ) Man with a Plan ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=8_Simple_Rules&oldid=805072909 '' Categories : 2000s American comedy television series 2002 American television series debuts 2005 American television series endings American Broadcasting Company network shows English - language television programs American television sitcoms Television series by ABC Studios Television shows set in Detroit Television series about families 8 Simple Rules TGIF ( ABC ) Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from December 2015 All articles needing additional references Use mdy dates from March 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Dansk Deutsch Español Français Italiano Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 12 October 2017 , at 21 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how did the dad die in eight simple rules | [
"Paul Hennessy, portrayed by John Ritter (2002–2003), is a former sports writer who worked from home as a Lifestyle columnist described as being \"the master of the double standard\" and a \"Psycho-Dad\", as well as a perceived hypocrite who often embarrasses his children, even if he wants what is best for them. Nonetheless, he loves his children, and wants them to have happy futures. Paul dies in the second season after collapsing in the store while buying milk. (Though no real reason is given for why he collapsed, it is believed that it had something to do with his heart, as was the reason for John Ritter's death.)"
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"no real reason is given for why he collapsed, it is believed that it had something to do with his heart, as was the reason for John Ritter's death"
] |
1727127565133187122 | Tennis Court Oath | Tennis Court oath - wikipedia Tennis Court oath For other uses , see Tennis Court Oath ( disambiguation ) . Drawing by Jacques - Louis David of the Tennis Court Oath . David later became a deputy in the National Convention in 1793 On 20 June 1789 , the members of the French Third Estate , who had begun to call themselves the National Assembly , took the Tennis Court Oath ( French : Serment du Jeu de Paume ) , vowing `` not to separate , and to reassemble wherever circumstances require , until the constitution of the kingdom is established '' . It was a pivotal event in the French Revolution . The Estates - General had been called to address the country 's fiscal and agricultural crisis , but immediately after convening in May 1789 , they had become bogged down in issues of representation -- particularly , whether they would vote by head ( which would increase the power of the Third Estate , as they outnumbered the other two estates hugely ) or by order . On 17 June , the Third Estate , led by the comte de Mirabeau , began to call themselves the National Assembly . On the morning of 20 June , the deputies were shocked to discover that the chamber door was locked and guarded by soldiers . Immediately fearing the worst and anxious that a royal attack by King Louis XVI was imminent , the deputies congregated in a nearby indoor jeu de paume court ( fr ) in the Saint - Louis district ( fr ) of the city of Versailles , near the Palace of Versailles . There , 576 of the 577 members from the Third Estate took a collective oath `` not to separate , and to reassemble wherever circumstances require , until the constitution of the kingdom is established '' . The only person who did not join was Joseph Martin - Dauch from Castelnaudary , who would only execute decisions made by the king . Contents 1 Background 2 Significance 3 References 4 External links Background ( edit ) Before the Revolution , French society -- aside from royalty -- was divided into three estates . The First Estate comprised the clergy ; the Second Estate was the nobility . The entire rest of France -- some 98 % of the population -- was the Third Estate , which ranged from very wealthy city merchants to impoverished rural farmers . The three estates met from time to time in the Estates General , a legislative assembly . Although the Third Estate was the overwhelming majority of the French population , the makeup of the Estates General was such that the Third Estate comprised a bare majority of the delegates . A simple majority was sufficient -- as long as the delegates ' votes were cast altogether . The First and Second Estates preferred to divide the vote in some way . A proposal might need to receive approval from each Estate , or there might be two `` houses '' of the Estates General ( one for the first two Estates , and one for the Third ) , and a bill would need to be passed by both houses . Either way , the First and Second Estates could exercise veto power over proposals enjoying widespread support among the Third Estate , such as reforms that threatened the privileges of the nobility and clergy . Significance ( edit ) This oath would come to have big significance in the revolution as the Third Estate would constantly continue to protest to have more representation . Some historians have argued that , given political tensions in France at that time , the deputies ' fears , even if wrong , were reasonable and that the importance of the oath goes above and beyond its context . The oath was both a revolutionary act , and an assertion that political authority derived from the people and their representatives rather than from the monarch himself . Their solidarity forced Louis XVI to order the clergy and the nobility to join with the Third Estate in the National Assembly in order to give the illusion that he controlled the National Assembly . This oath would prove vital to the Third Estate as a step of protest that would eventually lead to more power in the Estates General , and every governing body thereafter . The Oath signified for the first time that French citizens formally stood in opposition to Louis XVI , and the National Assembly 's refusal to back down forced the king to make concessions . It was foreshadowed by , and drew considerably from , the 1776 United States Declaration of Independence , especially the preamble . The Oath also inspired a wide variety of revolutionary activity in the months afterwards , ranging from rioting across the French countryside to renewed calls for a written French constitution . Likewise , it reinforced the Assembly 's strength and forced the King to formally request that voting occur based on head , not power . The Tennis Court Oath ( June 1789 ) preceded the abolition of feudalism ( 4 August 1789 ) and the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen ( 26 August 1789 ) . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Doyle , William ( 1990 ) . The Oxford History of the French Revolution . Oxford University Press . p. 105 . ISBN 978 - 0192852212 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Marshall Putnam ( 1914 ) . `` The Fifth Musketeer : The Marquis de la Fayette '' . Proceedings of the Bunker Hill Monument Association at the annual meeting . p. 50 . Retrieved 10 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Hanson , Paul R. ( 2004 ) . Historical Dictionary of the French Revolution . Lanham , MD : Scarecrow Press . ISBN 9780810850521 . Jump up ^ Estates - General in Encyclopædia Britannica Jump up ^ John D Ruddy ( 2015 - 01 - 12 ) , French Revolution in 9 Minutes , retrieved 2016 - 02 - 29 Jump up ^ Osen , James L. ( 1995 ) . Royalist Political Thought during the French Revolution . Westport , CT : Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 9780313294419 . Jump up ^ John D Ruddy ( 2015 - 01 - 12 ) , French Revolution in 9 Minutes , retrieved 2016 - 02 - 29 External links ( edit ) Media related to Tennis Court Oath at Wikimedia Commons French Revolution Causes Timeline Ancien Régime Revolution Constitutional monarchy Republic Directory Consulate Glossary Museum Significant civil and political events by year 1788 Day of the Tiles ( 7 Jun 1788 ) Assembly of Vizille ( 21 Jul 1788 ) 1789 What Is the Third Estate ? ( Jan 1789 ) Réveillon riots ( 28 Apr 1789 ) Convocation of the Estates - General ( 5 May 1789 ) National Assembly ( 17 Jun -- 9 Jul 1790 ) Tennis Court Oath ( 20 Jun 1789 ) National Constituent Assembly ( 9 Jul -- 30 Sep 1791 ) Storming of the Bastille ( 14 Jul 1789 ) Great Fear ( 20 Jul -- 5 Aug 1789 ) Abolition of Feudalism ( 4 - 11 Aug 1789 ) Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen ( 27 Aug 1789 ) Women 's March on Versailles ( 5 Oct 1789 ) 1790 Abolition of the Parlements ( Feb -- Jul 1790 ) Abolition of the Nobility ( 19 Jun 1790 ) Civil Constitution of the Clergy ( 12 Jul 1790 ) Fête de la Fédération ( 14 Jul 1790 ) 1791 Flight to Varennes ( 20 -- 21 Jun 1791 ) Champ de Mars Massacre ( 17 Jul 1791 ) Declaration of Pillnitz ( 27 Aug 1791 ) The Constitution of 1791 ( 3 Sep 1791 ) Legislative Assembly ( 1 Oct 1791 -- Sep 1792 ) 1792 France declares war ( 20 Apr 1792 ) Brunswick Manifesto ( 25 Jul 1792 ) Paris Commune becomes insurrectionary ( Jun 1792 ) 10th of August ( 10 Aug 1792 ) September Massacres ( Sep 1792 ) National Convention ( 20 Sep 1792 -- 26 Oct 1795 ) First republic declared ( 22 Sep 1792 ) 1793 Execution of Louis XVI ( 21 Jan 1793 ) Revolutionary Tribunal ( 9 Mar 1793 -- 31 May 1795 ) Reign of Terror ( 27 Jun 1793 -- 27 Jul 1794 ) Committee of Public Safety Committee of General Security Fall of the Girondists ( 2 Jun 1793 ) Assassination of Marat ( 13 Jul 1793 ) Levée en masse ( 23 Aug 1793 ) The Death of Marat ( painting ) Law of Suspects ( 17 Sep 1793 ) Marie Antoinette is guillotined ( 16 Oct 1793 ) Anti-clerical laws ( throughout the year ) 1794 Danton and Desmoulins guillotined ( 5 Apr 1794 ) Law of 22 Prairial ( 10 Jun 1794 ) Thermidorian Reaction ( 27 Jul 1794 ) Robespierre guillotined ( 28 Jul 1794 ) White Terror ( Fall 1794 ) Closing of the Jacobin Club ( 11 Nov 1794 ) 1795 Constitution of the Year III ( 22 Aug 1795 ) Conspiracy of the Equals ( Nov 1795 ) Directoire ( 1795 -- 99 ) Council of Five Hundred Council of Ancients 13 Vendémiaire 5 Oct 1795 1797 Coup of 18 Fructidor ( 4 Sep 1797 ) Second Congress of Rastatt ( Dec 1797 ) 1799 Coup of 30 Prairial VII ( 18 Jun 1799 ) Coup of 18 Brumaire ( 9 Nov 1799 ) Constitution of the Year VIII ( 24 Dec 1799 ) Consulate Revolutionary campaigns 1792 Verdun Thionville Valmy Royalist Revolts Chouannerie Vendée Dauphiné Lille Siege of Mainz Jemappes Namur ( fr ) 1793 First Coalition Siege of Toulon ( 18 Sep -- 18 Dec 1793 ) War in the Vendée Battle of Neerwinden ) Battle of Famars ( 23 May 1793 ) Expédition de Sardaigne ( 21 Dec 1792 - 25 May 1793 ) Battle of Kaiserslautern Siege of Mainz Battle of Wattignies Battle of Hondschoote Siege of Bellegarde Battle of Peyrestortes ( Pyrenees ) First Battle of Wissembourg ( 13 Oct 1793 ) Battle of Truillas ( Pyrenees ) Second Battle of Wissembourg ( 26 -- 27 Dec 1793 ) 1794 Battle of Villers - en - Cauchies ( 24 Apr 1794 ) Battle of Boulou ( Pyrenees ) ( 30 Apr -- 1 May 1794 ) Battle of Tournay ( 22 May 1794 ) Battle of Fleurus ( 26 Jun 1794 ) Chouannerie Battle of Tourcoing ( 18 May 1794 ) Battle of Aldenhoven ( 2 Oct 1794 ) 1795 Peace of Basel 1796 Battle of Lonato ( 3 -- 4 Aug 1796 ) Battle of Castiglione ( 5 Aug 1796 ) Battle of Theiningen Battle of Neresheim ( 11 Aug 1796 ) Battle of Amberg ( 24 Aug 1796 ) Battle of Würzburg ( 3 Sep 1796 ) Battle of Rovereto ( 4 Sep 1796 ) First Battle of Bassano ( 8 Sep 1796 ) Battle of Emmendingen ( 19 Oct 1796 ) Battle of Schliengen ( 26 Oct 1796 ) Second Battle of Bassano ( 6 Nov 1796 ) Battle of Calliano ( 6 -- 7 Nov 1796 ) Battle of the Bridge of Arcole ( 15 -- 17 Nov 1796 ) The Ireland Expedition ( Dec 1796 ) 1797 Naval Engagement off Brittany ( 13 Jan 1797 ) Battle of Rivoli ( 14 -- 15 Jan 1797 ) Battle of the Bay of Cádiz ( 25 Jan 1797 ) Treaty of Leoben ( 17 Apr 1797 ) Battle of Neuwied ( 18 Apr 1797 ) Treaty of Campo Formio ( 17 Oct 1797 ) 1798 French invasion of Switzerland ( 28 January -- 17 May 1798 ) French Invasion of Egypt ( 1798 -- 1801 ) Irish Rebellion of 1798 ( 23 May -- 23 Sep 1798 ) Quasi-War ( 1798 -- 1800 ) Peasants ' War ( 12 Oct -- 5 Dec 1798 ) 1799 Second Coalition ( 1798 -- 1802 ) Siege of Acre ( 20 Mar -- 21 May 1799 ) Battle of Ostrach ( 20 -- 21 Mar 1799 ) Battle of Stockach ( 25 Mar 1799 ) Battle of Magnano ( 5 Apr 1799 ) Battle of Cassano ( 27 Apr 1799 ) First Battle of Zurich ( 4 -- 7 Jun 1799 ) Battle of Trebbia ( 19 Jun 1799 ) Battle of Novi ( 15 Aug 1799 ) Second Battle of Zurich ( 25 -- 26 Sep 1799 ) 1800 Battle of Marengo ( 14 Jun 1800 ) Battle of Hohenlinden ( 3 Dec 1800 ) League of Armed Neutrality ( 1800 -- 02 ) 1801 Treaty of Lunéville ( 9 Feb 1801 ) Treaty of Florence ( 18 Mar 1801 ) Algeciras Campaign ( 8 Jul 1801 ) 1802 Treaty of Amiens ( 25 Mar 1802 ) Military leaders French Army Eustache Charles d'Aoust Pierre Augereau Alexandre de Beauharnais Jean - Baptiste Bernadotte Louis - Alexandre Berthier Jean - Baptiste Bessières Guillaume - Marie - Anne Brune Jean François Carteaux Jean Étienne Championnet Chapuis de Tourville Adam Philippe , Comte de Custine Louis - Nicolas Davout Louis Desaix Jacques François Dugommier Thomas - Alexandre Dumas Charles François Dumouriez Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino Louis - Charles de Flers Paul Grenier Emmanuel de Grouchy Jacques Maurice Hatry Lazare Hoche Jean - Baptiste Jourdan François Christophe de Kellermann Jean - Baptiste Kléber Pierre Choderlos de Laclos Jean Lannes Charles Leclerc Claude Lecourbe François Joseph Lefebvre Jacques MacDonald Jean - Antoine Marbot Jean Baptiste de Marbot François Séverin Marceau - Desgraviers Auguste de Marmont André Masséna Bon - Adrien Jeannot de Moncey Jean Victor Marie Moreau Édouard Mortier , duc de Trévise Joachim Murat Michel Ney Pierre - Jacques Osten ( fr ) Nicolas Oudinot Catherine - Dominique de Pérignon Jean - Charles Pichegru Józef Poniatowski Laurent de Gouvion Saint - Cyr Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer Jean - Mathieu - Philibert Sérurier Joseph Souham Jean - de-Dieu Soult Louis - Gabriel Suchet Belgrand de Vaubois Claude Victor - Perrin , Duc de Belluno French Navy Charles - Alexandre Linois Opposition Austria József Alvinczi Archduke Charles , Duke of Teschen Count of Clerfayt ( Walloon ) Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze ( Swiss ) Friedrich Adolf , Count von Kalckreuth Pál Kray ( Hungarian ) Charles Eugene , Prince of Lambesc ( French ) Maximilian Baillet de Latour ( Walloon ) Karl Mack von Leiberich Rudolf Ritter von Otto ( Saxon ) Prince Josias of Saxe - Coburg - Saalfeld Peter Vitus von Quosdanovich Prince Heinrich XV of Reuss - Plauen Johann Mészáros von Szoboszló ( Hungarian ) Karl Philipp Sebottendorf Dagobert von Wurmser Britain Sir Ralph Abercromby Admiral Sir James Saumarez Admiral Sir Edward Pellew Prince Frederick , Duke of York and Albany Dutch Republic William V , Prince of Orange Prussia Charles William Ferdinand , Duke of Brunswick - Wolfenbüttel Frederick Louis , Prince of Hohenlohe - Ingelfingen Russia Alexander Korsakov Alexander Suvorov Spain Luis Firmin de Carvajal Antonio Ricardos Other significant figures and factions Society of 1789 Jean Sylvain Bailly Gilbert du Motier , Marquis de Lafayette François Alexandre Frédéric , duc de la Rochefoucauld - Liancourt Isaac René Guy le Chapelier Honoré Gabriel Riqueti , comte de Mirabeau Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès Charles - Maurice de Talleyrand - Périgord Nicolas de Condorcet Feuillants and monarchiens Madame de Lamballe Madame du Barry Louis de Breteuil Loménie de Brienne Charles Alexandre de Calonne de Chateaubriand Jean Chouan Grace Elliott Arnaud de La Porte Jean - Sifrein Maury Jacques Necker François - Marie , marquis de Barthélemy Guillaume - Mathieu Dumas Antoine Barnave Lafayette Alexandre - Théodore - Victor , comte de Lameth Charles Malo François Lameth André Chénier Jean - François Rewbell Camille Jordan Madame de Staël Boissy d'Anglas Jean - Charles Pichegru Pierre Paul Royer - Collard Girondists Jacques Pierre Brissot Roland de La Platière Madame Roland Father Henri Grégoire Étienne Clavière Marquis de Condorcet Charlotte Corday Marie Jean Hérault Jean Baptiste Treilhard Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve Jean Debry Jean - Jacques Duval d'Eprémesnil Olympe de Gouges Jean - Baptiste Robert Lindet Louis Marie de La Révellière - Lépeaux The Plain Abbé Sieyès de Cambacérès Charles François Lebrun Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot Philippe Égalité Louis Philippe I Mirabeau Antoine Christophe Merlin de Thionville Jean Joseph Mounier Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours François de Neufchâteau Montagnards Maximilien Robespierre Georges Danton Jean - Paul Marat Camille Desmoulins Louis Antoine de Saint - Just Paul Nicolas , vicomte de Barras Louis Philippe I Louis Michel le Peletier de Saint - Fargeau Jacques - Louis David Marquis de Sade Georges Couthon Roger Ducos Jean - Marie Collot d'Herbois Jean - Henri Voulland Philippe - Antoine Merlin de Douai Antoine Quentin Fouquier - Tinville Philippe - François - Joseph Le Bas Marc - Guillaume Alexis Vadier Jean - Pierre - André Amar Prieur de la Côte - d'Or Prieur de la Marne Gilbert Romme Jean Bon Saint - André Jean - Lambert Tallien Pierre Louis Prieur Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac Antoine Christophe Saliceti Hébertists and Enragés Jacques Hébert Jacques Nicolas Billaud - Varenne Pierre Gaspard Chaumette Charles - Philippe Ronsin Antoine - François Momoro François - Nicolas Vincent François Chabot Jean Baptiste Noël Bouchotte Jean - Baptiste - Joseph Gobel François Hanriot Jacques Roux Stanislas - Marie Maillard Charles - Philippe Ronsin Jean - François Varlet Theophile Leclerc Claire Lacombe Pauline Léon Gracchus Babeuf Sylvain Maréchal Others Charles X Louis XVI Louis XVII Louis XVIII Louis Antoine , Duke of Enghien Louis Henri , Prince of Condé Louis Joseph , Prince of Condé Marie Antoinette Napoléon Bonaparte Lucien Bonaparte Joseph Bonaparte Joseph Fesch Joséphine de Beauharnais Joachim Murat Jean Sylvain Bailly Jacques - Donatien Le Ray Guillaume - Chrétien de Malesherbes Talleyrand Thérésa Tallien Gui - Jean - Baptiste Target Catherine Théot List of people associated with the French Revolution Influential thinkers Les Lumières Beaumarchais Edmund Burke Anacharsis Cloots Charles - Augustin de Coulomb Pierre Claude François Daunou Diderot Benjamin Franklin Thomas Jefferson Antoine Lavoisier Montesquieu Thomas Paine Jean - Jacques Rousseau Abbé Sieyès Voltaire Mary Wollstonecraft Cultural impact La Marseillaise French Tricolour Liberté , égalité , fraternité Marianne Bastille Day Panthéon French Republican Calendar Cult of the Supreme Being Cult of Reason Temple of Reason Sans - culottes Metric system Phrygian cap Women in the French Revolution Symbolism in the French Revolution Historiography of the French Revolution Influence of the French Revolution Coordinates : 48 ° 48 ′ 04 '' N 2 ° 07 ′ 26 '' E / 48.8010 ° N 2.1239 ° E / 48.8010 ; 2.1239 BNF : cb15093223n ( data ) LCCN : sh85133905 SUDOC : 10881257X Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tennis_Court_Oath&oldid=853980244 '' Categories : 1789 events of the French Revolution 18th century in Paris Oaths Hidden categories : Articles with inconsistent citation formats Use dmy dates from May 2011 Articles containing French - language text Interlanguage link template link number All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2012 Coordinates not on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara Français 한국어 Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ქართული Lëtzebuergesch Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Русский සිංහල Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська 中文 Lingua Franca Nova 23 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 August 2018 , at 04 : 41 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who was involved in the tennis court oath | [
"On 20 June 1789, the members of the French Third Estate, who had begun to call themselves the National Assembly, took the Tennis Court Oath (French: Serment du Jeu de Paume), vowing \"not to separate, and to reassemble wherever circumstances require, until the constitution of the kingdom is established\". It was a pivotal event in the French Revolution.\n"
] | [
"the members of the French Third Estate"
] |
-3120084217205629420 | Mama (Jonas Blue song) | Mama ( Jonas Blue song ) - wikipedia Mama ( Jonas Blue song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Mama '' Single by Jonas Blue featuring William Singe from the album Jonas Blue : Electronic Nature -- The Mix 2017 Released 5 May 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 05 ) Format Digital download Genre Tropical house Length 3 : 04 Label Jonas Blue Music Songwriter ( s ) Jonas Blue Ed Drewett Sam Romans Producer ( s ) Jonas Blue Jonas Blue singles chronology `` By Your Side '' ( 2016 ) `` Mama '' ( 2017 ) `` We Could Go Back '' ( 2017 ) `` By Your Side '' ( 2016 ) `` Mama '' ( 2017 ) `` We Could Go Back '' ( 2017 ) William Singe singles chronology `` Rush '' ( 2017 ) Rush 2017 `` Mama '' ( 2017 ) Mama2017 Music video `` Mama '' on YouTube `` Mama '' is a song by British DJ and record producer Jonas Blue , featuring Australian singer William Singe . It was released on 5 May 2017 via Blue 's record label Jonas Blue Music . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Use in media 3 Track listing 4 Charts 5 Certifications 6 Release history 7 References 8 External links Background ( edit ) Speaking about the song , Jonas said `` ' Mama ' is a song about that period of your life when you 're young and carefree , without stress , bills and problems and all you care about is having a good time with your friends every day and night ! '' Use in media ( edit ) This song is using to identify the IPBC 's channel KAN 11 in its ident in Israel . Track listing ( edit ) Digital download No . Title Length 1 . `` Mama '' ( featuring William Singe ) 3 : 04 Digital download -- Extended Mix No . Title Length 1 . `` Mama '' ( featuring William Singe ) 3 : 04 2 . `` Mama '' ( featuring William Singe ) ( Extended Mix ) 4 : 28 Digital download -- Remixes EP No . Title Length 1 . `` Mama '' ( featuring William Singe ) ( Club Mix ) 4 : 29 2 . `` Mama '' ( featuring William Singe ) ( Syn Cole Remix ) 2 : 59 3 . `` Mama '' ( featuring William Singe ) ( Dzeko Remix ) 2 : 57 4 . `` Mama '' ( featuring William Singe ) ( Perplexus Remix ) 3 : 24 5 . `` Mama '' ( featuring William Singe ) ( Pola & Bryson Remix ) 3 : 48 Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 7 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 5 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 7 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 45 Colombia ( National - Report ) 86 Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) 7 Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 5 Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 14 France ( SNEP ) 16 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 5 Hungary ( Dance Top 40 ) 29 Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) 6 Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) 26 Hungary ( Stream Top 40 ) 5 Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) 34 Latvia ( Latvijas Top 40 ) 12 Lebanon ( Lebanese Top 20 ) 13 Malaysia ( RIM ) 8 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Mega Top 50 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 5 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 8 Norway ( VG - lista ) 9 Philippines ( Philippine Hot 100 ) 13 Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) 9 Portugal ( AFP ) 8 Russia Airplay ( Tophit ) 8 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 5 Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) 7 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 26 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 6 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 6 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles ( Billboard ) US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) 9 US Hot Dance / Electronic Songs ( Billboard ) 10 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 32 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 2 × Platinum 140,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Gold 15,000 Belgium ( BEA ) Platinum 30,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) Platinum 80,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Gold 30,000 France ( SNEP ) Platinum 150,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Platinum 400,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Platinum 50,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Platinum 30,000 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Platinum 40,000 Sweden ( GLF ) 2 × Platinum 80,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 600,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 500,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Region Date Format Label Ref . Various 5 May 2017 Digital download Jonas Blue Music United States 11 July 2017 Contemporary hit radio Capitol Various 21 July 2017 Digital download ( Remixes ) Jonas Blue Music References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ABS - CBN News ( 11 May 2017 ) . `` Jonas Blue , ' Perfect Strangers ' hitmaker , unveils catchy new track '' . ABS - CBN News . Retrieved 14 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Katrina Rees ( 5 May 2017 ) . `` Jonas Blue releases new single ' Mama ' featuring William Singe '' . CelebMix . Retrieved 14 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mama ( feat . William Singe ) -- Single by Jonas Blue on Apple Music '' . iTunes Store . Retrieved 14 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mama ( Remixes ) ( feat . William Singe ) - EP by Jonas Blue on Apple Music '' . iTunes Store . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Jonas Blue feat . William Singe -- Mama '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved 1 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Jonas Blue feat . William Singe -- Mama '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 26 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Jonas Blue feat . William Singe -- Mama '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 4 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Jonas Blue feat . William Singe -- Mama '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 18 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jonas Blue Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' Billboard . Retrieved 18 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Colombia - Semana 30 del 2017 - Del 20 / 07 / 2017 al 26 / 07 / 2017 '' ( in Spanish ) . National - Report . 28 July 2017 . Retrieved 28 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201739 into search . Retrieved 2 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201732 into search . Retrieved 16 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Jonas Blue feat . William Singe -- Mama '' . Tracklisten . Retrieved 26 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jonas Blue : Mama ( Feat . William Singe ) '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved 11 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Jonas Blue feat . William Singe -- Mama '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved 12 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Jonas Blue feat . William Singe -- Mama '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 7 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Dance Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved 16 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Rádiós Top 40 játszási lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved 17 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved 16 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Stream Top 40 slágerlista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved 25 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Jonas Blue '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 24 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Jonas Blue feat . William Singe -- Mama '' . Top Digital Download . Retrieved 9 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Latvijas Top 40 '' . Latvijas Radio . 3 July 2017 . Retrieved 3 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jonas Blue - Lebanese Chart Top 20 History '' . The Official Lebanese Top 20 . 13 August 2017 . Retrieved 14 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Most Streamed International & Domestic Singles in Malaysia '' ( PDF ) . Recording Industry Association of Malaysia . Retrieved 28 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 33 , 2017 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Retrieved 18 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lijst van 05 - 08 - 2017 - MEGA TOP 50 '' ( in Dutch ) . Mega Top 50 Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Jonas Blue feat . William Singe -- Mama '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 18 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Jonas Blue feat . William Singe -- Mama '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 4 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Jonas Blue feat . William Singe -- Mama '' . VG - lista . Retrieved 15 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BillboardPH Hot 100 '' . Billboard Philippines . 26 June 2017 . Retrieved 26 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved 8 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com -- Jonas Blue feat . William Singe -- Mama '' . AFP Top 100 Singles . Retrieved 17 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Russia Top 100 Airplay Chart ( week 25 ) '' . Tophit . Retrieved 28 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 1 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201737 into search . Retrieved 26 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201728 into search . Retrieved 18 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 -- Slovenian official singles chart '' . slotop50.si . Retrieved 23 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Canciones -- Semana 34 : del 18.08. 2017 al 24.08. 2017 '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . Productores de Música de España . Retrieved 30 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Jonas Blue feat . William Singe -- Mama '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved 7 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Jonas Blue feat . William Singe -- Mama '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 24 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 8 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jonas Blue Chart History ( Bubbling Under Hot 100 ) '' Billboard . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jonas Blue Chart History ( Dance Club Songs ) '' Billboard . Retrieved 15 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jonas Blue Chart History ( Hot Dance / Electronic Songs ) '' Billboard . Retrieved 15 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jonas Blue Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' Billboard . Retrieved 12 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Australian Top 50 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . 28 August 2017 . Retrieved 26 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Austrian single certifications -- Jonas Blue -- Mama '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Retrieved 31 October 2017 . Enter Jonas Blue in the field Interpret . Enter Mama in the field Titel . Select single in the field Format . Click Suchen Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- 2017 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved 14 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Jonas Blue -- Mama '' . Music Canada . Retrieved 17 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Danish single certifications -- Jonas Blue feat . William Singe -- Mama '' . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved 26 July 2017 . Click on næste to go to page 30 if certification from official website Jump up ^ `` French single certifications -- Jonas Blue feat . William Singe -- Mama '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved 20 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Jonas Blue feat . William Singe ; ' Mama ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved 27 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Jonas Blue feat . William Singe -- Mama '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Jonas Blue feat . William Singe -- Mama '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved 21 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spanish single certifications -- Jonas Blue feat . William Singe -- Mama '' elportaldemusica.es . Retrieved 6 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat '' ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sweden . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . Type Jonas Blue feat . William Singe in the top right search bar . Click on `` Sok '' and select Mama and see certification . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Jonas Blue feat . William Singe -- Mama '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 11 August 2017 . Enter Mama in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Jonas Blue -- Mama '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 13 October 2017 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Top 40 / M Future Releases - Mainstream Hit Songs Being Released and Their Release Dates '' . AllAccess Music Group . 20 June 2017 . Retrieved 20 June 2017 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mama_(Jonas_Blue_song)&oldid=810651463 '' Categories : 2017 singles 2017 songs Tropical house songs UK Dance Singles Chart number - one singles Songs written by Ed Drewett Songs written by Romans ( musician ) Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Hungarydance Singlechart usages for Hungary Singlechart usages for Hungarysingle Singlechart usages for Hungarystream Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Poland Singlechart usages for Portugal Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardbubbling100 Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceelectronic Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Spain Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Eesti Español Nederlands Scots Edit links This page was last edited on 16 November 2017 , at 16 : 11 . About Wikipedia | what is the song mama by jonas blue about | [
"Speaking about the song, Jonas said \"'Mama' is a song about that period of your life when you're young and carefree, without stress, bills and problems and all you care about is having a good time with your friends every day and night!\"[2]"
] | [
"that period of your life when you're young and carefree, without stress, bills and problems and all you care about is having a good time with your friends every day and night"
] |
1948338007274829834 | James Truslow Adams | James Truslow Adams - wikipedia James Truslow Adams Jump to : navigation , search For other people named James Adams , see James Adams ( disambiguation ) . James Truslow Adams ( 1878 - 10 - 18 ) October 18 , 1878 Brooklyn , New York May 18 , 1949 ( 1949 - 05 - 18 ) ( aged 70 ) Southport , Connecticut Nationality American Education Bachelor 's degree , MA degree Alma mater New York University ( then Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn ) ( Bachelor 's ) Yale University ( MA ) Period 1921 -- 1933 Subject History , biographies Notable works The March of Democracy Notable awards Pulitzer Prize for History 1921 The Founding of New England James Truslow Adams ( October 18 , 1878 -- May 18 , 1949 ) was an American writer and historian . He was a freelance author who helped to popularize the latest scholarship about American history and his three - volume history of New England is well regarded by scholars . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Writer 2.1 American Dream 2.2 Two educations 3 Death 4 Honors 5 Bibliography 6 References 7 Sources 8 External links Early life ( edit ) Adams was born in Brooklyn , New York , to a wealthy family , the son of Elizabeth Harper ( née Truslow ) and William Newton Adams , Jr . His father had been born in Caracas , Venezuela . His paternal grandfather William Newton Adams Sr. was American with roots in Virginia and his paternal grandmother Carmen Michelena de Salias was a Venezuelan of Spanish ( Basque ) descent . Adams took his bachelor 's degree from the New York University Tandon School of Engineering ( then Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn ) in 1898 , and a MA degree from Yale University in 1900 . He entered investment banking , rising to partner in a New York Stock Exchange member firm . In 1912 , he considered his savings ample enough to switch to a career as a writer . In 1917 , he served with Colonel House on President Wilson 's commission , `` The Inquiry '' , to prepare data for the Paris Peace Conference . By 1918 , he was a captain in the Military Intelligence Division of the General Staff of the U.S. Army . By late 1918 , he was selected for the U.S. delegation to the Paris Peace Conference . His main task consisted in the provision of maps and the selection of plans and atlases that should be acquired by the War College , the American Geographical Society , and the Library of Congress . Writer ( edit ) Adams gained national attention with his trilogy on the history of New England ( 1921 -- 26 ) , winning the Pulitzer Prize for the first volume . Scholars welcomed his social history of the colonial era , Provincial Society , 1690 - 1763 ( 1927 ) . He wrote popular books and magazine articles in a steady stream . His Epic of America was an international bestseller , and was included in Life Magazine 's list of the 100 outstanding books of 1924 - 1944 . He was also the editor of a scholarly multi-volume Dictionary of American History . Adams was the editor , with Roy V. Coleman as managing editor , of The Atlas of American History ( New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons , 1943 ) , and The Album of American History , 4 vols . ( New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons , 1944 ) . American Dream ( edit ) Adams coined the term `` American Dream '' in his 1931 book The Epic of America . His American Dream is `` that dream of a land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone , with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement . It is a difficult dream for the European upper classes to interpret adequately , and too many of us ourselves have grown weary and mistrustful of it . It is not a dream of motor cars and high wages merely , but a dream of social order in which each man and each woman shall be able to attain to the fullest stature of which they are innately capable , and be recognized by others for what they are , regardless of the fortuitous circumstances of birth or position . '' However , Adams felt the American Dream was in peril during the 1920s and 30s . He complained that `` money making and material improvements ... mere extensions of the material basis of existence , '' had gained ascendancy , becoming `` goods in themselves ... ( mimicking ) the aspects of moral virtues . '' The original American Dream had always been about `` quality and spiritual values '' : `` The American dream that has lured tens of millions of all nations to our shores in the past century has not been a dream of merely material plenty , although that has doubtless counted heavily . It has been much more than that . '' He warned that `` in our struggle to ' make a living ' '' we were neglecting `` to live . '' The Epic of America was his attempt save a `` priceless heritage , '' and sustain the distinctly American understanding of progress in humane and moral terms . The true American Dream was of `` a genuine individual search and striving for the abiding values of life , '' and for the `` common man to rise to full stature '' in the free realms of `` communal spiritual and intellectual life . '' Two educations ( edit ) A quote from one of Adams ' essays `` There are obviously two educations . One should teach us how to make a living and the other how to live '' is widely misattributed to John Adams . The quote is part of an essay by Adams entitled ' To `` Be '' or to `` Do '' : A Note on American Education ' which appeared in the June , 1929 issue of Forum . The essay is very critical of American education , both in school and at the university level , and explores the role of American culture and class - consciousness in forming that system of education . In a more complete version of that quote , Adams says : `` There are obviously two educations . One should teach us how to make a living and the other how to live . Surely these should never be confused in the mind of any man who has the slightest inkling of what culture is . For most of us it is essential that we should make a living ... In the complications of modern life and with our increased accumulation of knowledge , it doubtless helps greatly to compress some years of experience into far fewer years by studying for a particular trade or profession in an institution ; but that fact should not blind us to another -- namely , that in so doing we are learning a trade or a profession , but are not getting a liberal education as human beings . '' Death ( edit ) Adams lived in Southport , Connecticut , where he died of a heart attack . Honors ( edit ) After 1930 , Adams was active in the American Academy of Arts and Letters serving as both chancellor and treasurer of that organization . He was also a member of the National Institute of Arts and Letters , the Massachusetts Historical Society , American Antiquarian Society , American Historical Association , and the American Philosophical Society . Among British societies , he was honored as a fellow of the Royal Society of Literature . Bibliography ( edit ) James Truslow Adams ( 1921 ) . The Founding of New England . Atlantic Monthly Press . pp. 3 -- . ; Pulitzer Prize for History Revolutionary New England ( 1923 ) ; James Truslow Adams ( 1 November 2001 ) . reprint . Simon Publications LLC . ISBN 978 - 1 - 931541 - 57 - 2 . New England in the Republic , 1776 - 1850 ( 1926 ) Provincial Society , 1690 - 1763 ( 1927 ) Our Business Civilization : Some Aspects of American Culture ( 1929 ) The Adams Family ( 1930 ) ; Kessinger Publishing , 2005 , ISBN 9780766197749 The Epic of America ( 1931 ) ; Simon Publications 2001 paperback : ISBN 1 - 931541 - 33 - 7 ; reprint . Transaction Publishers . 1 May 2012 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4128 - 4701 - 8 . The March of Democracy ( 2 vols. 1932 - 1933 ) Justice Without ( 1933 ) Henry Adams ( 1933 ) The Record of America ( 1935 ) Building the British Empire : To the End of the First Empire ( 1938 ) James Truslow Adams : Select Correspondence . Transaction Publishers . 1 June 2012 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4128 - 4697 - 4 . Adams wrote 21 monographs between 1916 and 1945 . He was also editor in chief of the Dictionary of American History , The Atlas of American History , and other volumes . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Brennan , Elizabeth A. ; Clarage , Elizabeth C. ( 1999 - 01 - 01 ) . Who 's who of Pulitzer Prize Winners . Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 9781573561112 . Jump up ^ Clyde N. Wilson , Twentieth - Century American Historians ( Gale : 1983 , Dictionary of Literary Biography , volume 17 ) pp 3 - 8 ^ Jump up to : Who Was Who in American History - the Military . Chicago : Marquis Who 's Who . 1975 . p. 2 . ISBN 0837932017 . Jump up ^ James Truslow Adams : Select Correspondence James Truslow Adams Jump up ^ `` James Truslow Adams : historian of the American dream - Allan Nevins - Google Books '' . Books.google.ca . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Opinions and attitudes in the twentieth century - Google Books '' . Books.google.ca . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` The New England Historical and Genealogical Register - Google Books '' . Books.google.ca . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ Canby , Henry Seidel . ' `` The 100 Outstanding Books of 1924 - 1944 '' . Life Magazine , 14 August 1944 . Chosen in collaboration with the magazine 's editors . Jump up ^ James Truslow Adams , ed. , and Roy V. Coleman , managing ed. , Dictionary of American History , 5 vols . ( New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons , 1940 ) ; 2nd , revised edition in 6 vols. ( 1942 ) . Jump up ^ Clyde N. Wilson , Twentieth - Century American Historians ( Gale : 1983 , Dictionary of Literary Biography , volume 17 ) pp. 3 - 8 Jump up ^ Adams , James Truslow ( 2012 - 05 - 01 ) . The Epic of America . Transaction Publishers . p. xii . ISBN 9781412847018 . Jump up ^ Cullen , Jim ( 2004 - 01 - 01 ) . The American Dream : A Short History of an Idea that Shaped a Nation . Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780195173253 . Jump up ^ James Truslow Adams , The Epic of America ( 1931 ; repr. , New York : Blue Ribbon Books , 1941 ) , 405 , 406 , 412 , 415 ( italics in original ) . For a discussion of Adams as the originator of the term American Dream , see James Cullen , The American Dream : A Short History of an Idea That Shaped a Nation ( New York : Oxford University Press , 2003 ) , 7 , 191 . See also Benjamin Hunnicutt , Free Time : The Forgotten American Dream , ( Philadelphia , Temple Press , 2013 ) . Jump up ^ Fischer , Heinz Dietrich ; Fischer , Erika J. ( 2002 - 01 - 01 ) . Complete Biographical Encyclopedia of Pulitzer Prize Winners , 1917 - 2000 : Journalists , Writers and Composers on Their Ways to the Coveted Awards . Walter de Gruyter . p. 2 . ISBN 9783598301865 . Jump up ^ Adams , James Truslow ( 2012 - 06 - 01 ) . James Truslow Adams : Select Correspondence . Transaction Publishers . p. 65 . ISBN 9781412846974 . Jump up ^ James Truslow Adams ( 1949 - 01 - 01 ) . The Founding Of New England . An Atlantic Monthly Press Book . Jump up ^ Adams , James Truslow ( 1927 - 01 - 01 ) . Revolutionary New England , 1691 - 1776 . Boston : Little , Brown . Jump up ^ Adams , James Truslow ( 1926 - 01 - 01 ) . New England in the republic , 1776 - 1850 . Little , Brown , and Company . Jump up ^ Crane , Verner W. ( 1929 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Review of Provincial Society , 1690 - 1763. , ; A History of American Life : Volume III Provincial Society , 1690 - 1763 '' . Political Science Quarterly . 44 ( 4 ) : 621 -- 623 . doi : 10.2307 / 2143031 . JSTOR 2143031 . Jump up ^ Adams , James Truslow ( 1929 - 01 - 01 ) . Our business civilization ; some aspects of American culture . New York : A. & C. Boni . Jump up ^ Adams , James Truslow ( 2005 - 01 - 01 ) . The Adams Family . Kessinger Publishing . ISBN 9780766197749 . Jump up ^ Adams , James Truslow ( 1932 - 01 - 01 ) . The march of democracy . C. Scribner 's Sons . Jump up ^ Adams , James Truslow ( 1933 - 01 - 01 ) . Henry Adams . A. & C. Boni , inc . ISBN 9781125146606 . Jump up ^ Adams , James Truslow ( 1938 - 01 - 01 ) . Building The British Empire : To The End Of The First Empire ( First ed . ) . Charles Scribner 's Sons . ISBN 9781125808375 . Sources ( edit ) McCracken , M.J. , comp . `` Another Bibliography of James Truslow Adams . '' Bulletin of Bibliography 15 ( May 1934 ) : 65 - 68 . Nevins , Allan . James Truslow Adams : Historian of the American Dream. ( 1968 ) Nenes , Allan ( ed . ) , James Truslow Adams : Select Correspondence . Piscataway , NJ : Transaction Publishers , 2012 . Porter , K.W. `` Negro in American Life : A Reply to J.T. Adams ' Interpretation in His Book The American . '' Journal of Negro History 29 ( April 1944 ) : 209 - 20 . Taylor , C. James . `` James Truslow Adams . '' In Dictionary of Literary Biography , vol. 17 : Twentieth - Century American Historians , 3 - 8 . Ed. by Clyde N. Wilson . Detroit , Mich. : Gale Research Company , 1983 . Who 's Who on the Web , s.v. `` Adams , James Truslow '' ( n.p. : Marquis Who 's Who , 2005 ) Library of Congress Website To `` Be '' or to `` DO '' by JAMES TRUSLOW ADAMS ; Forum ( 1886 - 1930 ) ; Jun 1929 ; VOL . LXXXI , NO . 6 , ; APS Online , pg. 321 External links ( edit ) Quotations related to James Truslow Adams at Wikiquote Works written by or about James Truslow Adams at Wikisource James Truslow Adams at Find a Grave ( hide ) Pulitzer Prize for History ( 1917 -- 1925 ) Jean Jules Jusserand ( 1917 ) James Ford Rhodes ( 1918 ) Justin H. Smith ( 1920 ) William Sowden Sims and Burton J. Hendrick ( 1921 ) James Truslow Adams ( 1922 ) Charles Warren ( 1923 ) Charles Howard McIlwain ( 1924 ) Frederic L. Paxson ( 1925 ) Complete list ( 1917 -- 1925 ) ( 1926 -- 1950 ) ( 1951 -- 1975 ) ( 1976 -- 2000 ) ( 2001 -- 2025 ) BNE : XX864613 BNF : cb12448333p ( data ) GND : 12031195X ISNI : 0000 0001 0928 7325 LCCN : n50036853 NDL : 00540266 NKC : jn19990000030 NLA : 35001106 ICCU : IT \ ICCU \ SBLV \ 008168 SNAC : w6pr8409 SUDOC : 033635420 VIAF : 100253866 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Truslow_Adams&oldid=843236933 '' Categories : 1878 births 1949 deaths American biographers Male biographers American historians Fellows of the Royal Society of Literature Members of the American Academy of Arts and Letters Writers from Brooklyn People from Southport , Connecticut Polytechnic Institute of New York University alumni Pulitzer Prize for History winners Writers from Connecticut Yale University alumni Burials at Green - Wood Cemetery American people of Basque descent American people of Venezuelan descent Hidden categories : Find a Grave template using Wikidata Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SBN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource تۆرکجه Deutsch فارسی Français Galego Italiano עברית Kiswahili മലയാളം Português کوردی 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 May 2018 , at 20 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was the phrase the american dream coined | [
"Adams coined the term \"American Dream\" in his 1931 book The Epic of America.[11] His American Dream is \"that dream of a land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement. It is a difficult dream for the European upper classes to interpret adequately, and too many of us ourselves have grown weary and mistrustful of it. It is not a dream of motor cars and high wages merely, but a dream of social order in which each man and each woman shall be able to attain to the fullest stature of which they are innately capable, and be recognized by others for what they are, regardless of the fortuitous circumstances of birth or position.\"[12]"
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"1931"
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-5167270820269508215 | Hurricane Edith (1971) | Hurricane Edith ( 1971 ) - wikipedia Hurricane Edith ( 1971 ) Jump to : navigation , search Hurricane Edith Category 5 major hurricane ( SSHWS / NWS ) Satellite image of Hurricane Edith on September 9 , 1971 Formed September 5 , 1971 Dissipated September 18 , 1971 Highest winds 1 - minute sustained : 160 mph ( 260 km / h ) Lowest pressure 943 mbar ( hPa ) ; 27.85 inHg Fatalities 37 direct Damage $25.4 million ( 1971 USD ) Areas affected Lesser Antilles , Northern Venezuela , Nicaragua , Honduras , Belize , Yucatán , Northeastern Mexico , Texas , Louisiana , Mississippi , Alabama , Florida , Georgia , Tennessee , North Carolina Part of the 1971 Atlantic hurricane season Hurricane Edith was the strongest hurricane to form during the 1971 Atlantic hurricane season and the southernmost landfalling Category 5 hurricane on record in the Atlantic until surpassed by Hurricane Felix of 2007 . Edith developed from a tropical wave on September 5 and quickly strengthened into a hurricane in the Caribbean Sea . Edith rapidly intensified on September 9 and made landfall on Cape Gracias a Dios as a Category 5 hurricane on the Saffir - Simpson Hurricane Scale . It quickly lost intensity over Central America and after briefly entering the Gulf of Honduras it crossed the Yucatán Peninsula in Mexico . After moving across the Gulf of Mexico a trough turned the storm to the northeast and Edith , after having restrengthened while accelerating towards the coast , made landfall on Louisiana with winds of 105 mph ( 170 km / h ) on September 16 . Edith steadily weakened over land and dissipated over Georgia on September 18 . The hurricane killed two people when it passed near Aruba . Striking northeastern Central America as a Category 5 hurricane , Edith destroyed hundreds of homes and killed at least 35 people . In Texas high tides caused coastal flooding but little damage . Edith caused moderate to heavy damage in portions of Louisiana due to flooding and a tornado outbreak from the storm . One tornado , rated F3 on the Fujita Scale , damaged several homes and injured multiple people in Baton Rouge . The tornado outbreak extended eastward into Florida , of which a few destroyed entire buildings . Damage in the United States totaled US $ 25 million ( 1971 dollars , $148 million in 2016 dollars ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Meteorological history 2 Preparations 3 Impact 3.1 Caribbean 3.2 United States 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Meteorological History ( edit ) Map plotting the track and intensity of the storm , according to the Saffir -- Simpson scale A tropical wave moved off the coast of Africa near Dakar on August 31 . It moved westward into the Intertropical Convergence Zone , and organized into a tropical disturbance on September 2 with a small , circular area of convection . The system moved to the west , and on September 3 , the convection diminished after moving west of 40 ° W. By the next day , the tropical disturbance was barely discernible from the clouds of the Intertropical Convergence Zone . The wave gradually became detached from the ITCZ , and based on a reconnaissance flight that confirmed the existence of a low - level circulation , it is estimated the system developed into a tropical depression on September 5 while located 255 miles ( 415 km ) east of Grenada . The depression moved westward quickly , and moved through the southern Lesser Antilles early on September 6 . The southern portion of the circulation passed over northeastern Venezuela , though after entering the Caribbean Sea , another reconnaissance flight was unable to confirm the existence of a low - level circulation . Shortly thereafter , while moving into an area of light wind shear , it was able to organize and strengthen further , and on September 7 the depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Edith near the island of Curaçao . While initially , a cold - core upper - level low persisted about 750 miles ( 1200 km ) northwest of the storm , Edith moved west - northwestward due to the influence of a narrow and persistent ridge of high pressure , which extended from the southwestern Atlantic Ocean to the Gulf of Mexico . As the storm continued into open waters of the Caribbean , the upper - level low gradually weakened and was replaced with an anticyclone . This allowed the storm to strengthen further , and on September 8 , Edith became a hurricane in the south - central Caribbean Sea . On September 9 , the storm rapidly intensified , and within 24 hours , Edith strengthened from a minimal hurricane to a powerful 160 mph ( 260 km / h ) Category 5 hurricane just off the coast of Nicaragua . The cause for the explosive deepening is unknown , though it is speculated that the transformation in the upper troposphere from an upper - level low to an anticyclone led to a release of baroclinic energy . Reconnaissance aircraft crews in the peak of the storm reported extreme turbulence , causing concern for the safety of the crews . At its peak intensity , the very well - defined `` pinhole '' eye was only 5 miles ( 8 km ) in diameter . Late on September 9 , Hurricane Edith made landfall on northeastern Nicaragua at Cabo Gracias a Dios . Radar image of Edith at peak intensity Hurricane Edith rapidly weakened over the mountainous terrain of northeastern Central America , and 18 hours after it made landfall , it emerged into the Gulf of Honduras as an 80 mph ( 130 km / h ) Category 1 hurricane . It continued to weaken as it moved northwestward , and made landfall near Belize City with tropical storm winds of 70 mph ( 115 km / h ) . Edith weakened further while crossing the Yucatán Peninsula , and emerged into the Gulf of Mexico near Campeche , Mexico late on September 11 as a minimal tropical storm . Edith initially failed to re-intensify as it moved northwestward , despite low amounts of wind shear and warm waters . This was because an anticyclone over the Gulf was closely connected with Hurricane Fern , which developed and moved over the northwestern portion of the Gulf of Mexico . The anticyclone resulted in an easterly upper - level flow across Edith , creating conditions not conducive for intensification . As Fern moved inland over Texas , the flow became more favorable around Edith , and 36 hours after entering the Gulf of Mexico , the storm began to reintensify slightly . Edith continued moving to the west - northwest , heading towards the coast of Mexico , but early on September 14 , the storm stalled while located just off the coast of Tamaulipas . A mid-latitude trough of low pressure approached the storm , and caused Edith to turn to slowly drift towards the northeast . Located only miles from the Mexican coast , Edith again failed to strengthen until September 15 , when it accelerated northeastward and regained hurricane status . The hurricane turned to the east - northeast as it approached the coast of Louisiana , and made landfall on September 16 in a sparsely populated area 30 miles ( 48 km ) east of Cameron with winds of 105 mph ( 170 km / h ) , equivalent to a Category 2 hurricane in the Saffir - Simpson Hurricane Scale . Edith rapidly weakened over land , degenerating into a tropical storm over Louisiana , and into a tropical depression over Mississippi . It continued to the east - northeast , and dissipated over northwestern Georgia on September 18 . Preparations ( edit ) Fourteen hours prior to Edith making landfall in Central America , the National Hurricane Center warned citizens about the extreme danger of the approaching hurricane , and asked them to prepare for hurricane conditions . While the storm was located in the Gulf of Mexico , the National Hurricane Center issued a Hurricane Warning from Cameron to Morgan City , Louisiana eighteen hours before the hurricane made landfall . Edith later struck land in the middle portion of the warning area . In Belize , officials ordered the mandatory evacuation of low - lying areas , resulting in hundreds of residents leaving to the United States through the international airport . Officials sent police troops to maintain order and prevent looting . In the Gulf of Mexico , several oil facilities were closed or placed on automatic controls . Drilling rigs as far east as the coastal waters off of Mississippi were prepared to evacuate in the event Edith moved further east than anticipated . Additionally , thousands evacuated coastal areas of Louisiana prior to the arrival of the hurricane . Several shelters opened in coastal cities , and many people prepared for the hurricane by purchasing emergency supplies . Officials closed schools throughout much of southern Louisiana . Impact ( edit ) Caribbean ( edit ) Edith entering the Gulf of Honduras While passing through the southern Lesser Antilles , the tropical depression produced heavy rainfall and winds of around 35 mph ( 55 km / h ) . Edith produced tropical storm force winds in Aruba , and gusts reached 60 mph ( 95 km / h ) . Two fishermen were reported lost at sea and presumed dead as a result of Edith . Edith produced strong winds across northeastern Nicaragua and eastern Honduras , with Puerto Lempira reporting an unofficial sustained wind of 140 mph ( 225 km / h ) . Press reports indicated every house in the Cape Gracias area was destroyed or heavily damaged , leaving 7,000 homeless . The meteorological service in British Honduras stated there were 100 fatalities near Cape Gracias , though a later report indicated 35 people died in Nicaragua . There , damage was estimated at over US $380,000 ( 1971 dollars , $2.25 million in 2016 dollars ) . Three United States Air Force aircraft delivered food , medical supplies , and fuel to the hurricane victims of Nicaragua . In Honduras , the hurricane produced 15 foot ( 4.5 m ) tides and strong winds , while strong waves destroyed 40 fishing boats as well . While the hurricane reportedly destroyed entire villages , no deaths occurred in Honduras . Offshore islands in Belize reported winds of up to 60 mph ( 95 km / h ) . Edith produced flooding in a few towns in the southern portion of the country , with some buildings damaged . Heavy damage was reported near Monkey River Town . Impact in Mexico , if any , is unknown . United States ( edit ) Rainfall from Edith Two stations in Texas recorded sustained tropical force winds , and Galveston reported a peak wind gust of 53 mph ( 85 km / h ) . While moving past the state , Edith produced above normal tides of over 4 feet ( 1.2 m ) in locations , which flooded a portion of Highway 87 . The storm dropped light to moderate amounts of rainfall peaking at 3.5 inches ( 89 mm ) in Sabine Pass . The passage of Hurricane Edith resulted in downed trees and power lines , and damage totaling US $180,000 ( 1971 dollars , $900,000 in 2006 dollars ) . Off the coast of Louisiana , the hurricane wrecked three boats , but all the occupants were safely rescued . While making landfall in Louisiana , Edith resulted in above normal tides of up to 9.7 feet ( 2.9 m ) above normal at Cypremont Point near Morgan City . The highest winds reported by a land station were 69 mph ( 111 km / h ) at Cameron , where a wind gust of 96 mph ( 155 km / h ) was also reported . However , due to the lack of recording instruments near the hurricane 's landing point , whether higher winds occurred there is not known , although likely . Rainfall was moderate across Louisiana , including amounts of over 8 inches ( 200 mm ) in the southwestern portion of the state . A strong rainband well ahead of the hurricane , combined with the intrusion of dry air into the hurricane 's circulation , produced 16 tornadoes from Louisiana to Alabama . An F3 tornado touched down in the eastern residential suburbs of Baton Rouge , causing heavy property damage totaling $2.5 million ( 1971 dollars , $14.8 million in 2016 dollars ) along its intermittent 7 mile ( 11 km ) path . The tornado also injured three people . An F2 tornado in Tangipahoa Parish caused $250,000 in damage ( 1971 dollars , $1.48 million in 2016 dollars ) along its 4 mile ( 6 km ) path , while an F1 tornado in St. Martin Parish injured 6 people on its 3 mile ( 5 km ) path . The hurricane caused extensive damage to the sugar cane crop in southwestern Louisiana . About a month after Edith struck the United States , President Richard Nixon declared portions of Louisiana as a disaster area , which allocated relief funds to aid the affected citizens . In Mississippi , wind gusts peaked at 70 mph ( 112 km / h ) in Hattiesburg , with multiple locations reporting tropical - storm - force winds . Additionally , Edith produced moderate rainfall peaking at 6.15 inches ( 156 mm ) in Liberty . In Alabama , the storm caused light rains , moderate wind gusts , and a storm tide of 2.7 feet ( 0.8 m ) in Mobile . Edith spawned four tornadoes in Alabama , three of which were F2 tornadoes . Two touched down in Baldwin County ; one destroyed two homes and damaged several others , and the other destroyed two mobile homes , a few barns , and damaged ten houses . Two tornadoes also touched down in Washington County , one of which destroyed several small buildings and downed a few trees . In Florida , Edith produced slightly above - normal tides and light rain . It spawned a tornado in Pensacola , Florida , injuring one person and inflicting $25,000 in damage ( 1971 dollars , $125,000 in 2006 dollars ) . Damage throughout the United States totaled $25 million ( 1971 dollars , $148 million in 2016 dollars ) , primarily from crop damage in southwest Louisiana . No deaths were reported in the United States . See also ( edit ) Tropical cyclones portal Other storms of the same name List of Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes Hurricane Felix References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Robert H. Simpson ; John R. Hope ; Neil L. Frank ( April 1972 ) . `` Atlantic hurricane season of 1971 '' ( PDF ) . Monthly Weather Review . American Meteorological Society . 100 ( 4 ) : 256 -- 276 . Bibcode : 1972MWRv ... 100 ... 256S . doi : 10.1175 / 1520 - 0493 ( 1972 ) 100 < 0256 : AHSO > 2.3.CO ; 2 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2008 - 09 - 23 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : John Hope ( 1971 ) . `` Hurricane Edith Preliminary Report Page 1 '' . National Hurricane Center . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ John Hope ( 1971 ) . `` Hurricane Edith Preliminary Report Page 4 '' . National Hurricane Center . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ John Hope ( 1971 ) . `` Hurricane Edith Preliminary Report Page 2 '' . National Hurricane Center . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Staff Writer ( 1971 - 09 - 11 ) . `` Honduras town in hurricane path evacuated '' . United Press International . Jump up ^ Staff Writer ( 1971 - 09 - 16 ) . `` Thousands flee Hurricane Edith 's fury '' . Associated Press . Nashua Telegraph . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : John Hope ( 1971 ) . `` Hurricane Edith Preliminary Report Page 5 '' . National Hurricane Center . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ Organization of American States . `` Chapter 12 - Hurricane Hazards '' . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ Century-of-flying.net . `` World Aviation in 1971 '' . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ United Press International ( 1971 - 09 - 10 ) . `` Hurricane Edith Rips Honduras '' . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : United Press International ( 1971 - 09 - 16 ) . `` Hurricane Batters Louisiana '' . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : David Roth ( 2000 ) . `` Texas Hurricane History : Late 20th Century '' . National Weather Service . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ Lon Curtis ( 2004 ) . `` Mid-Level Dry Intrusions as a Factor in Tornado Outbreaks Associated with Landfalling Tropical Cyclones from the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico '' . Archived from the original on 2006 - 10 - 11 . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ National Climatic Data Center ( 1971 ) . `` Event Report for Louisiana '' . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ NCDC ( 1971 ) . `` Event Report for Louisiana ( 2 ) '' . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ NCDC ( 1971 ) . `` Event Report for Louisiana ( 3 ) '' . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ FEMA ( 2004 ) . `` Louisiana : Hurricane Edith '' . Archived from the original on 2006 - 10 - 02 . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ Birmingham , Alabama National Weather Service ( 2006 ) . `` Alabama Tornado Database : September '' . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ NCDC ( 1971 ) . `` Event Report for Florida '' . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 01 . External links ( edit ) Movie of a reconnaissance flight into Edith 1971 Monthly Weather Review Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes 1920s `` Cuba ( 1924 ) '' `` Okeechobee '' ( 1928 ) 1930s `` Bahamas '' ( 1932 ) `` Cuba ( 1932 ) '' `` Cuba -- Brownsville '' ( 1933 ) `` Tampico '' ( 1933 ) `` Labor Day '' ( 1935 ) `` New England '' ( 1938 ) 1950s Carol ( 1953 ) Janet ( 1955 ) 1960s Carla ( 1961 ) Hattie ( 1961 ) Beulah ( 1967 ) Camille ( 1969 ) 1970s Edith ( 1971 ) Anita ( 1977 ) David ( 1979 ) 1980s Allen ( 1980 ) Gilbert ( 1988 ) Hugo ( 1989 ) 1990s Andrew ( 1992 ) Mitch ( 1998 ) 2000s Isabel ( 2003 ) Ivan ( 2004 ) Emily ( 2005 ) Katrina ( 2005 ) Rita ( 2005 ) Wilma ( 2005 ) Dean ( 2007 ) Felix ( 2007 ) 2010s Matthew ( 2016 ) Irma ( 2017 ) Maria ( 2017 ) Book Category Tropical cyclones portal Tropical cyclones of the 1971 Atlantic hurricane season TS Arlene TD Two TD Three Two TD Three Beth TD Eight TS Chloe TS Doria TD Eleven TD Sixteen 5 Edith Fern Ginger TD Eighteen TD Nineteen TS Heidi Irene TS Janice TD Twenty - Two TS Kristy TS Laura Book Category Portal WikiProject Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hurricane_Edith_(1971)&oldid=805128429 '' Categories : 1971 Atlantic hurricane season Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes Hurricanes in Honduras Hurricanes in Belize Atlantic hurricanes in Mexico Hurricanes in Texas Hurricanes in Louisiana 1971 meteorology 1971 in Mexico 1971 natural disasters in the United States Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Featured articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Esperanto Français Simple English Suomi 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 October 2017 , at 07 : 15 . About Wikipedia | where did hurricane edith make landfall in 1971 | [
"Hurricane Edith was the strongest hurricane to form during the 1971 Atlantic hurricane season and the southernmost landfalling Category 5 hurricane on record in the Atlantic until surpassed by Hurricane Felix of 2007. Edith developed from a tropical wave on September 5 and quickly strengthened into a hurricane in the Caribbean Sea. Edith rapidly intensified on September 9 and made landfall on Cape Gracias a Dios as a Category 5 hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale. It quickly lost intensity over Central America and after briefly entering the Gulf of Honduras it crossed the Yucatán Peninsula in Mexico. After moving across the Gulf of Mexico a trough turned the storm to the northeast and Edith, after having restrengthened while accelerating towards the coast, made landfall on Louisiana with winds of 105 mph (170 km/h) on September 16. Edith steadily weakened over land and dissipated over Georgia on September 18."
] | [
"Cape Gracias a Dios"
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-2313691625057652029 | Bone marrow | Bone marrow - wikipedia Bone marrow For bone marrow as eaten by humans , see Bone marrow ( food ) . Bone Marrow Details System Immune system Identifiers Latin Medulla ossium MeSH D001853 TA A13. 1.01. 001 FMA 9608 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) Bone marrow is a semi-solid tissue which may be found within the spongy or cancellous portions of bones . In birds and mammals , bone marrow is the primary site of new blood cell production or hematopoiesis . It is composed of hematopoietic cells , marrow adipose tissue , and supportive stromal cells . In adult humans , bone marrow is primarily located in the ribs , vertebrae , sternum , and bones of the pelvis . On average , bone marrow constitutes 4 % of the total body mass of humans ; in an adult having 65 kilograms of mass ( 143 lb ) , bone marrow typically accounts for approximately 2.6 kilograms ( 5.7 lb ) . Human marrow produces approximately 500 billion blood cells per day , which join the systemic circulation via permeable vasculature sinusoids within the medullary cavity . All types of hematopoietic cells , including both myeloid and lymphoid lineages , are created in bone marrow ; however , lymphoid cells must migrate to other lymphoid organs ( e.g. thymus ) in order to complete maturation . Bone marrow transplants can be conducted to treat severe diseases of the bone marrow , including certain forms of cancer such as leukemia . Additionally , bone marrow stem cells have been successfully transformed into functional neural cells , and can also potentially be used to treat illnesses such as inflammatory bowel disease . Contents 1 Structure 1.1 Hematopoietic components 1.2 Stroma 2 Function 2.1 Mesenchymal stem cells 2.2 Bone marrow barrier 2.3 Lymphatic role 2.4 Compartmentalization 3 Society and culture 4 Clinical significance 4.1 Disease 4.2 Application of stem cells in therapeutics 4.3 Imaging 4.4 Histology 4.5 Donation and transplantation 4.5. 1 Harvesting 5 Fossil record 6 See also 7 References 8 External links 9 Further reading Structure ( edit ) The composition of marrow is dynamic , as the mixture of cellular and non-cellular components ( connective tissue ) shifts with age and in response to systemic factors . In humans , marrow is colloquially characterized as `` red '' or `` yellow '' marrow ( Latin : medulla ossium rubra , Latin : medulla ossium flava , respectively ) depending on the prevalence of hematopoetic cells vs fat cells . While the precise mechanisms underlying marrow regulation are not understood , compositional changes occur according to stereotypical patterns . For example , a newborn baby 's bones exclusively contain hematopoietically active `` red '' marrow , and there is a progressive conversion towards `` yellow '' marrow with age . In adults , red marrow is found mainly in the central skeleton , such as the pelvis , sternum , cranium , ribs , vertebrae and scapulae , and variably found in the proximal epiphyseal ends of long bones such as the femur and humerus . In circumstances of chronic hypoxia , the body can convert yellow marrow back to red marrow to increase blood cell production . Hematopoietic components ( edit ) Hematopoietic precursor cells : promyelocyte in the center , two metamyelocytes next to it and band cells from a bone marrow aspirate . At the cellular level , the main functional component of bone marrow includes the progenitor cells which are destined to mature into blood and lymphoid cells . Marrow contains hematopoietic stem cells which give rise to the three classes of blood cells that are found in circulation : white blood cells ( leukocytes ) , red blood cells ( erythrocytes ) , and platelets ( thrombocytes ) . Cellular constitution of the red bone marrow parenchyma Group Cell type Average fraction Reference range Myelopoietic cells Myeloblasts 0.9 % 0.2 -- 1.5 Promyelocytes 3.3 % 2.1 -- 4.1 Neutrophilic myelocytes 12.7 % 8.2 -- 15.7 Eosinophilic myelocytes 0.8 % 0.2 -- 1.3 Neutrophilic metamyelocytes 15.9 % 9.6 -- 24.6 Eosinophilic metamyelocytes 1.2 % 0.4 -- 2.2 Neutrophilic band cells 12.4 % 9.5 -- 15.3 Eosinophilic band cells 0.9 % 0.2 -- 2.4 Segmented neutrophils 7.4 % 6.0 -- 12.0 Segmented eosinophils 0.5 % 0.0 -- 1.3 Segmented basophils and mast cells 0.1 % 0.0 -- 0.2 Erythropoietic cells Pronormoblasts 0.6 % 0.2 -- 1.3 Basophilic normoblasts 1.4 % 0.5 -- 2.4 Polychromatic normoblasts 21.6 % 17.9 -- 29.2 Orthochromatic normoblast 2.0 % 0.4 -- 4.6 Other cell types Megakaryocytes < 0.1 % 0.0 - 0.4 Plasma cells 1.3 % 0.4 - 3.9 Reticular cells 0.3 % 0.0 - 0.9 Lymphocytes 16.2 % 11.1 - 23.2 Monocytes 0.3 % 0.0 - 0.8 Stroma ( edit ) The stroma of the bone marrow includes all tissue not directly involved in the marrow 's primary function of hematopoiesis . Stromal cells may be indirectly involved in hematopoiesis , providing a microenvironment that influences the function and differentiation of hematopoeietic cells . For instance , they generate colony stimulating factors , which have a significant effect on hematopoiesis . Cell types that constitute the bone marrow stroma include : fibroblasts ( reticular connective tissue ) macrophages , which contribute especially to red blood cell production , as they deliver iron for hemoglobin production . adipocytes ( fat cells ) osteoblasts ( synthesize bone ) osteoclasts ( resorb bone ) endothelial cells , which form the sinusoids . These derive from endothelial stem cells , which are also present in the bone marrow . Function ( edit ) Mesenchymal stem cells ( edit ) Main article : Mesenchymal stem cell The bone marrow stroma contains mesenchymal stem cells ( MSCs ) , also known as marrow stromal cells . These are multipotent stem cells that can differentiate into a variety of cell types . MSCs have been shown to differentiate , in vitro or in vivo , into osteoblasts , chondrocytes , myocytes , marrow adipocytes and beta - pancreatic islets cells . Bone marrow barrier ( edit ) The blood vessels of the bone marrow constitute a barrier , inhibiting immature blood cells from leaving the marrow . Only mature blood cells contain the membrane proteins , such as aquaporin and glycophorin , that are required to attach to and pass the blood vessel endothelium . Hematopoietic stem cells may also cross the bone marrow barrier , and may thus be harvested from blood . Lymphatic role ( edit ) The red bone marrow is a key element of the lymphatic system , being one of the primary lymphoid organs that generate lymphocytes from immature hematopoietic progenitor cells . The bone marrow and thymus constitute the primary lymphoid tissues involved in the production and early selection of lymphocytes . Furthermore , bone marrow performs a valve - like function to prevent the backflow of lymphatic fluid in the lymphatic system . Compartmentalization ( edit ) Biological compartmentalization is evident within the bone marrow , in that certain cell types tend to aggregate in specific areas . For instance , erythrocytes , macrophages , and their precursors tend to gather around blood vessels , while granulocytes gather at the borders of the bone marrow . Society and culture ( edit ) See also : Bone marrow ( food ) Animal bone marrow has been used in cuisine worldwide for millennia , such as the famed Milanese Ossobuco . Clinical significance ( edit ) Disease ( edit ) The normal bone marrow architecture can be damaged or displaced by aplastic anemia , malignancies such as multiple myeloma , or infections such as tuberculosis , leading to a decrease in the production of blood cells and blood platelets . The bone marrow can also be affected by various forms of leukemia , which attacks its hematologic progenitor cells . Furthermore , exposure to radiation or chemotherapy will kill many of the rapidly dividing cells of the bone marrow , and will therefore result in a depressed immune system . Many of the symptoms of radiation poisoning are due to damage sustained by the bone marrow cells . To diagnose diseases involving the bone marrow , a bone marrow aspiration is sometimes performed . This typically involves using a hollow needle to acquire a sample of red bone marrow from the crest of the ilium under general or local anesthesia . Application of stem cells in therapeutics ( edit ) Bone marrow derived stem cells have a wide array of application in regenerative medicine . Imaging ( edit ) Medical imaging may provide a limited amount of information regarding bone marrow . Plain film x-rays pass through soft tissues such as marrow and do not provide visualization , although any changes in the structure of the associated bone may be detected . CT imaging has somewhat better capacity for assessing the marrow cavity of bones , although with low sensitivity and specificity . For example , normal fatty `` yellow '' marrow in adult long bones is of low density ( - 30 to - 100 Hounsfield units ) , between subcutaneous fat and soft tissue . Tissue with increased cellular composition , such as normal `` red '' marrow or cancer cells within the medullary cavity will measure variably higher in density . MRI is more sensitive and specific for assessing bone bone composition . MRI enables assessment of the average molecular composition of soft tissues , and thus provides information regarding the relative fat content of marrow . In adult humans , `` yellow '' fatty marrow is the dominant tissue in bones , particularly in the ( peripheral ) appendicular skeleton . Because fat molecules have a high T1 - relaxivity , T1 - weighted imaging sequences show `` yellow '' fatty marrow as bright ( hyperintense ) . Furthermore , normal fatty marrow loses signal on fat - saturation sequences , in a similar pattern to subcutaneous fat . When `` yellow '' fatty marrow becomes replaced by tissue with more cellular composition , this change is apparent as decreased brightness on T1 - weighted sequences . Both normal `` red '' marrow and pathologic marrow lesions ( such as cancer ) are darker than `` yellow '' marrow on T1 - weight sequences , although can often be distinguished by comparison with the MR signal intensity of adjacent soft tissues . Normal `` red '' marrow is typically equivalent or brighter than skeletal muscle or intervertebral disc on T1 - weighted sequences . Fatty marrow change , the inverse of red marrow hyperplasia , can occur with normal aging , though it can also be seen with certain treatments such as radiation therapy . Diffuse marrow T1 hypointensity without contrast enhancement or cortical discontinuity suggests red marrow conversion or myelofibrosis . Falsely normal marrow on T1 can be seen with diffuse multiple myeloma or leukemic infiltration when the water to fat ratio is not sufficiently altered , as may be seen with lower grade tumors or earlier in the disease process . Histology ( edit ) Main article : Bone marrow examination A Wright 's - stained bone marrow aspirate smear from a patient with leukemia . Bone marrow examination is the pathologic analysis of samples of bone marrow obtained via biopsy and bone marrow aspiration . Bone marrow examination is used in the diagnosis of a number of conditions , including leukemia , multiple myeloma , anemia , and pancytopenia . The bone marrow produces the cellular elements of the blood , including platelets , red blood cells and white blood cells . While much information can be gleaned by testing the blood itself ( drawn from a vein by phlebotomy ) , it is sometimes necessary to examine the source of the blood cells in the bone marrow to obtain more information on hematopoiesis ; this is the role of bone marrow aspiration and biopsy . The ratio between myeloid series and erythroid cells is relevant to bone marrow function , and also to diseases of the bone marrow and peripheral blood , such as leukemia and anemia . The normal myeloid - to - erythroid ratio is around 3 : 1 ; this ratio may increase in myelogenous leukemias , decrease in polycythemias , and reverse in cases of thalassemia . Donation and transplantation ( edit ) Main article : Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation A bone marrow harvest in progress . The preferred sites for the procedure In a bone marrow transplant , hematopoietic stem cells are removed from a person and infused into another person ( allogenic ) or into the same person at a later time ( autologous ) . If the donor and recipient are compatible , these infused cells will then travel to the bone marrow and initiate blood cell production . Transplantation from one person to another is conducted for the treatment of severe bone marrow diseases , such as congenital defects , autoimmune diseases or malignancies . The patient 's own marrow is first killed off with drugs or radiation , and then the new stem cells are introduced . Before radiation therapy or chemotherapy in cases of cancer , some of the patient 's hematopoietic stem cells are sometimes harvested and later infused back when the therapy is finished to restore the immune system . Bone marrow stem cells can be induced to become neural cells to treat neurological illnesses , and can also potentially be used for the treatment of other illnesses , such as inflammatory bowel disease . In 2013 , following a clinical trial , scientists proposed that bone marrow transplantation could be used to treat HIV in conjunction with antiretroviral drugs ; however , it was later found that HIV remained in the bodies of the test subjects . Harvesting ( edit ) The stem cells are typically harvested directly from the red marrow in the iliac crest , often under general anesthesia . The procedure is minimally invasive and does not require stitches afterwards . Depending on the donor 's health and reaction to the procedure , the actual harvesting can be an outpatient procedure , or can require 1 -- 2 days of recovery in the hospital . Another option is to administer certain drugs that stimulate the release of stem cells from the bone marrow into circulating blood . An intravenous catheter is inserted into the donor 's arm , and the stem cells are then filtered out of the blood . This procedure is similar to that used in blood or platelet donation . In adults , bone marrow may also be taken from the sternum , while the tibia is often used when taking samples from infants . In newborns , stem cells may be retrieved from the umbilical cord . Fossil record ( edit ) Bone marrow may have first evolved in Eusthenopteron , a species of prehistoric fish with close links to early tetrapods . The earliest fossilised evidence of bone marrow was discovered in 2014 in Eusthenopteron , a lobe - finned fish which lived during the Devonian period approximately 370 million years ago . Scientists from Uppsala University and the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility used X-ray synchrotron microtomography to study the fossilised interior of the skeleton 's humerus , finding organised tubular structures akin to modern vertebrate bone marrow . Eusthenopteron is closely related to the early tetrapods , which ultimately evolved into the land - dwelling mammals and lizards of the present day . See also ( edit ) National Marrow Donor Program , a nonprofit organization that operates a registry of volunteer hematopoietic cell donors and umbilical cord blood units in the United States Gift of Life Marrow Registry , an American bone marrow transplantation registry References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Schmidt , Richard F. ; Lang , Florian ; Heckmann , Manfred ( 2010 - 11 - 30 ) . `` What are the organs of the immune system ? '' . © IQWiG ( Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care ) : 3 / 7 . Jump up ^ C. , Farhi , Diane ( 2009 ) . Pathology of bone marrow and blood cells ( 2nd ed . ) . Philadelphia : Wolters Kluwer Health / Lippincott William & Wilkins . ISBN 9780781770934 . OCLC 191807944 . Jump up ^ Arikan , Hüseyin ; Çiçek , Kerim ( 2014 ) . `` Haematology of amphibians and reptiles : a review '' ( PDF ) . North - Western Journal of Zoology. 10 : 190 -- 209 . Jump up ^ Katherine , Abel ( 2013 ) . Official CPC Certification Study Guide . American Medical Association . Jump up ^ Vunjak - Novakovic , G. ; Tandon , N. ; Godier , A. ; Maidhof , R. ; Marsano , A. ; Martens , T.P. ; Radisic , M. ( 2010 ) . `` Challenges in Cardiac Tissue Engineering '' . Tissue Engineering Part B : Reviews . 16 ( 2 ) : 169 -- 187 . doi : 10.1089 / ten. teb. 2009.0352 . PMC 2946883 . ^ Jump up to : Birbrair , Alexander ; Frenette , Paul S. ( 2016 - 03 - 01 ) . `` Niche heterogeneity in the bone marrow '' . Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences . 1370 ( 1 ) : 82 -- 96 . doi : 10.1111 / nyas. 13016 . ISSN 1749 - 6632 . PMC 4938003 . PMID 27015419 . ^ Jump up to : `` Antibody Transforms Stem Cells Directly Into Brain Cells '' . Science Daily . 22 April 2013 . Retrieved 24 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Research Supports Promise of Cell Therapy for Bowel Disease '' . Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center . 28 February 2013 . Retrieved 5 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Chan , Brian Y. ; Gill , Kara G. ; Rebsamen , Susan L. ; Nguyen , Jie C. ( 2016 - 10 - 01 ) . `` MR Imaging of Pediatric Bone Marrow '' . RadioGraphics. 36 ( 6 ) : 1911 -- 1930 . doi : 10.1148 / rg. 2016160056 . ISSN 0271 - 5333 . Jump up ^ Poulton , TB ; Murphy , WD ; Duerk , JL ; Chapek , CC ; Feiglin , DH ( 1993 - 12 - 01 ) . `` Bone marrow reconversion in adults who are smokers : MR Imaging findings '' . American Journal of Roentgenology. 161 ( 6 ) : 1217 -- 1221 . doi : 10.2214 / ajr. 161.6. 8249729 . ISSN 0361 - 803X . PMID 8249729 . ^ Jump up to : Raphael Rubin & David S. Strayer ( 2007 ) . Rubin 's Pathology : Clinicopathologic Foundations of Medicine . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . p. 90 . ISBN 0 - 7817 - 9516 - 8 . Jump up ^ Appendix A : IV in Wintrobe 's clinical hematology ( 9th edition ) . Philadelphia : Lea & Febiger ( 1993 ) . Jump up ^ `` The Red Cell Membrane : structure and pathologies '' ( PDF ) . Australian Centre for Blood Diseases / Monash University . Retrieved 24 January 2015 . Jump up ^ The Lymphatic System . Allonhealth.com . Retrieved 5 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Bonnet , D ; Dick , JE ( 1997 ) . `` Human acute myeloid leukemia is organized as a hierarchy that originates from a primitive hematopoietic cell '' . Nature Medicine . 3 ( 7 ) : 730 -- 737 . doi : 10.1038 / nm0797 - 730 . PMID 9212098 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bone Marrow Aspiration and Biopsy '' . Lab Tests Online UK . Retrieved 16 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Mahla RS ( 2016 ) . `` Stem cells application in regenerative medicine and disease threpeutics '' . International Journal of Cell Biology . 2016 ( 7 ) : 19 . doi : 10.1155 / 2016 / 6940283 . PMC 4969512 . PMID 27516776 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Ellmann , Stephan ; Beck , Michael ; Kuwert , Torsten ; Uder , Michael ; Bäuerle , Tobias ( 2015 ) . `` Multimodal imaging of bone metastases : From preclinical to clinical applications '' . Journal of Orthopaedic Translation. 3 ( 4 ) : 166 -- 177 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jot. 2015.07. 004 . Jump up ^ Nishida , Y ; Matsue , Y ; Suehara , Y ; Fukumoto , K ; Fujisawa , M ; Takeuchi , M ; Ouchi , E ; Matsue , K ( August 2015 ) . `` Clinical and prognostic significance of bone marrow abnormalities in the appendicular skeleton detected by low - dose whole - body multidetector computed tomography in patients with multiple myeloma '' . Blood Cancer Journal . 5 ( 7 ) : e329 . doi : 10.1038 / bcj. 2015.57 . ISSN 2044 - 5385 . Jump up ^ Poulton , TB ; Murphy , WD ; Duerk , JL ; Chapek , CC ; Feiglin , DH ( December 1993 ) . `` Bone marrow reconversion in adults who are smokers : MR Imaging findings '' . AJR . American journal of roentgenology. 161 ( 6 ) : 1217 -- 21 . doi : 10.2214 / ajr. 161.6. 8249729 . PMID 8249729 . Jump up ^ Shah , LM ; Hanrahan , CJ ( December 2011 ) . `` MRI of spinal bone marrow : part I , techniques and normal age - related appearances '' . AJR . American journal of roentgenology. 197 ( 6 ) : 1298 -- 308 . doi : 10.2214 / ajr. 11.7005 . PMID 22109283 . Jump up ^ Vande Berg , BC ; Lecouvet , FE ; Galant , C ; Maldague , BE ; Malghem , J ( July 2005 ) . `` Normal variants and frequent marrow alterations that simulate bone marrow lesions at MR imaging '' . Radiologic clinics of North America . 43 ( 4 ) : 761 -- 70 , ix . doi : 10.1016 / j. rcl. 2005.01. 007 . PMID 15893536 . Jump up ^ `` Definition : ' M : E Ratio ' '' . Stedman 's Medical Dictionary via MediLexicon.com. 2006 . Retrieved 20 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bone marrow transplantation '' . UpToDate.com . Retrieved 12 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bone marrow ' frees men of HIV drugs ' '' . BBC . 3 July 2013 . Retrieved 3 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Stem - Cell Transplants Erase HIV In Two Men '' . PopSci. 3 July 2013 . Retrieved 3 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` HIV Returns in Two Men Thought ' Cured ' by Bone Marrow Transplants '' . RH Reality Check . 10 December 2013 . Retrieved 10 December 2013 . Jump up ^ National Marrow Donor Program Donor Guide Archived 8 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine ... Marrow.org . Retrieved 5 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Bone marrow donation : What to expect when you donate. Mayo Clinic . Retrieved 16 February 2013 . Jump up ^ McGuckin , C.P. ; Forraz , N. ; Baradez , M. - O. ; Navran , S. ; Zhao , J. ; Urban , R. ; Tilton , R. ; Denner , L. ( 2005 ) . `` Production of stem cells with embryonic characteristics from human umbilical cord blood '' . Cell Proliferation. 38 ( 4 ) : 245 -- 255 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2184.2005. 00346. x . PMID 16098183 . ^ Jump up to : Sanchez , S. ; Tafforeau , P. ; Ahlberg , P.E. ( 2014 ) . `` The humerus of Eusthenopteron : a puzzling organization presaging the establishment of tetrapod limb bone marrow '' . Proceedings of the Royal Society B : Biological Sciences . 281 ( 1782 ) : 20140299 . doi : 10.1098 / rspb. 2014.0299 . PMC 3973280 . External links ( edit ) Bone marrow histology photomicrographs Further reading ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bone marrow . Nature Bone Marrow Transplantation ( Nature Publishing Group ) -- specialist scientific journal with articles on bone marrow biology and clinical uses . Cooper , B ( 2011 ) . `` The origins of bone marrow as the seedbed of our blood : from antiquity to the time of Osler '' . Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings . 24 ( 2 ) : 115 -- 8 . PMC 3069519 . PMID 21566758 . Wang J , Yu L , Jiang C , Chen M , Ou C , Wang J ( 2013 ) . `` Bone marrow mononuclear cells exert long - term neuroprotection in a rat model of ischemic stroke by promoting arteriogenesis and angiogenesis '' . Brain Behav Immun. 34 : 56 -- 66 . doi : 10.1016 / j. bbi. 2013.07. 010 . PMC 3795857 . PMID 23891963 . Wang J , Yu L , Jiang C , Fu X , Liu X , Wang M , Ou C , Cui X , Zhou C , Wang J ( 2015 ) . `` Cerebral ischemia increases bone marrow CD4 + CD25 + FoxP3+ regulatory T cells in mice via signals from sympathetic nervous system '' . Brain Behav Immun. 43 : 172 -- 83 . doi : 10.1016 / j. bbi. 2014.07. 022 . PMC 4258426 . PMID 25110149 . Wang J , Liu X , Lu H , Jiang C , Cui X , Yu L , Fu X , Li Q , Wang J ( 2015 ) . `` CXCR4 ( + ) CD45 ( - ) BMMNC subpopulation is superior to unfractionated BMMNCs for protection after ischemic stroke in mice '' . Brain Behav Immun. 45 : 98 -- 108 . doi : 10.1016 / j. bbi. 2014.12. 015 . PMC 4342301 . PMID 25526817 . Organs of the lymphatic system Primary organs Bone marrow Hematopoietic stem cell Thymus Hassall 's corpuscles Secondary organs Spleen Structure Hilum Trabeculae Red pulp Cords of Billroth Marginal zone White pulp Periarteriolar lymphoid sheaths Germinal center Blood flow Trabecular arteries Trabecular veins Tonsils Palatine Lingual Pharyngeal Tubal Tonsillar crypts Waldeyer 's tonsillar ring Lymph nodes Lymphatic vessel T cells High endothelial venules B cells Germinal center Mantle zone Marginal zone MALT GALT Peyer 's patch Germinal center Bone and cartilage Cartilage perichondrium fibrocartilage callus metaphysis Cells chondroblast chondrocyte Types hyaline elastic fibrous Bone Ossification Primary bone intramembranous endochondral Cells osteoblast osteoid osteocyte osteoclast Types cancellous cortical Regions subchondral bone epiphysis epiphyseal plate / metaphysis diaphysis Condyle Epicondyle Structure Osteon Haversian canals Volkmann 's canals connective tissue endosteum periosteum Sharpey 's fibres enthesis lacunae canaliculi trabeculae medullary cavity bone marrow Shapes long short flat irregular sesamoid GND : 4031332 - 3 NDL : 00566838 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bone_marrow&oldid=856044168 '' Categories : Bone marrow Skeletal system Hematopoiesis Endocrine system Lymphatic system Stem cells Lymphoid organ Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from July 2013 Articles containing Latin - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Aragonés Atikamekw Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bahasa Banjar Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Català Čeština ChiShona Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia IsiXhosa Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 粵語 中文 Lingua Franca Nova 74 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 August 2018 , at 13 : 43 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | blood cell production occurs in what section of the bone | [
"Bone marrow is a semi-solid tissue which may be found within the spongy or cancellous portions of bones.[2] In birds and mammals, bone marrow is the primary site of new blood cell production or hematopoiesis.[3] It is composed of hematopoietic cells, marrow adipose tissue, and supportive stromal cells. In adult humans, bone marrow is primarily located in the ribs, vertebrae, sternum, and bones of the pelvis.[4] On average, bone marrow constitutes 4% of the total body mass of humans; in an adult having 65 kilograms of mass (143 lb), bone marrow typically accounts for approximately 2.6 kilograms (5.7 lb).[5]\n"
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"bone marrow"
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4147009161326755342 | Midnight sun | Midnight sun - wikipedia Midnight sun Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Midnight sun ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Altafjord in Alta , Norway , bathed in the midnight sun . Midnight sun at the North Cape on the island of Magerøya in Norway The midnight sun is a natural phenomenon that occurs in the summer months in places north of the Arctic Circle or south of the Antarctic Circle , when the sun remains visible at the local midnight . Around the summer solstice ( approximately 21 June in the Northern Hemisphere and 22 December in the Southern Hemisphere ) the sun is visible for the full 24 hours , given fair weather . The number of days per year with potential midnight sun increases the closer towards either pole one goes . Although approximately defined by the polar circles , in practice the midnight sun can be seen as much as 55 miles ( 90 km ) outside the polar circle , as described below , and the exact latitudes of the farthest reaches of midnight sun depend on topography and vary slightly year - to - year . Because there are no permanent human settlements south of the Antarctic Circle , apart from research stations , the countries and territories whose populations experience the midnight sun are limited to those crossed by the Arctic Circle : the Canadian Yukon , Nunavut , and Northwest Territories , and the nations of Iceland , Finland , Norway , Sweden , Denmark ( Greenland ) , Russia , and the State of Alaska in the United States . A quarter of Finland 's territory lies north of the Arctic Circle , and at the country 's northernmost point the sun does not set at all for 60 days during summer . In Svalbard , Norway , the northernmost inhabited region of Europe , there is no sunset from approximately 19 April to 23 August . The extreme sites are the poles , where the sun can be continuously visible for half the year . The North Pole has midnight sun for 6 months from late March to late September . The opposite phenomenon , polar night , occurs in winter , when the sun stays below the horizon throughout the day . Since the axial tilt of the Earth is considerable ( approximately 23 degrees 27 minutes ) , the sun does not set at high latitudes in local summer . The sun remains continuously visible for one day during the summer solstice at the polar circle , for several weeks only 100 km closer to the pole , and for six months at the pole . At extreme latitudes , the midnight sun is usually referred to as polar day . At the poles themselves , the sun rises and sets only once each year on the equinox . During the six months that the sun is above the horizon , it spends the days continuously moving in circles around the observer , gradually spiralling higher and reaching its highest circuit of the sky at the summer solstice . Because of atmospheric refraction , and also because the sun is a disc rather than a point , the midnight sun may be experienced at latitudes slightly below the polar circle , though not exceeding one degree ( depending on local conditions ) . For example , Iceland is known for its midnight sun , even though most of it ( Grímsey is the exception ) is slightly south of the Arctic Circle . For the same reasons , the period of sunlight at the poles is slightly longer than six months . Even the northern extremities of Scotland ( and places at similar latitudes , such as St. Petersburg ) experience twilight throughout the night in the northern sky at around the summer solstice . Observers at heights appreciably above sea level can experience extended periods of midnight sun as a result of the `` dip '' of the horizon viewed from altitude . Contents ( hide ) 1 Time zones and daylight saving time 2 White nights 3 Duration 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Time zones and daylight saving time ( edit ) The term `` midnight sun '' refers to the consecutive 24 - hour periods of sunlight experienced north of the Arctic Circle and south of the Antarctic Circle . Other phenomena are sometimes referred to as `` midnight sun '' , but they are caused by time zones and the observance of daylight saving time . For instance , in Fairbanks , Alaska , which is south of the Arctic Circle , the sun sets at 12 : 47 am at the summer solstice . This is because Fairbanks is 51 minutes ahead of its idealized time zone ( as most of the state is in one time zone ) and Alaska observes daylight saving time . ( Fairbanks is at about 147.72 degrees west , corresponding to UTC − 9 hours 51 minutes , and is on UTC − 9 in winter . ) This means that solar culmination occurs at about 12 : 51 pm instead of at 12 noon . If a precise moment for the genuine `` midnight sun '' is required , the observer 's longitude , the local civil time and the equation of time must be taken into account . The moment of the sun 's closest approach to the horizon coincides with its passing due north at the observer 's position , which occurs only approximately at midnight in general . Each degree of longitude east of the Greenwich meridian makes the vital moment exactly 4 minutes earlier than midnight as shown on the clock , while each hour that the local civil time is ahead of coordinated universal time ( UTC , also known as GMT ) makes the moment an hour later . These two effects must be added . Furthermore , the equation of time ( which depends on the date ) must be added : a positive value on a given date means that the sun is running slightly ahead of its average position , so the value must be subtracted . As an example , at the North Cape of Norway at midnight on June 21 / 22 , the longitude of 25.9 degrees east makes the moment 103.2 minutes earlier by clock time ; but the local time , 2 hours ahead of GMT in the summer , makes it 120 minutes later by clock time . The equation of time at that date is - 2.0 minutes . Therefore , the sun 's lowest elevation occurs 120 - 103.2 + 2.0 minutes after midnight : at 00.19 Central European Summer time . On other nearby dates the only thing different is the equation of time , so this remains a reasonable estimate for a considerable period . The sun 's altitude remains within half a degree of the minimum of about 5 degrees for about 45 minutes either side of this time . White Nights ( edit ) Main article : White Night festivals Locations where the sun remains less than 6 ( or 7 ) degrees below the horizon -- above 60 ° 34 ' ( or 59 ° 34 ' ) latitude south of the Arctic Circle or north of the Antarctic Circle -- experience midnight twilight instead of midnight sun , so that daytime activities , such as reading , are still possible without artificial light on a clear night . White Nights have become a common symbol of Saint Petersburg , Russia , where they occur from about 11 June to 2 July , and the last 10 days of June are celebrated with cultural events known as the White Nights Festival . Duration ( edit ) Map showing the dates of midnight sun at various latitudes ( left ) and the total number of nights . The midnight sun is visible at the Arctic Circle from 12 June until 1 July . This period extends as one travels north : At Cape Nordkinn , Norway , the northernmost point of Continental Europe , the midnight sun lasts approximately from 14 May to 29 July . On the Svalbard archipelago farther north , it lasts from 20 April to 22 August . See also ( edit ) Environment portal Pytheas , ancient Greek geographer from Massalia and first person to describe the midnight sun Eagle Summit , which , because of its altitude , experiences the midnight sun despite being south of the Arctic Circle Polar night , the opposite phenomenon experienced in winter : a day without sunrise . Midnight Sun Solar Race Team : With the midnight sun phenomenon , a solar - powered vehicle can continue driving 24 hours a day . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` What is the Midnight Sun Phenomenon ? Earth Phenomena Planetary Science '' . Scribd . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ H. Spencer Jones , General Astronomy ( Edward Arnold , London , 1922 ) , Chapters I - III ^ Jump up to : Great Soviet Encyclopedia Jump up ^ Trygve B. Haugan , ed . Det Nordlige Norge Fra Trondheim Til Midnattssolens Land ( Trondheim : Reisetrafikkforeningen for Trondheim og Trøndelag. 1940 ) Further reading ( edit ) Lutgens F.K. , Tarbuck E.J. ( 2007 ) The Atmosphere , Tenth Edition , page 39 , PEARSON , Prentice Hall , NJ . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Midnight sun . Midnight sun seen from Fjellheisen Tromsø - 360 panorama ( hide ) Parts of a day Dawn -- Twilight -- Sunrise Morning Daytime Evening Sunset -- Twilight -- Dusk Night Related articles : Belt of Venus Blue hour Golden hour Terminator Daylight Forenoon Noon Afternoon Midnight Midnight sun Polar night Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Midnight_sun&oldid=802391147 '' Categories : Earth phenomena Arctic geography terminology Sun Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from August 2013 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Afrikaans Azərbaycanca Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Хальмг 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lëtzebuergesch Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 吴语 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 September 2017 , at 21 : 44 . About Wikipedia | when does the sun set in north pole | [
"At the poles themselves, the sun rises and sets only once each year on the equinox. During the six months that the sun is above the horizon, it spends the days continuously moving in circles around the observer, gradually spiralling higher and reaching its highest circuit of the sky at the summer solstice."
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"once each year on the equinox"
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-6530583250611632603 | List of islands in the Mediterranean | List of islands in the Mediterranean - wikipedia List of islands in the Mediterranean This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The two biggest islands of the Mediterranean : Sicily ( right ) and Sardinia ( top left ) , which are both part of Italy . The following is a list describing the islands located in the Mediterranean Sea . Contents 1 By area 2 By population 3 By country 3.1 Albania 3.2 Croatia 3.3 France 3.4 Greece 3.5 Italy 3.6 Lebanon 3.7 Malta 3.8 Montenegro 3.9 Spain 3.10 Syria 3.11 Tunisia 3.12 Turkey 3.13 Disputed 3.14 Politically divided 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links By area ( edit ) Name Image Country Area ( km ) Population Capital / Main City Sicily Italy 25,834 5,010,000 Palermo Sardinia Italy 24,100 1,656,000 Cagliari Cyprus Cyprus ( including Northern Cyprus and Akrotiri and Dhekelia ) 9,251 1,170,125 Nicosia Corsica France 8,681 322,000 Ajaccio 5 Crete Greece 8,312 624,000 Heraklion 6 Euboea Greece 3,655 218,000 Chalcis 7 Majorca Spain 3,640 846,000 Palma 8 Lesbos Greece 1,630 90,000 Mytilene 9 Rhodes Greece 1,398 117,000 Rhodes 10 Chios Greece 842 52,000 Chios 11 Kefalonia Greece 781 37,000 Argostoli 12 Menorca Spain 694 87,000 Mahón 13 Corfu Greece 592 108,000 Corfu 14 Ibiza Spain 577 111,000 Ibiza Town 15 Djerba Tunisia 523 139,544 Houmt Souk 16 Lemnos Greece 476 18,000 Myrina 17 Samos Greece 476 34,000 Vathy 18 Naxos Greece 428 18,000 Naxos 19 Zakynthos Greece 406 39,000 Zakynthos 20 Cres Croatia 405.78 3,079 Cres 20 Krk Croatia 405.78 19,383 Krk 22 Brač Croatia 394.57 13,956 Supetar 23 Andros Greece 380 10,000 Andros 24 Thasos Greece 379 13,765 Thasos 25 Lefkada Greece 303 20,751 Lefkada 26 Karpathos Greece 301 6,565 Pigadia 27 Hvar Croatia 299.66 11,077 Hvar 28 Kos Greece 290 31,000 Kos 29 Pag Croatia 284.56 9,059 Pag 30 Imbros Turkey 279 8,894 Çinarli 31 Cythera Greece 278 3,354 Kythira 32 Korčula Croatia 276.03 15,522 Korčula 33 Icaria Greece 255 8,312 Agios Kirykos 34 Malta Malta 246 409,259 Valletta 35 Elba Italy 224 31,572 Portoferraio 36 Skyros Greece 209 2,602 Skyros 37 Paros Greece 196 12,853 Parikia 38 Tinos Greece 194 8,574 Tinos 39 Samothrace Greece 178 2,723 Samothrace 40 Milos Greece 160 4,771 Plaka 41 Kea Greece 129 2,417 Ioulis 42 Amorgos Greece 121 1,859 Amorgos 43 Marmara Turkey 117 Marmara 44 Dugi Otok Croatia 114.44 1,655 Sali 45 Kalymnos Greece 111 16,237 Pothia 46 Chergui Tunisia 110 Remla 47 Sant'Antioco Italy 109 11,730 Sant'Antioco 48 Ios Greece 109 1,838 Ios 49 Mljet Croatia 100.41 1,088 Babino Polje 50 Kythnos Greece 100 1,608 Kythnos 51 Astypalaia Greece 97 1,238 Astypalaia 52 Ithaca Greece 96 3,084 Vathy 53 Skopelos Greece 95.5 4,696 Skopelos 54 Salamis Greece 95 38,022 Salamina 55 Rab Croatia 90.84 9,328 Rab 56 Vis Croatia 90.26 3,445 Vis 57 Mykonos Greece 86 9,320 Mykonos 58 Syros Greece 84 19,782 Ermoupoli 59 Aegina Greece 83 13,552 Aegina 60 Formentera Spain 83 7,461 Sant Francesc Xavier 61 Pantelleria Italy 83 7,729 Pantelleria 62 Santorini Greece 76 13,402 Fira 63 Lošinj Croatia 74.68 7,587 Mali Lošinj 64 Serifos Greece 73 1,414 Serifos 65 Sifnos Greece 73 2,442 Apollonia 66 Gharbi Tunisia 69 Mellita 67 Gozo Malta 67 37,288 Victoria 68 Kasos Greece 66 990 Fry 69 Alonissos Greece 64 2,700 Patitiri 70 Tilos Greece 63 533 Megálo Chorió 71 Pašman Croatia 63.34 2,845 Pašman 72 Šolta Croatia 58.98 1,700 Grohote 73 Symi Greece 58 2,606 Symi 74 Leros Greece 53 8,207 Agia Marina 75 San Pietro Italy 51 6,444 Carloforte 76 Asinara Italy 51 Cala d'Oliva 77 Hydra Greece 50 2,719 Hydra 78 Ugljan Croatia 50.21 6,049 Preko 79 Skiathos Greece 48 6,160 Skiathos 80 Lastovo Croatia 46.87 792 Lastovo 81 Ischia Italy 46 60,335 Ischia 82 Agios Efstratios Greece 43 371 Agios Efstratios 83 Nisyros Greece 41 948 Mandraki 84 Sikinos Greece 41 238 Sikinos 85 Psara Greece 40 422 Psara 86 Anafi Greece 38 273 Anafi 87 Lipari Italy 37 10,763 Lipari 88 Bozcaada Turkey 36 2,427 Bozcaada 89 Kimolos Greece 36 769 Kimolos 90 Antiparos Greece 35 1,037 Antiparos 91 Patmos Greece 35 2,984 Patmos 92 Kornat Croatia 32.30 19 93 Folegandros Greece 32 667 Folegandros 94 Fourni Greece 30 1,326 Fourni 95 Gavdos Greece 29.6 98 Kastri 96 Čiovo Croatia 28.80 5,908 Okrug Gornji 97 Halki Greece 28.1 313 Halki 98 Salina Italy 26.8 2,300 99 Olib Croatia 26.09 140 Olib 100 Uzunada Turkey 25.4 101 Paxi Greece 25.3 2,253 Gaios 102 Kalamos Greece 25 543 Kalamos 103 Kyra Panagia Greece 25 10 104 Giglio Italy 23.8 1,458 105 Cunda ( Alibey ) Turkey 23.4 106 Poros Greece 22.9 4,348 Poros 107 Molat Croatia 22.82 197 Molat 108 Vir Croatia 22.38 3,000 Vir 109 Spetses Greece 22.2 3,908 Spetses 110 Paşalimanı Turkey 21.4 Harmanli 111 Saria Greece 21.1 22 112 Vulcano Italy 20.9 715 Vulcano 113 Avsa Turkey 20.6 Avsa 114 Antikythera Greece 20.4 44 Potamós 115 Lampedusa Italy 20.2 4,500 Lampedusa e Linosa 116 La Maddalena Italy 20.1 11,902 La Maddalena 117 Meganisi Greece 20 1,090 Katomeri 118 Favignana Italy 19 4,383 Favignana 119 Capraia Italy 19 410 Capraia 120 Elafonisos Greece 19 745 Elafonisos 121 Murter Croatia 18.60 4,895 Murter 122 Makronisos Greece 18.3 0 123 Irakleia Greece 17.6 151 Irakleia 124 Iž Croatia 17.59 615 Iž Veli 125 Gyaros Greece 17.3 0 126 Megalonisos Petalion Greece 17.2 0 127 Polyaigos Greece 17.2 0 128 Unije Croatia 16.92 88 Unije 129 Leipsoi Greece 16 698 Leipsoi 130 Šipan Croatia 15.81 419 Šipanska Luka 131 Caprera Italy 15.7 0 132 Cabrera Spain 15.7 0 133 Keros Greece 15.2 0 134 Žirje Croatia 15.06 103 Žirje 135 Sestrunj Croatia 15.03 48 Sestrunj 136 Silba Croatia 14.98 292 Silba 137 Žut Croatia 14.82 0 138 Pserimos Greece 14.8 130 Pserimos 139 Oinousses Greece 14.4 999 Oinousses 140 Peristera Greece 14.2 5 141 Rineia Greece 13.7 0 142 Agathonisi Greece 13.6 158 Megálo Chorió 143 Donoussa Greece 13.6 163 Donoussa ( Stavros ) 144 Prvic ( Krk ) Croatia 13.5 0 145 Stromboli Italy 12.6 572 San Vincenzo 146 Dokos Greece 12.5 43 Dokos 147 Porquerolles France 12.5 200 148 Schiza Greece 12.3 149 Drvenik Veliki Croatia 12.1 168 Drvenik Veliki 150 Marettimo Italy 12 819 Marettimo 151 Agistri Greece 12 920 Milos ( Megalohori ) 152 Dia Greece 11.8 0 153 Gioura Greece 11.1 0 154 Capri Italy 10.4 12,200 Capri 155 Montecristo Italy 10.4 156 Pianosa Italy 10.3 10 157 Othonoi Greece 10.1 631 Othonoi 158 Thymaina Greece 10.1 151 Thymaina 159 Imrali Turkey 10 160 Ist Croatia 9.65 202 161 Filicudi Italy 9.5 235 162 Therasia Greece 9.3 268 163 Kastellorizo Greece 9.1 406 164 Levitha Greece 9.1 8 165 Sapientza Greece 9.1 7 166 Île du Levant France 9 167 Premuda Croatia 8.7 58 168 Ustica Italy 8.7 1,302 169 Plavnik Croatia 8.6 0 170 Maun Croatia 8.5 0 171 Šćedro Croatia 8.4 0 172 Zlarin Croatia 8.1 276 173 Schoinousa Greece 8.1 206 174 Antimilos Greece 8 0 175 Syrna Greece 7.9 0 176 Despotiko Greece 7.8 0 177 Ammouliani Greece 7.7 547 178 Ponza Italy 7.5 3,107 179 Alimia Greece 7.4 0 180 Kaprije Croatia 7.1 143 181 Port - Cros France 7 30 182 Arkoi Greece 6.7 54 183 Sveti Grgur Croatia 6.4 0 184 Skantzoura Greece 6.2 0 185 Biševo Croatia 5.9 15 186 Kastos Greece 5.9 80 187 Tavolara Italy 5.9 0 188 Levanzo Italy 5.8 208 189 Pano Koufonisi Greece 5.8 399 Total 102,920.36 11,683,668 By population ( edit ) above 200,000 Sicily 5,060,000 Sardinia 1,655,000 Cyprus 1,170,125 Majorca 860,000 Crete 624,000 Malta 409,259 Corsica 322,000 Euboea 218,000 By country ( edit ) This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Albania ( edit ) Sazan Sunset over Sazan Island as seen from Vlore , Albania . Kunë Ksamil Islands Franz Joseph Island Zvërnec Islands Tongo Island Stil Island Ksamil Islands in Albania . Croatia ( edit ) Main article : List of islands of Croatia Čiovo Brijuni 14 islands Brusnik Cres Drvenik Mali Drvenik Veliki Dugi otok Elaphiti islands Goli otok Hvar Iž Ilovik Ist Kaprije Koločep Korčula Kornati Prvić Luka , Croatia 152 islands in Kornati archipelago Krapanj Krk Lastovo Lošinj Lokrum Lopud Male Srakane Mljet Molat Murter Olib Pašman Pag Palagruža Plavnik Premuda Prvić Rab Rava Rivanj Sestrunj Silba Skarda Susak Svetac Sveti Andrija Šipan Šolta Ugljan Unije Vele Srakane Vir Vis Vrgada Zlarin Zverinac Žirje Žut France ( edit ) Corsica Lavezzi Island Frioul archipelago Lérins Islands Greece ( edit ) Main article : List of Greek islands Crete Euboea Gavdos Cyclades Islands Amorgos Anafi Andros Antimilos Antiparos Delos Despotiko Donousa Folegandros Gyaros Ios Iraklia Kea ( commonly known as Tzia ) Keros Kimolos Koufonisi Kythnos Makronisos Milos Mykonos Naxos Paros Polyaigos Rineia Santorini Schinousa Serifos Sifnos Sikinos Syros Thirasia Tinos North Aegean islands Chios Fournoi Ikaria Limnos Lesvos Oinousses Psara Saint Eustratius ( Island ) Samos Samothraki Thassos Thymaina Saronic Islands Aegina Agistri Dokos Hydra Poros Salamina Spetses Dodecanese Islands Agathonissi Arkoi Armathia Astypalia Farmakonisi Gyali Halki Kalolimnos Kalymnos Karpathos Kassos Kastellorizo Kos Leipsoi Leros Nisyros Patmos Pserimos Rhodes Saria Symi Tilos Sporades Islands Alonissos Gioura Kyra Panagia Peristera Piperi Skantzoura Skiathos Skopelos Skyros Ionian Islands Antikythera Antipaxos Corfu ( Kerkyra ) Ereikoussa Ithaki Kalamos Island Kastos Kefalonia Kythera Lefkada Meganisi Othonoi Paxoi Petalas Zakynthos Italy ( edit ) Main article : List of islands of Italy Campanian Archipelago Capri Ischia Nisida Procida Vivara Pontine Islands Ponza Palmarola Zannone Santo Stefano Gavi Ventotene Sardinia Asinara Sant'Antioco San Pietro La Maddalena Caprera Spargi Budelli Razzoli Santa Maria Santo Stefano Molara Tavolara Sicily Aegadian Islands Marettimo Favignana Levanzo Aeolian Islands Lipari Vulcano Filicudi Alicudi Panarea Salina Stromboli Pantelleria Pelagie Islands Lampedusa Lampione Linosa Ustica Tremiti Islands Caprara Cretaccio Pianosa ( di Tremiti ) San Domino San Nicola Tuscan Archipelago Capraia Elba Giannutri Giglio Gorgona Montecristo Pianosa Venetian Lagoon Islands Burano Lido Murano Pellestrina San Lazzaro degli Armeni Sant'Andrea Torcello Lebanon ( edit ) Palm Islands Malta ( edit ) Maltese Islands Malta Island Gozo Comino Cominotto Filfla St Paul 's Island Manoel Island Fungus Rock Montenegro ( edit ) Sveti Nikola Island Sveta Neđelja Katič Sveti Stefan Ada Bojana Stari Ulcinj In Bay of Kotor : Mamula Prevlaka Sveti Marko Island of Our Lady of Mercy Gospa od Škrpjela Sveti Đorđe Spain ( edit ) Alboran Balearic Islands Gymnesian Islands Cabrera Dragonera Majorca Menorca Pine Islands El Vedrà Formentera Ibiza S'Espalmador Columbretes Islands Islas Chafarinas Isla del Congreso Isla del Rey Isla Isabel II Peñón de Alhucemas Tabarca Medes Formigues Mazarrón Isla Grosa Syria ( edit ) Arwad Tunisia ( edit ) Djerba Kerkennah Islands Chergui Gharbi Galite Islands Zembra Turkey ( edit ) Turkish islands Turkish Aegean islands ( incomplete ) Baba Ada Bozcaada Burgazada Büyükada Çatalada Fener Ada Gemiler Adası Gökçeada Hayırsız Ada Hekim Island Heybeli Ada İnce Ada İncir Ada Kara Ada Kargı Adası Kınalıada Köçek Adası Metalik Ada Orak Ada Salih Ada Yalıkavak Yassı Ada Yılancık Ada İkiz Adalar Pırasa adası Iç Ada Kiremit islands group Küçük Tavşan Adası Çavuş adası Kucukbu Turkish Mediterranean islands group Kekova Sıçan Adası Dana Island Disputed ( edit ) Imia / Kardak ( Greece / Turkey ) Perejil ( Morocco / Spain ) Politically divided ( edit ) See also : Cyprus dispute Cyprus Republic of Cyprus Akrotiri and Dhekelia ( Sovereign Base Areas of the United Kingdom ) Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus ( A de facto state only recognized by Turkey , separated from the Republic of Cyprus by a UN buffer zone ) See also ( edit ) Adriatic islands Aegean Islands Ionian Islands Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus controls one third of the island of Cyprus and is recognized only by Turkey . It is claimed in whole by the Republic of Cyprus . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` World Population Prospects : The 2017 Revision '' . ESA.UN.org ( custom data acquired via website ) . United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs , Population Division . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ostroški , Ljiljana , ed . ( December 2015 ) . Statistički ljetopis Republike Hrvatske 2015 ( Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Croatia 2015 ) ( PDF ) . Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Croatia ( in Croatian and English ) . 47 . Zagreb : Croatian Bureau of Statistics . p. 47 . ISSN 1333 - 3305 . Retrieved 27 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Estimated Population by Locality 31 March 2013 Archived 14 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine ... Malta Government Gazette 19,094 . Retrieved 21 September 2014 . External links ( edit ) Duplančić Leder , T. ; Ujević , T. ; Čala , M. ( 2004 ) : COASTLINE LENGTHS AND AREAS OF ISLANDS IN THE CROATIAN PART OF THE ADRIATIC SEA DETERMINED FROM THE TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS AT THE SCALE OF 1 : 25.000 , Geoadria , Vol. 9 , No. 1 , 5 - 32 . NATIONAL STATISTICAL SERVICE OF GREECE 2001 Foundation of the Hellenic World Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_islands_in_the_Mediterranean&oldid=844189187 '' Categories : Mediterranean islands Lists of islands by sea Hidden categories : CS1 Croatian - language sources ( hr ) Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from January 2015 Articles needing additional references from November 2013 All articles needing additional references Incomplete lists from August 2008 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Français Հայերեն Hrvatski Italiano Basa Jawa Kurdî Македонски Norsk Polski Português Русский Svenska Türkçe 中文 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 3 June 2018 , at 07 : 26 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 10. what is the largest island in the mediterranean sea | [
"\n\n \nName\nImage\nCountry\nArea (km2)\nPopulation\nCapital/Main City\n\n\n1\nSicily\n\n Italy\n25,834\n5,010,000\nPalermo\n\n\n2\nSardinia\n\n Italy\n24,100\n1,656,000\nCagliari\n\n\n3\nCyprus\n\n Cyprus (including Northern Cyprus[Note 1] and Akrotiri and Dhekelia)\n9,251\n1,170,125[1]\nNicosia\n\n\n4\nCorsica\n\n France\n8,681\n322,000\nAjaccio\n\n\n5\nCrete\n\n Greece\n8,312\n624,000\nHeraklion\n\n\n6\nEuboea\n\n Greece\n3,655\n218,000\nChalcis\n\n\n7\nMajorca\n\n Spain\n3,640\n846,000\nPalma\n\n\n8\nLesbos\n\n Greece\n1,630\n90,000\nMytilene\n\n\n9\nRhodes\n\n Greece\n1,398\n117,000\nRhodes\n\n\n10\nChios\n\n Greece\n842\n52,000\nChios\n\n\n11\nKefalonia\n\n Greece\n781\n37,000\nArgostoli\n\n\n12\nMenorca\n\n Spain\n694\n87,000\nMahón\n\n\n13\nCorfu\n\n Greece\n592\n108,000\nCorfu\n\n\n14\nIbiza\n\n Spain\n577\n111,000\nIbiza Town\n\n\n15\nDjerba\n\n Tunisia\n523\n139,544\nHoumt Souk\n\n\n16\nLemnos\n\n Greece\n476\n18,000\nMyrina\n\n\n17\nSamos\n\n Greece\n476\n34,000\nVathy\n\n\n18\nNaxos\n\n Greece\n428\n18,000\nNaxos\n\n\n19\nZakynthos\n\n Greece\n406\n39,000\nZakynthos\n\n\n20\nCres\n\n Croatia\n405.78[2]\n3,079[2]\nCres\n\n\n20\nKrk\n\n Croatia\n405.78[2]\n19,383[2]\nKrk\n\n\n22\nBrač\n\n Croatia\n394.57[2]\n13,956[2]\nSupetar\n\n\n23\nAndros\n\n Greece\n380\n10,000\nAndros\n\n\n24\nThasos\n\n Greece\n379\n13,765\nThasos\n\n\n25\nLefkada\n\n Greece\n303\n20,751\nLefkada\n\n\n26\nKarpathos\n\n Greece\n301\n6,565\nPigadia\n\n\n27\nHvar\n\n Croatia\n299.66[2]\n11,077[2]\nHvar\n\n\n28\nKos\n\n Greece\n290\n31,000\nKos\n\n\n29\nPag\n\n Croatia\n284.56[2]\n9,059[2]\nPag\n\n\n30\nImbros\n\n Turkey\n279\n8,894\nÇinarli\n\n\n31\nCythera\n\n Greece\n278\n3,354\nKythira\n\n\n32\nKorčula\n\n Croatia\n276.03[2]\n15,522[2]\nKorčula\n\n\n33\nIcaria\n\n Greece\n255\n8,312\nAgios Kirykos\n\n\n34\nMalta\n\n Malta\n246\n409,259[3]\nValletta\n\n\n35\nElba\n\n Italy\n224\n31,572\nPortoferraio\n\n\n36\nSkyros\n\n Greece\n209\n2,602\nSkyros\n\n\n37\nParos\n\n Greece\n196\n12,853\nParikia\n\n\n38\nTinos\n\n Greece\n194\n8,574\nTinos\n\n\n39\nSamothrace\n\n Greece\n178\n2,723\nSamothrace\n\n\n40\nMilos\n\n Greece\n160\n4,771\nPlaka\n\n\n41\nKea\n\n Greece\n129\n2,417\nIoulis\n\n\n42\nAmorgos\n\n Greece\n121\n1,859\nAmorgos\n\n\n43\nMarmara\n\n Turkey\n117\n\nMarmara\n\n\n44\nDugi Otok\n\n Croatia\n114.44[2]\n1,655[2]\nSali\n\n\n45\nKalymnos\n\n Greece\n111\n16,237\nPothia\n\n\n46\nChergui\n\n Tunisia\n110\n\nRemla\n\n\n47\nSant'Antioco\n\n Italy\n109\n11,730\nSant'Antioco\n\n\n48\nIos\n\n Greece\n109\n1,838\nIos\n\n\n49\nMljet\n\n Croatia\n100.41[2]\n1,088[2]\nBabino Polje\n\n\n50\nKythnos\n\n Greece\n100\n1,608\nKythnos\n\n\n51\nAstypalaia\n\n Greece\n97\n1,238\nAstypalaia\n\n\n52\nIthaca\n\n Greece\n96\n3,084\nVathy\n\n\n53\nSkopelos\n\n Greece\n95.5\n4,696\nSkopelos\n\n\n54\nSalamis\n\n Greece\n95\n38,022\nSalamina\n\n\n55\nRab\n\n Croatia\n90.84[2]\n9,328[2]\nRab\n\n\n56\nVis\n\n Croatia\n90.26[2]\n3,445[2]\nVis\n\n\n57\nMykonos\n\n Greece\n86\n9,320\nMykonos\n\n\n58\nSyros\n\n Greece\n84\n19,782\nErmoupoli\n\n\n59\nAegina\n\n Greece\n83\n13,552\nAegina\n\n\n60\nFormentera\n\n Spain\n83\n7,461\nSant Francesc Xavier\n\n\n61\nPantelleria\n\n Italy\n83\n7,729\nPantelleria\n\n\n62\nSantorini\n\n Greece\n76\n13,402\nFira\n\n\n63\nLošinj\n\n Croatia\n74.68[2]\n7,587[2]\nMali Lošinj\n\n\n64\nSerifos\n\n Greece\n73\n1,414\nSerifos\n\n\n65\nSifnos\n\n Greece\n73\n2,442\nApollonia\n\n\n66\nGharbi\n\n Tunisia\n69\n\nMellita\n\n\n67\nGozo\n\n Malta\n67\n37,288[3]\nVictoria\n\n\n68\nKasos\n\n Greece\n66\n990\nFry\n\n\n69\nAlonissos\n\n Greece\n64\n2,700\nPatitiri\n\n\n70\nTilos\n\n Greece\n63\n533\nMegálo Chorió\n\n\n71\nPašman\n\n Croatia\n63.34[2]\n2,845[2]\nPašman\n\n\n72\nŠolta\n\n Croatia\n58.98[2]\n1,700[2]\nGrohote\n\n\n73\nSymi\n\n Greece\n58\n2,606\nSymi\n\n\n74\nLeros\n\n Greece\n53\n8,207\nAgia Marina\n\n\n75\nSan Pietro\n\n Italy\n51\n6,444\nCarloforte\n\n\n76\nAsinara\n\n Italy\n51\n1\nCala d'Oliva\n\n\n77\nHydra\n\n Greece\n50\n2,719\nHydra\n\n\n78\nUgljan\n\n Croatia\n50.21[2]\n6,049[2]\nPreko\n\n\n79\nSkiathos\n\n Greece\n48\n6,160\nSkiathos\n\n\n80\nLastovo\n\n Croatia\n46.87[2]\n792[2]\nLastovo\n\n\n81\nIschia\n\n Italy\n46\n60,335\nIschia\n\n\n82\nAgios Efstratios\n\n Greece\n43\n371\nAgios Efstratios\n\n\n83\nNisyros\n\n Greece\n41\n948\nMandraki\n\n\n84\nSikinos\n\n Greece\n41\n238\nSikinos\n\n\n85\nPsara\n\n Greece\n40\n422\nPsara\n\n\n86\nAnafi\n\n Greece\n38\n273\nAnafi\n\n\n87\nLipari\n\n Italy\n37\n10,763\nLipari\n\n\n88\nBozcaada\n\n Turkey\n36\n2,427\nBozcaada\n\n\n89\nKimolos\n\n Greece\n36\n769\nKimolos\n\n\n90\nAntiparos\n\n Greece\n35\n1,037\nAntiparos\n\n\n91\nPatmos\n\n Greece\n35\n2,984\nPatmos\n\n\n92\nKornat\n\n Croatia\n32.30[2]\n19[2]\n\n\n\n93\nFolegandros\n\n Greece\n32\n667\nFolegandros\n\n\n94\nFourni\n\n Greece\n30\n1,326\nFourni\n\n\n95\nGavdos\n\n Greece\n29.6\n98\nKastri\n\n\n96\nČiovo\n\n Croatia\n28.80[2]\n5,908[2]\nOkrug Gornji\n\n\n97\nHalki\n\n Greece\n28.1\n313\nHalki\n\n\n98\nSalina\n\n Italy\n26.8\n2,300\n\n\n\n99\nOlib\n\n Croatia\n26.09[2]\n140[2]\nOlib\n\n\n100\nUzunada\n\n Turkey\n25.4\n\n\n\n\n101\nPaxi\n\n Greece\n25.3\n2,253\nGaios\n\n\n102\nKalamos\n\n Greece\n25\n543\nKalamos\n\n\n103\nKyra Panagia\n\n Greece\n25\n10\n\n\n\n104\nGiglio\n\n Italy\n23.8\n1,458\n\n\n\n105\nCunda (Alibey)\n\n Turkey\n23.4\n\n\n\n\n106\nPoros\n\n Greece\n22.9\n4,348\nPoros\n\n\n107\nMolat\n\n Croatia\n22.82[2]\n197[2]\nMolat\n\n\n108\nVir\n\n Croatia\n22.38[2]\n3,000[2]\nVir\n\n\n109\nSpetses\n\n Greece\n22.2\n3,908\nSpetses\n\n\n110\nPaşalimanı\n\n Turkey\n21.4\n\nHarmanli\n\n\n111\nSaria\n\n Greece\n21.1\n22\n\n\n\n112\nVulcano\n\n Italy\n20.9\n715\nVulcano\n\n\n113\nAvsa\n\n Turkey\n20.6\n\nAvsa\n\n\n114\nAntikythera\n\n Greece\n20.4\n44\nPotamós\n\n\n115\nLampedusa\n\n Italy\n20.2\n4,500\nLampedusa e Linosa\n\n\n116\nLa Maddalena\n\n Italy\n20.1\n11,902\nLa Maddalena\n\n\n117\nMeganisi\n\n Greece\n20\n1,090\nKatomeri\n\n\n118\nFavignana\n\n Italy\n19\n4,383\nFavignana\n\n\n119\nCapraia\n\n Italy\n19\n410\nCapraia\n\n\n120\nElafonisos\n\n Greece\n19\n745\nElafonisos\n\n\n121\nMurter\n\n Croatia\n18.60[2]\n4,895[2]\nMurter\n\n\n122\nMakronisos\n\n Greece\n18.3\n0\n\n\n\n123\nIrakleia\n\n Greece\n17.6\n151\nIrakleia\n\n\n124\nIž\n\n Croatia\n17.59[2]\n615[2]\nIž Veli\n\n\n125\nGyaros\n\n Greece\n17.3\n0\n\n\n\n126\nMegalonisos Petalion\n\n Greece\n17.2\n0\n\n\n\n127\nPolyaigos\n\n Greece\n17.2\n0\n\n\n\n128\nUnije\n\n Croatia\n16.92[2]\n88[2]\nUnije\n\n\n129\nLeipsoi\n\n Greece\n16\n698\nLeipsoi\n\n\n130\nŠipan\n\n Croatia\n15.81[2]\n419[2]\nŠipanska Luka\n\n\n131\nCaprera\n\n Italy\n15.7\n0\n\n\n\n132\nCabrera\n\n Spain\n15.7\n0\n\n\n\n133\nKeros\n\n Greece\n15.2\n0\n\n\n\n134\nŽirje\n\n Croatia\n15.06[2]\n103[2]\nŽirje\n\n\n135\nSestrunj\n\n Croatia\n15.03[2]\n48[2]\nSestrunj\n\n\n136\nSilba\n\n Croatia\n14.98[2]\n292[2]\nSilba\n\n\n137\nŽut\n\n Croatia\n14.82[2]\n0[2]\n\n\n\n138\nPserimos\n\n Greece\n14.8\n130\nPserimos\n\n\n139\nOinousses\n\n Greece\n14.4\n999\nOinousses\n\n\n140\nPeristera\n\n Greece\n14.2\n5\n\n\n\n141\nRineia\n\n Greece\n13.7\n0\n\n\n\n142\nAgathonisi\n\n Greece\n13.6\n158\nMegálo Chorió\n\n\n143\nDonoussa\n\n Greece\n13.6\n163\nDonoussa (Stavros)\n\n\n144\nPrvic (Krk)\n\n Croatia\n13.5\n0\n\n\n\n145\nStromboli\n\n Italy\n12.6\n572\nSan Vincenzo\n\n\n146\nDokos\n\n Greece\n12.5\n43\nDokos\n\n\n147\nPorquerolles\n\n France\n12.5\n200\n\n\n\n148\nSchiza\n\n Greece\n12.3\n2\n\n\n\n149\nDrvenik Veliki\n\n Croatia\n12.1\n168\nDrvenik Veliki\n\n\n150\nMarettimo\n\n Italy\n12\n819\nMarettimo\n\n\n151\nAgistri\n\n Greece\n12\n920\nMilos (Megalohori)\n\n\n152\nDia\n\n Greece\n11.8\n0\n\n\n\n153\nGioura\n\n Greece\n11.1\n0\n\n\n\n154\nCapri\n\n Italy\n10.4\n12,200\nCapri\n\n\n155\nMontecristo\n\n Italy\n10.4\n2\n\n\n\n156\nPianosa\n\n Italy\n10.3\n10\n\n\n\n157\nOthonoi\n\n Greece\n10.1\n631\nOthonoi\n\n\n158\nThymaina\n\n Greece\n10.1\n151\nThymaina\n\n\n159\nImrali\n\n Turkey\n10\n\n\n\n\n160\nIst\n\n Croatia\n9.65\n202\n\n\n\n161\nFilicudi\n\n Italy\n9.5\n235\n\n\n\n162\nTherasia\n\n Greece\n9.3\n268\n\n\n\n163\nKastellorizo\n\n Greece\n9.1\n406\n\n\n\n164\nLevitha\n\n Greece\n9.1\n8\n\n\n\n165\nSapientza\n\n Greece\n9.1\n7\n\n\n\n166\nÎle du Levant\n\n France\n9\n\n\n\n\n167\nPremuda\n\n Croatia\n8.7\n58\n\n\n\n168\nUstica\n\n Italy\n8.7\n1,302\n\n\n\n169\nPlavnik\n\n Croatia\n8.6\n0\n\n\n\n170\nMaun\n\n Croatia\n8.5\n0\n\n\n\n171\nŠćedro\n\n Croatia\n8.4\n0\n\n\n\n172\nZlarin\n\n Croatia\n8.1\n276\n\n\n\n173\nSchoinousa\n\n Greece\n8.1\n206\n\n\n\n174\nAntimilos\n\n Greece\n8\n0\n\n\n\n175\nSyrna\n\n Greece\n7.9\n0\n\n\n\n176\nDespotiko\n\n Greece\n7.8\n0\n\n\n\n177\nAmmouliani\n\n Greece\n7.7\n547\n\n\n\n178\nPonza\n\n Italy\n7.5\n3,107\n\n\n\n179\nAlimia\n\n Greece\n7.4\n0\n\n\n\n180\nKaprije\n\n Croatia\n7.1\n143\n\n\n\n181\nPort-Cros\n\n France\n7\n30\n\n\n\n182\nArkoi\n\n Greece\n6.7\n54\n\n\n\n183\nSveti Grgur\n\n Croatia\n6.4\n0\n\n\n\n184\nSkantzoura\n\n Greece\n6.2\n0\n\n\n\n185\nBiševo\n\n Croatia\n5.9\n15\n\n\n\n186\nKastos\n\n Greece\n5.9\n80\n\n\n\n187\nTavolara\n\n Italy\n5.9\n0\n\n\n\n188\nLevanzo\n\n Italy\n5.8\n208\n\n\n\n189\nPano Koufonisi\n\n Greece\n5.8\n399\n\n\n\nTotal\n\n\n\n102,920.36\n11,683,668\n\n"
] | [
"Sicily"
] |
-1395022712098393152 | Nanjing | Nanjing - wikipedia Nanjing Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Nanjing ( disambiguation ) . Nanjing 南京 市 Sub-provincial city Nanjing City Clockwise from top : 1 . the city , Xuanwu Lake and Purple Mountain ; 2 . stone sculpture `` bixie '' ; 3 . Jiming Temple ; 4 . Yijiang Gate with the City Wall of Nanjing ; 5 . Qinhuai River and Fuzi Miao ; 6 . Nanjing Olympic Sports Centre ; 7 . the spirit way of Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum ; 8 . Sun Yat - sen Mausoleum Location of Nanjing City jurisdiction in Jiangsu Nanjing Location in China Coordinates : 32 ° 03 ′ N 118 ° 46 ′ E / 32.050 ° N 118.767 ° E / 32.050 ; 118.767 Coordinates : 32 ° 03 ′ N 118 ° 46 ′ E / 32.050 ° N 118.767 ° E / 32.050 ; 118.767 Country People 's Republic of China Province Jiangsu County - level 11 Township - level 129 Settled unknown ( Yecheng , 495 BC . Jinling City , 333 BC ) Government Type Sub-provincial city Party Secretary Wu Zhenglong Mayor Miao Ruilin Area Sub-provincial city 6,598 km ( 2,548 sq mi ) Elevation 20 m ( 50 ft ) Population ( 2015 ) Sub-provincial city 8,270,500 Density 1,237 / km ( 3,183 / sq mi ) Metro 11.7 million Demonym ( s ) Nankinese Time zone China Standard ( UTC + 8 ) Postal code 210000 -- 211300 Area code ( s ) 25 GDP ( Nominal ) 2016 - Total US $ 158.3 billion - Per capita US $ 19,537 - Growth 8.0 % GDP ( PPP ) 2016 - Total US $ 290.1 billion - Per capita US $ 35,819 Licence plate prefixes 苏 A Website City of Nanjing City trees Deodar Cedar ( Cedrus deodara ) , Platanus × acerifolia City flowers Méi ( Prunus mume ) Nanjing `` Nanjing '' in Chinese characters Chinese 南京 Postal Nanking Literal meaning `` Southern Capital '' ( show ) Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Nánjīng Gwoyeu Romatzyh Nanjing Wade -- Giles Nan - ching IPA ( nǎn. tɕíŋ ) Wu Romanization noe cin Yue : Cantonese Yale Romanization Nàahm - gīng IPA ( nȁːm. kéŋ ) Jyutping Naam - ging Southern Min Hokkien POJ Lâm - kian ( col . ) Lâm - king ( lit . ) Tâi - lô Lâm - kiann ( col . ) Lâm - king ( lit . ) Nanjing ( listen ) , formerly romanized as Nanking and Nankin , is a city situated in the heartland of the lower Yangtze River region in China , which has long been a major centre of culture , education , research , politics , economy , transport networks and tourism . It is the capital city of Jiangsu province of the People 's Republic of China and the second largest city in East China region , with an area of 6,600 km ( 2,500 sq mi ) and a total population of 8,270,500 . The inner area of Nanjing enclosed by the city wall is Nanjing City ( 南京 城 ) , with an area of 55 km , while the Nanjing Metropolitan Region includes surrounding cities and areas , covering over 60 thousand square kilometres , with a population of over 30 million . Nanjing has a prominent place in Chinese history and culture , having served as the capital of various Chinese dynasties , kingdoms and republican governments dating from the 3rd century CE to 1949 . The city has a number of other names , and some historical names are now used as names of districts of the city ; among them there is the name Jiangning or Kiangning ( 江寧 , literally `` Yangtze 's Peace '' ) , whose former character Jiang ( 江 , River ) is the former part of the name Jiangsu and latter character Ning ( 寧 , simplified form 宁 , Peace ) is the short name of Nanjing . When it was the capital of a state , for instance during the ROC , Jing ( 京 , Capital ) was adopted as the abbreviation of Nanjing . It first became a Chinese national capital as early as the Jin dynasty , and the name Nanjing was officially designated for the city during the Ming dynasty , about a thousand years later . Nanjing is particularly known as Jinling or Ginling ( 金陵 , literally `` Gold Mausoleum '' ) and the old name has been used since the Warring States period in the Zhou Dynasty . Located in Yangtze River Delta area and the center of east China , Nanjing is home to one of the world 's largest inland ports . The city is also one of the fifteen sub-provincial cities in the People 's Republic of China 's administrative structure , enjoying jurisdictional and economic autonomy only slightly less than that of a province . Nanjing has been ranked seventh in the evaluation of `` Cities with Strongest Comprehensive Strength '' issued by the National Statistics Bureau , and second in the evaluation of cities with most sustainable development potential in the Yangtze River Delta . It has also been awarded the title of 2008 Habitat Scroll of Honour of China , Special UN Habitat Scroll of Honour Award and National Civilized City . Nanjing boasts many high - quality universities and research institutes , with the number of universities listed in 100 National Key Universities ranking third , including Nanjing University and Southeast University . The ratio of college students to total population ranks No. 1 among large cities nationwide . Nanjing is one of the top three Chinese scientific research centers , especially in the chemical sciences , according to the Nature Index . Nanjing , one of the nation 's most important cities for over a thousand years , is recognized as one of the Four Great Ancient Capitals of China . It has been one of the world 's largest cities , enjoying peace and prosperity despite wars and disasters . Nanjing served as the capital of Eastern Wu , one of the three major states in the Three Kingdoms period ( 211 -- 280 ) ; the Eastern Jin and each of the Southern Dynasties ( Liu Song , Southern Qi , Liang and Chen ) , which successively ruled southern China from 317 -- 589 ; the Southern Tang , one of the Ten Kingdoms ( 937 -- 76 ) ; the Ming dynasty when , for the first time , all of China was ruled from the city ( 1368 -- 1421 ) ; and the Republic of China ( 1927 -- 37 , 1945 -- 49 ) prior to its flight to Taiwan during the Chinese Civil War . The city also served as the seat of the rebel Taiping Heavenly Kingdom ( 1851 -- 64 ) and the Japanese puppet regime of Wang Jingwei ( 1940 -- 45 ) during the Second Sino - Japanese War . It suffered appalling atrocities in both conflicts , including the Nanjing Massacre . Nanjing has served as the capital city of Jiangsu province since the establishment of the People 's Republic of China . It boasts many important heritage sites , including the Presidential Palace and Sun Yat - sen Mausoleum . Nanjing is famous for human historical landscapes , mountains and waters such as Fuzimiao , Ming Palace , Chaotian Palace , Porcelain Tower , Drum Tower , Stone City , City Wall , Qinhuai River , Xuanwu Lake and Purple Mountain . Key cultural facilities include Nanjing Library , Nanjing Museum and Art Museum . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early history 1.2 Imperial China 1.3 Modern China 2 Geography 2.1 Climate and environment 2.2 Cityscape 2.3 Environmental issues 2.3. 1 Air pollution in 2013 3 Government 3.1 Administrative divisions 4 Demographics 5 Economy 5.1 Earlier development 5.2 Modern times 5.3 Today 6 Transportation 6.1 Rail 6.2 Road 6.3 Public transportation 6.4 Air 6.5 Water 6.6 Yangtze River crossings 7 Culture and art 7.1 Art 7.2 Festivals 7.3 Libraries 7.4 Museums 7.5 Theatre 7.6 Night life 7.7 Food and symbolism 8 Sports and stadiums 9 Tourism 9.1 Buildings and monuments 9.1. 1 Imperial period 9.1. 2 Republic of China period 9.1. 3 People 's Republic of China period 9.2 Parks and gardens 9.3 Other places of interest 10 Education 10.1 Universities and colleges 10.2 Notable high schools 11 Sister cities 12 See also 13 Notes 14 References 14.1 Citations 14.2 Sources 15 External links History ( edit ) See also : Timeline of Nanjing history Historical affiliations Tang dynasty , 1271 -- 1365 Ming dynasty , 1368 -- 1644 Qing dynasty , 1644 -- 1912 Republic of China , 1912 -- 1937 Empire of Japan , 1937 -- 1945 Republic of China , 1945 -- 1949 People 's Republic of China , 1949 -- present Early History ( edit ) Archaeological discovery shows that `` Nanjing Man '' lived in more than 500 thousand years ago . Zun , a kind of wine vessel , was found to exist in Beiyinyangying culture of Nanjing in about 5000 years ago . In the late period of Shang dynasty , Taibo of Zhou came to Jiangnan and established Wu state , and the first stop is in Nanjing area according to some historians based on discoveries in Taowu and Hushu culture . According to a legend quoted by an artist in Ming dynasty , Chen Yi , Fuchai , King of the State of Wu , founded a fort named Yecheng in today 's Nanjing area in 495 BCE . Later in 473 BCE , the State of Yue conquered Wu and constructed the fort of Yuecheng ( 越 城 ) on the outskirts of the present - day Zhonghua Gate . In 333 BCE , after eliminating the State of Yue , the State of Chu built Jinling Yi ( 金陵 邑 ) in the western part of present - day Nanjing . It was renamed Moling ( 秣陵 ) during reign of Qin Shi Huang . Since then , the city experienced destruction and renewal many times . The area was successively part of Kuaiji , Zhang and Danyang prefectures in Qin and Han dynasty , and part of Yangzhou region which was established as the nation 's 13 supervisory and administrative regions in the 5th year of Yuanfeng in Han dynasty ( 106 BCE ) . Nanjing was later the capital city of Danyang Prefecture , and had been the capital city of Yangzhou for about 400 years from late Han to early Tang . Imperial China ( edit ) A bixie sculpture at Xiao Xiu 's tomb ( 518 CE ) . Stone sculpture of the southern dynasties is widely considered as the city 's icon . Map of Nanjing ( Jinling , Yingtian Fu ) in Ming Dynasty Nanjing first became a state capital in 229 CE , when the state of Eastern Wu founded by Sun Quan during the Three Kingdoms period relocated its capital to Jianye ( 建 業 ) , the city extended on the basis of Jinling Yi in 211 CE . Although conquered by the Western Jin dynasty in 280 , Nanjing and its neighbouring areas had been well cultivated and developed into one of the commercial , cultural and political centers of China during the rule of East Wu . This city would soon play a vital role in the following centuries . Shortly after the unification of the region , the Western Jin dynasty collapsed . First the rebellions by eight Jin princes for the throne and later rebellions and invasion from Xiongnu and other nomadic peoples that destroyed the rule of the Jin dynasty in the north . In 317 , remnants of the Jin court , as well as nobles and wealthy families , fled from the north to the south and reestablished the Jin court in Nanjing , which was then called Jiankang ( 建 康 ) , replacing Luoyang . It 's the first time that the capital of the nation moved to southern part . During the period of North -- South division , Nanjing remained the capital of the Southern dynasties for more than two and a half centuries . During this time , Nanjing was the international hub of East Asia . Based on historical documents , the city had 280,000 registered households . Assuming an average Nanjing household consisted of about 5.1 people , the city had more than 1.4 million residents . A number of sculptural ensembles of that era , erected at the tombs of royals and other dignitaries , have survived ( in various degrees of preservation ) in Nanjing 's northeastern and eastern suburbs , primarily in Qixia and Jiangning District . Possibly the best preserved of them is the ensemble of the Tomb of Xiao Xiu ( 475 -- 518 ) , a brother of Emperor Wu of Liang . The period of division ended when the Sui Dynasty reunified China and almost destroyed the entire city , turning it into a small town . The Śarīra pagoda in Qixia Temple . It was built in 601 CE and rebuilt in the 10th century . The city of Nanjing was razed after the Sui dynasty took over it . It renamed Shengzhou ( 昇 州 ) in Tang dynasty and resuscitated during the late Tang . It was chosen as the capital and called Jinling ( 金陵 ) during the Southern Tang ( 937 -- 976 ) , a state that succeeded Wu state . It renamed Jiangning ( 江寧 ) in Northern Song dynasty and renamed Jiankang in Southern Song dynasty . Jiankang 's textile industry burgeoned and thrived during the Song dynasty despite the constant threat of foreign invasions from the north by the Jurchen - led Jin dynasty . The court of Da Chu , a short - lived puppet state established by the Jurchens , and the court of Song were once in the city . Song was eventually exterminated by the Mongol empire under the name Yuan and in Yuan dynasty the city 's status as a hub of the textile industry was further consolidated . Yuan dynasty map of Nanjing . Zhonghua Gate is the south gate of the walled city of Nanjing . The city wall was built in the 14th century and is the longest in the world . The first emperor of the Ming dynasty , Zhu Yuanzhang ( the Hongwu Emperor ) , who overthrew the Yuan dynasty , renamed the city Yingtian , rebuilt it , and made it the dynastic capital in 1368 . He constructed a 48 km ( 30 mi ) long city wall around Yingtian , as well as a new Ming Palace complex , and government halls . It took 200,000 laborers 21 years to finish the project . The present - day City Wall of Nanjing was mainly built during that time and today it remains in good condition and has been well preserved . It is among the longest surviving city walls in China . The Jianwen Emperor ruled from 1398 to 1402 . It is believed that Nanjing was the largest city in the world from 1358 to 1425 with a population of 487,000 in 1400 . In 1421 , the Yongle Emperor persisted in relocating the capital to Beijing , however he had to withdrew his order before his death . Although Beijing was the de facto capital after that , Nanjing remained the official one of the Ming Empire until 1441 , when Emperor Yingzong ordered to not to prefix the words `` 行 在 '' ( `` provisional '' ) on the Beijing Government seals any longer , while Nanjing 's need to prefix `` Nanjing '' for distinguishing . Hence , Nanjing still had itself imperial government with extremely limit power before 1644 . Besides the city wall , other famous Ming - era structures in the city included the famous Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum and Porcelain Tower , although the latter was destroyed by the Taipings in the 19th century either in order to prevent a hostile faction from using it to observe and shell the city or from superstitious fear of its geomantic properties . A monument to the huge human cost of some of the gigantic construction projects of the early Ming dynasty is the Yangshan Quarry ( located some 15 -- 20 km ( 9 -- 12 mi ) east of the walled city and Ming Xiaoling mausoleum ) , where a gigantic stele , cut on the orders of the Yongle Emperor , lies abandoned , just as it was left 600 years ago when it was understood it was impossible to move or complete it . As the center of the empire , early - Ming Nanjing had worldwide connections . It was home of the admiral Zheng He , who went to sail the Pacific and Indian Oceans , and it was visited by foreign dignitaries , such as a king from Borneo ( Boni 渤 泥 ) , who died during his visit to China in 1408 . The Tomb of the King of Boni , with a spirit way and a tortoise stele , was discovered in Yuhuatai District ( south of the walled city ) in 1958 , and has been restored . Over two centuries after the removal of the capital to Beijing , Nanjing was destined to become the capital of a Ming emperor one more time . After the fall of Beijing to Li Zicheng 's rebel forces and then to the Manchu - led Qing dynasty in the spring of 1644 , the Ming prince Zhu Yousong was enthroned in Nanjing in June 1644 as the Hongguang Emperor . His short reign was described by later historians as the first reign of the so - called Southern Ming dynasty . Zhu Yousong , however , fared a lot worse than his ancestor Zhu Yuanzhang three centuries earlier . Beset by factional conflicts , his regime could not offer effective resistance to Qing forces , when the Qing army , led by the Manchu prince Dodo approached Jiangnan the next spring . Days after Yangzhou fell to the Manchus in late May 1645 , the Hongguang Emperor fled Nanjing , and the imperial Ming Palace was looted by local residents . On June 6 , Dodo 's troops approached Nanjing , and the commander of the city 's garrison , Zhao the Earl of Xincheng , promptly surrendered the city to them . The Manchus soon ordered all male residents of the city to shave their heads in the Manchu queue way . They requisitioned a large section of the city for the bannermen 's cantonment , and destroyed the former imperial Ming Palace , but otherwise the city was spared the mass murders and destruction that befell Yangzhou . An artist 's impression of the Taiping Rebellion ( 1850 -- 1864 ) . Under the Qing dynasty ( 1644 -- 1911 ) , the Nanjing area was known as Jiangning ( 江寧 ) and served as the seat of government for the Viceroy of Liangjiang . It was the site of a Qing army garrison . It had been visited by the Kangxi and Qianlong emperors a number of times on their tours of the southern provinces . Nanjing was invaded by British troops during the close of the First Opium War , which was ended by the Treaty of Nanjing in 1842 . As the capital of the brief - lived rebel Taiping Heavenly Kingdom ( founded by the Taiping rebels in the mid-19th century , Nanjing was known as Tianjing ( 天 京 , `` Heavenly Capital '' or `` Capital of Heaven '' ) . Both the Qing viceroy and the Taiping king resided in buildings that would later be known as the Presidential Palace . When Qing forces led by Zeng Guofan retook the city in 1864 , a massive slaughter occurred in the city with over 100,000 estimated to have committed suicide or fought to the death . Since the Taiping Rebellion began , Qing forces allowed no rebels speaking its dialect to surrender . This systematic mass murder of civilians occurred in Nanjing . Modern China ( edit ) See also : Battle of Nanking and Nanjing Massacre The Xinhai Revolution led to the founding of the Republic of China in January 1912 with Sun Yat - sen as the first provisional president and Nanking was selected as its new capital . However , the Qing Empire controlled large regions to the north , so revolutionaries asked Yuan Shikai to replace Sun as president in exchange for the abdication of Puyi , the Last Emperor . Yuan demanded the capital be Beijing ( closer to his power base ) . The headquarters of the National Government of the Republic of China in Nanjing , 1927 In 1927 , the Kuomintang ( KMT ; Nationalist Party ) under Generalissimo Chiang Kai - shek again established Nanjing as the capital of the Republic of China , and this became internationally recognized once KMT forces took Beijing in 1928 . The following decade is known as the Nanking decade . In 1937 , the Empire of Japan started a full - scale invasion of China after invading Manchuria in 1931 , beginning the Second Sino - Japanese War ( often considered a theatre of World War II ) . Their troops occupied Nanjing in December and carried out the systematic and brutal Nanking Massacre ( the `` Rape of Nanking '' ) . Even children , the elderly , and nuns are reported to have suffered at the hands of the Imperial Japanese Army . The total death toll , including estimates made by the International Military Tribunal for the Far East and the Nanjing War Crimes Tribunal after the atomic bombings , was between 300,000 and 350,000 . The city itself was also severely damaged during the massacre . The Nanjing Massacre Memorial Hall was built in 1985 to commemorate this event . A few days before the fall of the city , the National Government of China was relocated to the southwestern city Chungking ( Chongqing ) and resumed Chinese resistance . In 1940 , a Japanese - collaborationist government known as the `` Nanjing Regime '' or `` Reorganized National Government of China '' led by Wang Jingwei was established in Nanjing as a rival to Chiang Kai - shek 's government in Chongqing . In 1946 , after the Surrender of Japan , the KMT relocated its central government back to Nanjing . On 21 April 1949 , Communist forces crossed the Yangtze River . On April 23 , the Communist People 's Liberation Army ( PLA ) captured Nanjing . The KMT government retreated to Canton ( Guangzhou ) until October 15 , Chongqing until November 25 , and then Chengdu before retreating to the island of Taiwan on December 10 where Taipei was proclaimed the temporary capital of the Republic of China . By late 1949 , the PLA was pursuing remnants of KMT forces southwards in southern China , and only Tibet and Hainan Island were left . After the establishment of the People 's Republic of China in October 1949 , Nanjing was initially a province - level municipality , but it was soon merged into Jiangsu province and again became the provincial capital by replacing Zhenjiang which was transferred in 1928 , and retains that status to this day . Geography ( edit ) Nanjing Region - Lower Yangtze Basin and Eastern China . Nanjing , with a total land area of 6,598 square kilometres ( 2,548 sq mi ) , is situated in the heartland of the drainage area of the lower reaches of the Yangtze River , and in the Yangtze River Delta , one of the largest economic zones of China . The Yangtze River flows past the west side and then the north side of Nanjing City , while the Ningzheng Ridge surrounds the north , east and south sides of the city . The city is 650 kilometres ( 400 mi ) southeast of Luoyang , 1,200 kilometres ( 750 mi ) south - southeast of Beijing , 300 kilometres ( 190 mi ) west - northwest of Shanghai , and 1,400 kilometres ( 870 mi ) east - northeast of Chongqing . The Yangtze River flows downstream from Jiujiang , Jiangxi , through Anhui and Jiangsu to the East China Sea . The northern part of the lower Yangtze drainage basin is the Huai River basin and the southern part is the Zhe River basin ; they are connected by the Grand Canal east of Nanjing . The area around Nanjing is called Hsiajiang ( 下 江 , Downstream River ) region , with Jianghuai dominant in the northern part and Jiangzhe dominant in the southern part . The region is also well known as Dongnan ( 東南 , South East , the Southeast ) and Jiangnan ( 江南 , and River South , South of Yangtze ) . Nanjing borders Yangzhou to the northeast ( one town downstream when following the north bank of the Yangtze ) ; Zhenjiang to the east ( one town downstream when following the south bank of the Yangtze ) ; and Changzhou to the southeast . On its western boundary is Anhui province , where Nanjing borders five prefecture - level cities : Chuzhou to the northwest , Wuhu , Chaohu and Maanshan to the west and Xuancheng to the southwest . Nanjing is at the intersection of the Yangtze River , an east - west water transport artery , and the Nanjing -- Beijing railway , a north - south land transport artery , hence the name `` door of the east and west , throat of the south and north '' . Furthermore , the west part of the Ningzhen range is in Nanjing ; the Loong - like Zhong Mountain curls round the east side of the city , while the tiger - like Stone Mountain crouches in the west of the city , hence the name `` the Zhong Mountain , a dragon curling , and the Stone Mountain , a tiger crouching '' . Climate and environment ( edit ) Nanjing Climate chart ( explanation ) J J J O 37 7 − 1 47 9 82 13 5 73 20 11 102 26 16 193 29 21 186 32 25 129 32 24 72 27 19 65 22 13 51 16 6 24 10 0 Average max. and min . temperatures in ° C Precipitation totals in mm Source : CMA ( show ) Imperial conversion J J J O 1.5 45 30 1.9 48 33 3.2 56 41 2.9 69 51 78 61 7.6 84 69 7.3 89 76 5.1 89 76 2.8 81 67 2.6 72 55 61 43 50 33 Average max. and min . temperatures in ° F Precipitation totals in inches Autumn maple leaves in Qixia Mountain Temple . Nanjing has a humid subtropical climate ( Köppen Cfa ) and is under the influence of the East Asian monsoon . The four seasons are distinct , with damp conditions seen throughout the year , very hot and muggy summers , cold , damp winters , and in between , spring and autumn are of reasonable length . Along with Chongqing and Wuhan , Nanjing is traditionally referred to as one of the `` Three Furnacelike Cities '' along the Yangtze River ( 长江 流域 三 大 火炉 ) for the perennially high temperatures in the summertime . However , the time from mid-June to the end of July is the plum blossom blooming season in which the meiyu ( rainy season of East Asia ; literally `` plum rain '' ) occurs , during which the city experiences a period of mild rain as well as dampness . Typhoons are uncommon but possible in the late stages of summer and early part of autumn . The annual mean temperature is around 15.91 ° C ( 60.6 ° F ) , with the monthly 24 - hour average temperature ranging from 2.7 ° C ( 36.9 ° F ) in January to 28.1 ° C ( 82.6 ° F ) in July . Extremes since 1951 have ranged from − 14.0 ° C ( 7 ° F ) on 6 January 1955 to 40.7 ° C ( 105 ° F ) on 22 August 1959 . On average precipitation falls 115 days out of the year , and the average annual rainfall is 1,090 millimetres ( 43 in ) . With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 37 percent in March to 52 percent in August , the city receives 1,926 hours of bright sunshine annually . Nanjing is endowed with rich natural resources , which include more than 40 kinds of minerals . Among them , iron and sulfur reserves make up 40 percent of those of Jiangsu province . Its reserves of strontium rank first in East Asia and the South East Asia region . Nanjing also possesses abundant water resources , both from the Yangtze River and groundwater . In addition , it has several natural hot springs such as Tangshan Hot Spring in Jiangning and Tangquan Hot Spring in Pukou . Sun Yat - sen once summarized and lauded the feature of Nanjing in his book The International Development of China ( 建國 方略 ) : Nanking was the old capital of China before Peking , and is situated in a fine locality which comprises high mountains , deep water and a vast level plain -- a rare site to be found in any part of the world . It also lies at the center of a very rich country on both sides of the lower Yangtze . ( 南京 為 中國 古都 , 在 北京 之前 , 而 其 位置 乃 在 一 美 善之 地區. 其 地 有 高山 , 有 深水 , 有 平原 , 此 三種 天 工 , 鐘 毓 一 處 , 在 世界 中 之 大 都市 誠 難 覓 如此 佳境 也. 而 又 恰 居 長江 下游 兩岸 最 豐富 區域 之 中心 ... ) To be more exact , surrounded by the Yangtze River and mountains , the urban area of the city enjoys its scenic natural environment . Xuanwu Lake and Mochou Lake are located in the centre of the city and are easily accessible to the public , while Purple Mountain are covered with deciduous and coniferous forests preserving various historical and cultural sites . Meanwhile , a Yangtze River deep - water channel is constructing to enable Nanjing to be capable of navigation of the 50,000 DWT vessels form the estuary . ( show ) Climate data for Nanjing ( 1981 -- 2010 normals , extremes 1951 -- present ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° C ( ° F ) 21.0 ( 69.8 ) 27.7 ( 81.9 ) 30.3 ( 86.5 ) 34.2 ( 93.6 ) 37.5 ( 99.5 ) 38.1 ( 100.6 ) 40.0 ( 104 ) 40.7 ( 105.3 ) 39.0 ( 102.2 ) 33.4 ( 92.1 ) 29.1 ( 84.4 ) 23.1 ( 73.6 ) 40.7 ( 105.3 ) Average high ° C ( ° F ) 7.2 ( 45 ) 9.5 ( 49.1 ) 14.2 ( 57.6 ) 20.7 ( 69.3 ) 26.2 ( 79.2 ) 29.1 ( 84.4 ) 32.2 ( 90 ) 31.7 ( 89.1 ) 27.7 ( 81.9 ) 22.5 ( 72.5 ) 16.2 ( 61.2 ) 9.9 ( 49.8 ) 20.6 ( 69.1 ) Daily mean ° C ( ° F ) 2.7 ( 36.9 ) 5.0 ( 41 ) 9.3 ( 48.7 ) 15.6 ( 60.1 ) 21.1 ( 70 ) 24.8 ( 76.6 ) 28.1 ( 82.6 ) 27.6 ( 81.7 ) 23.3 ( 73.9 ) 17.6 ( 63.7 ) 10.9 ( 51.6 ) 4.9 ( 40.8 ) 15.9 ( 60.6 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) − 0.7 ( 30.7 ) 1.4 ( 34.5 ) 5.3 ( 41.5 ) 11.0 ( 51.8 ) 16.5 ( 61.7 ) 21.0 ( 69.8 ) 24.9 ( 76.8 ) 24.4 ( 75.9 ) 19.9 ( 67.8 ) 13.6 ( 56.5 ) 6.8 ( 44.2 ) 1.1 ( 34 ) 12.1 ( 53.8 ) Record low ° C ( ° F ) − 14 ( 7 ) − 13.0 ( 8.6 ) − 7.1 ( 19.2 ) − 0.2 ( 31.6 ) 5.0 ( 41 ) 11.8 ( 53.2 ) 16.8 ( 62.2 ) 16.9 ( 62.4 ) 7.7 ( 45.9 ) 0.2 ( 32.4 ) − 6.3 ( 20.7 ) − 13.1 ( 8.4 ) − 14 ( 7 ) Average precipitation mm ( inches ) 45.4 ( 1.787 ) 53.0 ( 2.087 ) 79.6 ( 3.134 ) 80.3 ( 3.161 ) 90.0 ( 3.543 ) 166.2 ( 6.543 ) 214.3 ( 8.437 ) 143.8 ( 5.661 ) 72.9 ( 2.87 ) 59.7 ( 2.35 ) 55.9 ( 2.201 ) 29.5 ( 1.161 ) 1,090.6 ( 42.935 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 0.1 mm ) 8.7 9.1 11.8 10.0 9.7 10.6 12.3 11.8 8.1 7.8 7.4 6.2 113.5 Average relative humidity ( % ) 74 73 72 71 71 76 80 80 78 75 76 73 74.9 Mean monthly sunshine hours 124.7 120.3 144.7 169.2 194.2 162.8 196.7 201.6 164.0 164.2 147.4 137.1 1,926.9 Source : China Meteorological Administration Cityscape ( edit ) Nanjing skyline , taken in 2012 . Environmental issues ( edit ) Air pollution in 2013 ( edit ) 7 December 2013 image from NASA 's Terra Satellite of the Eastern China smog See also : 2013 Eastern China smog A dense wave of smog began in the central and east parts of China on 2 December 2013 across a distance of around 1,200 kilometres ( 750 mi ) , including Tianjin , Hebei , Shandong , Jiangsu , Anhui , Shanghai and Zhejiang . A lack of cold air flow , combined with slow - moving air masses carrying industrial emissions , collected airborne pollutants to form a thick layer of smog over the region . The heavy smog heavily polluted central and southern Jiangsu Province , especially in and around Nanjing , with its AQI pollution Index at `` severely polluted '' for five straight days and `` heavily polluted '' for nine . On 3 December 2013 , levels of PM particulate matter average over 943 micrograms per cubic metre , falling to over 338 micrograms per cubic metre on 4 December 2013 . Between 3 : 00 pm , 3 December and 2 : 00pm , 4 December local time , several expressways from Nanjing to other Jiangsu cities were closed , stranding dozens of passenger buses in Zhongyangmen bus station . From 5 to 6 December , Nanjing issued a red alert for air pollution and closed down all kindergarten through middle schools . Children 's Hospital outpatient services increased by 33 percent ; general incidence of bronchitis , pneumonia , upper respiratory tract infections significantly increased . The smog dissipated 12 December . Officials blamed the dense pollution on lack of wind , automobile exhaust emissions under low air pressure , and coal - powered district heating system in north China . Prevailing winds blew low - hanging air masses of factory emissions ( mostly SO ) towards China 's east coast . Government ( edit ) People 's Government of Nanjing City At present , the full name of the government of Nanjing is `` People 's Government of Nanjing City '' and the city is under the one - party rule of the CPC , with the CPC Nanjing Committee Secretary as the de facto governor of the city and the mayor as the executive head of the government working under the secretary . Administrative divisions ( edit ) The sub-provincial city of Nanjing is divided into 11 districts . Map District Simplified Chinese Hanyu Pinyin Population ( 2013 ) Area ( km ) 5 Qixia Jiangning Pukou Luhe Lishui Gaochun 1 . Xuanwu 2 . Qinhuai 3 . Jianye 4 . Gulou 5 . Yuhuatai District Xuanwu 玄武 区 Xuánwǔ Qū 660,557 80.97 Qinhuai 秦淮 区 Qínhuái Qū 1,034,822 50.36 Jianye 建邺 区 Jiànyè Qū 446,899 82.00 Gulou 鼓楼 区 Gǔlóu Qū 1,292,291 57.62 Yuhuatai 雨花台 区 Yǔhuātái Qū 415,885 131.90 Qixia 栖霞 区 Qīxiá Qū 664,103 340.00 Jiangning 江宁 区 Jiāngníng Qū 1,178,628 1,573.00 Pukou 浦口 区 Pǔkǒu Qū 728,798 913.00 Luhe 六合 区 Lùhé Qū 926,445 1,485.50 Lishui 溧水 区 Lìshuǐ Qū 419,523 983.00 Gaochun 高淳 区 Gāochún Qū 420,429 801.00 Defunct districts : Baixia District and Xiaguan District Demographics ( edit ) Population trend Year Residents ( in million ) natural growth rate ( % ) 1949 2.5670 13.09 1950 2.5670 15.64 1955 2.8034 19.94 1960 3.2259 0.23 1965 3.4529 25.58 1970 3.6053 20.76 3.9299 9.53 1978 4.1238 8.84 5.0182 9.18 Year Residents ( in million ) natural growth rate ( % ) 1995 5.2172 2.62 5.2543 2.63 5.2982 2.16 1998 5.3231 1.00 1999 5.3744 2.01 2000 5.4489 2.48 5.5304 1.60 2002 5.6328 0.70 2003 5.7223 1.50 2006 6.0700 6.11 According to the Sixth China Census , the total population of the City of Nanjing reached 8.005 million in 2010 . The statistics in 2011 estimated the total population to be 8.11 million . The birth rate was 8.86 percent and the death rate was 6.88 percent . The urban area had a population of 6.47 million people . The sex ratio of the city population was 107.31 males to 100 females . The encompassing metropolitan area was estimated by the OECD ( Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ) to have , as of 2010 , a population of 11.7 million . As in most of eastern China the ethnic makeup of Nanjing is predominantly Han nationality ( 98.56 percent ) , with 50 other minority nationalities . In 1999 , 77,394 residents belonged to minority nationalities , among which the vast majority ( 64,832 ) were Hui nationalities , contributing 83.76 percent to the minority population . The second and third largest minority groups were Manchu ( 2,311 ) and Zhuang ( 533 ) nationalities . Most of the minority nationalities resided in Jianye District , comprising 9.13 percent of the district 's population . Economy ( edit ) Earlier development ( edit ) There was a massive cultivating in the area of Nanjing from the Three Kingdoms period to Southern dynasties . The sparse population led to land as royal rewards were granted for rules ' people . At first , the landless peasants benefited from it , then the senior officials and aristocratic families . Since large numbers of immigrants flooded into the area , reclamation was quite common in its remote parts , which promoted its agricultural development . The craft industries , by contrast , had a faster growth . Especially the textiles section , there were about 200,000 craftsmen by the late Qing . Several dynasties established their imperial textiles bureaus in Nanjing . The Nanjing Brocade ( 南京 云锦 ) is their exquisite product as the cloth for the royal garments such as dragon robes . Meanwhile , the satins from Nanjing were called `` tribute satins '' ( `` 贡缎 '' ) , because they were usually paid as tribute to the monarchy . Besides , minting , papermaking , shipbuilding grew initially since the Three Kingdoms period . As Nanjing was the capital of the Ming dynasty , the industries further expanded , where both state - owned and numerous private businesses served the imperial court . Several place names in Nanjing remains witnessed them , such as Wangjinshi ( 网 巾 市 , the market sells wangjin ) , Guyilang ( 估 衣 廊 , the corridor for garments bargain ) , Youfangqiao ( 油坊 桥 , the bridge near an oil mill ) . Moreover , the trade in Nanjing was also flourishing . The Ming dynasty drawing Nandu fanhui tujuan ( 南都 繁 会 图 卷 , Prosperous Nanjing ) vividly depicts a high street at that time bustling with people ; all sorts of shops could be found on it . However , the economic developments were almost wiped out by the Taiping Rebellion 's catastrophe . Modern times ( edit ) Into the first half of the twentieth century after the establishment of ROC , Nanjing gradually shifted from being a production hub towards being a heavy consumption city , mainly because of the rapid expansion of its wealthy population after Nanjing once again regained the political spotlight of China . A number of huge department stores such as Zhongyang Shangchang sprouted up , attracting merchants from all over China to sell their products in Nanjing . In 1933 , the revenue generated by the food and entertainment industry in the city exceeded the sum of the output of the manufacturing and agriculture industry . One third of the city population worked in the service industry , . In the 1950s after PRC was established by CPC , the government invested heavily in the city to build a series of state - owned heavy industries , as part of the national plan of rapid industrialization , converting it into a heavy industry production center of east China . Overenthusiastic in building a `` world - class '' industrial city , the government also made many disastrous mistakes during development , such as spending hundreds of millions of yuan to mine for non-existent coal , resulting in negative economic growth in the late 1960s . From 1960s to 1980s there were Five Pillar Industries , namely , electronics , cars , petrochemical , iron and steel , and power , each with big state - owned firms . After the Reform and Opening recovering market economy , the state - owned enterprises found themselves incapable of competing with efficient multinational firms and local private firms , hence were either mired in heavy debt or forced into bankruptcy or privatization and this resulted in large numbers of layoff workers who were technically not unemployed but effectively jobless . Today ( edit ) Skyline of Nanjing 's Xinjiekou district as seen from Nanjing University 's Gulou campus . The current economy of the city is basically newly developed based on the past . Service industries are dominating , accounting for about 60 percent of the GDP of the city , and financial industry , culture industry and tourism industry are top 3 of them . Industries of information technology , energy saving and environmental protection , new energy , smart power grid and intelligent equipment manufacturing have become pillar industries . Big civilian - run enterprise include Suning Commerce , Yurun , Sanpower , Fuzhong , Hiteker , 5stars , Jinpu , Tiandi , CTTQ Pharmaceutical , Nanjing Iron and Steel Company and Simcere Pharmaceutical . Big state - owned firms include Panda Electronics , Yangzi Petrochemical , Jinling Petrochemical , Nanjing Chemical , Jincheng Motors , Jinling Pharmaceutical , Chenguang and NARI . The city has also attracted foreign investment , multinational firms such as Siemens , Ericsson , Volkswagen , Iveco , A.O. Smith , and Sharp have established their lines , and a number of multinationals such as Ford , IBM , Lucent , Samsung and SAP established research center there . Many China - based leading firms such as Huawei , ZTE and Lenovo have key R & D institutes in the city . Nanjing is an industrial technology research and development hub , hosting many R & D centers and institutions , especially in areas of electronics technology , information technology , computer software , biotechnology and pharmaceutical technology and new material technology . In recent years , Nanjing has been developing its economy , commerce , industry , as well as city construction . In 2013 the city 's GDP was RMB 801 billion ( 3rd in Jiangsu ) , and GDP per capita ( current price ) was RMB 98,174 ( US $16041 ) , a 11 percent increase from 2012 . The average urban resident 's disposable income was RMB 36,200 , while the average rural resident 's net income was RMB 14,513 . The registered urban unemployment rate was 3.02 percent , lower than the national average ( 4.3 percent ) . Nanjing 's Gross Domestic Product ranked 12th in 2013 in China , and its overall competence ranked 6th in mainland and 8th including Taiwan and Hong Kong in 2009 . A panoramic view of Nanjing in 2005 Industrial zones There are a number of industrial zones in Nanjing . Nanjing New and High - Tech Industry Development Zone Nanjing Baixia Hi - Tech Industrial Zone Nanjing Economic and Technological Development Zone Transportation ( edit ) Nanjing is the transportation hub in eastern China and the downstream Yangtze River area . Different means of transportation constitute a three - dimensional transport system that includes land , water and air . As in most other Chinese cities , public transportation is the dominant mode of travel of the majority of the citizens . As of October 2014 , Nanjing had four bridges and two tunnels over the Yangtze River , which are tying districts north of the river with the city center on the south bank . Rail ( edit ) Nanjing South Railway Station Nanjing is an important railway hub in eastern China . It serves as rail junction for the Beijing - Shanghai ( Jinghu ) ( which is itself composed of the old Jinpu and Huning Railways ) , Nanjing -- Tongling Railway ( Ningtong ) , Nanjing -- Qidong ( Ningqi ) , and the Nanjing - Xian ( Ningxi ) which encompasses the Hefei -- Nanjing Railway . Nanjing is connected to the national high - speed railway network by Beijing -- Shanghai High - Speed Railway and Shanghai -- Wuhan -- Chengdu Passenger Dedicated Line , with several more high - speed rail lines under construction . Among all 17 railway stations in Nanjing , passenger rail service is mainly provided by Nanjing Railway Station and Nanjing South Railway Station , while other stations like Nanjing West Railway Station , Zhonghuamen Railway Station and Xianlin Railway Station serve minor roles . Nanjing Railway Station was first built in 1968 . On November 12 , 1999 , the station was burnt in a serious fire . Reconstruction of the station was finished on September 1 , 2005 . Nanjing South Railway Station , which is one of the 5 hub stations on Beijing -- Shanghai High - Speed Railway , has officially been claimed as the largest railway station in Asia and the second largest in the world in terms of GFA ( Gross Floor Area ) . Construction of Nanjing South Station began on 10 January 2008 . The station was opened for public service in 2011 . Road ( edit ) Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge , built in 1968 , the first bridge over the Yangtze River to be built without foreign assistance . As an important regional hub in the Yangtze River Delta , Nanjing is well - connected by over 60 state and provincial highways to all parts of China . Express highways such as Hu -- Ning , Ning -- He , Ning -- Hang enable commuters to travel to Shanghai , Hefei , Hangzhou , and other important cities quickly and conveniently . Inside the city of Nanjing , there are 230 km ( 140 mi ) of highways , with a highway coverage density of 3.38 kilometres per hundred square kilometrs ( 5.44 mi / 100 sq mi ) . The total road coverage density of the city is 112.56 kilometres per hundred square kilometres ( 181.15 mi / 100 sq mi ) . The two artery roads in Nanjing are Zhongshan Road and Hanzhong . The two roads cross in the city center , Xinjiekou . Expressways : G25 Changchun -- Shenzhen Expressway G36 Nanjing -- Luoyang Expressway G40 Shanghai -- Xi'an Expressway G42 Shanghai -- Chengdu Expressway G4211 Nanjing -- Wuhu Expressway , a spur of G42 that extends west to Wuhu , Anhui S55 Nanjing -- Gaochun Expressway S38 Yanjiang Expressway G2501 Nanjing Ring Expressway National Highway ( GXXX ) : China National Highway 104 -- motorists can either drive northwest to Beijing or south to Fuzhou , Fujian . China National Highway 205 -- motorists can either drive north to Shanhaiguan , Hebei or south to Shenzhen , Guangdong . China National Highway 312 -- motorists can either drive east to Shanghai or west to Khorgas , Xinjiang on the Kazakh border China National Highway 328 -- Nanjing is the western terminus of G328 , which motorists can follow to Hai'an County in eastern Jiangsu Public transportation ( edit ) Xinjiekou Station of Line 2 , Nanjing Metro The city also boasts an efficient network of public transportation , which mainly consists of bus , taxi and metro systems . The bus network , which is currently run by three companies since 2011 , provides more than 370 routes covering all parts of the city and suburban areas . Nanjing Metro Line 1 , started service on September 3 , 2005 , with 16 stations and a length of 21.72 kilometres ( 13.50 miles ) . Line 2 and the 24.5 km - long south extension of Line 1 officially opened to passenger service on May 28 , 2010 . At present , Nanjing has a metro system with a grand total of 256 kilometers ( 159 mi ) of route and 136 stations . They are Line 1 , Line 2 , Line 3 , Line 4 , Line 10 , Line S1 and Line S8 . The city is planning to complete a 17 - line Metro and light - rail system by 2030 . The expansion of the Metro network will greatly facilitate the intracity transportation and reduce the currently heavy traffic congestion . Air ( edit ) Nanjing 's airport , Lukou International Airport , serves both national and international flights . In 2013 , Nanjing airport handled 15,011,792 passengers and 255,788.6 tonnes of freight . The airport currently has 85 routes to national and international destinations , which include Japan , Korea , Thailand , Malaysia , Singapore , United States and Germany . The airport is connected by a 29 - kilometre ( 18 mi ) highway directly to the city center , and is also linked to various intercity highways , making it accessible to the passengers from the surrounding cities . A railway Ninggao Intercity Line has been built to link the airport with Nanjing South Railway Station . Lukou Airport was opened on 28 June 1997 , replacing Nanjing Dajiaochang Airport as the main airport serving Nanjing . Dajiaochang Airport is still used as a military air base . Water ( edit ) Port of Nanjing is the largest inland port in China , with annual cargo tonnage reached 191,970,000 t in 2012 . The port area is 98 kilometres ( 61 mi ) in length and has 64 berths including 16 berths for ships with a tonnage of more than 10,000 . Nanjing is also the biggest container port along the Yangtze River ; in March 2004 , the one million container - capacity base , Longtan Containers Port Area opened , further consolidating Nanjing as the leading port in the region . As of 2010 , it operated six public ports and three industrial ports . The Yangtze River 's 12.5 - meter - deep waterway enables 50,000 - ton - class ocean ships directly arrive at the Nanjing Port , and the ocean ships with the capacities of 100,000 tons or above can also reach the port after load reduction in the Yangtze River 's high - tide period . Yangtze River crossings ( edit ) Main article : Yangtze River bridges and tunnels In the 1960s , the first Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge was completed , and served as the only bridge crossing over the Lower Yangtze in eastern China at that time . The bridge was a source of pride and an important symbol of modern China , having been built and designed by the Chinese themselves following failed surveys by other nations and the reliance on and then rejection of Soviet expertise . Begun in 1960 and opened to traffic in 1968 , the bridge is a two - tiered road and rail design spanning 4,600 metres on the upper deck , with approximately 1,580 metres spanning the river itself . Since then four more bridges and two tunnels have been built . Going in the downstream direction , the Yangtze crossings in Nanjing are : Dashengguan Bridge , Line 10 Metro Tunnel , Third Bridge , Nanjing Yangtze River Tunnel , First Bridge , Second Bridge and Fourth Bridge . Culture and Art ( edit ) Nanjing Library Being one of the four ancient capitals of China , Nanjing has always been a cultural center attracting intellectuals from all over the country . In the Tang and Song dynasties , Nanjing was a place where poets gathered and composed poems reminiscent of its luxurious past ; during the Ming and Qing dynasties , the city was the official imperial examination center ( Jiangnan Examination Hall ) for the Jiangnan region , again acting as a hub where different thoughts and opinions converged and thrived . Today , with a long cultural tradition and strong support from local educational institutions , Nanjing is commonly viewed as a `` city of culture '' and one of the more pleasant cities to live in China . Art ( edit ) Main article : List of Nanjing Art Groups Some of the leading art groups of China are based in Nanjing ; they include the Qianxian Dance Company , Nanjing Dance Company , Jiangsu Peking Opera Institute and Nanjing Xiaohonghua Art Company among others . Jiangsu Province Kun Opera is one of the best theatres for Kunqu , China 's oldest stage art . It is considered a conservative and traditional troupe . Nanjing also has professional opera troupes for the Yang , Yue ( shaoxing ) , Xi and Jing ( Chinese opera varieties ) as well as Suzhou pingtan , spoken theatre and puppet theatre . Jiangsu Art Gallery is the largest gallery in Jiangsu Province , presenting some of the best traditional and contemporary art pieces of China like the historical Master Ho - Kan ; many other smaller - scale galleries , such as Red Chamber Art Garden and Jinling Stone Gallery , also have their own special exhibitions . Festivals ( edit ) Main article : List of Festivals and Events of Nanjing An elderly man sketches plum blossoms at the festival . Many traditional festivals and customs were observed in the old times , which included climbing the City Wall on January 16 , bathing in Qing Xi on March 3 , hill hiking on September 9 and others ( the dates are in Chinese lunar calendar ) . Almost none of them , however , are still celebrated by modern Nanjingese . Instead , Nanjing , as a popular tourist destination , hosts a series of government - organised events throughout the year . The annual International Plum Blossom Festival held in Plum Blossom Hill , the largest plum collection in China , attracts thousands of tourists both domestically and internationally . Other events include Nanjing Baima Peach Blossom and Kite Festival , Jiangxin Zhou Fruit Festival and Linggu Temple Sweet Osmanthus Festival . Libraries ( edit ) Nanjing Library , founded in 1907 , houses more than 10 million volumes of printed materials and is the third largest library in China , after the National Library in Beijing and Shanghai Library . Other libraries , such as city - owned Jinling Library and various district libraries , also provide considerable amount of information to citizens . Nanjing University Library is the second largest university libraries in China after Peking University Library , and the fifth largest nationwide , especially in the number of precious collections . Museums ( edit ) Nanjing Museum For a more comprehensive list , see List of museums in Nanjing . Nanjing has some of the oldest and finest museums in China . Nanjing Museum , formerly known as National Central Museum during ROC period , is the first modern museum and remains as one of the leading museums in China having 400,000 items in its permanent collection , . The museum is notable for enormous collections of Ming and Qing imperial porcelain , which is among the largest in the world . Other museums include the City Museum of Nanjing in the Chaotian Palace , the Oriental Metropolitan Museum , the China Modern History Museum in the Presidential Palace , the Nanjing Massacre Memorial Hall , the Taiping Kingdom History Museum , Jiangning Imperial Silk Manufacturing Museum , Nanjing Yunjin Museum , Nanjing City Wall Cultural Museum , Nanjing Customs Museum in Ganxi House , Nanjing Astronomical History Museum , Nanjing Paleontological Museum , Nanjing Geological Museum , Nanjing Riverstones Museum , and other museums and memorials such Zheng He Memorial Jinling Four Modern Calligraphers Memorial . Theatre ( edit ) Most of Nanjing 's major theatres are multi-purpose , used as convention halls , cinemas , musical halls and theatres on different occasions . The major theatres include the People 's Convention Hall and the Nanjing Arts and Culture Center . The Capital Theatre well known in the past is now a museum in theatre / film . Night Life ( edit ) Qinhuai River Traditionally Nanjing 's nightlife was mostly centered around Nanjing Fuzimiao ( Confucius Temple ) area along the Qinhuai River , where night markets , restaurants and pubs thrived . Boating at night in the river was a main attraction of the city . Thus , one can see the statues of the famous teachers and educators of the past not too far from those of the courtesans who educated the young men in the other arts . In the past 20 years , several commercial streets have been developed , hence the nightlife has become more diverse : there are shopping malls opening late in the Xinjiekou CBD and Hunan Road . The well - established `` Nanjing 1912 '' district hosts a wide variety of recreational facilities ranging from traditional restaurants and western pubs to dance clubs . There are two major areas where bars are densely located ; one is in 1912 block ; the other is along Shanghai road and its neighbourhood . Both are popular with international residents of the city . Local people still very much enjoy street food , such as Turkish Kebab . As elsewhere in Asia , Karaoke is popular with both young and old crowds . Food and symbolism ( edit ) Many of the city 's local favorite dishes are based on ducks , including Nanjing salted duck , duck blood and vermicelli soup , and duck oil pancake . The radish is also a typical food representing people of Nanjing , which has been spread through word of mouth as an interesting fact for many years in China . According to Nanjing.GOV.cn , `` There is a long history of growing radish in Nanjing especially the southern suburb . In the spring , the radish tastes very juicy and sweet . It is well - known that people in Nanjing like eating radish . And the people are even addressed as ' Nanjing big radish ' , which means they are unsophisticated , passionate and conservative . From health perspective , eating radish can help to offset the stodgy food that people take during the Spring Festival '' . Sports and stadiums ( edit ) Nanjing Olympic Sports Centre Nanjing 's planned 20,000 seat Youth Olympic Sports Park Gymnasium will be one of the venues for the 2019 FIBA Basketball World Cup . As a major Chinese city , Nanjing is home to many professional sports teams . Jiangsu Suning F.C. , the football club currently staying in Chinese Super League , is a long - term tenant of Nanjing Olympic Sports Centre . Jiangsu Nangang Basketball Club is a competitive team which has long been one of the major clubs fighting for the title in China top level league , CBA . Jiangsu Volleyball men and women teams are also traditionally considered as at top level in China volleyball league . There are two major sports centers in Nanjing , Wutaishan Sports Center and Nanjing Olympic Sports Centre . Both of these two are comprehensive sports centers , including stadium , gymnasium , natatorium , tennis court , etc . Wutaishan Sports Center was established in 1952 and it was one of the oldest and most advanced stadiums in early time of People 's Republic of China . Nanjing hosted the 10th National Games of P.R.C. in 2005 and hosted the 2nd summer Youth Olympic Games in 2014 . In 2005 , in order to host The 10th National Game of People 's Republic of China , there was a new stadium , Nanjing Olympic Sports Centre , constructed in Nanjing . Compared to Wutaishan Sports Center , which the major stadium 's capacity is 18,500 , Nanjing Olympic Sports Center has a more advanced stadium which is big enough to seat 60,000 spectators . Its gymnasium has capacity of 13,000 , and natatorium of capacity 3,000 . On 10 February 2010 , the 122nd IOC session at Vancouver announced Nanjing as the host city for the 2nd Summer Youth Olympic Games . The slogan of the 2014 Youth Olympic Games was `` Share the Games , Share our Dreams '' . The Nanjing 2014 Youth Olympic Games featured all 28 sports on the Olympic programme and were held from 16 to 28 August . The Nanjing Youth Olympic Games Organising Committee ( NYOGOC ) worked together with the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) to attract the best young athletes from around the world to compete at the highest level . Off the competition fields , an integrated culture and education programme focused on discussions about education , Olympic values , social challenges , and cultural diversity . The YOG aims to spread the Olympic spirit and encourage sports participation . Tourism ( edit ) Nanjing is one of the most beautiful cities of mainland China with lush green parks , natural scenic lakes , small mountains , historical buildings and monuments , relics and much more , which attracts thousands of tourists every year . Buildings and Monuments ( edit ) Imperial period ( edit ) Stone City Qixia Temple Linggu Temple Jiming Temple South Tang mausoleums ( 南 唐二陵 ) Fuzimiao ( Confucius Temple ) and Qinhuai River Jiangnan Gongyuan City Wall of Nanjing Ming Dynasty Palace Site Chaotian Palace Drum Tower of Nanjing Beiji Ge Jinghai Temple Zhonghua Gate The Porcelain Pagoda of Nanjing ( destroyed ) Xu Garden Zhan Yuan Garden Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum and its surrounding complex Yangshan Quarry Yuejiang Lou Tower of Linggu Temple Classical buildings in the Mochou Lake Zhonghua Gate Spirit Way of Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum Republic of China period ( edit ) Because it was designated as the national capital , many structures were built around that time . Even today , some of them still remain which are open to tourists . Sun Yat - sen Mausoleum and its surrounding area Former Presidential Palace , Nanjing of ROC Former Central Government of ROC Building Group along N. Zhongshan Road ( 中山 北 路 国民 政府 建筑 ) Former Central Committee of KMT Buildings ( 中国 国民党 中央 党 部 旧址 ) Jiangsu Art Gallery ( Former National Art Gallery Buildings ) Nanjing Great Hall of the People ( Former National Great Hall ) Former Foreign Embassies in Gulou Area ( 鼓楼 使馆 区 ) Nanking Officials Residence Cluster along Yihe Road ( 颐 和 路 公馆 区 ) Former Central Stadium ( now in campus of Nanjing Sport Institute ) ( 中央 体育场 旧址 / 南京 体育 学院 ) Former Central Radio of KMT Building Republic of China Military Academy Buildings ( 中央 陆军 军官 学校 旧址 ) Former Bank of China Nanking Branch Building ( 中国 银行 南京 分行 旧址 ) Former Bank of Communications Nanking Branch Building ( 交通 银行 南京 分行 旧址 ) Former Central Bank of ROC Nanking Branch Building ( 中央 银行 南京 分行 旧址 ) Dahua Theatre ( 大 华 电影院 ) Lizhishe Buildings ( 励志 社 ) Former Macklin Hospital Buildings ( Gulou Hospital ) ( 马 林 医院 旧址 / 鼓楼 医院 ) Former Central Hospital Buildings ( 国立 中央 医院 旧址 ) Former National Central Museum Buildings ( Nanjing Museum ) ( 国立 中央 博物院 旧址 / 南京 博物馆 ) Purple Mountain Observatory Former Academia Sinica of ROC Buildings ( 国立 中央 研究 院 旧址 ) Former Central University Buildings ( former Nanjing University buildings , now in Sipailou campus of Southeast University ) Former University of Nanking Buildings ( now in Gulou campus of Nanjing University ) Former Ginling College Buildings ( now in Suiyuan campus of Nanjing Normal University ) St. Paul 's Church ( 圣保罗 堂 ) Central Hotel ( 中央 饭店 ) Former Capital Hotel ( Huajiang Hotel ) ( 首都 饭店 / 华 江 饭店 ) Yangtse Hotel ( 扬子 饭店 ) Hongshan Zoo ( 红 山 动物园 ) Hall of Sun Yat - sen Mausoleum Main entrance of the Presidential Palace Former site of Executive Yuan Former site of Lizhishe ( Society of Encouragement ) Hot Spring Villa of Chiang Kai - shek Auditorium of National Central University ( now Southeast University ) Former US Embassy Former residence of Wang Jingwei A mansion in Yihe Road People 's Republic of China period ( edit ) Jinling Hotel Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge Nanjing Massacre Memorial Hall Zifeng Tower Zifeng Tower ranks among the tallest buildings in the world , opened for commercial operations in 2010 . Yangtze River Bridge Nanjing Youth Olympic Towers New Nanjing Library Parks and gardens ( edit ) China Gate Castle Park Couple Park Defence Park Gulin Park Mochou Lake and Park Nanjing Hongshan Forest Zoo Purple Mountain Scenic Area Qingliangshan Park Taoye Ferry White Horse Park Wuchaomen Park Xiamafang Ruins Park Xu Garden Xuanwu Lake Yuhuatai Memorial Park of Revolutionary Martyrs Zhan Yuan Garden Zhongshan Botanical Garden Other places of interest ( edit ) Tangshan Hot Spring Yangshan Quarry Jiangxin Island Yangtze River power line crossings , tallest transmission towers built of concrete . Education ( edit ) Nanjing has been the educational center in southern China for more than 1700 years . There are 75 institutions of higher learning till 2013 . The number of National key laboratories , National key disciplines and the academicians of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Chinese Academy of Engineering all rank third in the nation . It boasts some of the most prominent educational institutions in the region , some of which are listed as follows : Nanjing University Many universities in Nanjing have satellite campuses or have moved their main campus to Xianlin University City . Clockwise from top : Gate to Nanjing Normal Nanjing University of Finance Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications Nanjing Normal University Universities and colleges ( edit ) National universities and colleges Operated by Ministry of Education China Pharmaceutical University Hohai University Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing University Southeast University Operated by Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics Nanjing University of Science and Technology Operated by the joint Commission of the State Forest Administration and Public Order Ministry Nanjing Forest Police College ( 南京 森林 警察 学院 ) Operated by the general sport Administration Nanjing Sport Institute ( 南京 体育 学院 ) National military universities and colleges PLA Nanjing Army Command College ( 中国 人民 解放军 南京 陆军 指挥 学院 ) PLA Nanjing International Relation College ( 中国 人民 解放军 南京 国际 关系 学院 ) PLA Nanjing Political College PLA Naval Command College ( 中国 人民 解放军 海军 指挥 学院 ) PLA University of Science and Technology ( 中国 人民 解放军 理工 大学 ) Provincial universities and colleges Jiangsu Institute of Education Jinling Institute of Technology ( 金陵 科技 学院 ) Nanjing Arts Institute ( 南京 艺术 学院 ) Nanjing Audit University Nanjing City Vocational College ( 南京 城市 职业 学院 ) Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing Institute of Technology Nanjing Medical University Nanjing Normal University Nanjing Xiaozhuang University Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing University of Finance and Economics Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications Nanjing University of Technology Private universities and colleges Communication University Of China ' Nanjing ( 中国 传媒 大学 南 广 学院 ) Hopkins - Nanjing Center Nanjing University Jinling College ( 南京 大学 金陵 学院 ) New York Institute of Technology Sanjiang College Notable high schools ( edit ) High School Affiliated to Nanjing Normal University Jinling High School Nanjing Foreign Language School Nanjing International School Nanjing Ninghai High School ( 南京 宁海 中学 ) Nanjing No. 1 High School Nanjing Zhonghua High School Nanjing No. 5 High School ( 南京 第 五 中学 ) Nanjing No. 9 High School ( 南京 第 九 中学 ) Nanjing No. 13 High School ( 南京 市 第 十 三 中学 ) Nanjing No. 27 High School Nanjing No. 29 High School ( 南京 市 第 二 十 九 中学 ) Nanjing No. 3 Senior Middle School VIA Nanjing No. 3 International High School ( 美国 佛蒙特 州 国际 学校 南京 三 中 校区 ) Caulfield Grammar School ( Nanjing Campus ) Sister cities ( edit ) Bandar Seri Begawan , Brunei Barranquilla , Colombia Bloemfontein ( Mangaung ) , South Africa Windhoek , Namibia Mogilev , Belarus Eindhoven , North Brabant , Netherlands Florence , Tuscany , Italy Leipzig , Saxony , Germany Limassol , Cyprus London , Ontario , Canada Malacca Town , Malaysia Mexicali , Baja California , Mexico Perth , Western Australia , Australia St. Louis , Missouri , USA Daejeon , South Korea Former Sister cities Nagoya , Japan ( suspended on February 21 , 2012 after Nanking Massacre denialist statements by Nagoya 's mayor , Takashi Kawamura ) See also ( edit ) Jiangnan List of cities in the People 's Republic of China by population List of twin towns and sister cities in China Historical capitals of China City Wall of Nanjing Walled city of Nanjing Ming Palace Nanking Massacre The Rape of Nanking ( book ) Treaty of Nanjing Nanjing Salted Duck Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Nankinese , sometimes may be translated as Nanjinese , Nanjingese , Nankingese , Nanjinger , Nankiner , etc ... In Nanjing dialect there is no difference between Nanjing and Nanjin or between Nanking and Nankin . This means the two pronunciations Jing and Jin in Mandarin Chinese pronounce the same in Nanjing dialect , and king and kin are also the same . Jump up ^ In East China , in terms of urban population and urban area , the largest city is Shanghai , and the second largest is Nanjing . Jump up ^ Since becoming a southern capital , the city has been called Nanking ( Nanjing , 南京 ) unofficially , and was officially named Nanjing ( Nanking ) after Peking ( Beijing 北京 , renamed from Peping or Beiping , 北平 ) became a capital city during the early Ming dynasty ; the name appears in Ming dynasty echo poem ( 蕭子顯 《 奉 和 昭 明太子 鐘 山 講解 詩 》 : `` 崇 嶽 基 舊 宇 , 盤 嶺 跨 南京 '' ) , for example . It 's also unofficially called Nandu ( 南都 ) , and Nandu Fanhui Tu ( 《 南都 繁 會 圖 》 , Nandu Prosperity Picture ) is an example . Jump up ^ Huai ( Huai of Jianghuai 江淮 ) is a big river north of Jiang ( the river Yangtse ) , and the Zhe ( Zhe of Jiangzhe 江浙 ) ) is a big river south of Jiang . Jump up ^ The areas covered by such geographical names as Jiangnan , Dongnan and Hsiajiang are not precisely defined . In ancient times the area was known as Yangchow ( 揚州 ) . Sometimes the term Jianghai ( 江海 ) is used because the region is where the Jiang ( Yangtse , river ) empties into the Hai ( sea ) . Jump up ^ Liuchao Gudu Bowuguan ( 六朝 古都 博物館 ) Jump up ^ Jiangning Zhizao Bowuguan ( 江甯 織造 博物館 ) Jump up ^ Nanjing Minsu Bowuguan ( 南京 民俗 博物館 ) , located in Ganxi House ( 甘 熙 宅 第 ) which is said to be the largest Chinese private house , with the nickname Ninety Nine And A Half Rooms . Jump up ^ A small museum and tomb honoring the 15th century seafaring admiral Zheng He although his body was buried at sea off the Malabar Coast near Calicut in western India . Jump up ^ Jinling Shufa Silao Jinianguan ( 金陵 書法 四 老 紀念館 , 胡 小石 、 林 散 之 、 蕭 嫻 、 高二 適 ) References ( edit ) Citations ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : OECD Urban Policy Reviews : China 2015 , OECD READ edition . OECD iLibrary . OECD. 18 April 2015 . p. 37 . doi : 10.1787 / 9789264230040 - en . ISBN 9789264230033 . ISSN 2306 - 9341 . Linked from the OECD here Jump up ^ `` A Grass Roots Fight to Save a ' Super Tree ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Romanisation of the Chinese Language '' . Society for Anglo - Chinese Understanding . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 年末 南京 市 人口 状况 报告 年末 南京 市 人口 状况 综述 '' . 南京 统计 局. 2017 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` 南京 历史 沿革 '' . 中国 南京 政府 官网 . Jump up ^ Nanjing is also called Jincheng ( 金城 , Gold City ) , derived from Jinling City . In addition , Jincheng was a city in Nanjing area . In the 1st year of Hsiankang in the Jin dynasty ( 335 CE ) , Langya ( 瑯琊 ) , a prefectural governor Huan Wen stationed in Jincheng , submitted a proposal to establish the prefecture of South Langya in the land of Jiangsheng ( 江 乘 ) county , and then the city Jincheng became the capital city of the newly established South Langya Prefecture ( 南 瑯琊 郡 ) . The Jincheng later renamed Jinling township , in today 's Qinhuai District . ( 《 至 大 金陵 新 志 》 : `` 金城 在 城 东 二 十 五 里 , 吴 筑 , 今 上 元 县 金陵 乡 地名 金城 戍 即 其 地 . '' 《 至 正 金陵 新 志 》 : `` 上 元 縣 金陵 鄉 , 舊 名 金城 戍. 晉 太 元 八 年 , 謝安 勞師 于 金城 , 即 此. 或 稱 琅 邪 城. 咸 康 初 , 桓 溫 為 琅 邪 內 史 , 鎮 金城 . '' ) Jump up ^ 薛宏莉 ( 2008 - 05 - 07 ) . `` 15 个 副 省 级 城市 中 哈尔滨 市 房价 涨幅 排列 第 五 名 '' ( Prices rose in 15 sub-provincial cities , Harbin ranked fifth ) . 哈尔滨 地产 ( in Chinese ) . Sohu . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` 中央 机构 编制 委员会 印发 《 关于 副 省 级 市 若干 问题 的 意见 》 的 通知 . 中 编发 ( 1995 ) 5 号 '' . 豆 丁 网. 1995 - 02 - 19 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Home - Women GP - Nanjing '' . Nanjing2009.fide.com . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ 100 National Key Universities are universities of Project 211 whose name comes from the abbreviation of 100 national key universities in 21st century . There are 8 universities listed in Project 211 in Nanjing , 9 in Shanghai , and 23 in Beijing . Jump up ^ `` It will come as no surprise that the top performing Chinese cities in the Nature Index are Beijing , Shanghai and Nanjing . All three are significant players economically and politically , Beijing and Shanghai particularly ... As the capital of the wealthy eastern coastal province of Jiangsu , Nanjing is located in a region rich in economic and technological activity ... '' - from `` Three giants tighten their grip '' , Nature 528 , S176 -- S178 ( 17 December 2015 ) Jump up ^ `` 走马 南京 都市 圈 '' . 中国 经济 快讯 周刊 / 人民 网. 2003 . Jump up ^ `` 南京 介绍 '' . 新华 网. 2012 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 江苏 省 行政 区划 介绍 '' . 江苏 省 政府 官网 . ^ Jump up to : Rita Yi Man Li , `` A Study on the Impact of Culture , Economic , History and Legal Systems Which Affect the Provisions of Fittings by Residential Developers in Boston , Hong Kong and Nanjing '' , Global Business and Management Research : An International Journal . 1 : 3 - 4 . 2009 . Access via Questia , an online subscription service . ^ Jump up to : Crespigny 2004 , 3 Jump up ^ `` 南京 市 '' . 重 編 囯語 辭典 修訂 本 . Ministry of Education , ROC . 民國 十 六 年 , 國民 政府 宣言 定 為 首都 , 今 以 臺北 市 為 我國 中央 政府 所在地. ( In the 16th Year of the Republic of China ( 1927 ) , the National Government established ( Nanking ) as the capital . At present , Taipei is the seat of the central government . ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ ( 金陵 在 春秋 時 本 吳 地 , 未 有 城 邑. 惟 石頭 城東 有 冶 城. 傳 雲 , 夫差 冶 鑄 於 此. 即 今朝 天 宮地 . ) 金陵 古今 圖 考 ( Illustrated Study of Past and Present Nanjing ) Jump up ^ Here in Yecheng , Yuecheng and Jinling Yi , both Cheng and Yi mean city . Jump up ^ 南京 六朝 石刻 现状 调查 : 在 田野 与 工地 间 寻找 国宝 ( in Chinese ) . Xinhua. 7 June 2006 . Retrieved 2 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Shufen Liu , `` Jiankang and the Commercial Empire of the Southern Dynasties '' , in Pearce , Spiro , Ebrey eds . Culture and Power , 2001 : 35 . Jump up ^ `` 六朝 名 都 崛起 江东 '' . 南京 市 志 ( 第 1 册 ) . Jump up ^ 《 金陵 记 》 : `` 梁 都 之 时 , 城中 二 十 八 万 户 , 西 至 石头 , 东 至 倪 塘 , 南 至 石子 冈 , 北 过 蒋 山 , 东西 南北 各 四 十 里 . '' ( in Chinese ) Jump up ^ Liang Baiquan . Nanjing - de Liu Chao Shike ( Nanjing 's Six Dynasties ' Sculptures ) . pp. 53 -- 54 . ISBN 7 - 80614 - 376 - 9 Jump up ^ Albert E. Dien , Six Dynasties Civilization . Yale University Press , 2007 , ISBN 0 - 300 - 07404 - 2 . Partial text on Google Books . P. 190 . A reconstruction of the original form of the ensemble is shown in Fig . 5.19 . Jump up ^ `` 梁安成 康王 萧 秀 墓石 刻 '' . Jllib.org.cn . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ The city was seriously destroyed in chaos caused by wars and changes of dynasties . In the 5th year of Daye in Sui ( 609 CE ) , the city again became capital city of Danyang Prefecture . In the 14th year of Daye reign Emperor Yang of Sui ordered to build palace in Nanjing , attempted to make the city as capital to keep Sui dynasty and failed . Jump up ^ `` 南 唐再兴 金陵 城 '' . 南京 市 志 ( 第 1 册 ) . Jump up ^ Johannes L. Kurz ( 2011 ) . China 's Southern Tang Dynasty , 937 - 976 . Routledge . Jump up ^ Franke , Herbert ( 1994 ) . `` The Chin dynasty '' . In Denis Twitchett , Denis C. ; John King Fairbank . The Cambridge History of China : Volume 6 , Alien Regimes and Border States , 710 -- 1368 . Cambridge University Press . p. 230 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 24331 - 5 . Jump up ^ Tao , Jing - Shen ( 2009 ) . `` The Move to the South and the Reign of Kao - tsung '' . In Paul Jakov Smith ; Denis C. Twitchett . The Cambridge History of China : Volume 5 , The Sung Dynasty and Its Precursors , 907 - 1279 . Cambridge University Press . p. 647 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 81248 - 1 . Jump up ^ In the 3rd year of Jianyan ( 1129 ) , Jiankang became Temporary Capital ( 行 都 ) of Song , being set as Eastern Capital . Although people like Yue Fei stood for the imperial court being in the city , eventually in the 8th year of Shaoxing ( 1139 ) it withdrew from Jiankang to Lin'an ( present Hangzhou ) , and since then the city became Preserving Capital ( 留 都 ) of Song dynasty . Jump up ^ `` 隋唐 州 县 南 唐国 都 '' . 南京 市 志 ( 第 1 册 ) . Jump up ^ Ebrey ( 1999 ) , 191 . Jump up ^ Turnbull , Stephen R. and Steve Noon ( 2009 ) . Chinese Walled Cities 221 BC - AD 1644 . Osprey Publishing . p. 61 . ISBN 1 - 84603 - 381 - 0 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Ansight Guides ( 1997 ) . Insight Guides : China 5 / E. Apa Publications , original from Pennsylvania State University . p. 268 . ISBN 0 - 395 - 66287 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Largest Cities Through History '' . Geography.about.com. 2013 - 11 - 14 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ Jonathan D. Spence . God 's Chinese Son , New York 1996 Jump up ^ Williams , S. Wells . The Middle Kingdom : a Survey of the Geography , Government , Literature , Social Life , Arts , & History of the Chinese Empire & its Inhabitants , Vol. 1 . Scribner ( New York ) , 1904 . Jump up ^ Yang & Lu 2001 , pp. 616 -- 617 Jump up ^ Johannes L. Kurz , `` Boni in Chinese Sources : Translations of Relevant Texts from the Song to the Qing Dynasties '' , Nalanda - Sriwijaya Centre Working Paper No 4 ( July 2011 ) , Jump up ^ Wakeman 1985 , p. 346 . Jump up ^ Struve 1988 , p. 644 . Jump up ^ Struve 1988 , p. 642 . The prince was a grandson of the Wanli Emperor ( r . 1573 -- 1620 ) . The Wanli Emperor 's attempt to name Zhu Yousong 's father as heir apparent had been thwarted by supporters of the Donglin movement because Zhu Yousong 's father was not the Wanli Emperor 's eldest son . Although this was three generations earlier , Donglin officials in Nanjing nonetheless feared that the prince might retaliate against them . Jump up ^ Struve ( 1993 ) , p. 55 -- 56 Jump up ^ Struve ( 1993 ) , pp. 60 -- 61 Jump up ^ Struve ( 1993 ) , pp. 62 -- 63 Jump up ^ Wakeman 1985 , p. 578 . Jump up ^ Wakeman 1985 , p. 647 ; Struve 1988 , p. 662 ; Dennerline 2002 , p. 87 ( which calls this edict `` the most untimely promulgation of ( Dorgon 's ) career . '' Jump up ^ Struve ( 1993 ) , pp. 64 -- 65 , 72 Jump up ^ `` 清 督 驻 所 太平天国 定鼎 '' . 南京 市 志 ( 第 1 册 ) . Jump up ^ Cassel , Pär ( 2003 ) , `` Excavating Extraterritoriality : The `` Judicial Sub-Prefect '' as a Prototype for the Mixed Court in Shanghai `` , Late Imperial China , Vol. 24 , No. 2 , pp. 156 -- 182 . Jump up ^ Publicado por Eduardo Real . `` Eduardo Real : The Taiping Rebellion '' . Dangeroustravel.blogspot.com . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Necrometrics . '' Nineteenth Century Death Tolls cites a number of sources , some of which are reliable . Jump up ^ Ho Ping - ti . STUDIES ON THE POPULATION OF CHINA , 1368 -- 1953 . Cambridge : Harvard University Press , 1959 . p. 237 Jump up ^ Pelissier , Roger . THE AWAKENING OF CHINA : 1793 -- 1949 . Edited and Translated by Martin Kieffer . New York : Putnam , 1967 . p. 109 Jump up ^ Fu Jing - hui , An Introduction of Chinese and Foreign History of War , 2003 , p. 109 -- 111 ^ Jump up to : John E. Woods , The Good Man of Nanking , the Diaries of John Rabe , 1998 P. 275 - 278 Jump up ^ John E. Woods , The Good Man of Nanking , the Diaries of John Rabe , 1998 P. 275 - 278 , 281 Jump up ^ Document sent by former Japanese foreign minister Hirota Koki to the Japanese Embassy in Washington on January 17 , 1938 , ( Ref . National Archives , Washington , D.C. , Released in Sept. 1994 . ) Jump up ^ Narangoa , Li ; Cribb , R.B. ( 2003 ) . Imperial Japan and national identities in Asia , 1895 -- 1945 . Routledge . p. 13 . ISBN 0 - 7007 - 1482 - 0 . Jump up ^ Zhang , Chunhou . Vaughan , C. Edwin . ( 2002 ) ( 2002 ) . Mao Zedong as Poet and Revolutionary Leader : Social and Historical Perspectives . Lexington books . ISBN 0 - 7391 - 0406 - 3 . p 65 , p 58 Jump up ^ `` 中华 人民 共和国 成立 后 中央 直辖市 及 江苏 省 省会 '' . 南京 市 志 ( 第 1 册 ) . ^ Jump up to : 中国 气象 局 国家 气象 信息 中心 ) ( in Chinese ) . China Meteorological Administration . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ 为什么 重庆 、 武汉 、 南京 有 `` 三 大 火炉 '' 之 称 ? ( in Chinese ) . Guangzhou Popular Science News Net ( 广州 科普 资讯 网 ) . 2007 - 09 - 12 . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ http://cdc.cma.gov.cn/dataSetLogger.do?changeFlag=dataLogger Jump up ^ `` 南京 气象 资料 '' . 中国 气象 科学 数据 共享 服务 网 . Retrieved 20 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Extreme Temperatures Around the World '' . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` 建國 方略 之 二 物質 建設 第 二 計劃 '' . Jump up ^ `` 十 二 点 五 米 深水 航道 初 通 南京 长江 出 海口 至 南京 全程 畅行 五 万 吨 级 船舶 ( in Chinese ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Smog Shrouds Eastern China '' . Earth Observatory . 10 December 2013 . Retrieved 24 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Smog and fog hit east , north China '' . Xinhua News Agency . 6 December 2013 . Retrieved 15 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : 吴 怡 、 刘伟伟 . `` 我国 25 个 省 现 雾 霾 江苏 成 污染 重 灾区 全国 最 严重 '' . 腾讯 转 现代 快报 . Jump up ^ `` Environmental officials deny blame for eastern China smog '' . China Dialogue. 6 January 2014 . Retrieved 24 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 长 三角 遭遇 重度 霾 专家 称 石油 化工 和 尾气 是 主因 '' . 人民 网 ( 转载 自 《 新 京 报 》 ) . 2013 - 12 - 13 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 13 . Jump up ^ Liu Chen - yao . `` 中国 出现 入 冬 以来 最大 范围 雾 霾 局 地 严重 污染 ( Smog levels in China reach record levels since the end of 2013 ; surrounding areas severely polluted '' ( in Chinese ) . China news agency . Jump up ^ 孙 莹 . `` 雾 霾 天 南京 学校 停课 儿童 医院 门诊 量 上升 三 分 之 一 '' . 新华 网 . Jump up ^ `` 12 日后 受 冷 空气 和 降雨 影响 南方 大 范围 雾 霾 将 告 一段落 '' . 上海 政府 网 . Jump up ^ 综合 本 报 和 新华 社 电 . `` 三 问 今冬 十 面 '' 霾 `` 伏 '' . 人民 日报 海外 版 . Jump up ^ `` Map : Shanghai 's off the charts air pollution '' . Greenpeace. 6 December 2013 . Retrieved 24 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 年 江苏 省 行政 区划 '' . 行政 区划 网. 2013 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ 南京 市 统计 局 ( 2013 ) . 《 南京 统计 年鉴 2013 》 . 中国 统计 出版 社 . ISBN 978 - 7 - 5037 - 6859 - 0 . Jump up ^ 刘绍武 ( 2011 ) . 中华 人民 共和国 全国 分 县 市 人口 统计 资料 . 群众 出版 社 . ISBN 9787501449170 . Jump up ^ `` 南京 市 2010 年 第 六 次 全国 人口 普查 主要 数据 公报 '' . 南京 市 第 六 次 全国 人口 普查 领导 小组 办公室 , 南京 市 统计 局. 2011 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` 南京 民族 概况 '' . 南京 市 民族 宗教 事务 局. 2012 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ 清 乾隆 、 嘉慶 年間 , 江寧 織機 在 四 萬 台 以上. 清 光緒 十 二 年 二 月 十 六 日 《 申報 》 : `` ( 南京 ) 城廂 內外 緞 機 總數 常 五 萬 有 奇 , 以 此 為 生產 者 達 二 十 萬 人 . '' Jump up ^ `` 综述 '' . 南京 市 志 ( 第 5 卷 ) 工业 . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ `` 南京 总部 经济 发展 能力 居 全国 第 六 '' . 新华 报 业 网 ( 来源 : 南京 日报 ) . 2009 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ Yangtze Bridge , Fourth Nanjing . `` Nanjing Yangtze Fourth Bridge to open on Dec. 24 ( 3 ) '' . People 's Daily Online . Retrieved 17 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 伴随 江苏 铁路 发展 南京 将 成长 三角 铁路 交通 枢纽 '' . 新华 日报. 2009 - 07 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : `` 车站 简介 '' . 南京 火车 站. 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` 南京 火车 站 12 日 晨 发生 特大 火灾 '' . 新浪 网. 1999 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` 南京 火车 站 和 北京 南 站 变 身 成 全国 新建 改建 范本 '' . 火车 网. 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ 中國 評論 新聞 : 京 滬 高鐵 南京 南 站 開工 將 建 亞洲 第 一 大 站 Jump up ^ 亞洲 最大 京 滬 高鐵 南京 南 站 啟用 - 聯合 報 Jump up ^ `` 数字 交通 '' . 南京 市 交通 局 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` 南京 三 大 公交 企业 新 名称 敲定 '' . 凤凰 网. 2012 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Nanjing metro inaugurated '' . Railway Gazette International . 2005 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Nanjing Metro places € 85 5m train order '' . Railway Gazette International . 2008 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ 南京 地铁 二 号 线 载 人 模拟 运营 , Sina News . Retrieved 25 May 2010 . Jump up ^ 南京 轨道 交通 线 网 共 17 条 ; Retrieved 6 March 2010 . Jump up ^ 2013 年 华东 机场 生产 数据 排序 ( in Chinese ) . Civil Aviation Administration of China East China Regional Administration . 2014 - 03 - 06 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` China Eastern Adds Nanjing - Shizuoka Service from July 2015 '' . Airlineroute.net. 8 June 2015 . Retrieved 8 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NokScoot Revises Nanjing Launch to mid-June 2015 '' . Airlineroute.net. 27 May 2015 . Retrieved 27 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Amnatcharoenrit , Bamrung ( 2 October 2012 ) . `` AirAsia flies out of Don Mueang without a hitch '' . The Nation . Bangkok . Retrieved 2 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` China Eastern , Delta and Hainan Airlines ' new routes accelerate US - China aviation development '' . Centre for Aviation . February 23 , 2015 . Retrieved March 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ 南京 开 建 地铁 机场 线 第 一 次 地铁 将 抵达 机场 . 中国 江苏 网 , 2011 - 12 - 28 Jump up ^ 大 校场 机场 ( Dajiaochang Airport ) . Nanjing City Chronicles ( in Chinese ) . Nanjing City Government . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 全国 货物 、 集装箱 、 旅客 吞吐 量 统计 '' . www.chinaports.com . 南京 港 ( 集团 ) 有限 公司 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` 集团 简介 '' . www.njp.com.cn . 中国 港口 网 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` The Brief Introduction of Nanjing Port '' . Jump up ^ Yangtze - River Deep Waterway Jump up ^ A brief introduction to Jiangsu Province Kunqu Theatre Jump up ^ Jiangsu Art Gallery , Synotrip . Jump up ^ `` Treasures in Nanjing Museum '' . Chinaculture.org. 2008 - 07 - 14 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Porcelain Creatures Highlight Nanjing Museum '' . China.org.cn. 2003 - 10 - 29 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 17 . Jump up ^ Levathes , Louise . When China Ruled The Seas : The Treasure Fleet of the Dragon Throne 1405 - 1433 , p. 172 . Oxford Univ . Press ( New York ) , 1996 . Jump up ^ Life on the Water 's Edge : The Culture and History of the Qinhuai River - China.org.cn Jump up ^ `` China Cultural Kaleidoscope '' . Retrieved 29 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Frying Spring Rolls at the Beginning of Spring '' . Retrieved 19 April 2013 . Jump up ^ The Official website of the 2019 FIBA Basketball World Cup , FIBA.com , Retrieved 9 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 俱乐部 概况 '' . Jssainty fc . Retrieved 10 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 南京 成功 获得 2014 年 夏季 世界 青年 奥运会 主办 权 '' . 中国 日报. 2010 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` 南京 获得 2013 年 亚 青 会 举办 权 '' . 腾讯 网. 2010 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ Wutaishan Stadium Jump up ^ `` 紫峰 大厦 开业 庆典 '' . Greenland Group . Retrieved 5 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Wang , Chuhan ( 22 February 2012 ) . `` Nanjing suspends official contact with Nagoya '' . CNTV . Sources ( edit ) See also : Bibliography of the history of Nanjing Cotterell , Arthur ( 2007 ) . The Imperial Capitals of China - An Inside View of the Celestial Empire . London : Pimlico . pp. 304 pages . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84595 - 009 - 5 . Danielson , Eric N. ( 2004 ) . Nanjing and the Lower Yangzi River . Singapore : Marshall Cavendish / Times Editions . ISBN 981 - 232 - 598 - 0 . Jun Fang ( 23 May 2014 ) . China 's Second Capital -- Nanjing Under the Ming , 1368 - 1644 . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 1 - 135 - 00845 - 1 . Eigner , Julius ( February 1938 ) . `` The Rise and Fall of Nanking '' in National Geographic Vol . LXXIII No. 2 . Washington , D.C. : National Geographic . Farmer , Edward L. ( 1976 ) . Early Ming Government : The Evolution of Dual Capitals . Cambridge , Mass. : Harvard University Press . Hobart , Alice Tisdale ( 1927 ) . Within the Walls of Nanking . New York : MacMillan . Jiang , Zanchu ( 1995 ) . Nanjing shi hua . Nanjing : Nanjing chu ban she . ISBN 7 - 80614 - 159 - 6 . Lutz , Jessie Gregory ( 1971 ) . China and the Christian Colleges , 1850 - 1950 . Ithaca : Cornell University Press . Ma , Chao Chun ( Ma Chaojun ) ( 1937 ) . Nanking 's Development , 1927 - 1937 . Nanking : Municipality of Nanking . Michael , Franz ( 1972 ) . The Taiping Rebellion : History and Documents ( 3 vols . ) . Seattle : University of Washington Press . Mote , Frederick W. ( 1977 ) . `` The Transformation of Nanking , 1350 -- 1400 , '' in The City in Late Imperial China , ed. by G. William Skinner . Stanford : Stanford University Press . Mote , Frederick W. , and Twitchett , Denis , ed. ( 1988 ) . The Cambridge History of China Vol. 7 , The Ming Dynasty , 1368 - 1644 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Musgrove , Charles D. ( 2000 ) . `` Constructing a National Capital in Nanjing , 1927 -- 1937 , '' in Remaking the Chinese City , 1900 -- 1950 , ed. by Joseph W. Esherick . Honolulu : University of Hawaii Press . Nanking Women 's Club ( 1933 ) . Sketches of Nanking . Nanking : Nanking Women 's Club . Ouchterlony , John ( 1844 ) . The Chinese War : An Account of All the Operations of the British Forces from the Commencement to the Treaty of Nanking . London : Saunders and Otley . Prip - Moller , Johannes ( 1935 ) . `` The Hall of Lin Ku Ssu ( Ling Gu Si ) Nanking , '' in Artes Monuments Vol . III . Copenhagen : Artes Monuments . Smalley , Martha L. ( 1982 ) . Guide to the Archives of the United Board for Christian Higher Education in Asia ( Record Group 11 ) . New Haven : Yale University Divinity Library Special Collections . Struve , Lynn ( 1988 ) . `` The Southern Ming '' . In Frederic W. Mote ; Denis Twitchett ; John King Fairbank ( eds . ) . Cambridge History of China , Volume 7 , The Ming Dynasty , 1368 -- 1644 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 641 -- 725 . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) . Struve , Lynn A. ( 1998 ) . `` Chapter 4 : `` The emperor really has left '' : Nanjing changes hands `` . Voices from the Ming - Qing Cataclysm : China in Tigers ' Jaws . Yale University Press . pp. 55 -- 72 . ISBN 0 - 300 - 07553 - 7 . Teng , Ssu Yu ( 1944 ) . Chang Hsi ( Zhang Xi ) and the Treaty of Nanking , 1842 . Chicago : Chicago University Press . Thurston , Mrs. Lawrence ( Matilda ) ( 1955 ) . Ginling College . New York : United Board for Christian Colleges in China . Till , Barry ( 1982 ) . In Search of Old Nanking . Hong Kong : Hong Kong and Shanghai Joint Publishing Company . Tyau , T.Z. ( 1930 ) . Two Years of Nationalist China . Shanghai : Kelly and Walsh . Uchiyama , Kiyoshi ( 1910 ) . Guide to Nanking . Shanghai : China Commercial Press . Wakeman , Frederic , Jr. ( 1985 ) , The Great Enterprise : The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth - Century China , Berkeley and Los Angeles : University of California Press , ISBN 0 - 520 - 04804 - 0 . Wang , Nengwei ( 1998 ) . Nanjing Jiu Ying ( Old Photos of Nanjing ) . Nanjing : People 's Fine Arts Publishing House . Ye , Zhaoyan ( 1998 ) . Lao Nanjing : Jiu Ying Qinhuai ( Old Nanjing : Reflections of Scenes on the Qinhuai River ) . Nanjing : Zhongguo Di Er Lishi Dang An Guan ( China Second National Archives ) . Yang , Xinhua ; Lu , Haiming ( 2001 ) . Nanjing Ming - Qing Jianzhu ( Ming and Qing architecture of Nanjing ) . Nanjing Daxue Chubanshe ( Nanjing University Press ) . ISBN 7 - 305 - 03669 - 2 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nanjing . Look up nanjing in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Nanjing travel guide from Wikivoyage ( in Chinese ) Nanjing Government website Nanjing English guide with open directory The Nanjinger : Nanjing 's largest English news network with city guide List of Nanjing Government Departments Historic US Army map of Nanjing , 1945 `` Nanking Illustrated '' from 1624 Preceded by Beijing Capital of China 1368 -- 1420 Succeeded by Beijing Capital of China 1928 -- 1937 Succeeded by Wuhan ( wartime ) Preceded by Chongqing ( wartime ) Capital of China 1945 - 1949 Succeeded by Guangzhou ( after 23 April ) Taipei ( de facto ) for the Republic of China Succeeded by Beijing for the People 's Republic of China Places adjacent to Nanjing Chuzhou ( Anhui ) : Tianchang Chuzhou : Urban area , Lai'an , Quanjiao , Hexian Nanjing Yangzhou : Yizheng Zhenjiang : Jurong Changzhou : Liyang Ma'anshan ( Anhui ) : Urban area , Dangtu Xuancheng : Urban area Xuancheng ( Anhui ) : Langxi City of Nanjing Districts Xuanwu Qinhuai Jianye Gulou Pukou Liuhe Qixia Yuhuatai Jiangning Lishui Gaochun Baixia ( defunct ) Xiaguan ( defunct ) Attractions Parks and lakes China Gate Castle Park Couple Park Defence Park Gulin Park Jiangxin Island Mochou Lake Nanjing Hongshan Forest Zoo Purple Mountain Purple Mountain Observatory Qingliangshan Park Taoye Ferry White Horse Park Wuchaomen Park Xu Garden Xuanwu Lake Yuhuatai Memorial Park of Revolutionary Martyrs Zhan Yuan Garden Zhongshan Botanical Garden Temples Nanjing Fuzimiao ( Temple of Confucius ) Jiming Temple Jinghai Temple Linggu Temple Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum Qixia Temple Historic sites Chaotian Palace City Wall of Nanjing Memorial of Tao Xingzhi Nanjing Massacre Memorial Hall National Revolutionary Army Memorial Cemetery Presidential Palace , Nanjing Stone City The Porcelain Pagoda of Nanjing Other sites Jinling Hotel Nanjing City Wall Nanjing International Exhibition Center Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge Xianlin Yangtze River power line crossings Zhonghua Gate Culture and history Nanjing Museum Jiangsu Province Kun Opera Nanjing decade Jiangsu Art Gallery Education Nanjing University Southeast University Hohai University Nanjing Agricultural University China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics Nanjing University of Science & Technology Nanjing Normal University Nanjing University of Technology Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing Medical University Nanjing University of Finance & Economics Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications Nanjing University of the Arts Nanjing Audit University Sanjiang College Hopkins - Nanjing Center Transport Nanjing Railway Station Nanjing Metro Nanjing Lukou International Airport China National Highway 312 Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge 2014 Youth Summer Olympics Category Commons Jiangsu topics Nanjing ( capital ) General History Politics Economy Geography Cities Grand Canal of China Yellow Sea East China Sea Xishan Island Yangtze River Lake Tai Hongze Lake Yangcheng Lake Huai River Education Nanjing University Southeast University Hohai University Nanjing Normal University Nanjing University of Science and Technology Culture Wuyue culture Shuochang Cuisine Chinese opera Ge Yuan Garden Visitor attractions Purple Mountain Sun Yat - sen Mausoleum Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum Jiming Temple Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge Hanshan Temple Huqiu Tower Grand Buddha at Ling Shan Chaotian Palace Qixia Temple Tianning Temple Pagoda Zhouzhuang Category Commons County - level divisions of Jiangsu Province Nanjing ( capital ) Sub-provincial city Nanjing Xuanwu District Qinhuai District Jianye District Gulou District Pukou District Luhe District Qixia District Yuhuatai District Jiangning District Lishui District Gaochun District Prefecture - level cities Wuxi Binhu District Huishan District Xishan District Liangxi District Xinwu District Jiangyin City Yixing City Xuzhou Yunlong District Gulou District Jiawang District Tongshan District Quanshan District Pizhou City Xinyi City Suining County Pei County Feng County Changzhou Zhonglou District Tianning District Xinbei District Wujin District Jintan District Liyang City Suzhou Gusu District Huqiu District Wuzhong District Xiangcheng District Wujiang District Kunshan City Taicang City Changshu City Zhangjiagang City Nantong Chongchuan District Gangzha District Tongzhou District Haimen City Qidong City Rugao City Rudong County Hai'an County Lianyungang Haizhou District Lianyun District Ganyu District Guanyun County Donghai County Guannan County Huai'an Qingjiangpu District Huai'an District Huaiyin District Hongze District Jinhu County Xuyi County Lianshui County Yancheng Tinghu District Yandu District Dafeng District Dongtai City Sheyang County Funing County Binhai County Xiangshui County Jianhu County Yangzhou Guangling District Hanjiang District Jiangdu District Yizheng City Gaoyou City Baoying County Zhenjiang Jingkou District Runzhou District Dantu District Yangzhong City Danyang City Jurong City Taizhou Hailing District Gaogang District Jiangyan District Jingjiang City Taixing City Xinghua City Suqian Sucheng District Suyu District Shuyang County Siyang County Sihong County Metropolitan cities of China Major Metropolitan regions Jingjinji ( JJJ ) Pearl River Delta ( PRD ) / Yuegang'ao Greater Bay Area Yangtze River Delta ( YRD ) Central Plain ( Zhongyuan ) Chengyu Cross-Strait Western Coast Guanzhong Mid-Southern Liaoning Shandong Peninsula Yangtze River Mid-Reaches ( Yangtze River Valley ) Major Cities National Central Cities Beijing Chongqing Guangzhou Shanghai Tianjin Special Administrative Regions Hong Kong Macau Regional Central Cities Chengdu Nanjing Shenyang Shenzhen Wuhan Xi'an Sub-provincial cities Changchun Chengdu Dalian Guangzhou Hangzhou Harbin Jinan Nanjing Ningbo Qingdao Shenyang Shenzhen Wuhan Xiamen Xi'an Provincial capitals ( Prefecture - level ) Changsha Fuzhou Guiyang Haikou Hefei Kunming Lanzhou Nanchang Shijiazhuang Taiyuan Xining Zhengzhou Taibei Autonomous regional capitals Hohhot Lhasa Nanning Ürümqi Yinchuan Comparatively large cities Anshan Baotou Benxi Datong Fushun Handan Huainan Jilin Luoyang Suzhou Tangshan Qiqihar Wuxi Xuzhou Zibo Prefecture - level cities by Province Hebei Shijiazhuang * Tangshan * Qinhuangdao Handan * Xingtai Baoding Zhangjiakou Chengde Cangzhou Langfang Hengshui Shanxi Taiyuan * Datong * Yangquan Changzhi Jincheng Shuozhou Jinzhong Yuncheng Xinzhou Linfen Lüliang Inner Mongolia Hohhot * Baotou * Wuhai Chifeng Tongliao Ordos Hulunbuir Bayannur Ulanqab Liaoning Shenyang * Dalian * Anshan * Fushun * Benxi * Dandong Jinzhou Yingkou Fuxin Liaoyang Panjin Tieling Chaoyang Huludao Jilin Changchun * Jilin Siping Liaoyuan Tonghua Baishan Songyuan Baicheng Heilongjiang Harbin * Qiqihar * Jixi Hegang Shuangyashan Daqing Yīchun Jiamusi Qitaihe Mudanjiang Heihe Suihua Jiangsu Nanjing * Wuxi * Xuzhou * Changzhou Suzhou * Nantong Lianyungang Huai'an Yancheng Yangzhou Zhenjiang Tàizhou Suqian Zhejiang Hangzhou * Ningbo * Wenzhou Jiaxing Huzhou Shaoxing Jinhua Quzhou Zhoushan Tāizhou Lìshui Anhui Hefei * Wuhu Bengbu Huainan * Ma'anshan Huaibei Tongling Anqing Huangshan Chuzhou Fùyang Sùzhou Lu'an Bozhou Chizhou Xuancheng Fujian Fúzhou * Xiamen * Putian Sanming Quanzhou Zhangzhou Nanping Longyan Ningde Jiangxi Nanchang * Jingdezhen Píngxiang Jiujiang Xinyu Yingtan Ganzhou Jí'ān Yíchun Fǔzhou Shangrao Shandong Jinan * Qingdao * Zibo * Zaozhuang Dongying Yantai Weifang Jĭning Tai'an Weihai Rizhao Laiwu Linyi Dezhou Liaocheng Binzhou Heze Henan Zhengzhou * Kaifeng Luoyang * Pingdingshan Anyang Hebi Xinxiang Jiaozuo Puyang Xuchang Luohe Sanmenxia Nanyang Shangqiu Xinyang Zhoukou Zhumadian Hubei Wuhan * Huangshi Shiyan Yichang Xiangyang Ezhou Jingmen Xiaogan Jinzhou Huanggang Xianning Suizhou Hunan Changsha * Zhuzhou Xiangtan Hengyang Shaoyang Yueyang Changde Zhangjiajie Yiyang Chenzhou Yongzhou Huaihua Loudi Guangdong Guangzhou * Shaoguan Shenzhen * Zhuhai Shantou Foshan Jiangmen Zhanjiang Maoming Zhaoqing Huizhou Meizhou Shanwei Heyuan Yangjiang Qingyuan Dongguan Zhongshan Chaozhou Jieyang Yunfu Guangxi Nanning * Liuzhou Guilin Wuzhou Beihai Fangchenggang Qinzhou Guigang Yùlin Baise Hezhou Hechi Laibin Chongzuo Hainan Haikou * Sanya Sansha Danzhou Sichuan Chengdu * Zigong Panzhihua Luzhou Deyang Mianyang Guangyuan Suining Neijiang Leshan Nanchong Meishan Yibin Guang'an Dazhou Ya'an Bazhong Ziyang Guizhou Guiyang * Liupanshui Zunyi Anshun Bijie Tongren Yunnan Kunming * Qujing Yuxi Baoshan Zhaotong Lìjiang Pu'er Lincang Tibet Lhasa * Shigatse Chamdo Nyingchi Shannan Shaanxi Xi'an * Tongchuan Baoji Xianyang Weinan Yan'an Hanzhong Yúlin Ankang Shangluo Gansu Lanzhou * Jiayuguan Jinchang Baiyin Tianshui Wuwei Zhangye Pingliang Jiuquan Qingyang Dingxi Longnan Qinghai Xining * Haidong Ningxia Yinchuan * Shizuishan Wuzhong Guyuan Zhongwei Xinjiang Ürümqi * Karamay Turpan Hami Taiwan ( none ) Other cities ( partly shown below ) Prefecture - level capitals ( County - level ) ( Inner Mongolia : Ulanhot Xilinhot ) Jiagedaqi , Heilongjiang Enshi , Hubei Jishou , Hunan ( Sichuan : Xichang Kangding Barkam ) ( Guizhou : Xingyi Kaili Duyun ) ( Yunnan : Chuxiong Mengzi Wenshan Jinghong Dali Mangshi Shangri - La Lushui ) ( Gansu : Linxia Hezuo ) ( Qinghai : Yushu Delingha ) ( Xinjiang : Changji Bole Korla Yining Artux Aksu Kashgar Hotan Tacheng Altay ) Province - governed cities ( Sub-prefecture - level ) Jiyuan , Henan ( Hubei : Xiantao Qiánjiang Tianmen Shennongjia ) ( Hainan : Wuzhishan Qionghai Wenchang Wanning Dongfang ) ( Xinjiang - XPCC ( Bingtuan ) cities : Shihezi Aral Tumxuk Wujiaqu Beitun Tiemenguan Shuanghe Kokdala Kunyu ) Former Prefecture - level cities Chaohu , Anhui Yumen , Gansu Dongchuan , Yunnan Shashi , Hubei ( Sichuan : Fuling Wanxian ) ( Jilin : Meihekou Gongzhuling ) Sub-prefecture - level cities ( Prefecture - governed ) Qian'an , Hebei Manzhouli , Inner Mongolia Erenhot , Inner Mongolia Golmud , Qinghai County - level cities by Province Hebei Xinji Jinzhou Xinle Zunhua Qian'an * Wu'an Nangong Shahe Zhuozhou Dingzhou Anguo Gaobeidian Botou Renqiu Huanghua Hejian Bazhou Sanhe Shenzhou Shanxi Gujiao Lucheng Gaoping Jiexiu Yongji Hejin Yuanping Houma Huozhou Xiaoyi Fenyang Inner Mongolia Holingol Manzhouli * Yakeshi Zhalantun Ergun Genhe Fengzhen Ulanhot * Arxan Erenhot * Xilinhot * Liaoning Xinmin Wafangdian Zhuanghe Haicheng Donggang Fengcheng Linghai Beizhen Gaizhou Dashiqiao Dengta Diaobingshan Kaiyuan Beipiao Lingyuan Xingcheng Jilin Yushu Dehui Jiaohe Huadian Shulan Panshi Gongzhuling Shuangliao Meihekou Ji'an Linjiang Fuyu Taonan Da'an Yanji Tumen Dunhua Hunchun Longjing Helong Heilongjiang Shangzhi Wuchang Nehe Hulin Mishan Tieli Tongjiang Fujin Fuyuan Suifenhe Hailin Ning'an Muling Dongning Bei'an Wudalianchi Anda Zhaodong Hailun Jiangsu Jiangyin Yixing Xinyi Pizhou Liyang Changshu Zhangjiagang Kunshan Taicang Qidong Rugao Haimen Dongtai Yizheng Gaoyou Danyang Yangzhong Jurong Jingjiang Taixing Xinghua Zhejiang Jiande Lin'an Yuyao Cixi Fenghua Rui'an Yueqing Haining Pinghu Tongxiang Zhuji Shengzhou Lanxi Yiwu Dongyang Yongkang Jiangshan Wenling Linhai Longquan Anhui Chaohu Jieshou Tongcheng Tianchang Mingguang Ningguo Fujian Fuqing Changle Yong'an Shishi Jinjiang Nan'an Longhai Shaowu Wuyishan Jian'ou Zhangping Fu'an Fuding Jiangxi Leping Ruichang Gongqingcheng Lushan Guixi Ruijin Jinggangshan Fengcheng Zhangshu Gao'an Dexing Shandong Zhangqiu Jiaozhou Jimo Pingdu Laixi Tengzhou Longkou Laiyang Laizhou Penglai Zhaoyuan Qixia Haiyang Qingzhou Zhucheng Shouguang Anqiu Gaomi Changyi Qufu Zoucheng Xintai Feicheng Rongcheng Rushan Laoling Yucheng Linqing Henan Gongyi Xingyang Xinmi Xinzheng Dengfeng Yanshi Wugang Ruzhou Linzhou Weihui Huixian Qinyang Mengzhou Yuzhou Changge Yima Lingbao Dengzhou Yongcheng Xiangcheng Jiyuan * Hubei Daye Danjiangkou Yidu Dangyang Zhijiang Laohekou Zaoyang Yicheng Zhongxiang Yingcheng Anlu Hanchuan Shishou Honghu Songzi Macheng Wuxue Chibi Guangshui Enshi * Lichuan Xiantao * Qianjiang * Tianmen * Hunan Liuyang Liling Xiangxiang Shaoshan Leiyang Changning Wugang Miluo Linxiang Jinshi Yuanjiang Zixing Hongjiang Lengshuijiang Lianyuan Jishou * Guangdong Lechang Nanxiong Taishan Kaiping Heshan Enping Lianjiang Leizhou Wuchuan Gaozhou Huazhou Xinyi Sihui Xingning Lufeng Yangchun Yingde Lianzhou Puning Luoding Guangxi Cenxi Dongxing Guiping Beiliu Jingxi Yizhou Heshan Pingxiang Hainan Wuzhishan * Qionghai * Wenchang * Wanning * Dongfang * Sichuan Dujiangyan Pengzhou Qionglai Chongzhou Jianyang Guanghan Shifang Mianzhu Jiangyou Emeishan Langzhong Huaying Wanyuan Barkam * Kangding * Xichang * Guizhou Qingzhen Chishui Renhuai Xingyi * Kaili * Duyun * Fuquan Yunnan Anning Xuanwei Tengchong Chuxiong * Mengzi * Gejiu Kaiyuan Mile Wenshan * Jinghong * Dali * Ruili Mangshi * Lushui * Shangri - La * Tibet ( none ) Shaanxi Xingping Hancheng Huayin Gansu Yumen Dunhuang Linxia * Hezuo * Qinghai Yushu * Golmud * Delingha * Ningxia Lingwu Qingtongxia Xinjiang Changji * Fukang Bole * Alashankou Korla * Aksu * Artux * Kashgar * Hotan * Yining * Kuytun Korgas Tacheng * Wusu Altay * Shihezi * Aral * Tumxuk * Wujiaqu * Beitun * Tiemenguan * Shuanghe * Kokdala * Kunyu * Taiwan ( none ) Notes * Indicates this city has already occurred above . Direct - controlled Municipalities . Sub-provincial cities as provincial capitals . Separate state - planning cities . Special Economic Zone Cities . Coastal development cities . Prefecture capital status established by Heilongjiang Province and not recognized by Ministry of Civil Affairs . Disputed by Oroqen Autonomous Banner , Hulunbuir , Inner Mongolia as part of it . Only administers islands and waters in South China Sea and have no urban core comparable to typical cities in China . The claimed province of Taiwan no longer have any internal division announced by Ministry of Civil Affairs of PRC , due to lack of actual jurisdiction . See Template : Administrative divisions of the Republic of China instead . All provincial capitals are listed first in prefecture - level cities by province . Largest cities or towns in China Sixth National Population Census of the People 's Republic of China ( 2010 ) Rank Name Province Pop . Rank Name Province Pop . Shanghai Beijing Shanghai Shanghai 20,217,700 11 Foshan Guangdong 6,771,900 Chongqing Guangzhou Beijing Beijing 16,858,700 12 Nanjing Jiangsu 6,238,200 Chongqing Chongqing 12,389,500 13 Shenyang Liaoning 5,890,700 Guangzhou Guangdong 10,641,400 14 Hangzhou Zhejiang 5,849,500 5 Shenzhen Guangdong 10,358,400 15 Xi'an Shaanxi 5,399,300 6 Tianjin Tianjin 10,007,700 16 Harbin Heilongjiang 5,178,000 7 Wuhan Hubei 7,541,500 17 Dalian Liaoning 4,222,400 8 Dongguan Guangdong 7,271,300 18 Suzhou Jiangsu 4,083,900 9 Chengdu Sichuan 7,112,000 19 Qingdao Shandong 3,990,900 10 Hong Kong Hong Kong 7,055,071 20 Zhengzhou Henan 3,677,000 Provincial capitals of China Changchun ( Jilin ) Changsha ( Hunan ) Chengdu ( Sichuan ) Fuzhou ( Fujian ) Guangzhou ( Guangdong ) Guiyang ( Guizhou ) Haikou ( Hainan ) Hangzhou ( Zhejiang ) Harbin ( Heilongjiang ) Hefei ( Anhui ) Hohhot ( Inner Mongolia ) Jinan ( Shandong ) Kunming ( Yunnan ) Lanzhou ( Gansu ) Lhasa ( Tibet ) Nanchang ( Jiangxi ) Nanjing ( Jiangsu ) Nanning ( Guangxi ) Shenyang ( Liaoning ) Shijiazhuang ( Hebei ) Taiyuan ( Shanxi ) Ürümqi ( Xinjiang ) Wuhan ( Hubei ) Xi'an ( Shaanxi ) Xining ( Qinghai ) Yinchuan ( Ningxia ) Zhengzhou ( Henan ) Major regions and cities of China National megalopolises Jingjinji ( Inner ) Bohai Economic Rim Beijing Beijing Changping Daxing Fangshan Mentougou Shunyi Tongzhou Tianjin Tianjin Binhai Dongli Jinnan Wuqing Hebei Baoding Xiong'an Cangzhou Chengde Langfang Shijiazhuang Tangshan Caofeidian Qian'an Zhangjiakou Yangtze River Delta ( Economic Zone ) Jiangsu Changzhou Lianyungang Nanjing Nantong Suzhou Taizhou Wuxi Yangzhou Zhenjiang Shanghai Shanghai Baoshan Jiading Minhang Pudong Qingpu Songjiang Zhejiang Hangzhou Huzhou Jiaxing Jinhua Lishui Ningbo Quzhou Shaoxing Taizhou Wenzhou Zhoushan Anhui Chuzhou Hefei Huainan Ma'anshan Wuhu Pearl River Delta Yuegang'ao Greater Bay Area ( Economic Zone ) Guangdong Dongguan Foshan Guangzhou Huadu Nansha Panyu Huizhou Jiangmen Shenzhen Bao'an Zhaoqing Zhongshan Zhuhai Hengqin SARs Hong Kong Kowloon Macau Cotai West Triangle Economic Zone Chongqing Chongqing Fuling Liangjiang Qianjiang Wanzhou Xinbei Sichuan Chengdu Dazhou Deyang Guang'an Leshan Luzhou Meishan Mianyang Nanchong Neijiang Suining Yibin Zigong Ziyang Shaanxi Baoji Tongchuan Weinan Xi'an Xianyang Yangling Harbin - Changchun Megalopolis ( Northeastern Cities ) Heilongjiang Harbin Daqing Mudanjiang Qiqihar Jilin Changchun Jilin Siping Yanji Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River ( Central Triangle Economic Zone ) Hubei Ezhou Huanggang Huangshi Qianjiang Tianmen Wuhan Xianning Xiantao Xiaogan Hunan Changde Changsha Hengyang Loudi Xiangtan Yiyang Yueyang Zhuzhou Jiangxi Fuzhou Ji'an Jingdezhen Jiujiang Nanchang Shangrao Xinyu Yichun Yingtan Anhui Anqing Bengbu Chizhou Chuzhou Hefei Huainan Lu'an Ma'anshan Tongling Wuhu Xuancheng ( North ) Bohai Economic Rim Liaoning Anshan Dalian Lüshun Huludao Jinzhou Panjin Shenyang Yingkou ( South ) Bohai Economic Rim Shandong Binzhou Dongying Jinan Qingdao Weifang Weihai Yantai Zibo Regions East Northeast North South Central Central South Huizhou Western Northwest Southwest Administrative divisions By GDP By GDP per capita By Human Development Index Prefecture - level divisions County - level divisions Cities Direct - controlled municipality Prefecture - level city Sub-provincial city County - level city List of cities in China by GDP per capita by population Capitals Historical capitals Current and former capitals Categories : Subdivisions Regions Cities Cities along the Yangtze Province - level Cities ( from upper reaches to lower reaches ) Yunnan Lijiang ( SIchuan see below ) Dongchuan Sichuan Panzhihua ( Yunan see above ) Yibin Luzhou Chongqing Jiangjin Central Chongqing Fuling Wanzhou Hubei Yichang Yidu Zhijiang Songzi Jingzhou Shishou ( Hunan see below ) Honghu Chibi Wuhan Ezhou Huangshi Huanggang Wuxue Hunan Yueyang Linxiang Jiangxi Ruichang Jiujiang Anhui Anqing Chizhou Tongling Wuhu Ma'anshan Jiangsu Nanjing Yizheng Jurong Zhenjiang Yangzhou Taizhou Yangzhong Taixing Danyang Changzhou Jingjiang Jiangyin Zhangjiagang Rugao Nantong Changshu Taicang Haimen Qidong Shanghai Baoshan Pudong Major cities along the Pearl River Major cities along the Yellow River Youth Olympic Games Host Cities Summer Youth Olympics 2010 : Singapore 2014 : Nanjing 2018 : Buenos Aires Winter Youth Olympics 2012 : Innsbruck 2016 : Lillehammer China portal VIAF : 150033366 GND : 4075203 - 3 NDL : 00643928 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nanjing&oldid=814541947 '' Categories : Cities in Jiangsu Nanjing Provincial capitals in China Sub-provincial cities in the People 's Republic of China Treaty of Nanking Yangtze River Delta Port cities and towns in China National Forest Cities in China Hidden categories : Articles containing Chinese - language text CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) CS1 uses Chinese - language script ( zh ) Articles with Chinese - language external links Articles with inconsistent citation formats CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Coordinates on Wikidata Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2011 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010 All articles containing potentially dated statements CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikibooks Wikivoyage Acèh Afrikaans አማርኛ Asturianu Azərbaycanca Bamanankan Bân - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was nanjing(nanking) selected as the capital city of the republic of china | [
"Shortly after the unification of the region, the Western Jin dynasty collapsed. First the rebellions by eight Jin princes for the throne and later rebellions and invasion from Xiongnu and other nomadic peoples that destroyed the rule of the Jin dynasty in the north. In 317, remnants of the Jin court, as well as nobles and wealthy families, fled from the north to the south and reestablished the Jin court in Nanjing, which was then called Jiankang (建康), replacing Luoyang.[23] It's the first time that the capital of the nation moved to southern part."
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4219616455712619834 | Christine Baranski | Christine Baranski - wikipedia Christine Baranski Christine Baranski Baranski at the Metropolitan Opera in 2008 Christine Jane Baranski ( 1952 - 05 - 02 ) May 2 , 1952 ( age 66 ) Buffalo , New York , U.S. Residence Connecticut , U.S. Education Villa Maria Academy Alma mater Juilliard School Occupation Actress singer producer Years active 1974 -- present Spouse ( s ) Matthew Cowles ( m . 1983 ; d . 2014 ) Children Christine Jane Baranski ( born May 2 , 1952 ) is an American actress , singer and producer . She is a 15 - time Emmy Award nominee , winning once in 1995 for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series for her role as Maryanne Thorpe in the sitcom Cybill ( 1995 -- 98 ) . Baranski has received further critical acclaim for her performance as Diane Lockhart in the legal drama series The Good Wife ( 2009 -- 2016 ) and its subsequent spinoff series The Good Fight ( 2017 -- present ) , as well as her recurring role as Dr. Beverly Hofstadter in the sitcom The Big Bang Theory ( 2009 -- present ) for which she has received a pair of Emmy nominations . She is also known for her roles in numerous successful TV Films , most notably her portrayal of Kate in To Dance with the White Dog ( 1993 ) , Prunella Stickler in Eloise at the Plaza and Eloise at Christmastime ( both 2003 ) , and Amanda in Who Is Simon Miller ? ( 2011 ) . Baranski won two Tony Awards for Best Featured Actress in a Play for the original Broadway productions of The Real Thing in 1984 and Rumors in 1989 . Her other major Broadway credits include Hide and Seek ( 1980 ) , Hurlyburly ( 1984 ) , The House of Blue Leaves ( 1986 ) , Nick & Nora ( 1991 ) , and Boeing Boeing ( 2008 ) . Baranski has starred in numerous films , including 91⁄2 Weeks ( 1986 ) , Legal Eagles ( 1986 ) , Reversal of Fortune ( 1990 ) , Addams Family Values ( 1993 ) , Jeffrey ( 1995 ) , The Birdcage ( 1996 ) , Bulworth ( 1998 ) , Cruel Intentions ( 1999 ) , Bowfinger ( 1999 ) , Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ( 2000 ) , Chicago ( 2002 ) , Mamma Mia ! ( 2008 ) , The Bounty Hunter ( 2010 ) , Into the Woods ( 2014 ) , A Bad Moms Christmas ( 2017 ) , and Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again ( 2018 ) . Contents 1 Early life and education 2 Career 2.1 Stage 2.2 Film 2.3 Television 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 4.3 Stage 4.4 Video games 5 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links Early life and education ( edit ) Baranski was born in Cheektowaga , Buffalo , New York , the daughter of Virginia ( née Mazurowski ) and Lucien Baranski , who edited a Polish - language newspaper . She is of Polish descent , and her grandparents were actors in the Polish theater . Baranski attended high school at the Villa Maria Academy in Cheektowaga . She then studied at New York City 's Juilliard School ( Drama Division Group 3 : 1970 -- 1974 ) where she graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1974 . Career ( edit ) Stage ( edit ) Baranski at the Metropolitan Opera 2010 opening night of Das Rheingold Baranski made her Off - Broadway debut in Coming Attractions at Playwrights Horizons in 1980 , and has appeared in several Off Broadway productions at the Manhattan Theatre Club , starting with Sally and Marsha in 1982 . Baranski made her Broadway debut in Hide & Seek in 1980 . For her next Broadway performance , in Tom Stoppard 's The Real Thing , she won the 1984 Tony Award Best Featured Actress in a Play . Other Broadway credits include : Hurlyburly , The House of Blue Leaves , Rumors ( for which she won her second Tony ) , Regrets Only , Nick & Nora , and the Encores ! concert staging of Follies . At the Kennedy Center in Washington , D.C. , Baranski starred as Mrs. Lovett in Sweeney Todd in 2002 ( for which she won the 2003 Helen Hayes Award for Outstanding Actress in a Musical ) and as the title character in Mame in 2006 . In her first Broadway production since 1991 , she was featured as the maid Berthe in the 2008 revival of Boeing Boeing . The show garnered two Tony Awards , one for Best Revival of a Play and the other for Best Actor ( Mark Rylance ) . The original cast was Bradley Whitford ( Bernard ) , Kathryn Hahn ( Gloria ) , Christine Baranski ( Berthe ) , Gina Gershon ( Gabriella ) , and Mary McCormack ( Gretchen ) . The show closed on January 4 , 2009 . She also appeared in a one night only concert benefit performance of Stephen Sondheim 's A Little Night Music for Roundabout Theatre Company as Countess Charlotte Malcolm on January 12 , 2009 . The cast included Vanessa Redgrave , Natasha Richardson , Victor Garber , and Marc Kudisch , among others . She has won both the Tony and Drama Desk Awards twice . Film ( edit ) Baranski has also starred in various roles in films . Some of her better known roles are as Katherine Archer in The Birdcage ( 1996 ) , Martha May Whovier in How the Grinch Stole Christmas ( 2000 ) , Mary Sunshine in Chicago ( 2002 ) , and Connie Chasseur in The Ref ( 2004 ) . She received further recognition for her role as Tanya Chisham - Leigh in the hit musical film Mamma Mia ! ( 2008 ) , and its sequel , Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again ( 2018 ) . She also played Cinderella 's stepmother in the 2014 film adaptation of the musical , Into the Woods . Baranski also starred in the films 91⁄2 Weeks ( 1986 ) , Legal Eagles ( 1986 ) , Reversal of Fortune ( 1990 ) , Addams Family Values ( 1993 ) , Jeffrey ( 1995 ) , Bulworth ( 1998 ) , Cruel Intentions ( 1999 ) , Bowfinger ( 1999 ) , Chicago ( 2002 ) , Trolls ( 2016 ) , and A Bad Moms Christmas ( 2017 ) . Television ( edit ) Baranski at the 2015 PaleyFest presentation for The Good Wife Though widely reported to have worked as a child actress under the name `` Chris Charney , '' Baranski denies ever having appeared on The Brady Bunch , and states that `` the first real TV show '' that she worked on was the comedy series Cybill . Earlier , she had appeared in short - term roles on various daytime soap operas , including All My Children and Another World . Baranski was featured as Cybill Shepherd 's sarcastic , hard - drinking friend Maryanne Thorpe in the CBS sitcom Cybill , which ran from 1995 until 1998 , during which time she hosted Saturday Night Live and won an Emmy Award as Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series along with three other nominations . During this , Baranski portrayed a librarian named Sonja Umdahl in the `` Dick and the Single Girl '' episode of 3rd Rock from the Sun . A few years later , Baranski received an Emmy nomination for a guest starring role as an intimidating radio psychiatrist on an episode of the NBC series Frasier . She had an uncredited role in the series Now and Again as the voice of Roger 's overbearing wife Ruth , who was never seen by viewers . Baranski later appeared in the 2000 -- 2001 sitcom Welcome to New York and , with John Laroquette , in the 2003 -- 2004 NBC sitcom Happy Family . She co-starred with Bernadette Peters in a pilot for an ABC sitcom , Adopted , in 2005 , which was not picked up . She also played Faith Clancy , the mother of Jim Clancy in Ghost Whisperer . In 2009 Baranski began guest - starring in The Big Bang Theory as Dr. Beverly Hofstadter , a dispassionate psychiatrist and neuroscientist and mother of one of the protagonists , Leonard Hofstadter . She first appeared in the second - season episode `` The Maternal Capacitance '' , for which she received an Emmy nomination . Due to the popularity of her first appearance , Baranski returned in the third season for the Christmas episode `` The Maternal Congruence '' , receiving another Emmy nomination . As of July 2018 , she has appeared in eleven more episodes . From 2009 to 2016 , she played the role of Diane Lockhart , a top litigator and senior partner of a Chicago law firm on the CBS series The Good Wife . She was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series for six seasons of the series , in the years 2010 to 2015 . Besides her work on The Good Wife and the aforementioned guest appearances on The Big Bang Theory , her other recent appearances include Ugly Betty in 2009 as Victoria Hartley , the haughty mother of Betty 's new boyfriend . Baranski currently stars in a spinoff of The Good Wife , titled The Good Fight . The series began airing on CBS and then CBS All Access starting in February 2017 . Her character , Diane Lockhart , joins another law firm after being forced to return to work . Personal life ( edit ) Baranski was married to actor Matthew Cowles from October 1983 until his death on May 22 , 2014 . They have two daughters , Isabel ( born 1984 ) and Lily ( born 1987 ) , who is also an actress . One of her daughters attended law school , passed the New York bar exam , and worked in the Brooklyn district attorney 's office during the run of The Good Wife . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1982 Soup for One Blonde in Bar Lovesick Nymphomaniac 1984 Crackers Maxine 1986 91⁄2 Weeks Thea 1986 Legal Eagles Carol Freeman The Pick - up Artist Harriet Reversal of Fortune Andrea Reynolds 1993 The Night We Never Met Lucy 1993 Life with Mikey Carol 1993 Addams Family Values Becky Martin - Granger 1994 The Ref Connie Chasseur 1994 Getting In Mrs. Margaret `` Maggie '' Higgs 1994 The War Miss Strapford 1995 New Jersey Drive Prosecutor 1995 Jeffrey Ann Marwood Bartle The Birdcage Katherine Archer Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture 1998 The Odd Couple II Thelma 1998 Bulworth Constance Bulworth 1999 Cruel Intentions Bunny Caldwell 1999 Bowfinger Carol 2000 How the Grinch Stole Christmas Martha May Whovier 2002 The Guru Shantal 2002 Chicago Mary Sunshine Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture 2003 Marci X Mary Ellen Spinkle Welcome to Mooseport Charlotte Cole 2005 Scooby Doo ! in Where 's My Mummy ? Amelia Von Butch ( voice ) 2006 Falling for Grace Bree 2006 Relative Strangers Arleen Clayton 2006 Bonneville Francine 2008 Mamma Mia ! Tanya Chesham - Leigh The Bounty Hunter Kitty Hurley 2012 Foodfight ! Hedda Shopper ( voice ) 2014 Into the Woods Cinderella 's Stepmother Satellite Award for Best Cast -- Motion Picture Nominated -- Detroit Film Critics Society Award for Best Ensemble Nominated -- Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Award for Best Ensemble 2016 Trolls Chef ( voice ) 2016 Miss Sloane Evelyn Sumner 2017 A Bad Moms Christmas Ruth 2018 Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again Tanya Chesham - Leigh Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1977 Busting Loose Debbie Episode : `` The Decision : Part 1 '' 1980 Playing for Time Olga TV movie 1982 A Midsummer Night 's Dream Helena TV movie 1982 Another World Beverly Tucker Unknown episodes 1984 All My Children Jewel Maniscalo Unknown episodes 1985 Big Shots in America Cara TV movie 1985 The Equalizer Victoria Baines Episode : `` Mama 's Boy '' The House of Blue Leaves Bunny Flingus TV movie 1988 The Thorns Polly Episode : `` The Maid '' 1991 Law & Order Katherine Masucci Beigel Episodes : `` The Torrents of Greed Parts 1 & 2 '' Screenplay Blair Bennett Episode : `` Buying a Landslide '' 1993 To Dance with the White Dog Kate TV movie 1994 Law & Order Rose Siegal Episode : `` Nurture '' 1995 -- 98 Cybill Maryanne Thorpe 87 episodes Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series ( 1995 ) Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series ( 1995 ) Nominated -- Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film ( 1995 , 1996 ) Nominated -- Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series ( 1996 -- 98 ) Nominated -- Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series ( 1995 ) Nominated -- Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series ( 1996 ) Saturday Night Live Herself ( host ) Episode : `` Christine Baranski / The Cure '' 1997 3rd Rock from the Sun Sonja Umdahl Episode : `` Dick and the Single Girl '' 1999 Now and Again Ruth Bender ( voice ) Episode : `` Origins '' ; uncredited 1999 Frasier Dr. Nora Fairchild Episode : `` Dr. Nora '' Nominated -- Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series 2000 -- 01 Welcome to New York Marsha Bickner 13 episodes Citizen Baines Glenn Ferguson Baines Welch Episode : `` Three Days in November '' 2002 Presidio Med Dr. Terry Howland Episodes : `` Pick Your Battles '' , `` Best of Enemies '' 2003 Eloise at the Plaza Prunella Stickler TV movie 2003 Eloise at Christmastime Prunella Stickler TV movie 2003 -- 04 Happy Family Annie Brennan 22 episodes Spellbound TV movie 2005 Recipe for a Perfect Christmas Lee Bellmont TV movie 2005 Adopted Judy Rabinowitz TV movie 2005 In the Game TV pilot 2005 Ghost Whisperer Faith Clancy Episodes : `` Voices '' , `` The Crossing '' 2006 Inseparable Barbara TV movie 2006 American Dad ! Homeless Woman ( voice ) Episode : `` Failure Is Not a Factory - installed Option '' 2009 Ugly Betty Victoria Hartley 3 episodes 2009 Psych Alice Clayton Episode : `` He Dead '' 2009 -- 2018 The Big Bang Theory Dr. Beverly Hofstadter 13 episodes Nominated -- Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series ( 2009 , 2010 , 2015 , 2016 ) 2009 -- 2016 The Good Wife Diane Lockhart 156 episodes Nominated -- Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series ( 2010 -- 15 ) Nominated -- Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series ( 2009 , 2010 , 2011 ) 2011 Who Is Simon Miller ? Amanda TV movie 2011 Ugly Americans Grimes ' mummy ( voice ) Episode : `` Mummy Dearest '' 2015 BoJack Horseman Amanda Hannity ( voice ) Episode : `` Hank After Dark '' 2013 Family Guy Herself ( voice ) Episode : `` Call Girl '' 2017 Regular Show Guardian ( voice ) Episode : `` A Regular Epic Final Battle '' 2017 -- present The Good Fight Diane Lockhart 23 episodes 2017 Michael Jackson 's Halloween Mrs. Grau ( voice ) TV special 2017 Spirit Riding Free Miz McDonnell ( voice ) Episode : `` Lucky and the Long Way Home '' Stage ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1980 Hide & Seek Elly Bart Broadway 1980 Coming Attractions Performer Playwrights Horizons 1982 Sally and Marsha Marsha Manhattan Theatre Club 1984 The Real Thing Charlotte Broadway 1984 Hurlyburly Bonnie Broadway 1986 The House of Blue Leaves Bunny Flingus Broadway 1988 Rumors Chris Gorman Broadway 1991 Nick & Nora Tracy Gardner Broadway 1997 Promises , Promises Marge MacDougall Off - Broadway 2002 Sweeney Todd Mrs. Lovett Kennedy Center 2006 Mame Mame Dennis Kennedy Center 2008 Boeing Boeing Berthe Broadway Video games ( edit ) Year Project Role Notes 2013 Skylanders : Swap Force Kaos ' Mother 2017 Steven Universe : Save the Light Hessonite Awards and nominations ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by Christine Baranski References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Christine Baranski -- Family and Companions -- Yahoo ! 7 Movies '' Archived 2007 - 03 - 14 at the Wayback Machine . movies.yahoo.com ^ Jump up to : `` Christine Baranski Biography ( 1952 -- ) '' filmreference.com , accessed April 29 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` Western New York Public Broadcasting Association '' Archived 2007 - 08 - 09 at the Wayback Machine . wned.org Jump up ^ Triplett , William ( May 12 , 2002 ) . `` For Baranski , A Most Meaty Opportunity ; In ' Sweeney Todd , ' Actress Sinks Her Teeth Into a Singing Role '' . The Washington Post . HighBeam Research . Jump up ^ Rousuck , J. Wynn ( May 21 , 2006 ) . `` The lady has it : Christine Baranski stars in ' Mame ' for the 2nd time '' . The Baltimore Sun . ^ Jump up to : Gans , Andrew ( June 16 , 2006 ) . `` DIVA TALK : Chatting with Mame 's Christine Baranski '' . Playbill.com . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Shulman , Randy ( June 8 , 2006 ) . `` Christine Baranski : TV and stage actress talks about starring in ' Mame ' and ' Cybill ' '' . MetroWeekly.com . Jump up ^ `` Alumni News '' . The Juilliard School . September 2009 . Retrieved April 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Christine Baranski '' . All Movie Guide . The New York Times . Retrieved April 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Brantley , Ben . `` Adding Love To the Pies ' Time - Tested Recipe '' , New York Times , May 15 , 2002 Jump up ^ Simonson , Robert . `` PLAYBILL. COM 'S BRIEF ENCOUNTER With Christine Baranski '' Archived 2009 - 01 - 14 at the Wayback Machine. , playbill.com , May 7 , 2008 Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew . `` Starry A Little Night Music Concert Presented in Manhattan Jan. 12 '' Archived 2009 - 01 - 14 at the Wayback Machine. , playbill.com , January 12 , 2009 ^ Jump up to : WORLD EXCLUSIVE ! New Confirmed Casting For the INTO THE WOODS Movie , Starring Streep & Depp Broadway World , Retrieved July 27 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` Christine Baranski : Was n't Me on ' The Brady Bunch ' ! '' . blog.blogtalkradio.com . Retrieved 29 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dick and the Single Girl '' . 11 May 1997 . Retrieved 29 July 2018 -- via www.imdb.com . Jump up ^ Poniewozik , James . `` Review : On ' The Good Fight , ' a Lawyer Claws Her Way Back to Normal '' New York Times , February 16 , 2017 Jump up ^ Simonson , Robert . `` Matthew Cowles , Actor and Husband of Christine Baranski , Dies '' Archived 2014 - 05 - 27 at the Wayback Machine . playbill.com , May 27 , 2014 Jump up ^ Klein , Alvin ( January 25 , 1998 ) . `` THEATER ; Being Irish And Being Married '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Colbert , Stephen ( host ) ( 28 April 2016 ) . `` Christine Baranski '' . The Late Show with Stephen Colbert . Season 1 . Episode 131 . CBS . Jump up ^ ' Miss Sloane ' review : An intriguing character who needs a more intriguing film Seattle Times , Retrieved December 8 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` Filmography by TV series for Christine Baranski '' . IMDb.com . Retrieved April 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Skylanders Swap Force E3 2013 -- Epic Interview Pt 2 ( Kaos 's Mom , TarClops ) on YouTube Jump up ^ `` Meet Hessonite , the Villainous New Steven Universe Gem Voiced by Christine Baranski '' . www.themarysue.com . Retrieved 29 July 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Christine Baranski . Christine Baranski on IMDb Christine Baranski at TV.com Christine Baranski at AllMovie Christine Baranski at the Internet Broadway Database Christine Baranski at the Internet Off - Broadway Database Awards for Christine Baranski Critics ' Choice Movie Award for Best Acting Ensemble Gosford Park ( 2001 ) Chicago ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) Sideways ( 2004 ) Crash ( 2005 ) Little Miss Sunshine ( 2006 ) Hairspray ( 2007 ) Milk ( 2008 ) Inglourious Basterds ( 2009 ) The Fighter ( 2010 ) The Help ( 2011 ) Silver Linings Playbook ( 2012 ) American Hustle ( 2013 ) Birdman or ( The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance ) ( 2014 ) Spotlight ( 2015 ) Moonlight ( 2016 ) Three Billboards Outside Ebbing , Missouri ( 2017 ) Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Featured Actress in a Play Frances Sternhagen ( 1975 ) Rachel Roberts ( 1976 ) Rosemary De Angelis ( 1977 ) Eileen Atkins ( 1978 ) Pamela Reed ( 1979 ) Lois de Banzie ( 1980 ) Swoosie Kurtz ( 1981 ) Amanda Plummer ( 1982 ) Judith Ivey ( 1983 ) Christine Baranski ( 1984 ) Judith Ivey ( 1985 ) Joanna Gleason ( 1986 ) Mary Alice ( 1987 ) Christine Estabrook ( 1988 ) Tovah Feldshuh ( 1989 ) Frances Conroy ( 1990 ) Irene Worth ( 1991 ) Christine Baranski ( 1992 ) Madeline Kahn ( 1993 ) Jane Adams ( 1994 ) Tara Fitzgerald ( 1995 ) Elaine Stritch ( 1996 ) Dana Ivey ( 1997 ) Allison Janney ( 1998 ) Anna Friel ( 1999 ) Marylouise Burke ( 2000 ) Viola Davis ( 2001 ) Katie Finneran ( 2002 ) Lynn Redgrave ( 2003 ) Audra McDonald ( 2004 ) Adriane Lenox ( 2005 ) Frances de la Tour ( 2006 ) Martha Plimpton ( 2007 ) Linda Lavin ( 2008 ) Angela Lansbury ( 2009 ) Viola Davis ( 2010 ) Edie Falco ( 2011 ) Judith Light ( 2012 ) Judith Light ( 2013 ) Celia Keenan - Bolger ( 2014 ) Annaleigh Ashford ( 2015 ) Saycon Sengbloh ( 2016 ) Cynthia Nixon ( 2017 ) Jamie Brewer ( 2018 ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series Vivian Vance ( 1953 ) Audrey Meadows ( 1954 ) Nanette Fabray ( 1955 ) Pat Carroll ( 1956 ) Ann B. Davis ( 1957 ) Ann B. Davis ( 1959 ) Alice Pearce ( 1966 ) Frances Bavier ( 1967 ) Marion Lorne ( 1968 ) Karen Valentine ( 1970 ) Valerie Harper ( 1971 ) Valerie Harper / Sally Struthers ( 1972 ) Valerie Harper ( 1973 ) Cloris Leachman ( 1974 ) Betty White ( 1975 ) Betty White ( 1976 ) Mary Kay Place ( 1977 ) Julie Kavner ( 1978 ) Sally Struthers ( 1979 ) Loretta Swit ( 1980 ) Eileen Brennan ( 1981 ) Loretta Swit ( 1982 ) Carol Kane ( 1983 ) Rhea Perlman ( 1984 ) Rhea Perlman ( 1985 ) Rhea Perlman ( 1986 ) Jackée Harry ( 1987 ) Estelle Getty ( 1988 ) Rhea Perlman ( 1989 ) Bebe Neuwirth ( 1990 ) Bebe Neuwirth ( 1991 ) Laurie Metcalf ( 1992 ) Laurie Metcalf ( 1993 ) Laurie Metcalf ( 1994 ) Christine Baranski ( 1995 ) Julia Louis - Dreyfus ( 1996 ) Kristen Johnston ( 1997 ) Lisa Kudrow ( 1998 ) Kristen Johnston ( 1999 ) Megan Mullally ( 2000 ) Doris Roberts ( 2001 ) Doris Roberts ( 2002 ) Doris Roberts ( 2003 ) Cynthia Nixon ( 2004 ) Doris Roberts ( 2005 ) Megan Mullally ( 2006 ) Jaime Pressly ( 2007 ) Jean Smart ( 2008 ) Kristin Chenoweth ( 2009 ) Jane Lynch ( 2010 ) Julie Bowen ( 2011 ) Julie Bowen ( 2012 ) Merritt Wever ( 2013 ) Allison Janney ( 2014 ) Allison Janney ( 2015 ) Kate McKinnon ( 2016 ) Kate McKinnon ( 2017 ) Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series Helen Hunt ( 1994 ) Christine Baranski ( 1995 ) Julia Louis - Dreyfus ( 1996 ) Julia Louis - Dreyfus ( 1997 ) Tracey Ullman ( 1998 ) Lisa Kudrow ( 1999 ) Sarah Jessica Parker ( 2000 ) Megan Mullally ( 2001 ) Megan Mullally ( 2002 ) Megan Mullally ( 2003 ) Teri Hatcher ( 2004 ) Felicity Huffman ( 2005 ) America Ferrera ( 2006 ) Tina Fey ( 2007 ) Tina Fey ( 2008 ) Tina Fey ( 2009 ) Betty White ( 2010 ) Betty White ( 2011 ) Tina Fey ( 2012 ) Julia Louis - Dreyfus ( 2013 ) Uzo Aduba ( 2014 ) Uzo Aduba ( 2015 ) Julia Louis - Dreyfus ( 2016 ) Julia Louis - Dreyfus ( 2017 ) Tony Award for Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Play Patricia Neal ( 1947 ) Shirley Booth ( 1949 ) Maureen Stapleton ( 1951 ) Marian Winters ( 1952 ) Beatrice Straight ( 1953 ) Jo Van Fleet ( 1954 ) Patricia Jessel ( 1955 ) Una Merkel ( 1956 ) Peggy Cass ( 1957 ) Anne Bancroft ( 1958 ) Julie Newmar ( 1959 ) Anne Revere ( 1960 ) Colleen Dewhurst ( 1961 ) Elizabeth Ashley ( 1962 ) Sandy Dennis ( 1963 ) Barbara Loden ( 1964 ) Alice Ghostley ( 1965 ) Zoe Caldwell ( 1966 ) Marian Seldes ( 1967 ) Zena Walker ( 1968 ) Jane Alexander ( 1969 ) Blythe Danner ( 1970 ) Rae Allen ( 1971 ) Elizabeth Wilson ( 1972 ) Leora Dana ( 1973 ) Frances Sternhagen ( 1974 ) Rita Moreno ( 1975 ) Shirley Knight ( 1976 ) Trazana Beverley ( 1977 ) Ann Wedgeworth ( 1978 ) Joan Hickson ( 1979 ) Dinah Manoff ( 1980 ) Swoosie Kurtz ( 1981 ) Amanda Plummer ( 1982 ) Judith Ivey ( 1983 ) Christine Baranski ( 1984 ) Judith Ivey ( 1985 ) Swoosie Kurtz ( 1986 ) Mary Alice ( 1987 ) L. Scott Caldwell ( 1988 ) Christine Baranski ( 1989 ) Margaret Tyzack ( 1990 ) Irene Worth ( 1991 ) Bríd Brennan ( 1992 ) Debra Monk ( 1993 ) Jane Adams ( 1994 ) Frances Sternhagen ( 1995 ) Audra McDonald ( 1996 ) Lynne Thigpen ( 1997 ) Anna Manahan ( 1998 ) Elizabeth Franz ( 1999 ) Blair Brown ( 2000 ) Viola Davis ( 2001 ) Katie Finneran ( 2002 ) Michele Pawk ( 2003 ) Audra McDonald ( 2004 ) Adriane Lenox ( 2005 ) Frances de la Tour ( 2006 ) Jennifer Ehle ( 2007 ) Rondi Reed ( 2008 ) Angela Lansbury ( 2009 ) Scarlett Johansson ( 2010 ) Ellen Barkin ( 2011 ) Judith Light ( 2012 ) Judith Light ( 2013 ) Sophie Okonedo ( 2014 ) Annaleigh Ashford ( 2015 ) Jayne Houdyshell ( 2016 ) Cynthia Nixon ( 2017 ) Laurie Metcalf ( 2018 ) BNF : cb140075761 ( data ) GND : 143763903 ISNI : 0000 0001 1681 6555 LCCN : no95008164 MusicBrainz : 30da6a8a - 7be2 - 48d2 - 8894 - 8ec8227600d6 SNAC : w6j43dr4 SUDOC : 147639778 VIAF : 85902095 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christine_Baranski&oldid=855850362 '' Categories : 1952 births Living people 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses American stage actresses American musical theatre actresses American television actresses American film actresses American voice actresses American people of Polish descent Drama Desk Award winners Juilliard School alumni Actresses from Buffalo , New York Tony Award winners Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Screen Actors Guild Award winners Outstanding Performance by a Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series Primetime Emmy Award winners Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series Screen Actors Guild Award winners Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Infobox person using alma mater Articles with hCards Articles with IBDb links Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu تۆرکجه Bân - lâm - gú Català Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Español فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 27 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 August 2018 , at 07 : 25 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who plays diane lockhart in the good wife | [
"Christine Jane Baranski (born May 2, 1952) is an American actress, singer and producer. She is a 15-time Emmy Award nominee, winning once in 1995 for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series for her role as Maryanne Thorpe in the sitcom Cybill (1995–98). Baranski has received further critical acclaim for her performance as Diane Lockhart in the legal drama series The Good Wife (2009–2016) and its subsequent spinoff series The Good Fight (2017–present), as well as her recurring role as Dr. Beverly Hofstadter in the sitcom The Big Bang Theory (2009–present) for which she has received a pair of Emmy nominations. She is also known for her roles in numerous successful TV Films, most notably her portrayal of Kate in To Dance with the White Dog (1993), Prunella Stickler in Eloise at the Plaza and Eloise at Christmastime (both 2003), and Amanda in Who Is Simon Miller? (2011).\n"
] | [
"Christine Jane Baranski"
] |
-1351037679477551925 | 2019 NHL Winter Classic | 2019 NHL Winter Classic - wikipedia 2019 NHL Winter Classic 2019 NHL Winter Classic Total Boston Bruins - - - - Chicago Blackhawks - - - - Date January 1 , 2019 Arena Notre Dame Stadium City Notre Dame , Indiana ← 2018 2020 → The 2019 NHL Winter Classic ( officially the 2019 Bridgestone NHL Winter Classic ) is an upcoming outdoor regular season National Hockey League ( NHL ) game , part of the Winter Classic series , that is scheduled to be played for January 1 , 2019 . The game will feature the Chicago Blackhawks taking on the Boston Bruins at Notre Dame Stadium in Notre Dame , Indiana , home of the University of Notre Dame 's Fighting Irish football team . This will be the fourth Winter Classic for the Blackhawks ( 2009 , 2015 , 2017 , sixth outdoor appearance overall and fifth in six years ) and the third for the Bruins ( 2010 , 2016 ) . This is also the first time that the Bruins are competing as the visiting team . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ NHL Public Relations ( November 18 , 2017 ) . `` Blackhawks , Bruins to face off in 2019 Winter Classic '' . NHL.com . National Hockey League . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . NHL outdoor games Exhibition 1954 1956 1991 Heritage Classic 2003 2011 2014 2016 Winter Classic 2008 2009 2011 2012 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Stadium Series 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Other games Centennial Classic NHL 100 Classic List of outdoor games List of broadcasters AHL Outdoor Classic 2018 -- 19 NHL season Pacific Anaheim Ducks Arizona Coyotes Calgary Flames Edmonton Oilers Los Angeles Kings San Jose Sharks Vancouver Canucks Vegas Golden Knights Central Chicago Blackhawks Colorado Avalanche Dallas Stars Minnesota Wild Nashville Predators St. Louis Blues Winnipeg Jets Atlantic Boston Bruins Buffalo Sabres Detroit Red Wings Florida Panthers Montreal Canadiens Ottawa Senators Tampa Bay Lightning Toronto Maple Leafs Metropolitan Carolina Hurricanes Columbus Blue Jackets New Jersey Devils New York Islanders New York Rangers Philadelphia Flyers Pittsburgh Penguins Washington Capitals See also Draft Winter Classic All - Star Game Stadium Series Stanley Cup playoffs Stanley Cup Finals Transactions Three Star Awards Suspensions and fines Boston Bruins Founded in 1924 Based in Boston , Massachusetts Franchise Team General Managers Coaches Players Captains Draft picks Seasons Current season History Original Six Records Award winners Retired numbers 1956 exhibition game in Newfoundland Personnel Owner Jeremy Jacobs President Cam Neely General manager Don Sweeney Head coach Bruce Cassidy Team captain Zdeno Chara Current roster Arenas Boston Arena Boston Garden TD Garden Warrior Ice Arena ( practice facility ) Rivalries Montreal Canadiens Philadelphia Flyers Affiliates AHL Providence Bruins ECHL Atlanta Gladiators Media NESN WBZ - FM / Radio Network Broadcasters Culture and lore Rene Rancourt The Goal The night the lights went out in Massachusetts Willie O'Ree North Station The Sports Museum of New England The Big Bad Bruins The Kraut Line `` Time to Go '' 2010 NHL Winter Classic 2016 NHL Winter Classic 2019 NHL Winter Classic Chicago Blackhawks Founded in 1926 Based in Chicago , Illinois Franchise Team General managers Coaches Players Captains Draft picks Records Award winners Seasons Current season History Original Six Records Award winners Retired numbers Personnel Owner Wirtz Corporation ( Rocky Wirtz , chairman ) General manager Stan Bowman Head coach Joel Quenneville Team captain Jonathan Toews Current roster Arenas Chicago Coliseum Chicago Stadium United Center Rivalries Detroit Red Wings St. Louis Blues Affiliates AHL Rockford IceHogs ECHL Indy Fuel Media Broadcasters NBC Sports Chicago WGN Sports WGN Radio Hawkvision FSN Chicago Culture and lore Name and logo controversy Ashland Green / Pink Line Station `` Chelsea Dagger '' Curse of Muldoon Eddie Olczyk Gene Honda `` Here Come the Hawks '' `` Holiday Road '' Jim Cornelison The `` Madhouse on Madison '' Nancy Faust Pat Foley Sudden Death Wayne Messmer 86th Infantry Division The Dilemma 17 seconds 2009 NHL Winter Classic 2014 NHL Stadium Series 2015 NHL Winter Classic 2016 NHL Stadium Series 2017 NHL Winter Classic 2019 NHL Winter Classic Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2019_NHL_Winter_Classic&oldid=855215268 '' Categories : NHL Winter Classic 2018 -- 19 NHL season 2019 in ice hockey January 2019 sports events in the United States 2019 in sports in Indiana Ice hockey in Indiana Sports competitions in Indiana Sports in South Bend , Indiana Boston Bruins games Chicago Blackhawks games Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from November 2017 Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 16 August 2018 , at 18 : 35 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | who is playing in the 2019 winter classic | [
"The 2019 NHL Winter Classic (officially the 2019 Bridgestone NHL Winter Classic) is an upcoming outdoor regular season National Hockey League (NHL) game, part of the Winter Classic series, that is scheduled to be played for January 1, 2019. The game will feature the Chicago Blackhawks taking on the Boston Bruins at Notre Dame Stadium in Notre Dame, Indiana, home of the University of Notre Dame's Fighting Irish football team. This will be the fourth Winter Classic for the Blackhawks (2009, 2015, 2017, sixth outdoor appearance overall and fifth in six years) and the third for the Bruins (2010, 2016).[1] This is also the first time that the Bruins are competing as the visiting team.\n",
"The 2019 NHL Winter Classic (officially the 2019 Bridgestone NHL Winter Classic) is an upcoming outdoor regular season National Hockey League (NHL) game, part of the Winter Classic series, that is scheduled to be played for January 1, 2019. The game will feature the Chicago Blackhawks taking on the Boston Bruins at Notre Dame Stadium in Notre Dame, Indiana, home of the University of Notre Dame's Fighting Irish football team. This will be the fourth Winter Classic for the Blackhawks (2009, 2015, 2017, sixth outdoor appearance overall and fifth in six years) and the third for the Bruins (2010, 2016).[1] This is also the first time that the Bruins are competing as the visiting team.\n"
] | [
"the Chicago Blackhawks",
"the Boston Bruins"
] |
-3181006994777638947 | Martin Luther King Jr. Day | Martin Luther King Jr . Day - wikipedia Martin Luther King Jr . Day Jump to : navigation , search Martin Luther King Jr . Day King in 1964 Official name Birthday of Martin Luther King Jr . Also called MLK Day , King Day , Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King Jr . Day Observed by United States Type National Date Third Monday in January 2017 date January 16 ( 2017 - 01 - 16 ) 2018 date January 15 ( 2018 - 01 - 15 ) 2019 date January 21 ( 2019 - 01 - 21 ) 2020 date January 20 ( 2020 - 01 - 20 ) Frequency Yearly Martin Luther King Jr . Day ( officially Birthday of Martin Luther King , Jr . ) is an American federal holiday marking the birthday of Martin Luther King Jr . It is observed on the third Monday of January each year , which is around King 's birthday , January 15 . The holiday is similar to holidays set under the Uniform Monday Holiday Act . The earliest Monday for this holiday is January 15 and the latest is January 21 . King was the chief spokesperson for nonviolent activism in the Civil Rights Movement , which successfully protested racial discrimination in federal and state law . The campaign for a federal holiday in King 's honor began soon after his assassination in 1968 . President Ronald Reagan signed the holiday into law in 1983 , and it was first observed three years later . At first , some states resisted observing the holiday as such , giving it alternative names or combining it with other holidays . It was officially observed in all 50 states for the first time in 2000 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 State - level passage 3 Alternative names 4 Workplace observance 5 King Day of Service 6 Outside the United States 7 Dates 8 See also 8.1 Other holidays honoring African Americans 8.2 Other civil rights holidays 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links History ( edit ) Sign ( 1969 ) promoting a holiday on the anniversary of King 's death This article is part of a series about Martin Luther King Jr . Biography Sermons and speeches Campaigns Montgomery bus boycott Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom Youth March for Integrated Schools Albany Movement Birmingham campaign Walk to Freedom March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom St. Augustine movement Selma to Montgomery marches Chicago Open Housing Movement March Against Fear Memphis sanitation strike Poor People 's Campaign Death and memorial Assassination American federal holiday National memorial National Historical Park Ronald Reagan and Coretta Scott King at the Martin Luther King Jr . Day signing ceremony . The idea of Martin Luther King Jr . Day as a holiday was promoted by labor unions in contract negotiations . After King 's death , U.S. Representative John Conyers ( a Democrat from Michigan ) and U.S. Senator Edward Brooke ( a Republican from Massachusetts ) introduced a bill in Congress to make King 's birthday a national holiday . The bill first came to a vote in the U.S. House of Representatives in 1979 . However , it fell five votes short of the number needed for passage . Two of the main arguments mentioned by opponents were that a paid holiday for federal employees would be too expensive , and that a holiday to honor a private citizen would be contrary to longstanding tradition ( King had never held public office ) . Only two other figures have national holidays in the U.S. honoring them : George Washington and Christopher Columbus . Soon after , the King Center turned to support from the corporate community and the general public . The success of this strategy was cemented when musician Stevie Wonder released the single `` Happy Birthday '' to popularize the campaign in 1980 and hosted the Rally for Peace Press Conference in 1981 . Six million signatures were collected for a petition to Congress to pass the law , termed by a 2006 article in The Nation as `` the largest petition in favor of an issue in U.S. history . '' Senators Jesse Helms and John Porter East ( both North Carolina Republicans ) led opposition to the holiday and questioned whether King was important enough to receive such an honor . Helms criticized King 's opposition to the Vietnam War and accused him of espousing `` action - oriented Marxism '' . Helms led a filibuster against the bill and on October 3 , 1983 , submitted a 300 - page document to the Senate alleging that King had associations with communists . New York Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan declared the document a `` packet of filth '' , threw it on the Senate floor and stomped on it . President Ronald Reagan originally opposed the holiday , citing cost concerns . When asked to comment on Helms ' accusations that King was a communist , the president said `` We 'll know in thirty - five years , wo n't we ? '' , in reference to the eventual release of FBI surveillance tapes that had previously been sealed . But on November 2 , 1983 , Reagan signed a bill , proposed by Representative Katie Hall of Indiana , to create a federal holiday honoring King . The bill had passed the House of Representatives by a count of 338 to 90 , a veto - proof margin . The holiday was observed for the first time on January 20 , 1986 . The bill also established the Martin Luther King Jr . Federal Holiday Commission to oversee observance of the holiday , and Coretta Scott King , King 's wife , was made a member of this commission for life by President George H.W. Bush in May 1989 . State - level passage ( edit ) Although the federal holiday honoring King was signed into law in 1983 and took effect three years later , not every U.S. state chose to observe the holiday at the state level until 1991 , when the New Hampshire legislature created `` Civil Rights Day '' and abolished `` Fast Day '' . In 2000 , Utah became the last state to have a holiday named after King when `` Human Rights Day '' was officially changed to `` Martin Luther King Jr . Day . '' In 1986 , Arizona Governor Bruce Babbitt , a Democrat , created a paid state MLK holiday in Arizona by executive order just before he left office , but in 1987 , his Republican successor Evan Mecham , citing an attorney general 's opinion that Babbitt 's order was illegal , reversed Babbitt 's decision days after taking office . Later that year , Mecham proclaimed the third Sunday in January to be `` Martin Luther King Jr. / Civil Rights Day '' in Arizona , albeit as an unpaid holiday . In 1990 , Arizona voters were given the opportunity to vote on giving state employees a paid MLK holiday . That same year , the National Football League threatened to move Super Bowl XXVII , which was planned for Arizona in 1993 , if the MLK holiday was voted down . In the November election , the voters were offered two King Day options : Proposition 301 , which replaced Columbus Day on the list of paid state holidays , and Proposition 302 , which merged Lincoln 's and Washington 's birthdays into one paid holiday to make room for MLK Day . Both measures failed to pass , with only 49 % of voters approving Prop 302 , the more popular of the two options ; although some who voted `` no '' on 302 voted `` yes '' on Prop 301 . Consequently , the state lost the chance to host Super Bowl XXVII , which was subsequently held at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena , California . In a 1992 referendum , the voters , this time given only one option for a paid King Day , approved state - level recognition of the holiday . On May 2 , 2000 , South Carolina governor Jim Hodges signed a bill to make King 's birthday an official state holiday . South Carolina was the last state to recognize the day as a paid holiday for all state employees . Prior to this , employees could choose between celebrating Martin Luther King Jr . Day or one of three Confederate holidays . Alternative names ( edit ) While all states now observe the holiday , some did not name the day after King . For example , in New Hampshire , the holiday was known as `` Civil Rights Day '' until 1999 , when the State Legislature voted to change the name of the holiday to Martin Luther King Day . Several additional states have chosen to combine commemorations of King 's birthday with other observances : In Alabama : `` Robert E. Lee / Martin Luther King Birthday '' . In Arizona : `` Martin Luther King Jr. / Civil Rights Day '' . In Idaho : `` Martin Luther King Jr. -- Idaho Human Rights Day '' . In Mississippi : `` Martin Luther King 's and Robert E. Lee 's Birthdays '' . In New Hampshire : `` Martin Luther King Jr . Civil Rights Day '' . In Virginia : it was known as Lee -- Jackson -- King Day , combining King 's birthday with the established Lee -- Jackson Day . In 2000 , Lee -- Jackson Day was moved to the Friday before Martin Luther King Jr . Day , establishing Martin Luther King Jr . Day as a holiday in its own right . In Arkansas : it was known as `` Dr. Martin Luther King , Jr. 's Birthday and Robert E. Lee 's Birthday '' from 1985 to 2017 . Legislation in March 2017 changed the name of the state holiday to `` Dr. Martin Luther King , Jr. 's Birthday '' and moved the commemoration of Lee to October . Workplace observance ( edit ) A Martin Luther King Day march in Oregon Overall , in 2007 , 33 % of employers gave employees the day off , a 2 % increase over the previous year . There was little difference in observance by large and small employers : 33 % for firms with over 1,000 employees ; and , 32 % for firms with under 1,000 employees . The observance is most popular among nonprofit organizations and least popular among factories and manufacturers . The reasons for this have varied , ranging from the recent addition of the holiday , to its occurrence just two weeks after the week between Christmas and New Year 's Day , when many businesses are closed for part or sometimes all of the week . Additionally , many schools and places of higher education are closed for classes ; others remain open but may hold seminars or celebrations of King 's message . The observance of MLK Day has led to some colleges and universities extending their Christmas break to include the day as part of break . Some factories and manufacturers used MLK Day as a floating or movable holiday . King Day of Service ( edit ) President Barack Obama serving lunch at a Washington soup kitchen on MLK Jr . Day , 2010 The national Martin Luther King Day of Service was started by former Pennsylvania U.S. Senator Harris Wofford and Atlanta Congressman John Lewis , who co-authored the King Holiday and Service Act . The federal legislation challenges Americans to transform the King Holiday into a day of citizen action volunteer service in honor of King . The federal legislation was signed into law by President Bill Clinton on August 23 , 1994 . Since 1996 , Wofford 's former state office director , Todd Bernstein , has been directing the annual Greater Philadelphia King Day of Service , the largest event in the nation honoring King . Several other universities and organizations around the U.S. , such as Arizona State University , Greater DC Cares and City Year , participate in the Martin Luther King Jr . Day of Service . In honor of MLK , hundreds of Volunteer Centers , and volunteers across the country donate their time to make a difference on this day . The only other official national day of service in the U.S. , as designated by the government , is September 11 National Day of Service ( 9 / 11 Day ) . Outside the United States ( edit ) One place outside the U.S. where Martin Luther King Jr . Day is observed with equal importance is in the Japanese city of Hiroshima under mayor Tadatoshi Akiba , who holds a special banquet at the mayor 's office as an act of unifying his city 's call for peace with King 's message of human rights . The City of Toronto , in Ontario , Canada , is another city that has officially recognized Martin Luther King Jr . Day , although not as a paid holiday : all government services and businesses remain open . In 1984 , during a visit by the U.S. Sixth Fleet , Navy chaplain Rabbi Arnold Resnicoff conducted the first Israeli presidential ceremony in commemoration of Martin Luther King Jr . Day , held in the President 's Residence , Jerusalem . Aura Herzog , wife of Israel 's then - President Chaim Herzog , noted that she was especially proud to host this special event , because Israel had a national forest in honor of King , and that Israel and King shared the idea of `` dreams '' . Resnicoff continued this theme in his remarks during the ceremony , quoting the verse from Genesis , spoken by the brothers of Joseph when they saw their brother approach , `` Behold the dreamer comes ; let us slay him and throw him into the pit , and see what becomes of his dreams . '' Resnicoff noted that , from time immemorial , there have been those who thought they could kill the dream by slaying the dreamer , but -- as the example of King 's life shows -- such people are always wrong . Every year , since 1986 , the Dr. Martin Luther King Tribute and Dinner is held in Wassenaar , The Netherlands . The Tribute includes young people and veterans of the Civil Rights Movement as well as music . it always ends with everyone holding hands in a circle and singing `` We Shall Overcome . '' The Tribute is held on the last Sunday in January and bridges Dr. King 's birthday and Black History Month . Dates ( edit ) 1985 -- 2100 Year January 21 1985 1991 2002 2008 2013 2019 2030 2036 2041 2047 2058 2064 2069 2075 2086 2092 2097 January 20 1986 2003 2014 2020 2025 2031 2042 2048 2053 2059 2070 2076 2081 2087 2098 January 19 1998 2009 2015 2026 2032 2037 2043 2054 2060 2065 2071 2082 2088 2093 2099 January 18 1999 2016 2021 2027 2038 2044 2049 2055 2066 2072 2077 2083 2094 2100 January 17 2000 2005 2011 2022 2028 2033 2039 2050 2056 2061 2067 2078 2084 2089 2095 January 16 1995 2006 2012 2017 2023 2034 2040 2045 2051 2062 2068 2073 2079 2090 2096 January 15 2007 2018 2024 2029 2035 2046 2052 2057 2063 2074 2080 2085 2091 See also ( edit ) Association for Leaders in Volunteer Engagement Association for Volunteer Administration Civic Engagement Community Service Global Youth Service Day Good Deeds Day International Volunteer Day International Year of Volunteers Mandela Day Mitzvah Day National Philanthropy Day ( U.S. and Canada ) National Public Lands Day ( U.S. ) Public holidays in the United States Random Acts of Kindness Day Sewa Day Make A Difference Day World Kindness Day Other holidays honoring African Americans ( edit ) Malcolm X Day Rosa Parks Day Harriet Tubman Day Other civil rights holidays ( edit ) Susan B. Anthony Day Cesar Chavez Day Harvey Milk Day References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Federal Holidays '' . Opm.gov . Retrieved January 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Jones , William P. ( January 30 , 2006 ) . `` Working - Class Hero '' . The Nation . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2011 . Retrieved January 17 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Wolfensberger , Don ( January 14 , 2008 ) . `` The Martin Luther King Jr . Holiday : The Long Struggle in Congress , An Introductory Essay '' ( PDF ) . Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 17 , 2011 . Retrieved January 16 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Dewar , Helen ( October 4 , 1983 ) . `` Helms Stalls King 's Day in Senate '' . The Washington Post . p . A01 . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2011 . Retrieved January 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Romero , Frances ( January 18 , 2010 ) . `` A Brief History of Martin Luther King Jr . Day '' . Time . Jump up ^ Courtwright , David T. ( 2010 ) . No Right Turn : Conservative Politics in a Liberal America . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press . p. 13 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 04677 - 3 . Jump up ^ Younge , Gary ( September 2 -- 9 , 2013 ) . `` The Misremembering of ' I Have a Dream ' '' . The Nation . Retrieved April 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Woolley , John T. ; Gerhard Peters ( November 2 , 1983 ) . `` Ronald Reagan : Remarks on Signing the Bill Making the Birthday of Martin Luther King Jr. , a National Holiday '' . The American Presidency Project . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2011 . Retrieved January 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Pub. L. 98 -- 399 , 98 Stat. 1475 , enacted November 2 , 1983 Jump up ^ Woolley , John T. ; Gerhard Peters ( May 17 , 1989 ) . `` George Bush : Remarks on Signing the Martin Luther King Jr. , Federal Holiday Commission Extension Act '' . The American Presidency Project . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2011 . Retrieved January 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Pub. L. 101 -- 30 , 103 Stat. 60 , enacted May 17 , 1989 Jump up ^ Gilbreth , Donna ( 1997 ) . `` Rise and Fall of Fast Day '' . New Hampshire State Library . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2011 . Retrieved January 17 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Petrie , Phil W. ( May -- June 2000 ) . `` The MLK holiday : Branches work to make it work '' . The New Crisis . Retrieved November 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Ye Hee Lee , Michelle ( January 15 , 2012 ) . `` Recalling Arizona 's struggle for MLK holiday '' . The Arizona Republic . Retrieved January 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Civil Rights Day in United States '' . timeanddate.com . Time and Date AS . Retrieved April 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` tucsonsentinel.com '' . tucsonsentinel.com . Retrieved February 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Shumway , Jim ( November 26 , 1990 ) . `` STATE OF ARIZONA OFFICIAL CANVASS -- GENERAL ELECTION -- November 6 , 1990 '' ( PDF ) . Arizona Secretary of State ~ Home Page . Arizona Secretary of State . p. 12 . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Reingold , Beth ( 2000 ) . Representing Women : Sex , Gender , and Legislative Behavior in Arizona and California . Univ of North Carolina Press . pp. 66 -- . ISBN 9780807848500 . Retrieved May 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ The History of Martin Luther King Day , Infoplease Jump up ^ Goldberg , Carey ( May 26 , 1999 ) . `` Contrarian New Hampshire To Honor Dr. King , at Last '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2011 . Retrieved January 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Calendar '' . Alabama.gov . Jump up ^ `` 1 -- 301 . Holidays enumerated '' . Arizona Legislature . Jump up ^ `` TItle 73 '' . Idaho.gov . Jump up ^ `` State Holidays '' . MS.gov . Jump up ^ `` CHAPTER 288 HOLIDAYS '' . New Hampshire General Court . Jump up ^ Duran , April ( April 10 , 2000 ) . `` Virginia creates holiday honoring Dr. Martin Luther King Jr '' . On The Lege . Virginia Commonwealth University . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2011 . Retrieved January 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Cody , Karen James ( January 9 , 2007 ) . `` More Employers Plan to Observe Martin Luther King Day '' . Bureau of National Affairs . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Volunteer opportunities and resources for organizing an MLK Day of Service event '' . Martin Luther King , Jr . Day of Service homepage . Corporation for National and Community Service . Jump up ^ `` Greater Philadelphia Martin Luther King Day of Service '' . Global Citizen . Jump up ^ Moore , Doug ( January 16 , 2011 ) . `` MLK events in Missouri form man 's legacy '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Mayor 's Speech at U.S. Conference of Mayors ' Luncheon in commemoration of Dr. Martin Luther King , Jr . '' www.city.hiroshima.lg.jp . Jump up ^ Miller , David ( 2008 ) . `` City of Toronto Proclamation '' . City of Toronto . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ The Jewish Week & The American Examiner , pg 37 , February 3 , 1986 . Jump up ^ Library of Congress Veterans History Project Oral History , Arnold Resnicoff , May 2010 . At 1 hour 37 Min . http://memory.loc.gov/diglib/vhp/story/loc.natlib.afc2001001.70629/mv0001001.stream . Jump up ^ `` Martin Luther King , Jr . Tribute Dinner '' . U.S. Embassy & Consulate in the Netherlands . 2017 - 01 - 30 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 30 . Further reading ( edit ) Staff writer ( Spring 1998 ) . `` Colleges and universities that do n't observe the Martin Luther King Jr. holiday '' . The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education . JBHE Foundation , Inc. 19 : 26 -- 27 . doi : 10.2307 / 2998887 . JSTOR 2998887 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Martin Luther King Jr . Day . Martin Luther King Jr . Federal Holiday Commission at the Federal Register Martin Luther King Jr . Day of Service official government site King Holiday and Service Act of 1994 at THOMAS Remarks on Signing the King Holiday and Service Act of 1994 , President William J. Clinton , The American Presidency Project , August 23 , 1994 Works by or about United States Martin Luther King Jr . Federal Holiday Commission in libraries ( WorldCat catalog ) The King Center for Nonviolent Social Change ( hide ) Martin Luther King Jr . Speeches , movements , and protests Speeches `` Give Us the Ballot '' ( 1957 ) `` I Have a Dream '' ( 1963 ) `` How Long , Not Long '' ( 1965 ) `` Beyond Vietnam : A Time to Break Silence '' ( 1967 ) `` I 've Been to the Mountaintop '' ( 1968 ) Writings Stride Toward Freedom : The Montgomery Story ( 1958 ) The Measure of a Man ( 1959 ) `` What Is Man ? '' `` Second Emancipation Proclamation '' Strength to Love ( 1963 ) Letter from Birmingham Jail ( 1963 ) Why We Ca n't Wait ( 1964 ) Conscience for Change ( 1967 ) Where Do We Go from Here : Chaos or Community ? ( 1967 ) Movements and protests Montgomery bus boycott ( 1955 -- 1956 ) Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom ( 1957 ) Albany Movement ( 1961 -- 1962 ) Birmingham campaign ( 1963 ) March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom ( 1963 ) St. Augustine movement ( 1963 -- 1964 ) Selma to Montgomery marches ( 1965 ) Chicago Freedom Movement ( 1966 ) Mississippi March Against Fear ( 1966 ) Anti-Vietnam War movement ( 1967 ) Memphis sanitation strike ( 1968 ) Poor People 's Campaign ( 1968 ) People Family Coretta Scott King ( wife ) Yolanda King ( daughter ) Martin Luther King III ( son ) Dexter Scott King ( son ) Bernice King ( daughter ) Martin Luther King Sr. ( father ) Alberta Williams King ( mother ) Christine King Farris ( sister ) A.D. King ( brother ) Alveda King ( niece ) Other leaders Ralph Abernathy ( mentor and friend ) Ella Baker ( colleague ) James Bevel ( strategist / colleague ) Dorothy Cotton ( colleague ) Jesse Jackson ( protégé ) Bernard Lafayette ( colleague ) James Lawson ( colleague ) John Lewis ( colleague ) Joseph Lowery ( colleague ) Benjamin Mays ( mentor ) Diane Nash ( colleague ) James Orange ( colleague ) Bayard Rustin ( advisor ) Fred Shuttlesworth ( colleague ) C.T. Vivian ( colleague ) Wyatt Walker ( colleague ) Hosea Williams ( colleague ) Andrew Young ( colleague ) Assassination James Earl Ray Lorraine Motel ( now National Civil Rights Museum ) Funeral MLK Records Act Riots Loyd Jowers trial United States House Select Committee on Assassinations Media Film King : A Filmed Record ... Montgomery to Memphis ( 1970 documentary ) Our Friend , Martin ( 1999 animated ) Boycott ( 2001 film ) The Witness : From the Balcony of Room 306 ( 2008 documentary ) Alpha Man : The Brotherhood of MLK ( 2011 documentary ) Selma ( 2014 film ) All the Way ( 2016 film ) Television King ( 1978 miniseries ) `` The First Store '' ( The Jeffersons episode , 1980 ) `` Great X-Pectations '' ( A Different World episode , 1993 ) `` The Promised Land '' ( New York Undercover episode , 1997 ) `` Return of the King '' ( The Boondocks episode , 2006 ) Plays The Meeting ( 1987 ) The Mountaintop ( 2009 ) I Dream ( 2010 ) All the Way ( 2012 ) Illustrated Martin Luther King and the Montgomery Story ( 1957 comic book ) Music `` Abraham , Martin and John '' ( Dion ) `` March ! For Martin Luther King '' ( John Fahey ) `` Martin Luther King 's Dream '' ( Strawbs ) `` Happy Birthday '' ( Stevie Wonder ) `` Pride ( In the Name of Love ) '' ( U2 ) `` MLK '' ( U2 ) `` King Holiday '' ( King Dream Chorus and Holiday Crew ) `` By The Time I Get To Arizona '' ( Public Enemy ) `` Shed a Little Light '' ( James Taylor ) `` Up to the Mountain '' ( Patti Griffin ) `` Never Alone Martin '' ( Jason Upton ) `` Symphony Of Brotherhood '' ( Miri Ben - Ari ) Joseph Schwantner : New Morning for the World ; Nicolas Flagello : The Passion of Martin Luther King ( 1995 album ) `` A Dream '' ( Common featuring Will.i.am ) `` Glory '' ( Common and John Legend ) ( hide ) Related topics Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( SCLC ) Martin Luther King Jr . Day Martin Luther King Jr . Memorial National Historical Park King Center for Nonviolent Social Change Dexter Avenue Baptist Church National Civil Rights Museum Authorship issues Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity Season for Nonviolence U.S. Capitol Rotunda sculpture Oval Office bust Homage to King sculpture , Atlanta Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. sculpture , Houston Martin Luther King Jr . Memorial , San Francisco Landmark for Peace Memorial , Indianapolis Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. statue , Milwaukee The Dream sculpture , Portland , Oregon Dr. Martin Luther King Jr . Library Memorials to Martin Luther King Jr . Eponymous streets America in the King Years Civil rights movement in popular culture Lee -- Jackson -- King Day Martin Luther King High School ( disambiguation ) Lycée Martin Luther King ( disambiguation ) Federal holidays in the United States Current New Year 's Day Birthday of Martin Luther King Jr . 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Day ( federal ) Confederate Heroes Day ( TX ) Fred Korematsu Day ( CA , FL , HI , VA ) Idaho Human Rights Day ( ID ) Inauguration Day ( federal quadrennial , DC area ) Kansas Day ( KS ) Lee -- Jackson Day ( formerly Lee -- Jackson -- King Day ) ( VA ) Robert E. Lee Day ( FL ) Stephen Foster Memorial Day ( 36 ) The Eighth ( LA , former federal ) January -- February Super Bowl Sunday February American Heart Month Black History Month Washington 's Birthday / Presidents ' Day ( federal ) Valentine 's Day Georgia Day ( GA ) Groundhog Day Lincoln 's Birthday ( CA , CT , IL , IN , MO , NJ , NY , WV ) National Girls and Women in Sports Day National Freedom Day ( 36 ) Primary Election Day ( WI ) Ronald Reagan Day ( CA ) Rosa Parks Day ( CA , MO ) Susan B. 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See also : Lists of holidays , Hallmark holidays , public holidays in the United States , New Jersey , New York , Puerto Rico and the United States Virgin Islands . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Day&oldid=834228788 '' Categories : January observances Observances in the United States by presidential proclamation Memorials to Martin Luther King Jr . Coretta Scott King Monday observances Public holidays in the United States Federal holidays in the United States Volunteering Civil society Social ethics Public administration Giving Philanthropy Altruism Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from February 2018 Holidays and observances by scheduling ( nth weekday of the month ) Infobox holiday with missing field Infobox holiday ( other ) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Commons category with page title different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français Gàidhlig 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe ייִדיש 粵語 中文 21 more Edit links This page was last edited on 4 April 2018 , at 16 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did martin luther king jr day became a holiday | [
"King was the chief spokesperson for nonviolent activism in the Civil Rights Movement, which successfully protested racial discrimination in federal and state law. The campaign for a federal holiday in King's honor began soon after his assassination in 1968. President Ronald Reagan signed the holiday into law in 1983, and it was first observed three years later. At first, some states resisted observing the holiday as such, giving it alternative names or combining it with other holidays. It was officially observed in all 50 states for the first time in 2000."
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8925084220072575386 | Clueless (film) | Clueless ( film ) - wikipedia Clueless ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search Clueless Theatrical release poster Directed by Amy Heckerling Produced by Scott Rudin Robert Lawrence Written by Amy Heckerling Starring Alicia Silverstone Paul Rudd Stacey Dash Brittany Murphy Breckin Meyer Donald Faison Dan Hedaya Narrated by Alicia Silverstone Music by David Kitay Cinematography Bill Pope Edited by Debra Chiate Production company Paramount Pictures Distributed by Paramount Pictures Release date July 19 , 1995 ( 1995 - 07 - 19 ) Running time 97 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $12 million Box office $56.6 million Clueless is a 1995 American coming - of - age romantic comedy film written and directed by Amy Heckerling . It stars Alicia Silverstone , Stacey Dash , Paul Rudd and Brittany Murphy , and was produced by Scott Rudin and Robert Lawrence . It is loosely based on Jane Austen 's 1815 novel Emma , updating the setting to modern - day Beverly Hills . The film 's director , Heckerling studied real Beverly Hills high school students to get the lingo and feel for how real teens in the 1990s talked . The famous quote `` as if ! '' came from Heckerling 's study of these teens . The film grossed $56 million in the United States , received generally positive reviews from critics , and has developed a cult following . The film was followed by a spin - off television sitcom and series of books . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Release 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Accolades 6 Legacy 7 Soundtrack 8 Adaptations 8.1 TV series 8.2 Books 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Plot ( edit ) Cheryl `` Cher '' Horowitz is a well - intentioned but superficial girl , who is attractive , popular and extremely wealthy . A few months shy of her sixteenth birthday , she has risen to the top of the high school social scene . She lives in a Beverly Hills mansion with her father Mel , a ferocious $500 - an - hour litigator ; her mother died from a freak accident during a routine liposuction procedure when Cher was a baby . Cher 's best friend is Dionne Davenport , who is also rich , pretty , and hip , and understands what it 's like to be envied . Though Dionne has a long - term relationship with popular student Murray , Cher claims that this is a pointless endeavor on Dionne 's part . Among the few people to find fault with Cher is Josh , her socially conscious ex-stepbrother , who visits her during a break from college . Josh and Cher spar continually but without animosity ; she mocks his scruffy idealism , while he teases her for being selfish , vain , and superficial , and says that her only direction in life is `` toward the mall '' . Cher plays matchmaker for two lonely , nerdy , hard - grading teachers , Mr. Hall and Miss Geist . She achieves her superficial purpose , to make them relax their grading standards so she can renegotiate a bad report card ; but when she sees their newfound happiness , she realizes she enjoys doing good deeds . Cher decides to give back to the community by `` adopting '' a `` tragically unhip '' new girl at school , Tai Frasier . Cher and Dionne give Tai a makeover and initiate her into the mysteries of popularity . Cher also tries to extinguish the attraction between Tai and Travis Birkenstock , an amiable skateboarding slacker , and to steer her toward Elton , a popular rich snob . Her second matchmaking scheme backfires when Elton rejects Tai and attempts to seduce Cher . When a handsome new student named Christian arrives at their school , Cher takes a shine to him and attempts to secure him as her boyfriend . Eventually , Murray spells it out to her and Dionne that Christian is not interested in her because he is gay . Despite the failure of this endeavor , Cher remains on good terms with Christian , primarily due to her admiration of his taste in art and fashion . Matters take a turn for the worse when Cher 's `` project '' works too well , and Tai 's popularity surpasses her own . The situation reaches crisis stage after Cher fails her driver 's test and ca n't `` renegotiate '' the result . When she returns home , crushed , Tai confides that she 's taken a fancy to Josh and wants Cher to help her `` get '' him . Cher says she does n't think Josh is right for Tai , and they quarrel , ending with Tai calling Cher a `` virgin who ca n't drive '' . Feeling `` totally clueless '' , Cher reflects on her priorities and her repeated failures to understand or appreciate the people in her life . After much soul searching , Cher realizes she loves Josh . She begins making awkward but sincere efforts to live a more purposeful life , including captaining the school 's Pismo Beach disaster relief effort . Cher and Josh eventually admit their feelings for one another , culminating in a tender kiss . In the end , Mr. Hall and Miss Geist wed ; Cher 's friendships with Tai and Dionne are solidified ; Tai and Travis are in love ; and Cher wins a $200 bet for catching the bouquet at the wedding . She embraces Josh , and they kiss as the film closes . Cast ( edit ) See also : List of Clueless characters The film 's central characters are : Alicia Silverstone as Cheryl `` Cher '' Horowitz , a sweet but spoiled Valley Girl type , though she actually lives in Beverly Hills . Living in a mansion , waited on by servants , and flaunting her wealth with fashion , she 's the undisputed queen of Bronson Alcott High School . Cher is tough and clever , like her father Mel . Cher convinces two of her teachers that each is a secret admirer of the other , negotiating her way from a C+ average to an A - average . Cher does n't have a regular boyfriend : she describes finding a boyfriend in high school as `` being as pointless as looking for meaning in a Pauly Shore movie . '' She is based on Jane Austen 's character Emma Woodhouse . Stacey Dash as Dionne Davenport , Cher 's best friend . Like Cher , she is rich and beautiful , though caring . Cher uses Dionne as her number one fashion critic . Dionne and boyfriend Murray have an extremely tumultuous relationship and often quarrel . They have spats about Murray shaving his head and Dionne finding `` cheap polyester hair '' in the backseat of his car , but they also bond over Dionne 's first driving experience on the freeway , inspiring a wistful admiration in Cher . She is based on the Emma character Isabella Knightley ( née Woodhouse ) , who was her sister in the book but here is her best friend . Brittany Murphy as Tai Frasier , the ugly duckling transformed into the beautiful swan . Cher and Dionne decide to give Tai a makeover . With a change of hair , makeup and clothing , Tai gains confidence and a sense of style . Originally Tai fell for skater Travis , but Cher tried to set Tai up with `` it boy '' Elton to boost her popularity . After a `` near - death experience '' at the mall , Tai develops an overly - confident attitude that ultimately poses a threat to Cher 's social status . Tai also develops a crush on Josh , and asks Cher to help her get him . By the end of the film , Tai regains Cher 's respect and friendship , and begins dating Travis . This was Murphy 's first major film role . She is based on the Emma character Harriet Smith , Emma 's protégée . Paul Rudd as Josh Lucas , Cher 's ex-stepbrother : her father , Mel , married Josh 's mother five years earlier . Josh has ambitions to be a lawyer ( his focus is environmental law ) , and during a college break comes for a protracted visit with Cher and her father at their house . He claims that being around Mel is a `` great learning experience '' . Throughout the film , Josh teases Cher , but at the same time shows his caring and concern for her . He is based on the Emma character George Knightley . Dan Hedaya as Melvin `` Mel '' Horowitz , a gruff but successful workaholic . As a litigator , he is constantly involved in big cases in Beverly Hills , where he lives with his teenage daughter Cher . Despite being divorced from Josh 's mother , he tells his daughter `` You divorce wives , not children '' and is very protective of Cher , warning Christian : `` If anything happens to my daughter , I 've got a . 45 and a shovel . I doubt anybody would miss you . '' He is based on Emma 's father , Mr. Woodhouse . Elisa Donovan as Amber Mariens , a popular spoiled brat who is despised by Cher and Dionne . She is in constant competition with Cher when it comes to style , popularity , and boys . Cher dubs her a `` Monet '' ( just like the painting , `` from far away it 's okay , but up close it 's a big old mess . '' ) She is based on the Emma character Augusta Elton . Justin Walker as Christian Stovitz , Cher 's initial love interest . To catch Christian 's attention , Cher sends herself flowers , candies , and love notes . Christian finally attends a party with Cher , where he shows in fashionable attire . Cher plans a big night to finally `` do it '' with Christian , but he ignores her advances . It is later revealed that this is because he 's gay . He is based on the Emma character Frank Churchill ( who was not gay , but was secretly engaged to another ) . Other characters Wallace Shawn as Mr. Wendell Hall , based on the Emma character Mr. Weston . Twink Caplan as Ms. Geist , based on the Emma character Miss Taylor / Mrs. Weston . Julie Brown as Coach Millie Stoeger . Donald Faison as Murray Duvall , Dionne 's long - term boyfriend , based on the Emma character John Knightley ( who was George Knightley 's brother in the book but is n't related to anyone here ) . Breckin Meyer as Travis Birkenstock , based on the Emma character Robert Martin . Jeremy Sisto as Elton Tiscia , based on the Emma character Philip Elton . Nicole Bilderback as Summer . Production ( edit ) Principal photography for the film took place between November 21 - December 31 , 1994 . The film had a 40 - day filming schedule . Producers sat in on classes at Beverly Hills High School to get a feel for the student culture . Herb Hall , the real drama teacher at Beverly Hills High School , played the principal in the film . Scenes depicting the high school campus , including the tennis courts , the outdoor cafeteria , the quad , and various classrooms were filmed at Occidental College in Los Angeles . The mall scenes were filmed at Westfield Fashion Square in Sherman Oaks , CA . Release. ( edit ) Clueless opened theatrically in 1,653 theaters on July 19 , 1995 . Later that year , it was released on VHS and Laserdisc on December 19 , 1995 by Paramount Home Video . The film was first released to DVD on October 19 , 1999 ; the special features only included 2 theatrical trailers . The film was reissued in a special 10th anniversary DVD `` Whatever ! Edition '' on August 30 , 2005 . The new issue included featurettes and cast interviews , including : The Class of ' 95 -- A look at the cast Creative Writing -- Amy Heckerling talks about the script Fashion 101 -- How filmmakers invented the trendsetting style of Clueless Language Arts -- The director and cast members give facts on the groundbreaking slang , and how Clueless revived Valspeak slang Suck and Blow -- How to play the game depicted in the Sun Valley party scene Driver 's Ed We 're History -- Stories from cast and crew of Clueless Two theatrical trailers The film was released on Blu - ray Disc for the first time on May 1 , 2012 . Special features were carried over from the `` Whatever ! '' edition of 2005 , and included a new trivia track . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) The film became a surprise sleeper hit of 1995 , grossing $10,612,443 on its opening weekend , ranking second behind Apollo 13 . The film grossed $56,631,572 during its theatrical run , becoming the 32nd highest - grossing film of 1995 and bringing the then - largely - unknown Silverstone to international attention . It also developed a strong cult following after its release. . Critical response ( edit ) The film was well received by critics . Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives it a score of 81 % based on reviews from 57 critics and judged it `` Certified Fresh '' with an average rating of 6.9 / 10 , the site 's critical consensus reads : `` A funny and clever reshaping of Emma , Clueless offers a soft satire that pokes as much fun at teen films as it does at the Beverly Hills glitterati . '' On Metacritic , the film has a 68 out of 100 rating based on 18 reviews , indicating `` generally positive reviews '' . The film was viewed to be the start of impactful teen flicks that had strong influences over fashion trends and lingo . Fashion as a form of self - expression played an important role in the narrative and character development of the film , television series , and novels , something Alice Leppert examines . ^ Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times gave the film three - and - a-half out of four stars . Janet Maslin of The New York Times notes `` Even if Clueless runs out of gas before it 's over , most of it is as eye - catching and cheery as its star . '' Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave the film four stars , contrasting it to the more adult - oriented film about teenagers released around the same time , Kids , stating `` The materialism in Clueless is almost as scary as the hopelessness in Kids . '' Accolades ( edit ) In 2008 , Entertainment Weekly selected Clueless as one of the `` New Classics , '' a list of 100 released between 1983 and 2008 , Clueless was ranked 42nd . In 2008 , Entertainment Weekly named it the 19th best comedy of the past 25 years . American Film Institute recognition : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Laughs - Nominated AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes : `` As if ! '' - Nominated Legacy ( edit ) After the death of Brittany Murphy , Silverstone stated that she `` always felt connected to ( Murphy ) as ( they ) shared a very special experience in ( their ) lives together . '' Following Murphy 's death , Silverstone reported in an interview : `` I loved working with Brittany . She was so talented , so warm , and so sweet . '' Heckerling later described Silverstone as having `` that Marilyn Monroe thing '' as a `` pretty , sweet blonde who , in spite of being the American ideal , people still really like . '' The surviving cast reunited in 2012 for an issue of Entertainment Weekly . Heckerling later reunited with both Silverstone and Shawn for the vampire comedy Vamps . Clueless was the main inspiration for Australian rapper Iggy Azalea 's music video to her U.S. number one hit single `` Fancy '' featuring Charli XCX , with many visuals as well as costumes inspired by the film . The video is filled with remakes of classic Clueless scenes , and the outfits are reinvented to channel the famous stylings of the film with a slightly modern edge . `` Fancy '' was also shot in the same Los Angeles high school where Clueless was filmed . The film was very known for the characters catchy phrases and vocabulary , `` Cher 's verbal style is also marked by ironic contrasts between current slang and historical references , as when she compares Tai to `` those Botticelli chicks . '' The characterization through their verbal speech was can be seen as enjoyable to audiences In 2015 , to celebrate the film 's twentieth anniversary , pop culture writer Jen Chaney published a book titled As If ! : The Oral History of Clueless , based on exclusive interviews with Amy Heckerling , Alicia Silverstone , and other cast and crew members . Excerpts from the book were published in Vanity Fair . Soundtrack ( edit ) `` Kids in America '' ( The Muffs ) -- 3 : 18 `` Shake Some Action '' ( Cracker ) -- 4 : 25 `` The Ghost in You '' ( Counting Crows ) -- 3 : 30 `` Here '' ( Squirmel Mix ) ( Luscious Jackson ) -- 3 : 33 `` All the Young Dudes '' ( World Party ) -- 4 : 00 `` Fake Plastic Trees '' ( acoustic version ) ( Radiohead ) -- 4 : 45 `` Change '' ( Lightning Seeds ) -- 4 : 01 `` Need You Around '' ( Smoking Popes ) -- 3 : 42 `` Mullet Head '' ( Beastie Boys ) -- 2 : 53 `` Where 'd You Go ? '' ( The Mighty Mighty Bosstones ) -- 3 : 16 `` Rollin ' with My Homies '' ( Coolio ) -- 4 : 06 `` Alright '' ( Supergrass ) -- 3 : 01 `` My Forgotten Favorite '' ( Velocity Girl ) -- 3 : 49 `` Supermodel '' ( Jill Sobule ) -- 3 : 07 Adaptations ( edit ) Tv series ( edit ) Main article : Clueless ( TV series ) In 1996 , the producers created a spinoff television series , which followed the continuing adventures of Cher and her friends . Several cast members from the film went on to star in the series , with the notable exceptions of Silverstone ( who went on to sign a film deal with Columbia - TriStar worth $10 million ) and Rudd ( whose film career began to take off ) . Silverstone was replaced in the series with actress Rachel Blanchard . Dash reprised the role of Dionne . Faison reprised the role of Murray . Donovan reprised the role of Amber . Michael Lerner ( first season ) and Doug Sheehan replaced Hedaya as Mel . David Lascher replaced Rudd as Josh . Heather Gottlieb replaced Murphy as Tai . Teachers Mr. Hall , Ms. Geist , and Coach Stoeger ( played by their respective actors ) appeared in the series , but Coach Stoeger 's surname was changed to `` Diemer '' . Books ( edit ) Main article : Clueless ( novels ) Simon Spotlight Entertainment spun off a collection of paperback books , from 1995 - 1999 , aimed at adolescent readers . See also ( edit ) Jane Austen portal Los Angeles portal Film in the United States portal 1990s portal Cinema of the United States Valspeak Valley Girl References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` CLUELESS ( 12 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . July 28 , 1995 . Retrieved July 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Clueless - PowerGrid '' . thewrap.com . Retrieved July 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Clueless ( 1995 ) - Box Office Mojo '' . boxofficemojo.com . Retrieved July 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mazmanian , Melissa . `` Reviving Emma '' in a Clueless World : The Current Attraction to a Classic Structure . Persuasions Online : Occasional Papers No. 3 . Fall 1999 . Jane Austen Society of North America website . Accessed November 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stern , Lesley . `` Emma in Los Angeles '' Clueless as a remake of the book and the city . Australian Humanities Review website , 1997 . Accessed November 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Clueless Issue 109 Philosophy Now '' . philosophynow.org . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ Susannah Cahalan ( July 5 , 2015 ) . `` An oral history of the cult classic that is ' Clueless ' '' . New York Post . Retrieved July 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Which 90s Films Are Cult Classics ? '' . ChaCha . Retrieved July 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hawkins , Ashley ( July 21 , 2014 ) . `` 5 Cult Classic Films That Never Get Old '' . Neon Tommy . Retrieved July 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Austen , Jane ( 1816 ) . Emma ( Nineteenth Century Collections Online ) ( 1 ed . ) . London : John Murray . p. 195 . Retrieved 19 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ALICIA SILVERSTONE STARS IN ' CLUELESS , ' A ROMANTIC COMEDY WRITTEN AND DIRECTED BY AMY HECKERLING - Free Online Library '' . www.thefreelibrary.com . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Clueless ( 1995 ) - Box Office Mojo '' . www.boxofficemojo.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott . `` ' Clueless ' At 20 : What Hollywood Should Learn From The Pop Culture Classic '' . Forbes . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Cluelss ( 1995 ) '' . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Clueless '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . July 21 , 1995 . Retrieved July 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Clueless '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved July 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hunting , Kyra . `` Furiously Franchised : ' Clueless ' , Convergence Culture , and the Female - Focused Franchise . '' Cinema Journal , vol. 53 , no . 3 , 2014 , pp. 145 -- 151. , http://www.jstor.org/stable/43653627/ Jump up ^ `` Clueless Movie Review & Film Summary ( 1995 ) '' . Roger Ebert . Chicago Sun - Times . July 19 , 1995 . Retrieved July 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Movie Review - Clueless - FILM REVIEW ; A Teen - Ager Who 's Clear on Her Priorities '' . Janet Maslin . The New York Times . July 19 , 1995 . Retrieved July 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Movie Review : Clueless '' . Peter Travers . Rolling Stone . July 19 , 1995 . Retrieved July 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The New Classics : Movies '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time . 2008 - 06 - 27 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Clueless , Alicia Silverstone , ... 100 New Movie Classics : No. 50 - 26 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Clueless , Alicia Silverstone , ... The Comedy 25 : The Funniest Movies of the Past 25 Years '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Laughs Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` Alicia Silverstone : I Hope Brittany Murphy Is at Peace '' . People Magazine . December 20 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ Haramis , Nick ( September 13 , 2012 ) . `` Alicia Silverstone & Amy Heckerling : A Reunion '' . Retrieved September 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Clueless ' Reunion On Entertainment Weekly Makes Us Miss Cher And Dionne '' . The Huffington Post . October 5 , 2012 . Retrieved November 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Iggy Azalea pays homage to Clueless socialite Cher in new video for Fancy - Daily Mail Online '' . Mail Online . Retrieved 18 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Iggy Azalea 's ' Fancy ' Video Is Basically An Exact Replica Of ' Clueless ' '' . MTV News . Retrieved 18 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Stylist for Iggy Azalea 's Clueless - Themed `` Fancy '' Music Video featuring Charli XCX Tells All `` . Pepsi.com. 2014 - 03 - 12 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Iggy Azalea 's New Video Copies ' Clueless ' '' . Elle.com. 2014 - 03 - 04 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ O'Meara , Jennifer . `` ' We 've Got to Work on Your Accent and Vocabulary ' : Characterization through Verbal Style in ' Clueless . ' '' Cinema Journal , vol. 53 , no . 3 , 2014 , pp. 138 -- 145. , www.jstor.org/stable/43653626 . Jump up ^ Jen Chaney . `` As If ! '' . simonandschusterpublishing.com . Retrieved 18 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Jen Chaney . `` An Oral History of Clueless - Vanity Fair '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved 18 July 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Clueless ( film ) Clueless on IMDb Clueless at AllMovie Clueless at the TCM Movie Database Clueless at the American Film Institute Catalog Clueless at Box Office Mojo Clueless at Rotten Tomatoes Clueless at Metacritic Films directed by Amy Heckerling Fast Times at Ridgemont High ( 1982 ) Johnny Dangerously ( 1984 ) National Lampoon 's European Vacation ( 1985 ) Look Who 's Talking ( 1989 ) Look Who 's Talking Too ( 1990 ) Clueless ( 1995 ) Loser ( 2000 ) I Could Never Be Your Woman ( 2007 ) Vamps ( 2012 ) Films produced by Scott Rudin Revenge of the Stepford Wives I 'm Dancing as Fast as I Can Reckless Mrs. Soffel Pacific Heights Regarding Henry Little Man Tate The Addams Family White Sands Life with Mikey The Firm Searching for Bobby Fischer Addams Family Values Sister Act 2 : Back in the Habit Nobody 's Fool Clueless Sabrina Mother The First Wives Club Ransom Marvin 's Room In & Out Twilight The Truman Show A Civil Action Bringing Out the Dead Sleepy Hollow Angela 's Ashes Wonder Boys Rules of Engagement Shaft Zoolander The Royal Tenenbaums Iris Orange County Changing Lanes The Hours Marci X School of Rock The Stepford Wives The Manchurian Candidate The Village I Heart Huckabees Team America : World Police The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou Freedomland Failure to Launch Notes on a Scandal No Country for Old Men The Darjeeling Limited Margot at the Wedding Stop - Loss Doubt Revolutionary Road Fantastic Mr. Fox It 's Complicated Greenberg The Social Network True Grit Margaret The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo Extremely Loud & Incredibly Close Moonrise Kingdom The Dictator Frances Ha Captain Phillips Inside Llewyn Davis The Grand Budapest Hotel Rosewater Top Five While We 're Young Aloha Steve Jobs Zoolander 2 Fences The Meyerowitz Stories Lady Bird Annihilation Isle of Dogs Game Over , Man ! The Legacy of a Whitetail Deer Hunter Eighth Grade Norway The Girl in the Spider 's Web Mid-90s Late Night Clueless Media Film Novels TV series Episodes Miscellaneous Characters Emma `` Fancy '' Jane Austen 's Emma Characters Emma Woodhouse George Knightley Mr. Woodhouse Mr. Weston Miss Bates Films Clueless ( 1995 ) Emma ( 1996 ) `` Silent Worship '' Aisha ( 2010 ) Television Emma ( 1972 ) Clueless ( 1996 ) Emma ( 1996 ) Emma ( 2009 ) Other Emma Approved Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clueless_(film)&oldid=840278622 '' Categories : 1995 films English - language films 1990s buddy films 1990s coming - of - age films 1990s high school films 1990s LGBT - related films 1990s romantic comedy films 1990s teen comedy films 1990s teen romance films American coming - of - age films American female buddy films American films American high school films American romantic comedy films American teen comedy films American teen LGBT - related films American teen romance films Buddy comedy films Coming - of - age comedy films Coming - of - age romance films Films about families Films about virginity Films adapted into novels Films adapted into television programs Films based on works by Jane Austen Films directed by Amy Heckerling Films produced by Scott Rudin Films set in Beverly Hills , California Films shot in Los Angeles LGBT - related comedy films Paramount Pictures films Screenplays by Amy Heckerling Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from July 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska 中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 May 2018 , at 21 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | the main character in clueless was named after which famous superstar | [
"Cheryl \"Cher\" Horowitz is a well-intentioned but superficial girl, who is attractive, popular and extremely wealthy. A few months shy of her sixteenth birthday, she has risen to the top of the high school social scene. She lives in a Beverly Hills mansion with her father Mel, a ferocious $500-an-hour litigator; her mother died from a freak accident during a routine liposuction procedure when Cher was a baby. Cher's best friend is Dionne Davenport, who is also rich, pretty, and hip, and understands what it's like to be envied. Though Dionne has a long-term relationship with popular student Murray, Cher claims that this is a pointless endeavor on Dionne's part."
] | [
"Cher"
] |
-4777352569808006799 | Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor | Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor - wikipedia Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Shadows of Mordor . Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor Developer ( s ) Monolith Productions Publisher ( s ) Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment Director ( s ) Michael de Plater Producer ( s ) Michael Forgey Designer ( s ) Bob Roberts Chris Hoge Artist ( s ) Phil Straub Writer ( s ) Christian Cantamessa Composer ( s ) Garry Schyman Nathan Grigg Engine LithTech Platform ( s ) Linux Microsoft Windows OS X PlayStation 3 PlayStation 4 Xbox 360 Xbox One Release September 30 , 2014 ( show ) Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 , Xbox One NA : September 30 , 2014 EU : October 3 , 2014 AU : October 8 , 2014 JP : December 25 , 2014 PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 NA : November 18 , 2014 EU : November 21 , 2014 AU : November 26 , 2014 JP : March 5 , 2015 Linux , OS X July 30 , 2015 Genre ( s ) Action - adventure Mode ( s ) Single - player Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor is an open world Action - adventure video game developed by Monolith Productions and published by Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment . The game was released for Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 , and Xbox One in September 2014 and PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 in November 2014 . It is the second game set on Middle - earth to be rated Mature by the ESRB , after The Lord of the Rings : War in the North . An original story set in the legendarium created by J.R.R. Tolkien , the game takes place between the events of The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings . The player controls Talion , a Ranger who bonds with the wraith of the Elf Lord Celebrimbor , as the two set out to avenge the deaths of their loved ones . Players can engage in melee combat , and utilize wraith abilities to fight and manipulate enemies . The game introduces the Nemesis System , which allows the artificial intelligence of non-playable characters to remember the deaths of the game 's protagonist and react accordingly . The game 's development began in 2011 . In order to create an accurate environment and be consistent with Tolkien 's books , the developers consulted several people from Warner Bros. , as well as Peter Jackson , director of the Lord of the Rings and The Hobbit film trilogies . They also received assistance from Weta Workshop , who advised on the special effects . Monolith focused on the development of the PC , PlayStation 4 , and Xbox One versions , while the development of the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 versions was outsourced to Behaviour Interactive . Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor received critical acclaim upon release . Most praise was directed at its combat , open - world design , and the Nemesis System . Some criticism was aimed at the game 's story and boss battles . Shadow of Mordor marked the biggest launch for a game based upon Tolkien 's universe , and would go on to win several awards from video gaming publications , including Game of the Year in 2015 . The game was supported by downloadable content upon release . A sequel , Middle - earth : Shadow of War , is scheduled for release in October 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 1.1 Nemesis system 2 Synopsis 2.1 Setting 2.2 Plot 3 Development 4 Reception 4.1 Critical reception 4.2 Sales 4.3 Controversy 5 Awards 6 Sequel 7 References 8 External links Gameplay ( edit ) Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor is a third - person open world action - adventure video game , where the player controls a ranger by the name of Talion who seeks revenge on the forces of Sauron after his family , consisting of his wife and son , are killed by those that lead them . Players can travel across locations in the game through parkour , riding monsters , or accessing Forge Towers , which serve as fast travel points . Though Talion is mortally felled in the game 's introduction , the wraith of the Elven Lord Celebrimbor is able to use his power to keep Talion alive , along with gifting him wraith - like abilities to exact his revenge . Missions in the game feature main story missions that follow Talion 's quest for revenge , side missions that involve following Gollum as to find artifacts that are tied to Celebrimbor 's past , missions to free the human slaves that have been captured by the Uruk armies and forced to work for Sauron , and additional quests to help forge new abilities for Talion 's sword , bow , and dagger . The player also has the freedom to pursue side quests and roam around Mordor , with special activities to collect specific flora or to hunt certain creatures , or to find old artifacts or Elvish seals . Completing quests earns the player a number of rewards : experience points that are used to unlock new abilities for the player from both Talion 's ranger and Celebrimbor 's wraith skills , a Power value that allows the player to access more powerful abilities to unlock , and an in - game currency called `` Mirian '' that the player can use to improve Talion 's health , wraith skill capacity , or forge new slots on his weapons to add additional runes ( as described in the Nemesis System below ) . In completing missions , the player can have Talion engage in melee , ranged combat , and stealth approaches , with some missions rewarding the player more for completing the mission in a specific manner . Talion 's ranger abilities are enhanced through Celebrimbor , allowing the player to mix combat with special focus - based attacks ; these latter attacks can be used to slow time down while aiming with the bow , drain focus out of an enemy foe , or , later in the game , brand the foe to become an ally of Talion . The combat system uses an attack - chain system that enables the player to perform special moves after building the chain to a large enough value , such as instantly draining a foe of focus or performing an area focus attack . With the combat system , they can also counter and dodge attacks . Stealth is a critical element in some missions ; several areas are considered Strongholds and should Talion 's presence be discovered , an alarm will sound and more Uruks will arrive to try to kill him . Nemesis system ( edit ) Gameplay screenshot of Middle - Earth : Shadow of Mordor showcasing the nemesis system A core feature of Shadow of Mordor is the Nemesis system . The game can track any Uruk ( A `` nastier orc , '' the general antagonists of the game ) that the player comes into contact with . While there are `` generic '' Uruk for the player to fight en masse , and will be as cannon fodder as part of Sauron 's armies , the game will begin tracking Uruk that perform any notable talents within the game , such as killing the player , or surviving an encounter with the player . These Uruk will be promoted into captains . Defeating these leaders will help to weaken Sauron 's army , and these leaders will drop a rune which the player can install on Talion 's weapons to provide additional buffs in battle . Alternatively , being killed by a leader will cause the current mission to be cancelled and the player returned to a safe point to continue exploring , and the leader will gain additional power , making him more difficult to defeat in the next encounter . If the procedurally generated Orcs survive an encounter with Talion , they will also be promoted . Further , such deaths are tracked through online servers , and the player 's friends on the various network services will be notified of this death and be offered the chance to accept a Vendetta mission , and exact revenge on the Uruk . If the mission is successful the game will give rewards to both the original player and the victorious friend . The leader Uruk will have a range of strengths and weaknesses , the latter that can be exploited in combat to quickly weaken and defeat the leader . The player can gain knowledge of these through finding intelligence mostly by draining and interrogating marked Uruks for this . Being able to exploit such weaknesses in defeating the leader will gain a better quality rune and more experience points in this manner . Once the player gains the ability to brand Uruks , they can brand these leaders and convert portions of Sauron 's army to their side . At this point , the player can use the Nemesis system to trigger infighting within the Uruk forces which they can then directly participate in , helping to weaken the army further . Uruks that survive their encounter with Talion will remember this when Talion combats them again ; for example , an Uruk who was thrown into a fire by Talion might want revenge on him for being disfigured . Synopsis ( edit ) Setting ( edit ) The game takes place in the 60 - year gap between the events of Tolkien 's The Hobbit and The Lord of The Rings . The family of Talion ( voiced and motion captured by Troy Baker ) , a ranger of Gondor responsible for guarding the Black Gate of Mordor , is killed by the armies of Sauron , but Talion is revived with `` wraith - like abilities '' and heads into Mordor to exact his revenge . Mordor is not yet a barren wasteland in this story . The player will encounter Gollum ( voiced by Liam O'Brien ) . Talion discovers that the wraith who revived him is Celebrimbor ( voiced by Alastair Duncan ) , the greatest Elven smith master of the Second Age , who also seeks revenge against Sauron . Plot ( edit ) Talion , a captain of Gondor , serves within a garrison stationed at the Black Gate of Mordor . The garrison is attacked by Sauron 's Orc forces led by three Black Númenórean captains : the Hammer of Sauron ( John DiMaggio ) , the Tower of Sauron ( J.B. Blanc ) , and their leader , the Black Hand of Sauron ( Nolan North ) . Talion , his wife Ioreth ( Laura Bailey ) , and his adult son , Dirhael , are captured and ritually sacrificed by the Black Hand in an attempt to summon into himself the wraith of the Elf Lord Celebrimbor . However , Celebrimbor ( who suffers from amnesia due to his centuries as a wraith ) instead merges with Talion , preventing him from dying alongside his family . Talion and Celebrimbor then depart to both uncover Celebrimbor 's identity -- increasing his / their power -- and avenge the death of Talion 's family . Over the course of their travels , Talion and Celebrimbor encounter Gollum multiple times , who is wandering Mordor in search of his `` Precious '' ( The One Ring ) . Gollum possesses the ability to see and speak with Celebrimbor due to his prior contact with the One Ring , and pledges to serve the `` Bright Master '' . Hoping that Celebrimbor might lead him to the One Ring , Gollum leads Celebrimbor to relics of his past , each of which restore parts of his lost memories . Celebrimbor gradually recalls how Sauron , disguised as Annatar , the Lord of Gifts , deceived him into forging the Rings of Power . Celebrimbor ultimately assisted Sauron in forging the One Ring , but was able to steal it from him . Celebrimbor proclaimed himself the Bright Lord of Mordor and raised an army of Orcs against Sauron . However , the Ring ultimately betrayed Celebrimbor and returned to Sauron . A victorious Sauron then punished Celebrimbor by executing his wife and daughter ( whom Sauron had taken hostage to force Celebrimbor to aid him ) before finally killing him with his own smithing hammer . In his search for the Black Hand , Talion allies himself with Hirgon , a ranger deserter who leads a community of Gondorian outcasts choosing to settle in Mordor , and Ratbag the Coward ( Phil LaMarr ) , an Orc who offers to bring Talion closer to the Black Hand in exchange for his assistance in climbing Mordor 's military hierarchy . Talion helps Ratbag ascend the ranks to the level of warchief by killing each of his immediate superiors , finally becoming Warchief himself . Talion then goes after the other Warchiefs in Udun , weakening Sauron 's forces in that area . Soon enough , Hirgon has a plan to draw out the Black Captains . Using acquired grog and blasting powder , Talion helps the Outcasts destroy a statue dedicated to Sauron . Instead of the Black Hand answering the `` message '' , the Hammer of Sauron is sent , promptly executing Ratbag for not answering his duties to kill the ranger . Talion and The Hammer then face off , with packs of Uruk joining the fight , but after a savage battle , Talion manages to kill The Hammer . Talion is then sought out by the warrior Lithariel , the daughter of Queen Marwen ( Claudia Black ) , who claims to be able to assist Celebrimbor with his mission . Marwen is the ruler of Núrn , a kingdom of sea raiders located in the south of Mordor . She uses her powers to guide Talion and Celebrimbor to another of Celebrimbor 's relics . Talion also gets help from a Dwarf hunter named Torvin , teaching Talion the ways of the hunt to dominate Caragors and Graugs ( beasts native to Mordor ) , eventually fighting a massive Graug from Torvin 's past who killed Torvin 's hunting partner , later revealed to be his brother . Later , Marwen advises them to use Celebrimbor 's powers to take control of an army of orcs and other beasts , using them to lead an assault against Sauron . Talion eventually realizes that the wizard Saruman is possessing Marwen , and assists Lithariel in freeing her from his control . Talion , however , still carries out Saruman 's plan , leading an army of mind - controlled orcs in an assault against the Black Hand 's stronghold at Ered Glamhoth . However , rather than the Black Hand , Talion finds the Tower of Sauron waiting for him . The Tower mockingly taunts Talion that Celebrimbor chose him as a host and can free him at any time and offers the elf a place at Sauron 's side . Refusing the offer , the two battle and Talion emerges victorious after viciously stabbing the Tower to death with his son 's sword . Afterwards , Celebrimbor confesses that the Tower told the truth and promises to let Talion join his family in death if he wishes , once the Black Hand is slain . Talion then travels to the Black Gate for a final confrontation with the Black Hand . The Black Hand quickly incapacitates him with a spell that also restores the last of Celebrimbor 's memories . He then kills himself as part of a ritual that forces Celebrimbor to depart from Talion and merge with himself . This allows Sauron to possess the Black Hand 's body and incarnate in physical form . However , Celebrimbor is able to briefly paralyze Sauron from within , allowing Talion to destroy Sauron 's physical form . With the Black Hand dead , Celebrimbor wishes to depart for Valinor . Talion instead convinces him to stay and attempt to overthrow Sauron . Gazing at Mount Doom , Talion declares his intention to forge a new Ring of Power . Development ( edit ) Development of Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor , which took about three years , began in late 2011 . The game 's lead developer was Monolith Productions , who had experience on a Middle - earth game with Guardians of Middle - earth ( a multiplayer online battle arena game released in 2012 ) . According to design director Michael de Plater , Shadow of Mordor was developed in parallel with Guardians of Middle - earth but handled by a separate team . It was published by Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment , who had published the Batman : Arkham game series . The game was designed by de Plater , who had worked with Creative Assembly on Rome : Total War and Ubisoft on Tom Clancy 's EndWar and Tom Clancy 's Ghost Recon : Future Soldier . Shadow of Mordor was Monolith 's first third - person open world video game for the eighth generation consoles PlayStation 4 and Xbox One , and de Plater considered its development an educational experience for the studio . In Monolith 's introduction to the genre , many core mechanics were built from scratch and the studio were inspired by successful video games such as the Batman : Arkham series created by Rocksteady Studios ; those games inspired Shadow of Mordor 's stealth and free - flow combat mechanics . The studio considered Rocksteady 's games good examples of how to handle a licensed title . ( Sports games ) are designed that if there 's a failure through the mid-season you do n't rewind to the last save and start playing again from that point , as much as you potentially wish you could . -- Michael de Plater , creative director of Monolith Productions The game 's signature feature is its Nemesis system . The Monolith team considered themselves experts in artificial intelligence , and wanted to push its boundaries . Allowing players to choose their story ( a sandbox - game pillar ) and `` leverage the new generation hardware through innovation '' , the team wanted to create a system allowing non-playable characters to respond to player actions ; this later became the Nemesis system . The system 's idea was frameworked three months after development began , and to best present it everyone in the studio was involved . The developers hoped that with the system , orcs could be memorable for players . It was made more complex during the game 's early development , incorporating personal relationships among orcs , but was later pared down when the studio considered it too complicated . The Nemesis system was also inspired by pen - and - paper role - playing games . Although most orcs are similar , some were designed with distinctive behavior patterns . These orcs have dialogue written by Dan Abnett , and the team hoped the special orcs would surprise players . The team also hoped that the system would provide tension and competition , similar to a multiplayer game . The studio was inspired by sports games , where the narrative continues when players lose a match . This can prevent immersion and narrative from breaking when players die in the game . According to Rob Roberts , the system is designed so players can emotionally attach to the protagonist through gameplay drama . They also hoped that through the system , players can create their own villain , leading to an organic story . Shadow of Mordor bridges the gap between The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings , with the team wanting to show iconic elements of the universe in an original way . The team had to draw notes on Tolkien 's notes and appendices to ensure that their vision for the game would not change the franchise 's timeline . Although the game 's environment is inspired by the books and films , several places ( such as Udûn and the Sea of Nurnen ) were re-imagined . Art director Phil Straub considered consistency with the lore and presenting `` something visually new '' and realistic the most important elements of creating the game , and the team did not incorporate many fantasy elements in its world . To depict volcanic activity , the studio sent a team to Eastern Washington and the Columbia River plateau to photograph a volcano ; to create other parts of the game environment , they studied photos of Iceland and New Zealand and yellow stone found worldwide . Since Shadow of Mordor is set before The Lord of the Rings , its landscape is less post-apocalyptic ; environments also vary by weather , lighting and atmosphere . The game has a standalone plot . Early in development the team consulted Peter Jackson , director of The Lord of the Rings and The Hobbit trilogies , who advised them against a film tie - in . According to de Plater , the story is character - driven to be `` authentic '' relative to Tolkien 's themes . The game was written by Christian Cantamessa , who was lead writer and lead designer for Rockstar San Diego 's Red Dead Redemption . According to Roberts , the story is designed for accessibility by all players ( regardless of their familiarity with the franchise ) by creating natural interactions and believable relationships among the characters . Its protagonist is Talion , a half - human , half - wraith inspired by Boromir . Although Torvin was originally proposed as a playable character , the idea was scrapped , as the team wanted the game to have a single protagonist , like The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings . The wraith is later revealed as Celebrimbor , creator of the Rings of Power . The development team picked Celebrimbor because they considered his backstory sufficiently interesting to expand the canon 's authenticity , allowing the team to write a story around power ( a major theme of the game ) . Another important component was Mordor 's tone . The team created a dark atmosphere with humor , reflected in dialogue and voice acting . This was handled by Dan Abnett , who previously worked on books related to Warhammer 's `` dark and gritty '' universe . The team hired David Salo , a linguist who worked on the Tolkien 's languages for the Lord of the Rings film trilogy , to develop the Orcs ' Black Speech . The game 's narrative was also inspired by BioShock , which according to de Plater , has successfully incorporated systemic stories with players ' choices . To prevent inaccuracies , Monolith consulted several Tolkien scholars from Warner Bros. and collaborated with Weta Workshop ( Jackson 's design company ) on the game 's special effects and scenery . To depict well - known characters the company partnered with Middle - earth Enterprises , the franchise - rights holder , to prevent misuse and contradiction between the game 's story and Tolkien 's . Monolith focused on developing the game 's PlayStation 4 and Xbox One versions , with development of the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 versions outsourced to Behaviour Interactive . Although the game 's core gameplay mechanics , story and narrative are unchanged in the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 ports , some features ( such as the Nemesis system ) are less complex than the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One versions . According to the game 's developer , the Nemesis system was too large for older consoles . Waterphones were used during the game 's soundtrack development . The music for Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor was composed by Garry Schyman and Nathan Grigg , and a soundtrack album was released digitally by WaterTower Music on September 30 , 2014 . In designing the game 's music , the team used a number of sonic tools which synchronize with other aspects of the game ( such as player actions and enemy movements ) ; combat music included waterphones and spring drums . In August 2013 an artist mentioned that Monolith Productions was working on a AAA title separate from Guardians of Middle - earth , and on November 12 its title was announced . Although the game was originally scheduled for release on October 7 , 2014 , according to Warner Bros. its release was moved up to September 30 in North America and October 3 in the United Kingdom due to `` fans ' excitement '' . The PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 versions were released on November 18 in North America and November 21 in Europe . On December 16 , 2014 , the downloadable content ( DLC ) Lord of the Hunt was released . Its storyline revolved around Torvin , and it included new runes , skins and bosses . Lord of the Hunt received mixed reviews from critics . The final DLC for Shadow of Mordor ( The Bright Lord ) is set 3,000 years before the main campaign and allows players to control Talion 's companion , Celebrimbor . It adds a chapter to Shadow of Mordor in which players can complete ten more missions and fight Sauron . The content was released on February 24 , 2015 for Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 and Xbox One . A Game of the Year edition with DLC was announced on April 29 , 2015 and released on May 5 for Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 and Xbox One . A special edition , with in - game items and a steelbook , was introduced on August 1 . Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) Reception Aggregate scores Aggregator Score GameRankings ( PC ) 86.67 % ( PS4 ) 86.55 % ( XONE ) 85.82 % Metacritic ( XONE ) 87 / 100 ( PC ) 84 / 100 ( PS4 ) 84 / 100 Review scores Publication Score Destructoid 6 / 10 Eurogamer 8 / 10 Game Informer 8.25 / 10 GameSpot 8 / 10 GamesRadar GameTrailers 8.7 / 10 Giant Bomb IGN 9.3 / 10 Joystiq PC Gamer ( US ) 85 / 100 Polygon 9.5 / 10 Awards Publication Award Game Developers Choice Awards Game of the Year GameSpot Game of the Year Giant Bomb Game of the Year Joystiq Game of the Year Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor received critical acclaim . The review aggregator websites GameRankings and Metacritic gave the Microsoft Windows version scores of 86.67 percent ( based on nine reviews ) and 84 out of 100 ( based on 17 reviews ) ; the PlayStation 4 version scored 86.55 percent ( based on 57 reviews ) and 84 out of 100 ( based on 85 reviews ) , and the Xbox One version scored 85.82 percent ( based on 11 reviews ) and 87 out of 100 ( based on 12 reviews ) . The game 's core feature , its Nemesis system , was praised . According to Lucas Sullivan of GamesRadar , the system elevated Shadow of Mordor to excellence by making its villains memorable and adding personality to its protagonist . Brad Shoemaker of Giant Bomb agreed , writing that the system created many distinctive characters and its side content extended the game 's longevity . Joystiq 's Alexander Sliwinski said that the system made each playthrough unique and made the game stand out from other action games . Chris Carter of Destructoid found the system gimmicky , since it failed to create unique villains ; it added different appearances and weaknesses to villains without adding personality . Shadow of Mordor 's combat was considered excellent by most critics . Shoemaker and Sliwinski compared it to the rhythm - based combat system of the Batman : Arkham game series ; both found it engaging and fluid . Shoemaker praised the game 's combat variety ; the combination of the combat and nemesis systems created `` a specific kind of chaotic , emergent nonsense '' desirable in an open world game . According to Sliwinski and Shoemaker , even without the Nemesis system the combat system would make the game compelling . Although Matt Miller of Game Informer found the game 's focus on killing made it repetitive , failing to capture the charm of its inspirations Assassin 's Creed and Batman : Arkham , Kevin VanOrd of GameSpot called Shadow of Mordor 's combat an improvement of the Assassin 's Creed formula . Reception of the game 's storyline was mixed . Although Shoemaker and Sliwinski praised its `` dark '' tone , Shoemaker found some story elements ( such as Gollum 's introduction ) forced and designed to appeal to a particular audience . According to Game Informer 's Matt Miller , Shadow of Mordor fails to successfully tie together all of its various plot threads in the game 's conclusion . Kevin VanOrd of GameSpot also found the storyline erratic , dragged down by anti-climactic fights and scenes . Dan Stapleton of IGN wrote that the story introduced memorable characters but would not make sense to fans of the series , and his interest in the game waned towards its end . Destructoid 's Chris Carter was disappointed in a plot he considered generic ( `` Go here , kill this , draw out this big bad , then kill him for your family '' ) ; the game failed to add anything new to the universe , and its side missions were more interesting than the main campaign . Other aspects of Shadow of Mordor were praised . Sullivan enjoyed its Lord of the Rings ' lore , and found the number of collectibles in the game `` staggering '' . Miller also admired Monolith 's extensive use of lore in the game , and praised its soundtrack and voice - acting ; Stapleton agreed , particularly about the voice acting . Elements of the game were criticized . Sullivan found some side missions repetitive , and Sliwinski was disappointed with some of the boss battles . Miller wrote that some Shadow of Mordor features are too complex and inaccessible for new players or those unwilling to use strategy . Critics disagreed about the Nemesis system . Miller wrote that the system fell flat in the game 's final hours ; according to VanOrd , the system was unappealing until the game 's second half . Carter found the unskippable cutscenes after a player died annoying . Unlike Shadow of Mordor 's current - generation versions , the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 versions received mixed - to - negative reviews and many technical problems were noted . According to Thomas Morgan of Eurogamer its frame rate was substandard , and Yannick LeJacq of Kotaku cited `` many technical hiccups and glitches '' . Morgan believed that the game developers spent little effort on the port , and LeJacq questioned the need to release the game for PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 at all . Shadow of Mordor was well received by BioShock series creator Ken Levine , who called it the first open world game with a non-linear story and narrative and said he would bring some of its elements to his upcoming science - fiction project . Sales ( edit ) Shadow of Mordor 's release was the most successful for a Lord of the Rings - based game . The game debuted at number two in the UK retail software sales chart in its first week ( behind FIFA 15 ) , and was the ninth - bestselling game in the United States in October 2014 . Controversy ( edit ) When Shadow of Mordor was introduced , Monolith was accused by former Ubisoft employee Charles Randall of using assets ( such as the protagonist - animation code ) from Assassin 's Creed II . Monolith responded that all their project 's assets were developed from scratch ; they had confidence in their originality , and the game was based upon the Nemesis system . In October 2014 , after the usual video - game review outlets were unable to obtain early access to Shadow of Mordor , John Bain ( known as TotalBiscuit ) said that YouTube video creators had been offered early access in exchange for agreeing to a contract requiring them to describe it positively . Jim Sterling of The Escapist obtained a copy of one of the contracts and analyzed it in detail . The Federal Trade Commission began an investigation and announced in July 2016 that Warner Brothers Home Entertainment had violated the Federal Trade Commission Act , and that the company must declare sponsored advertising in the future . Awards ( edit ) ( show ) List of awards and nominations for Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor Award Receiver Result Ref . Game Critics Awards Best of E3 2014 Best of Show Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor Nominated Best Console Game Nominated Best RPG Nominated Best of Gamescom 2014 Best Console Game Sony PlayStation Nominated Best PC Game Nominated 2014 The Game Awards Game of the Year Nominated Best Performance Troy Baker as Talion Nominated Best Action / Adventure Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor Won GamesRadar 's Game of the Year 2014 Game of the Year 4th Place Best Action - adventure Game Won Kotaku Awards 2014 Biggest Surprise Of The Year ( Reader 's Choice ) Won GameSpot 's Game of the Year 2014 PlayStation 4 Game of the Year Won Xbox One Game of the Year Won PC Game of the Year Nominated Game of the Year Won Game of the Year ( People 's Choice ) 2nd Place USA Today 's 10 best video games of 2014 Best Game of 2014 3rd Place Game Revolution 's Best of 2014 Awards Most Surprising Game Won Best Action - Adventure Game Nominated Best Publisher Warner Bros . Nominated Ars Technica 's The 20 best games of 2014 Game of the Year Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor 10th Place Hardcore Gamer 's Best of 2014 Awards 2014 's Dark Horse Nominated Best Action Game Won Best Multiplatform Game Nominated The Troy Baker Award Troy Baker as Talion Nominated Game of the Year Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor Nominated Giant Bomb 's 2014 Game of the Year Awards Best Debut Won Best Game Won GameTrailers 's Best of 2014 Awards Best Action / Adventure Nominated Destructoid 's Best of 2014 Best Game Mechanics of 2014 Won Game of the Year 2014 Community Choice Award 6th Place The Escapist Awards Best Action / Adventure of 2014 Won Game of the Year Nominated Polygon 's Game of the Year Game of the Year 4th Place Electronic Gaming Monthly 's Best of 2014 Game of the Year 3rd Place Joystiq 's Top 10 of 2014 Game of the Year Won Eurogamer 's Reader 's top 50 games of 2014 Reader 's top 50 games of 2014 4th Place Game Informer Best Of 2014 Awards Best Action Won Best Action ( Reader 's Choice ) Won Game of the Year ( Reader 's Choice ) 3rd Place IGN 's Best of 2014 Best Overall Game Nominated Best PS4 Game Won Best Xbox One Game Nominated Best PC Game Nominated Best Action - Adventure Won Best Action - Adventure ( Reader 's Choice ) Won Most Innovative Won Most Innovative ( Reader 's Choice ) Won IGN AU 's Black Beta Select Awards Best PC Game Nominated Best Console Game Won Game of the Year Nominated 17th Game Developers Choice Awards Game of the Year Won Innovation Award Nominated Best Design Nominated Best Narrative Nominated Best Technology Nominated 11th British Academy Video Games Awards Best Game Nominated Game Design Won Game Innovation Nominated Music Nominated 18th DICE Awards Best Game Nominated Outstanding Achievement in Animation Won Outstanding Achievement in Story Won Outstanding Technical Achievement Won Outstanding Innovation in Gaming Won Outstanding Achievement in Game Design Won Outstanding Achievement in Game Direction Won Outstanding Character Talion Won SXSW Gaming Awards Game of the Year Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor Nominated Excellence in Technical Achievement Nominated Excellence in Gameplay Won Excellence in Animation Won Excellence in Design and Direction Won 2014 National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers ( NAVGTR ) awards Game of the Year Nominated Animation , Technical Won Art Direction , Fantasy Nominated Control Design , 3D Won Direction In A Game Cinema Nominated Lighting / Texture Nominated Performance In A Drama , Supporting Phil LaMarr as Ratbag Won Sound Editing In A Game Cinema Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor Won Sound Effects Nominated Game , Franchise Action Won Game Audio Network Guild Audio of The Year Nominated Music of The Year Nominated Sound Design of the Year Nominated Best Dialog Nominated Best Original Instrumental `` Fort Morn '' Nominated Sequel ( edit ) Main article : Middle - earth : Shadow of War The game 's sequel , Middle - earth : Shadow of War , was announced in February 2017 . The sequel is being developed by Monolith Productions and published by Warner Bros. and will be released Worldwide on October 10 , 2017 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Plante , Chris ( October 1 , 2014 ) . `` ' Shadow of Mordor ' is morally repulsive and I ca n't stop playing it '' . The Verge . Retrieved July 29 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Miller , Matt ( June 13 , 2014 ) . `` Awesome Things We Did In Shadow Of Mordor '' . Game Informer . Retrieved February 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Williams , Mike ( October 1 , 2014 ) . `` Middle - Earth Shadow of Mordor Strategy Guide : Executing Captains , Combat Tactics , Best Interrogation Techniques '' . USgamer . Retrieved February 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor from Monolith is latest Lord of the Rings title '' . VG247 . November 12 , 2013 . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Vore , Bryan ( August 13 , 2014 ) . `` Gollum Will Play A Key Role In Middle - earth : Shadow Of Mordor ( New Trailer ) '' . Game Informer . Retrieved February 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Liebl , Lance ( October 4 , 2014 ) . `` Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor review : The Precious '' . GameZone . Retrieved July 29 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Karmali , Luke ( May 19 , 2014 ) . `` Discover Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor 's Weapons and Runes '' . IGN . Retrieved July 29 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Purchese , Robert ( November 13 , 2013 ) . `` Shadow of Mordor sounds like Arkham Batman games '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Clements , Ryan ( September 25 , 2014 ) . `` 10 Things You Need to Know on Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor '' . PlayStation Blog . Retrieved February 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ LeJacq , Yannick ( September 30 , 2014 ) . `` Tips For Playing Middle - Earth : Shadow Of Mordor '' . Kotaku . Retrieved February 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Lucas ( October 1 , 2014 ) . `` 8 things to do in Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor before you die '' . GamesRadar . Retrieved July 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ray Corriea , Alexa ( July 31 , 2014 ) . `` Here 's how to make Uruks cry in Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor '' . Polygon . Retrieved July 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hillier , Brenna ( October 8 , 2014 ) . `` I just do n't get Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor '' . VG247 . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dornbush , Johnathon ( September 26 , 2014 ) . `` EW discusses the derivative - yet - original brilliance of ' Shadow of Mordor ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Donlan , Christian ( May 22 , 2014 ) . `` Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor promises plenty of strategising -- and accidental chaos '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved July 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hinkle , David ( January 23 , 2014 ) . `` Research is a vehicle for revenge in Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor '' . Engadget . Retrieved February 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Taljonick , Ryan ( August 29 , 2014 ) . `` Shadow of Mordor 's Nemesis system is amazing -- here 's how it works '' . GamesRadar . Retrieved July 29 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Sullivan , Lucas ( September 25 , 2014 ) . `` Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor review '' . GamesRadar . Retrieved September 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Juba , Joe ( September 30 , 2014 ) . `` 10 Beginner 's Tips For Shadow Of Mordor '' . Game Informer . Retrieved July 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Walker , John ( October 6 , 2014 ) . `` Wot I Think Now I 've Finished Shadow Of Mordor '' . Rock , Paper , Shotgun . Retrieved February 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Takahashi , Dean ( May 22 , 2014 ) . `` A beautiful and brutal Shadow of Mordor lets you turn orc chiefs against each other ( hands - on preview ) '' . VentureBeat . Retrieved July 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kuchera , Ben ( October 13 , 2014 ) . `` Shadow of Mordor 's Nemesis system is simpler than you think , and should be stolen '' . Polygon . Retrieved July 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stuart , Keith ( February 5 , 2015 ) . `` In Shadow of Mordor revenge gets personal '' . The Guardian . Retrieved July 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ LeJacq , Yannick ( January 22 , 2015 ) . `` Shadow of Mordor 's Nemesis System Could 've Been Way More Complex '' . Kotaku . Retrieved July 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dornbush , Johnathon ( September 26 , 2014 ) . `` Burning questions about ' Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor , ' answered '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor Announced '' . IGN . November 12 , 2013 . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Middle - Earth : Shadows of Mordor is the new LotR RPG from Monolith '' . games.on.net . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( January 22 , 2015 ) . `` Shadow of Mordor Dev Made `` Some Pretty Big And Painful Cuts '' `` . GameSpot . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Why Lord of the Rings Fans Should Be Excited for Shadow of Mordor '' . February 20 , 2014 . Retrieved July 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hanson , Ben ( November 18 , 2013 ) . `` Freedom In Mordor : Middle - earth 's Next - Level Sandbox '' . Game Informer . Retrieved July 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : de Plater , Michael . `` Postmortem : Monolith Productions ' Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor '' . Gamasutra . Retrieved July 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gaston , Martin ( May 22 , 2014 ) . `` Shadow of Mordor director discusses Assassin 's Creed copycat claims '' . GameSpot . Retrieved July 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ray Corriea , Alexa ( November 22 , 2014 ) . `` Shadow of Mordor 's Nemesis System Was Inspired by Batman and Sports Games '' . GameSpot . Retrieved July 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Livington , Christopher ( February 5 , 2015 ) . `` Shadow of Mordor 's Nemesis system inspired by multiplayer , sports '' . PC Gamer . Retrieved July 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Farokhmanesh , Megan ( August 29 , 2014 ) . `` How Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor turned me into a vengeful psychopath '' . Polygon . Retrieved July 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Campbell , Colin ( June 14 , 2014 ) . `` In Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor , villains take center stage '' . Polygon . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ray Corriea , Alexa ( December 20 , 2014 ) . `` Shadow of Mordor Has ' Only Scratched the Surface ' of Monolith 's Middle - earth '' . GameSpot . Retrieved July 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Turi , Tim ( November 27 , 2013 ) . `` Crafting The Black Lands : The Art Of Shadow Of Mordor '' . Game Informer . Retrieved July 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Prescott , Shaun ( September 19 , 2015 ) . `` Shadow of Mordor interview : lore , exploration and keeping up appearances '' . PC Gamer . Retrieved July 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Valdes , Giancarlo ( September 19 , 2014 ) . `` How Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor stays true to Tolkien 's fantasy universe '' . VentureBeat . Retrieved July 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Walker , Austin ( October 10 , 2014 ) . `` Real Human Beings : Shadow of Mordor , Watch Dogs '' . Paste Magazine . Retrieved July 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ray Corriea , Alexa ( October 30 , 2014 ) . `` Shadow of Mordor 's Dwarven hunter was inspired by Wolverine and ' Jaws ' '' . Polygon . Retrieved July 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nunneley , Stephany ( July 26 , 2014 ) . `` Talion 's wraith in Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor is none other than Celebrimbor '' . VG247 . Retrieved July 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lien , Tracey ( July 25 , 2014 ) . `` Shadow of Mordor 's Wraith is the ring forger himself , Celebrimbor '' . Polygon . Retrieved July 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( January 23 , 2014 ) . `` Lord of the Rings prequel Shadow of Mordor is `` not a movie game '' `` . GameSpot . Retrieved August 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Karmali , Luke ( February 20 , 2014 ) . `` Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor ' Focused On PlayStation 4 And Xbox One '' . IGN . Retrieved July 25 , 2015 . 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Jump up ^ Shaun Prescott ( December 17 , 2014 ) . `` Shadow of Mordor ' Lord of the Hunt ' DLC pack adds new warchiefs and mounts '' . PC Gamer . Retrieved January 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Middle - Earth : Shadow of Mordor -- Lord of the Hunt for PC reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . January 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cassidee Moser ( February 19 , 2015 ) . `` Fight the Dark Lord Sauron in Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor The Bright Lord DLC '' . IGN . Retrieved February 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Webmaster ( March 26 , 2015 ) . `` The Bright Lord DLC : Finally able to fight sauron '' . Shadow of Mordor Fansite . Retrieved March 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mike Futter ( February 24 , 2015 ) . `` Middle - earth : Shadow Of Mordor Bright Lord DLC Available Today For Current - Gen , PC '' . Game Informer . Retrieved February 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Liebi , Matt ( April 29 , 2015 ) . `` Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor Game of the Year Edition announced '' . GameZone . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dunsmore , Kevin ( May 5 , 2015 ) . `` Middle - Earth : Shadow of Mordor Game of the Year Edition Available Now '' . Hardcore Gamer . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Scammell , David ( August 1 , 2015 ) . `` Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor Special Edition revealed '' . VideoGamer.com . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor for PC '' . GameRankings . Retrieved September 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor for PlayStation 4 '' . GameRankings . Retrieved September 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor for Xbox One '' . GameRankings . Retrieved September 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor for Xbox One Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved September 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor for PC Reviews '' . Metacritic . 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Jump up ^ Yannick LeJacq ( November 18 , 2014 ) . `` Shadow of Mordor Is Way Less Fun On Old Consoles '' . Kotaku . Retrieved July 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Futter , Mike ( January 27 , 2015 ) . `` Ken Levine On Next Game : Shadow Of Mordor Validated Interest In ' Narrative Replayability ' '' . Game Informer . Retrieved August 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Yin - Poole , Wesley ( October 6 , 2014 ) . `` UK chart : Shadow of Mordor biggest launch for a game based on Lord of the Rings '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved August 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Grubb , Jeff ( November 13 , 2014 ) . `` October 2014 NPD : The Evil Within sets survival - horror record ; PS4 , Xbox One still on fire '' . VentureBeat . Retrieved August 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Slabaugh , Brett ( January 24 , 2014 ) . `` Shadow of Mordor Accused of Actually Using Assassin 's Creed Assets '' . The Escapist . Retrieved August 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Karmali , Luke ( October 1 , 2014 ) . `` Shadow of Mordor Dev Was Never Worried By Assassin 's Creed Comparisons '' . IGN . Retrieved August 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sterling , Jim ( October 6 , 2014 ) . `` Shadiness of Mordor '' . The Escapist . Retrieved October 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Grayson , Nathan ( October 8 , 2014 ) . `` The Messy Story Behind YouTubers Taking Money For Game Coverage '' . Kotaku . Retrieved October 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Parfitt , Ben ( October 7 , 2014 ) . `` YouTubers required to be positive in return for Shadow of Mordor review code , report claims '' . Retrieved October 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Frank , Allegra ( July 11 , 2016 ) . `` Warner Bros. settles with FTC over undisclosed Shadow of Mordor endorsement charges '' . Polygon . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Futter , Mike ( June 24 , 2014 ) . `` E3 2014 Game Critics Awards Nominations Announced '' . Game Informer . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . 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Game Revolution . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bischoff , Daniel ( December 24 , 2014 ) . `` Best of 2014 Awards : Best Action - Adventure Game '' . Game Revolution . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The 20 best games of 2014 , as chosen by the Ars brain trust '' . Ars Technica . December 25 , 2014 . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2014 -- Day Five : IP , Sequel , Remaster , Dark Horse '' . Hardcore Gamer . December 27 , 2014 . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2014 -- Day Eight : Action , Shooter , DLC , Multiplatform '' . Hardcore Gamer . December 27 , 2014 . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2014 -- Day Nine : Developer , Disappointing , Worst Game , Troy Baker '' . Hardcore Gamer . December 31 , 2014 . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2014 -- Day Ten : Game of the Year '' . Hardcore Gamer . January 1 , 2015 . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Giant Bomb 's 2014 Game of the Year Awards : Day Three Text Recap '' . Giant Bomb . December 28 , 2014 . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Giant Bomb 's 2014 Game of the Year Awards : Day Five Text Recap '' . Giant Bomb . December 30 , 2014 . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Johnathon ( December 23 , 2014 ) . `` The award for Best Game Mechanics of 2014 goes to ... '' . Destructoid . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Andy ( December 23 , 2014 ) . `` Destructoid 's Game of the Year 2014 Community Choice Award ! '' . Destructoid . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Escapist Awards Winners -- Game of the Year Goes to ... '' . The Escapist . December 31 , 2014 . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Escapist Awards Winners -- Game of the Year Goes to ... '' . The Escapist . December 31 , 2014 . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Polygon 's Games of the Year 2014 # 4 : Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor '' . Polygon . December 28 , 2014 . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` EGM 's Best of 2014 : Part Five : # 05 ~ # 01 '' . Electronic Gaming Monthly . December 30 , 2014 . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Conditt , Jessica ( January 3 , 2015 ) . `` Joystiq Top 10 of 2014 : Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor '' . Joystiq . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Martin ( January 2 , 2015 ) . `` Reader 's top 50 games of 2014 '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Marchiafava , Jeff ( January 7 , 2014 ) . `` Game Informer Best Of 2014 Awards '' . Game Informer . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Marchiafava , Jeff ( January 8 , 2014 ) . `` Readers ' Choice Best Of 2014 Awards '' . Game Informer . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Marchiafava , Jeff ( January 8 , 2014 ) . `` Readers ' Choice Best Of 2014 Awards '' . Game Informer . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Best Game , By Platform '' . IGN . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Best Game , By Genre '' . IGN . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Best Game , By Achievement '' . IGN . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Black Beta Select Awards 2014 Winners '' . IGN . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pitcher , Jenna ( March 4 , 2015 ) . `` Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor Wins 17th Annual Game Developers Choice Awards GOTY '' . IGN . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Karmali , Luke ( March 4 , 2015 ) . `` BAFTA Games Awards 2015 Nominees Revealed '' . IGN . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Crecente , Brian ( February 6 , 2015 ) . `` Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor snags 8 DICE awards , Dragon Age named year 's best '' . Polygon . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Skipper , Ben ( January 14 , 2015 ) . `` DICE Awards 2015 nominations announced -- Destiny , Far Cry & Shadow of Mordor up for GOTY '' . IGN . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ S. Good , Owen ( March 15 , 2015 ) . `` Dragon Age : Inquisition wins another game - of - the - year award '' . Polygon . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( January 23 , 2015 ) . `` Game of the Year Nominees Revealed for SXSW Gaming Awards '' . GameSpot . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Winners for NAVGTR Awards '' . National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers . Retrieved March 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 13th Annual GANG Award Finalists '' . Game Audio Network Guild . February 6 , 2015 . Retrieved March 13 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Official website 2010s portal Middle - earth portal Role - playing games portal Speculative fiction portal Video games portal Monolith Productions Games developed Blood Blood Blood : Plasma Pak Blood II : The Chosen The Nightmare Levels No One Lives Forever The Operative : No One Lives Forever No One Lives Forever 2 : A Spy in H.A.R.M. 's Way Contract J.A.C.K. F.E.A.R. F.E.A.R. F.E.A.R. 2 : Project Origin F.E.A.R. 2 : Reborn Condemned Condemned : Criminal Origins Condemned 2 : Bloodshot Middle - earth games Guardians of Middle - earth Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor Middle - earth : Shadow of War Other games Aliens versus Predator 2 Claw Get Medieval Gotham City Impostors Gruntz Sanity : Aiken 's Artifact Shogo : Mobile Armor Division Tex Atomic 's Big Bot Battles Tron 2.0 The Matrix Online Games published Rage of Mages Gorky 17 Septerra Core Companies 3D Realms ( Q Studios ) GT Interactive Software Fox Interactive Buena Vista Interactive Sierra Entertainment Warner Bros. 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Tolkien 's The Lord of the Rings The Fellowship of the Ring film soundtrack game The Two Towers film soundtrack game The Return of the King film soundtrack game Production and reception Composition Themes Influences Translations Reception Fandom Study Related works The Hobbit The Adventures of Tom Bombadil The Road Goes Ever On The Silmarillion Unfinished Tales The History of Middle - earth The History of The Lord of the Rings Bilbo 's Last Song The Children of Húrin The History of The Hobbit The Tale of Beren and Lúthien Characters Aragorn Arwen Bilbo Boromir Butterbur Celeborn Ceorl Denethor Elladan and Elrohir Elrond Éomer Éowyn Faramir Frodo Galadriel Gandalf Gildor Gimli Glorfindel Gollum Legolas Merry Mouth of Sauron Old Man Willow Pippin Radagast Sam Saruman Sauron Shelob Théoden Tom Bombadil Treebeard Witch - king Wormtongue Adaptations and other derivative works Books Bored of the Rings ( 1969 ) The Last Ringbearer ( 1999 ) Muddle Earth ( 2003 ) Theatre Fellowship ! ( 2005 ) Lord of the Rings ( 2006 ) Radio The Lord of the Rings ( 1955 ) The Lord of the Rings ( 1979 ) Hordes of the Things ( 1980 ) The Lord of the Rings ( 1981 ) Der Herr der Ringe ( 1992 ) Film Animated The Lord of the Rings ( 1978 ) The Return of the King ( 1980 ) Peter Jackson trilogy The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) Fan - made The Hunt for Gollum ( 2009 ) Born of Hope ( 2009 ) Video games Journey to Rivendell Game One Game Two : Shadows of Mordor War in Middle Earth Vol . I ( 1990 ) Vol . I ( SNES ) Riders of Rohan Elendor Volume II Kingdom O ' Magic The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King War of the Ring The Third Age The Battle for Middle - earth Tactics The Battle for Middle - earth II The Rise of the Witch - king The Lord of the Rings Online Mines of Moria Siege of Mirkwood Rise of Isengard Riders of Rohan Helm 's Deep Conquest Aragorn 's Quest War in the North Lego The Lord of the Rings Guardians of Middle - earth Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor Middle - earth : Shadow of War Tabletop role - playing games The Lord of the Rings Roleplaying Game Middle - earth Role Playing The One Ring Roleplaying Game Board games Middle Earth Lord of the Rings Risk : The Lord of the Rings Trilogy Edition War of the Ring Other games The Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game The Lord of the Rings : The Card Game The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game Middle - earth Collectible Card Game Toys Middle - earth Lego sets Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Middle-earth:_Shadow_of_Mordor&oldid=804970021 '' Categories : 2014 video games Fantasy video games Feral Interactive games Linux games Lithtech engine games Monolith Productions games Open world video games MacOS games PlayStation 3 games PlayStation 4 games PlayStation 4 Pro enhanced games Video game controversies Video games based on Middle - earth Video games with downloadable content Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment games Windows games Xbox 360 games Xbox One games Hidden categories : Good articles Use mdy dates from February 2016 Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters Articles using Wikidata infoboxes with locally defined images Articles using Video game reviews template in single platform mode Talk Contents About Wikipedia Brezhoneg Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 October 2017 , at 06 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when does middle-earth shadow of mordor take place | [
"An original story set in the legendarium created by J. R. R. Tolkien, the game takes place between the events of The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings. The player controls Talion, a Ranger who bonds with the wraith of the Elf Lord Celebrimbor, as the two set out to avenge the deaths of their loved ones. Players can engage in melee combat, and utilize wraith abilities to fight and manipulate enemies. The game introduces the Nemesis System, which allows the artificial intelligence of non-playable characters to remember the deaths of the game's protagonist and react accordingly."
] | [
"between the events of The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings"
] |
-2185627078934938913 | Assassin's Creed (film) | Assassin 's Creed ( film ) - Wikipedia Assassin 's Creed ( film ) Assassin 's Creed Theatrical release poster Directed by Justin Kurzel Produced by Jean - Julien Baronnet Gérard Guillemot Frank Marshall Patrick Crowley Michael Fassbender Conor McCaughan Arnon Milchan Screenplay by Michael Lesslie Adam Cooper Bill Collage Based on Assassin 's Creed by Ubisoft Starring Michael Fassbender Marion Cotillard Jeremy Irons Brendan Gleeson Charlotte Rampling Michael K. Williams Music by Jed Kurzel Cinematography Adam Arkapaw Edited by Christopher Tellefsen Production companies New Regency Ubisoft Motion Pictures DMC Film The Kennedy / Marshall Company Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date December 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 13 ) ( New York City ) December 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 21 ) ( United States ) Running time 115 minutes Country United States Language English Spanish Budget $125 million Box office $240.9 million Assassin 's Creed is a 2016 American action adventure film based on the video game franchise of the same name . The film is directed by Justin Kurzel , written by Michael Lesslie , Adam Cooper and Bill Collage , and stars Michael Fassbender ( who also produced ) , Marion Cotillard , Jeremy Irons , Brendan Gleeson , Charlotte Rampling and Michael K. Williams . The film is set in the same universe as the video games but features an original story that expands the series ' mythology , taking place during the Spanish Inquisition . Filming began in late August 2015 and concluded in January 2016 . Assassin 's Creed was released on December 21 , 2016 , in the United States and France . It received negative reviews from critics and grossed over $240 million worldwide against its $125 million budget . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Pre-production 3.3 Filming 3.4 Music 4 Connections to the video games 5 Release 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical reception 7 Home media 8 Potential sequels 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1492 Andalusia , during the Granada War , Aguilar de Nerha is accepted into the Assassins Brotherhood . He is assigned to protect Prince Ahmed de Granada from the Knights Templar . In 1986 , adolescent Callum `` Cal '' Lynch finds his mother killed by his father , Joseph , a modern - day Assassin . Gunmen led by Alan Rikkin , CEO of the Templars ' Abstergo Foundation , arrive to capture Joseph , who convinces his son to escape . In 2016 , Cal is sentenced to death for murdering a pimp , but his execution is faked by the Abstergo Foundation , which then takes him to their research facility in Madrid . He is told that the Templars are searching for the Apple of Eden , in order to eliminate violence by using the Apple 's code to control humanity 's free will . Sofia , Alan 's daughter and the head scientist , reveals that Cal is a descendant of Aguilar , the last person confirmed to be in possession of the Apple . She puts Cal in the Animus , a machine which allows him to relive ( and the scientists to observe ) Aguilar 's genetic memories , so that Abstergo can learn what he did with the Apple . In 15th - century Spain , Aguilar / Callum and his partner Maria are deployed to rescue Ahmed , who has been kidnapped by the Templar Grand Master Tomas de Torquemada , to coerce Ahmed 's father , Sultan Muhammad XII , to surrender the Apple . Aguilar and Maria intercept the Templars , but are overpowered and captured by Torquemada 's enforcer , Ojeda . Cal is quickly pulled out of the Animus by Sofia . Cal encounters other Assassin descendants held captive at the facility , most of whom are suspicious of his motives , with the exception of Moussa , the descendant of an 18th - century Haitian Assassin named Baptiste and a key leader . Cal begins experiencing hallucinations , dubbed `` the Bleeding Effect '' , of both Aguilar and Joseph . Cal and Sofia build a rapport during their sessions ; she confides that her mother was likewise murdered by an Assassin , sharing his hatred of the Brotherhood of which his father is a member . Back in the Animus , Aguilar and Maria are scheduled for execution but he manages to free them , leading to a rooftop chase in which they escape through an Assassin `` Leap of Faith '' . Cal 's mind reacts violently to the session and he is temporarily paralyzed . When Cal learns that his father is also at the facility , he confronts Joseph over his mother 's death . Joseph informs him that the Bleeding Effect will allow modern Cal to possess Aguilar 's combat abilities . He also learns that his mother was an Assassin , and she chose to die by Joseph 's hand rather than be forced into the Animus . Unconvinced , Cal vows to destroy the Assassins by finding the Apple . Meanwhile , Alan is pressured by a Templar Elder , Ellen Kaye , to shut down the multibillion - dollar Animus Project because they have already `` won ... people no longer care about their civil liberties ... they 're content to follow '' , leading Sofia to question her father 's true intentions . Reaffirmed by his encounter with his father , Cal willingly enters the Animus once again , whereupon Aguilar and Maria ambush a meeting between Muhammad and Torquemada . They succeed in killing the Templars and retrieving the Apple , though Ojeda captures Maria in order to force Aguilar to surrender it . Instead , Maria chooses death , and stabs herself on Ojeda 's blade . Aguilar kills him and escapes through another Leap , the force of which causes the Animus to violently malfunction . Aguilar gives the Apple to Christopher Columbus , who promises to take it to his grave . When Moussa and the modern Assassin prisoners start a riot in order to escape , Alan orders the facility purged . Abstergo security kills Joseph and most of the other prisoners . Cal stands in the Animus chamber and is met with the projections of a number of his Assassin ancestors , including Aguilar , Arno Dorian , Joseph and his mother . Persuaded by his mother , Cal embraces his Assassins ' Creed and , having fully assimilated Aguilar 's memories and abilities , joins Moussa and two other surviving Assassins in escaping the facility . Having retrieved the Apple from Columbus ' burial vault , Alan and his followers converge at a ceremony in a Templar sanctuary in London to celebrate their triumph . Inside the sanctuary , a disillusioned Sofia meets with Cal , who has come to take the Apple , and she reluctantly allows him to act . Cal retrieves the Apple , but kills Alan to do it . While Sofia vows revenge against Cal , the Assassins depart , vowing to once again protect the Apple from the Templars . Cast ( edit ) Michael Fassbender as Callum `` Cal '' Lynch and Aguilar de Nerha : An original character created for the film , Lynch is a descendant of the Assassins , with genetic links to Aguilar , an Assassin in 15th century Spain . Cal has been running his whole life , ever since he was forced to witness his mother 's murder as a child . But living on society 's fringes has also kept him shrouded from the secrets of his ancestry . Awaiting execution on death row , Cal is captured and brought to the Abstergo facility ( Abstergo Foundation in Madrid , Spain ) , where he may soon come to understand his place in the world , and control the power burning inside of him . Fassbender described Cal by saying `` He does n't have a lineage he can feel a belonging to ... he 's a bit of a lost soul . He 's always been drifting in and out of correctional facilities , '' and conversely described Aguilar as `` very much somebody that belongs to the Creed . He has a cause , he 's sort of been following that cause . He belongs to it . '' Angus Brown portrays a young Cal . Marion Cotillard as Dr. Sofia Rikkin : The daughter of Alan Rikkin and the leading scientist of the Animus project at Abstergo Foundation . Sofia is a brilliant scientist determined to use science to eradicate humanity 's violent impulses and create a harmonious world . She might not see the dark underside of the modern - day Templars ' causes , and her allegiance is yet to be tested . Marion Cotillard described Sofia 's relationship with her father as `` twisted . '' Their relationship is distant , and she tries everything to make him proud , '' she explains . `` But at the same time , she starts to understand that they 're not really on the same page . The most important thing for her is not to impress her father . It 's to achieve what she started . '' Jeremy Irons as Alan Rikkin : The CEO of Abstergo Industries and , particularly , his private Madrid - based organization Abstergo Foundation dedicated to the `` perfection '' of humankind , one of the leaders of modern - day Knights Templar , and the father of Sofia , to which he feels a strong love . He is determined to achieve his orders ' centuries - long goal to gain control over humanity . Through Cal , and the ancestral memories he holds , Rikkin may finally have found the key to achieving ultimate power for the betterment of humanity . `` I 'm a mover and a shaker . A shadowy figure . A man who is very much at the forefront of this world , '' Irons says . Like Sofia , Rikkin believes in `` removing the violent impulse all men carry , '' and sees an opportunity in Cal . `` Rikkin believes the cause of unhappiness in the world is war , and if he can get rid of that then people like him will be safer and wealthier . He 's not a very moral man , but he thinks he is . '' The character previously appeared in the first Assassin 's Creed game . Brendan Gleeson as Joseph Lynch : The father of Cal Lynch and an Assassin , who was forced to kill his wife , Mary Lynch , in order to save her from Abstergo 's invasion . Brian Gleeson , Brendan 's real - life son , portrays a young Joseph . Charlotte Rampling as Ellen Kaye : Referred to as `` Your Excellency '' , is a senior member of the Templar Elders . Looking to re-purpose Abstergo 's multibillion - dollar annual budget used for the Animus program . Michael K. Williams as Moussa : A descendant of Baptiste , a Haitian Assassin who uses voodoo poison against his enemies . Escapes with Cal and Lin to London . Williams said , `` Moussa definitely has some assassin skills . Although I think he prefers to use trickery and magic and voodoo to slay his opponents as opposed to just hand - to - hand combat , but if it needed to be he could take it to the mat . '' Baptiste previously appeared in Assassin 's Creed : Liberation . Denis Ménochet as McGowen : Head of Rikkin 's large Abstergo security force . Ariane Labed as Maria : An assassin in 15th century Spain and the closest ally of Aguilar . More measured than her partner - in - arms , Maria is light on her feet and exceedingly quick , and together they are an unstoppable force . Like Aguilar , she understands the damage the Templar influence is doing to her country . Khalid Abdalla as Sultan Muhammad XII . Essie Davis as Cal 's mother . Matias Varela as Emir : A descendant of Yusuf Tazim , a Middle Eastern Assassin who uses a bow and arrow , along with a sword and knives , against his enemies . Callum Turner as Nathan : A descendant of Duncan Walpole , an Assassin turncoat from the 18th century . Carlos Bardem as Spanish army commander Benedicto Javier Gutiérrez as Tomas de Torquemada : Tomas de Torquemada ruled over the Spanish Inquisition for 15 years , directing his inquisitors to root out and murder those he deemed to be manipulating the faith in their own pursuit of power . The most potent tool in his arsenal was the auto - da - fé : theatrical acts of public penance in which all those who crossed the Inquisition were burned alive . Hovik Keuchkerian as Ojeda : While Torquemada pulls the strings , Ojeda does the real work , exacting brutal punishment on any who dare to challenge the Inquisition . He thinks nothing of razing entire towns and commands a great army ; however , his lack of subtlety is his weakness , because it allows the Assassins who operate in the shadows to keep their eyes on him at all times . Michelle H. Lin as Lin : A descendant of Shao Jun , a Chinese Assassin from the 16th century . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) `` You know , we absolutely want to respect the game . There 's so much cool stuff in the game that we 're actually spoiled for choice in terms of what we can use and what we ca n't , but we also want to bring new elements to it and perhaps our own version of things that already exist in the game . But we 're definitely making a feature film , and we 're approaching it as a feature film , as opposed to approaching it as a video game . But I love the world ... When I met up with the guys from Ubisoft and they started to explain this whole world and the idea of D.N.A memory -- you know , I think it 's a very feasible scientific theory . I just thought , ' This is so rich , ' and about the possibility of it being this cinematic experience . So I 'm really excited about it , and we 're working very hard to make sure that we 've got the best and most exciting , original package . '' -- Michael Fassbender , star and producer of the film , on how much of the film would remain faithful to the game and how much would be an original story . By October 2011 , Sony Pictures was in final negotiations with Ubisoft Motion Pictures to make a film version of Assassin 's Creed , to be released in 3D . In July 2012 , Michael Fassbender was announced to star in the film , as well as co-produce , through his DMC Film banner , with Conor McCaughan . Jean - Julien Baronnet , CEO of Ubisoft Motion Pictures , said Fassbender was the studio 's first choice to star in the film . As well , negotiations between Sony Pictures and Ubisoft Motion Pictures were put on hold , with Ubisoft executives planning to develop the film independently in order to maintain greater creative control . Sony was able to still distribute the film , but Ubisoft Motion Pictures would not resume talks until packaging the project with a writer and director . In October 2012 , Ubisoft revealed the film would be co-produced with New Regency and distributed by 20th Century Fox . New Regency financed part of the film 's production , in order for Ubisoft to not shoulder much financial risk , yet still be able to be involved creatively ; RatPac Entertainment and Alpha Pictures also co-financed the film . Baronnet also revealed Ubisoft hoped to release the film along with a new game launch for the series . In January 2013 , Michael Lesslie was hired to write the film . In June 2013 , Frank Marshall entered negotiations to produce the film , along with Fassbender and McCaughan , for DMC Film , and Eli Richbourg for Ubisoft . In July , Scott Frank revealed he was rewriting the script . In January 2014 , a Linkedin profile for executive producer Fannie Pailloux stated filming was scheduled to begin in August 2014 . In April 2014 , Adam Cooper and Bill Collage were hired to rewrite the script . By the end of April , Justin Kurzel was in talks to direct . In June , Olivia Munn expressed interest in appearing in the film . Pre-production ( edit ) On February 12 , 2015 , Ubisoft 's CEO Yves Guillemot confirmed that New Regency had begun production on the film . The following day , Marion Cotillard was revealed to have joined the cast . Filming was expected to begin in late 2015 . In April 2015 , Fassbender revealed that filming was scheduled to begin in September 2015 . In May 2015 , Alicia Vikander was in talks to star in the film , though in the following month , she took a role in the fifth Bourne film , Jason Bourne , instead , and Ariane Labed was cast in her place . Producers on the film include Baronnet , Patrick Crowley , Fassbender , Marshall , Conor McCaughan , and Arnon Milchan . In July 2015 , Michael K. Williams was added to the cast . In late August 2015 , Fassbender 's role was revealed as Callum Lynch in the present day and Aguilar in 15th century Spain ; filming locations for the film were also announced . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography on the film began on August 31 , 2015 , with filming taking place in Malta , London , Spain , and the 007 Stage at Pinewood Studios . Adam Arkapaw serves as cinematographer , while Andy Nicholson was production designer . In October 2015 , Jeremy Irons and Brendan Gleeson joined the cast . In December 2015 , shooting took place in Spain , and Irons ' role was revealed to be Alan Rikkin . Principal filming ended on January 15 , 2016 , with further filming taking place in Ely Cathedral in July . Music ( edit ) In May 2016 , it was announced that Jed Kurzel , the brother of director Justin Kurzel , would score the film . Connections to the video games ( edit ) Aymar Azaïzia , head of Assassin 's Creed content at Ubisoft , stated that the film , which is `` a brand new story , ( with ) new characters set in our universe , '' had the possibility to feature `` some familiar faces , '' and that the present day element would feature Abstergo . Fassbender said , `` We really want to respect the game ( s ) and the elements to it . But we also wanted to come up with our own thing . And one thing I 've sort of learned from doing the franchises like X-Men is that audiences , I think , want to be surprised and to see new elements of what they already know , and different takes on it . '' The Animus , the machine used to experience ancestors ' memories , was redesigned for the film , from a chair , to a machine that lifts the user in the air , allowing for a more modern , interactive and dramatic experience . Fassbender also noted the change was made to avoid comparisons to The Matrix . The Abstergo compound in the film features an artifact room that holds specific weapons from the games beyond the traditional Assassin wrist blades , including : Altaïr Ibn - La'Ahad 's sword ( Assassin 's Creed ) ; Connor / Ratonhnhaké : ton 's bow ( Assassin 's Creed III ) ; Edward Kenway 's flintlock pistols ( Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag ) ; the cane sword of the twins Jacob and Evie Frye ( Assassin 's Creed Syndicate ) and the axe and guillotine gun of Arno Dorian ( Assassin 's Creed Unity ) . Fassbender also stated that Ubisoft was `` very keen '' about elements being created for the film , and were considering incorporating them into future games . The film also features the games ' signature `` Leap of Faith '' jump , performed by Fassbender 's stunt double , Damien Walters , rather than a digital double , as the production team wanted to make many of the elements in the film as `` real '' as possible , without the use of visual effects . The 125 - foot ( 38 m ) freefall was described as `` one of the highest freefalls performed by a stuntman in almost 35 years '' . Release ( edit ) Assassin 's Creed was released on December 21 , 2016 . The film was originally announced in May 2013 to be released on May 22 , 2015 , a date that was pushed back the following month to June 26 , 2015 . In November 2013 , the film was pushed back once again to a new release date of August 7 , 2015 . In September 2014 , the film was pushed to an unspecified 2016 release date , which was later revealed to be December 21 , 2016 . The film was released in 2D , 3D and selected IMAX 3D territories . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Assassin 's Creed grossed $54.6 million in the United States and Canada and $186.3 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $240.9 million , against a production budget of $125 million . In North America , Assassin 's Creed was initially expected to gross $25 -- 35 million from 2,902 theaters over its first six days of release . However , after grossing $1.4 million from Tuesday night previews and $4.6 million on its first day , six - day projections were lowered to $22 million . It went on to gross $10.3 million in its opening weekend ( a six - day total of $22.5 million ) , finishing 5th at the box office . Critical reception ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes , Assassin 's Creed has an approval rating of 18 % based on 192 reviews , and an average rating of 4 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Assassin 's Creed is arguably better made ( and certainly better cast ) than most video game adaptations ; unfortunately , the CGI - fueled end result is still a joylessly overplotted slog . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 36 out of 100 based on 38 critics , indicating `` generally unfavorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B + '' on an A+ to F scale . Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian wrote , `` I bet playing the game is much more exciting . But then getting Fassbender to slap a coat of Dulux on the wall of his hi - tech prison cell and monitoring the progressive moisture - loss would be more exciting . '' Robbie Collin of the Daily Telegraph was equally scathing , saying , `` For everyone who thought Dan Brown 's conspiracy novels were just lacking a spot of parkour , Assassin 's Creed might be your favourite film of the year . But for the clinically sane 99.9 percent of the rest of us , it 's rather less exciting . '' David Ehrlich of IndieWire gave the film a B − , and said `` declaring this to be the best video game movie ever made is the kind of backhanded compliment that sounds like hyperbole , but the description fits the bill on both counts . '' Home media ( edit ) Assassin 's Creed was released onto Blu - ray and DVD on March 21 , 2017 and Digital HD from Amazon Video and iTunes on March 10 , 2017 . Potential sequels ( edit ) In March 2016 , Daphne Yang , CEO of the film 's Taiwanese co-financier CatchPlay , stated that New Regency was looking to turn the film into a franchise , since it is based on `` successful Ubisoft games and would make ideal sequels . '' Two additional films are planned , with the first sequel having entered development during the production of the initial film . Kurzel told Premiere that he would like to explore the Cold War in the sequel . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed ( 2D ) ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . December 19 , 2016 . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed ( 2016 ) . Movie Details '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services , LLC . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Grierson , Tim ( December 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' Assassin 's Creed ' : Review '' . Screen Daily . Retrieved May 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Blain , Louise ( September 21 , 2016 ) . `` The Assassin 's Creed movie 's historical sequences are all in Spanish '' . GamesRadar+ . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : McClintock , Pamela . `` Christmas Box - Office Crush : ' Sing , ' ' Passengers , ' ' Assassin 's Creed ' to Battle ' Rogue One ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Assassin 's Creed ( 2016 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Will ( December 20 , 2016 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed reviews : Michael Fassbender 's movie panned '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . But early reviews are in , and despite the film 's star power , critics are so far unimpressed . ^ Jump up to : `` Assassin 's Creed DNA '' . Family Tree DNA . Retrieved October 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Wigler , Josh ( July 9 , 2012 ) . `` Michael Fassbender To Star In ' Assassin 's Creed ' '' . MTV News . MTV . Retrieved August 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Doty , Meriah . `` ' Assassin 's Creed ' First Look : Here 's Michael Fassbender as Brand New Character ( Exclusive ) '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Retrieved January 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Perry , Spencer ( May 11 , 2016 ) . `` ComingSoon.net Visits the Set of Assassin 's Creed ! '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved July 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Mike Jr . ( February 13 , 2015 ) . `` Marion Cotillard To Star With Michael Fassbender In ' Assassin 's Creed ' For New Regency & Ubisoft '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Busch , Anita ( October 1 , 2015 ) . `` Jeremy Irons & Brendan Gleeson Join ' Assassin 's Creed ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Skrebels , Joe ( May 10 , 2016 ) . `` NEW ASSASSIN 'S CREED MOVIE PHOTOS EMERGE '' . IGN . Retrieved May 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Jordan , Farley . `` Under the Hood '' . Total Film ( Summer 2016 ) . ^ Jump up to : Farley , Jordan ( November 2016 ) . `` A History of Violence '' . Total Film ( November 2016 ) : 66 . ^ Jump up to : Dornbush , Jonathon ( December 22 , 2015 ) . `` Hear from Jeremy Irons as Abstergo Industries ' CEO in new Assassin 's Creed tease '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Kevin P. ( August 12 , 2016 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed movie to feature characters from video game series -- exclusive '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Reparaz , Mikel ( October 20 , 2016 ) . `` ASSASSIN 'S CREED MOVIE -- WHAT YOU MIGHT HAVE MISSED IN TRAILER 2 '' . Ubiblog . Retrieved October 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( July 6 , 2015 ) . `` Michael K. Williams Lands Key Roles in ' Assassin 's Creed , ' ' Ghostbusters ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . variety.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( July 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' Assassin 's Creed ' : Michael K. Williams on Playing a Voodoo Assassin , Franchise Potential , and More '' . Collider . Retrieved July 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Casey , Dan ( May 13 , 2016 ) . `` 12 THINGS WE LEARNED ON THE ASSASSIN 'S CREED SET '' . Nerdist . Retrieved July 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Jaafar , Ali ( June 24 , 2015 ) . `` Ariane Labed Joins Cast of ' Assassin 's Creed ' Opposite Michael Fassbender '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cornet , Roth ( August 8 , 2014 ) . `` Michael Fassbender Wants To Honor The Game & Bring In Original Elements On The Assassin 's Creed Movie '' . IGN . Retrieved August 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( October 20 , 2011 ) . `` Sony breeds ' Creed ' '' . Variety . Retrieved August 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Keslassy , Elsa ; Hopewell , John ( May 15 , 2011 ) . `` Gallic vidgamer Ubisoft lines up 3 features '' . Variety . Retrieved August 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ; Keslassy , Elsa ( July 9 , 2012 ) . `` Fassbender game for ' Assassin 's Creed ' '' . Variety . Retrieved August 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Graser , Marc ( October 22 , 2012 ) . `` New Regency , Fox partner on Ubisoft 's ' Assassin 's Creed ' '' . Variety . Retrieved August 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Siegel , Tatiana ( January 14 , 2013 ) . `` New Regency and Ubisoft Tap Brit Writer for ' Assassin 's Creed ' Film ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( June 11 , 2013 ) . `` Frank Marshall to Produce ' Assassin 's Creed ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Vejvoda , Jim ( August 16 , 2013 ) . `` Scott Frank Rewriting Assassin 's Creed Movie '' . IGN . Retrieved August 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mahardy , Mike ( January 25 , 2014 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed Movie To Begin Shooting In August , Exec Says '' . IGN . Retrieved January 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike Jr. ( April 7 , 2014 ) . `` ' Exodus ' Scribes Adam Cooper & Bill Collage Take ' Assassin 's Creed ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike Jr. ( April 29 , 2014 ) . `` Michael Fassbender Poised To Re-Team With ' Macbeth ' Helmer On ' Assassin 's Creed ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Olivia Munn Wants to be in Assassin 's Creed Movie . IGN . June 26 , 2014 . Retrieved June 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tach , Dave ( February 12 , 2015 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed movie is in production and has a confirmed 2016 release date '' . Polygon . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Douglas , Edward ( April 30 , 2015 ) . `` Exclusive : Michael Fassbender on Developing Assassin 's Creed '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved May 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike Jr. ; Jaafar , Ali ( May 22 , 2015 ) . `` Hot Cannes ' Circle ' Package Imperiled As Alicia Vikander In Talks To Star In ' Assassin 's Creed ' , New ' Bourne ' Film '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jaafar , Ali ( June 23 , 2015 ) . `` Alicia Vikander Confirmed For Bourne Sequel Opposite Matt Damon '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Big screen adaptation of Assassin 's Creed starts shooting in Malta '' . TimesofMalta.com . September 3 , 2015 . Retrieved September 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lee , Chris ( December 9 , 2015 ) . `` Michael Fassbender was playing the hero in Assassin 's Creed when he nabbed a SAG Award nomination '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Chitwood , Adam ( May 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Assassin 's Creed ' : 35 Things to Know about the Ambitious Video Game Adaptation '' . Collider . Retrieved July 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schaefer , Sandy ( September 11 , 2015 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed Movie Has Started Filming In Malta '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved September 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jayson , Jay ( December 13 , 2015 ) . `` First Look At Michael Fassbender On The Set Of Assassin 's Creed '' . Comicbook.com . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jayson , Jay ( January 15 , 2016 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed Movie Starring Michael Fassbender Wraps Filming '' . Comicbook.com . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cliss , Sarah ( July 27 , 2016 ) . `` Hollywood comes to Ely as cathedral closes for filming of Assassin 's Creed movie starring Michael Fassbender and Marion Cotillard - News '' . Wisbech Standard . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jed Kurzel to Score ' Assassin 's Creed ' Film Adaptation '' . Film Music Reporter . May 1 , 2016 . Retrieved August 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Osborn , Alex ( August 28 , 2015 ) . `` ASSASSIN 'S CREED MOVIE FEATURES SHARED UNIVERSE WITH GAMES '' . IGN . Retrieved August 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Shaw - Williams , H. ( May 11 , 2016 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed : Michael Fassbender Explains Animus Redesign '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved August 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Blain , Louise ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` The Assassin 's Creed movie 's deleted scenes reveal the game Assassins we never got to see '' . GamesRadar . Future plc . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Shaw - Williams , Hannah ( May 20 , 2016 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed Movie May Feature More Assassins From the Games '' . ScreenRant . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Loughrey , Clarisse ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed : Watch stuntman make 125 feet ' Leap of Faith ' '' . The Independent . Retrieved August 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Phillips , Tom ( January 6 , 2015 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed film now due Christmas 2016 '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved January 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Vejvoda , Jim ( May 17 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed Movie Slated for 2015 Release '' . IGN . Retrieved May 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Nicholson , Matt ( June 21 , 2013 ) . `` Fox Shuffles X-Men , Apes and Assassin 's Creed '' . IGN . Retrieved June 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Collura , Scott ( November 12 , 2013 ) . `` Fantastic Four Reboot , The Secret Service Release Date Changes '' . IGN . Retrieved November 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( September 18 , 2014 ) . `` ' X-Men ' Spin - Off ' Deadpool ' Gets Winter 2016 Release Date '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( December 13 , 2016 ) . `` ' Rogue One ' Will Reign At Christmas Box Office ; Do Other Movies Have A Shot ? '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( December 21 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Rogue One , ' ' Sing ' Win Wednesday ; ' Assassin 's Creed ' Beats ' Passengers ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( December 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' Fences , ' ' La La Land ' Enter Top 10 In Rogue One ' , ' Sing ' Holiday B.O. '' Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CinemaScore '' . Cinemascore . Type in Assassin 's Creed in the search box . Jump up ^ Bradshaw , Peter . `` Assassin 's Creed review -- Michael Fassbender game movie achieves transcendental boredom '' . The Guardian . Retrieved December 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Collin , Robbie . `` Assassin 's Creed , review : Even Michael Fassbender ca n't make this junk leap off the screen '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved December 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ehrlich , David ( 2016 - 12 - 19 ) . `` Review : Assassin 's Creed Is The Best Video Game Movie Ever Made '' . IndieWire . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ Blu-ray.com . `` Assassin 's Creed Blu - ray '' . Retrieved 28 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Frater , Patrick ( March 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Assassin 's Creed , ' ' Splinter Cell ' Being Eyed for Sequels '' . Variety . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Terri ( May 14 , 2016 ) . `` ASSASSIN 'S CREED MOVIE CREATORS WANT TO PROVE TO FANS THEY UNDERSTAND THE GAME '' . IGN . Retrieved May 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Exclu - le film Assassin 's Creed 2 pourrait se dérouler pendant la Guerre froide '' . Première ( in French ) . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website Assassin 's Creed on IMDb Assassin 's Creed at AllMovie Films directed by Justin Kurzel Snowtown ( 2011 ) The Turning ( 2013 ) Macbeth ( 2015 ) Assassin 's Creed ( 2016 ) Assassin 's Creed Video games Main series Assassin 's Creed II Brotherhood Revelations III IV : Black Flag Rogue Unity Syndicate Origins Odyssey Other games Altaïr 's Chronicles Bloodlines II : Discovery III : Liberation Identity Chronicles Adaptations Novels Lineage The Fall The Chain Brahman Trial by Fire Assassin 's Creed ( film ) Characters Desmond Miles Altaïr Ibn - La'Ahad Ezio Auditore da Firenze Arno Dorian Related Prince of Persia Watch Dogs Skull & Bones Soulcalibur V Ubisoft Motion Pictures Television series Rabbids Invasion ( 2013 - 17 ) Films Assassin 's Creed ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Assassin%27s_Creed_(film)&oldid=845253049 '' Categories : 2016 films 2010s action films 2010s adventure films 2010s fantasy films 2010s science fiction films American films American fantasy adventure films American science fiction action films English - language films Spanish - language films American action adventure films Cultural depictions of Christopher Columbus Cultural depictions of Tomás de Torquemada Inquisition in fiction Films set in 1986 Films set in 2016 Films set in London Films set in Mexico Films set in Spain Films set in Texas Films set in the 1490s Films shot at Pinewood Studios Films shot in London Films shot in Malta Films shot in Spain Films shot in the Balearic Islands Live - action films based on video games Parkour in film Works based on Assassin 's Creed Works based on Ubisoft video games 20th Century Fox films Films directed by Justin Kurzel Films produced by Frank Marshall 2016 3D films Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Use mdy dates from April 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 22 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 June 2018 , at 14 : 31 ( UTC ) . 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"Ariane Labed as Maria:[8]\nAn assassin in 15th century Spain and the closest ally of Aguilar.[23][14] More measured than her partner-in-arms, Maria is light on her feet and exceedingly quick, and together they are an unstoppable force. Like Aguilar, she understands the damage the Templar influence is doing to her country.[8]"
] | [
"Ariane Labed"
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-4090085709489580986 | Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again | Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again - Wikipedia Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again Theatrical release poster Directed by Ol Parker Produced by Judy Craymer Gary Goetzman Screenplay by Ol Parker Story by Catherine Johnson Richard Curtis Ol Parker Based on Mamma Mia ! by Catherine Johnson Starring Amanda Seyfried Lily James Christine Baranski Julie Walters Pierce Brosnan Colin Firth Stellan Skarsgård Dominic Cooper Andy García Cher Meryl Streep Music by Anne Dudley Cinematography Robert Yeoman Edited by Peter Lambert Production company Playtone Littlestar Productions Legendary Pictures Perfect World Pictures Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date July 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 16 ) ( Hammersmith Apollo ) July 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 20 ) ( United Kingdom & United States ) Running time 114 minutes Country United Kingdom United States Language English Budget $75 million Box office $392.8 million Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again is a 2018 jukebox musical romantic comedy film written and directed by Ol Parker , from a story by Parker , Catherine Johnson , and Richard Curtis . It is a follow - up to the 2008 film Mamma Mia ! , which in turn is based on the musical of the same name using the music of ABBA . The film features an ensemble cast , including Lily James , Amanda Seyfried , Christine Baranski , Julie Walters , Pierce Brosnan , Andy García , Dominic Cooper , Colin Firth , Stellan Skarsgård , Jessica Keenan Wynn , Alexa Davies , Jeremy Irvine , Josh Dylan , Hugh Skinner , Cher , and Meryl Streep . Both a prequel and a sequel , the plot is set after the events of the first film , and also features flashbacks to 1979 , telling the story of Donna Sheridan 's arrival on the island of Kalokairi and her first meetings with her daughter Sophie 's three possible fathers . Due to the financial success of the first film , Universal Pictures had long been interested in a sequel . The film was officially announced in May 2017 , with Parker hired to write and direct . In June 2017 , many of the original cast confirmed their involvement , with James being cast in the role of Young Donna that July . Filming took place from August to December 2017 in Croatia , and at Shepperton Studios in Surrey , England . A British and American joint venture , the film was co-produced by Playtone , Littlestar Productions and Legendary Entertainment . Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again premiered at the Hammersmith Apollo in London on July 16 , 2018 and was released in the United Kingdom and the United States on July 20 , 2018 , ten years to the week of its predecessor 's release , in both standard and IMAX formats . The film has been a box office success , grossing over $392 million worldwide and received generally positive reviews , with critics praising the performances and musical numbers . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Musical numbers 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Casting 4.3 Filming 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 6 Home media 7 Reception 7.1 Box office 7.2 Critical response 8 Accolades 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) Sophie Sheridan is preparing for the grand reopening of her mother Donna 's hotel , following Donna 's death a year earlier . She is upset because two of her fathers , Harry and Bill , are unable to make it to the reopening and she is having trouble in her relationship with Sky , who is in New York , over her memorializing her mother 's life . In 1979 , a young Donna graduated from Oxford 's New College with Rosie and Tanya , and prepares to travel the world . In Paris , she meets and parties with Harry . They spend the night together , but Donna leaves soon after . She later misses her boat to Kalokairi but is offered a ride by Bill , and along the way , they are able to help a stranded fisherman , Alexio , make it in time to stop the love of his life from marrying another . Unbeknownst to Donna , Harry has followed her to Greece ; but he arrived too late , and sadly watches the boat sailing off in the distance . In the present , Tanya and Rosie arrive to support Sophie with the reopening and it 's revealed that Rosie and Bill have split up . Sophie then visits Sam , who is still grieving over the death of Donna . Back in the past , Donna arrives on the island and while exploring the farmhouse , a sudden storm causes her to discover a spooked horse in the basement . She goes in search of help only to find a young Sam riding his motorcycle and he helps her to save the horse . Back in the present , a storm has caused serious disruption to Sophie 's plans for the grand reopening and prevented media coverage of the event . Back in the past , Donna and Sam are enjoying a whirlwind romance , that ends when Donna discovers a picture of Sam 's fiancée in his drawer . A devastated Donna demands that Sam leave the island . In the present , Sam tells Sophie about her value to her mother . Meanwhile , Harry leaves his business deal in Tokyo to support Sophie , and separately Bill gets the same idea . Bill and Harry meet at the docks but are told there are no boats . However , Alexio gives Bill , Harry and the newly arrived Sky boat passage . In the past , a depressed Donna is heartbroken over Sam but is able to channel her anger into singing with Tanya and Rosie . She meets Bill again and they go out on his boat ; while they are gone , Sam returns , having recently ended his engagement for Donna , but is saddened to hear that she is with another man and leaves the island again . Donna discovers she is pregnant but has no idea which one of her three recent lovers is the father . Sofia , the mother of the owner of the bar where Donna and the Dynamos performed , overhears Donna 's wish to stay on the island and offers to let Donna live at her farmhouse and Donna happily accepts . It is there that she eventually gives birth to Sophie . Back in the present , the guests have arrived at the party and Sophie is reunited with her other two fathers and Sky . Sophie reveals to Sky she is pregnant and has never felt closer to her mother , having now understood what her mother went through . Bill and Rosie reunite over their grief for Donna . Sophie 's estranged grandmother and Donna 's mother , Ruby , arrives despite Sophie having decided not to invite her . She reveals that Sky tracked her down in New York and she wants to build a real relationship with Sophie . Sophie then performs a song with Tanya and Rosie in honor of her mother , with her grandmother tearfully telling her afterward how proud she is of her . It is then revealed that the manager of the hotel , Fernando , is Ruby 's ex-lover from 1959 in Mexico , and the two are joyously reunited . Nine months later , Sophie has given birth to a baby boy named Donny . Everyone has gathered for his christening where Tanya flirts with Fernando 's brother . The ceremony takes place with Donna 's spirit watching over her daughter with pride . At the end , all the characters , including Donna and the younger cast , sing `` Super Trouper '' at a huge party at Hotel Bella Donna . Cast ( edit ) Amanda Seyfried as Sophie Sheridan , Donna 's 25 - year - old daughter , and Ruby 's granddaughter . Meryl Streep as Donna Sheridan - Carmichael , Sophie 's late mother , Ruby 's daughter , and Sam 's wife . Lily James as Young Donna , founder of Donna and the Dynamos . Christine Baranski as Tanya Chesham - Leigh , one of Donna 's best friends and former bandmates in Donna and the Dynamos ; a rich three - time divorcee . Jessica Keenan Wynn as Young Tanya . Julie Walters as Rosie Mulligan , one of Donna 's best friends and former bandmates in Donna and the Dynamos ; a fun - loving author in a relationship with Bill . Alexa Davies as Young Rosie . Pierce Brosnan as Sam Carmichael , an architect , Sophie 's possible father , and Donna 's widower . Jeremy Irvine as Young Sam . Colin Firth as Harry Bright , Sophie 's possible father , a British businessman . Hugh Skinner as Young Harry . Stellan Skarsgård as Bill Anderson , Sophie 's possible father , a Swedish sailor and travel writer , Sofia 's great - nephew , Lazaros 's cousin , and also as Kurt Anderson , Bill 's obese brother . Josh Dylan as Young Bill . Dominic Cooper as Sky , Sophie 's husband . Cher as Ruby Sheridan , Donna 's mother , Sophie 's grandmother , and Sam 's mother - in - law . Andy García as Fernando Cienfuegos , the Mexican manager of the Hotel Bella Donna and an old lover of Ruby 's from 1959 . Omid Djalili as a Greek customs officer . Celia Imrie as the Vice-Chancellor of the university at which Donna , Tanya and Rosie studied . Maria Vacratsis as Sofia , a local who owns the shack that Donna stays in , which eventually becomes Donna 's home , and Bill 's great aunt . Panos Mouzourakis as Lazaros , Sofia 's son and Bill 's cousin who owns the bar at which both his band and Donna and the Dynamos perform . Gerard Monaco as Alexio , a local Greek fisherman . Anna Antoniades as Apollonia , Alexio 's lover and later wife . Cameo appearances Björn Ulvaeus as a university professor . Benny Andersson as the pianist in the Parisian restaurant during `` Waterloo '' . Jonathan Goldsmith as Rafael Cienfuegos , Fernando Cienfuegos 's widower brother . Musical numbers ( edit ) Main article : Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again : The Movie Soundtrack A soundtrack album was released on July 13 , 2018 by Capitol and Polydor Records in the United States and internationally , respectively . The album was produced by Benny Andersson , who also served as the album 's executive producer alongside Björn Ulvaeus and Judy Craymer . Each song is featured within the film , with the exception of `` I Wonder ( Departure ) '' and `` The Day Before You Came '' . `` Thank You for the Music '' -- Sophie `` When I Kissed the Teacher '' -- Young Donna and the Dynamos , Vice-Chancellor `` I Wonder ( Departure ) '' -- Young Donna and the Dynamos `` One of Us '' -- Sophie and Sky `` Waterloo '' -- Young Harry and Young Donna `` SOS '' -- Sam `` Why Did It Have to Be Me ? '' -- Young Bill , Young Donna and Young Harry `` I Have a Dream '' -- Young Donna `` Kisses of Fire '' -- Lazaros `` Andante , Andante '' -- Young Donna `` The Name of the Game '' -- Young Donna `` Knowing Me , Knowing You '' -- Young Donna and Young Sam `` Mamma Mia '' -- Young Donna and the Dynamos `` Angel Eyes '' -- Rosie , Tanya , and Sophie `` Dancing Queen '' -- Sophie , Rosie , Tanya , Sam , Bill , and Harry `` I 've Been Waiting for You '' -- Sophie , Rosie , and Tanya `` Fernando '' -- Ruby , Fernando `` My Love , My Life '' -- Young Donna , Donna , Sophie `` Super Trouper '' -- Ruby , Donna , Rosie , Tanya , Sophie , Sky , Sam , Bill , Harry , Fernando , Young Donna , Young Rosie , Young Tanya , Young Bill , Young Sam , and Young Harry `` The Day Before You Came '' -- Donna Songs featured on the soundtrack album but omitted from the film . Songs featured in the film but omitted from the soundtrack album . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Due to Mamma Mia ! 's financial success , Hollywood studio chief David Linde , co-chairman of Universal Pictures , told the Daily Mail that it would take a while , but there could be a sequel . He stated that he would be delighted if Judy Craymer , Catherine Johnson , Phyllida Lloyd , Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus agreed to the project , noting that there are still many ABBA songs to make use of . Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again was announced on May 19 , 2017 , with a release date of July 20 , 2018 . It was written and directed by Ol Parker . On September 27 , 2017 , Benny Andersson confirmed 3 ABBA songs that would be featured in the film : `` When I Kissed the Teacher , '' `` I Wonder ( Departure ) , '' and `` Angeleyes . '' `` I Wonder ( Departure ) '' was cut from the film , but is included on the soundtrack album . Casting ( edit ) On June 1 , 2017 , it was announced that Seyfried would return as Sophie . Later that month , Dominic Cooper confirmed that he would return for the sequel , along with Streep , Firth and Brosnan as Sky , Donna , Harry , and Sam , respectively . In July 2017 , Baranski was also confirmed to return as Tanya . On July 12 , 2017 , Lily James was cast to play the role of young Donna . On August 3 , 2017 , Jeremy Irvine and Alexa Davies were also cast in the film , with Irvine playing Brosnan 's character Sam in a past era , and Hugh Skinner to play Young Harry , Davies as a young Rosie , played by Julie Walters . On August 16 , 2017 , it was announced that Jessica Keenan Wynn had been cast as a young Tanya , who is played by Baranski . Julie Walters and Stellan Skarsgård also reprised their roles as Rosie and Bill , respectively . On October 16 , 2017 , it was announced that singer and actress Cher had joined the cast , in her first on - screen film role since 2010 , and her first film with Streep since Silkwood . The part was written specifically for Cher , and she got to choose Andy Garcia as her romantic partner . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography on the film began on August 12 , 2017 in Croatia , including the island of Vis . In October 2017 , the cast gathered at Shepperton Studios in Surrey , England , to film song and dance numbers with Cher . Filming wrapped on December 2 , 2017 . Release ( edit ) Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again was released on July 20 , 2018 by Universal Pictures , in the UK , US and other selected countries in both standard and IMAX formats . The film premiered on July 16 , 2018 at the Hammersmith Apollo in London . Marketing ( edit ) The first trailer for the film was released on December 21 , 2017 , in front of Pitch Perfect 3 , another Universal Pictures film . Cher performed `` Fernando '' at the Las Vegas CinemaCon on April 25 , 2018 , after footage of the film was shown . Universal sponsored YouTube stars the Merrell Twins to perform a cover version of the song `` Mamma Mia '' to promote the film . Home Media ( edit ) Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again was released via digital copy on October 9 , 2018 and released on DVD , Blu - ray , and 4K UHD Combo Pack on October 23 , 2018 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) As of October 11 , 2018 , Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again has grossed $120.6 million in the United States and Canada , and $272.2 million in other territories , for a total worldwide gross of $392.8 million , against a production budget of $75 million . In June 2018 , three weeks prior to its release , official industry tracking had the film debuting to $27 -- 33 million , which increased to as much as $36 million by the week of its release . It made $14.3 million on its first day , including $3.4 million from Thursday night previews . It went on to debut to $35 million , finishing second , behind fellow newcomer The Equalizer 2 ( $36 million ) , and besting the opening of the first film ( $27.8 million ) by over 24 % . It fell 57 % to $15.1 million in its second weekend , finishing second behind newcomer Mission : Impossible -- Fallout . In its third weekend the film grossed $9 million , dropping to fourth place , and $5.8 million in its fourth weekend , finishing seventh . In the United Kingdom , the film grossed $12.7 million in its opening weekend , topping the box office and achieving the fourth biggest opening for a film in 2018 . In its second weekend of international release , the film made $26.6 million ( for a running total of $98.6 million ) . Its largest new markets were France ( $1.7 million ) , Poland ( $1.3 million ) , Switzerland ( $223,000 ) and Croatia ( $151,000 ) , while its best holdovers were Australia ( $9.5 million ) , the UK ( $8.6 million ) and Germany ( $8.2 million ) . Critical response ( edit ) Lily James ' performance as Young Donna was praised by critics as a `` breakout '' role . On review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes , the film holds an approval rating of 80 % based on 216 reviews , and a weighted average of 6.3 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again doubles down on just about everything fans loved about the original -- and my my , how can fans resist it ? '' On Metacritic the film has a weighted average score of 60 out of 100 based on 46 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A -- '' on an A+ to F scale , the same score as its predecessor , while PostTrak reported filmgoers gave it an 83 % overall positive score . Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian termed the sequel as `` weirdly irresistible '' and gave it three out of five stars . He described his reaction to the first film as `` a combination of hives and bubonic plague , '' but concedes that this time , the relentlessness and greater self - aware comedy made him smile . He concludes : `` More enjoyable than I thought . But please . Enough now . '' Mark Kermode of The Observer gave the film five stars and commented , `` This slick sequel delivers sharp one - liners , joyously contrived plot twists and an emotional punch that left our critic reeling . '' Peter Travers of Rolling Stone awarded the film two and a half stars out of five , noting the absence of Streep for the majority of the film hindered his enjoyment , and saying , `` her absence is deeply felt since the three - time Oscar winner sang and danced her heart out as Donna Sheridan '' . Lindsay Bahr of Associated Press awarded the film three out of four stars , calling it `` wholly ridiculous '' , but complimenting its self - awareness . She also praised James ' performance and singing talent . Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun - Times gave the sequel a mixed review , awarding it two stars out of four , criticizing the reprises of `` Dancing Queen '' and `` Super Trouper '' as uninspired , and feeling that some of the musical numbers dragged the pacing . He considered the younger counterparts to the main characters `` energetic '' and `` likeable . '' Stephanie Zacharek of Time gave the film a mixed review , writing `` Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again is atrocious . And wonderful . It 's all the reasons you should never go to the movies . And all the reasons you should race to get a ticket . '' Accolades ( edit ) Award Date of ceremony Recipient ( s ) and nominee ( s ) Result Ref . People 's Choice Awards November 11 , 2018 The Comedy Movie of 2018 Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again Pending Female Movie Star Lily James Pending Comedy Movie Star Amanda Seyfried Pending References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Gleiberman , Owen ( July 17 , 2018 ) . `` Film Review : ' Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again ' '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved August 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again '' . Legendary Entertainment . Retrieved August 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again '' . AMC Theatres . Retrieved June 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( July 26 , 2018 ) . `` Imax Kicks Off Biggest Global Campaign Ever In 77 Countries : `` Films To The Fullest '' `` . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Clopton , Ellis ( July 17 , 2018 ) . `` ' Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again ' Reviews : What the Critics Are Saying '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved July 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Giles , Jeff ( July 19 , 2018 ) . `` Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again Is Certified Fresh '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved July 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ LATF Staff ( July 13 , 2018 ) . `` New Music Friday : Tinashe , DJ Snake , Mamma Mia Soundtrack ... '' LATF USA . Retrieved August 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again Official Soundtrack Is Out Today '' . Umusic . July 13 , 2018 . Retrieved July 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bamigboye , Baz ( October 17 , 2008 ) . `` Baz Bamigboye on a possible Mamma Mia sequel , Kate Winslet , Leonardo DiCaprio and much more '' . The Daily Mail . Associated Newspapers . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Bryan ( May 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Mamma Mia ' sequel ' Here We Go Again ' coming next summer '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( May 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Mamma Mia : Here We Go Again ! ' On Universal Pictures ' 2018 Schedule '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Read - Dominguez , Jennifer ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` Mamma Mia 2 Here We Go Again ! songs officially revealed by Benny from ABBA '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Magazines UK . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike Jr . ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` Amanda Seyfried Set For ' Mamma Mia ! ' Reprise '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seemayer , Zach ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : Dominic Cooper Dishes on Returning for ' Mamma Mia 2 ' : It 's ' a Phone Call I 've Been Waiting For ' '' . Entertainment Tonight . CBS Studios . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ N'Duka , Amanda ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` Christine Baranski Returning For Universal 's ' Mamma Mia ! ' Sequel '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Mamma Mia ' Sequel Adds Lily James ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ramos , Dino - Ray ; N'Duka , Amanda ( August 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Mamma Mia ! ' Sequel Adds Jeremy Irvine & ' Harlots ' Actress Alexa Davies '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( August 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Mamma Mia : Here We Go Again ! ' Casts Broadway Star Jessica Keenan Wynn '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Perry , Spencer ( August 22 , 2017 ) . `` Here We Go Again : Mamma Mia ! Sequel Begins Production '' . ComingSoon.net . Mandatory . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bamigboye , Baz ( October 16 , 2017 ) . `` Here she goes again : Cher prepares to return to the big screen with appearance in Mamma Mia 2 '' . The Daily Mail . Associated Newspapers . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McHenry , Jackson ( July 18 , 2018 ) . `` Why Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again Cast Cher As Meryl Streep 's Mother '' . Vulture . New York Media . Retrieved August 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Demark , Nikolina ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` Will the Filming of ' Mamma Mia ' Affect the Island of Vis ? '' . Total Croatia News . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McCreesh , Louise ( August 12 , 2017 ) . `` Lily James shares snap of young Dynamos in Mamma Mia 2 '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Magazines UK . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harrison , Ellie ( August 14 , 2017 ) . `` Lily James shares photo from the set of Mamma Mia ! sequel '' . Radio Times . Immediate Media Company . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sommers , Kat ( August 14 , 2017 ) . `` First Look : The Dynamos Reunite as ' Mamma Mia 2 ' Starts Filming '' . BBC America . BBC . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McCreesh , Louise ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` Mamma Mia 2 : Here We Go Again ! has officially finished filming '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Magazines UK . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( May 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Mamma Mia ! ' Film Sequel Gets July 2018 Release Date '' . U.S. News & World Report . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harding , Laura ( July 16 , 2018 ) . `` Meryl Streep and Cher to be dancing queens of Mamma Mia 2 premiere '' . Irish Independent . Independent News & Media . Retrieved July 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( July 22 , 2018 ) . `` Shocker : ' Mamma Mia 2 ' Meets B.O. Waterloo As ' Equalizer 2 ' Is The No. 1 Winner That Takes It All With $35 M + '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved July 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` October 23 Blu - ray , Digital and DVD Releases '' . Comingsoon.net . October 23 , 2018 . Retrieved October 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( June 28 , 2018 ) . `` ' Equalizer , ' ' Mamma Mia ' Sequels Head Toward $30 Million Domestic Openings '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved June 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( July 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again ' To Hit The High Note At Weekend Box Office With $30 M + '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved July 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( July 23 , 2018 ) . `` Box Office Top 20 : ' Equalizer 2 ' beats ' Mamma Mia ' by a hair '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved July 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( July 29 , 2018 ) . `` ' Mission ' Accomplished : ' Fallout ' $61 M+ Opening Reps Record For Tom Cruise Franchise -- Sunday '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved July 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office Top 20 : New ' Mission : Impossible ' hits No. 1 '' . ABC News . Associated Press . July 30 , 2018 . Retrieved August 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( August 5 , 2018 ) . `` ' Mission ' Notches Best 2nd Weekend For Franchise With $35 M ; ' Christopher Robin ' No Eeyore With $25 M -- Sunday Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved August 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( August 12 , 2018 ) . `` ' August Audiences Get Hooked On ' Meg ' Shelling Out $44.5 M '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved August 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gant , Charles ( July 24 , 2018 ) . `` Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again stays on song as box office recovery continues '' . The Guardian . Guardian News and Media . Retrieved July 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( July 29 , 2018 ) . `` ' Mission : Impossible -- Fallout ' Ignites Record $92 M Overseas / $153.5 M Global Bow -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved July 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Erbland , Kate ( July 17 , 2018 ) . `` ' Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again ' Review : Lily James Is a Breakout , but This Energetic Sequel Misses Meryl Streep '' . IndieWire . Penske Business Media . Retrieved July 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved September 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved August 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bradshaw , Peter ( July 17 , 2018 ) . `` Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again review -- feta fever dream sequel is weirdly irresistible '' . The Guardian . Guardian News and Media . Retrieved July 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kermode , Mark ( July 22 , 2018 ) . `` Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again review -- full of hits and emotion '' . The Observer . Guardian News and Media . Retrieved July 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( July 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again ' Review : ABBA - Fab Sequel Suffers From Streepless Throats '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved July 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bahr , Lindsay ( July 17 , 2018 ) . `` Review : Bask in the effervescent insanity of ' Mamma Mia 2 ' '' . Associated Press . Retrieved July 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Roeper , Richard ( July 17 , 2018 ) . `` ' Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again ' a campy sequel sure to please fans , my my '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved July 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Zacharek , Stephanie ( July 30 , 2018 ) . `` Mamma Mia : Here We Go Again Is Both Atrocious and Amazing '' . Time . Retrieved August 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ USA TODAY Life staff ( 2018 - 09 - 24 ) . `` People 's Choice Awards 2018 : The nominees '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2018 - 09 - 25 . External links ( edit ) Official website Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again on IMDb Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again at AllMovie ABBA Agnetha Fältskog Björn Ulvaeus Benny Andersson Anni - Frid Lyngstad Studio albums Ring Ring Waterloo ABBA Arrival ABBA : The Album Voulez - Vous Super Trouper The Visitors Compilations Greatest Hits Greatest Hits Vol. 2 Gracias Por La Música The Singles : The First Ten Years Thank You for the Music The Songbook -- Australian Chart Hits Gold : Greatest Hits Oro : Grandes Éxitos More ABBA Gold : More ABBA Hits Thank You for the Music ( box set ) Love Stories The Definitive Collection 18 Hits The Complete Studio Recordings Number Ones The Albums Live albums ABBA Live Live at Wembley Arena Tours and TV specials Eurovision Song Contest 1974 European & Australian Tour ABBA : The Tour Dick Cavett Meets ABBA Congratulations : 50 Years of the Eurovision Song Contest ABBA : Thank You for the Music , An All - Star Tribute Films and musicals ABBA : The Movie The Girl with the Golden Hair ABBAcadabra Mamma Mia ! Original Cast Recording Film series Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again Soundtracks Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again Video games SingStar ABBA ABBA : You Can Dance Related articles Discography Awards and nominations Songs Unreleased songs Tribute albums Abba-esque Abbasalutely The ABBA Generation ABBAmania A Tribute to ABBA Dancing Queen `` Just Like That '' `` Thank ABBA for the Music '' ABBA : The Museum Music of Sweden Related individuals Stig Anderson Ola Brunkert Rutger Gunnarsson Janne Schaffer Michael B. Tretow Lasse Hallström A-Teens Björn Again Linda Ulvaeus Book Portal Films directed by Ol Parker Imagine Me & You ( 2005 ) Now Is Good ( 2012 ) Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mamma_Mia!_Here_We_Go_Again&oldid=866516930 '' Categories : 2018 films English - language films 2010s musical comedy films 2010s prequel films 2010s romantic comedy films 2010s romantic musical films 2010s sequel films American comedy films American musical comedy films American romantic musical films American romantic comedy films American sequel films British musical comedy films British romantic comedy films British sequel films Prequel films ABBA Films set in Greece Films set in Manhattan Films set in Oxford Films set in Paris Films set in Stockholm Films set in Tokyo Films set on islands Films shot at Shepperton Studios Films shot in Croatia Films shot in London Films shot in Oxfordshire Films shot in Surrey IMAX films Jukebox musical films Mamma Mia ! Films set in 1979 Playtone films Universal Pictures films Legendary Pictures films Films produced by Gary Goetzman Films directed by Ol Parker Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from October 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 18 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 20 : 34 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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"Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again premiered at the Hammersmith Apollo in London on July 16, 2018 and was released in the United Kingdom and the United States on July 20, 2018, ten years to the week of its predecessor's release, in both standard and IMAX formats.[5] The film has been a box office success, grossing over $392 million worldwide and received generally positive reviews, with critics praising the performances and musical numbers.[6][7]\n"
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"July 20, 2018"
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-8077120159975636513 | Ozark (TV series) | Ozark ( TV series ) - wikipedia Ozark ( TV series ) Ozark Season 2 poster Genre Crime drama Thriller Created by Bill Dubuque Mark Williams Starring Jason Bateman Laura Linney Sofia Hublitz Skylar Gaertner Julia Garner Jordana Spiro Jason Butler Harner Esai Morales Peter Mullan Lisa Emery Charlie Tahan Composer ( s ) Danny Bensi Saunder Jurriaans Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 20 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Jason Bateman Chris Mundy Bill Dubuque Mark Williams Production location ( s ) Lake Allatoona , Georgia Lake Lanier , Georgia Running time 52 -- 80 minutes Production company ( s ) Media Rights Capital Aggregate Films Zero Gravity Management Headhunter Films Man , Woman & Child Productions Distributor Netflix Release Original network Netflix Original release July 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 21 ) -- present External links Website Ozark is an American crime drama web television series created by Bill Dubuque and Mark Williams and produced by Media Rights Capital . Jason Bateman stars in the series ; he also directed the first two and last two episodes of season 1 and the first two of season 2 . The first season comprises nine one - hour episodes and a final 80 - minute episode , and was released on Netflix on July 21 , 2017 . The series was renewed for a 10 - episode second season on August 15 , 2017 , which was released on August 31 , 2018 . On October 10 , 2018 , the series was renewed for a 10 - episode third season which will be released in 2019 . Bateman portrays financial planner Marty Byrde , and Laura Linney portrays his wife Wendy Byrde , a public relations consultant on political campaigns who became a homemaker before the family moved to the Ozarks . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 3 Production 3.1 Opening credits 4 Episodes 4.1 Season 1 ( 2017 ) 4.2 Season 2 ( 2018 ) 5 Reception 5.1 Critical reception 5.1. 1 Season 1 5.1. 2 Season 2 5.2 Accolades 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Financial planner Marty Byrde suddenly relocates the family from the Chicago suburb of Naperville to the summer resort community of Osage Beach , Missouri after a money laundering scheme goes wrong , and he must make amends to a Mexican drug cartel by setting up a bigger laundering operation in the Ozarks . When the Byrdes arrive in Missouri , they become entangled with local criminals including the Langmores and Snells . Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Jason Bateman as Marty Byrde , a self - employed financial advisor , based in Chicago before moving to the Ozarks . In 2007 , he and his business partner began to launder money for a Mexican drug cartel . Laura Linney as Wendy Byrde ( née Davis ) , Marty 's wife , and Charlotte and Jonah 's mother . Formerly a public relations operative for political campaigns , after moving to the Ozarks she becomes an advance person and stager for a local realtor , and then a lobbyist for Marty 's proposal to construct a casino . Sofia Hublitz as Charlotte Byrde , Marty and Wendy 's 15 - year - old daughter , who strives to return to Chicago Skylar Gaertner as Jonah Byrde , Marty and Wendy 's 13 - year - old son , who learns money laundering from Marty and has his fellow students pay him for doing their homework Julia Garner as Ruth Langmore , a 19 - year - old woman who is part of a local criminal family Jordana Spiro as Rachel Garrison , owner of the Blue Cat hotel and bar , and Marty 's reluctant business partner Jason Butler Harner as Roy Petty , an FBI agent investigating Marty ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) Esai Morales as Camino Del Rio ( `` Del '' ) , a ruthless crime lord for a Mexican cartel for whom Marty launders money ( season 1 ) Peter Mullan as Jacob Snell , an established local crime lord ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) Lisa Emery as Darlene Snell , Jacob 's wife Charlie Tahan as Wyatt Langmore , Russ 's elder son and Ruth 's cousin ( recurring season 1 , main season 2 ) Recurring ( edit ) Carson Holmes as Three Langmore , Russ 's younger son , Wyatt 's brother and Ruth 's cousin McKinley Belcher III as Trevor Evans , an FBI agent and Petty 's ex-lover Robert C. Treveliar as Sheriff John Nix , who is indebted to the Snells Kevin L. Johnson as Sam Dermody , a real estate agent in the Ozarks Evan George Vourazeris as Tuck , employee at the Blue Cat and Jonah 's first friend in the Ozarks Trevor Long as Cade Langmore , Ruth 's father and brother of Russ and Boyd . Initially shown to be incarcerated , he is later paroled . ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) Michael Mosley as Pastor Mason Young ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) Harris Yulin as Buddy Dyker , the Byrdes ' terminally ill tenant ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) Michael Tourek as Ash , an enforcer for the Snells ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) Marc Menchaca as Russ Langmore , Wyatt and Three 's father , Ruth 's uncle , and Boyd and Cade 's brother ( recurring season 1 , guest season 2 ) Josh Randall as Bruce Liddell , Marty Byrde 's Chicago business partner ( season 1 ) Christopher James Baker as Boyd Langmore , uncle of Ruth , Wyatt and Three , and Russ and Cade 's brother ( season 1 ) Adam Boyer as Bobby Dean , owner of the Lickety Splitz strip club ( season 1 ) Bethany Anne Lind as Grace Young , Pastor Mason Young 's pregnant wife ( season 1 ) Sharon Blackwood as Eugenia Dermody , Sam 's controlling , overbearing mother who works for her son 's real estate business ( season 1 ) Joseph Melendez as Garcia , an enforcer for Del ( season 1 ) Janet McTeer as Helen Pierce , Chicago - based attorney who represents the cartel ( season 2 ) Darren Goldstein as Charles Wilkes , a wealthy businessman and political donor ( season 2 ) Damian Young as Jim , Wilkes ' right - hand man ( season 2 ) Nelson Bonilla as Nelson , Pierce 's enforcer ( season 2 ) Melissa Saint - Amand as Jade , a stripper who forms a bond with Sam ( season 2 ) Pedro Lopez as Jorge Mendoza , a member of the Navarro Cartel ( season 2 ) Production ( edit ) The show is set at a modest waterfront resort at Lake of the Ozarks , inspired by the Alhonna Resort and Marina , where series creator Dubuque worked as a dock hand while attending college in Missouri during the 1980s . Most of the shooting locations are in the Atlanta area at Lake Allatoona and Lake Lanier , rather than at the Lake of the Ozarks , because of tax breaks offered by the state of Georgia . The film crew constructed a set in Georgia after extensively studying the Alhonna Resort property . Some scenes are filmed at Chicago locations . Only a few scenes of the pilot were shot in the city of Lake Ozark , Missouri ; these include shots of the locally famous `` Welcome To Lake Of the Ozarks '' sign and the `` Injun Joe Muffler Man '' statue . Originally , Jason Bateman was supposed to be the sole director for the first season , but scheduling conflicts prevented it , so he directed only the first two and last two . The series was renewed for a 10 - episode second season on August 15 , 2017 . Opening Credits ( edit ) Graphic designer Fred Davis created a white letter ' O ' , which is featured on a black background at the beginning of each episode . Within the quartered circle of the ' O ' are four symbols which foreshadow the main plot points in that episode . Additionally , each of these hand - drawn symbolic images are formed to represent the remaining letters in `` Ozark '' . For example , for episode one , a kneeling man represents `` Z '' ; a building represents `` A '' ; a gun represents `` R '' ; and a falling man represents `` K '' . Episodes ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally released 10 July 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 21 ) 10 August 31 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 31 ) Season 1 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date `` Sugarwood '' Jason Bateman Story by : Bill Dubuque & Mark Williams Teleplay by : Bill Dubuque July 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 21 ) Marty Byrde and his partner Bruce are Chicago - based financial advisers who launder money for a Mexican drug cartel . Bruce and the trucking company owners who move the cash skim $8 million , which causes their cartel contact Del to kill Bruce , Bruce 's fiancée Liz , and the father - son trucking company owners . To save his own life , Marty uses a promotional flier Bruce showed him as the inspiration for a spur - of - the - moment claim that the Ozarks are a good potential location for laundering , and that if allowed to live , he will wash $500 million in five years . Partly persuaded , Del gives Marty a few days to replace the $8 million Bruce stole , and then tells him to move his family to the Ozarks and prove his claim by laundering it in three months . Marty 's wife Wendy is having an affair with Sugarwood , and follows his advice to leave Marty and take their two children and as much money as she can secure , which causes Del to have Sugarwood killed . `` Blue Cat '' Jason Bateman Story by : Bill Dubuque & Mark Williams Teleplay by : Bill Dubuque July 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 21 ) Wendy , Marty and their two children arrive in the Ozarks and begin to meet local residents , including several members of the Langmore family who work at the hotel where they are staying . Marty attempts to find local businesses he can invest in so that he can commence money laundering for the cartel , while Wendy goes house hunting . Charlotte and Jonah disregard their parents ' instructions to guard the hotel room , with Charlotte falling for a ruse planned by cousins Ruth and Wyatt Langmore . Ruth enters the vacant hotel room and steals part of the $8 million Marty is supposed to launder . Marty risks his life to recover the cash from Ruth , Wyatt and other Langmores , but it is clear they will continue to be trouble . The FBI discovers the remains of Bruce and the others who were killed with him , which makes them suspicious of Marty 's sudden move from Chicago . Agent Roy Petty decides to follow Marty to the Ozarks , convinced he is somehow involved . Marty considers committing suicide so Wendy can collect his life insurance and flee with the children , but changes his mind after he realizes that the Blue Cat inn and restaurant might be a suitable place to invest in . `` My Dripping Sleep '' Daniel Sackheim Ryan Farley July 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 21 ) The Byrdes move into a lakefront house while Buddy , the terminally ill homeowner , moves to the basement . FBI Agent Trevor Evans , Roy 's former boyfriend , follows Roy 's instructions to approach the Byrdes , who are not intimidated and continue maintaining their innocence . The Byrdes are made aware that while skimming money , Bruce was also an FBI informant . Trevor sees that Roy is becoming obsessed , foretelling continued problems for the Byrdes . Charlotte and Jonah are told the real reason for their move to the Ozarks , and Jonah does online research to learn more about the cartel . Wendy gets a job as an advance person and `` stager '' for the real estate broker she dealt with when buying Buddy 's house . Charlotte 's job interview does not end well after she spots Wyatt outside the store and punches him in retaliation for his ruse at the hotel . Marty begins activities at the Blue Cat , despite the suspicions of Rachel , the primary owner . Ruth uses her knowledge of the Byrdes ' cash to persuade Marty to hire her as a dishwasher at the Blue Cat , and informs her cousins and uncles that her plan is to learn Marty 's money laundering operation , and then kill him and take the money . `` Tonight We Improvise '' Daniel Sackheim Paul Kolsby July 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 21 ) Marty gathers information on Lickety Splitz , a money - losing strip club ; turned away by the owner previously , he still intends to control it so he can use it for money laundering . Jonah finds the carcass of a coyote and cuts it open , causing his parents to worry it is a sign of future troubles . They are relieved to find that he was only studying the vultures that came to feed . Marty hires Ruth to break into the Lickety Splitz safe . Working undercover , Roy watches Marty at the Blue Cat , and develops an interest in Russ Langmore , Wyatt 's father and Ruth 's uncle . Bobby Dean , the owner of Lickety Splitz , is arrested because of Ruth 's plan , and Marty gains access to the safe . He posts Bobby 's bail and uses the information from the safe to force Bobby to sell the club . Jacob and Darlene Snell are revealed as major heroin dealers , for whom Bobby was laundering money . They kill Bobby as retaliation for losing the club , and to keep their drug business secret . Marty shares business secrets with Jonah , including how to make new cash used in drug transactions look old so it can be mixed with cash from legitimate business before being deposited at the bank . 5 5 `` Ruling Days '' Andrew Bernstein Martin Zimmerman July 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 21 ) Bobby 's body turns up at the Byrdes ' boat dock , which they unconvincingly explain away as an accident . Shown copies of the sale documents for the strip club , the sheriff realizes he has no evidence the Byrdes had a motive to kill Bobby , and takes no further action . Jacob Snell attempts to persuade Marty to launder money for him at Lickety Splitz . Marty sees Mason Young , the local pastor , holding boat - based Sunday services on the lake , and realizes that building Mason a church could present an opportunity to launder money . Marty asks Ruth to run the strip club over the Fourth of July weekend , which leads to him hiring her as the full time manager . She betters Bobby 's management with actions , including hiring new staff , that turn Lickety Splitz into a moneymaker . Roy continues to use Russ as a fishing guide , and attempts to kiss him , provoking a violent reaction . Ruth continues to follow her incarcerated father Cade 's advice to learn more about Marty 's money laundering , and discovers the hiding place where he stashed the $8 million he brought from Chicago . 6 6 `` Book of Ruth '' Andrew Bernstein Whit Anderson July 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 21 ) The Snells show Marty their operation , and inform him they have been using Mason 's church on the lake to distribute heroin . They warn Marty to stop church construction , with implied threats to Mason 's pregnant wife Grace if Marty does not persuade him to resume boat - based services . Marty appears likely to meet the three - month deadline for laundering the $8 million he brought from Chicago , and he and Wendy temporarily reconcile in celebration . During sex , Marty intentionally reminds her of an encounter with Sugarwood . She then discovers the video Marty 's private investigator made , which causes an angry confrontation . Charlotte works at the Blue Cat , and turns down Wyatt 's `` anti-tourists '' party invitation to go with Zach , a tourist from Chicago . She drinks with Zach and loses her virginity , and Zach departs for Chicago the next day without saying goodbye , prompting Wyatt to tell her the tourists always leave , and she is now `` one of us '' , i.e. a permanent local resident . Russ acknowledges he is gay , and begins a sexual relationship with Roy . Ruth and Russ devise a plan to kill Marty at Cade 's instigation . Russ tells Roy , who secretly intervenes . Wendy opens Del 's package , and Marty and she recognize the contents as a warning to speed up the money laundering . 7 7 `` Nest Box '' Ellen Kuras Alyson Feltes July 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 21 ) Mason does not end construction at the church , and to dissuade the Snells from killing him , Marty hands over the $700,000 of cartel cash he has not yet laundered . Marty tells Mason the Snells are drug dealers , and want him to resume services on the lake . The Snells tell Mason Marty was only constructing the church so he could launder money . Understanding Marty 's claims of philanthropy and temporary construction delays are false , Mason burns down the building 's framework . Charlotte and Jonah start school , and Charlotte is depressed about the family 's changed circumstances . After she skips classes to take a bus to Chicago , Ruth and Wendy catch up in St. Louis and bring her back . Roy convinces Russ to try starting a bait and tackle shop and get Marty to invest . Roy also convinces Russ to say that he will not be involved in any more attempts to kill Marty . Cade tells Ruth not to visit him in prison again unless Marty is dead . After returning home , Charlotte goes for a night swim . Ignoring Buddy 's advice to stay near the shore , she swims far into the lake . After nearly allowing herself to drown , she touches bottom and realizes the water is not as deep as she thought . She giddily makes her way back to shore , her depression gone . 8 8 `` Kaleidoscope '' Ellen Kuras Ryan Farley July 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 21 ) A flashback to 2007 shows Wendy and Marty driving when she reveals she is pregnant again . While discussing the news , they are involved in a car accident that causes a miscarriage which results in Wendy 's extended period of depression . Wendy unsuccessfully attempts to reenter the job market after the births of her children . As a public relations operative for political campaigns , she is revealed to have worked for Bobby Rush 's early Congressional campaigns and Barack Obama 's campaigns for the Illinois Senate . Del approaches Marty and Bruce to launder the cartel 's money and after reviewing Del 's ledgers they decline , but agree to reconsider . Marty expects Wendy will be opposed , but to his surprise , she approves . Bruce and Marty commit to work for Del , and Del has his previous financial advisor Louis killed in front of them . Not only was Louis skimming , which Del suspected and Marty confirmed when analyzing the ledgers , he was also informing to Roy at the FBI . Roy has a steady boyfriend and fledgling FBI career , but a difficult relationship with his mother , who is a heroin addict . Unhappy at the FBI 's insistence on pursuing terrorists rather than drug dealers , Roy plots to get his way . 9 9 `` Coffee , Black '' Jason Bateman Whit Anderson July 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 21 ) Buddy taught Jonah to shoot , and after realizing a cartel operative is shadowing the Byrdes , Jonah has Tuck buy him a rifle in a straw purchase . Marty and Wendy previously convinced her employer Sam 's mother Eugenia to deposit her savings in Marty 's new `` investment fund '' . Her $900,000 replaces the $700,000 Marty paid the Snells . With this influx , he completes laundering the $8 million on time . The cartel immediately delivers $50 million -- the first of the $500 million Marty promised to wash . Eugenia dies in an accident , and Sam wants access to her savings to pay for her elaborate funeral . Instead , Marty and Wendy volunteer to pay , and end up buying the funeral home . Roy reveals to Russ that their relationship is a ploy , and he recorded Russ 's admission of trying to kill Marty . This forces Russ to turn informant against Ruth , who Roy intends to turn informant on Marty . Instead , Russ and his brother Boyd plan to rob and kill Marty to finance a life on the run . Ruth suspects Russ is an informant and intends to kill Marty . Realizing she will be blamed she acts first , killing Russ and Boyd with the same method she had earlier tried on Marty . 10 10 `` The Toll '' Jason Bateman Chris Mundy July 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 21 ) The Byrdes try to be supportive of Wyatt and his brother Three , but Wyatt suspects Marty killed Russ and Boyd . Mason 's conscience renders him unable to preach on the lake . He arrives home to find the Snells retaliated ; Grace is gone , but he discovers a newborn . Marty decides it is not safe if his family stays . Garcia , the cartel operative intervenes to keep them from leaving . Jonah sneaks out and returns with his rifle . When he attempts to shoot Garcia , he finds Buddy unloaded it . Buddy holds a shotgun on Garcia as Wendy and the children depart , then shoots him . Rachel finds part of the $50 million , which she takes as she drives away . Del tortures Marty to find out where Garcia is . Marty explains a plan to use the cartel to distribute Snell heroin , while the Snells allow a casino on their property to launder cartel money . Del is intrigued and intends to explain away Garcia 's death if there 's a deal . Del and the Snells agree , but Darlene kills Del when he replies to her putdowns with one of his own . Wendy and the children decide to stay and face the risks with Marty rather than flee without him . Season 2 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date 11 `` Reparations '' Jason Bateman Chris Mundy August 31 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 31 ) Darlene and Ash cremate Del 's body on the Snell farm . Marty and Jacob send Ash to Chicago with Del 's car and credit cards to establish Del 's presence there , enabling them to claim he was not in the Ozarks . Without Del there to negotiate , Marty and the Snells meet with Helen Pierce , the Navarro Cartel 's attorney , to discuss the casino . Marty discusses with State Senator Brock Mercer the possibility of introducing legislation to allow casino construction . Mercer 's apprehensive and tells Marty to go to `` the lake house '' . Marty and Wendy learn this is the home of businessman and political donor Charles Wilkes and meet him there to persuade him to back the legislation . Helen shows the Byrdes video of Ash using Del 's credit card in Chicago . She will overlook Del 's death ( and Garcia 's ) in exchange for `` reparations '' from the Snells , but does not tell Marty what will be satisfactory . At Darlene 's insistence , the Snells refuse to offer money , but Jacob understands a life must be paid , and kills Ash to save Darlene . Marty and Wendy hide the truth from Charlotte and Jonah but acknowledge to each other that Ash 's death satisfied the Navarros , meaning the casino project is still alive . 12 `` The Precious Blood of Jesus '' Jason Bateman David Manson August 31 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 31 ) The Kansas City Mafia sends Mercer an unsubtle message , causing state senate support for the casino bill to waver . Marty capitalizes on Buddy 's prior relationship with Mafia head Frank Cosgrove to reach agreement that the casino will be unionized , which keeps the project viable . Wendy attends a prayer breakfast to woo faltering senators , and resorts to blackmail . Wilkes makes a play for Wendy as the price for obtaining the vote of the last senate holdout , but Wendy rebuffs him . Wendy sees Mason preaching on the streets of Jefferson City , baby Zeke at his side . Rachel 's drug and drinking binge causes her to wreck her car , leading Roy to turn her into an informant against Marty and send her back to the Blue Cat . Cade is paroled and rebuffs the job Ruth persuaded Marty to offer . Marty gives Ruth more responsibilities , including entrusting her with the cash to pay for acquiring and moving the riverboat that will house the casino . Darlene looks for someone to love and nurture in Ash 's place and asks Jacob if they can adopt a baby . Cade robs a diner to show Ruth that he has not changed and demands her help in locating Marty 's money . 13 `` Once a Langmore ... '' Andrew Bernstein Alyson Feltes August 31 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 31 ) The casino bill passes , but Senator Blake commits suicide . The Byrde businesses are shut down by state inspectors at Roy 's instigation , while the Byrdes wonder who pulled the strings . Wilkes wants a large casino - adjacent development in exchange for his aid , but the Snells will not sell more land . The Snells , Marty , and Jonah go hunting to discuss it , and Jonah kills a deer . The Snells torch Wilkes 's boat as a warning to stop pressuring them . Wendy talks Mrs. Blake out of suing Wilkes for wrongful death by promising a charity in Senator Blake 's name . Rachel attempts to obtain evidence against Marty and Roy uses stolen drugs to keep her in line . Ruth tries to buy the boat repair shop where her father works , giving Marty a new business for laundering , and creates a problem that persuades the owner to sell . Charlotte spends time with Wyatt , who continues pondering the deaths of Russ and Boyd . The Byrdes have dinner at the Snell house to celebrate their rapprochement , which features venison from Jonah 's deer . Jonah uses his half of the $10,000 Charlotte took to open a bank account as Michael Fleming , the alias he received when the Byrdes fled after Garcia 's death . 14 `` Stag '' Andrew Bernstein Ryan Farley August 31 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 31 ) Wyatt 's suspicion that Marty killed Russ and Boyd is heightened by Charlotte 's admission that the Byrdes were at the scene . Roy pressures Rachel for useful information , including pretending to be a Blue Cat bar customer . Rachel has bathroom sex with a bar pickup and calls him Marty to irritate Roy , who is monitoring her transmitter . To deflect Marty 's suspicion from her , Rachel suggests the man from the Blue Cat ( Roy ) might be a police officer . An infuriated Roy threatens her with a violent end if she does not produce evidence . The Byrdes ' planned bribe of a state gaming official ends when Wendy correctly suspects a trap . Wendy tries to provide money to Mason , who angrily refuses . Marty pays scant attention to Ruth while handling other problems , so she confides in Rachel , who uses the relationship to gather evidence for Roy . He obtains a search warrant for the Byrde home , where he identifies himself to Marty and Wendy for the first time . Sam runs Lickety Splitz in name because as a felon , Ruth can not be associated with Marty during state scrutiny of the casino application . Buddy 's health declines , and he 's hospitalized , but he recovers after returning home . 15 5 `` Game Day '' Phil Abraham Paul Kolsby August 31 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 31 ) The FBI finds Charlotte 's half of the $10,000 she took , which Roy brings up during Marty 's interrogation in the hopes that he will turn informant . Roy also informs him that Ruth tried to kill him by wiring the dock the same way she did when she killed her uncles . Roy makes Ruth look like an informant , and Helen asks the Byrdes whether she can be trusted . Marty hesitates before saying yes , then races to the Langmores to warn Ruth . Ruth admits she tried to kill Marty , but says she will not try again because circumstances have changed , so he vouches for her to Helen , but Helen 's associates subject Ruth to waterboarding interrogation . Ruth does not crack , and Helen tells Marty she is impressed with Ruth 's willpower . Marty reminds Wendy that she cheated on him , and Charlotte overhears and informs Jonah . Charlotte and Jonah discuss using what is left of their money took to buy a van and run away . Helen tells the Snells to burn their poppies so Roy will not find any evidence , but Darlene resists . Wendy brings Darlene adoption information , which is a ploy to enable Buddy to gain access to the Snell farm and burn the field . 16 6 `` Outer Darkness '' Phil Abraham Ning Zhou August 31 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 31 ) Buddy dies in Wendy 's car as they leave the Snell farm , and the Byrdes arrange an elaborate funeral . Jonah uses Buddy 's Rolodex to contact his friends , and the large crowd at the service includes Frank and his Kansas City associates . Roy leads a raid on the Snell farm , and Jacob says the burned field was an intentional controlled fire . Roy scoffs , but is ecstatic to find buried bones . Mason returns , hoping the bones include Grace 's remains , and volunteers Zeke for DNA testing . Marty and the Snells disinter several Snell ancestors and use their remains to replace the bones the FBI found , throwing off the test results and enabling Jacob to claim authorities desecrated his family 's ancient burial places . Roy interrogates Wilkes , who offers to inform on Marty in exchange for Wendy 's protection , but she refuses to leave Marty . Ruth agrees to help her father with his illegal activities , deciding that working with Marty will not produce the long term benefits she hoped for . Marty promises Rachel that after the casino is approved , he will return the Blue Cat to her . She kisses Marty to prevent him from revealing more , and reveal Roy 's transmitter . 17 7 `` One Way Out '' Alik Sakharov Martin Zimmerman August 31 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 31 ) Marty wants to keep Rachel working at the Blue Cat and use her to feed Roy misinformation . Wendy is suspicious of both Rachel and Marty 's relationship with her . The police take Zeke into state custody , prompting Mason to kidnap Wendy and hold her in the basement of his home while demanding Marty 's aid in getting Zeke back . Cade and Ruth attempt to steal the FLIR System from an expensive boat and sell it to a black - market buyer . The owner is unexpectedly home , forcing them to flee empty - handed . Ruth tells Cade she believes Marty 's cartel money may be hidden at the funeral home and agrees to help him steal it . Marty and Wilkes succeed in retrieving Zeke from state custody . Marty brings him to Mason but ends up killing Mason during a confrontation afterwards . Marty and Wendy clean up the basement of Mason 's house and cremate his body at the funeral home , then take Zeke home as a supposed foster child . The Byrdes use the baby to help present a likable family image during a news interview arranged by a public relations representative trying to create positive coverage of the casino project . 18 8 `` The Big Sleep '' Alik Sakharov David Manson August 31 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 31 ) Rachel overdoses after Roy stops supplying her and she purchases heroin . Heroin distributed by the Navarros is laced with Fentanyl , and numerous ODs are traced to the Snells ; Darlene spiked it as revenge for the cartel 's insistence on burning the poppy field . The Navarros ambush the Snells . Ruth and Cade break into the funeral home , but find no cash . Wyatt is expelled for aiding Jonah during a school fight , but Marty gets it rescinded , keeping alive Wyatt 's chances for admission to Mizzou . Charlotte steals an expensive book for Wyatt , which he refuses , explaining the disparity in punishment if a Langmore is blamed instead of someone like her . Wendy uses the laundering network Jonah created to donate to Wilkes 's charity . When Wendy informs him he accepted cartel money , he realizes he is blackmailed into continuing to support the casino project . Marty learns Roy 's mother is an addict and has a Navarro associate supply her with drugs . Roy returns home to care for her , enabling Marty to send Rachel to Miami for addiction treatment . After buying a van and living in it to stay away from home , Charlotte informs her parents of her desire for emancipation . 19 9 `` The Badger '' Ben Semanoff Paul Kolsby & Martin Zimmerman August 31 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 31 ) Charlotte hires an attorney for her emancipation case . Jacob and Darlene survive the ambush , though Jacob is wounded . Marty and Helen inform Jacob that riparian rights and eminent domain enable the government to seize land for the casino if the Snells will not sell . Jacob acquiesces , and decides to kill Darlene to keep the peace . As he moves to stab her on their morning walk , he suddenly collapses . Darlene tells him she poisoned his coffee and they pledge their love to each other before he dies . Wilkes arranges for the Byrdes to meet the gaming commissioners and the chairman requests a non-union site in exchange for his support , to which Marty agrees , despite knowing it will anger Cosgrove . The casino is approved , and Marty arranges an exit for his family that includes fleeing to Australia and leaving cartel business in Ruth 's hands , to which Ruth agrees . Cade and Wyatt rob Lickety Splitz , and Ruth does not identify them to the sheriff , but does try to recover and return the money . Wyatt is accepted to Mizzou ; he is not sure about going , but Ruth is determined to send him to keep him from a life of crime . 20 10 `` The Gold Coast '' Amanda Marsalis Chris Mundy August 31 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 31 ) Roy returns to finish pending business before his Chicago transfer . He goes fishing and argues with Cade , who kills him and sinks his body . Darlene wants Zeke , and shaves Jonah 's head as a warning , forcing the Byrdes to hand Zeke over . Marty shows Ruth details of cartel business in preparation for his family 's departure , including the location of the cartel 's $50 million -- Buddy 's mausoleum . Knowing he was recognized while hiding Roy 's car , Cade plans to flee before he is arrested . He tries blackmailing Ruth for money by threatening to tell Wyatt she killed Russ and Boyd . Instead , Ruth tells Wyatt , who drives away in anger . Angry that Cade attacked Charlotte while trying to find Marty 's money , Wendy meets Cade and offers him $500,000 to leave town . He takes it and drives away , but the payoff is a ruse and a Navarro associate kills him . At the casino 's opening ceremony , Helen tells the Byrdes she is returning to Chicago . Wendy tells Marty the family is not fleeing to the Gold Coast because it is safer to stay . Frank blows up Marty 's office as a warning to solve the union versus non-union labor issue . Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) Season 1 ( edit ) The first season of Ozark received positive reviews , with major praise aimed at Bateman 's performance . On Metacritic , the season has a weighted average score of 66 out of 100 based on 29 reviews , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . On Rotten Tomatoes , it has a approval rating of 68 % , with an average rating of 6.81 / 10 based on 62 reviews . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Ozark has n't yet reached the same level as the classic crime dramas to which it will inevitably be compared , but its satisfyingly complex plot -- and a gripping performance from Jason Bateman -- suggest greater potential . '' Brian Lowry of CNN wrote , `` While the fish - out - of - water concept is one of TV 's oldest , Ozark carves out its own path with clever twists -- including a late - in - the - run flashback explaining how the cartel came into his life -- and the sheer strength of the performances . '' TV critic Sonia Saraiya of Variety wrote that Ozark is `` smart , well - crafted , and says something , '' and that the series `` comes together under Bateman 's disarming and deceptively complex performance as Marty . '' Tim Dowling of The Guardian wrote `` Laura Linney is , as ever , magnificent '' . Critics compared Ozark positively to Breaking Bad , both of which involve a seemingly normal protagonist suddenly immersed in a world of crime . Nick Hanover wrote in Film Daily , `` Once you get past the surface similarities , Ozark shines as something special and inventive , an intense crime opera where the scenery is as much the star as anyone in the cast . '' Season 2 ( edit ) The second season received mixed reviews from critics . On Metacritic , the season has a weighted average score of 59 out of 100 , based on 14 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . On Rotten Tomatoes , it has an approval rating of 67 % , with an average rating of 6.11 / 10 , based on 27 reviews . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Engaging and entertaining -- if not particularly challenging -- Ozark 's descent into darker waters is kept afloat by another superb turn from Laura Linney . '' Alison Foreman of Mashable noted how the female characters are not just `` emotional fodder '' for the male characters , stating `` Season 2 of Netflix 's Ozark , however , champions female stories through all 10 of its episodes with an array of women that rivals the ensemble complexity of HBO 's The Sopranos . '' Accolades ( edit ) Year Awards Recipient Result Ref . 2018 Golden Globe Awards Best Actor -- Television Series Drama Jason Bateman Nominated Location Managers Guild Award Outstanding Locations in Contemporary Television Wes Hagan , Kevin Dowling Won People 's Choice Awards The Drama TV Star of 2018 Jason Bateman Pending The Bingeworthy Show of 2018 Ozark Pending Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series Jason Bateman Nominated Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series Jason Bateman ( for `` The Toll '' ) Nominated Daniel Sackheim ( for `` Tonight We Improvise '' ) Nominated Outstanding Cinematography for a Single - Camera Series ( One Hour ) Ben Kutchins ( for `` The Toll '' ) Nominated Outstanding Production Design for a Narrative Contemporary Program ( One Hour or More ) Derek R. Hill , John Richardson , & Chuck Potter ( for `` My Dripping Sleep '' ) Nominated Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series Jason Bateman Nominated Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series Laura Linney Nominated Writers Guild of America Awards New Series Whit Anderson , Bill Dubuque , Paul Kolsby , Mark Williams , Martin Zimmerman , Ryan Farley , Alyson Feltes and Chris Mundy Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Johnson , Julie ( March 2 , 2016 ) . `` New Netflix Series ' Ozark ' Starring Jason Bateman Slated to Debut in 2017 '' . Inquisitr . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 25 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix Picks Up Jason Bateman 's Drama Series ' Ozark ' From MRC '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ( February 25 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix Lands Jason Bateman Drama ' Ozark ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Sciretta , Peter ( February 25 , 2016 ) . `` Jason Bateman 's New Series Goes To Netflix , Will Be Dark Dangerous Drama '' . Slashfilm . Retrieved February 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bartleet , Larry ( August 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' Ozark ' season 2 : trailer , release date , cast , news and everything you need to know '' . New Musical Express ( NME ) . Southwark , London , England : TI Media Limited . ^ Jump up to : Loughrey , Clarisse ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` Ozark trailer : Exclusive look at Netflix 's gritty , dark new drug trade drama '' . The Independent . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Ozark ' Renewed for Season 2 at Netflix '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ramos , Dino - Ray ( June 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' Ozark ' Sets Season Two Premiere Date , Gives First Look At Netflix Drama '' . Deadline . Retrieved June 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( October 10 , 2018 ) . `` Ozark Renewed for Season 3 at Netflix '' . TVLine . Retrieved October 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( July 27 , 2016 ) . `` Laura Linney To Star In Jason Bateman 's Netflix Drama Series ' Ozark ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved July 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Debnath , Neela ( September 1 , 2018 ) . `` Ozark Season 2 Cast : Who is Lulu Actress Kiley Casciano ? '' . The Daily Express . London , UK . ^ Jump up to : Roshanian , Arya ( October 25 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix Drama ' Ozark ' Adds Julia Garner Opposite Jason Bateman and Laura Linney '' . Variety . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( January 4 , 2018 ) . `` ' Ozark ' Recruits Janet McTeer for Season 2 ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Keegan , Harrison ( July 1 , 2016 ) . `` Fame anticipated as Jason Bateman 's Netflix series explores Lake of the Ozarks '' . Springfield News - Leader . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Some Hollywood types , including Bateman , have been visiting Alhonna -- as well as area restaurants , attractions and police officials -- this spring and summer scouting locations , taking photos and measuring dimensions . Jump up ^ Watson , Nick ( October 15 , 2016 ) . `` Coming Netflix series to shoot scene at Flowery Branch restaurant '' . The Gainesville Times . Retrieved September 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Coyne , Amanda C. ( February 2 , 2017 ) . `` Jason Bateman Netflix series filming in Gwinnett County '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metz , Nina ( August 19 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix series ' Ozark ' to film a few days next week in Chicago '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Reiher , Andrea ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` Ozark Renewed : Jason Bateman on Show 's Success , Season 2 , and an Arrested Development Update '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved August 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cobb , Kayla ( August 18 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's What The Symbols in Ozark 's Hypnotizing Opening Credits Mean '' . Decider.com . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ozark -- Season 1 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ozark : Season 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved September 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` Jason Bateman shines in Netflix 's grim ' Ozark ' '' . CNN . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Saraiya , Sonia ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` TV Review : Netflix 's ' Ozark , ' Starring Jason Bateman and Laura Linney '' . Variety . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dowling , Tim ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` Ozark review -- Jason Bateman and Laura Linney go wild in the country '' . The Guardian . Retrieved August 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hanover , Nick ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` Nature is the true star of Netflix 's impressive Ozark '' . Film Daily . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ozark -- Season 2 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved September 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ozark : Season 2 ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved September 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Foreman , Alison ( September 8 , 2018 ) . `` The women of ' Ozark ' redefine the male - centric crime genre '' . Mashable . Retrieved September 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Globes 2018 : See the Full Winners List '' . Vanity Fair . January 7 , 2018 . Retrieved August 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Caranicas , Peter ( April 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' Dunkirk , ' ' Baby Driver ' Score Motion Picture Wins at LMGI Awards '' . Variety . Retrieved April 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Macke , Johnni ( September 5 , 2018 ) . `` 2018 People 's Choice Awards : Complete List of Nominations '' . E ! News . Retrieved September 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ozark '' . Television Academy . Retrieved August 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nolfi , Joey ( January 21 , 2018 ) . `` SAG Awards winners 2018 : Full list '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Marotta , Jenna ( February 11 , 2018 ) . `` 2018 Writers Guild Awards : ' Get Out , ' ' Call Me by Your Name , ' and ' Jane ' Win Film Honors '' . indieWire . Retrieved August 14 , 2018 . 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Sacred Games The Epic Tales of Captain Underpants Sugar Rush Dark Tourist Cupcake & Dino : General Services Marching Orders Afflicted Insatiable The House of Flowers Disenchantment Stay Here Follow This The Innocents Ghoul Paradise PD Treehouse Detectives Norm Macdonald Has a Show The Dragon Prince Hilda The Good Cop YG Future Strategy Office ReBoot : The Guardian Code Élite Dancing Queen The Haunting of Hill House Sunderland Till I Die Chilling Adventures of Sabrina Patriot Act with Hasan Minhaj Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ozark_(TV_series)&oldid=864428694 '' Categories : 2017 American television series debuts 2010s American television series 2010s American crime television series American crime drama television series English - language television programs Netflix original programming Ozarks in fiction Serial drama television series Television shows filmed in Georgia ( U.S. state ) Television shows set in Missouri Television series by Media Rights Capital Works about Mexican drug cartels Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from August 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Bahasa Melayu Norsk Polski Português Русский کوردی Suomi 中文 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 October 2018 , at 04 : 19 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many episodes are on ozark season 2 | [
"SeasonEpisodesOriginally released110July 21, 2017 (2017-07-21)210August 31, 2018 (2018-08-31)"
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"10"
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-1085153525127952050 | Heated roll laminator | Heated roll laminator - wikipedia Heated roll laminator Jump to : navigation , search Roll Laminator Kit A heated roll laminator uses heated rollers to melt glue extruded onto lamination film . This film is in turn applied to a substrate such as paper or card using pressure rollers . The primary purpose of laminating with such a machine is to embellish or protect printed documents or images . Heated roll laminators can vary in size from office based pouch laminators to industrial sized machines . Such industrial machines are primarily used for high quantity / quality output by printers or print finishers . Whether small office or industrial machines their primary function is to embellish or protect printed works . Such laminators are used to apply varying thicknesses of lamination film onto substrates such as paper or fabrics . The main advantage to the use of heated roll laminators is that of speed . Heated laminators use heated rollers or heated shoes to melt the glue which is applied to lamination film . The process of heating the glue prior to applying the film to a substrate allows for a faster application of the film . The laminates and adhesives used are generally cheaper to manufacture than cold roll laminates , often as much as half the cost depending on the comparison made . As the materials are non-adhesive until exposed to heat , they are much easier to handle . The glue is solid at room temperature , so lamination of this type is less likely to shift or warp after its application than pressure activated laminates , which rely on a highly viscous , adhesive fluid . Film ( edit ) Play media Woman laminating signs and small cards using heated roll lamination machine . Roll laminators typically use two rolls to complete the lamination process , with one roll being on top and the other roll on the bottom . These rolls slide onto metal bars , known as mandrels , which are then placed in the machine and feed through it . In the United States , the most common core size found on lamination film is one inch ( 25 - to 27 - inch - wide film ) . Larger format laminators use a larger core , often 2 ⁄ to 3 inches in diameter . Film is usually available in 1.5 , 3 , 5 , 7 , and 10 mil thicknesses . The higher the number , the thicker the film . A mil is one thousandth of an inch (. 001 `` ) . Printers or print finishers often use industrial heated roll laminators to laminate such things as paperback book covers , magazine covers , posters , cards and postcards , in - shop displays as well as other applications . See also ( edit ) Lamination Pouch laminator Cold roll laminator References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Lamination Resources Guide '' . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 12 . Paper History Manufacture / Papermaking Types Bible Blotting Bond Cartridge Construction Cotton ( rag ) Crêpe Display Dó Asphalt Glassine India Korean Kraft Laid Manila Newsprint Oatmeal Onionskin Origami Baking Building Rice Rolling Scritta Security Seed Copy Stone Tar Thermal Tissue Tracing Transfer Tree - free Wallpaper Washi Waterproof Wax Wood - free Wove Writing Xuan Materials Fiber crop Paper chemicals Papyrus Wood pulp Specifications Grammage Density Size Units of paper quantity Surface chemistry of paper Wet strength Manufacture and process Bleaching of wood pulp Calender Conical refiner Deinking Paper pollution Environmental impact of paper Handmade paper Hollander beater Kraft process Organosolv Paper machine Paper recycling Papermaking Soda pulping Sulfite process Industry Paper industry In Europe In Canada In India In Japan In the United States Paper mill List of paper mills Category : Paper Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heated_roll_laminator&oldid=727369420 '' Categories : Office equipment Paper products Hidden categories : Articles containing video clips Talk About Wikipedia Deutsch Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 28 June 2016 , at 14 : 47 . About Wikipedia | what is the purpose of a laminator in an office | [
"Whether small office or industrial machines their primary function is to embellish or protect printed works. Such laminators are used to apply varying thicknesses of lamination film onto substrates such as paper or fabrics. The main advantage to the use of heated roll laminators is that of speed. Heated laminators use heated rollers or heated shoes to melt the glue which is applied to lamination film. The process of heating the glue prior to applying the film to a substrate allows for a faster application of the film. The laminates and adhesives used are generally cheaper to manufacture than cold roll laminates, often as much as half the cost depending on the comparison made. As the materials are non-adhesive until exposed to heat, they are much easier to handle. The glue is solid at room temperature, so lamination of this type is less likely to shift or warp after its application than pressure activated laminates, which rely on a highly viscous, adhesive fluid."
] | [
"embellish or protect printed works"
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8739986490464857185 | VANOS | VANOS - wikipedia VANOS Not to be confused with Vanos or VanossGaming . VANOS units on the intake and exhaust camshafts of a BMW N52 engine VANOS is a variable valve timing system used by BMW on various automotive petrol engines since 1992 . The name is an abbreviation of the German words for variable camshaft timing : variable nockenwellensteuerung . The initial version ( retrospectively renamed `` single VANOS '' ) was solely used on the intake camshaft , while the later `` double VANOS '' systems are used on intake and exhaust camshafts . Since 2001 , VANOS is often used in conjunction with the valvetronic variable valve lift system . Contents 1 Operation 2 Single VANOS 3 Double VANOS 4 See also 5 References Operation ( edit ) VANOS is a variator system that varies the timing of the valves by moving the position of the camshafts in relation to the drive gear . The relative timing between inlet and exhaust valves is changed . At lower engine speeds , the position of the camshaft is moved so the valves are opened later , as this improves idling quality and smooth power development . As the engine speed increases , the valves are opened earlier : this enhances torque , reduces fuel consumption and lowers emissions . At high engine speeds , the valves are opened later again , because this allows full power delivery . Single VANOS ( edit ) The first - generation single VANOS system adjusts the timing of the intake camshaft to one of two positions ( e.g. the camshaft is advanced at certain engine speeds . VANOS was first introduced in 1992 on the BMW M50 engine used in 3 and 5 Series . In 1998 single infinitely variable VANOS was introduced on the BMW M62 V8 engine . Double VANOS ( edit ) The second - generation double VANOS system adjusts the timing of the intake and exhaust camshafts with continuously variable adjustment , based on engine speed and throttle opening . The first double VANOS system appeared on the S50B32 engine in 1996 . See also ( edit ) Valvetronic - BMW 's variable valve lift system References ( edit ) Jump up ^ BMW Technology Guide . `` VANOS / Double - VANOS '' . BMW . Archived from the original on 2017 - 02 - 03 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : BMW Product Info VANOS . BMW AG . Retrieved 23 July 2018 . Jump up ^ USautoparts . `` VANOS '' . Usautoparts.net . Archived from the original on 2014 - 07 - 24 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 13 . BMW Current brands BMW ( sub-brands : BMW i and BMW M ) BMW Motorrad Mini Rolls - Royce Zinoro Previous brands Automobilwerk Eisenach Bayerische Flugzeugwerke BMW Marine Dixi Glas Husqvarna Motorcycles Otto Flugmaschinenfabrik Rapp Motorenwerke Rover Group Divisions and subsidiaries BMW Bank BMW India BMW Mexico BMW Motorsport BMW US Manufacturing Company Designworks Joint ventures BMW Brilliance ( Chinese automobile manufacturer ) Here ( mapping products ) Vehicles BMW automobiles BMW motorcycles Mini Rolls - Royce Zinoro Technologies BMW Assist ConnectedDrive iDrive Valvetronic VANOS xDrive Motorsport BMW in motorsport BMW in Formula One BMW M1 Procar Championship Kumho BMW Championship Team RMG Team Schnitzer Team RBM Team MTEK Team RLL Team Schubert Buildings BMW Central Building BMW Headquarters BMW Museum BMW Welt Other Alpina BMW Art Car BMW Car Club of America BMW people History of BMW History of BMW motorcycles Hofmeister kink BMW sold the Rover Group in 2000 , however BMW retained the rights to the Mini , Riley and Triumph brands . Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=VANOS&oldid=851640575 '' Categories : Variable valve timing BMW Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Italiano Norsk Polski Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 23 July 2018 , at 16 : 55 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is a vanos unit on a bmw | [
"VANOS is a variable valve timing system used by BMW on various automotive petrol engines since 1992. The name is an abbreviation of the German words for variable camshaft timing: variable nockenwellensteuerung.\n"
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"a variable valve timing system"
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-7399233309630920776 | NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament | NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball tournament - wikipedia NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball tournament `` NCAA Men 's Basketball Tournament '' redirects here . For other division tournaments , see NCAA basketball tournament . `` March Madness '' redirects here . For other uses , see March Madness ( disambiguation ) . `` NCAA March Madness '' redirects here . For CBS & Turner Sports ' coverage of the tournament , see NCAA March Madness ( CBS / Turner ) . NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament Most recent season or competition : 2018 NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament Sport Basketball Founded 1939 No. of teams 68 ( since 2011 ) Most recent champion ( s ) Villanova ( 3rd title ) Most titles UCLA ( 11 titles ) TV partner ( s ) NCAA March Madness ( CBS / TBS / TNT / TruTV ) CBS Sports Network ( re-airs ) Galavision ( Spanish - coverage ) Official website NCAA.com The NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament , also informally known and branded as NCAA March Madness , is a single - elimination tournament played each spring in the United States , currently featuring 68 college basketball teams from the Division I level of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) , to determine the national championship . The tournament was created in 1939 by the National Association of Basketball Coaches , and was the idea of The Ohio State University coach Harold Olsen . Played mostly during March , it has become one of the most famous annual sporting events in the United States . The tournament teams include champions from 32 Division I conferences ( which receive automatic bids ) , and 36 teams which are awarded at - large berths . These `` at - large '' teams are chosen by an NCAA selection committee , then announced in a nationally televised event on the Sunday preceding the `` First Four '' play - in games , currently held in Dayton , Ohio , and dubbed Selection Sunday . The 68 teams are divided into four regions and organized into a single - elimination `` bracket '' , which pre-determines , when a team wins a game , which team it will face next . Each team is `` seeded '' , or ranked , within its region from 1 to 16 . After the First Four , the tournament occurs during the course of three weekends , at pre-selected neutral sites across the United States . Teams , seeded by rank , proceed through a single - game elimination bracket beginning with a `` first four '' consisting of 8 low - seeded teams playing in 4 games for a position in the first round the Tuesday and Wednesday before the first round begins , a first round consisting of 64 teams playing in 32 games over the course of a week , the `` Sweet Sixteen '' and `` Elite Eight '' rounds the next week and weekend , respectively , and -- for the last weekend of the tournament -- the `` Final Four '' round . The Final Four is usually played during the first weekend of April . These four teams , one from each region ( East , South , Midwest , and West ) , compete in a preselected location for the national championship . The tournament has been at least partially televised since 1969 . Currently , the games are broadcast by CBS , TBS , TNT , and truTV under the trade - name NCAA March Madness . Since 2011 , all games are available for viewing nationwide and internationally , such as in the Philippines and Canada . As television coverage has grown , so too has the tournament 's popularity . Currently , millions of Americans fill out a bracket , attempting to correctly predict the outcome of 63 games of the tournament ( not including the First Four games ) With 11 national titles , UCLA has the record for the most NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Championships ; John Wooden coached UCLA to 10 of its 11 titles . The University of Kentucky ( UK ) is second , with eight national titles . The University of North Carolina is third , with six national titles , and Duke University and Indiana University are tied for fourth with five national titles . The University of Connecticut is sixth with four national titles . The University of Kansas ( KU ) & Villanova are tied for 7th with three national titles . Since 1985 , when the tournament expanded to 64 teams , Duke has won five championships ; North Carolina and Connecticut have each won four ; Kentucky & Villanova have three ; Kansas & Florida have two ; and UCLA , Indiana , Michigan State , Louisville have one . During that time Villanova , Michigan , UNLV , Duke , Arkansas , Arizona , Connecticut , Maryland , Syracuse , and Florida all won their first championships . Contents ( hide ) 1 Current tournament format 1.1 Qualifying 1.2 Regions 1.2. 1 Seeding and bracket 1.2. 2 Venues 1.3 Rounds 1.3. 1 First Four 1.3. 2 First and Second Rounds 1.3. 3 Regional semifinals and finals 1.3. 4 Final Four 2 Winners and appearances 2.1 Titles by year 2.2 Titles by school 2.3 Mid-major teams 2.3. 1 Defunct conferences and independents 2.4 Tournament droughts 3 Evolution of the Tournament 3.1 Expansion of field 3.2 Seeding history and statistics 3.2. 1 # 1 seeds by year and region 3.2. 2 Number of # 1 seeds by school 3.3 Venues 3.3. 1 Stadium size and domes 3.4 Other changes 3.4. 1 Bids per conferences 3.4. 2 Consolation games 3.4. 3 Play - In games 3.4. 4 Play - In round naming 3.4. 5 Pod system 3.4. 6 National Semifinal seeding 3.5 Other notes 3.5. 1 Home court advantage 3.5. 2 Flag controversy 3.5. 3 House Bill 2 4 Rituals and influence 4.1 Cutting down the nets 4.2 Team awards 4.3 Most Outstanding Player 4.4 Influence on the NBA draft 5 Television coverage and revenues 5.1 Current television contracts 5.2 History of television coverage 5.2. 1 Early broadcast coverage 5.2. 2 ESPN & CBS share coverage 5.2. 3 CBS takes over 5.2. 4 Viewing options emerge 5.2. 5 HDTV coverage 5.3 International broadcasts 6 Tournament statistics 6.1 Low seeded teams 6.1. 1 Most successful low seeds 6.1. 2 Best performances by No. 16 seeds 6.1. 3 Additional low - seed stats 6.1. 4 Notable point spread upsets 6.2 Highly seeded teams 6.2. 1 All No. 1 seeds in the Final Four 6.2. 2 Final Fours without a No. 1 seed 6.2. 3 No. 1 seeds in the Championship Game 6.2. 4 Additional No. 1 seed stats 6.2. 5 Teams No. 1 in national polls 6.2. 6 Performance of undefeated teams 6.2. 7 Undefeated teams not in the tournament 6.2. 8 Champions absent the next year 6.3 Coaches 6.3. 1 Most national championships 6.3. 2 National championships among active coaches 6.3. 3 Schools winning a national championship under multiple coaches 6.3. 4 Most teams from different schools taken to the Final Four 6.4 Point differentials 6.4. 1 Championship victory margins 6.4. 2 Accumulated victory margins 6.5 Seed pairing results 6.5. 1 Round of 64 results 6.5. 2 Round of 32 results 6.5. 3 Round of 16 results 6.5. 4 Regional finals results 7 Host cities 8 Popular culture 8.1 Bracketology and pools 8.2 Tournament associated terms 8.2. 1 March Madness 8.2. 2 Sweet Sixteen 8.2. 3 Final Four 8.2. 4 Cinderella team 9 References Current tournament format ( edit ) A ticket from the 1988 tournament held in Kansas City , Missouri The NCAA has changed the tournament format several times since its inception , most often representing an increase of the number of teams . This section describes the tournament as it has operated since 2011 . Qualifying ( edit ) A total of 68 teams qualify for the tournament played during March and April . Thirty - two teams earn automatic bids as their respective conference champions . Of the 32 Division I `` all - sports '' conferences ( defined as those that sponsor men 's and women 's basketball ) , all 32 currently hold championship tournaments to determine which team receives the automatic qualification . The Ivy League was the last Division I conference that did not conduct a tournament ; through the 2015 -- 16 season , it awarded its tournament berth to the regular - season champion . If two or more Ivies shared a regular - season championship , a one - game playoff ( or series of such playoffs ) was used to decide the tournament participant . Since 2017 , the league conducts their own postseason tournament . The remaining 36 tournament slots are granted to at - large bids , which are determined by the Selection Committee in a nationally televised event on the Sunday preceding the First Four play - in tournament and dubbed Selection Sunday by the media and fans , by a group primarily of conference commissioners and school athletic directors who are appointed into service by the NCAA . The committee also determines where all sixty - eight teams are seeded and placed in the bracket . Regions ( edit ) The tournament is divided into four regions and each region has at least sixteen teams , but four additional teams are added per the decision of the Selection Committee . ( See : First Four , below . ) The committee is charged with making each of the four regions as close as possible in overall quality of teams from wherever they come from . The names of the regions vary from year to year , and are broadly geographic ( such as `` West '' , `` South '' , `` East '' , and `` Midwest '' ) . From 1957 to 1984 , the `` Mideast '' , roughly corresponding to the Southeastern region of the United States , designation was used . From 1985 to 1998 , the Mideast region was known as `` Southeast '' and again changed to `` South '' starting from 1999 . The selected names roughly correspond to the location of the four cities hosting the regional finals . From 2004 to 2006 , the regions were named after their host cities , e.g. the Phoenix Regional in 2004 , the Chicago Regional in 2005 , and the Minneapolis Regional in 2006 , but reverted to the traditional geographic designations beginning in 2007 . For example , during 2012 , the regions were named South ( Atlanta , Georgia ) , East ( Boston , Massachusetts ) , Midwest ( St. Louis , Missouri ) , and West ( Phoenix , Arizona ) . Seeding and bracket ( edit ) Further information : NCAA basketball tournament selection process The selection committee ranks the whole field of 68 teams from 1 to 68 . ( It did not make this information public until 2012 . ) The committee then divides the teams amongst the regions . The top four teams will be distributed among the four regions , and each will receive a No. 1 seed within that region . The next four ranked teams will then be distributed among the four regions , each receiving a No. 2 seed in their region , and the process continues down the line , with some exceptions ( as is explained below ) . Carried to its logical conclusion , this would give each region seventeen teams -- seeded from No. 1 to No. 17 -- but , each region has only sixteen teams ( from No. 1 to No. 16 ) . As can be seen below , the actual seeding depends on ( among other factors ) the rankings of the eight teams that the committee selects for the `` First Four '' opening round ( see the next paragraph and the `` First Four '' section below ) . The selection committee is also instructed to place teams so that whenever possible , teams from the same conference can not meet until the regional finals . Additionally , it is also instructed to avoid any possible rematches of regular - season or previous year 's tournament games during the First and Second rounds . Further restrictions are listed in the Venues section below . To comply with these other requirements , the selection committee may move one or several teams up or down one seed from their respective original seed line . Thus , for example , the 40th overall ranked team , originally slated to be a No. 10 seed within a particular region , may instead be moved up to a No. 9 seed or moved down to a No. 11 seed . In addition , the rankings of the eight teams selected for the `` First Four '' play - in round will likewise affect the final seedlings . The bracket is thus established , and during the semifinals , the champion of the top - ranked number 1 seed 's region will play against the champion of the fourth - ranked number 1 seed 's region , and the champion of the second - ranked number 1 seed 's region will play against the champion of the third - ranked number 1 seed 's region . Venues ( edit ) In the men 's tournament , all sites are nominally neutral : teams are prohibited from playing tournament games on their home courts prior to the Final Four ( though in some cases , a team may be fortunate enough to play in or near its home state or city ) . By current NCAA rules , any court on which a team hosts more than three regular - season games ( in other words , not including conference tournament games ) is considered a `` home court '' . The exception to this rule is the University of Dayton , which would be allowed to play a game in the `` First Four '' round in their home arena as they did in 2015 . However , while a team can be moved to a different region if its home court is being used during any of the first two weeks of the tournament , the Final Four venue is determined years in advance , and can not be changed regardless of participants . For this reason a team could potentially play in a Final Four on its home court , though this is unlikely , since the Final Four is staged at venues larger than most college basketball arenas . ( The most recent team to play the Final Four in its home city was Butler during 2010 ; its home court then seated only 10,000 , as opposed to the 70,000 - plus capacity of Lucas Oil Stadium , the Final Four venue . ) Rounds ( edit ) The tournament consists of several rounds . They are currently named , in order of first to last : The First Four The First Round ( the Round of 64 ) The Second Round ( the Round of 32 ) The Regional Semi-finals ( participating teams are known popularly as the `` Sweet Sixteen '' ) The Regional Finals ( participating teams are known commonly as the `` Elite Eight '' ) The National Semi-finals ( participating teams are referred to officially as the `` Final Four '' ) The National Championship The tournament is single - elimination , which increases the chance of an underdog and lower - seeded `` Cinderella team '' advancing to subsequent rounds . Although these lower - ranked teams are forced to play stronger teams , they need only one win to advance ( instead of needing to win a majority of games in a series , as in professional basketball ) . First Four ( edit ) Main article : First Four The University of Dayton Arena , which has hosted all First Four games since the round 's inception in 2011 , as well as its precursor , the single `` play - in '' game held from 2001 to 2010 . As of 2018 , the arena has hosted 119 tournament games , the most of any venue . First held during 2011 , the First Four are games between the four lowest - ranked at - large teams and the four lowest - ranked automatic - bid ( conference - champion ) teams . First Four At - large seeds Note : Each year , the four lowest - ranked at - large teams compete in two of the First Four games . The two winners then receive a No. 11 , 12 , 13 , or 14 seed in one of the regions . The table below shows the years in which each of those four seeds were claimed by one of the two at - large winners . Seed Count Years 11 11 2011 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 ( 2 ) , 2016 ( 2 ) , 2017 ( 2 ) , 2018 ( 2 ) 12 2011 , 2012 , 2014 13 2013 14 2012 First and second rounds ( edit ) During the First Round ( the Round of 64 ) , the No. 1 seed plays the No. 16 seed in all regions ; the No. 2 team plays the No. 15 , and so on . The effect of this seeding structure ensures that the better a team is ranked ( and therefore seeded ) , the worse - ranked ( and presumably weaker ) their opponents will be . Sixteen first - round games are played on the Thursday following the `` First Four '' round . The remaining sixteen first - round games are played Friday . At this point the contestants are reduced to 32 teams . The Second Round ( the Round of 32 ) is played on Saturday and Sunday immediately after the first round . The second round consists of Thursday 's winners playing in eight games on Saturday , followed by Friday 's winners playing in the remaining eight second - round games on Sunday . Thus , after the first weekend , 16 teams remain , commonly known as the `` Sweet Sixteen . '' Regional semifinals and finals ( edit ) The teams that are still competing after the first weekend advance to the regional semifinals ( the Sweet Sixteen ) and finals ( the Elite Eight ) , which are played during the second weekend of the tournament ( again , the games are split into Thursday / Saturday and Friday / Sunday ) . Four regional semi-final games are played Thursday and four are played Friday . After Friday 's games , 8 teams ( the Elite Eight ) remain . Saturday features two regional final games matching Thursday 's winners and Sunday 's two final games match Friday 's winners . After the second weekend of the tournament , the four regional champions are the `` Final Four . '' Final Four ( edit ) Main article : NCAA Men 's Division I Final Four appearances by school The winners of each region advance to the Final Four , where the national semifinals are played on Saturday and the national championship is played on Monday . As is noted above , which regional champion will play which , and in which semifinal they play , is determined by the overall rankings of the four No. 1 seeds in the original bracket , not on the ranks of the eventual Final Four teams themselves . Winners and appearances ( edit ) Titles by year ( edit ) Main article : List of NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball champions Titles by school ( edit ) UCLA Kentucky North Carolina Duke Indiana UConn Kansas Louisville S.F. Villanova Florida NC State Oklahoma State Cincinnati Michigan State Arkansas Holy Cross La Salle Loyola Marquette UTEP Arizona UNLV Stanford California Georgetown Maryland Ohio State Utah CCNY Wyoming Michigan Syracuse Wisconsin Oregon Schools that have won the NCAA Championship -- 11 championships , -- 8 championships , -- 6 championships , -- 5 championships , -- 4 championships , -- 3 championships , -- 2 championships , -- 1 championship The following is a list of all schools that have won at least one NCAA Men 's Basketball Tournament , along with the year ( s ) in which they won their championship ( s ) . For non-NCAA championships claimed by schools , see National Invitation Tournament , Helms Athletic Foundation , and Mythical national championship . School Titles Years UCLA 11 1964 , 1965 , 1967 , 1968 , 1969 , 1970 , 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1975 , 1995 Kentucky 8 1948 , 1949 , 1951 , 1958 , 1978 , 1996 , 1998 , 2012 North Carolina 6 1957 , 1982 , 1993 , 2005 , 2009 , 2017 Duke 5 1991 , 1992 , 2001 , 2010 , 2015 Indiana 5 1940 , 1953 , 1976 , 1981 , 1987 Connecticut 1999 , 2004 , 2011 , 2014 Kansas 1952 , 1988 , 2008 Villanova 1985 , 2016 , 2018 Cincinnati 1961 , 1962 Florida 2006 , 2007 Louisville * 1980 , 1986 Michigan State 1979 , 2000 NC State 1974 , 1983 Oklahoma State 1945 , 1946 San Francisco 1955 , 1956 Arizona 1997 Arkansas 1994 California 1959 CCNY 1950 Georgetown 1984 Holy Cross 1947 La Salle 1954 Loyola - Chicago 1963 Marquette 1977 Maryland 2002 Michigan 1989 Ohio State 1960 Oregon 1939 UNLV 1990 Stanford 1942 Syracuse 2003 UTEP 1966 Utah 1944 Wisconsin 1941 Wyoming 1943 * 2013 title vacated by NCAA . Mid-major teams ( edit ) Mid-major teams -- which are defined , as of 2018 , as teams from the America East Conference ( America East ) , Atlantic Sun Conference ( ASUN ) , Big Sky Conference ( Big Sky ) , Big South Conference ( Big South ) , Big West Conference ( Big West ) , Colonial Athletic Conference ( CAA ) , Conference USA ( C - USA ) , Horizon League ( Horizon ) , Ivy League ( Ivy ) , Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference ( MAAC ) , Mid-American Conference ( MAC ) , Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference ( MEAC ) , Missouri Valley Conference ( MVC ) , Mountain West Conference ( MW ) , Northeast Conference ( NEC ) , Ohio Valley Conference ( OVC ) , Patriot League ( Patriot ) , Southern Conference ( SoCon ) , Southland Conference ( Southland ) , Southwest Athletic Conference ( SWAC ) , Summit League ( Summit ) , Sun Belt Conference ( Sun Belt ) , West Coast Conference ( WCC ) , and the Western Athletic Conference ( WAC ) -- have experienced success in the tournament at various times . The last time , as of 2018 , a mid-major team won the National Championship was 1990 when UNLV won with a 103 - 73 win over Duke , since UNLV was then a member of the Big West and since 2011 has been a member of the MW ; the Big West was not then considered a power conference , nor is the MW today . The last time , as of 2018 , an independent mid-major team won the National Championship was 1977 when Marquette won with a 67 - 59 win over North Carolina . However , at the time , a significant minority of NCAA Division I schools were still independents , with several of these , including Marquette , being traditional basketball powers . ( Marquette is now a member of the Big East Conference , the one non-football league that is universally considered a major basketball conference . ) The last time , as of the present day , a mid-major team from a small media market ( defined as a market out of the top 25 television markets in the United States in 2018 ) won the National Championship was arguably 1962 when Cincinnati , then in the MVC , won 71 -- 59 over Ohio State of the Big Ten , since Cincinnati 's TV market is listed 35th in the nation as of 2018 . However , there was much less of a division between `` major '' and `` mid-major '' conferences in 1962 . The last time the Final Four was composed , as of 2018 , of at least 75 % of mid-major teams ( 3 / 4 ) , i.e. excluding all present - day major conferences or their predecessors , was 1979 , where Indiana State , then as now of the Missouri Valley Conference ; Penn , then as now in the Ivy League ; and DePaul , then an independent , participated in the Final Four , only to see Indiana State lose to Michigan State . The last time , as of 2018 , the Final Four has been composed of at least 50 % of mid-major teams ( 2 / 4 ) was 2011 , when VCU , then of the Colonial Athletic Association , and Butler , then of the Horizon League , participated in the Final Four , only to see Butler lose to Connecticut . The two most recent Final Fours have involved a single `` mid-major '' team by the definition used here -- the 2017 and 2018 tournaments , in which Gonzaga and Loyola -- Chicago were respectively involved ( although Gonzaga is arguably not a `` mid-major '' team despite its WCC membership , given that 2018 marked its 20th straight appearance in the tournament ) . To date , as of 2018 , no Final Four has been composed of 100 % mid-major teams ( 4 / 4 ) , therefore guaranteeing a mid-major team winning the National Championship . Arguably the tournament with the most mid-major success was the 1970 tournament , where the Sweet Sixteen , Elite Eight , Final Four , and National Championship Game had 63 % representation of mid-major teams in the Sweet 16 ( 10 / 16 ) , 75 % representation in the Elite 8 ( 6 / 8 ) , 75 % representation in the Final 4 ( 3 / 4 ) , and 50 % representation in the National Championship Game ( 1 / 2 ) . Jacksonville lost to UCLA in the National Championship , with New Mexico State defeating St. Bonaventure for third place . Below is a table that shows the performance of mid-major teams from the Sweet Sixteen round to the National Championship Game from 1939 -- the tournament 's first year -- to 2018 . Notes The first column is a list of every mid-major conference . For the conferences that have predecessor names , a footnote ( below the table ) lists those names and years . Opposite each conference 's name are the schools that have appeared in the tournament from the Sweet Sixteen onwards when the school was a member of the conference or a predecessor conference . Some of the conferences that are now considered mid-majors were regarded as major conferences in the past . For example : Conference USA was considered a major conference at its formation in 1995 . It arguably became a mid-major in 2005 , when several of its more prominent teams left for the Big East Conference , and unquestionably became a mid-major during the early - 2010s realignment cycle . The WAC was considered a major conference until 1999 , when 8 of its 16 members left to form the Mountain West Conference . The MW was considered a major basketball conference until 2011 , when two of its most prominent basketball programs ( BYU and Utah ) left for other conferences ( West Coast Conference and Pac - 12 , respectively ) . Mid-Major Conference Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight Final Four Championship Game National Champion America East - - - - - ASUN Florida Gulf Coast ( 2013 ) - - - - Big Sky Weber State ( 1969 , 1972 ) , Montana ( 1975 ) , Idaho ( 1982 ) Idaho State ( 1977 ) - - - Big South - - - - - Big West Long Beach State ( 1973 ) , UNLV ( 1975 , 1976 , 1984 , 1986 ) , Fresno State ( 1982 ) , New Mexico State ( 1992 ) Long Beach State ( 1972 ) , Cal State Fullerton ( 1978 ) , UNLV ( 1989 ) UNLV ( 1977 , 1987 , 1991 ) - UNLV ( 1990 ) CAA Navy ( 1986 ) , Richmond ( 1988 ) - George Mason ( 2006 ) , VCU ( 2011 ) - C - USA Louisville ( 1996 ) , Cincinnati ( 2001 ) , UAB ( 2004 ) , Memphis ( 2009 ) Cincinnati ( 1996 ) , Louisville ( 1997 ) , Memphis ( 2006 , 2007 ) Marquette ( 2003 ) , Louisville ( 2005 ) Memphis ( 2008 ) - Horizon Loyola ( Chicago ) ( 1985 ) , Butler ( 2003 , 2007 , 2017 ) , Milwaukee ( 2005 ) - - Butler ( 2010 , 2011 ) - Ivy Princeton ( 1967 ) , Columbia ( 1968 ) , Cornell ( 2010 ) Dartmouth ( 1958 ) Princeton ( 1965 ) , Penn ( 1979 ) - - MAAC - - - - - MAC Bowling Green ( 1963 ) , Central Michigan ( 1975 ) , Western Michigan ( 1976 ) , Toledo ( 1979 ) , Ball State ( 1990 ) , Eastern Michigan ( 1991 ) , Miami ( Ohio ) ( 1999 ) , Ohio ( 2012 ) Ohio ( 1964 ) , Kent State ( 2002 ) - - - MEAC - - - - - MVC Saint Louis ( 1957 ) , Cincinnati ( 1958 , 1966 ) , Creighton ( 1962 , 1964 , 1974 ) , Tulsa ( 1994 , 1995 ) , Southwest Missouri State ( 1999 ) , Southern Illinois ( 2002 , 2007 ) , Wichita State ( 2006 , 2015 ) , Bradley ( 2006 ) , Northern Iowa ( 2010 ) Creighton ( 1941 ) , Saint Louis ( 1952 ) , Bradley ( 1955 ) , Wichita State ( 1964 , 1981 ) , Drake ( 1970 , 1971 ) Oklahoma A&M ( 1949 ) , Cincinnati ( 1960 ) , Wichita State ( 1965 , 2013 ) , Drake ( 1969 ) , Loyola - Chicago ( 2018 ) Bradley ( 1950 , 1954 ) , Cincinnati ( 1963 ) , Indiana State ( 1979 ) Oklahoma A&M ( 1945 , 1946 ) , Cincinnati ( 1961 , 1962 ) MW Utah ( 2005 ) , UNLV ( 2007 ) , BYU ( 2011 ) , San Diego State ( 2011 , 2014 ) , Nevada ( 2018 ) - - - - NEC - - - - - OVC Morehead State ( 1961 ) , Austin Peay ( 1973 ) - - - - Patriot - - - - - SoCon East Tennessee State ( 1968 ) , Furman ( 1974 ) , VMI ( 1977 ) , Chattanooga ( 1997 ) VMI ( 1976 ) , Davidson ( 2008 ) - - - Southland Lamar ( 1980 ) , Louisiana Tech ( 1985 ) - - - - SWAC - - - - - Summit Cleveland State ( 1986 ) , Xavier ( 1990 ) , Valparaiso ( 1998 ) - - - - Sun Belt UAB ( 1982 ) , Western Kentucky ( 1993 , 2008 ) - UNC Charlotte ( 1977 ) - - WCC Santa Clara ( 1970 ) , Pacific ( 1971 ) , Pepperdine ( 1976 ) , San Francisco ( 1979 ) , Gonzaga ( 2000 , 2001 , 2006 , 2009 , 2016 , 2018 ) , St. Mary 's ( California ) ( 2010 ) St. Mary 's ( California ) ( 1959 ) , Pacific ( 1967 ) , Santa Clara ( 1969 ) , San Francisco ( 1974 ) , Loyola Marymount ( 1990 ) , Gonzaga ( 1999 , 2015 ) Santa Clara ( 1952 ) , San Francisco ( 1957 ) Gonzaga ( 2017 ) San Francisco ( 1955 , 1956 ) WAC Colorado State ( 1969 ) , New Mexico ( 1974 ) , Wyoming ( 1987 ) , Utah ( 1991 , 1996 ) , UTEP ( 1992 ) , Nevada ( 2004 ) BYU ( 1981 ) , Tulsa ( 2000 ) Utah ( 1997 ) Utah ( 1998 ) - Jump up ^ Louisville won two titles after 1985 , in 1986 and 2013 , but the NCAA vacated the 2013 title in February 2018 as a result of a 2015 sex scandal . Jump up ^ Known as the Eastern College Athletic Conference - North from 1979 to 1988 and the North Atlantic Conference from 1988 to 1996 . Jump up ^ Known as the Trans America Athletic Conference ( TAAC ) from 1978 to 2001 . Jump up ^ Known as the Pacific Coast Athletic Association ( PCAA ) from 1969 to 1988 . Jump up ^ Known as the Eastern College Athletic Conference - South from 1979 to 1985 . Jump up ^ Vacated due to academic ineligibility and impermissible benefits given to Derrick Rose Jump up ^ Known as the Midwestern City Conference from 1979 to 1985 and the Midwestern Collegiate Conference from 1985 to 2001 . Jump up ^ Known as the Colonial League from 1986 to 1990 , a period in which it was a football - only conference . Jump up ^ Known as the Association of Mid-Continent Universities from 1982 to 1989 and the Mid-Continent Conference ( MCC ) until 2007 . Jump up ^ Known as the California Basketball Association from 1952 to 1956 and the West Coast Athletic Conference ( WCAC ) from 1956 to 1989 . Defunct conferences and independents ( edit ) This table shows mid-major teams that saw success in the tournament from now - defunct conferences or were independents . Mid-Major Conference Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight Final Four Championship Game National Champion Border Intercollegiate Athletic Conference New Mexico State ( 1952 ) Arizona State ( 1961 ) - - - East Coast Conference - - Saint Joseph 's ( 1981 ) - - Eastern Intercollegiate Basketball League - Dartmouth ( 1941 ) - Dartmouth ( 1942 , 1944 ) - Great Midwest Conference Marquette ( 1994 ) , Memphis ( 1995 ) Memphis State ( 1992 ) , Cincinnati ( 1993 ) Cincinnati ( 1992 ) - - Metropolitan New York Conference NYU ( 1943 , 1946 , 1951 , 1962 , 1963 ) , Manhattan ( 1958 ) City College of New York ( 1947 ) NYU ( 1960 ) NYU ( 1952 ) City College of New York ( 1950 ) Middle Atlantic Conference Saint Joseph 's ( 1959 , 1960 , 1962 , 1965 , 1966 ) Saint Joseph 's ( 1963 ) Saint Joseph 's ( 1961 ) - - Mountain States Conference BYU ( 1950 , 1951 , 1957 ) Wyoming ( 1941 ) Utah State ( 1939 ) - Wyoming ( 1943 ) New Jersey - New York 7 Conference - St. John 's ( 1979 ) - - - Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association - Western Kentucky ( 1940 ) - - - Southwest Conference - Rice ( 1942 ) - - - Western New York Little Three Conference Canisius ( 1957 ) Canisius ( 1955 , 1956 ) - - - Yankee Conference UConn ( 1956 , 1976 ) UConn ( 1964 ) - - - Independents Montana State ( 1951 ) , Dayton ( 1952 , 1965 , 1966 , 1974 ) , DePaul ( 1953 , 1959 , 1960 , 1965 , 1976 , 1984 , 1986 , 1987 ) , Seattle ( 1953 , 1955 , 1956 , 1964 ) , Butler ( 1962 ) , Utah State ( 1962 , 1964 ) , Niagara ( 1970 ) , Cincinnati ( 1975 ) , Detroit ( 1977 ) Brown ( 1939 ) , Springfield ( 1940 ) , Oklahoma City ( 1957 ) , Boston University ( 1959 ) , Utah State ( 1970 ) , DePaul ( 1978 , Dayton ( 1984 ) Duquesne ( 1940 ) , DePaul ( 1943 , 1979 ) , Bradley ( 1955 ) , New Mexico State ( 1970 ) , St. Bonaventure ( 1970 ) , Rutgers ( 1976 ) Bradley ( 1954 ) , La Salle ( 1955 ) , Seattle ( 1958 ) , Dayton ( 1967 ) , Jacksonville ( 1970 ) Utah ( 1944 ) , Holy Cross ( 1947 ) , La Salle ( 1954 ) , Loyola ( Chicago ) ( 1963 ) , Texas Western ( 1966 ) , Marquette ( 1977 ) Jump up ^ Established in 1931 and dissolved in 1962 . Jump up ^ Established in 1958 and dissolved in 1994 . Jump up ^ Established in 1901 and dissolved in 1955 , though claimed by the Ivy League as a part of its own history . Jump up ^ Established in 1990 and merged into Conference USA in 1995 . Jump up ^ Established in 1933 and dissolved in 1963 . Jump up ^ Established in 1912 and became a Division III conference after 1974 . Jump up ^ Established in 1938 and known as the Skyline Conference from 1951 to 1962 before the conference dissolved in early 1962 . Jump up ^ Established in 1976 and dissolved in 1979 . Jump up ^ Established in 1894 and dissolved in 1942 . Jump up ^ Established in 1914 and dissolved in 1996 . Jump up ^ Established in 1946 and dissolved in 1958 . Jump up ^ Established in 1946 by former members of the New England Conference , which was founded in 1938 but never placed a team in the NCAA Tournament ; became a football - only conference in 1976 and dissolved in 1997 . ^ Jump up to : Vacated by the NCAA Tournament droughts ( edit ) List of schools with the longest time between NCAA tournament appearances ( minimum 20 - year drought ) : School Appearance Next Appearance Years Harvard 1946 2012 66 years Dartmouth 1959 - 59 years & ongoing Yale 1962 2016 54 years Tennessee Tech 1963 - 55 years & ongoing Bowling Green 1968 50 years & ongoing Columbia Seattle 1969 49 years & ongoing ( not in Division I in 29 of those years ) Rice 1970 48 years & ongoing Stanford 1942 1989 47 years Brown 1939 1986 47 years ( also 32 years & ongoing since 1987 ) Wisconsin 1947 1994 47 years Air Force 1962 42 years Iowa State 1944 1985 41 years Duquesne 1977 - 41 years & ongoing VMI Washington State 1941 1980 39 years Baylor 1950 1988 38 years Toledo 1980 - 38 years & ongoing Drake 1971 2008 37 years Portland 1959 37 years ( also 22 years & ongoing since 1997 ) Oregon 1961 1995 34 years Loyola - Chicago 1985 2018 33 years Georgetown 1943 32 years Marist - 31 years & ongoing Marshall 2018 31 years Massachusetts 1962 1992 30 years California 1960 1990 30 years Cal State Fullerton 1978 2008 30 years Saint Mary 's 1959 1989 30 years Mercer 1985 2014 29 years Idaho 1990 - 28 years & ongoing Loyola Marymount Mississippi State 1963 1991 28 years Gonzaga 1967 1994 27 years Louisiana Tech 1991 - 27 years & ongoing Rutgers Fordham 1992 - 26 years & ongoing Oregon State 1990 2016 26 years Penn State 1965 1991 East Carolina 1993 - 25 years & ongoing Georgia Tech 1960 1985 25 years Navy 1960 1985 LSU 1954 1979 Northeastern 1991 2015 24 years Santa Clara - 22 years & ongoing Southern Methodist 1993 2015 22 years East Carolina 1972 1993 21 years Baylor 1988 2008 20 years Cornell Green Bay 2016 Navy 1998 - 20 years & ongoing Jump up ^ Gonzaga also has an ongoing streak of 20 consecutive tournament appearances ( 1999 -- 2018 ) . Through 2018 , four schools that were considered `` major college '' by the Associated Press when it published its first college basketball rankings in 1948 , and have been continuously in the AP 's `` major '' classification , have yet to reach the national tournament . While the NCAA did not split into divisions until 1956 ( university and college ) , the AP has distinguished `` major colleges '' from `` small colleges '' throughout the history of its basketball rankings . School Army The Citadel St. Francis Brooklyn William & Mary Evolution of the tournament ( edit ) The NCAA tournament has changed its format many times over the years , many of which are listed below . Expansion of field ( edit ) The NCAA tournament has expanded a number of times throughout its history . Years Teams Byes Play - in games 1939 -- 1950 8 1951 -- 1952 16 1953 -- 1968 22 -- 25 7 -- 10 1969 -- 1974 25 7 1975 -- 1978 32 1979 40 24 1980 -- 1982 48 16 52 16 1984 53 16 5 1985 -- 2000 64 2001 -- 2010 65 0 2011 -- 68 0 After the conclusion of the 2010 tournament , there was speculation about increasing the tournament size to as many as 128 teams . On April 1 , 2010 , the NCAA announced that it was looking at expanding to 96 teams for 2011 . On April 22 , the NCAA announced a new television contract with CBS / Turner that expanded the field to 68 teams . From 2011 to 2015 , the round of 64 was deemed to be the second round ; beginning in 2016 , the round of 64 was again deemed to be the first round . Seeding history and statistics ( edit ) The process of seeding was first used in 1978 for automatically qualified ( Q ) and at - large ( L ) teams respectively , and then for all teams within their respective region in 1979 . Starting in 2004 , the NCAA began releasing full seeding numbers making known the overall # 1 Seed . # 1 seeds by year and region ( edit ) When seeding , the NCAA has used the following names for the four regions with the exception of 2004 to 2006 when they were named after host cities : East West Midwest ( `` Southwest '' in 2011 ) South ( 1998 -- 2010 & 2012 -- present , `` Mideast '' 1957 -- 1984 , `` Southeast '' 1985 -- 1999 & 2011 ) Year East Midwest South West 1979 North Carolina Indiana State Notre Dame UCLA 1980 Syracuse LSU Kentucky DePaul 1981 Virginia LSU DePaul Oregon State * 1982 North Carolina DePaul Virginia Georgetown St. John 's Houston Louisville Virginia 1984 North Carolina DePaul Kentucky Georgetown 1985 Georgetown Oklahoma Michigan St. John 's 1986 Duke Kansas Kentucky St. John 's North Carolina Indiana Georgetown UNLV 1988 Temple Purdue Oklahoma Arizona 1989 Georgetown Illinois Oklahoma Arizona 1990 Connecticut Oklahoma Michigan State UNLV 1991 North Carolina Ohio State Arkansas UNLV 1992 Duke Kansas Ohio State UCLA 1993 North Carolina Indiana Kentucky Michigan * 1994 North Carolina Arkansas Purdue Missouri 1995 Wake Forest Kansas Kentucky UCLA Massachusetts * Kentucky Connecticut Purdue 1997 North Carolina Minnesota * Kansas Kentucky 1998 North Carolina Kansas Duke Arizona 1999 Duke Michigan State Auburn Connecticut 2000 Duke Michigan State Stanford Arizona 2001 Duke Illinois Michigan State Stanford 2002 Maryland Kansas Duke Cincinnati 2003 Oklahoma Kentucky Texas Arizona St. Joseph 's Kentucky † Duke Stanford 2005 North Carolina Illinois † Duke Washington 2006 Connecticut Villanova Duke † Memphis 2007 North Carolina Florida † Ohio State Kansas 2008 North Carolina † Kansas Memphis * UCLA 2009 Pittsburgh Louisville † North Carolina Connecticut Kentucky Kansas † Duke Syracuse 2011 Ohio State † Kansas Pittsburgh Duke 2012 Syracuse North Carolina Kentucky † Michigan State 2013 Indiana Louisville * † Kansas Gonzaga 2014 Virginia Wichita State Florida † Arizona 2015 Villanova Kentucky † Duke Wisconsin 2016 North Carolina Virginia Kansas † Oregon 2017 Villanova † Kansas North Carolina Gonzaga 2018 Villanova Kansas Virginia † Xavier * Vacated . Bold denotes team also won tournament . † Overall # 1 Seed starting in 2004 . To date , only Kentucky and Virginia have had a # 1 Seed in each of the four regions Number of # 1 seeds by school ( edit ) # 1 Seeds School 16 North Carolina 14 Kansas 13 Duke 12 Kentucky 6 Arizona , Virginia 5 Connecticut , Georgetown , Michigan State , Oklahoma DePaul , Ohio State , UCLA , Villanova Illinois , Indiana , Purdue , St. John 's , Stanford , Syracuse , UNLV Arkansas , Florida , Gonzaga , Louisville * , LSU , Pittsburgh Auburn , Cincinnati , Houston , Indiana State , Maryland , Memphis * , Michigan * , Missouri , Notre Dame , Oregon , St. Joseph 's , Temple , Texas , Wake Forest , Washington , Wichita State , Wisconsin , Xavier Last updated through 2018 tournament . * Vacated appearances excluded ( see # 1 seeds by year and region ) . Venues ( edit ) For a list of all the cities and arenas that have hosted the Final Four , go to Host cities , below . Municipal Auditorium in Kansas City , Missouri hosted the Final Four nine times followed by the third Madison Square Garden in New York City which hosted seven times , and Louisville 's Freedom Hall which hosted six times . Additionally , Indianapolis has hosted the Final Four seven times , across three venues . Stadium size and domes ( edit ) From 1997 to 2013 , the NCAA required that all Final Four sessions take place in domed stadiums with a minimum capacity of 40,000 , usually having only half of the dome in use . The Metrodome in Minneapolis , which usually hosted baseball and football , had one of the long ends of the court along the first base line with temporary stands surrounding the court so that much of the outfield is isolated from the action . The same was true of football stadiums like the Alamodome in San Antonio and the RCA Dome in Indianapolis . The last NBA arena to host the Final Four was the Meadowlands Arena , then known as Continental Airlines Arena , in 1996 . As of 2009 , the minimum was increased to 70,000 , by adding additional seating on the floor of the dome , and raising the court on a platform three feet above the dome 's floor , which is usually crowned for football , like the setup at Ford Field in Detroit which hosted the 2009 Final Four . In September 2012 , the NCAA began preliminary discussions on the possibility of returning occasional Final Fours to basketball - specific arenas in major metropolitan areas . According to ESPN.com writer Andy Katz , when Mark Lewis was hired as NCAA executive vice president for championships during 2012 , `` he took out a United States map and saw that both coasts are largely left off from hosting the Final Four . '' Lewis added in an interview with Katz , I do n't know where this will lead , if anywhere , but the right thing is to sit down and have these conversations and see if we want our championship in more than eight cities or do we like playing exclusively in domes . None of the cities where we play our championship is named New York , Boston , Los Angeles , Chicago or Miami . We do n't play on a campus . We play in professional football arenas . Under then - current criteria , only nine stadiums , all but one of which are current NFL venues , could be considered as Final Four locations : AT&T Stadium , Arlington AT&T Stadium , originally known as Cowboys Stadium , holds the world record basketball attendance when 108,713 attended the 2010 NBA All - Star Game . The Dome at America 's Center , St. Louis Ford Field , Detroit Lucas Oil Stadium , Indianapolis Mercedes - Benz Stadium , Atlanta replaced the Georgia Dome , operational August 1992 - April 2017 Mercedes - Benz Superdome , New Orleans NRG Stadium , Houston University of Phoenix Stadium , Glendale U.S. Bank Stadium , Minneapolis replaced the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome , operational April 1982 - January 2014 Two domed stadiums that have hosted past Final Fours -- the Alamodome ( 1998 , 2004 , 2008 , 2018 ) and Tropicana Field in St. Petersburg , Florida ( 1999 ) -- were considered too small to be eligible to host , despite the Alamodome being a college football stadium and having a permanent seating capacity of 65,000 . The basketball setup at the Alamodome prior to 2018 used only half of the stadium and had a capacity of 39,500 . This was changed for the 2018 Final Four to place a raised court at the center of the stadium as has been done with other football facilities . The first instance of a domed stadium being used for a NCAA Tournament Final Four was the Houston Astrodome in 1971 , but the Final Four would not return to a dome until 1982 , when the Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans hosted the event for the first time . The 2017 NCAA Final Four in the University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale On June 12 , 2013 , Katz reported that the NCAA had changed its policy . In July 2013 , the NCAA had a portal available on its website for venues to make Final Four proposals in the 2017 -- 2020 period , and there were no restrictions on proposals based on venue size . Also , the NCAA decided that future regionals will no longer be held in domes . In Katz ' report , Lewis indicated that the use of domes for regionals was intended as a dry run for future Final Four venues , but this particular policy was no longer necessary because all of the Final Four sites from 2014 to 2016 had already hosted regionals . At least one other report indicated that the new policy would still allow a completely new domed stadium , or an existing dome that has never hosted a Final Four ( such as University of Phoenix Stadium ) , to receive a regional if it is awarded a future Final Four . In November 2014 , reflecting the new policy 's effect , the NCAA announced that University of Phoenix Stadium would host the Final Four in 2017 . Other changes ( edit ) Bids per conferences ( edit ) Prior to 1975 , only one team per conference could be in the NCAA tournament . However , after several highly ranked teams in the country were denied entrance into the tournament ( e.g. , South Carolina , which was 14 - 0 in ACC regular season play during 1970 but lost in the ACC tournament ; Southern Cal , which was ranked # 2 in the nation during 1971 ; and Maryland , which was ranked # 3 in the nation in 1974 but lost the ACC tournament championship game to eventual national champion North Carolina State ) , the NCAA began to place at - large teams in the tournament , instead of just conference champions . At times during the pre-at - large era , the NIT tournament competed for prestige with the NCAA tournament . However , in the 1950s the NCAA ruled that no team could compete in both tournaments . But when 8th ranked Marquette declined its invitation in 1970 after coach Al McGuire complained about the Warriors ' regional placement and instead went to the NIT ( which it won ) , the NCAA changed the rule to forbid a team the declines an NCAA Tournament bid from participating in any post-season tournament . Since then , the NCAA tournament has clearly been the major one , with conference champions and the majority of the top - ranked teams participating in it . Consolation games ( edit ) A third - place game was held from 1946 to 1981 . Additionally , when the tournament was first held in 1939 with only two regionals ( East and West ) , the West held a third - place game , but the East did not . The East began holding its own third - place game in 1941 , and from then on every regional held a third - place game through the 1975 tournament . Play - in games ( edit ) Beginning during 2001 , the field was expanded from 64 to 65 teams , adding to the tournament what was informally known as the `` play - in game . '' This was in response to the creation of the Mountain West Conference during 1999 . Originally , the winner of the Mountain West 's tournament did not receive an automatic bid , and doing so would mean the elimination of one of the at - large bids . As an alternative to eliminating an at - large bid , the NCAA expanded the tournament to 65 teams . The # 64 and # 65 seeds were seeded in a regional bracket as the 16a / 16b seeds , and then played the NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Opening Round Game ( the `` play - in game '' ) on the Tuesday preceding the first weekend of the tournament . This game was always played at the University of Dayton Arena in Dayton , Ohio . During 2011 , the tournament expanded to 68 teams . Four `` play - in '' games are now played , officially known as the `` First Four '' . However , the teams playing in the First Four are not automatically seeded # 16 ; their seeding is determined by the committee on Selection Sunday . Explaining the reasoning for this format , selection committee chairman Dan Guerrero said , `` We felt if we were going to expand the field it would create better drama for the tournament if the First Four was much more exciting . They could all be on the 10 line or the 12 line or the 11 line . '' Play - in round naming ( edit ) From 1985 to 2010 , the round consisting of 64 teams and 32 games was called the `` first round '' , while the round consisting of 32 teams and 16 games was called the `` second round '' . From 2011 to 2015 , the `` First Four '' became the first round . The round after the `` First Four '' , the round of 64 played on Thursday and Friday , was called the `` second round '' ; the round of 32 was then called the `` third round '' , consisting of games played on Saturday and Sunday . In 2016 , the naming reverted to the round of 64 being the `` first round '' once again , and the round of 32 being the `` second round '' . Pod system ( edit ) For the 1985 to 2001 tournaments , all teams playing at a first - or second - round site fed into the same regional site . Since 2002 , the tournament has used the `` pod system '' designed to limit the early - round travel of as many teams as possible . In the pod system , each of the eight first - and second - round sites is assigned two pods , where each group of four teams play each other . A host site 's pods may be from different regions , and thus the winners of each pod would advance into separate regional tournaments . The possible pods by seeding are : Pod # 1 : 1v16 , 8v9 Pod # 2 : 2v15 , 7v10 Pod # 3 : 3v14 , 6v11 Pod # 4 : 4v13 , 5v12 National semifinal seeding ( edit ) Since 2004 , the semi-final matches during the first day of the Final Four weekend have been determined by a procedure based upon the original seeding of the full field . From 1973 through 2003 , the pitting of regional champions in the semi-finals was on a rotational basis . Prior to 1973 , one semifinal matched the champions of the eastern regions , and the other matched the champions of the western regions . Other notes ( edit ) Home court advantage ( edit ) On several occasions NCAA tournament teams played their games in their home arena . In 1959 , Louisville played at its regular home of Freedom Hall ; however , the Cardinals lost to West Virginia in the semifinals . In 1984 , Kentucky defeated Illinois , 54 - 51 in the Elite Eight on its home court of Rupp Arena . In 1985 , Dayton played its first - round game against Villanova ( it lost 51 - 49 ) on its home floor . In 1986 ( beating Brown before losing to Navy ) and ' 87 ( beating Georgia Southern and Western Kentucky ) , Syracuse played the first 2 rounds of the NCAA tournament in the Carrier Dome . Also in 1986 , LSU played in Baton Rouge on its home floor for the first 2 rounds despite being an 11th seed ( beating Purdue and Memphis State ) . In 1987 , Arizona lost to UTEP on its home floor in the first round . In 2015 , Dayton played at its regular home of UD Arena , and the Flyers beat Boise State in the First Four . Since the inception of the modern Final Four in 1952 , only once has a team played a Final Four on its actual home court -- Louisville in 1959 . But through the 2015 tournament , three other teams have played the Final Four in their home cities , one other team has played in its metropolitan area , and six additional teams have played the Final Four in their home states through the 2015 tournament . Kentucky ( 1958 in Louisville ) , UCLA ( 1968 and 1972 in Los Angeles , 1975 in San Diego ) , and North Carolina State ( 1974 in Greensboro ) won the national title ; Louisville ( 1959 at its home arena , Freedom Hall ) ; Purdue ( 1980 in Indianapolis ) lost in the Final Four ; and California ( 1960 in suburban San Francisco ) , Duke ( 1994 in Charlotte ) , Michigan State ( 2009 in Detroit ) , and Butler ( 2010 in Indianapolis ) lost in the final . In 1960 , Cal had nearly as large an edge as Louisville had the previous year , only having to cross the San Francisco Bay to play in the Final Four at the Cow Palace in Daly City ; the Golden Bears lost in the championship game to Ohio State . UCLA had a similar advantage in 1968 and 1972 when it advanced to the Final Four at the Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena , not many miles from the Bruins ' homecourt of Pauley Pavilion ( also UCLA 's home arena before the latter venue opened in 1965 , and again during the 2011 - 12 season while Pauley was closed for renovations ) ; unlike Louisville and Cal , the Bruins won the national title on both occasions . Butler lost the 2010 title 6 miles ( 9.7 km ) from its Indianapolis campus and was regarded as the host school , as it is most times whenever the NCAA holds a tournament in Indianapolis ( in the 2013 tournament , Butler 's former conference , the Horizon League , was considered the host for the Midwest Regional rather than Butler ) . Before the Final Four was established , the East and West regionals were held at separate sites , with the winners advancing to the title game . During that era , three New York City teams , all from Manhattan , played in the East Regional at Madison Square Garden -- frequently used as a `` big - game '' venue by each team -- and advanced at least to the national semifinals . NYU won the East Regional in 1945 but lost in the title game , also held at the Garden , to Oklahoma A&M . CCNY played in the East Regional in both 1947 and 1950 ; the Beavers lost in the 1947 East final to eventual champion Holy Cross but won the 1950 East Regional and national titles at the Garden . In 1974 , North Carolina State won the NCAA tournament without leaving its home state of North Carolina . The team was put in the East Region , and played its regional games at its home arena Reynolds Coliseum . NC State played the final four and national championship games at nearby Greensboro Coliseum . While not its home state , Kansas has played in the championship game in Kansas City , Missouri , only 45 minutes from the campus in Lawrence , Kansas , not just once , but four times . In 1940 , 1953 , and 1957 the Jayhawks lost the championship game each time at Municipal Auditorium . In 1988 , playing at Kansas City 's Kemper Arena , Kansas won the championship , over Big Eight -- rival Oklahoma . Similarly , in 2005 , Illinois played in St. Louis , Missouri , where it enjoyed a noticeable homecourt advantage , yet still lost in the championship game to North Carolina . Flag controversy ( edit ) The NCAA had banned the Bon Secours Wellness Arena , originally known as Bi-Lo Center , and Colonial Life Arena , originally Colonial Center , in South Carolina from hosting tournament games , despite their sizes ( 16,000 and 18,000 seats , respectively ) because of an NAACP protest at the Bi-Lo Center during the 2002 first and second round tournament games over that state 's refusal to completely remove the Confederate Battle Flag from the state capitol grounds , although it had already been relocated from atop the capitol dome to a less prominent place in 2000 . Following requests by the NAACP and Black Coaches Association , the Bi-Lo Center , and the newly built Colonial Center , which was built for purposes of hosting the tournament , were banned from hosting any future tournament events . As a result of the removal of the battle flag from the South Carolina State Capitol , the NCAA lifted its ban on South Carolina hosting games in 2015 , and it was able to host in 2017 due to House Bill 2 ( see next section ) . House Bill 2 ( edit ) On September 12 , 2016 , the NCAA stripped the State of North Carolina of hosting rights for seven upcoming college sports tournaments and championships held by the association , including early round games of the 2017 NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament scheduled for the Greensboro Coliseum . The NCAA argued that House Bill 2 made it `` challenging to guarantee that host communities can help deliver ( an inclusive atmosphere ) '' . Bon Secours Wellness Arena was able to secure the bid to be the replacement site . Rituals and influence ( edit ) The NABC Championship Trophy NCAA - style trophies for various sports as seen at UCLA . Cutting down the nets ( edit ) As a tournament ritual , the winning team cuts down the nets at the end of regional championship games as well as the national championship game . Starting with the seniors , and moving down by classes , players each cut a single strand off of each net ; the head coach cuts the last strand connecting the net to the hoop , claiming the net itself . An exception to the head coach cutting the last strand came in 2013 , when Louisville head coach Rick Pitino gave that honor to Kevin Ware , who had suffered a catastrophic leg injury during the tournament . This tradition is credited to Everett Case , the coach of North Carolina State , who stood on his players ' shoulders to accomplish the feat after the Wolfpack won the Southern Conference tournament in 1947 . CBS , since 1987 and yearly to 2015 , in the odd - numbered years since 2017 , and TBS , since 2016 , the even - numbered years , close out the tournament with One Shining Moment , performed by Luther Vandross . Team awards ( edit ) Just as the Olympics awards gold , silver , and bronze medals for 1st , 2nd , and 3rd place , respectively , the NCAA awards the National Champions a gold - plated Wooden NCAA National Championship trophy . The loser of the championship game receives a silver - plated National Runner - Up trophy for second place . Since 2006 , all four Final Four teams receive a bronze plated NCAA Regional Championship trophy ; prior to 2006 , only the teams who did not make the title game received bronze plated trophies for third place . The champions also receive a commemorative gold championship ring , and the other three Final Four teams receive Final Four rings . The National Association of Basketball Coaches also presents a more elaborate marble / crystal trophy to the winning team . Ostensibly , this award is given for taking the top position in the NABC 's end - of - season poll , but this is invariably the same as the NCAA championship game winner . In 2005 , Siemens AG acquired naming rights to the NABC trophy , which is now called the Siemens Trophy . Formerly , the NABC trophy was presented right after the standard NCAA championship trophy , but this caused some confusion . Since 2006 , the Siemens / NABC Trophy has been presented separately at a press conference the day after the game . Most Outstanding player ( edit ) After the championship trophy is awarded , one player is selected and then awarded the Most Outstanding Player award ( which almost always comes from the championship team ) . It is not intended to be the same as a Most Valuable Player award although it is sometimes informally referred to as such . Influence on the NBA draft ( edit ) Because the National Basketball Association Draft takes place just three months after the NCAA tournament , NBA executives have to decide how players ' performances in a maximum of seven games , from the First Four to the championship game , should affect their draft decisions . A 2012 study for the National Bureau of Economic Research explores how the March tournament affects the way that professional teams behave in the June draft . The study is based on data from 1997 to 2010 that looks at how college tournament standouts performed at the NBA level . The researchers determined that a player who outperforms his regular season averages or who is on a team that wins more games than its seed would indicate will be drafted higher than he otherwise would have been . At the same time , the study indicated that professional teams do n't take college tournament performance into consideration as much as they should , as success in the tournament correlates with elite professional accomplishment , particularly top - level success , where a player makes the NBA All - Star Team three or more times . `` If anything , NBA teams undervalue the signal provided by unexpected performance in the NCAA March Madness tournament as a predictor of future NBA success . '' Television coverage and revenues ( edit ) Current television contracts ( edit ) Main articles : NCAA March Madness ( CBS / Turner ) and College Basketball on CBS Since 2010 , the NCAA has had a joint contract with CBS and Turner Sports , a division of Time Warner ( which co-owns the CW Television Network with CBS ) . The coverage of the tournament is split between CBS , TNT , TBS , and truTV . Broadcasters from CBS , TBS , and TNT 's sports coverage are shared across all four networks , with CBS ' college basketball teams supplemented with Turner 's NBA teams , while studio segments take place at the CBS Broadcast Center in New York City and Turner 's studios in Atlanta . In the New York - based studio shows , CBS ' Greg Gumbel and Clark Kellogg are joined by Ernie Johnson , Jr. , Kenny Smith , and Charles Barkley of TNT 's Inside the NBA while Seth Davis of CBS assists with Matt Winer and various NBA TV personalities . While Turner 's primary NBA voices , Marv Albert and Kevin Harlan , are already employed by CBS in other capacities , they also lend analysts Chris Webber , Grant Hill , and Reggie Miller and secondary play - by - play man Brian Anderson to CBS . In turn , CBS announcers Jim Nantz , Brad Nessler , Spero Dedes , and Andrew Catalon appear on Turner network broadcasts along with analysts Len Elmore , Bill Raftery , Dan Bonner , Mike Gminski , and Doug Gottlieb . The current contract runs through 2024 and , for the first time in history , provides for the nationwide broadcast each year of all games of the tournament . All First Four games air on truTV . A featured first - or second - round game in each time `` window '' is broadcast on CBS , while all other games are shown either on TBS , TNT or truTV . The regional semifinals , better known as the Sweet Sixteen , are split between CBS and TBS . CBS had the exclusive rights to the regional finals , also known as the Elite Eight , through 2014 . That exclusivity extended to the entire Final Four as well , but after the 2013 tournament Turner Sports elected to exercise a contractual option for 2014 and 2015 giving TBS broadcast rights to the national semifinal matchups . CBS kept its national championship game rights . Since 2015 , CBS and TBS split coverage of the Elite Eight . Since 2016 CBS and TBS alternate coverage of the Final Four and national championship game , with TBS getting the final two rounds in even - numbered years , and CBS getting the games in odd - numbered years . March Madness On Demand would remain unchanged , although Turner was allowed to develop their own service . The CBS broadcast provides the NCAA with over $500 million annually , and makes up over 90 % of the NCAA 's annual revenue . The revenues from the multibillion - dollar television contract are divided among the Division I basketball playing schools and conferences as follows : 1 / 6 of the money goes directly to the schools based on how many sports they play ( one `` share '' for each sport starting with 14 , which is the minimum needed for Division I membership ) . 1 / 3 of the money goes directly to the schools based on how many scholarships they give out ( one share for each of the first 50 , two for each of the next 50 , ten for each of the next 50 , and 20 for each scholarship above 150 ) . 1 / 2 of the money goes to the conferences based on how well they did in the six previous men 's basketball tournaments ( counting each year separately , one share for each team getting in , and one share for each win except in the Final Four and , prior to the 2008 tournament , the Play - in game ) . In 2007 , based on the 2001 through 2006 tournaments , the Big East received over $14.85 million , while the eight conferences that did not win a first - round game in those six years received slightly more than $1 million each . Most conferences distribute most of the revenue evenly to its member institutions , regardless of performance . The Division I Men 's Basketball tournament is the only NCAA championship tournament where the NCAA does not keep the profits . History of television coverage ( edit ) CBS has been the major partner of the NCAA in televising the tournament since 1982 , but there have been many changes in coverage since the tournament was first broadcast in 1969 . Early broadcast coverage ( edit ) From 1969 to 1981 , the NCAA tournament aired on NBC , but not all games were televised . The early rounds , in particular , were not always seen on TV . In 1982 , CBS obtained broadcast television rights to the NCAA tournament . ESPN & CBS share coverage ( edit ) The same year as CBS obtained rights to the Big Dance , ESPN began showing the opening rounds of the tournament . This was the network 's first contract signed with the NCAA for a major sport , and helped to establish ESPN 's following among college basketball fans . ESPN showed six first - round games on Thursday and again on Friday , with CBS then picking up a seventh game at 11 : 30 pm ET . Thus , 14 of 32 first - round games were televised . ESPN also re-ran games overnight . At the time , there was only one ESPN network , with no ability to split its signal regionally , so ESPN showed only the most competitive games . During the 1980s , the tournament 's popularity on television soared . CBS takes over ( edit ) However , ESPN became a victim of its own success , as CBS was awarded the rights to cover all games of the NCAA tournament , starting in 1991 . Only with the introduction of the so - called `` play - in '' game ( between the 64 seed and the 65 seed ) in the 2000s , did ESPN get back in the game ( and actually , the first time this `` play - in '' game was played in 2001 , the game was aired on TNN , using CBS graphics and announcers . CBS and TNN were both owned by Viacom at the time ) . Through 2010 , CBS broadcast the remaining 63 games of the NCAA tournament proper . Most areas saw only eight of 32 first - round games , seven of 16 second - round games , and four of eight regional semifinal games ( out of the possible 56 games during these rounds ; there would be some exceptions to this rule in the 2000s ) . Coverage preempted regular programming on the network , except during a 2 - hour window from about 5 ET until 7 ET when the local affiliates could show programming . The CBS format resulted in far fewer hours of first - round coverage than under the old ESPN format but allowed the games to reach a much larger audience than ESPN was able to reach . During this period of near - exclusivity by CBS , the network provided to its local affiliates three types of feeds from each venue : constant feed , swing feed , and flex feed . Constant feeds remained primarily on a given game , and were used primarily by stations with a clear local interest in a particular game . Despite its name , a constant feed occasionally veered away to other games for brief updates ( as is typical in most American sports coverage ) , but coverage generally remained with the initial game . A swing feed tended to stay on games believed to be of natural interest to the locality , such as teams from local conferences , but may leave that game to go to other games that during their progress become close matches . On a flex feed , coverage bounced around from one venue to another , depending on action at the various games in progress . If one game was a blowout , coverage could switch to a more competitive game . A flex feed was provided when there were no games with a significant natural local interest for the stations carrying them , which allowed the flex game to be the best game in progress . Station feeds were planned in advance and stations had the option of requesting either constant or flex feed for various games . Viewing options emerge ( edit ) In 1999 , DirecTV began broadcasting all games otherwise not shown on local television with its Mega March Madness premium package . The DirecTV system used the subscriber 's ZIP code to black out games which could be seen on broadcast television . Prior to that , all games were available on C - Band satellite and were picked up by sports bars . In 2003 , CBS struck a deal with Yahoo ! to offer live streaming of the first three rounds of games under its Yahoo ! Platinum service , for $16.95 a month . In 2004 , CBS began selling viewers access to March Madness On Demand , which provided games not otherwise shown on broadcast television ; the service was free for AOL subscribers . In 2006 , March Madness On Demand was made free , and continued to be so to online users through the 2011 tournament . For 2012 , it once again became a pay service , with a single payment of $3.99 providing access to all 67 tournament games . In 2013 , the service , now renamed March Madness Live , was again made free , but uses Turner 's rights and infrastructure for TV Everywhere , which requires sign - in though the password of a customer 's cable or satellite provider to watch games , both via PC / Mac and mobile devices . Those that do not have a cable or satellite service or one not participating in Turner 's TV Everywhere are restricted to games carried on the CBS national feed and three hours ( originally four ) of other games without sign - in , or coverage via Westwood One 's radio coverage . Effective with the 2018 tournament , the national semifinals and final are under TV Everywhere restrictions if they are aired by Turner networks ; before then , those particular games were not subject to said restrictions . In addition , CBS Sports Network ( formerly CBS College Sports Network ) had broadcast two `` late early '' games that would not otherwise be broadcast nationally . These were the second games in the daytime session in the Pacific Time Zone , to avoid starting games before 10 AM . These games are also available via March Madness Live and on CBS affiliates in the market areas of the team playing . In other markets , newscasts , local programming or preempted CBS morning programming are aired . CBSSN is scheduled to continue broadcasting the official pregame and postgame shows and press conferences from the teams involved , along with overnight replays . HDTV coverage ( edit ) The Final Four has been broadcast in HDTV since 1999 . From 2000 to 2004 , only one first / second round site and one regional site were designated as HDTV sites . In 2005 , all regional games were broadcast in HDTV , and four first and second round sites were designated for HDTV coverage . Local stations broadcasting in both digital and analog had the option of airing separate games on their HD and SD channels , to take advantage of the available high definition coverage . Beginning in 2007 , all games in the tournament ( including all first and second - round games ) were available in high definition , and local stations were required to air the same game on both their analog and digital channels . However , due to satellite limitations , first round `` constant '' feeds were only available in standard definition . Moreover , some digital television stations , such as WRAL - TV in Raleigh , North Carolina , choose to not participate in HDTV broadcasts of the first and second rounds and the regional semifinals , and used their available bandwidth to split their signal into digital subchannels to show all games going on simultaneously . By 2008 , upgrades at the CBS broadcast center allowed all feeds , flex and constant , to be in HD for the tournament . International broadcasts ( edit ) See also : List of NCAA Final Four Broadcasters As of 2011 , ESPN International holds international broadcast rights to the tournament , distributing coverage to its co-owned networks and other broadcasters . ESPN produces the world feed for broadcasts of the Final Four and championship game , produced using ESPN College Basketball staff and commentators . Tournament statistics ( edit ) See also : NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament records Low seeded teams ( edit ) See also : NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament upsets Most successful low seeds ( edit ) Best outcomes for low seeds since expansion to 64 teams in 1985 : Seed 2nd Round Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight Final Four Championship Game National Champion No. 16 UMBC ( 2018 ) - - - - - No. 15 Middle Tennessee ( 2016 ) Lehigh ( 2012 ) Norfolk State ( 2012 ) Hampton ( 2001 ) Coppin State ( 1997 ) Santa Clara ( 1993 ) Richmond ( 1991 ) Florida Gulf Coast ( 2013 ) - - - - No. 14 numerous ( 19 teams ) Cleveland State ( 1986 ) Chattanooga ( 1997 ) - - - - No. 13 numerous ( 22 teams ) Richmond ( 1988 ) Valparaiso ( 1998 ) Oklahoma ( 1999 ) Bradley ( 2006 ) Ohio ( 2012 ) La Salle ( 2013 ) - - - - No. 12 numerous ( 27 teams ) numerous ( 19 teams ) Missouri ( 2002 ) - - - No. 11 numerous ( 29 teams ) numerous ( 14 teams ) Loyola Marymount ( 1990 ) Temple ( 2001 ) Dayton ( 2014 ) Xavier ( 2017 ) LSU ( 1986 ) George Mason ( 2006 ) VCU ( 2011 ) Loyola Chicago ( 2018 ) - - No. 10 numerous ( 29 teams ) numerous ( 17 teams ) LSU ( 1987 ) Texas ( 1990 ) Temple ( 1991 ) Providence ( 1997 ) Gonzaga ( 1999 ) Kent State ( 2002 ) Davidson ( 2008 ) Syracuse ( 2016 ) - - No. 9 numerous ( 61 teams ) UTEP ( 1992 ) UAB ( 2004 ) Northern Iowa ( 2010 ) Boston College ( 1994 ) Kansas State ( 2018 ) Florida State ( 2018 ) Wichita State ( 2013 ) - - No. 8 numerous ( 55 teams ) North Carolina ( 1990 ) Georgia ( 1996 ) UCLA ( 2002 ) NC State ( 2015 ) Wisconsin ( 2017 ) Auburn ( 1986 ) Rhode Island ( 1998 ) Alabama ( 2004 ) North Carolina ( 2000 ) Wisconsin ( 2000 ) Butler ( 2011 ) Kentucky ( 2014 ) Villanova ( 1985 ) No. 7 numerous ( 59 teams ) numerous ( 15 teams ) Navy ( 1986 ) Temple ( 1993 ) Tulsa ( 2000 ) Michigan State ( 2003 ) Xavier ( 2004 ) West Virginia ( 2005 ) Florida ( 2012 ) Michigan State ( 2015 ) South Carolina ( 2017 ) Connecticut ( 2014 ) Best performances by No. 16 seeds ( edit ) In 2018 , UMBC became the first No. 16 seed to defeat a No. 1 seed in the men 's tournament , shocking Virginia 74 -- 54 . Before this breakthrough , five other 16 seeds lost by 4 or fewer points : While ultimately Murray State lost to Michigan State by 4 points ( 75 -- 71 ) in 1990 , it was the only No. 16 team to ever take a game into overtime . East Tennessee State lost to Oklahoma in 1989 ( 1 point , 72 -- 71 ) Princeton lost to Georgetown in 1989 ( 1 point , 50 -- 49 ) Western Carolina lost to Purdue in 1996 ( 2 points , 73 -- 71 ) Fairleigh Dickinson lost to Michigan in 1985 ( 4 points , 59 -- 55 ) Additional low - seed stats ( edit ) Villanova in 1985 , a No. 8 seed , was the lowest seeded team to win the tournament . The lowest - seeded combination ever in the national championship game is the 2014 pairing of No. 7 seed Connecticut and No. 8 seed Kentucky . Connecticut won , to become the second - lowest - seeded team to win the tournament . The pairing of No. 8 seed Butler and No. 11 seed VCU in the 2011 National Semifinals game had the lowest seeded combination ( No. 8 v. No. 11 ) ever to play in a National Semifinals game . Penn 's 1979 Final Four appearance is also notable as they made it as a No. 9 seed -- out of 10 teams in their region -- making them the lowest seed to make the Final Four in the pre-64 - team era . Butler is the only team to make consecutive Final Fours ( let alone Championship Games ) while not being a No. 1 or No. 2 seed either time ( No. 5 in 2010 , No. 8 in 2011 ) . 1991 , 2013 , and 2016 were the only years where at least one team of every seed ( other than the No. 16s ) advanced to the Round of 32 . Richmond is the only team to win first - round games ranked as a No. 15 , No. 14 , No. 13 , and No. 12 seed . 2012 was the only tournament to feature two upsets by No. 15 seeds over No. 2 seeds in the round of 64 ( there have been eight all - time ) . 1986 , 1995 , and 2015 were the only tournaments to feature two upsets by No. 14 seeds over No. 3 seeds in the round of 64 . 2014 produced the highest total seed differential in an NCAA Tournament , with 111 across all the rounds of play . That is , the aggregate seed difference among the 22 games won by lower - seeded teams ( e.g. , No. 14 Mercer over No. 3 Duke , No. 8 Kentucky over No. 1 Wichita State ) was 111 . 2013 was the only tournament to have three teams seeded No. 12 or lower in the Sweet Sixteen : No. 12 Oregon , No. 13 La Salle , and No. 15 Florida Gulf Coast . 2017 , South Carolina entering as a 7th seed in their region , beat Duke a No. 2 seed , Baylor , a No. 3 seed and Florida , a No. 4 seed to reach the Final Four . The 2018 South Region was the first regional since seeding began in 1979 in which no top - 4 seed advanced to the Sweet Sixteen ( No. 5 Kentucky , No. 7 Nevada , No. 9 Kansas State , No. 11 Loyola -- Chicago ) . Furthermore , the Elite Eight pairing of No. 9 Kansas State and No. 11 Loyola - Chicago was the lowest - seeded pairing to play in a Regional Final . Georgetown is the only team to ever lose in five consecutive tournament appearances against a team seeded at least five spots lower : 2008 ( Round of 32 ) : No. 10 Davidson 74 , No. 2 Georgetown 70 . 2010 ( Round of 64 ) : No. 14 Ohio 97 , No. 3 Georgetown 83 . 2011 ( Round of 64 ) : No. 11 VCU 74 , No. 6 Georgetown 56 . 2012 ( Round of 32 ) : No. 11 NC State 66 , No. 3 Georgetown 63 . 2013 ( Round of 64 ) : No. 15 Florida Gulf Coast 78 , No. 2 Georgetown 68 . Notable point spread upsets ( edit ) As noted above , despite numerous instances of early - round tournament upsets , only one No. 1 seed has ever lost in the first round to a No. 16 seed . However , while seeding is one way of measuring the impact of an upset , prior to the implementation of seeding , point spread was the better determinant of an upset , and a loss by a highly favored team remains for many the definition of `` upset '' . Biggest point - spread upsets since expansion to 64 teams in 1985 : Norfolk State + 21.5 over Missouri 86 -- 84 in 2012 UMBC + 20.5 over Virginia 74 -- 54 in 2018 Santa Clara + 19.5 over Arizona 64 -- 61 in 1993 . ( Another source gives the final spread for this game as + 20 . ) Coppin State + 18.5 over South Carolina 78 -- 65 in 1997 Arkansas -- Little Rock + 17.5 over Notre Dame 90 -- 83 in 1986 Hampton + 17.5 over Iowa State 58 -- 57 in 2001 Biggest point - spread upsets in NCAA Championship Game history : Connecticut + 9.5 over Duke , 77 -- 74 , in 1999 Villanova + 9 over Georgetown , 66 -- 64 , in 1985 Kansas + 8 over Oklahoma , 83 -- 79 , in 1988 North Carolina State + 7.5 over Houston , 54 -- 52 in 1983 Texas Western + 6.5 over Kentucky , 72 -- 65 in 1966 Highly seeded teams ( edit ) All No. 1 seeds in the Final Four ( edit ) Rank # 1 vs. other ranks ( prior to 2018 ) It has happened only once that all four No. 1 seeds made it to the Final Four : 2008 -- Kansas ( champion ) , North Carolina , UCLA , Memphis Final Fours without a No. 1 seed ( edit ) Three times ( twice since the field expanded to 64 teams ) the Final Four has been without a No. 1 seed : 1980 -- No. 2 Louisville ( champion ) , No. 5 Iowa , No. 6 Purdue , No. 8 UCLA 2006 -- No. 2 UCLA , No. 3 Florida ( champion ) , No. 4 LSU , No. 11 George Mason 2011 -- No. 3 Connecticut ( champion ) , No. 4 Kentucky , No. 8 Butler , No. 11 VCU Since 1985 , there have been 4 instances of three No. 1 seeds reaching the Final Four ; 13 instances of two No. 1 seeds making it ; and 14 instances of just one No. 1 seed reaching the Final Four . No. 1 seeds in the championship game ( edit ) There have been eight occasions ( seven times since the field expanded to 64 ) that the championship game has been played between two No. 1 seeds : 1982 -- North Carolina beat Georgetown 1993 -- North Carolina beat Michigan 1999 -- Connecticut beat Duke 2005 -- North Carolina beat Illinois 2007 -- Florida beat Ohio State 2008 -- Kansas beat Memphis 2015 -- Duke beat Wisconsin 2017 -- North Carolina beat Gonzaga Since 1985 there have been 18 instances of one No. 1 seed reaching the Championship Game ( No. 1 seeds are 13 - 5 against other seeds in the title game ) and 8 instances where no No. 1 seed made it to the title game . Additional No. 1 seed stats ( edit ) In 1997 , Arizona achieved a record when it became the only team to beat three No. 1 seeds in a single tournament . Arizona ( No. 4 seed ) beat Kansas in its own Southeast region , then beat North Carolina in the Final Four and finally Kentucky in the Championship game . The most No. 1 seeds any team can face in the tournament is three ( provided that the team itself is not a No. 1 seed , in which case it can only face two No. 1 seeds in the tournament ) . In 2011 , the highest seed to advance to the Final Four was No. 3 seed Connecticut , making the 2011 tournament the only time that neither a No. 1 seed nor a No. 2 seed advanced into the final weekend of play . In the same tournament , Butler made history as the first program to make consecutive Final Fours while not being seeded No. 1 or No. 2 in either season . There have been 16 teams that have entered the tournament unbeaten . Four of those teams were from UCLA , and all those Bruin teams won each of those tournaments . However , of the other 12 teams entering the tournament unbeaten , just three went on to win the tournament . For details , see table below In 1980 , 1981 , and 1982 , when the tournament was 48 teams , DePaul was seeded No. 1 but was defeated in the first round . Theoretically , a No. 1 seed 's most difficult six - game path to win the tournament is to defeat a No. 16 , a No. 8 , a No. 4 , a No. 2 , a No. 1 , and a No. 1 - the highest possible opposing seeds in successive rounds . No No. 1 seed has ever won all six such games , though two teams have won the first five . In the 2002 tournament , Maryland reached the final after defeating teams seeded 16 / 8 / 4 / 2 / 1 ; they won the tournament after defeating No. 5 Indiana in the final . In the 2015 tournament , Wisconsin reached the final after defeating teams seeded 16 / 8 / 4 / 2 / 1 . In the final , they faced No. 1 Duke with a chance to complete the full six - game path . However , Wisconsin lost the final . Teams No. 1 in National polls ( edit ) The following teams entered the tournament ranked No. 1 in at least one of the AP , UPI , or USA Today polls and won the tournament : 1949 : Kentucky ( AP ) 1951 : Kentucky ( AP / UPI ) 1953 : Indiana ( AP / UPI ) 1955 : San Francisco ( AP / UPI ) 1956 : San Francisco ( AP / UPI ) 1957 : North Carolina ( AP / UPI ) 1964 : UCLA ( AP / UPI ) 1967 : UCLA ( AP / UPI ) 1969 : UCLA ( AP / UPI ) 1971 : UCLA ( AP / UPI ) 1972 : UCLA ( AP / UPI ) 1973 : UCLA ( AP / UPI ) 1974 : NC State ( AP / UPI ) 1976 : Indiana ( AP / UPI ) 1978 : Kentucky ( AP / UPI ) 1982 : North Carolina ( AP / UPI ) 1992 : Duke ( AP / UPI ) 1994 : Arkansas ( USA Today ) 1995 : UCLA ( AP / USA Today ) 2001 : Duke ( AP / USA Today ) 2012 : Kentucky ( AP / USA Today ) Performance of undefeated teams ( edit ) The team 's record here refers to their record before the first game of the NCAA tournament . Year Team Record Result 1951 Columbia 21 -- 0 Lost Sweet 16 game to Illinois 1956 San Francisco 24 -- 0 Won the tournament , beat Iowa 1957 North Carolina 27 -- 0 Won the tournament , beat Kansas 1961 Ohio State 24 -- 0 Lost in championship game to Cincinnati 1964 UCLA 26 -- 0 Won the tournament , beat Duke 1967 UCLA 26 -- 0 Won the tournament , beat Dayton 1968 Houston 28 -- 0 Lost in national semifinal game to UCLA 1968 St. Bonaventure 22 -- 0 Lost Sweet 16 game to North Carolina 1971 Pennsylvania 26 -- 0 Lost Elite 8 game to Villanova 1971 Marquette 26 -- 0 Lost Sweet 16 game to Ohio State 1972 UCLA 26 -- 0 Won the tournament , beat Florida State 1973 UCLA 26 -- 0 Won the tournament , beat Memphis State Indiana 29 -- 0 Lost Elite 8 game to Kentucky 1976 Indiana 27 -- 0 Won the tournament , beat Michigan 1976 Rutgers 27 -- 0 Lost in national semifinal game to Michigan 1979 Indiana State 28 -- 0 Lost in championship game to Michigan State 1991 UNLV 30 -- 0 Lost in national semifinal game to Duke 2014 Wichita State 34 -- 0 Lost in Round of 32 to Kentucky 2015 Kentucky 34 -- 0 Lost in national semifinal game to Wisconsin Undefeated teams not in the tournament ( edit ) The NCAA tournament has undergone dramatic expansion since 1975 , and since the tournament was expanded to 48 teams in 1980 , no unbeaten teams have failed to qualify . ( As , by definition , a team would have to win its conference tournament , and thus secure an automatic bid to the tournament , to be undefeated in a season , the only way a team could finish undefeated and not reach the tournament is if the team is banned from postseason play ; as of 2016 , no team banned from postseason play has finished undefeated since 1980 . Other possibilities for an undefeated team to fail to qualify : the team is independent , or the conference does not yet have an automatic bid . ) Before that , there were occasions on which a team achieved perfection in the regular season , yet did not appear in the NCAA tournament . During 1939 , Long Island University finished the regular season unbeaten but decided to accept instead an invitation to the second NIT ( which they won ) instead of the first and only NABC tournament ( later called the NCAA tournament ) , as the NIT was more prestigious at the time . It was n't until the mid-1950s that the NCAA required that its tournament would have `` first choice '' in determining teams for their field . Before then , many of the more successful teams during the regular season chose to play in the NIT instead of the NCAA tournament . During 1940 , Seton Hall finished the regular season 19 -- 0 , but their record had been built largely against weak teams and thus did not earn them an invitation to the postseason tournament . During 1941 , Milwaukee State finished the regular season 16 -- 0 , but their record had been built largely against weak teams and thus did not earn them an invitation to the postseason tournament . During 1944 , Army finished the regular season unbeaten . But owing to World War II , the Cadets did not accept an invitation to postseason play . During 1954 , Kentucky finished 25 -- 0 and were invited to the tournament , but declined the invitation . During 1973 the North Carolina State Wolfpack finished the regular season 27 -- 0 and ranked # 2 ( behind undefeated and eventual tournament champion UCLA ) but were barred from participating in the NCAA tournament while on probation for recruiting violations . During 1979 , the Alcorn State Braves finished the regular season 27 -- 0 , but did not receive an invitation to the NCAA Tournament . The Braves accepted a bid to the NIT , where they lost in the second round to eventual NIT champion Indiana . Champions absent the next year ( edit ) There have been nine times in which the tournament did not include the reigning champion ( the previous year 's winner ) : 1978 champion Kentucky went 19 -- 12 in 1979 . The Wildcats accepted an invitation to the National Invitation Tournament , losing their first - round game in overtime to Clemson , 68 -- 67 . Both 1979 champion Michigan State ( 12 -- 15 ) and 1979 runner up Indiana State ( 16 -- 11 ) failed to qualify for the 1980 NCAA Tournament . Furthermore , neither was invited to the National Invitation Tournament , and Michigan State is the only team to finish the subsequent season with a losing record . Following the 1979 NCAA tournament , Indiana State lost Larry Bird to graduation , and Magic Johnson left Michigan State after his sophomore season to enter the NBA draft . 1983 champion North Carolina State went 19 -- 13 in 1984 . The Wolfpack accepted an invitation to the National Invitation Tournament , losing their first - round game to Florida State , 74 -- 71 in Reynolds Coliseum . 1986 champion Louisville went 18 -- 14 in 1987 . The team declined an invitation to the postseason National Invitation Tournament . 1988 champion Kansas went 19 -- 12 in 1989 . However , the team was ineligible for participation in the 1989 NCAA Tournament due to NCAA sanctions for recruiting violations . 2007 ( and 2006 ) champion Florida and 2007 runner up Ohio State both failed to qualify for the NCAA Tournament in 2008 . Both accepted invitations to that year 's postseason National Invitation Tournament , and both made it to the semifinals . Florida fell to Massachusetts in the semifinals , and Ohio State beat UMass in the NIT Championship Game to win the tournament . 2009 champion North Carolina went 20 -- 17 in 2010 . The Tar Heels accepted an invitation to the National Invitation Tournament , and reached the finals , losing to Dayton . 2012 champion Kentucky went 21 -- 11 in 2013 and failed to make that tournament . The Wildcats were invited to the National Invitation Tournament , where they lost to Robert Morris in the first round of the tournament . 2014 champion Connecticut went 20 -- 14 in 2015 and failed to make that tournament . The Huskies were invited to the National Invitation Tournament and lost to Arizona State in the first round . Coaches ( edit ) Most national championships ( edit ) 10 National Championships John Wooden ( 1964 , 1965 , 1967 , 1968 , 1969 , 1970 , 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1975 ) 5 National Championships Mike Krzyzewski ( 1991 , 1992 , 2001 , 2010 , 2015 ) 4 National Championships Adolph Rupp ( 1948 , 1949 , 1951 , 1958 ) 3 National Championships Jim Calhoun ( 1999 , 2004 , 2011 ) Bob Knight ( 1976 , 1981 , 1987 ) Roy Williams ( 2005 , 2009 , 2017 ) 2 National Championships Denny Crum ( 1980 , 1986 ) Billy Donovan ( 2006 , 2007 ) Henry Iba ( 1945 , 1946 ) Ed Jucker ( 1961 , 1962 ) Branch McCracken ( 1940 , 1953 ) Dean Smith ( 1982 , 1993 ) Phil Woolpert ( 1955 , 1956 ) Jay Wright ( 2016 , 2018 ) 1 National Championship Phog Allen ( 1952 ) Jim Boeheim ( 2003 ) Larry Brown ( 1988 ) John Calipari ( 2012 ) Everett Dean ( 1942 ) Steve Fisher ( 1989 ) Bud Foster ( 1941 ) Joe B. Hall ( 1978 ) Jim Harrick ( 1995 ) Don Haskins ( 1966 ) Jud Heathcote ( 1979 ) Howard Hobson ( 1939 ) Nat Holman ( 1950 ) George Ireland ( 1963 ) Tom Izzo ( 2000 ) Doggie Julian ( 1947 ) Ken Loeffler ( 1954 ) Rollie Massimino ( 1985 ) Al McGuire ( 1977 ) Frank McGuire ( 1957 ) Pete Newell ( 1959 ) Kevin Ollie ( 2014 ) Lute Olson ( 1997 ) Vadal Peterson ( 1944 ) Rick Pitino ( 1996 , 2013 ( vacated ) ) Nolan Richardson ( 1994 ) Bill Self ( 2008 ) Everett Shelton ( 1943 ) Norm Sloan ( 1974 ) Tubby Smith ( 1998 ) Jerry Tarkanian ( 1990 ) Fred Taylor ( 1960 ) John Thompson ( 1984 ) Jim Valvano ( 1983 ) Gary Williams ( 2002 ) National championships among active coaches ( edit ) 5 Mike Krzyzewski ( 1991 , 1992 , 2001 , 2010 , 2015 ) 3 Roy Williams ( 2005 , 2009 , 2017 ) 2 Jay Wright ( 2016 , 2018 ) 1 Jim Boeheim ( 2003 ) 1 John Calipari ( 2012 ) 1 Tom Izzo ( 2000 ) 1 Bill Self ( 2008 ) 1 Tubby Smith ( 1998 ) Schools winning a national championship under multiple coaches ( edit ) Five coaches Kentucky : Adolph Rupp , Joe B. Hall , Rick Pitino , Tubby Smith , and John Calipari Three coaches Kansas : Phog Allen , Larry Brown , and Bill Self North Carolina : Frank McGuire , Dean Smith , and Roy Williams Two coaches Connecticut : Jim Calhoun and Kevin Ollie Indiana : Branch McCracken and Bob Knight Michigan State : Jud Heathcote and Tom Izzo North Carolina State : Norm Sloan and Jim Valvano UCLA : John Wooden and Jim Harrick Villanova : Rollie Massimino and Jay Wright Most teams from different schools taken to the Final Four ( edit ) Rick Pitino is the only coach to have officially taken three different teams to the Final Four : Providence ( 1987 ) , Kentucky ( 1993 , 1996 , 1997 ) and Louisville ( 2005 ) . John Calipari has also taken three teams to the Final Four , but has had his runs with UMass and Memphis vacated due to NCAA violations . There are 12 coaches who have officially coached two different schools to the Final Four -- Roy Williams , Eddie Sutton , Frank McGuire , Lon Kruger , Hugh Durham , Jack Gardner , Lute Olson , Gene Bartow , Forddy Anderson , Lee Rose , Bob Huggins , and Lou Henson . Larry Brown took UCLA to the Final Four in 1980 , but it was vacated due to NCAA violations . He also took Kansas in 1986 and 1988 . Point differentials ( edit ) Point differentials , or margin of victory , can be viewed either by the championship game , or by a team 's performance over the whole tournament . Championship victory margins ( edit ) Largest margin of victory in a championship game 30 points , by UNLV in 1990 ( 103 -- 73 , over Duke ) Overtime games in a championship game Seven times the championship game has been tied at the end of regulation . On one of those occasions ( 1957 ) the game went into double and then triple overtime . North Carolina 54 , Kansas 53 / 3OT ( 1957 ) Utah 42 , Dartmouth 40 ( 1944 ) Cincinnati 65 , Ohio St. 60 ( 1961 ) Loyola 60 , Cincinnati 58 ( 1963 ) Michigan 80 , Seton Hall 79 ( 1989 ) Arizona 84 , Kentucky 79 ( 1997 ) Kansas 75 , Memphis 68 ( 2008 ) Smallest margin of victory in a championship game 1 point , on six occasions Indiana 69 , Kansas 68 ( 1953 ) North Carolina 54 , Kansas 53 / 3OT ( 1957 ) California 71 , West Virginia 70 ( 1959 ) North Carolina 63 , Georgetown 62 ( 1982 ) Indiana 74 , Syracuse 73 ( 1987 ) Michigan 80 , Seton Hall 79 / OT ( 1989 ) Accumulated victory margins ( edit ) Largest point differential accumulated over the entire tournament by championship teams Teams that played 6 games + 129 Kentucky 1996 + 124 Villanova 2016 + 121 North Carolina 2009 + 112 UNLV 1990 + 106 Villanova 2018 Teams that played 5 games + 115 Loyola of Chicago 1963 + 113 Indiana 1981 + 104 Michigan State 1979 + 69 San Francisco 1955 + 66 Indiana 1976 Teams that played 4 games + 95 UCLA 1967 + 85 UCLA 1968 + 78 Ohio State 1960 + 76 UCLA 1969 + 72 UCLA 1970 + 72 UCLA 1972 Teams that played 3 games + 56 Oklahoma A&M 1945 + 52 Kentucky 1949 + 51 Indiana 1940 + 47 Kentucky 1948 + 46 Oregon 1939 Teams winning the championship and obtaining a margin of 10 points in every game of the tournament Achieved 13 times by 10 different schools Oregon ( 1939 ) Kentucky ( 1949 ) San Francisco ( 1956 ) Ohio State ( 1960 ) UCLA ( 1967 , 1970 and 1973 ) Michigan State ( 1979 and 2000 ) Indiana ( 1981 ) Duke ( 2001 ) North Carolina ( 2009 ) Villanova ( 2018 ) Seed pairing results ( edit ) NCAA Tournament % Wins per rank Since the inception of the 64 - team tournament in 1985 , each seed - pairing has played 136 games in the Round of 64 , with the following results : Round of 64 results ( edit ) The No. 1 seed is 135 -- 1 against the No. 16 seed (. 993 ) The No. 2 seed is 128 -- 8 against the No. 15 seed (. 941 ) The No. 3 seed is 115 -- 21 against the No. 14 seed (. 846 ) The No. 4 seed is 108 -- 28 against the No. 13 seed (. 794 ) The No. 5 seed is 89 -- 47 against the No. 12 seed (. 654 ) The No. 6 seed is 85 -- 51 against the No. 11 seed (. 625 ) The No. 7 seed is 84 -- 52 against the No. 10 seed (. 618 ) The No. 8 seed is 68 - 68 against the No. 9 seed (. 500 ) Round of 32 results ( edit ) In the 1 / 16 vs. 8 / 9 bracket : vs. No. 8 vs. No. 9 Total No. 1 55 -- 13 (. 809 ) 61 -- 6 (. 910 ) 116 -- 19 (. 859 ) No. 16 -- 0 -- 1 (. 000 ) 0 -- 1 (. 000 ) Total 13 -- 55 (. 191 ) 7 -- 61 (. 103 ) In the 2 / 15 vs. 7 / 10 bracket : vs. No. 7 vs. No. 10 Total No. 2 56 -- 25 (. 691 ) 28 -- 18 (. 617 ) 84 -- 43 (. 664 ) No. 15 1 -- 2 (. 333 ) 0 -- 5 (. 000 ) 1 -- 7 (. 125 ) Total 27 -- 57 (. 305 ) 23 -- 28 (. 451 ) In the 3 / 14 vs. 6 / 11 bracket : vs. No. 6 vs. No. 11 Total No. 3 41 -- 28 (. 594 ) 29 -- 17 (. 630 ) 70 -- 45 (. 609 ) No. 14 2 -- 14 (. 125 ) 0 -- 5 (. 000 ) 2 -- 19 (. 095 ) Total 42 -- 43 (. 494 ) 22 -- 29 (. 431 ) In the 4 / 13 vs. 5 / 12 bracket : vs. No. 5 vs. No. 12 Total No. 4 40 -- 32 (. 556 ) 24 -- 12 (. 667 ) 64 -- 44 (. 593 ) No. 13 3 -- 14 (. 176 ) 3 -- 8 (. 273 ) 6 -- 22 (. 214 ) Total 46 -- 43 (. 517 ) 20 -- 27 (. 426 ) Round of 16 results ( edit ) In the 1 / 8 / 9 / 16 vs. 4 / 5 / 12 / 13 bracket : vs. No. 4 vs. No. 5 vs. No. 12 vs. No. 13 Total No. 1 37 -- 15 (. 712 ) 34 -- 7 (. 829 ) 19 -- 0 ( 1.000 ) 4 -- 0 ( 1.000 ) 94 -- 22 (. 810 ) No. 8 5 -- 4 (. 556 ) 2 -- 0 ( 1.000 ) 0 -- 1 (. 000 ) 1 -- 0 ( 1.000 ) 8 -- 5 (. 615 ) No. 9 1 -- 2 (. 333 ) 1 -- 1 (. 500 ) 1 - 0 ( 1.000 ) 1 -- 0 ( 1.000 ) 4 -- 3 (. 571 ) No. 16 -- -- -- -- -- Total 21 -- 43 (. 328 ) 8 -- 35 (. 186 ) 1 -- 20 (. 048 ) 0 -- 6 (. 000 ) In the 2 / 7 / 10 / 15 vs. 3 / 6 / 11 / 14 bracket : vs. No. 3 vs. No. 6 vs. No. 11 vs. No. 14 Total No. 2 26 -- 15 (. 634 ) 23 -- 6 (. 793 ) 13 -- 2 (. 867 ) -- 62 -- 23 (. 729 ) No. 7 6 -- 9 (. 400 ) 3 -- 4 (. 429 ) 0 -- 4 (. 000 ) 1 -- 0 ( 1.000 ) 10 -- 17 (. 370 ) No. 10 4 -- 9 (. 308 ) 2 -- 4 (. 333 ) 1 -- 2 (. 333 ) 1 -- 0 ( 1.000 ) 8 -- 15 (. 348 ) No. 15 0 -- 1 (. 000 ) -- -- -- 0 -- 1 (. 000 ) Total 33 -- 36 (. 478 ) 14 -- 28 (. 333 ) 8 -- 13 (. 381 ) 0 -- 2 (. 000 ) Regional finals results ( edit ) vs. No. 2 vs. No. 3 vs. No. 6 vs. No. 7 vs. No. 10 vs. No. 11 vs. No. 14 vs. No. 15 Total No. 1 23 -- 23 (. 500 ) 14 -- 9 (. 609 ) 7 -- 2 (. 778 ) 4 -- 0 ( 1.000 ) 4 -- 1 (. 800 ) 4 -- 3 (. 571 ) -- -- 56 -- 38 (. 596 ) No. 4 4 -- 2 (. 667 ) 3 -- 2 (. 600 ) 2 -- 1 (. 667 ) 2 -- 3 (. 400 ) 2 -- 0 ( 1.000 ) -- -- -- 13 -- 8 (. 619 ) No. 5 3 -- 0 ( 1.000 ) 1 -- 2 (. 333 ) 1 -- 0 ( 1.000 ) -- 1 -- 0 ( 1.000 ) -- -- -- 6 -- 2 (. 750 ) No. 8 3 -- 2 (. 600 ) 0 -- 1 (. 000 ) 1 -- 0 ( 1.000 ) 1 -- 0 ( 1.000 ) -- -- -- -- 5 -- 3 (. 625 ) No. 9 1 -- 0 ( 1.000 ) 0 -- 1 (. 000 ) -- -- -- 0 -- 1 (. 000 ) -- -- 1 -- 2 (. 333 ) No. 12 0 -- 1 (. 000 ) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 0 -- 1 (. 000 ) No. 13 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- No. 16 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Total 28 -- 33 (. 459 ) 15 -- 17 (. 469 ) 3 -- 11 (. 214 ) 3 -- 7 (. 300 ) 1 -- 7 (. 125 ) 4 -- 4 (. 500 ) -- -- Host cities ( edit ) This table lists all the cities that have hosted or will host the Final Four , as well as the venues in which the Final Four was or will be played . For additional information about a particular year 's tournament , click on the year to go directly to that year 's NCAA Men 's Basketball Tournament or go to the main article . Year City Venue Champion 1939 Evanston , Illinois Patten Gymnasium Oregon 1940 Kansas City , Missouri Municipal Auditorium Indiana 1941 Wisconsin 1942 Stanford 1943 New York City Madison Square Garden Wyoming 1944 Utah 1945 Oklahoma A&M 1946 1947 Holy Cross 1948 Kentucky 1949 Seattle Hec Edmundson Pavilion 1950 New York City Madison Square Garden CCNY 1951 Minneapolis Williams Arena Kentucky 1952 Seattle Hec Edmundson Pavilion Kansas 1953 Kansas City , Missouri Municipal Auditorium Indiana 1954 La Salle 1955 San Francisco 1956 Evanston , Illinois McGaw Hall 1957 Kansas City , Missouri Municipal Auditorium North Carolina 1958 Louisville , Kentucky Freedom Hall Kentucky 1959 California 1960 Daly City , California Cow Palace Ohio State 1961 Kansas City , Missouri Municipal Auditorium Cincinnati 1962 Louisville , Kentucky Freedom Hall 1963 Loyola ( Chicago ) 1964 Kansas City , Missouri Municipal Auditorium UCLA 1965 Portland , Oregon Memorial Coliseum 1966 College Park , Maryland Cole Field House Texas Western 1967 Louisville , Kentucky Freedom Hall UCLA 1968 Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena 1969 Louisville , Kentucky Freedom Hall 1970 College Park , Maryland Cole Field House 1971 Houston Astrodome 1972 Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena 1973 St. Louis St. Louis Arena Greensboro , North Carolina Greensboro Coliseum NC State San Diego San Diego Sports Arena UCLA 1976 Philadelphia The Spectrum Indiana 1977 Atlanta The Omni Marquette 1978 St. Louis The Checkerdome Kentucky 1979 Salt Lake City , Utah Special Events Center Michigan State 1980 Indianapolis Market Square Arena Louisville 1981 Philadelphia The Spectrum Indiana 1982 New Orleans Louisiana Superdome North Carolina Albuquerque , New Mexico University Arena NC State 1984 Seattle Kingdome Georgetown 1985 Lexington , Kentucky Rupp Arena Villanova 1986 Dallas Reunion Arena Louisville New Orleans Louisiana Superdome Indiana 1988 Kansas City , Missouri Kemper Arena Kansas 1989 Seattle Kingdome Michigan 1990 Denver McNichols Sports Arena UNLV 1991 Indianapolis Hoosier Dome Duke 1992 Minneapolis HHH Metrodome 1993 New Orleans Louisiana Superdome North Carolina 1994 Charlotte , North Carolina Charlotte Coliseum Arkansas 1995 Seattle Kingdome UCLA East Rutherford , New Jersey Continental Airlines Arena Kentucky 1997 Indianapolis RCA Dome Arizona 1998 San Antonio Alamodome Kentucky 1999 St. Petersburg , Florida Tropicana Field Connecticut 2000 Indianapolis RCA Dome Michigan State 2001 Minneapolis HHH Metrodome Duke 2002 Atlanta Georgia Dome Maryland 2003 New Orleans Louisiana Superdome Syracuse San Antonio Alamodome Connecticut 2005 St. Louis Edward Jones Dome North Carolina 2006 Indianapolis RCA Dome Florida 2007 Atlanta Georgia Dome 2008 San Antonio Alamodome Kansas 2009 Detroit Ford Field North Carolina Indianapolis Lucas Oil Stadium Duke 2011 Houston Reliant Stadium Connecticut 2012 New Orleans Mercedes - Benz Superdome Kentucky 2013 Atlanta Georgia Dome Louisville 2014 Arlington , Texas AT&T Stadium Connecticut 2015 Indianapolis Lucas Oil Stadium Duke 2016 Houston NRG Stadium Villanova 2017 Glendale , Arizona University of Phoenix Stadium North Carolina 2018 San Antonio Alamodome Villanova 2019 Minneapolis U.S. Bank Stadium 2020 Atlanta Mercedes - Benz Stadium 2021 Indianapolis Lucas Oil Stadium 2022 New Orleans Mercedes - Benz Superdome Popular culture ( edit ) Bracketology and pools ( edit ) Main articles : Bracketology and March Madness pools There are pools or private gambling - related contests as to who can predict the tournament most correctly . The filling out of a tournament bracket has been referred to as a `` national pastime . '' Filling out a tournament bracket with predictions is called the practice of `` bracketology '' and sports programming during the tournament is rife with commentators comparing the accuracy of their predictions . On The Dan Patrick Show , a wide variety of celebrities from various fields ( such as Darius Rucker , Charlie Sheen , Neil Patrick Harris , Ellen DeGeneres , Dave Grohl , and Brooklyn Decker ) have posted full brackets with predictions . Former President Barack Obama 's bracket was posted on the White House website . There are many different tournament prediction scoring systems . Most award points for correctly picking the winning team in a particular match up , with increasingly more points being given for correctly predicting later round winners . Some provide bonus points for correctly predicting upsets , the amount of the bonus varying based on the degree of upset . Some just provide points for wins by correctly picked teams in the brackets . There are 2 ^ 63 or 9.2 quintillion possibilities for the possible winners in a 64 - team NCAA bracket , making the odds of randomly picking a perfect bracket ( i.e. without weighting for seed number ) 9.2 quintillion to 1 . With the expansion of the tournament field to 68 teams in 2011 , there are now 2 ^ 67 or 147.57 quintillion possibilities if one includes the first four opening round games . There are numerous awards and prizes given by companies for anyone who can make the perfect bracket . One of the largest was done by a partnership between Quicken Loans and Berkshire Hathaway , which was backed by Warren Buffett , with a $1 billion prize to any person ( s ) who could correctly predict the outcome of the 2014 tournament . No one was able to complete the challenge and win the $1 billion prize . Tournament associated terms ( edit ) As indicated below , none of these phrases are exclusively used in regard to the NCAA tournament . Nonetheless , they are associated widely with the tournament , sometimes for legal reasons , sometimes just because it 's become part of the American sports vernacular . March Madness ( edit ) March Madness is a popular on - ending basketball tournaments played in March . March Madness is also a registered trademark currently owned exclusively by the NCAA . H.V. Porter , an official with the Illinois High School Association ( and later a member of the Basketball Hall of Fame ) , was the first person to use March Madness to describe a basketball tournament . Porter published an essay named March Madness during 1939 , and during 1942 , he used the phrase in a poem , Basketball Ides of March . Through the years the use of March Madness was increased , especially in Illinois , Indiana , and other parts of the Midwest . During this period the term was used almost exclusively in reference to state high school tournaments . During 1977 , Jim Enright published a book about the Illinois tournament entitled March Madness . Fans began associating the term with the NCAA tournament during the early 1980s . Evidence suggests that CBS sportscaster Brent Musburger , who had worked for many years in Chicago before joining CBS , popularized the term during the annual tournament broadcasts . The NCAA has credited Bob Walsh of the Seattle Organizing Committee for starting the March Madness celebration in 1984 . Only during the 1990s did either the IHSA or the NCAA think about trademarking the term , and by that time a small television production company named Intersport had already trademarked it . IHSA eventually bought the trademark rights from Intersport , and then went to court to establish its primacy . IHSA sued GTE Vantage , an NCAA licensee that used the name March Madness for a computer game based on the college tournament . During 1996 , in a historic ruling , Illinois High School Association v. GTE Vantage , Inc. , the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit created the concept of a `` dual - use trademark '' , granting both the IHSA and NCAA the right to trademark the term for their own purposes . After the ruling , the NCAA and IHSA joined forces and created the March Madness Athletic Association to coordinate the licensing of the trademark and investigate possible trademark infringement . One such case involved a company that had obtained the internet domain name marchmadness.com and was using it to post information about the NCAA tournament . During 2003 , by March Madness Athletic Association v. Netfire , Inc. , the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit decided that March Madness was not a generic term , and ordered Netfire to relinquish the domain name to the NCAA . Later during the 2000s , the IHSA relinquished its ownership share in the trademark , although it retained the right to use the term in association with high school championships . During October 2010 , the NCAA reached a settlement with Intersport , paying $17.2 million for the latter company 's license to use the trademark . Sweet Sixteen ( edit ) This is a popular term for the regional semifinal round of the tournament , consisting of the final 16 teams . As in the case of `` March Madness '' , this was first used by a high school federation -- in this case , the Kentucky High School Athletic Association ( KHSAA ) , which has used the term for decades to describe its own season - ending tournaments . It officially registered the trademark in 1988 . Unlike the situation with `` March Madness '' , the KHSAA has retained sole ownership of the `` Sweet Sixteen '' trademark ; it licenses the term to the NCAA for use in collegiate tournaments . Final Four ( edit ) The term Final Four refers to the last four teams remaining in the playoff tournament . These are the champions of the tournament 's four regional brackets , and are the only teams remaining on the tournament 's final weekend . ( While the term `` Final Four '' was not used during the early decades of the tournament , the term has been applied retroactively to include the last four teams in tournaments from earlier years , even when only two brackets existed . ) Some claim that the phrase Final Four was first used to describe the final games of Indiana 's annual high school basketball tournament . But the NCAA , which has a trademark on the term , says Final Four was originated by a Plain Dealer sportswriter , Ed Chay , in a 1975 article that appeared in the Official Collegiate Basketball Guide . The article stated that Marquette University `` was one of the final four '' of the 1974 tournament . The NCAA started capitalizing the term during 1978 and converting it to a trademark several years later . During recent years , the term Final Four has been used for other sports besides basketball . Tournaments which use Final Four include the Euroleague in basketball , national basketball competitions in several European countries , and the now - defunct European Hockey League . Together with the name Final Four , these tournaments have adopted an NCAA - style format in which the four surviving teams compete in a single - elimination tournament held in one place , typically , during one weekend . The derivative term `` Frozen Four '' is used by the NCAA to refer to the final rounds of the Division I men 's and women 's ice hockey tournaments . Until 1999 , it was just a popular nickname for the last two rounds of the hockey tournament ; officially , it was also known as the Final Four . Cinderella team ( edit ) Although there is not any official definition of what constitutes a Cinderella team , there does seem to be a consensus that such teams represent small schools , are usually low - seeded in the tournament , and achieves at least one unexpected win in the tournament . A recent example of this is Florida Gulf Coast University , a relatively new school that held its first classes in 1997 and became Division I postseason eligible in 2011 . They made their first ever appearance in the 2013 tournament , winning two games to become the first ever # 15 seed to advance to the Sweet Sixteen . The term was popularized as a result of City College of New York 's successful run in the 1950 tournament . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Key Dates in NABC History '' . National Association of Basketball Coaches . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TV coverage history of the NCAA Tournament ( 1969 - present ) '' . Classic Sports TV and Media . 18 March 2013 . Retrieved 20 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Shear , Michael D. ( March 19 , 2011 ) . `` Obama 's N.C.A.A. Bracket Is One of the Best '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Ivy League Adds Men 's , Women 's Basketball Tournaments Beginning in 2017 '' ( Press release ) . Ivy League . March 10 , 2016 . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2016 . Retrieved March 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Championship Information -- NCAA.com ^ Jump up to : `` NCAA DIVISION I MEN 'S BASKETBALL CHAMPIONSHIP - PRINCIPLES AND PROCEDURES FOR ESTABLISHING THE BRACKET '' ( PDF ) . NCAA . March 28 , 2011 . 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Jump up ^ Norlander , Matt ( June 12 , 2013 ) . `` Report : NCAA ditching domes prior to Final Four '' . CBSSports.com . Eye on College Basketball . Retrieved June 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Metro Phoenix lands 2017 NCAA Final Four '' . azcentral.com . November 14 , 2014 . Retrieved December 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McPhee , John ( 1999 ) . A Sense of Where You Are : Bill Bradley at Princeton . Farrar , Straus and Giroux , New York . pp. 114 -- 115 . ISBN 0374526893 . Jump up ^ Fraley , Oscar ( March 5 , 1951 ) . `` Scandal Brings More Prestige to NCAA '' . The Times - News . Hendersonville , North Carolina . Retrieved March 21 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : NCAA reveals format of new 68 - team tournament -- ESPN . Sports.espn.go.com ( 2010 - 07 - 13 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ Leger , Justin ( November 17 , 2014 ) . `` NCAA To Rename ' Rounds of 64 and 32 ' To ' First And Second Rounds ' In 2016 '' . NESN . Retrieved December 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Colonial Life Arena History '' . Retrieved March 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ https://www.ncaa.com/news/ncaa/article/2015-07-10/ncaa-lifts-ban-holding-championships-south-carolina Jump up ^ `` NCAA moving tournament games from North Carolina starting this December '' . Outsports ( SB Nation ) . Vox Media . Retrieved 13 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Stack , Liam ( 12 September 2016 ) . `` N.C.A.A. Moves Championship Events From North Carolina , Citing Anti-Gay Laws '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 13 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NCAA picks Greenville , S.C. , as replacement site for Greensboro for 2017 tournament '' . NCAA BB ( CBS Sports ) . CBS Broadcasting Inc . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Gluskin , Michael ( March 23 , 2005 ) . `` The tournament trim '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ O'Neil , Dana ( April 9 , 2013 ) . `` Louisville 's song finishes in glory '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . And at one end of the court , there was Kevin Ware on his crutches , the net lowered to accommodate him and his crutches , making the final snip on the only nets Louisville has cut all season . Jump up ^ `` Why do NCAA teams cut down the nets ? '' . CNN . April 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ NCAA Men 's Basketball Trophy Visits UT Medical Center , University of Tennessee press release , January 15 , 2007 Jump up ^ NABC Basic Info Archived 2009 - 02 - 22 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` Does March Madness Lead to Irrational Exuberance in the NBA Draft ? '' . JournalistsResource.org , retrieved April 13 , 2012 ^ Jump up to : Ichniowski , Casey ; Preston , Anne E. ( 2012 ) . `` Does March Madness Lead to Irrational Exuberance in the NBA Draft ? High - Value Employee Selection Decisions and Decision - Making Bias '' . National Bureau of Economic Research . Jump up ^ `` CBS Sports , Turner Broadcasting , NCAA Reach 14 - Year Agreement '' ( Press release ) . National Collegiate Athletic Association . April 22 , 2010 . Retrieved January 12 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : DeCourcy , Mike ( May 7 , 2013 ) . `` Putting Final Four games on cable saved college hoops from 96 - team mess '' . Sporting News . Retrieved May 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` CBS , Turner win TV rights to tourney '' . ESPN . Retrieved 22 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` NCAA , TV talk about bigger men 's tourney '' . Jump up ^ `` NCAA 2006 -- 07 Revenue Distribution Plan '' . NCAA . 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Distribution of Basketball - Related Funds According to Number of Units by Conference , 2001 -- 2006 '' . NCAA . 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Yahoo unveils Platinum paid service '' . CNET News.com . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ CSTV.com : # 1 in College Sports -- Men 's Basketball Jump up ^ Why we did n't get Stanford in HDTV ( but the rest of the country did ) -- Morning Buzz Jump up ^ WRAL Digital Airs Entire NCAA Basketball Tournament Jump up ^ Dowbiggin , Bruce ( February 24 , 2011 ) . `` TSN catches March Madness '' . Globe and Mail . Toronto . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2011 . Retrieved March 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ chappelll ( 2011 - 03 - 10 ) . `` ESPN Europe '' ESPN America Tipping Off Exclusive Coverage of NCAA ® March Madness ® `` . Espnmediazone3.com . Archived from the original on 2011 - 09 - 09 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Dick Vitale , finally , to call NCAA Final Four action '' . USA Today . Retrieved 24 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NCAA Final Four Tournament Seeds '' . Retrieved 30 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Gold Sheet College Basketball Log '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Summary : UMBC vs. Virginia '' . ESPN.com . March 16 , 2018 . Retrieved March 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Kraemer , Mackenzie ; Nelson , Rob ( March 16 , 2018 ) . `` Biggest NCAA tournament upsets of the 64 - team era '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Final Four Record Book Jump up ^ MacMullan , Jackie ( March 7 , 2004 ) . `` Undefeated and unnoticed '' . The Boston Globe . Jump up ^ `` 2009 -- 2010 North Carolina Tar Heels Men 's Basketball '' ( PDF ) . Goheels.com . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 -- 2010 North Carolina Tar Heels Men 's Basketball '' ( PDF ) . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Garcia , Marlen ( March 24 , 2011 ) . `` Duke 's Mike Krzyzewski looks golden in chase for fifth title '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ Garcia , Marlen. ( 2009 - 08 - 24 ) Two vacated Final Four runs put on stain Calipari 's career -- USATODAY.com . Usatoday30.usatoday.com . Retrieved on 2013 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ Ask Dr. Math , The Math Forum @ Drexel ; March 14 , 2001 ; accessed March 7 , 2010 Jump up ^ Ogul , David . `` Perfect NCAA Bracket Could Win You $1 B Thanks to Warren Buffett '' . Moneynews.com . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ James Enright : Shaping the Game From Inside and Out . Nbra.net ( 2006 - 06 - 01 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ Quote from Jim Host , former Radio and Television and Marketing Director , NCAA ISBN 1 - 883697 - 67 - 0 Page 103 Jump up ^ Baker Botts L.L.P. Newsroom Resources The Trademark `` March Madness '' Withstands a Genericness Attack . Bakerbotts.com . Retrieved on 2013 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ Weiberg , Steve ( May 10 , 2011 ) . `` NCAA paid $17 M to protect ' March Madness ' term '' . USA Today . Retrieved May 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Garmon , Jay ( April 6 , 2004 ) . `` Geek Trivia : Basket cases '' . TechRepublic.com . Retrieved March 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NCAA March Madness Directory Sportslynx.com/march-madness.html '' . sportslynx.com . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2013 . Retrieved March 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ ESPN College Basketball Encyclopedia : The Complete History of the Men 's Game -- Google Boeken . Books.google.com . Retrieved on 2013 - 08 - 17 . NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament Tournaments 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Structure Selection process Venues # 1 seeds Opening Round Elite Eight Final Four National Championship Game Champions & awards Champions Most Outstanding Player Media & culture Bracketology Broadcasting Tournament Final Four March Madness pools `` One Shining Moment '' Records & statistics All - time team records Bids by school Bids by school and conference Consecutive appearances Final Four appearances by school Final Four participants Final Four appearances by coach Upsets NCAA men 's college basketball tournaments Division I Pre-season 2K Sports Classic Puerto Rico Tip - Off Charleston Classic The Islands of the Bahamas Showcase Paradise Jam Hall of Fame Tip Off Legends Classic CBE Hall of Fame Classic Maui Invitational MGM Resorts Main Event Cayman Islands Classic Gulf Coast Showcase Cancún Challenge Battle 4 Atlantis Savannah Invitational NIT Season Tip - Off Las Vegas Invitational AdvoCare Invitational Phil Knight Invitational Wooden Legacy Emerald Coast Classic Barclays Center Classic Jimmy V Classic Las Vegas Classic Diamond Head Classic Vancouver Showcase Conference postseason ACC America East The American American South American West Atlantic 10 Atlantic Sun Big 12 Big East Big Eight Big Sky Big South Big Ten Big West CAA Conference USA East Coast Great Midwest Great West Horizon Ivy League MAAC MEAC Metro Mid-American Missouri Valley Mountain West Northeast Ohio Valley Pac - 12 Patriot SEC Southern Southland Southwest SWAC Sun Belt Summit WAC West Coast Postseason NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament National Invitation Tournament Vegas 16 College Basketball Invitational CollegeInsider.com Postseason Tournament National Commissioners Invitational Tournament 1922 National Intercollegiate Basketball Tournament Division II Conference postseason CCAA CACC Carolinas East Coast GLIAC GLVC G - MAC Great Northwest Gulf South Heartland Lone Star Mountain East Northeast - 10 Northern Sun Pacific West Peach Belt PSAC RMAC South Atlantic Sunshine State Postseason NCAA Division II Men 's Basketball Tournament Division III Conference postseason Allegheny Mountain American Southwest Capital Centennial CCIW CSAC HCAC Landmark Little East Middle Atlantic NEWMAC NJAC Northwest OAC ODAC SAA SCIAC SCAC USA South WIAC Postseason NCAA Division III Men 's Basketball Tournament ECAC Tournaments National Collegiate Athletic Association NCAA Awards Hall of Champions Conferences Division I Institutions Athletic directors Baseball Championship CWS Basketball Men Women Cross Country Men Women Field hockey Championship Football FBS FCS Golf Men Women Ice hockey Men Women Lacrosse Men Women Rowing Women Soccer Men Women Softball Championship WCWS Swimming & Diving Men Women Tennis Men Women Track and Field Men 's indoor and outdoor Women 's indoor and outdoor Volleyball Men Women Wrestling Championship Division II Institutions Baseball Championship Basketball Men Women Cross Country Men Women Field hockey Championship Football Championship Golf Men Women Gymnastics Men Women Ice hockey Men Lacrosse Men Women Rowing Women Soccer Men Women Softball Championship / WCWS Swimming & Diving Men Women Tennis Men Women Track and Field Men 's indoor and outdoor Women 's indoor and outdoor Volleyball Women Wrestling Championship Division III Institutions Baseball Championship Basketball Men Women Cross Country Men Women Field hockey Championship Football Championship Golf Men Women Ice hockey Men Women Lacrosse Men Women Rowing Women Soccer Men Women Softball Championship / WCWS Swimming & Diving Men Women Tennis Men Women Track and Field Men 's indoor and outdoor Women 's indoor and outdoor Volleyball Men Women Wrestling Championship Single - division sports and championships Beach volleyball Women Bowling Women Boxing Championship Fencing Championships Gymnastics Men Women Rifle Championship Skiing Championships Trampoline Championship Water polo Men Women Events listed in italics have been discontinued . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NCAA_Division_I_Men%27s_Basketball_Tournament&oldid=845449273 '' Categories : NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament Recurring sporting events established in 1939 Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית 日本 語 Português Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย 中文 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 June 2018 , at 21 : 41 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | which school has the most ncaa men's basketball championships | [
"With 11 national titles, UCLA has the record for the most NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championships; John Wooden coached UCLA to 10 of its 11 titles. The University of Kentucky (UK) is second, with eight national titles. The University of North Carolina is third, with six national titles, and Duke University and Indiana University are tied for fourth with five national titles. The University of Connecticut is sixth with four national titles. The University of Kansas (KU) & Villanova are tied for 7th with three national titles. Since 1985, when the tournament expanded to 64 teams, Duke has won five championships; North Carolina and Connecticut have each won four; Kentucky & Villanova have three; Kansas & Florida have two; and UCLA, Indiana, Michigan State, Louisville[nb 1] have one. During that time Villanova, Michigan, UNLV, Duke, Arkansas, Arizona, Connecticut, Maryland, Syracuse, and Florida all won their first championships."
] | [
"UCLA"
] |
1927299699657124728 | 2022 Commonwealth Games | 2022 Commonwealth Games - wikipedia 2022 Commonwealth Games XXII Commonwealth Games Logo of Birmingham 's 2022 Commonwealth Games bid Host city Birmingham , England Motto Heart of the UK , Soul of the Commonwealth Nations participating 73 Commonwealth nations ( expected ) Athletes participating ~ 5000 Events TBA in 18 sports Opening ceremony 27 July Closing ceremony 7 August Queen 's Baton Final Runner TBD Main venue Alexander Stadium < XXI XXIII > Part of a series on 2022 Commonwealth Games ( show ) Bids Venues ( Athlete 's Village ) Queen 's Baton Relay Opening ceremony ( Parade of Nations ) Participating nations Medal table Event calendar Closing ceremony CGF CGE The 2022 Commonwealth Games , officially known as the XXII Commonwealth Games and commonly known as Birmingham 2022 , is an international multi-sport event for members of the Commonwealth that is scheduled to be held in Birmingham , England . This is due to be the third time England has hosted the Games . The Games are expected to take place between 27 July and 7 August 2022 . The city was announced as the host at a press conference at the Arena Academy in Birmingham on 21 December 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Host selection 1.1 First selection 1.1. 1 Withdrawal of Durban as host 1.2 Second selection 1.2. 1 Birmingham awarded as replacement host 2 Venues 2.1 Venues in Birmingham and the West Midlands area 2.2 Venues outside West Midlands 3 Sports 4 References 5 External links Host selection ( edit ) Main article : Bids for the 2022 Commonwealth Games First selection ( edit ) Two cities initially launched bids for the games ; Durban , South Africa and Edmonton , Alberta , Canada . Edmonton withdrew its bid in February 2015 , leaving Durban as the only bid to go forward to CGF General Assembly in September 2015 . The coastal South African city of Durban initially secured the right to host the games , as they were the sole bidder for the event . The city previously considered bidding for the 2020 or 2024 Summer Olympics . Withdrawal of Durban as host ( edit ) It was reported in February 2017 that Durban may be unable to host the games due to financial constraints . This was confirmed one month later on 13 March 2017 when the Commonwealth Games Federation ( CGF ) stripped Durban of their rights to host the games . It would have marked the first time the games were held in Africa and the second time a Commonwealth republic would have hosted , following Delhi , India in 2010 . The games were set to open on the 18 July 2022 , coinciding with the birthday of the late South African President , Nelson Mandela . Second selection ( edit ) A new bidding process was launched , where Liverpool and Birmingham expressed their interests in hosting the games . On 14 March 2017 , Manchester , who previously hosted the 2002 Commonwealth Games , expressed their interest in hosting the games . In September 2017 , Birmingham beat Liverpool for the recommended bid for England . With Birmingham being the sole bidder for the event they won the right to stage the Games . However , it was announced that the bid was not fully compliant , and the bidding process was extended until 30 November 2017 . The CGF had 170 questions regarding Birmingham 's bid . Birmingham awarded as replacement host ( edit ) On 21 December 2017 , Birmingham was awarded for the 2022 Games as Durban 's replacement host . Louise Martin , president of the Commonwealth Games Federation , made the official announcement at a press conference at the Arena Academy in Birmingham . 2022 Commonwealth Games bidding results City Nation Votes Birmingham England Unanimous Venues ( edit ) Birmingham has a wealth of existing sports venues , arenas and conference halls that are ideal for hosting sport during the Games . 95 % of the competition venues are already in place for the 2022 games . Alexander Stadium which will host the ceremonies and athletics will be renovated and the capacity will be increased to 50,000 seats . A 400 metre warm up track will also be developed . This would leave the stadium well placed to become the home of UK Athletics , hosting all the major national and international competitions after the Games . Genting Arena Symphony Hall Villa Park Stadium Venues in Birmingham and the West Midlands area ( edit ) Venue Sport Capacity Status Alexander Stadium Ceremonies Athletics 50,000 Upgrade National Exhibition Centre Boxing Judo Table Tennis Freestyle Wrestling 5,000 Existing Genting Arena Badminton 15,000 Existing Arena Birmingham Artistic and Rhythmic Gymnastics 15,000 Existing Symphony Hall Weightlifting 2,200 Existing University of Birmingham Squash Hockey 5,000 Existing Sandwell Aquatics Centre Swimming Diving 5,000 New Villa Park Stadium Rugby 7s 42,000 Existing Victoria Square Basketball 3x3 3,000 Existing Ericsson Indoor Arena , Coventry Netball 7,000 Existing Victoria Park , Leamington Spa Bowls 2,000 Existing Venues outside West Midlands ( edit ) Venue Sport Capacity Status Lee Valley VeloPark , London Cycling ( track ) 6,000 Existing Sports ( edit ) On 22 December 2017 , the BBC Reported that the organisers of the games are currently in talks with the International Cricket Council ( ICC ) about the inclusion of women 's cricket . It was also reported that shooting is likely to be excluded from the games citing a lack of facilities around Birmingham , if this is true it will be the first time since 1970 where shooting has not been included in the games . The dropping of shooting from the games programme was confirmed by the Commonwealth Games Federation CEO , David Grevemberg in January 2018 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Commonwealth Games : Birmingham announced as host of 2022 event '' . BBC Sport. 2017 - 12 - 21 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Sport , Telegraph ( 2017 - 12 - 21 ) . `` Birmingham named 2022 Commonwealth Games host city '' . The Telegraph . ISSN 0307 - 1235 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Edmonton withdraws bid for 2022 Commonwealth Games euronews , world news '' . Euronews.com . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Commonwealth Games 2022 : Durban ' may drop out as host ' '' . BBC News . 2017 - 02 - 28 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Durban stripped of 2022 Commonwealth Games '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 2017 - 03 - 14 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Durban is # ReadyToInspire , are you ? '' . Durban - 2022 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ Rumsby , Ben ( 13 March 2017 ) . `` Liverpool and Birmingham battle to host Commonwealth Games 2022 '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 14 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Williams , Jennifer ( 14 March 2017 ) . `` Manchester in discussions to host the 2022 Commonwealth Games '' . Manchester Evening News . Retrieved 14 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Birmingham beats Liverpool for hosting the 2022 commonwealth games '' . www.independent.co.uk . The Independent . Retrieved 7 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Birmingham beats Liverpool to become UK candidate for potential 2022 Commonwealth bid '' . 7 September 2017 -- via www.bbc.com . Jump up ^ `` Commonwealth Games England to reveal 2022 candidate city in September '' . Inside the Game . 20 July 2017 . Retrieved 21 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Commonwealth Games 2022 : Birmingham bid ' not fully compliant ' '' . 6 October 2017 -- via www.bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Commonwealth Games Federation had ' 170 queries ' over Birmingham 's 2022 bid '' . 31 October 2017 -- via www.bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Birmingham 2022 Heart of the UK , Soul of the Commonwealth '' . www.birmingham2022.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ Elkes , Neil ( 2017 - 06 - 30 ) . `` See how Alexander Stadium could be transformed for Commonwealth Games '' . birminghammail . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ Cosgrove , David . `` How Birmingham 's Victoria Square would look hosting basketball in 2022 Commonwealth Games '' . www.expressandstar.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ Elkes , Neil ( 2017 - 08 - 17 ) . `` Lawn bowls venue unveiled for city 's 2022 Commonwealth Games bid '' . birminghammail . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Birmingham 2022 : Four unanswered questions for the Commonwealth Games '' . BBC Sport. 2017 - 12 - 22 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Optional Sports at 2022 Commonwealth Games '' . Around the Rings. 2018 - 01 - 18 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Birmingham 2022 : Shooting dropped from Commonwealth Games '' . BBC . 2018 - 01 - 19 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` No shooting at 2022 Commonwealth Games , top official suggests T20 mixed cricket '' . Indian Express . 2018 - 01 - 19 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 20 . External links ( edit ) Birmingham 2022 Preceded by Gold Coast 2018 Birmingham Host City XXII Commonwealth Games Succeeded by TBA 2026 hide Commonwealth Games Commonwealth Games Federation Participating Nations Commonwealth Day Inter-Empire Championships Queen 's Baton Relay Medal Table Sports Records Games 1930 Hamilton 1934 London 1938 Sydney 1950 Auckland 1954 Vancouver 1958 Cardiff 1962 Perth 1966 Kingston 1970 Edinburgh 1974 Christchurch 1978 Edmonton 1982 Brisbane 1986 Edinburgh 1990 Auckland 1994 Victoria 1998 Kuala Lumpur 2002 Manchester 2006 Melbourne 2010 Delhi 2014 Glasgow 2018 Gold Coast 2022 Birmingham 2026 TBA Commonwealth Youth Games Commonwealth Winter Games Commonwealth Paraplegic Games Commonwealth Games portal 2020s portal England portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2022_Commonwealth_Games&oldid=838243555 '' Categories : Commonwealth Games Scheduled multi-sport events 2022 in multi-sport events 2022 Commonwealth Games Commonwealth Games in the United Kingdom Sport in Birmingham , West Midlands July 2022 sports events 2022 in English sport Hidden categories : EngvarB from April 2014 Use dmy dates from April 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cymraeg Deutsch Français हिन्दी 日本 語 Português தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 25 April 2018 , at 20 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where are the commonwealth games held in 2022 | [
"The 2022 Commonwealth Games, officially known as the XXII Commonwealth Games and commonly known as Birmingham 2022, is an international multi-sport event for members of the Commonwealth that is scheduled to be held in Birmingham, England.[1] This is due to be the third time England has hosted the Games."
] | [
"Birmingham, England"
] |
-7335831067805075962 | List of National Basketball Association annual scoring leaders | List of National Basketball Association annual scoring Leaders - wikipedia List of National Basketball Association annual scoring Leaders Jump to : navigation , search Michael Jordan won a record ten scoring titles in his career . In basketball , points are accumulated through free throws or field goals . The National Basketball Association 's ( NBA ) scoring title is awarded to the player with the highest points per game average in a given season . The scoring title was originally determined by total points scored through the 1968 -- 69 season , after which points per game was used to determine the leader instead . Players who earned scoring titles before the 1979 -- 80 season did not record any three point field goals because the three - point line had just been implemented in the NBA at the start of that season . To qualify for the scoring title , the player must appear in at least 70 games ( out of 82 ) or have at least 1,400 points . These have been the entry criteria since the 1974 -- 75 season . Wilt Chamberlain holds the all - time records for total points scored ( 4,029 ) and points per game ( 50.4 ) in a season ; both records were achieved in the 1961 -- 62 season . He also holds the rookie records for points per game when he averaged 37.6 points in the 1959 -- 60 season . Among active players , Kevin Durant has the highest point total ( 2,593 ) and the highest scoring average ( 32.0 ) in a season ; both were achieved in the 2013 -- 14 season . Michael Jordan has won the most scoring titles , with ten . Jordan and Chamberlain are the only players to have won seven consecutive scoring titles ( this was also Chamberlain 's career total ) . George Gervin , Allen Iverson and Durant have won four scoring titles in their career , and George Mikan , Neil Johnston and Bob McAdoo have achieved it three times . Paul Arizin , Bob Pettit , Kareem Abdul - Jabbar , Shaquille O'Neal , Tracy McGrady , Kobe Bryant , and Russell Westbrook have each won the scoring title twice . Since the 1946 -- 47 season , five players have won both the scoring title and the NBA championship in the same season : Fulks in 1947 with the Philadelphia Warriors , Mikan from 1949 to 1950 with the Minneapolis Lakers , Abdul - Jabbar ( then Lew Alcindor ) in 1971 with the Milwaukee Bucks , Jordan from 1991 to 1993 and from 1996 to 1998 with the Chicago Bulls , and O'Neal in 2000 with the Los Angeles Lakers . Since the introduction of the three - point field goal , O'Neal is the only scoring leader to have made no three - pointers in his winning season . At 21 years and 197 days , Durant is the youngest scoring leader in NBA history , averaging 30.1 points in the 2009 -- 10 season . Russell Westbrook led the league with an average of 31.6 points in the 2016 -- 17 season , when he also became the second NBA player to average a triple - double in a season . The most recent champion is James Harden . Contents ( hide ) 1 Key 2 Scoring leaders 2.1 Multiple - time leaders 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References Key ( edit ) Denotes player who is still active in the NBA * Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Denotes player who won the MVP award that year Player ( X ) Denotes the number of times the player had been the scoring leader up to and including that season Guard Forward Center Scoring Leaders ( edit ) Joe Fulks won the first scoring title in 1947 . Wilt Chamberlain won seven consecutive scoring titles from 1960 to 1966 . Jerry West won the scoring title in 1970 , averaging 31.2 points per game . Kareem Abdul - Jabbar won scoring titles in 1971 and 1972 . Allen Iverson won scoring titles in 1999 , 2001 , 2002 and 2005 . Kobe Bryant won scoring titles in 2006 and 2007 . LeBron James won the scoring title in 2008 . Kevin Durant became the youngest scoring champion in 2010 . He won another three in 2011 , 2012 and 2014 . Russell Westbrook won in 2015 , following teammate Durant 's win a year earlier , and again in 2017 . Stephen Curry won the scoring title in 2016 . Season Player Age Pos Team Games played Field goals made 3 - point field goals made Free throws made Total points Points per game Ref 1946 -- 47 Fulks , Joe Joe Fulks * 25 F / C Philadelphia Warriors 60 475 -- 439 1,389 23.2 1947 -- 48 Zaslofsky , Max Max Zaslofsky 22 G / F Chicago Stags 48 373 -- 261 1,007 21.0 1948 -- 49 Mikan , George George Mikan * 24 Minneapolis Lakers 60 583 -- 532 1,698 28.3 1949 -- 50 Mikan , George George Mikan * ( 2 ) 25 Minneapolis Lakers 68 649 -- 567 1,865 27.4 1950 -- 51 Mikan , George George Mikan * ( 3 ) 26 Minneapolis Lakers 68 678 -- 576 1,932 28.4 1951 -- 52 Arizin , Paul Paul Arizin * 23 F / G Philadelphia Warriors 66 548 -- 578 1,674 25.4 1952 -- 53 Johnston , Neil Neil Johnston * 23 Philadelphia Warriors 70 504 -- 556 1,564 22.3 1953 -- 54 Johnston , Neil Neil Johnston * ( 2 ) 24 Philadelphia Warriors 72 591 -- 577 1,759 24.5 1954 -- 55 Johnston , Neil Neil Johnston * ( 3 ) 25 Philadelphia Warriors 72 521 -- 589 1,631 22.7 1955 -- 56 Pettit , Bob Bob Pettit * 23 F / C St. Louis Hawks 72 646 -- 557 1,849 25.7 1956 -- 57 Arizin , Paul Paul Arizin * ( 2 ) 28 F / G Philadelphia Warriors 71 613 -- 591 1,817 25.6 1957 -- 58 Yardley , George George Yardley * 29 F / G Detroit Pistons 72 673 -- 655 2,001 27.8 1958 -- 59 Pettit , Bob Bob Pettit * ( 2 ) 26 F / C St. Louis Hawks 72 719 -- 667 2,105 29.2 1959 -- 60 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 23 Philadelphia Warriors 72 1,065 -- 577 2,707 37.6 1960 -- 61 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * ( 2 ) 24 Philadelphia Warriors 79 1,251 -- 531 3,033 38.4 1961 -- 62 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * ( 3 ) 25 Philadelphia Warriors 80 1,597 -- 835 4,029 50.4 1962 -- 63 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * ( 4 ) 26 San Francisco Warriors 80 1,463 -- 660 3,586 44.8 1963 -- 64 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * ( 5 ) 27 San Francisco Warriors 80 1,204 -- 540 2,948 36.9 1964 -- 65 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * ( 6 ) 28 San Francisco Warriors Philadelphia 76ers 73 1,063 -- 408 2,534 34.7 1965 -- 66 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * ( 7 ) 29 Philadelphia 76ers 79 1,074 -- 501 2,649 33.5 1966 -- 67 Barry , Rick Rick Barry * 22 San Francisco Warriors 78 1,011 -- 753 2,775 35.6 1967 -- 68 Bing , Dave Dave Bing * 24 Detroit Pistons 79 835 -- 472 2,142 27.1 1968 -- 69 Hayes , Elvin Elvin Hayes * 23 F / C San Diego Rockets 82 930 -- 467 2,327 28.4 1969 -- 70 West , Jerry Jerry West * 31 Los Angeles Lakers 74 831 -- 647 2,309 31.2 1970 -- 71 Alcindor , Lew Lew Alcindor * 23 Milwaukee Bucks 82 1,063 -- 470 2,596 31.7 1971 -- 72 Abdul - Jabbar , Kareem Kareem Abdul - Jabbar * ( 2 ) 24 Milwaukee Bucks 81 1,159 -- 504 2,822 34.8 1972 -- 73 Archibald , Nate `` Tiny '' Nate `` Tiny '' Archibald * 24 Kansas City - Omaha Kings 80 1,028 -- 663 2,719 34.0 1973 -- 74 McAdoo , Bob Bob McAdoo * 22 C / F Buffalo Braves 74 901 -- 459 2,261 30.6 1974 -- 75 McAdoo , Bob Bob McAdoo * ( 2 ) 23 C / F Buffalo Braves 82 1,095 -- 641 2,831 34.5 1975 -- 76 McAdoo , Bob Bob McAdoo * ( 3 ) 24 C / F Buffalo Braves 78 934 -- 559 2,427 31.1 1976 -- 77 Maravich , Pete Pete Maravich * 29 New Orleans Jazz 73 886 -- 501 2,273 31.1 1977 -- 78 Gervin , George George Gervin * 25 G / F San Antonio Spurs 82 864 -- 504 2,232 27.2 1978 -- 79 Gervin , George George Gervin * ( 2 ) 26 G / F San Antonio Spurs 80 947 -- 471 2,365 29.6 1979 -- 80 Gervin , George George Gervin * ( 3 ) 27 G / F San Antonio Spurs 78 1,024 32 505 2,585 33.1 1980 -- 81 Dantley , Adrian Adrian Dantley * 24 F / G Utah Jazz 80 909 632 2,452 30.7 1981 -- 82 Gervin , George George Gervin * ( 4 ) 29 G / F San Antonio Spurs 79 993 10 555 2,551 32.3 1982 -- 83 English , Alex Alex English * 29 Denver Nuggets 82 959 406 2,326 28.4 1983 -- 84 Dantley , Adrian Adrian Dantley * ( 2 ) 27 F / G Utah Jazz 79 802 813 2,418 30.6 1984 -- 85 King , Bernard Bernard King * 28 New York Knicks 55 691 426 1,809 32.9 1985 -- 86 Wilkins , Dominique Dominique Wilkins * 26 Atlanta Hawks 78 888 13 577 2,366 30.3 1986 -- 87 Jordan , Michael Michael Jordan * 23 Chicago Bulls 82 1,098 12 833 3,041 37.1 1987 -- 88 Jordan , Michael Michael Jordan * ( 2 ) 24 Chicago Bulls 82 1,069 7 723 2,868 35.0 1988 -- 89 Jordan , Michael Michael Jordan * ( 3 ) 25 Chicago Bulls 81 966 27 674 2,633 32.5 1989 -- 90 Jordan , Michael Michael Jordan * ( 4 ) 26 Chicago Bulls 82 1,034 92 593 2,753 33.6 1990 -- 91 Jordan , Michael Michael Jordan * ( 5 ) 27 Chicago Bulls 82 990 29 571 2,580 31.5 1991 -- 92 Jordan , Michael Michael Jordan * ( 6 ) 28 Chicago Bulls 80 943 27 491 2,404 30.1 1992 -- 93 Jordan , Michael Michael Jordan * ( 7 ) 29 Chicago Bulls 78 992 81 476 2,541 32.6 1993 -- 94 Robinson , David David Robinson * 28 San Antonio Spurs 80 840 10 693 2,383 29.8 1994 -- 95 O'Neal , Shaquille Shaquille O'Neal * 22 Orlando Magic 79 930 0 455 2,315 29.3 1995 -- 96 Jordan , Michael Michael Jordan * ( 8 ) 32 Chicago Bulls 82 916 111 548 2,491 30.4 1996 -- 97 Jordan , Michael Michael Jordan * ( 9 ) 33 Chicago Bulls 82 920 111 480 2,431 29.6 1997 -- 98 Jordan , Michael Michael Jordan * ( 10 ) 34 Chicago Bulls 82 881 30 565 2,357 28.7 1998 -- 99 Iverson , Allen Allen Iverson * 23 Philadelphia 76ers 48 435 58 356 1,284 26.8 1999 -- 00 O'Neal , Shaquille Shaquille O'Neal * ( 2 ) 27 Los Angeles Lakers 79 956 0 432 2,344 29.7 2000 -- 01 Iverson , Allen Allen Iverson * ( 2 ) 25 Philadelphia 76ers 71 762 98 585 2,207 31.1 2001 -- 02 Iverson , Allen Allen Iverson * ( 3 ) 26 Philadelphia 76ers 60 665 78 475 1,883 31.4 2002 -- 03 McGrady , Tracy Tracy McGrady * 23 G / F Orlando Magic 75 829 173 576 2,407 32.1 2003 -- 04 McGrady , Tracy Tracy McGrady * ( 2 ) 24 G / F Orlando Magic 67 653 174 398 1,878 28.0 2004 -- 05 Iverson , Allen Allen Iverson * ( 4 ) 29 Philadelphia 76ers 75 771 104 656 2,302 30.7 2005 -- 06 Bryant , Kobe Kobe Bryant 27 Los Angeles Lakers 80 978 180 696 2,832 35.4 2006 -- 07 Bryant , Kobe Kobe Bryant ( 2 ) 28 Los Angeles Lakers 77 813 137 667 2,430 31.6 2007 -- 08 James , LeBron LeBron James ^ 23 Cleveland Cavaliers 75 794 113 549 2,250 30.0 2008 -- 09 Wade , Dwyane Dwyane Wade ^ 27 Miami Heat 79 854 88 590 2,386 30.2 2009 -- 10 Durant , Kevin Kevin Durant ^ 21 Oklahoma City Thunder 82 794 128 756 2,472 30.1 2010 -- 11 Durant , Kevin Kevin Durant ^ ( 2 ) 22 Oklahoma City Thunder 78 711 145 594 2,161 27.7 2011 -- 12 Durant , Kevin Kevin Durant ^ ( 3 ) 23 Oklahoma City Thunder 66 643 133 431 1,850 28.0 2012 -- 13 Anthony , Carmelo Carmelo Anthony ^ 28 New York Knicks 67 669 157 425 1,920 28.7 2013 -- 14 Durant , Kevin Kevin Durant ^ ( 4 ) 25 Oklahoma City Thunder 81 849 192 703 2,593 32.0 2014 -- 15 Westbrook , Russell Russell Westbrook ^ 26 Oklahoma City Thunder 67 627 86 546 1,886 28.1 2015 -- 16 Curry , Stephen Stephen Curry ^ 28 Golden State Warriors 79 805 402 363 2,375 30.1 2016 -- 17 Westbrook , Russell Russell Westbrook ^ ( 2 ) 28 Oklahoma City Thunder 81 824 200 710 2,558 31.6 2017 -- 18 James Harden 28 Houston Rockets 72 651 265 624 2,191 30.4 Multiple - time leaders ( edit ) Ranking Player Team Times leader Years Michael Jordan Chicago Bulls 10 1987 , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 Wilt Chamberlain Philadelphia Warriors / San Francisco Warriors ( 5 ) / Philadelphia 76ers ( 2 ) 7 1960 , 1961 , 1962 , 1963 , 1964 , 1965 , 1966 Kevin Durant George Gervin Allen Iverson Oklahoma City Thunder San Antonio Spurs Philadelphia 76ers 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2014 1978 , 1979 , 1980 , 1982 1999 , 2001 , 2002 , 2005 6 Neil Johnston Bob McAdoo George Mikan Philadelphia Warriors Buffalo Braves Minneapolis Lakers 1953 , 1954 , 1955 1974 , 1975 , 1976 1949 , 1950 , 1951 9 Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Paul Arizin Kobe Bryant Adrian Dantley Tracy McGrady Shaquille O'Neal Bob Pettit Russell Westbrook Milwaukee Bucks Philadelphia Warriors Los Angeles Lakers Utah Jazz Orlando Magic Orlando Magic ( 1 ) / Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) St. Louis Hawks Oklahoma City Thunder 1971 , 1972 1952 , 1957 2006 , 2007 1981 , 1984 2003 , 2004 1995 , 2000 1956 , 1959 2015 , 2017 See also ( edit ) List of National Basketball Association career scoring leaders Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ At the start of February 1st of that season . Jump up ^ The player 's primary position is listed first . Jump up ^ In the 1947 -- 48 season , Joe Fulks averaged the most points ( 22.1 ) but had only played in 43 games and totaled 949 points , the second - highest total . Jump up ^ Wilt Chamberlain holds the all - time rookie record for points per game . Jump up ^ Wilt Chamberlain holds the all - time record for total points scored and points per game in a single season . Jump up ^ In the 1967 -- 68 season , Oscar Robertson averaged the most points ( 29.2 ) but had only played in 65 games and totaled 1,896 points , the sixth - highest total . Jump up ^ Elvin Hayes is the last rookie to lead the league in scoring average . Jump up ^ In the 1969 -- 70 season , rookie Lew Alcindor had the highest point total ( 2,361 ) but was second in scoring average ( 28.8 ) . Jump up ^ Before the 1971 -- 72 season , Lew Alcindor changed his name to Kareem Abdul - Jabbar . Jump up ^ In the 1977 -- 78 season , George Gervin defeated David Thompson for the scoring title in the closest scoring duel ever ( 27.21 to 27.15 ) where Thompson scored 73 on the last day of the season and Gervin answered with 63 ( Gervin also broke Thompson 's record of 32 points set earlier on the same day in the first quarter by scoring a record 33 points in the second quarter ) . Both Thompson 's and Gervin 's games were losses . Jump up ^ In the 1984 -- 85 season , rookie Michael Jordan had the highest point total ( 2,313 ) but was third in scoring average ( 28.2 ) . Bernard King tied for the twelfth - highest point total ( 1,809 ) but had the highest scoring average ( 32.9 ) . Jump up ^ In the 1985 -- 86 season Alex English had the highest point total ( 2,414 ) but was third in scoring average ( 29.8 ) . Jump up ^ In the 1993 -- 94 season , David Robinson scored 71 points in the final game of the season to edge Shaquille O'Neal ( 29.3 ) for the scoring title . Jump up ^ In the 1997 -- 98 season , Michael Jordan defeated Shaquille O'Neal for the scoring title in the third - closest race ever ( 28.7 to 28.3 ) . Jordan , at 35 years and 60 days old , is the oldest scoring leader in NBA history . Jump up ^ The 1998 -- 99 season was shortened to 50 games due to the league 's lockout . The qualification of this season 's scoring title is to appear in at least 43 games ( out of 50 ) or to have at least 854 points . Jump up ^ In the lockout - shortened 1998 -- 99 season , Shaquille O'Neal had the highest point total ( 1,289 ) but was second in scoring average ( 26.3 ) . Jump up ^ In the 2000 -- 01 season , Jerry Stackhouse had the highest point total ( 2,380 ) but was second in scoring average ( 29.8 ) . Jump up ^ In the 2001 -- 02 season , Paul Pierce had the highest point total ( 2,144 ) but was third in scoring average ( 26.1 ) . Jump up ^ In the 2002 -- 03 season , Kobe Bryant had the highest point total ( 2,461 ) but was second in scoring average ( 30.0 ) . Jump up ^ In the 2003 -- 04 season , Kevin Garnett had the highest point total ( 1,987 ) but was third in scoring average ( 24.2 ) . Jump up ^ In the 2007 -- 08 season , Kobe Bryant had the highest point total ( 2,323 ) but was second in scoring average ( 28.3 ) . Jump up ^ In the 2009 -- 10 season , Kevin Durant defeated LeBron James for the scoring title ( 30.1 to 29.7 ) . Durant , at 21 years and 197 days old , is also the youngest scoring leader in NBA history . Jump up ^ The 2011 -- 12 season was shortened to 66 games due to the league 's lockout . The qualification of this season 's scoring title is to appear in at least 56 games ( out of 66 ) or to have at least 1127 points . Jump up ^ In the 2011 -- 12 season , Kevin Durant defeated Kobe Bryant for the scoring title in the second - closest scoring race ever ( 28.03 to 27.86 ) . Bryant , who needed to score 38 points in the final game to win , decided to sit out . Jump up ^ In the 2012 -- 13 season , Kevin Durant had the highest point total ( 2,280 ) but was second in scoring average ( 28.1 ) . Jump up ^ In the 2014 -- 15 season , James Harden had the highest point total ( 2,217 ) but was second in scoring average ( 27.4 ) . Jump up ^ In the 2015 -- 16 season , James Harden had the highest point total ( 2,376 ) but was second in scoring average ( 29.0 ) . Jump up ^ In the 2017 -- 18 season , LeBron James had the highest point total ( 2,251 ) but was third in scoring average ( 27.5 ) . References ( edit ) General `` Yearly Leaders and Records for Points Per Game '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . `` Yearly Leaders and Records for Points '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Specific Jump up ^ `` Basketball glossary '' . FIBA.com . Retrieved March 6 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Robbins , Liz ( January 15 , 2006 ) . `` Around the N.B.A. ; In the N.B.A. , Scoring Titles Rarely Equal Championships '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Brown , Clifton ( February 5 , 1990 ) . `` 3 - Pointer Adds Dimension To N.B.A '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Haubner , Mark ( January 2 , 2003 ) . `` The trey is the thing in today 's NBA '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rate Statistic Requirements '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved March 6 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wilt Chamberlain '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved March 2 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Michael Jordan '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Smith , Brian ( April 20 , 2005 ) . `` Iverson Wins Fourth Scoring Title '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2014 . Retrieved February 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Carr , Janis ( April 2 , 2000 ) . `` Jackson aware of the score with O'Neal '' . The Orange County Register . p . D11 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Latzke , Jeff ( April 15 , 2010 ) . `` Durant Becomes NBA 's Youngest Scoring Champ '' . ABC News Internet Ventures . Retrieved April 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1946 - 47 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Joe Fulks Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1947 - 48 BAA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1947 - 48 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Max Zaslofsky Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1948 - 49 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` George Mikan Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1949 - 50 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1950 - 51 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1951 - 52 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Paul Arizin Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1952 - 53 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Neil Johnston Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1953 - 54 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1954 - 55 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1955 - 56 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bob Pettit Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1956 - 57 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1957 - 58 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` George Yardley Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1958 - 59 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1959 - 60 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wilt Chamberlain Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1960 - 61 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1961 - 62 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1962 - 63 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1963 - 64 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1964 - 65 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1965 - 66 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1966 - 67 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Rick Barry Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1967 - 68 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Oscar Robertson '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1967 - 68 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Dave Bing Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1968 - 69 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Elvin Hayes Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1969 - 70 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1969 - 70 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Jerry West Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Kareem Abdul - Jabbar '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved March 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1970 - 71 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1971 - 72 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1972 - 73 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Nate Archibald Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1973 - 74 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bob McAdoo Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1974 - 75 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1975 - 76 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1976 - 77 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Pete Maravich Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` April 9 , 1978 : Gervin beats Thompson in NBA scoring title duel '' . History Channel . A&E Television Networks . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` David Thompson '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` George Gervin '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Vecsey , George ( February 7 , 1996 ) . `` Sports of The Times ; Giant Leap For Gervin , Thompson '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1977 - 78 NBA Game Results '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1977 - 78 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` George Gervin Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1978 - 79 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1979 - 80 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1980 - 81 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Adrian Dantley Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1981 - 82 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1982 - 83 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Alex English Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1983 - 84 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1984 - 85 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1984 - 85 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Bernard King Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1985 - 86 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1985 - 86 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Dominique Wilkins Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1986 - 87 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Michael Jordan Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1987 - 88 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1988 - 89 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1989 - 90 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1990 - 91 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1991 - 92 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1992 - 93 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` David Robinson '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1993 - 94 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` David Robinson Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1994 - 9 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shaquille O'Neal Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1995 - 96 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1996 - 97 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Durant , Bryant take scoring race to wire '' . ESPN.com. April 26 , 2012 . Retrieved April 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jordan 1997 - 98 game log '' . basketball - reference . Retrieved 24 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1997 - 98 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Beck , Howard ( February 14 , 2009 ) . `` N.B.A. and Union Are Discussing New Labor Deal '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1998 - 99 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1998 - 99 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Allen Iverson Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1999 - 2000 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2000 - 01 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 2000 - 01 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2001 - 02 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 2001 - 02 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 - 03 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 2002 - 03 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tracy McGrady Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2003 - 04 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kobe Bryant Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 - 08 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Dwyane Wade Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Beck , Howard ( April 9 , 2010 ) . `` Tight N.B.A. Scoring Race Comes Down to James and Durant '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 30 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kevin Durant Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Beck , Howard ( November 28 , 2011 ) . `` Two Exhibition Games for N.B.A. Teams '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 28 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : McMenamin , Dave ( April 26 , 2012 ) . `` Kobe Bryant sits ; Kevin Durant wins '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 - 13 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Carmelo Anthony Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 - 15 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved December 7 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Russell Westbrook Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 - 16 NBA Season Summary LLC '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Curry Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 - 18 NBA Season Summary LLC '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` James Harden Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . NBA season scoring leaders 1947 : Fulks 1948 : Zaslofsky 1949 : Mikan 1950 : Mikan 1951 : Mikan 1952 : Arizin 1953 : Johnston 1954 : Johnston 1955 : Johnston 1956 : Pettit 1957 : Arizin 1958 : Yardley 1959 : Pettit 1960 : Chamberlain 1961 : Chamberlain 1962 : Chamberlain 1963 : Chamberlain 1964 : Chamberlain 1965 : Chamberlain 1966 : Chamberlain 1967 : Barry 1968 : Bing 1969 : Hayes 1970 : West 1971 : Alcindor 1972 : Abdul - Jabbar 1973 : Archibald 1974 : McAdoo 1975 : McAdoo 1976 : McAdoo 1977 : Maravich 1978 : Gervin 1979 : Gervin 1980 : Gervin 1981 : Dantley 1982 : Gervin 1983 : English 1984 : Dantley 1985 : King 1986 : Wilkins 1987 : Jordan 1988 : Jordan 1989 : Jordan 1990 : Jordan 1991 : Jordan 1992 : Jordan 1993 : Jordan 1994 : Robinson 1995 : O'Neal 1996 : Jordan 1997 : Jordan 1998 : Jordan 1999 : Iverson 2000 : O'Neal 2001 : Iverson 2002 : Iverson 2003 : McGrady 2004 : McGrady 2005 : Iverson 2006 : Bryant 2007 : Bryant 2008 : James 2009 : Wade 2010 : Durant 2011 : Durant 2012 : Durant 2013 : Anthony 2014 : Durant 2015 : Westbrook 2016 : Curry 2017 : Westbrook 2018 : Harden National Basketball Association statistical leaders Players Career Regular season Points Franchise Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Seasons Games Minutes Playoffs Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Games Minutes Annual Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Minutes Field goal percentage Three - point field goals Three - point field goal percentage Free throw percentage Season Points Rookie Rebounds Rookie Game Points Playoffs Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Misc Tallest players Shortest players Oldest and youngest players Highest - paid players Teams Winningest teams All - time win - loss records Winning streaks Losing streaks Misc Highest - scoring games Records Regular season Playoffs All - Star Game Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_National_Basketball_Association_annual_scoring_leaders&oldid=839403755 '' Categories : National Basketball Association lists National Basketball Association statistical leaders Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Articles with hCards Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Galego Hrvatski Italiano עברית Latviešu 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 3 May 2018 , at 05 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who has the highest point average in nba history | [
"Wilt Chamberlain holds the all-time records for total points scored (4,029) and points per game (50.4) in a season; both records were achieved in the 1961–62 season.[6] He also holds the rookie records for points per game when he averaged 37.6 points in the 1959–60 season.[6] Among active players, Kevin Durant has the highest point total (2,593) and the highest scoring average (32.0) in a season; both were achieved in the 2013–14 season."
] | [
"Kevin Durant"
] |
-4871423862938891108 | You've Come a Long Way, Baby | You 've Come a Long Way , Baby - wikipedia You 've Come a Long Way , Baby This article is about the Fatboy Slim album . For the advertising jingle , see Virginia Slims § Marketing . You 've Come a Long Way , Baby Studio album by Fatboy Slim Released 19 October 1998 Studio The House of Love ( Brighton , England ) Genre Big beat Length 61 : 59 Label Skint Astralwerks Producer Norman Cook Fatboy Slim chronology Better Living Through Chemistry ( 1996 ) You 've Come a Long Way , Baby ( 1998 ) Halfway Between the Gutter and the Stars ( 2000 ) Alternate cover North American version Singles from You 've Come a Long Way , Baby `` The Rockafeller Skank '' Released : 8 June 1998 `` Gangster Tripping '' Released : 5 October 1998 `` Praise You '' Released : 4 January 1999 `` Right Here , Right Now '' Released : 19 April 1999 `` Build It Up -- Tear It Down '' Released : 15 September 1999 Alternate cover Tenth anniversary edition You 've Come a Long Way , Baby is the second studio album by English electronic music producer Fatboy Slim . It was released on 19 October 1998 in the United Kingdom by Skint Records and in the United States by Astralwerks . The album was recorded and produced at Cook 's home studio called `` The House of Love '' in Brighton , England . The album was a critical and commercial success , containing four top ten singles . The album peaked at number one on the UK albums chart , number one in New Zealand , number two in Australia , and number thirty - four on the US Billboard 200 . Four singles were released from the album : `` The Rockafeller Skank '' , `` Gangster Tripping '' , `` Praise You '' , and `` Right Here , Right Now '' , each of which reached the top 10 in the UK Singles Chart . `` Build It Up -- Tear It Down '' was also released as a promo , but not as a commercial single . The four singles from the album brought Fatboy Slim an international profile and You 've Come a Long Way , Baby was described as his ' global break - through album ' . Its success earned him a Brit Award in 1999 . Contents 1 Editing 2 Title and artwork 3 Critical reception 4 Track listing 5 Personnel 6 Charts 6.1 Weekly charts 6.2 Year - end charts 7 Certifications 8 Release history 9 References 10 External links Editing ( edit ) You 've Come a Long Way , Baby was recorded entirely using an Atari ST computer , Creator software and floppy disks . The album faced issues regarding the use of profanity , most notably on the track `` Fucking in Heaven '' ( renamed `` In Heaven '' in North America , and `` Illin in Heaven '' on the censored version ) , where the word ' fucking ' is spoken 108 times by Freddy Fresh . The word `` shit '' is used in `` Gangster Tripping '' 57 times , which makes a total of 165 profanities . Because of this , the album was given a Parental Advisory sticker . It is possible that the repeated use of `` druggy '' in `` Kalifornia '' also required the sticker , which is not limited to simply profanity but also to drug references . Title and artwork ( edit ) The title You 've Come a Long Way , Baby was derived from a marketing slogan for Virginia Slims cigarettes . Conceived by Red Design , the album 's primary cover art features an obese young man dressed in a T - shirt bearing the words `` I 'm # 1 so why try harder '' while holding a cigarette in his left hand . The original photograph was taken at the 1983 Fat People 's Festival in Danville , Virginia and provided by the Rex Features photo library . Despite a series of enquiries , the man has not been identified . Additional photography for the You 've Come a Long Way , Baby liner notes was provided by Simon Thornton . The cover image was changed in North America to an image of shelves stacked with records . Critical reception ( edit ) Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating AllMusic Encyclopedia of Popular Music Entertainment Weekly B+ Muzik NME 8 / 10 Pitchfork 8.2 / 10 Q Rolling Stone Select 5 / 5 Spin 8 / 10 The album received critical acclaim , particularly for its beats and hooks , and is considered a benchmark album in big beat music . In 1999 , it was certified 3 × platinum by the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) , 3 × Platinum by the Australian Record Industry Association and platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . In 2000 , the album was ranked number 81 in Q magazine 's readers ' poll of the `` 100 Greatest British Albums Ever '' . The album was also included in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die . Track listing ( edit ) No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Right Here , Right Now '' Norman Cook , Dale Peters , Joe Walsh 6 : 27 2 . `` The Rockafeller Skank '' Cook , John Barry , Winifred Terry 6 : 53 3 . `` Fucking in Heaven '' Cook 3 : 54 4 . `` Gangster Tripping '' Cook , Josh Davis , Sam Brox , Ganiyu Pierre Gasper , Stephen Jones , Nicholas Lockett , Myke Wilson 5 : 20 5 . `` Build It Up - Tear It Down '' Cook , Patricia Miller 5 : 05 6 . `` Kalifornia '' Cook , Mr. Natural 5 : 53 7 . `` Soul Surfing '' Cook , Earl Nelson , Fred Smith 4 : 56 8 . `` You 're Not from Brighton '' Cook 5 : 20 9 . `` Praise You '' Cook , Camille Yarbrough 5 : 23 10 . `` Love Island '' Cook 5 : 18 11 . `` Acid 8000 '' Cook 7 : 28 Total length : 1 : 01 : 59 show Australian edition bonus track No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 12 . `` How Could They Hear Us '' Cook 5 : 08 Total length : 1 : 07 : 07 show Japanese edition bonus track No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 12 . `` The World Went Down '' Cook 6 : 43 Total length : 1 : 08 : 42 show UK limited edition bonus disc No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Everybody Loves a Carnival '' ( radio edit ) Cook , Edwin Starr 4 : 05 2 . `` Michael Jackson '' Cook 5 : 47 3 . `` Next to Nothing '' Cook 7 : 15 4 . `` Es Paradis '' Cook 5 : 43 Total length : 22 : 50 show Tenth anniversary deluxe edition bonus disc No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Cowboy '' ( featuring Eve ) Cook , Kaseem Dean , Eve Jeffers , Jay `` Icepick '' Jackson , Mashonda Tifrere 5 : 34 2 . `` Radioactivity '' ( featuring Myriam Tisler ) Ralf Hütter , Florian Schneider , Emil Schult 3 : 41 3 . `` Because We Can '' Cook , Jim Broadbent , Marius de Vries 3 : 29 4 . `` Always Read the Label '' Cook 5 : 42 5 . `` Tweakers Delight '' Cook 3 : 08 6 . `` The World Went Down '' Cook 6 : 43 7 . `` Jack It Up ( DJ Delite ) '' Cook 4 : 05 8 . `` Do n't Forget Your Teeth '' Cook 5 : 41 9 . `` Praise You '' ( original version ) Cook , Yarbrough 6 : 41 10 . `` Lounge Island '' Cook 3 : 13 Total length : 48 : 07 Sample credits `` Right Here , Right Now '' contains samples of `` Ashes , the Rain , and I '' , written by Dale Peters and Joe Walsh , and performed by the James Gang . `` The Rockafeller Skank '' contains samples of `` Sliced Tomatoes '' , written by Winifred Terry and performed by the Just Brothers , and `` Beat Girl '' , written and performed by John Barry . `` Gangster Trippin '' contains samples of `` Entropy '' , written and performed by DJ Shadow ( Josh Davis ) , and `` Beatbox Wash '' , written and performed by the Dust Junkys ( Sam Brox , Ganiyu Pierre Gasper , Stephen Jones , Nicholas Lockett and Myke Wilson ) . `` Build It Up -- Tear It Down '' contains samples of `` The Acid Test '' , written by Patricia Miller and performed by The Purple Fox . `` Soul Surfing '' contains samples of `` I 'll Do a Little Bit More '' , written by Earl Nelson and Fred Smith , and performed by The Olympics . `` Praise You '' contains samples of `` Take Yo Praise '' , written and performed by Camille Yarbrough . Personnel ( edit ) Credits for You 've Come a Long Way , Baby adapted from liner notes . Norman Cook -- performer , production Red Design -- photography Simon Thornton -- engineering , mixing , photography Eve -- provides the vocals for the song `` Cowboy '' . Freddy Fresh -- provides the vocal sample for the song `` Fucking in Heaven '' . Myriam Tisler -- provides the vocals for the song `` Radioactivity '' . Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1998 -- 2001 ) Peak position Australian Albums ( ARIA ) Austrian Albums ( Ö3 Austria ) 13 Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Flanders ) 27 Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Wallonia ) 35 Canadian Albums ( Billboard ) 19 Finnish Albums ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 29 French Albums ( SNEP ) 10 German Albums ( Offizielle Top 100 ) 15 Irish Albums ( IRMA ) 19 New Zealand Albums ( RMNZ ) Norwegian Albums ( VG - lista ) 20 Scottish Albums ( OCC ) Swedish Albums ( Sverigetopplistan ) 24 Swiss Albums ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 23 UK Albums ( OCC ) UK Independent Albums ( OCC ) US Billboard 200 34 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1999 ) Position German Albums Chart 48 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 3 × Platinum 210,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) Platinum 100,000 France ( SNEP ) Platinum 397,100 Japan ( RIAJ ) Gold 100,000 Netherlands ( NVPI ) Gold 50,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) Gold 25,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 4 × Platinum 1,200,000 United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 1,000,000 Worldwide ( IFPI ) N / A 3,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Region Date Label Format Catalog no . United Kingdom 19 October 1998 Skint Records CD BRASSIC 11CD LP BRASSIC 11LP United States 20 October 1998 Astralwerks ASW 66247 - 1 Cassette ASW 66247 CD ASW 66247 - 2 United Kingdom 4 December 1998 Skint Records MiniDisc BRASSIC 11MD Japan 6 April 1999 CD SKI 491973 13 July 1999 Sony Music Entertainment CD ( limited edition ) ESCA 491973 United Kingdom 22 September 2009 Skint Records CD ( deluxe edition ) BRASSIC 56CD References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Fatboy Slim - You 've Come A Long Way , Baby '' . Discogs . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : Petridis , Alexis ( 2004 - 09 - 10 ) . `` How the Fatboy grew up '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ Marcus , Tony ( April 1998 ) . Meaty , Beaty , Big and Bouncy . Spin . SPIN Media LLC . p. 86 . ^ Jump up to : `` ARIA Charts - Accreditations - 2000 Albums '' . Aria.com.au . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Fatboy Slim Chart History '' . Billboard . Retrieved 27 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fatboy Slim Official Charts '' . officialcharts.com . Retrieved 6 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fatboy Slim : Superstar DJ who bounced back from rehab reveals secret of the five Fs '' . The Independent . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ DJ Mag . `` Game Changers : Fatboy Slim ' Praise You ' '' . YouTube . Retrieved 12 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fatboy Slim Drops Beats on New Beautiful South Record '' . MTV . 11 September 1998 . Retrieved 23 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : You 've Come a Long Way , Baby ( liner notes ) . Fatboy Slim . Skint Records . 1998 . BRASSIC 11CD . Jump up ^ `` Fatboy Slim '' . Red Design . Retrieved 23 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` '' Fat Peoples Festival in Danville , Virginia , America -- 1983 '' Set : 100734 , Image : 100734b `` . Rex Features . Retrieved 23 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Jonze , Tim ( 15 August 2013 ) . `` Fatboy Slim : ' My weirdest gig ? The House of Commons ' '' . 30 Minutes With ... The Guardian . Guardian News and Media . Retrieved 15 August 2013 . We still have n't ever found the fat kid from the cover of You 've Come a Long Way , Baby . He 's still never identified himself , despite me putting out appeals . I would actually like to give him some money ! Jump up ^ Erlewine , Stephen Thomas . `` You 've Come a Long Way , Baby -- Fatboy Slim '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 15 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Larkin , Colin ( 2011 ) . The Encyclopedia of Popular Music ( 5th concise ed . ) . Omnibus Press . ISBN 0 - 85712 - 595 - 8 . Jump up ^ Browne , David ( 19 October 1998 ) . `` You 've Come a Long Way , Baby '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 15 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Moore , Ralph ( November 1998 ) . `` Fatboy Slim : You 've Come a Long Way , Baby ( Skint ) '' . Muzik ( 42 ) : 84 . Jump up ^ Dalton , Stephen ( 16 October 1998 ) . `` Fatboy Slim -- You 've Come A Long Way , Baby '' . NME . Archived from the original on 18 June 2000 . Retrieved 27 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Wisdom , James P. `` Fatboy Slim : You 've Come A Long Way , Baby '' . Pitchfork . Archived from the original on 21 October 2002 . Retrieved 15 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Roberts , David ( December 1998 ) . `` Fatboy Slim : You 've Come a Long Way , Baby '' . Q ( 148 ) : 116 . Archived from the original on 11 September 1999 . Retrieved 30 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Christgau , Robert ( 20 October 1998 ) . `` You 've Come A Long Way , Baby '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 27 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Perry , Andrew ( November 1998 ) . `` Brighton rocks '' . Select ( 101 ) : 81 -- 82 . Jump up ^ Lim , Dennis ( December 1998 ) . `` Fatboy Slim : You 've Come a Long Way , Baby '' . Spin. 14 ( 12 ) : 175 -- 76 . Retrieved 2 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Q Magazine : The 100 Greatest British Albums Ever - 選出 '' . Afrokayo.web.fc2.com . Archived from the original on 27 December 2013 . Retrieved 27 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Robert Dimery ; Michael Lydon ( 23 March 2010 ) . 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die : Revised and Updated Edition . Universe . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7893 - 2074 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Australiancharts.com -- Fatboy Slim -- You 've Come a Long Way , Baby '' . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Fatboy Slim -- You 've Come a Long Way , Baby '' ( in German ) . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Fatboy Slim -- You 've Come a Long Way , Baby '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Fatboy Slim -- You 've Come a Long Way , Baby '' ( in French ) . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ `` Fatboy Slim Chart History ( Canadian Albums ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Fatboy Slim : You 've Come a Long Way , Baby '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Fatboy Slim -- You 've Come a Long Way , Baby '' . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ `` Longplay - Chartverfolgung at Musicline '' ( in German ) . Musicline.de . Phononet GmbH . Jump up ^ `` GFK Chart - Track Albums : Week 44 , 1998 '' . Chart - Track . IRMA . Retrieved 29 Oktober 1998 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Fatboy Slim -- You 've Come a Long Way , Baby '' . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Fatboy Slim -- You 've Come a Long Way , Baby '' . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Albums Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Fatboy Slim -- You 've Come a Long Way , Baby '' . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Fatboy Slim -- You 've Come a Long Way , Baby '' . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ `` Official Albums Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Official Independent Albums Chart Top 50 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved December 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fatboy Slim Chart History ( Billboard 200 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Album - Jahrescharts '' ( in German ) . GfK Entertainment . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 1999 Albums '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Jump up ^ `` Canadian album certifications -- Fatboy Slim -- You 've come a long way baby '' . Music Canada . Jump up ^ `` French album certifications -- Fatboy Slim -- You 've come a long way baby '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Jump up ^ https://www.infodisc.fr/Ventes_Albums_Tout_Temps.php?debut=850 Jump up ^ `` Japanese album certifications -- Fatboy Slim -- You 've come a long way baby '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Jump up ^ `` Dutch album certifications -- Fatboy Slim -- You 've come a long way baby '' ( in Dutch ) . Nederlandse Vereniging van Producenten en Importeurs van beeld - en geluidsdragers . Enter You 've come a long way baby in the `` Artiest of titel '' box . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Fatboy Slim ; ' You 've come a long way baby ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ `` British album certifications -- Fatboy Slim -- You 've come a long way baby '' . British Phonographic Industry . Select albums in the Format field . Select Platinum in the Certification field . Type You 've come a long way baby in the `` Search BPI Awards '' field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Fatboy Slim -- You 've come a long way baby '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH . Jump up ^ Green , Jim . `` Best selling big beat album '' . Rock ' n ' pop music trivia . Retrieved 5 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` You 've Come a Long Way , Baby -- Fatboy Slim ( CD -- Skint # BRASSIC 11CD ) '' . Allmusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved 23 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` You 've Come A Long Way Baby ( Vinyl ) '' . Amazon.com ( UK ) . Retrieved 23 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` You 've Come a Long Way , Baby -- Fatboy Slim ( LP -- Astralwerks # 66247 ) '' . Allmusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved 23 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` You 've Come a Long Way , Baby -- Fatboy Slim ( Cassette -- Astralwerks # 66247 ) '' . Allmusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved 23 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` You 've Come a Long Way , Baby -- Fatboy Slim ( CD -- Astralwerks # 66247 ) '' . Allmusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved 23 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Youve Come a Long Way Baby ( MiniDisc ) '' . Amazon.com ( UK ) . Retrieved 23 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` You 've Come a Long Way , Baby ( Japan ) -- Fatboy Slim ( Skint Records # 491973 ) '' . Allmusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved 23 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` You 've Come a Long Way , Baby ( Japan Bonus CD ) -- Fatboy Slim ( CD -- Sony Music Distribution # 491973 ) '' . Allmusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved 23 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` You 've Come a Long Way , Baby ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) -- Fatboy Slim ( CD -- Skint Records # BRASSIC 56CD ) '' . Allmusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved 23 July 2013 . External links ( edit ) You 've Come a Long Way , Baby at Discogs ( list of releases ) You 've Come a Long Way , Baby at MusicBrainz ( list of releases ) Fatboy Slim Discography Awards and nominations Studio albums Better Living Through Chemistry You 've Come a Long Way , Baby Halfway Between the Gutter and the Stars Palookaville Live albums On the Floor at the Boutique Live on Brighton Beach Big Beach Boutique II Soundtrack albums Here Lies Love Compilation albums The Fatboy Slim / Norman Cook Collection A Break from the Norm The Greatest Hits -- Why Try Harder Late Night Tales : Fatboy Slim EPs My Game Illuminati Camber Sands The Pimp Singles `` Everybody Needs a 303 '' `` Going Out of My Head '' `` The Rockafeller Skank '' `` Gangster Trippin '' `` Praise You '' `` Right Here , Right Now '' `` Sunset ( Bird of Prey ) '' `` Demons '' `` Star 69 '' / `` Weapon of Choice '' `` Song for Shelter '' / `` Ya Mama '' `` Drop the Hate '' `` Retox '' `` Talkin ' bout My Baby '' `` Slash Dot Dash '' `` Wonderful Night '' `` The Joker '' `` Do n't Let the Man Get You Down '' `` That Old Pair of Jeans '' `` Champion Sound '' `` Radioactivity '' `` Eat , Sleep , Rave , Repeat '' Video releases Big Beach Boutique II -- The Movie The Greatest Hits -- Why Make Videos Related articles Norman Cook discography The Housemartins Beats International Pizzaman Freak Power Southern Fried Records Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You%27ve_Come_a_Long_Way,_Baby&oldid=866408213 '' Categories : 1998 albums Fatboy Slim albums Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) EngvarB from September 2013 Use dmy dates from September 2013 Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2017 Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Japan Certification Table Entry usages for Netherlands Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States MusicBrainz release group same as Wikidata Articles with MusicBrainz release group links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Latviešu Magyar Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Svenska Українська 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 03 : 55 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who said you've come a long way baby | [
"You've Come a Long Way, Baby is the second studio album by English electronic music producer Fatboy Slim. It was released on 19 October 1998 in the United Kingdom by Skint Records[1] and in the United States by Astralwerks. The album was recorded and produced at Cook's home studio called \"The House of Love\" in Brighton, England.[2][3]\n"
] | [
"English electronic music producer Fatboy Slim"
] |
8556791028744945558 | Keeping Up with the Kardashians | Keeping up with the Kardashians - Wikipedia Keeping up with the Kardashians This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 14 November 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search Keeping Up with the Kardashians The title card of the show ( season 11 -- present ) Genre Reality television Starring Kris Jenner Caitlyn Jenner Kourtney Kardashian Kim Kardashian Khloé Kardashian Rob Kardashian Kendall Jenner Kylie Jenner Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 14 No. of episodes 200 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Ryan Seacrest Jonathan Murray Gil Goldschein Jeff Jenkins Farnaz Farjam - Chazan Kris Jenner Kourtney Kardashian Kim Kardashian Khloé Kardashian Location ( s ) Los Angeles , California Camera setup Multi-camera Running time 22 minutes ( seasons 1 -- 6 ) 42 minutes ( season 7 -- present ) Production company ( s ) Ryan Seacrest Productions Bunim / Murray Productions Release Original network E ! Picture format 480i ( 4 : 3 SDTV ) ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) 1080i ( 16 : 9 HDTV ) ( season 3 -- present ) Original release October 14 , 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 14 ) -- present External links Official website www.eonline.com/shows/kardashians Keeping Up with the Kardashians ( often abbreviated KUWTK ) is an American reality television series that airs on the E ! cable network . The show focuses on the personal and professional lives of the Kardashian -- Jenner blended family . Its premise originated with Ryan Seacrest , who also serves as an executive producer . The series debuted on October 14 , 2007 and has subsequently become one of the longest - running reality television series in the country . The fourteenth season premiered on October 1 , 2017 . The series focuses mainly on sisters Kourtney , Kim , and Khloé Kardashian and their half - sisters Kendall and Kylie Jenner . It also features their parents Kris and Caitlyn Jenner ( previously known as Bruce Jenner ) , and brother Rob Kardashian . The significant others of the Kardashian sisters have also appeared on the show , including Kourtney 's boyfriend Scott Disick and Khloé 's ex-husband Lamar Odom . Caitlyn 's son Brody made cameo appearances in the early seasons before joining the show to appear regularly , along with his brother Brandon , and Brandon 's wife , Leah . Kim 's friend Jonathan Cheban and Khloé 's friend Malika Haqq have also been part of the show . Keeping Up with the Kardashians has received very poor critical reviews since its premiere . It is often criticized for the high degree of emphasis on the `` famous for being famous '' concept , and for appearing to fabricate some aspects of its storylines . Several critics also noted the show 's lack of intelligence , and described the family as `` self - absorbed '' and `` desperate '' for fame . However , some critics recognized the reality series as a `` guilty pleasure '' and acknowledged the family 's success . Despite the negative reviews , Keeping Up with the Kardashians has attracted high viewership ratings , becoming one of the network 's most successful shows and winning several audience awards . The series ' success has led additionally to the creation of numerous spin - off series , including : Kourtney and Kim Take Miami , Kourtney and Kim Take New York , Khloé & Lamar , Kourtney and Khloé Take The Hamptons , Dash Dolls , Rob & Chyna , and Life of Kylie . The network has also broadcast several television specials featuring special events involving members of the family . The series led to the Kardashians being able to cash in on their social media popularity by endorsing products like waist slimming pants and Coca - Cola , for which they are paid ( as of 2016 ) $75,000 upwards per post on instagram , facebook and twitter , as a CBC Marketplace programme revealed . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Production 2.1 Development 2.2 Cast 3 Related programming 4 Reception 4.1 Critical response 4.2 Viewership 5 Awards and nominations 6 Broadcast history 7 Home video releases and streaming 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Background ( edit ) Robert Kardashian ( 1944 -- 2003 ) and Kristen Mary `` Kris '' Houghton ( born 1955 ) married in 1978 , and had four children together : daughters Kourtney ( born 1979 ) , Kim ( born 1980 ) , and Khloé ( born 1984 ) , and son Rob ( born 1987 ) . The couple divorced in 1991 . In 1994 , Robert rose to prominence when he defended O.J. Simpson for the murders of Nicole Brown Simpson and Ronald Goldman during the O.J. Simpson trial . In 1991 , Kris married retired Olympic decathlon champion Bruce Jenner ( born 1949 ; now known as Caitlyn Jenner after undergoing a gender transition in 2015 ) . Bruce and Kris had two daughters together , Kendall ( born 1995 ) and Kylie ( born 1997 ) . Robert died in 2003 , eight weeks after being diagnosed with esophageal cancer . The Kardashian sisters began appearing in the media spotlight more often . In 2004 , Kim became a personal stylist for recording artist Brandy Norwood . She eventually developed into a full - time stylist , and was a personal shopper and stylist for actress Lindsay Lohan . Khloé , Kim , and Kourtney ventured further into fashion , opening a high fashion boutique Dash in Calabasas , California . Throughout Kim 's early career , she was involved in some high - profile relationships including Brandy Norwood 's brother , singer Ray J , and later , singer Nick Lachey . In 2006 , Kourtney starred in her first reality television series , Filthy Rich : Cattle Drive . In February 2007 , a home sex video that Kim made with Ray J years earlier was leaked . Vivid Entertainment bought the rights for $1 million and released the film as Kim Kardashian : Superstar on February 21 . Kim sued Vivid for ownership of the tape , but dropped the suit in April 2007 settling with Vivid Entertainment for $5 million . It is often assumed that the release of the sex tape was a major contributor to the rising fame of Kim Kardashian and her family . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) `` ( Kris ) was interested in doing a television show and this was in the time that The Osbournes was popular . I had seen The Osbournes and thought to myself -- because I had formed a production company -- I thought we should find something in this vein . And at the time , we had heard that Kris was interested in doing something with the family , so it was me and one other guy at the company . ( ... ) We had no idea it would become the monster pop culture business that it is . '' -- Ryan Seacrest on developing the idea for the reality series . The idea of creating a reality series originated in 2006 when Kris Jenner showed an interest in appearing on a television show together with her family . Jenner commented : `` Everybody thinks that ( my children ) could create a bunch of drama in their lives , but it 's something that I felt I did n't even have to think about . It would be natural . '' Producer Ryan Seacrest , who had his own production company , decided to develop the idea , having the popular family - based show The Osbournes in mind . He hired a camera man to visit the Kardashian 's family home to film them having a Sunday barbeque : `` They were all together -- as crazy and as fun as loving as they are , '' Seacrest described the family after seeing the tape . He later initiated the series by sharing the tape with E ! , an American cable network which features mostly entertainment - related programming , and reality television series ; the show was eventually picked up . In August 2007 , it was announced that the Kardashian and Jenner families would star in a yet - to - be-titled reality show on E ! described as a `` new non-scripted family sitcom '' , being produced by Ryan Seacrest and Bunim / Murray Productions . The series ' announcement came one week after Paris Hilton and her friend Nicole Richie announced that their popular E ! series , The Simple Life , was ending . Ryan Seacrest , an executive producer The show , entitled Keeping Up With the Kardashians , premiered on October 14 , 2007 . The reality series centers around the members of the Kardashian - Jenner blended family , focusing on the sisters Kourtney , Kim and Khloé . Most episodes have very similar structure : the family `` show ( s ) off their privileged lifestyle and maybe get into one or two minor family squabbles before ultimately wrapping things up with a monologue that reinforces the importance of family , '' as noted by Caroline Siede of Quartz . Harriet Ryan and Adam Tschorn of the Los Angeles Times described the reality series as a : `` Hollywood version of The Brady Bunch -- the harmless high jinks of a loving blended family against a backdrop of wealth and famous connections '' . Kim Kardashian described the beginning of filming the show , `` When we first started ( the show ) , we came together as a family and said , ' If we 're going to do this reality show , we 're going to be 100 percent who we really are . ' '' . She further commented on the show 's authenticity by saying that the network `` has never once put anything out there that we have n't approved of or accepted '' . The series was renewed for a second season one month after its premiere due to high ratings . Seacrest described the show 's success : `` At the heart of the series -- despite the catfights and endless sarcasm -- is a family that truly loves and supports one another ( ... ) The familiar dynamics of this family make them one Hollywood bunch that is sure to entertain . '' The following year , Keeping Up with the Kardashians was picked up for a third season . In April 2012 , E ! signed a three - year deal with the Kardashian family that kept the series airing through seasons seven , eight and nine . Keeping up with the Kardashians was later renewed for a tenth season which premiered on March 15 , 2015 . In February 2015 , it was announced that the show had been renewed for four more years , along with an additional spin - off series , making it one of the longest - running reality television series in the country . In terms of the show 's future , Kim Kardashian has commented that the reality series could go for an indefinite number of seasons saying that she : `` hope ( s ) it goes on for as long as it can . '' Keeping Up With the Kardashians , including its spin - off series , has become the cable network 's flagship show and its most lucrative franchise . `` It has changed the face of E ! '' said Lisa Berger , the network 's executive producer . `` We were a place to report on celebrity ; we were n't a place to break and make celebrity , which is now the whole idea of the E ! brand . '' The show 's success contributed significantly towards building the `` Kardashian brand '' , or `` Kardashian Inc . '' as it is called by The Hollywood Reporter . `` These shows are a 30 - minute commercial , '' Khloé Kardashian admitted in 2011 , in response to a suggestion that the television series is used to promote their retail stores and endorsement deals . On August 3 , 2017 It was announced the show 's 10 year anniversary will premiere on September 24 , 2017 following the show 's season 14 premiere . On August 24 , 2017 It was announced the family had signed a $150 million dollar deal with E ! . Cast ( edit ) The reality series revolves around the children of Kris Jenner , and originally focused mainly on the children from her first marriage to deceased attorney Robert Kardashian : Kourtney , Kim , Khloé , and Rob . Kris ' children Kendall and Kylie from her subsequent marriage to American athlete Bruce ( later Caitlyn ) Jenner have also been featured on the show since its beginning , along with Jenner 's son Brody from another marriage , although he appeared very few times during the early seasons , mostly being called by his step - brother Rob to babysit their half - sisters Kylie and Kendall . Kourtney 's boyfriend Scott Disick has also been appearing frequently on the show since the first season , as well as on the show 's spin - offs . Cast members also include numerous friends and other acquaintances of the family members , most notably Malika Haqq and Jonathan Cheban who joined Keeping Up with the Kardashians in the second and third seasons , respectively . Most of the Kardashian sisters ' significant others have appeared on the reality series . Kim 's relationship with football player Reggie Bush was featured on the show when they were dating ; after the breakup , Bush commented on appearing on the show saying that he never felt comfortable being followed by cameras , adding : `` I do it because it 's important to ( Kim ) . '' Rob 's relationship with singer Adrienne Bailon has also been documented on the show when they were dating from 2007 to 2009 ; although Bailon later admitted that the decision to appear on the show , and be associated with the family , hurt her career . Kim 's ex-husband Kris Humphries first appeared on the show during the premiere of the sixth season ; their relationship was chronicled throughout the season and ended with the couple 's wedding special `` Kim 's Fairytale Wedding : A Kardashian Event '' . They eventually went through a highly publicized divorce ; Kardashian 's former publicist later claimed that Humphries was allegedly set up to be portrayed on the show in a negative way and that the short - lived marriage was staged for the cameras as a ploy to generate money . Khloé married basketball player Lamar Odom during a fourth - season premiere aired in 2009 . He later had a major role as part of the supporting cast of the series , though he did not appear regularly during the following seasons as he was attempting to repair his marriage with Khloé . Kim 's current husband Kanye West made his first appearance on Keeping Up with the Kardashians in July 2012 during the seventh season when he started dating Kim . However , West was seldom seen in subsequent seasons . He explained the reasons for not appearing on the show later : `` You know , the amount of backlash I got from it is when I decided to not be on the show anymore . And it 's not that I have an issue with the show ; I just have an issue with the amount of backlash that I get . '' He also criticized the show for its cinematography and further complained about the way how the show is filmed . In the eighth season , Caitlyn Jenner 's sons Brandon and Brody Jenner , as well as Brandon 's wife Leah , joined the cast for regular appearances . Related programming ( edit ) Kourtney ( left ) and Khloé ( right ) featured on Kourtney and Khloé Take Miami , one of the numerous spin - off series of Keeping Up with the Kardashians . The success of the reality series resulted in the development of several spin - off shows and other related programming . In April 2009 , E ! announced the first spin - off of Keeping Up with the Kardashians entitled Kourtney and Khloé in Miami , which was later renamed Kourtney and Khloé Take Miami . The series followed the sisters who moved to Miami to open a new Dash boutique . Ted Harbert , president and CEO of Comcast Entertainment Group , considered the sisters capable of handling their own standalone series . `` It 's a very simple formula that we took from scripted TV and applied to a reality show . ( ... ) There are a lot of family sitcom elements to ' Kardashians , ' and we think that humor and warmth will carry over to Miami , '' Harbert added . The show premiered on August 16 , 2009 to very high ratings ; the first episode brought in 2.7 million total viewers and then became the most - watched show on the network since The Anna Nicole Show in 2002 . The spin - off was subsequently renewed for a second season which premiered on June 13 , 2010 , and later returned as Kourtney and Kim Take Miami for a third season on January 20 , 2013 . Additionally , a series of webisodes entitled Lord Disick : Lifestyles of a Lord were released following the show , which showcased Disick as he informed viewers how to live like a `` king '' . `` Khloé and Lamar are such a dynamic couple that we just knew we had to give them their own series . ( ... ) They are funny , dramatic , opinionated , and we intend to capture all this , along with the unvarnished reality of their lives together and apart , since each is constantly followed by their own celebrity spotlight . '' -- Lisa Berger , the executive vice president of the network . In October 2010 , the network announced another spin - off called Kourtney and Kim Take New York which followed the same format as its predecessor . The show debuted on January 23 , 2011 , and followed the sisters who opened a Dash location in New York City . The series returned for another season which premiered on November 27 the same year . In January 2011 , Khloé & Lamar , which featured Khloé and her husband Lamar Odom , became the third spin - off of Keeping Up with the Kardashians . The show premiered on April 10 , 2011 , and lasted two seasons . In March 2014 , E ! announced the fourth spin - off entitled Kourtney and Khloé Take The Hamptons . The series premiered on November 2 , 2014 , and followed Kourtney and Khloé who relocated to the Hamptons to work on opening a new Dash pop - up store . The fifth spin - off series called Dash Dolls premiered on September 20 , 2015 . The reality series chronicles the daily life of the employees of the Dash boutique in Los Angeles . In June 2016 , the network announced another show entitled Rob & Chyna which premiered on September 11 the same year , and follows the relationship of Rob Kardashian and Blac Chyna as they prepare to welcome their first child . The show was later renewed for a second season . In July 2017 , E ! confirmed the series was put on hold , and not on their current schedule . The network has also aired several television specials featuring important family events . A two - part television event called `` Kim 's Fairytale Wedding : A Kardashian Event '' , showcasing the wedding between Kim and Kris Humphries , was broadcast on October 9 and 10 , 2011 as part of the sixth season ; the special was highly successful with a combined 10.5 million viewers . A few days after Caitlyn Jenner ( then Bruce ) came out as a trans woman during a 20 / 20 interview with Diane Sawyer in May 2015 , E ! aired a two - part special on Keeping Up with the Kardashians entitled `` About Bruce '' , in which another side of the story was told featuring family members who were not involved in the previous interview on 20 / 20 . The first part of the special debuted on May 17 , 2015 , and attracted 2.92 million total viewers , a 40 % increase from the previous episode , while the second part aired the following day with similar viewership . I Am Cait , a separate documentary series , was announced immediately after the 20 / 20 interview . Jeff Olde , head of programming at E ! network , said that the series is `` not at all a Kardashian spin - off '' , and that `` we will not resort to spectacle , '' trying to emphasize its distinct format that is entirely different from most programming on the network , including Keeping Up with the Kardashians . The eight - part , one - hour docuseries debuted on July 26 , 2015 , on E ! , and focused on how Jenner was handling the aftermath of the transition ; it also attempted to deal with various LGBT - related issues . It was later cancelled after two seasons . In April 2017 , it was announced E ! had ordered an 8 - episode spin - off Life of Kylie revolving around Kylie Jenner which is set to premiere in summer 2017 . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) `` The Kardashians are the last ladies standing in reality TV because they 've simply always believed they were celebrities -- endlessly amused with themselves , endlessly oblivious to one another . Their vanity is impervious to the outside world , which is how many of us often wish our own personal vanity worked . Their gargantuan egos , their petty jealousies , their catty feuds , the effort - vs. - eye - roll they put into reciting their lines , their commitment to frivolity at all costs -- these are seductive qualities in a reality - TV star , however repugnant they might be in real life . Whatever it is you watch reality TV for , the Kardashians just have a lot more of it . '' -- Rob Sheffield from Rolling Stone Keeping Up with the Kardashians has been the subject of constant panning by critics since its inception . Brian Lowry , reviewing the show for Variety , said that the network : `` widens its lens to encompass the whole irritating brood -- including Kim 's sisters Khloé and Kourtney , mom - manager Kris and stepdad Bruce Jenner , who now has the distinction of having two sets of useless rich kids featured in pointless reality shows . '' Ginia Bellafonte of The New York Times compared the show to reality series Gene Simmons Family Jewels and exclaimed that : `` the Kardashian show is not about an eccentric family living conventionally ; it is purely about some desperate women climbing to the margins of fame , and that feels a lot creepier . '' Laura Burrows of IGN criticized the family for being too self - seeking and using the given platform only to gain more notoriety for themselves . Following the conclusion of the second season of the series , Burrows wrote : `` Those of us who watch this show ( ... ) want to believe that these whores of attention have souls and would actually do something for their fellow man and not reap the benefits of their service , but two seasons ' worth of self - absorbed egocentrism speaks to the contrary . '' Roxana Hadadi , reviewing Keeping Up with the Kardashians for The Washington Post , was extremely negative towards the reality series due to its absurdity , and commented that the show : `` firmly captures all of Kim and Co. 's dumbest instances from the series ' debut -- from the simply self - absorbed to the downright despicable . '' Amaya Rivera , writing about the series for Popmatters , noted : `` Indeed , there is something disturbing about the Kardashians ' intense hunger for fame . But even worse -- it is downright boring to watch this family live out their tedious lives . '' John Kubicek , the senior writer of BuddyTV , reviewed the premiere of the third season of the show and discussed the reason for the family 's success by saying that : `` the Kardashians ' fame is a lot like Möbius strip or an M.C. Escher painting . '' Harriet Ryan and Adam Tschorn of the Los Angeles Times described Keeping Up with the Kardashians as a : `` Hollywood version of The Brady Bunch -- the harmless high jinks of a loving blended family against a backdrop of wealth and famous connections '' . Jessica Chasmar of The Washington Times said that series : `` illustrates our nation 's moral , spiritual and cultural decay . '' Chasmar emphasized its negative influence and noted : `` America of 50 years ago would regard Ms. Kardashian with a mixture of disdain and pity , embarrassed by the very idea of a young lady 's most private moments being broadcast for all the world to see . '' Goal Auzeen Saedi , reviewing Keeping Up with the Kardashians for Psychology Today , emphasized the show 's influence saying that : `` The Kardashians become more relatable the more famous they become . '' Saedi also questioned their decision to appear on the show and added : `` But if living life in the spotlight is so taxing and demands multiple justifications for the way your life is being lived and criticized , perhaps you can take the cameras out of your house . '' Vinnie Mancuso , writing for New York Observer , criticized the show and felt : `` roughly one iota of shadenfreudic pleasure from this endeavor , but for the most part this show is the 100 % drizzling poops . '' David Hinckley of the New York Daily News , reviewing the tenth season , said that `` even when you think something about the Kardashians could be interesting , it 's not , '' adding that the `` entertainment value ( of the show ) is like having spent 10 years in Rapid City , S.D. , watching the traffic lights change . '' Amy Amatangelo of The Hollywood Reporter said that `` in true Kardashian fashion , they managed to make everything about them , '' after Caitlyn Jenner came out as a trans woman to her family in the `` About Bruce '' special aired as part of the tenth season . Amatangelo felt that the conversations `` seemed a little too staged , too controlled '' , and noted that `` there was no attempt to educate the viewers about transgender issues . '' `` The title of the show is misleading -- Keeping Up with the Kardashians has me imagining the raven - haired siblings being tracked by a slobbering pack of hunting dogs . Sadly , the reality is much more mundane . The best we can hope for is a peek into the crazy chaos of life on the A-list . ( ... ) The Kardashians would be the first to admit that their notoriety has little to do with any discernible talent , beyond an alarming capability for self - promotion . '' -- Gareth Dimelow from Sabotage Times However , several critics were more positive towards the show . A number of publications welcomed the show as `` guilty pleasure '' , including The Huffington Post , The Atlantic , and The Week . Tim Stack , writing for Entertainment Weekly , described the reality series as : `` my favorite little slice of reality TV spongecake . '' Lauren Le Vine of Refinery29 appreciated the success of the family which `` achieved the American dream of making something out of nothing , '' using the given platform . Libby Hill of The A.V. Club also acknowledged the show 's success and said : `` Keeping Up With The Kardashians gives us real , joyous , ugly , unsavory , hilarious life , with all the polished sitcom trappings . And though the latter may have launched a multimedia empire , the former has made it last '' . Maura Kelly of The Guardian evaluated the aftermath of the failed wedding of Kim Kardashian and Kris Humphries , which was documented on Keeping Up with the Kardashians , and subsequently caused public outrage , including an online protest petition to cancel the show . `` Since Kim does n't exactly seem to be an exemplar of self - awareness , I suppose it 's possible that she really believed she and Humphries would live happily ever after , '' Kelly speculated whether or not the marriage was a publicity stunt . `` But more likely , she and E ! are laughing all the way to the bank -- 10.5 million viewers tuned into `` Kim 's Fairytale Wedding : A Kardashian Event '' , after all , '' Kelly summarized the controversy . Josh Duboff , writing for Vanity Fair , commented on the show 's long run and said that `` it is near impossible to argue that their continued relevance , 10 years later , is anything other than awe - inspiring and remarkable '' . Viewership ( edit ) `` At their core , the Kardashians are an incredibly bonded , loving , large family who live an incredibly large life . And if you actually look at the history of television , there 's a pretty large number of families with that blend resonating with viewers . This just happens to be the first reality show that does it . ( ... ) It 's just an incredibly fascinating drama that 's played out . But at its core , you know that they 're going to end up around that dinner table together . '' -- E ! President Suzanne Kolb discusses the popularity of the series in an interview with The Wrap . Keeping Up with the Kardashians has been a ratings success for E ! -- in its first month it became the highest - rated series aired on Sunday nights for adults 18 -- 34 and was seen by 1.3 million total viewers , according to Nielsen Media Research . Lisa Berger , executive vice president of original programming and series development for E ! , said : `` The buzz surrounding the series is huge , and viewers have clearly fallen for the Kardashians . ( ... ) Seacrest and Bunim - Murray 's unique ability to capture this family 's one - of - a-kind dynamics and hilarious antics has made the series a fantastic addition to our prime - time lineup . '' The second season continued the success and was viewed by 1.6 million viewers on average , which led to a third season renewal . The two - hour fourth - season premiere , which aired on November 8 , 2009 , and featured the wedding ceremony of Khloé and Lamar Odom , brought in then - record ratings with 3.2 million viewers . The subsequent season debuted with nearly 4.7 million total viewers , which ranked as the highest - rated season premiere of the show , as of August 2015 . It was also the second highest - rated episode of Keeping Up with the Kardashians , second only to the previous season 's record - breaking finale with 4.8 million viewers . The seventh - season premiere of the series , which aired on May 20 , 2012 in its earlier timeslot , continued to deliver high ratings attracting almost three million total viewers which exceeded the premiere of the previous season by 16 % . Kim Kardashian has explained the success of the show by saying that people tune in to watch the series because they can relate themselves to the members of the family ; in an interview with the V magazine she said : `` You can see that soap operas are n't on the air as much anymore . I think reality shows are taking over that genre , but I think the draw to our show is that we are relatable . '' The eighth season debuted to 3 million viewers , up 6 % from the previous season , while the subsequent ninth season 's premiere was down by 20 % . The ninth season averaged 3.3 million total viewers and almost 2.2 million in the 18 -- 49 years adult demographic , the most sought after by advertisers . It was the highest rated cable show in its timeslot . The series finished as the most - social ad - supported cable program and , as of March 2015 , Keeping Up with the Kardashians is the most - watched show on E ! network . The first episode of the tenth season averaged 2.5 million viewers , slightly less than the premiere of the ninth season . In 2016 , a New York Times study of the 50 TV shows with the most Facebook Likes found that Keeping Up with the Kardashians `` tends to most popular in areas with large Hispanic populations , particularly in the Southwest '' . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Keeping Up with the Kardashians has been nominated for , and won , several television awards . The reality series has received nominations for a Teen Choice Award in the Choice TV : Celebrity Reality Show category nine consecutive times between 2008 and 2016 , winning the award in 2010 , 2013 , 2014 and 2016 . The show also won a People 's Choice Award as Favorite TV Guilty Pleasure in 2011 . The Kardashian sisters have been nominated as part of the cast for five awards , winning four times ; Kim Kardashian has been nominated for three awards winning one in 2012 . In 2010 , Kris and Caitlyn Jenner received a Teen Choice Award nomination in a one - time Choice TV : Parental Unit category . Year Association Category Nominee ( s ) Result Ref . 2008 Teen Choice Awards Choice TV : Celebrity Reality Show Keeping Up with the Kardashians Nominated Choice TV Reality / Variety Star : Female Kim Kardashian Nominated 2009 Teen Choice Awards Choice TV : Reality Show Keeping Up with the Kardashians Nominated Choice TV Reality / Variety Star : Female Kim Kardashian Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice TV : Reality Show Keeping Up with the Kardashians Won Choice TV Reality / Variety Star : Female The Kardashian sisters Won Choice TV : Parental Unit Kris Jenner and Caitlyn Jenner Nominated 2011 Teen Choice Awards Choice Summer TV Show Keeping Up with the Kardashians Nominated Choice TV Reality / Variety Star : Female The Kardashian sisters Won People 's Choice Awards Favorite TV Guilty Pleasure Keeping Up with the Kardashians Won 2012 Teen Choice Awards Choice TV : Reality Show Keeping Up with the Kardashians Nominated Choice TV Reality / Variety Star : Female The Kardashian sisters Won People 's Choice Awards Favorite TV Celebreality Star Kim Kardashian Won 2013 Teen Choice Awards Choice TV : Reality Show Keeping Up with the Kardashians Won Choice TV Reality / Variety Star : Female The Kardashian sisters Won 2014 Teen Choice Awards Choice TV : Reality Show Keeping Up with the Kardashians Won Choice TV Reality / Variety Star : Female The Kardashian sisters Nominated 2015 Teen Choice Awards Choice TV : Reality Show Keeping Up with the Kardashians Nominated 2016 Teen Choice Awards Choice TV : Reality Show Keeping Up with the Kardashians Won Broadcast history ( edit ) Main article : List of Keeping Up with the Kardashians episodes The title card of the show that was used in seasons 1 -- 10 Keeping Up with the Kardashians premiered on October 14 , 2007 in the United States on the E ! cable network at 10 : 30 / 9 : 30 pm ET / PT . The half - hour reality series continued to air every Sunday night in the same time slot , and the eight - episode first season of the show concluded on December 2 . The subsequent season premiered the following year on March 9 in an earlier time slot at 10 : 00 / 9 : 00 pm with a repeated episode airing immediately afterwards . The season ended on May 26 , 2008 with an episode `` Junk in the Trunk '' , which featured the Kardashian siblings sharing the most memorable moments of the season . The third season commenced airing on March 8 , 2009 and concluded with two back - to - back episodes which aired on May 25 . The subsequent season premiered with a two - hour long episode entitled `` The Wedding '' on November 8 , and ended on February 21 , 2010 ; some of the episodes aired throughout the season were extended to a full hour . The fifth season of Keeping Up with the Kardashians began airing on August 22 , 2010 and concluded with another `` Junk in the Trunk '' episode on December 20 . The sixth season commenced on June 12 , 2011 and ended with a television special `` Kim 's Fairytale Wedding : A Kardashian Event '' which aired two extended episodes on October 9 and 10 . The show later returned on December 19 with the episode `` Kendall 's Sweet 16 '' . Starting with the seventh season , which premiered on May 20 , 2012 , the half - hour reality series was extended to a full hour in a new 9 : 00 / 8 : 00 pm time slot . The season concluded on October 28 . The eighth season of the series started airing on June 2 , 2013 ; it became the longest season with 21 episodes and ended on December 1 . The ninth and tenth seasons aired in 2014 and 2015 , respectively . The latter season included a television special entitled `` About Bruce '' which aired on May 17 and 18 , 2015 . The eleventh season premiered on November 15 , one month after the previous season finished . The twelfth season of the show debuted on May 1 , 2016 . The thirteenth season premiered on March 12 , 2017 . Home video releases and streaming ( edit ) In North America , the first three seasons of the reality series were distributed on DVD . The first season was released on October 7 , 2008 by Lions Gate Entertainment which obtained the home entertainment distribution rights for a variety of programming from Comcast Entertainment Group , including Keeping Up with the Kardashians . The second and third seasons of the series were released on November 10 , 2009 and August 17 , 2010 , respectively . In Australia , all seasons are released on DVD by Universal Sony Pictures . The latest addition , which includes the eleventh season of the show , was released on April 28 , 2016 . In the United Kingdom , the reality series is distributed by Universal Pictures UK . The DVD set of the seventh season , the latest addition , was released on June 24 , 2013 . The episodes of Keeping Up with the Kardashians are also available on numerous streaming video on demand services , such as Amazon Video , iTunes , Google Play , Microsoft Movies & TV , Hulu , and Vudu , as well as the E ! network 's own streaming service . See also ( edit ) Television in the United States portal History of the Armenian Americans in Los Angeles References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Watch Kim , Khloe & Family Throw `` Shade '' in Keeping Up With the Kardashians 10 Year Anniversary Special First Look ! `` . E ! Online . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` How celebrities like Kim Kardashian are selling you ads and products '' . CBC News . 11 November 2016 . Retrieved 14 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Challis , Carla ( December 22 , 2016 ) . `` Why are Kim Kardashian , Kylie Jenner and the rest of the family famous ? '' . BT Group . Retrieved January 7 , 2017 . 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Online . Retrieved June 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kris Humphries Claims He Has Proof He Was Set Up To Be The Bad Guy '' . The Huffington Post . May 11 , 2012 . Retrieved August 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Garcia , Jennifer ; Wihlborg , Ulrica ( September 27 , 2009 ) . `` Khloé Kardashian Is Married ! '' . People . Retrieved April 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kanye West Tries ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' '' . The Wall Street Journal . July 10 , 2012 . Retrieved December 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Caramanica , Jon ( June 11 , 2013 ) . `` Kanye West Talks About His Career and Album ' Yeezus ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Duboff , Josh ( November 26 , 2013 ) . `` Kanye West Does n't Like Appearing on Keeping Up With the Kardashians Because He Has Issues With the Cinematography '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Crupi , Anthony ( April 19 , 2009 ) . `` E ! Adds Kardashians , Lamases to Roster as Ratings Rise '' . Adweek . Retrieved August 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Shea , Danny ( September 17 , 2009 ) . `` '' Kourtney & Khloé Take Miami '' Debuts To Record E ! Ratings `` . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( March 1 , 2010 ) . `` ' Kourtney and Khloé Take Miami ' Renewed for Season 2 '' . TV Guide . Retrieved August 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ng , Philiana ( November 15 , 2012 ) . `` E ! 's ' Kourtney and Kim Take Miami , ' Style 's ' Big Rich Atlanta ' Set Premieres '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` E ! 's First Royal Subject Is Crowned and Steps Into the Spotlight in E ! Online 's `` Lord Disick : Lifestyles of a Lord '' `` . The Futon Critic ( Press release ) . January 30 , 2013 . Retrieved May 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` E ! Shines the Spotlight on `` Khloé & Lamar '' ( Working Title ) in New Series About the Power Couple 's Life Together `` . The Futon Critic ( Press release ) . January 5 , 2011 . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Oldenburg , Ann ( October 5 , 2011 ) . `` Kourtney and Kim Kardashian to ' Take New York ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bricker , Tierney ( November 27 , 2011 ) . `` ' Kourtney & Kim Take New York ' Season Premiere : Could You Tell There Was Trouble ? '' . E ! Online . Retrieved April 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hammel , Sara ( January 5 , 2011 ) . `` Khloé Kardashian & Lamar Odom Get New Reality Show '' . People . Retrieved April 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 6 , 2012 ) . `` Viewers Will Fall In Love All Over Again When ' Khloé & Lamar ' Returns for a Second Season on Sunday , February 19 '' . TV by the Numbers ( Press release ) . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( March 26 , 2014 ) . `` E ! Upfront Slate : More Kardashians , ' Rich Kids , ' Lance Bass and ' Gucci ' Miniseries '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 26 , 2014 . 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Scores Most - Watched Event Ever With `` Kim 's Fairytale Wedding : A Kardashian Event '' Drawing 10.5 Million Total Viewers Across Two - Part Event `` . TV by the Numbers ( Press release ) . October 11 , 2011 . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` E ! to Air Two - Part Bruce Jenner Special ' Keeping Up with the Kardashians : About Bruce ' '' . Variety . May 4 , 2015 . Retrieved July 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nededog , Jethro ( May 19 , 2015 ) . `` E ! 's Bruce Jenner special gives ' Kardashians ' a 40 % ratings bump '' . Business Insider . Retrieved July 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stelter , Brian ( June 3 , 2015 ) . `` Watch the ' I Am Cait ' trailer for E ! reality show '' . CNN . Retrieved August 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fisher , Luchina ( June 3 , 2014 ) . `` ' I Am Cait ' Promo for Caitlyn Jenner Docu - Series Hits the Internet '' . ABC News . Retrieved June 3 , 2015 . 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Jump up ^ Burrows , Laura ( May 20 , 2008 ) . `` Keeping Up with the Kardashians : `` A New Perspective in New Orleans '' Review `` . IGN . Retrieved August 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hadadi , Roxana ( October 8 , 2008 ) . `` Real Dumb : ' Keeping Up with the Kardashians ' '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved August 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rivera , Amaya ( October 15 , 2008 ) . `` Keeping Up with the Kardashians : Season 1 '' . PopMatters . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kubicek , John ( March 6 , 2009 ) . `` ' Keeping Up with the Kardashians ' Season 3 Review : Jailing and Wailing '' . BuddyTV . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Chasmar , Jessica ( January 3 , 2013 ) . `` Kardashian culture is killing America '' . The Washington Times . Retrieved January 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Auzeen Saedi , Goal ( August 14 , 2011 ) . `` Are the Kardashians Keeping Up Appearances ? '' . Psychology Today . Retrieved August 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mancuso , Vinnie ( February 26 , 2015 ) . `` I Watched ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' for the First Time , a Review '' . New York Observer . Retrieved August 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hinckley , David ( March 14 , 2015 ) . `` ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' review : Even with Bruce Jenner 's central role , Season 10 is a dud '' . Daily News . New York . Retrieved April 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Amatangelo , Amy ( May 18 , 2015 ) . `` ' Keeping Up with the Kardashians : About Bruce ' : TV Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dimelow , Gareth ( June 27 , 2011 ) . `` Keeping Up With The Kardashians : TV 's Face Of Evil '' . The Wrap . Retrieved August 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The 7 Best Guilty Pleasure TV Shows Of All Time '' . The Huffington Post . August 6 , 2014 . Retrieved August 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Turbin , Sarah ( August 22 , 2014 ) . `` What Keeping Up With the Kardashians can teach America about interracial marriage '' . The Week . Retrieved August 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Berlatsky , Noah ( February 17 , 2015 ) . `` With Culture , Guilt Can Sometimes Be a Good Thing '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved August 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( August 30 , 2010 ) . `` ' Keeping Up with the Kardashians ' recap : Three things I learned from last night 's episode '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Le Vine , Lauren ( July 30 , 2015 ) . `` Some Of You Asked Us To Stop Writing About The Kardashians -- This Is Our Response '' . Refinery29 . Retrieved August 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hill , Libby ( August 11 , 2015 ) . `` Keeping Up With the Kardashians embraced female archetypes and created an empire '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved August 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Maura ( November 23 , 2011 ) . `` How about not keeping up with the Kardashians ? '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Duboff , Josh ( May 1 , 2016 ) . `` 12 Seasons Later , Keeping Up with the Kardashians Is Perhaps More Important to the Kardashian Machine than Ever '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved May 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Molloy , Tim ( December 28 , 2011 ) . `` Kardashians ' Appeal Explained by E ! President : ' People Aspire to Be Them or to Befriend Them ' '' . The Wrap . Retrieved August 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Claustro , Lisa ( November 13 , 2007 ) . `` E ! Renews ' Keeping Up with the Kardashians ' '' . BuddyTV . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Kona ( July 18 , 2008 ) . `` E ! still wants to keep up with the Kardashians '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Piazza , Jo ( November 9 , 2009 ) . `` Kardashian wedding a huge ratings draw '' . CNN . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rice , Lynette ( August 23 , 2010 ) . `` ' Keeping Up with the Kardashians ' premiere attracts record audience '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( October 11 , 2011 ) . `` Kardashian wedding ratings strong , but not record setting '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 21 , 2012 ) . `` E ! 'S ' Keeping Up With The Kardashians ' Season Premiere Delivers Nearly 3 Million Total Viewers , Besting Previous Season Premiere By + 16 % '' . TV by the Numbers ( Press release ) . Retrieved August 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Vena , Jocelyn ( August 28 , 2012 ) . `` Kim Kardashian Explains Why Reality TV Is Just Like Rap Music '' . MTV News . Retrieved August 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Michael ( June 3 , 2013 ) . `` TV Ratings : ' The Kardashians ' Still Going Strong in Season 8 , ' The Wanted Life ' Fizzles '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lawson , Richard ( January 23 , 2014 ) . `` The Kardashians Ca n't Keep Up '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved August 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 20 , 2015 ) . `` E ! 's ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' & ' The Royals ' Deliver Strong Live + 3 Ratings Growth '' . TV by the Numbers ( Press release ) . Retrieved August 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Maglio , Tony ( March 17 , 2015 ) . `` ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' Premiere Down From Last Season 's Debut '' . The Wrap . Retrieved August 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Katz , Josh ( 2016 - 12 - 27 ) . `` ' Duck Dynasty ' vs. ' Modern Family ' : 50 Maps of the U.S. Cultural Divide '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` 2008 Teen Choice Awards winners and nominees '' . Los Angeles Times . June 17 , 2008 . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Teen Choice Awards 2009 nominees '' . Los Angeles Times . June 15 , 2009 . Retrieved August 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Finn , Natalie ( August 8 , 2010 ) . `` Vampires Do n't Suck at Teen Choice Awards ( Neither Do Justin Bieber , Sandra Bullock or the Kardashians ) '' . E ! Online . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Reiher , Andrea ( August 8 , 2011 ) . `` 2011 Teen Choice Awards winners list : Taylor Swift gets the surfboards '' . Screener . Retrieved August 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards : Fan Favorites in Movies , Music & TV -- 2011 '' . People 's Choice Awards . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Teen Choice Awards 2012 : Taylor Swift , Justin Bieber , ' The Hunger Games ' big winners '' . Screener . July 22 , 2012 . Retrieved August 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards 2012 : Fan Favorites in Movies , Music & TV '' . People 's Choice Awards . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hayner , Chris ( August 11 , 2013 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2013 : Full winners list '' . Screener . Retrieved August 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nordyke , Kimberly ( August 10 , 2014 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards : The Complete Winners List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Teen Choice Awards 2015 Winners : Full List '' . Variety . August 16 , 2015 . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goodman , Jessica ( July 31 , 2016 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2016 : See the full list of winners '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shows A-Z -- Keeping Up with the Kardashians on E ! -- All related listings '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Keeping Up with the Kardashians -- Episodes '' . TV Guide . Retrieved October 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Keeping Up With the Kardashians , Season 4 '' . iTunes . Retrieved October 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Shen , Maxine ( April 10 , 2012 ) . `` Stealing time '' . New York Post . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Jess ( February 26 , 2016 ) . `` The Keeping Up With the Kardashians Season 12 Promo Is All About Family : We 'll Do Anything for Each Other -- Watch Now ! '' . E ! Online . Retrieved March 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Duncan , Gabi ( January 6 , 2017 ) . `` Kim Kardashian Breaks Silence on Paris Robbery , Recalls Thinking `` They 're Going to Shoot Me in the Back '' `` . E ! Online . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shows A-Z -- Keeping Up with the Kardashians on E ! -- All related DVDs '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved October 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lionsgate Announces Home Entertainment Distribution Deal with Disney - ABC Domestic Television '' . The Futon Critic ( Press release ) . August 5 , 2008 . Retrieved October 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Kardashians -- Buy Movies , TV Shows , Music , DVDs , Blu - ray , CDs and Games Online '' . Sanity.com.au . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2016 . Retrieved May 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Keeping Up with the Kardashians -- Season 7 DVD ( 2012 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Archived from the original on November 24 , 2015 . Retrieved October 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Neuenschwander , Andy ( March 13 , 2013 ) . `` Download to Own : Keeping Up with the Kardashians '' . E ! Online . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2016 . Retrieved September 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Watch Keeping Up With the Kardashians Online '' . Hulu . Retrieved December 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` VUDU -- Keeping Up with the Kardashians -- All seasons '' . Vudu . Retrieved December 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` E ! Now -- Watch Full Episodes -- Keeping Up with the Kardashians '' . E !. Retrieved December 22 , 2015 . Further reading ( edit ) Halperin , Ian ( 2016 ) . Kardashian Dynasty : The Controversial Rise of America 's Royal Family . Gallery Books . ISBN 1 - 5011 - 2888 - 4 . Jenner , Kris ( 2012 ) . Kris Jenner ... and All Things Kardashian . Gallery Books / Karen Hunter Publishing . ISBN 1 - 4516 - 4697 - 6 . Kardashian , Kim ; Kardashian , Kourtney ; Kardashian , Khloé ( 2010 ) . Kardashian Konfidential . St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 0 - 312 - 62807 - 2 . Scheiner McClain , Amanda ( 2013 ) . Keeping Up the Kardashian Brand : Celebrity , Materialism , and Sexuality . Lexington Books . ISBN 0 - 7391 - 7715 - X . External links ( edit ) ( hide ) Find more aboutKardashiansat Wikipedia 's sister projects Quotations from Wikiquote Textbooks from Wikibooks Data from Wikidata Official website Keeping Up With the Kardashians on IMDb Keeping Up with the Kardashians at TV.com Keeping Up with the Kardashians at TV Guide Keeping Up with the Kardashians Episodes season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Cast Main Kris Jenner Caitlyn Jenner Kourtney Kardashian Kim Kardashian Khloé Kardashian Rob Kardashian Kendall Jenner Kylie Jenner Brody Jenner Brandon Jenner Supporting Adrienne Bailon Reggie Bush Jonathan Cheban Scott Disick Malika Haqq Kris Humphries Leah Jenner French Montana Lamar Odom Tyga Kanye West Blac Chyna Spin - offs Kourtney and Kim Take Miami Kourtney and Kim Take New York Khloé & Lamar Kourtney and Khloé Take The Hamptons Bromance Dash Dolls I Am Cait Rob & Chyna Revenge Body with Khloé Kardashian Life of Kylie Related The Princes of Malibu Kris Sex with Brody Kocktails with Khloé The Spin Crowd Kingin ' with Tyga Hollywood Divas Category E ! original programming Former 1990s debuts The Dick Tracy Show ( 1990 ) TV 's Bloopers & Practical Jokes ( 1990 ) Talk Soup ( 1991 -- 2002 ) E ! Behind the Scenes ( 1991 ) Coming Attractions ( 1991 ) Melrose Place ( 1992 ) Howard Stern ( 1994 -- 2005 ) Models Inc. ( 1994 -- 95 ) Night Stand with Dick Dietrick ( 1995 -- 97 ) The Michael Essany Show ( 1997 -- 2004 ) Wild On ! ( 1997 -- 2003 ) Mysteries and Scandals ( 1998 -- 2001 ) Search Party ( 1999 ) 2000s debuts Revealed with Jules Asner ( 2001 -- 03 ) Daly / Nightly ( 2002 ) The Anna Nicole Show ( 2002 -- 03 ) Star Dates ( 2002 -- 03 ) Celebrities Uncensored ( 2003 -- 04 ) Totally Outrageous Behavior ( 2003 -- 05 ) It 's Good to Be ... ( 2003 ) Love Chain ( 2003 ) Dr. 90210 ( 2004 -- 08 ) The Soup ( 2004 -- 15 ) Love Is in the Heir ( 2004 -- 05 ) Life is Great with Brooke Burke ( 2004 ) Filthy Rich : Cattle Drive ( 2005 ) The Gastineau Girls ( 2005 -- 06 ) Fight for Fame ( 2005 ) E ! Hollywood Hold'em ( 2005 ) The Girls Next Door / Girls of the Playboy Mansion ( 2005 -- 10 ) Kill Reality ( 2005 ) Taradise ( 2005 -- 06 ) The Entertainer starring Wayne Newton ( 2005 ) Party @ The Palms ( 2005 ) My Crazy Life ( 2005 ) The Daily 10 ( 2006 -- 10 ) The Chelsea Handler Show ( 2006 ) House of Carters ( 2006 ) Love Ride ( 2006 ) # 1 Single ( 2006 ) The Simple Life ( 2006 -- 07 ) Boulevard of Broken Dreams ( 2007 ) Katie & Peter ( 2007 ) Saturday Night Live ( 2007 -- 09 ) Snoop Dogg 's Father Hood ( 2007 -- 09 ) Starveillance ( 2007 ) Sunset Tan ( 2007 -- 08 ) Paradise City ( 2007 ) Chelsea Lately ( 2007 -- 14 ) Denise Richards : It 's Complicated ( 2008 -- 09 ) Kimora : Life in the Fab Lane ( 2008 ) Living Lohan ( 2008 ) Match Mistress ( 2008 ) Party Monsters Cabo ( 2008 ) Pop Fiction ( 2008 ) Pam : Girl on the Loose ! ( 2008 ) Candy Girls ( 2009 ) Reality Hell ( 2009 ) Kendra ( 2011 ) Kourtney and Kim Take Miami ( 2009 -- 13 ) Leave It to Lamas ( 2009 ) Holly 's World ( 2009 -- 11 ) Wildest Naked TV Moments ( 2009 ) 2010s debuts A-List Listings ( 2012 ) After Lately ( 2011 -- 2013 ) Bridalplasty ( 2010 -- 11 ) Chasing the Saturdays ( 2013 ) Christina Milian Turned Up ( 2015 -- 16 ) The Dance Scene ( 2011 ) Dash Dolls ( 2015 ) Dirty Soap ( 2011 ) Eric & Jessie : Game On ( 2013 -- 14 ) Escape Club ( 2014 ) The Grace Helbig Show ( 2015 ) Hello Ross ( 2013 -- 14 ) I Am Cait ( 2015 -- 16 ) Ice Loves Coco ( 2011 -- 13 ) Khloé & Lamar ( 2011 -- 12 ) Kourtney and Khloé Take The Hamptons ( 2014 -- 15 ) Kourtney and Kim Take New York ( 2011 -- 12 ) Love You , Mean It with Whitney Cummings ( 2012 -- 13 ) Married to Jonas ( 2012 -- 13 ) Married to Rock ( 2010 ) Mrs. Eastwood & Company ( 2012 ) Opening Act ( 2012 ) Playing with Fire ( 2013 ) Pretty Wild ( 2010 ) Scouted ( 2011 -- 12 ) The Spin Crowd ( 2010 ) Stewarts & Hamiltons ( 2015 ) The Wanted Life ( 2013 ) What Would Ryan Lochte Do ? ( 2013 ) What 's Eating You ( 2010 ) Current The Arrangement ( 2017 -- ) Botched ( 2014 -- ) Botched by Nature ( 2016 -- ) The Comment Section ( 2015 -- ) Daily Pop 2017 - ) E ! Investigates ( 2009 -- ) E ! News ( 1991 -- ) E ! True Hollywood Story ( 1996 -- ) EJNYC ( 2016 -- ) Famously Single ( 2016 -- ) Fashion Police ( 2010 -- ) Good Work ( 2015 -- ) Hollywood & Football ( 2016 -- ) Hollywood Cycle ( 2015 -- ) Hollywood Medium With Tyler Henry ( 2016 -- ) House of DVF ( 2014 -- ) Just Jillian ( 2016 -- ) Keeping Up with the Kardashians ( 2007 -- ) L.A. Clippers Dance Squad ( 2016 -- ) Live from the Red Carpet ( 2005 -- ) Mariah 's World ( 2016 -- ) New Money ( 2015 -- ) Revenge Body with Khloé Kardashian ( 2017 ) Rich Kids of Beverly Hills ( 2014 -- ) Rob & Chyna ( 2016 -- ) The Royals ( 2015 -- ) So Cosmo ( 2017 ) Sex with Brody ( 2015 -- ) Total Bellas ( 2016 -- ) Total Divas ( 2013 -- ) WAGS ( 2015 -- ) WAGS Miami ( 2016 -- ) We Have Issues ( 2015 -- ) Upcoming Life of Kylie ( 2017 ) Teen Choice Awards for Choice TV -- Reality Series TRL ( 2001 ) The Osbournes ( 2002 ) American Idol ( 2003 ) Punk 'd ( 2004 ) American Idol ( 2005 -- 07 ) The Hills ( 2008 -- 09 ) Keeping Up with the Kardashians ( 2010 ) Jersey Shore ( 2011 ) Punk 'd ( 2012 ) Keeping Up with the Kardashians ( 2013 -- 14 ) The Voice ( 2015 ) Keeping Up with the Kardashians ( 2016 ) VIAF : 181623256 LCCN : n2010042669 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Keeping_Up_with_the_Kardashians&oldid=810242084 '' Categories : Kardashian family Keeping Up with the Kardashians 2007 American television series debuts 2000s American television series 2010s American television series American LGBT - related television shows E ! network shows English - language television programs Kim Kardashian Television series by Bunim / Murray Productions Television series by Ryan Seacrest Productions Television shows set in Los Angeles Hidden categories : Wikipedia pending changes protected pages ( level 1 ) Good articles Use mdy dates from June 2016 Use American English from June 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Nederlands Norsk Papiamentu Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 14 November 2017 , at 03 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when does kanye first appear in keeping up with the kardashians | [
"Khloé married basketball player Lamar Odom during a fourth-season premiere aired in 2009. He later had a major role as part of the supporting cast of the series, though he did not appear regularly during the following seasons as he was attempting to repair his marriage with Khloé.[40] Kim's current husband Kanye West made his first appearance on Keeping Up with the Kardashians in July 2012 during the seventh season when he started dating Kim.[41] However, West was seldom seen in subsequent seasons. He explained the reasons for not appearing on the show later: \"You know, the amount of backlash I got from it is when I decided to not be on the show anymore. And it's not that I have an issue with the show; I just have an issue with the amount of backlash that I get.\"[42] He also criticized the show for its cinematography and further complained about the way how the show is filmed.[43] In the eighth season, Caitlyn Jenner's sons Brandon and Brody Jenner, as well as Brandon's wife Leah, joined the cast for regular appearances.[32]"
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"in July 2012 during the seventh season"
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-7235342171468893697 | Mesozoic | Mesozoic - wikipedia Mesozoic Jump to : navigation , search Mesozoic Era 251.902 - 66 million years ago Key events in the Mesozoic view discuss edit - 260 -- -- - 240 -- -- - 220 -- -- - 200 -- -- - 180 -- -- - 160 -- -- - 140 -- -- - 120 -- -- - 100 -- -- - 80 -- -- - 60 -- -- Paleozoic Cenozoic Triassic Jurassic Cretaceous s o z o i Phanerozoic An approximate timescale of key Mesozoic events . Axis scale : millions of years ago . The Mesozoic Era ( / ˌmɛsəˈzoʊɪk , ˌmiː - , - soʊ - / or / ˌmɛzəˈzoʊɪk , ˌmiː - , - soʊ - / ) is an interval of geological time from about 252 to 66 million years ago . It is also called the Age of Reptiles , a phrase introduced by the 19th century paleontologist Gideon Mantell who viewed it as dominated by diapsids such as Iguanodon , Megalosaurus , Plesiosaurus and Pterodactylus . This Era is also called from a paleobotanist view the Age of Conifers . Mesozoic means `` middle life '' , deriving from the Greek prefix meso - / μεσο - for `` between '' and zōon / ζῷον meaning `` animal '' or `` living being '' . It is one of three geologic eras of the Phanerozoic Eon , preceded by the Paleozoic ( `` ancient life '' ) and succeeded by the Cenozoic ( `` new life '' ) . The era is subdivided into three major periods : the Triassic , Jurassic , and Cretaceous , which are further subdivided into a number of epochs and stages . The era began in the wake of the Permian -- Triassic extinction event , the largest well - documented mass extinction in Earth 's history , and ended with the Cretaceous -- Paleogene extinction event , another mass extinction which is known for having killed off non-avian dinosaurs , as well as other plant and animal species . The Mesozoic was a time of significant tectonic , climate and evolutionary activity . The era witnessed the gradual rifting of the supercontinent Pangaea into separate landmasses that would eventually move into their current positions . The climate of the Mesozoic was varied , alternating between warming and cooling periods . Overall , however , the Earth was hotter than it is today . Dinosaurs appeared in the Late Triassic and became the dominant terrestrial vertebrates early in the Jurassic , occupying this position for about 135 million years until their demise at the end of the Cretaceous . Birds first appeared in the Jurassic , having evolved from a branch of theropod dinosaurs . The first mammals also appeared during the Mesozoic , but would remain small -- less than 15 kg ( 33 lb ) -- until the Cenozoic . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geologic periods 1.1 Triassic 1.2 Jurassic 1.3 Cretaceous 2 Paleogeography and tectonics 3 Climate 4 Life 4.1 Flora 4.2 Fauna 5 See also 6 References Geologic periods ( edit ) Following the Paleozoic , the Mesozoic extended roughly 186 million years , from 251.902 to 66 million years ago when the Cenozoic Era began . This time frame is separated into three geologic periods . From oldest to youngest : Triassic ( 251.902 to 201.3 million years ago ) Jurassic ( 201.3 to 145 million years ago ) Cretaceous ( 145 to 66 million years ago ) The lower boundary of the Mesozoic is set by the Permian -- Triassic extinction event , during which approximately 90 % to 96 % of marine species and 70 % of terrestrial vertebrates became extinct . It is also known as the `` Great Dying '' because it is considered the largest mass extinction in the Earth 's history . The upper boundary of the Mesozoic is set at the Cretaceous -- Paleogene extinction event ( or K -- Pg extinction event ) , which may have been caused by the impactor that created Chicxulub Crater on the Yucatán Peninsula . Towards the Late Cretaceous large volcanic eruptions are also believed to have contributed to the Cretaceous -- Paleogene extinction event . Approximately 50 % of all genera became extinct , including all of the non-avian dinosaurs . Triassic ( edit ) The Triassic ranges roughly from 252 million to 201 million years ago . The Triassic is a time in Earth 's history bracketed between the Permian Extinction and the Triassic -- Jurassic extinction event , two of the big five , and precedes the Jurassic Period . It has three major epochs : the Early Triassic , the Middle Triassic and the Late Triassic . The Early Triassic was between about 252 million to 247 million years ago and was dominated by deserts as Pangaea had not yet broken up , thus the interior was nothing but arid . The Earth had just witnessed a massive die - off in which 95 % of all life became extinct . The most common vertebrate life on earth were Lystrosaurus , labyrinthodonts , and Euparkeria along with many other creatures that managed to survive the Great Dying . Temnospondyls evolved during this time and would be the dominant predator for much of the Triassic . Plateosaurus ( a prosauropod ) The Middle Triassic spans roughly from 247 million to 237 million years ago . The Middle Triassic featured the beginnings of the breakup of Pangaea , and the opening of the Tethys Sea . The ecosystem had recovered from the devastation that was the Great Dying . Algae , sponge , corals , and crustaceans all had recovered , and the reptiles began to get bigger and bigger . New aquatic reptiles evolved , such as ichthyosaurs and nothosaurs . Meanwhile , on land , pine forests flourished , as did groups of insects like mosquitoes and fruit flies . The first ancient crocodilians evolved , which sparked competition with the large amphibians that had since ruled the freshwater world . The Late Triassic spans roughly from 237 million to 201 million years ago . Following the bloom of the Middle Triassic , the Late Triassic featured frequent heat spells , as well as moderate precipitation ( 10 - 20 inches per year ) . The recent warming led to a boom of reptilian evolution on land as the first true dinosaurs evolved , as well as pterosaurs . During the Late Triassic , some advanced cynodonts gave rise to the first Mammaliaformes . All this climatic change , however , resulted in a large die - out known as the Triassic - Jurassic extinction event , in which many archosaurs ( excluding pterosaurs , dinosaurs and crocodylomorphs ) , most synapsids , and almost all large amphibians became extinct , as well as 34 % of marine life in the fourth mass extinction event of the world . The cause is debatable . Jurassic ( edit ) Rhamphorhynchus The Jurassic ranges from 200 million years to 145 million years ago and features 3 major epochs : The Early Jurassic , the Middle Jurassic , and the Late Jurassic . The Early Jurassic spans from 200 million years to 175 million years ago . The climate was much more humid than the Triassic , and as a result , the world was very tropical . In the oceans , plesiosaurs , ichthyosaurs and ammonites were abundant . On land , dinosaurs and other archosaurs stake their claim as the dominant race of the land , with species such as Dilophosaurus at the top . The first true crocodiles evolved , pushing out the large amphibians to near extinction . All - in - all , archosaurs rise to rule the world . Meanwhile , the first true mammals evolve , remaining relatively small sized but otherwise expanding ecologically ; the Jurassic Castorocauda , for example , had adaptations for swimming , digging and catching fish . Fruitafossor , from the late Jurassic period about 150 million years ago , was about the size of a chipmunk and its teeth , forelimbs and back suggest that it broke open the nest of social insects to prey on them ( probably termites , as ants had not yet appeared ) . The first multituberculates like Rugosodon evolve , while volaticotherians take to the skies . The Middle Jurassic spans from 175 million to 163 million years ago . During this epoch , dinosaurs flourished as huge herds of sauropods , such as Brachiosaurus and Diplodocus , filled the fern prairies of the Middle Jurassic . Many other predators rose as well , such as Allosaurus . Conifer forests made up a large portion of the forests . In the oceans , plesiosaurs were quite common , and ichthyosaurs were flourishing . This epoch was the peak of the reptiles . Stegosaurus The Late Jurassic spans from 163 million to 145 million years ago . During the Late Jurassic , the first avialans , like Archaeopteryx , evolved from small coelurosaurian dinosaurs . The increase in sea - levels opened up the Atlantic sea way which would continue to get larger over time . The divided world would give opportunity for the diversification of new dinosaurs . Cretaceous ( edit ) The Cretaceous is the longest period in the Mesozoic , but has only two epochs : the Early Cretaceous , and the Late Cretaceous . Tylosaurus ( a mosasaur ) hunting Xiphactinus The Early Cretaceous spans from 145 million to 100 million years ago . The Early Cretaceous saw the expansion of seaways , and as a result , the decline and extinction of sauropods ( except in South America ) . Some island - hopping dinosaurs , like Eustreptospondylus , evolved to cope with the coastal shallows and small islands of ancient Europe . Other dinosaurs rose up to fill the empty space that the Jurassic - Cretaceous extinction left behind , such as Carcharodontosaurus and Spinosaurus . Of the most successful would be the Iguanodon which spread to every continent . Seasons came back into effect and the poles got seasonally colder , but dinosaurs still inhabited this area like the Leaellynasaura and Muttaburrasaurus which inhabited the polar forests year - round . Since it was too cold for crocodiles , it was the last stronghold for large amphibians , like Koolasuchus . Pterosaurs got larger as species like Tapejara and Ornithocheirus evolved . Mammals continued to expand ecologically ; eutriconodonts produced fairly large , wolverine - like predators like Repenomamus and Gobiconodon , early therians began to expand into metatherians and eutherians , and cimolodont multituberculates went on to become large components of the fossil record . The Late Cretaceous spans from 100 million to 66 million years ago . The Late Cretaceous featured a cooling trend that would continue on in the Cenozoic period . Eventually , tropics were restricted to the equator and areas beyond the tropic lines featured extreme seasonal changes in weather . Dinosaurs still thrived as new species such as Tyrannosaurus , Ankylosaurus , Triceratops and hadrosaurs dominated the food web . In the oceans , mosasaurs ruled the seas , filling the role of the ichthyosaurs , which , after declining , had disappeared in the Cenomanian - Turonian boundary event . Though pliosaurs had gone extinct in the same event , long necked plesiosaurs , such as Elasmosaurus , continued to thrive . Flowering plants , possibly appearing as far back as the Triassic , became truly dominant for the first time . Pterosaurs in the Late Cretaceous declined for poorly understood reasons , though this might be due to fossil record bias as their diversity seems to be much higher than previously thought . Birds became increasingly common and diverse , diversifying in a variety of enantiornithe and ornithurine forms . Though mostly small , marine Hesperornithes became relatively large and flightless , adapted to life in the open sea . Metatherians and primitive eutherian also became common and even produced large and specialised species like Didelphodon and Schowalteria . Still , the dominant mammals were multituberculates , cimolodonts in the north and gondwanatheres in the south . At the end of the Cretaceous , the Deccan traps and other volcanic eruptions were poisoning the atmosphere . As this was continuing , it is thought that a large meteor smashed into earth 66 million years ago , creating the Chicxulub Crater in an event known as the K-T Extinction , the fifth and most recent mass extinction event , in which 75 % of life on earth became extinct , including all non-avian dinosaurs . Everything over 10 kilograms became extinct . The age of the dinosaurs was over . Paleogeography and tectonics ( edit ) Breakup of Pangaea Compared to the vigorous convergent plate mountain - building of the late Paleozoic , Mesozoic tectonic deformation was comparatively mild . The sole major Mesozoic orogeny occurred in what is now the Arctic , creating the Innuitian orogeny , the Brooks Range , the Verkhoyansk and Cherskiy Ranges in Siberia , and the Khingan Mountains in Manchuria . This orogeny was related to the opening of the Arctic Ocean and subduction of the North China and Siberian cratons under the Pacific Ocean . Nevertheless , the era featured the dramatic rifting of the supercontinent Pangaea . Pangaea gradually split into a northern continent , Laurasia , and a southern continent , Gondwana . This created the passive continental margin that characterizes most of the Atlantic coastline ( such as along the U.S. East Coast ) today . By the end of the era , the continents had rifted into nearly their present form . Laurasia became North America and Eurasia , while Gondwana split into South America , Africa , Australia , Antarctica and the Indian subcontinent , which collided with the Asian plate during the Cenozoic , the impact giving rise to the Himalayas . Climate ( edit ) The Triassic was generally dry , a trend that began in the late Carboniferous , and highly seasonal , especially in the interior of Pangaea . Low sea levels may have also exacerbated temperature extremes . With its high specific heat capacity , water acts as a temperature - stabilizing heat reservoir , and land areas near large bodies of water -- especially the oceans -- experience less variation in temperature . Because much of the land that constituted Pangaea was distant from the oceans , temperatures fluctuated greatly , and the interior of Pangaea probably included expansive areas of desert . Abundant red beds and evaporites such as halite support these conclusions , but evidence exists that the generally dry climate of the Triassic was punctuated by episodes of increased rainfall . The most important humid episodes were the Carnian Pluvial Event and one in the Rhaetian , a few million years before the Triassic -- Jurassic extinction event . Sea levels began to rise during the Jurassic , which was probably caused by an increase in seafloor spreading . The formation of new crust beneath the surface displaced ocean waters by as much as 200 m ( 656 ft ) more than today , which flooded coastal areas . Furthermore , Pangaea began to rift into smaller divisions , bringing more land area in contact with the ocean by forming the Tethys Sea . Temperatures continued to increase and began to stabilize . Humidity also increased with the proximity of water , and deserts retreated . The climate of the Cretaceous is less certain and more widely disputed . Higher levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere are thought to have caused the world temperature gradient from north to south to become almost flat : temperatures were about the same across the planet . Average temperatures were also higher than today by about 10 ° C. The circulation of oxygen to the deep ocean may also have been disrupted . For this reason , large volumes of organic matter that was unable to decompose accumulated , eventually being deposited as `` black shale '' . Not all of the data support these hypotheses , however . Even with the overall warmth , temperature fluctuations should have been sufficient for the presence of polar ice caps and glaciers , but there is no evidence of either . Quantitative models have also been unable to recreate the flatness of the Cretaceous temperature gradient . Different studies have come to different conclusions about the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere during different parts of the Mesozoic , with some concluding oxygen levels were lower than the current level ( about 21 % ) throughout the Mesozoic , some concluding they were lower in the Triassic and part of the Jurassic but higher in the Cretaceous , and some concluding they were higher throughout most or all of the Triassic , Jurassic and Cretaceous . Life ( edit ) Flora ( edit ) Conifers were the dominant terrestrial plants for most of the Mesozoic . Flowering plants appeared late in the era but did not become widespread until the Cenozoic . The dominant land plant species of the time were gymnosperms , which are vascular , cone - bearing , non-flowering plants such as conifers that produce seeds without a coating . This is opposed to the earth 's current flora , in which the dominant land plants in terms of number of species are angiosperms . One particular plant genus , Ginkgo , is thought to have evolved at this time and is represented today by a single species , Ginkgo biloba . As well , the extant genus Sequoia is believed to have evolved in the Mesozoic . Some plant species had distributions that were markedly different from succeeding periods ; for example , the Schizeales , a fern order , were skewed to the Northern Hemisphere in the Mesozoic , but are now better represented in the Southern Hemisphere . Fauna ( edit ) Dinosaurs were the dominant terrestrial vertebrates throughout much of the Mesozoic . The extinction of nearly all animal species at the end of the Permian Period allowed for the radiation of many new lifeforms . In particular , the extinction of the large herbivorous pareiasaurs and carnivorous gorgonopsians left those ecological niches empty . Some were filled by the surviving cynodonts and dicynodonts , the latter of which subsequently became extinct . Recent research indicates that the specialized animals that formed complex ecosystems , with high biodiversity , complex food webs and a variety of niches , took much longer to reestablish , recovery did not begin until the start of the mid-Triassic , 4M to 6M years after the extinction and was not complete until 30M years after the Permian -- Triassic extinction event . Animal life was then dominated by various archosaurs : dinosaurs , pterosaurs , and aquatic reptiles such as ichthyosaurs , plesiosaurs , and mosasaurs . The climatic changes of the late Jurassic and Cretaceous provided for further adaptive radiation . The Jurassic was the height of archosaur diversity , and the first birds and eutherian mammals also appeared . Flowering plants radiated sometime in the early Cretaceous , first in the tropics , but the even temperature gradient allowed them to spread toward the poles throughout the period . By the end of the Cretaceous , angiosperms dominated tree floras in many areas , although some evidence suggests that biomass was still dominated by cycad and ferns until after the Cretaceous -- Paleogene extinction . Some have argued that insects diversified with angiosperms because insect anatomy , especially the mouth parts , seems particularly well - suited for flowering plants . However , all major insect mouth parts preceded angiosperms and insect diversification actually slowed when they arrived , so their anatomy originally must have been suited for some other purpose . See also ( edit ) Mesozoic portal Cenozoic Paleozoic Phanerozoic Eon References ( edit ) Wikisource has original works on the topic : Mesozoic Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mesozoic . Jump up ^ Jones , Daniel ( 2003 ) ( 1917 ) , Peter Roach , James Hartmann and Jane Setter , eds. , English Pronouncing Dictionary , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , ISBN 3 - 12 - 539683 - 2 CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Mesozoic '' . Dictionary.com Unabridged . Random House . Jump up ^ Dean , Dennis R. ( 1999 ) . Gideon Mantell and the Discovery of Dinosaurs . Cambridge University Press . pp. 97 -- 98 . ISBN 0521420482 . Jump up ^ `` Mesozoic '' . Online Etymology Dictionary . Jump up ^ Benton MJ ( 2005 ) . When life nearly died : the greatest mass extinction of all time . London : Thames & Hudson . ISBN 0 - 500 - 28573 - X . Jump up ^ Gradstein F , Ogg J , Smith A . A Geologic Time Scale 2004 . Jump up ^ Alan Logan . `` Triassic '' . University of New Brunswick . Jump up ^ Alan Kazlev . `` Early Triassic '' . unknown . Archived from the original on 27 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Rubidge . `` Middle Triassic '' . unknown . Jump up ^ Graham Ryder ; David Fastovsky & Stefan Gartner . `` Late Triassic Extinction '' . Geological Society of America . Jump up ^ Enchanted Learning . `` Late Triassic life '' . Enchanted Learning . ^ Jump up to : Carol Marie Tang . `` Jurassic Era '' . California Academy of Sciences . Jump up ^ Enchanted Learning . `` Middle Jurassic '' . Enchanted Learning . ^ Jump up to : Carl Fred Koch . `` Cretaceous '' . Old Dominion University . Jump up ^ Becker , Luann ( 2002 ) . `` Repeated Blows '' ( PDF ) . Scientific American . 286 : 76 -- 83 . Bibcode : 2002SciAm. 286c ... 76B . doi : 10.1038 / scientificamerican0302 - 76 . PMID 11857903 . Retrieved 28 January 2016 . Jump up ^ University of California . `` Cretaceous '' . University of California . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Howell . `` K-T Extinction event '' . Universe Today . Jump up ^ See Hughes , T. ; `` The case for creation of the North Pacific Ocean during the Mesozoic Era '' in Palaeogeography , Palaeoclimatology , Palaeoecology ; Volume 18 , Issue 1 , August 1975 , Pages 1 - 43 Jump up ^ Stanley , Steven M. Earth System History . New York : W.H. Freeman and Company , 1999 . ISBN 0 - 7167 - 2882 - 6 Jump up ^ Preto , N. ; Kustatscher , E. ; Wignall , P.B. ( 2010 ) . `` Triassic climates -- State of the art and perspectives '' . Palaeogeography , Palaeoclimatology , Palaeoecology. 290 : 1 -- 10 . doi : 10.1016 / j. palaeo. 2010.03. 015 . Jump up ^ http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/142729/Cretaceous-Period/69972/Paleoclimate Jump up ^ Robert A. Berner , John M. VandenBrooks and Peter D. Ward , 2007 , Oxygen and Evolution . Science 27 April 2007 , Vol. 316 no . 5824 pp. 557 - 558 . A graph showing the reconstruction from this paper can be found here , from the webpage Paleoclimate - The History of Climate Change . Jump up ^ Berner R.A. 2006 GEOCARBSULF : a combined model for Phanerozoic atmospheric O2 and CO2 . Geochim . Cosmochim . Acta 70 , 5653 -- 5664 . See the dotted line in Fig. 1 of Atmospheric oxygen level and the evolution of insect body size by Jon F. Harrison , Alexander Kaiser and John M. VandenBrooks Jump up ^ Berner , Robert A. , 2009 , Phanerozoic atmospheric oxygen : New results using the GEOCARBSULF model . Am. J. Sci. 309 no . 7 , 603 - 606 . A graph showing the reconstructed levels in this paper can be found on p. 31 of the book Living Dinosaurs by Gareth Dyke and Gary Kaiser . Jump up ^ Berner R.A. , Canfield D.E. 1989 A new model for atmospheric oxygen over phanerozoic time . Am. J. Sci. 289 , 333 -- 361 . See the solid line in Fig. 1 of Atmospheric oxygen level and the evolution of insect body size by Jon F. Harrison , Alexander Kaiser and John M. VandenBrooks Jump up ^ Berner , R , et al. , 2003 , Phanerozoic atmospheric oxygen , Annu. Rev. Earth Planet . Sci. , V , 31 , p. 105 - 134 . See the graph near the bottom of the webpage Phanerozoic Eon Archived 27 April 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Glasspool , I.J. , Scott , A.C. , 2010 , Phanerozoic concentrations of atmospheric oxygen reconstructed from sedimentary charcoal , Nature Geosciences , 3 , 627 - 630 Jump up ^ Bergman N.M. , Lenton T.M. , Watson A.J. 2004 COPSE : a new model of biogeochemical cycling over Phanaerozoic time . Am. J. Sci. 304 , 397 -- 437 . See the dashed line in Fig. 1 of Atmospheric oxygen level and the evolution of insect body size by Jon F. Harrison , Alexander Kaiser and John M. VandenBrooks Jump up ^ Stan Baducci . Mesozoic Plants ... Jump up ^ C. Michael Hogan . 2010 . Fern . Encyclopedia of Earth . National council for Science and the Environment Archived 9 November 2011 at the Wayback Machine ... Washington , DC Jump up ^ Lehrmann , D.J. , Ramezan , J. , Bowring , S.A. ; et al. ( December 2006 ) . `` Timing of recovery from the end - Permian extinction : Geochronologic and biostratigraphic constraints from south China '' . Geology. 34 ( 12 ) : 1053 -- 1056 . Bibcode : 2006Geo ... 34.1053 L . doi : 10.1130 / G22827A. 1 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Sahney , S. & Benton , M.J. ( 2008 ) . `` Recovery from the most profound mass extinction of all time '' ( PDF ) . Proceedings of the Royal Society B : Biological Sciences . 275 ( 1636 ) : 759 -- 65 . doi : 10.1098 / rspb. 2007.1370 . PMC 2596898 . PMID 18198148 . British Mesozoic Fossils , 1983 , The Natural History Museum , London . Geologic history of Earth Cenozoic era1 ( present -- 66.0 Mya ) Quaternary ( present -- 2.588 Mya ) Holocene ( present -- 11.784 kya ) Pleistocene ( 11.784 kya -- 2.588 Mya ) Neogene ( 2.588 -- 23.03 Mya ) Pliocene ( 2.588 -- 5.333 Mya ) Miocene ( 5.333 -- 23.03 Mya ) Paleogene ( 23.03 -- 66.0 Mya ) Oligocene ( 23.03 -- 33.9 Mya ) Eocene ( 33.9 -- 56.0 Mya ) Paleocene ( 56.0 -- 66.0 Mya ) Mesozoic era1 ( 66.0 -- 251.902 Mya ) Cretaceous ( 66.0 -- 145.0 Mya ) Late ( 66.0 -- 100.5 Mya ) Early ( 100.5 -- 145.0 Mya ) Jurassic ( 145.0 -- 201.3 Mya ) Late ( 145.0 -- 163.5 Mya ) Middle ( 163.5 -- 174.1 Mya ) Early ( 174.1 -- 201.3 Mya ) Triassic ( 201.3 -- 251.902 Mya ) Late ( 201.3 -- 237 Mya ) Middle ( 237 -- 247.2 Mya ) Early ( 247.2 -- 251.902 Mya ) Paleozoic era1 ( 251.902 -- 541.0 Mya ) Permian ( 251.902 -- 298.9 Mya ) Lopingian ( 251.902 -- 259.8 Mya ) Guadalupian ( 259.8 -- 272.3 Mya ) Cisuralian ( 272.3 -- 298.9 Mya ) Carboniferous ( 298.9 -- 358.9 Mya ) Pennsylvanian ( 298.9 -- 323.2 Mya ) Mississippian ( 323.2 -- 358.9 Mya ) Devonian ( 358.9 -- 419.2 Mya ) Late ( 358.9 -- 382.7 Mya ) Middle ( 382.7 -- 393.3 Mya ) Early ( 393.3 -- 419.2 Mya ) Silurian ( 419.2 -- 443.8 Mya ) Pridoli ( 419.2 -- 423.0 Mya ) Ludlow ( 423.0 -- 427.4 Mya ) Wenlock ( 427.4 -- 433.4 Mya ) Llandovery ( 433.4 -- 443.8 Mya ) Ordovician ( 443.8 -- 485.4 Mya ) Late ( 443.8 -- 458.4 Mya ) Middle ( 458.4 -- 470.0 Mya ) Early ( 470.0 -- 485.4 Mya ) Cambrian ( 485.4 -- 541.0 Mya ) Furongian ( 485.4 -- 497 Mya ) Series 3 ( 497 -- 509 Mya ) Series 2 ( 509 -- 521 Mya ) Terreneuvian ( 521 -- 541.0 Mya ) Proterozoic eon2 ( 541.0 Mya -- 2.5 Gya ) Neoproterozoic era ( 541.0 Mya -- 1 Gya ) Ediacaran ( 541.0 - ~ 635 Mya ) Cryogenian ( ~ 635 - ~ 720 Mya ) Tonian ( ~ 720 Mya - 1 Gya ) Mesoproterozoic era ( 1 -- 1.6 Gya ) Stenian ( 1 - 1.2 Gya ) Ectasian ( 1.2 - 1.4 Gya ) Calymmian ( 1.4 - 1.6 Gya ) Paleoproterozoic era ( 1.6 -- 2.5 Gya ) Statherian ( 1.6 - 1.8 Gya ) Orosirian ( 1.8 - 2.05 Gya ) Rhyacian ( 2.05 - 2.3 Gya ) Siderian ( 2.3 - 2.5 Gya ) Archean eon2 ( 2.5 -- 4 Gya ) Eras Neoarchean ( 2.5 -- 2.8 Gya ) Mesoarchean ( 2.8 -- 3.2 Gya ) Paleoarchean ( 3.2 -- 3.6 Gya ) Eoarchean ( 3.6 -- 4 Gya ) Hadean eon2 ( 4 -- 4.6 Gya ) kya = thousands years ago . Mya = millions years ago . Gya = billions years ago. 1 = Phanerozoic eon. 2 = Precambrian supereon . Source : ( 2017 / 02 ) . International Commission on Stratigraphy . Retrieved 13 July 2015 . Divisions of Geologic Time -- Major Chronostratigraphic and Geochronologic Units USGS Retrieved 10 March 2013 . GND : 4038793 - 8 NDL : 00573928 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mesozoic&oldid=836269685 '' Categories : Mesozoic Geological eras Geological history of Earth Phanerozoic Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from October 2012 Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Use dmy dates from July 2012 All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from September 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2007 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch Asturianu Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پنجابی Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 64 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 April 2018 , at 18 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | the phanerozoic eon includes the paleozoic mesozoic and ____ | [
"Mesozoic means \"middle life\", deriving from the Greek prefix meso-/μεσο- for \"between\" and zōon/ζῷον meaning \"animal\" or \"living being\".[4] It is one of three geologic eras of the Phanerozoic Eon, preceded by the Paleozoic (\"ancient life\") and succeeded by the Cenozoic (\"new life\"). The era is subdivided into three major periods: the Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous, which are further subdivided into a number of epochs and stages."
] | [
"Cenozoic"
] |
3922156085709752199 | 2018 Pro Bowl | 2018 Pro Bowl - wikipedia 2018 Pro Bowl Jump to : navigation , search 2018 Pro Bowl NFC AFC 23 24 Head coach : Sean Payton ( New Orleans Saints ) Head coach : Mike Tomlin ( Pittsburgh Steelers ) Total NFC 7 13 0 23 AFC 0 14 7 24 Date January 28 , 2018 Stadium Camping World Stadium , Orlando , Florida Offensive MVP Delanie Walker ( Tennessee Titans ) Defensive MVP Von Miller ( Denver Broncos ) Referee Walt Anderson Attendance 51,019 Ceremonies National anthem Jordan Fisher Coin toss Derrick Brooks Warrick Dunn Jason Taylor LaDainian Tomlinson Halftime show Jordan Fisher TV in the United States Network ESPN / ABC Announcers Sean McDonough , Matt Hasselbeck , Lisa Salters and Louis Riddick Radio in the United States Network Westwood One Announcers Kevin Kugler ( play - by - play ) Steve Tasker ( analyst ) Laura Okmin ( sideline reporter ) ← 2017 Pro Bowl 2019 → The 2018 Pro Bowl was the National Football League 's all - star game for the 2017 season , which was played at Camping World Stadium in Orlando , Florida on January 28 , 2018 . For the first time since 2008 , the game started during afternoon hours instead of primetime hours for U.S. Mainland viewers with a 3 : 00 PM ET start . It marked the second year the game was played in Orlando . It was televised nationally by ESPN and simulcasted on ABC . The roster was announced on December 19 on NFL Network . The AFC team won the game 24 -- 23 , the second straight year the Pro Bowl was won by the AFC . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Host selection process 1.2 Side events 2 Game format 2.1 Rule changes 3 Summary 3.1 Box score 4 AFC rosters 4.1 Offense 4.2 Defense 4.3 Special teams 5 NFC rosters 5.1 Offense 5.2 Defense 5.3 Special teams 6 Number of selections per team 7 Broadcasting 8 References 9 External links Background ( edit ) Host selection process ( edit ) Under a three - year deal that began in 2017 , the Pro Bowl will once again be hosted by Camping World Stadium in Orlando . Side events ( edit ) The Pro Bowl Skills Challenge was held on January 25 at the Walt Disney World Resort and its ESPN Wide World of Sports Complex . Game format ( edit ) Rule changes ( edit ) The game format was the same as for 2017 , highlighted by : Forty - four players were assigned to each team , up from 43 in 2016 ( a regular game - day active roster has 46 ) . The two - minute warning that was given in the first and third quarters ( in addition to the second and fourth quarters ) in previous years was eliminated , and the ball did not change hands after the first and third quarters . The coin toss determined which team was awarded possession first . There were no kickoffs ; the ball was placed on the 25 - yard line at the start of each half and after scoring plays . Defenses were now permitted to play cover two and press coverage . Prior to 2014 , only man coverage was allowed , except for goal line situations . A 38 - second / 25 - second play clock was used instead of the usual 40 - second / 25 - second clock , and up from 35 - second / 25 - second clock in 2016 . Replay reviews will be allowed ; previously there was replay in the Pro Bowl only when new equipment tests were being conducted . There are no intentional grounding rules . Only defensive ends and tackles may rush on passing plays , but those must be on the same side of the ball . The defense is not permitted to blitz . All blindside blocks and blocks below the waist are illegal . A tight end and running back must be in every formation . No more than two wide receivers on either side of the ball . Deep middle safety must be aligned inside the hash marks . Play is stopped the moment a defender wraps his arms around the ball carrier . ( This rule only applies to the quarterback in the backfield during regular NFL play . ) Summary ( edit ) Box score ( edit ) 2018 Pro Bowl : American Football Conference vs National Football Conference Total NFC 7 13 0 23 AFC 0 14 7 24 at Camping World Stadium in Orlando , Florida Date : January 28 , 2018 Game time : 3 : 00 p.m. ET Game weather : 78 ° F ( 26 ° C ) , Rain showers Game attendance : 51,019 Referee : Walt Anderson TV announcers ( ESPN ) : Sean McDonough , Matt Hasselbeck , Lisa Salters and Louis Riddick Recap , Game Book ( show ) Game information First quarter NFC -- Adam Thielen 8 - yard pass from Drew Brees ( Graham Gano kick ) , 7 : 50 . NFC 7 -- 0 . Drive : 13 plays , 75 yards , 7 : 10 . AFC -- Chris Boswell 41 - yard field goal , 0 : 43 . NFC 7 -- 3 . Drive : 12 plays , 52 yards , 7 : 07 . Second quarter NFC -- Graham Gano 43 - yard field goal , 12 : 08 . NFC 10 -- 3 . Drive : 4 plays , − 4 yards , 1 : 56 . NFC -- Harrison Smith 79 - yard interception return ( Graham Gano kick ) , 7 : 18 . NFC 17 -- 3 . NFC -- Graham Gano 40 - yard field goal , 0 : 00 . NFC 20 -- 3 . Drive : 11 plays , 58 yards , 1 : 53 . Third quarter AFC -- Delanie Walker 4 - yard pass from Alex Smith ( Chris Boswell kick ) , 11 : 20 . NFC 20 -- 10 . Drive : 5 plays , 75 yards , 3 : 40 . AFC -- LeSean McCoy 2 - yard run ( Chris Boswell kick ) , 5 : 36 . NFC 20 -- 17 . Drive : 5 plays , 53 yards , 3 : 07 . Fourth quarter NFC -- Graham Gano 38 - yard field goal , 14 : 09 . NFC 23 -- 17 . Drive : 13 plays , 55 yards , 6 : 27 . AFC -- Delanie Walker 18 - yard pass from Derek Carr ( Chris Boswell kick ) , 1 : 31 . AFC 24 -- 23 . Drive : 7 plays , 47 yards , 2 : 13 . Top passers NFC -- Jared Goff -- 10 / 18 , 86 yards AFC -- Alex Smith -- 7 / 10 , 131 yards , TD , INT Top rushers NFC -- Mark Ingram -- 5 rushes , 21 yards AFC -- LeSean McCoy -- 3 rushes , 7 yards , TD Top receivers NFC -- Kyle Rudolph -- 7 receptions , 70 yards AFC -- T.Y. Hilton -- 4 receptions , 98 yards AFC rosters ( edit ) The following players were selected to represent the AFC : Offense ( edit ) Position Starter ( s ) Reserve ( s ) Alternate ( s ) Quarterback 12 Tom Brady , New England 7 Ben Roethlisberger , Pittsburgh 17 Philip Rivers , LA Chargers 11 Alex Smith , Kansas City 4 Derek Carr , Oakland Running back 26 Le'Veon Bell , Pittsburgh 25 LeSean McCoy , Buffalo 27 Kareem Hunt , Kansas City Fullback 46 James Develin , New England 45 Roosevelt Nix , Pittsburgh Wide receiver 10 DeAndre Hopkins , Houston 84 Antonio Brown , Pittsburgh 13 Keenan Allen , LA Chargers 18 A.J. Green , Cincinnati 13 T.Y. Hilton , Indianapolis 14 Jarvis Landry , Miami Tight end 87 Travis Kelce , Kansas City 87 Rob Gronkowski , New England 82 Delanie Walker , Tennessee 84 Jack Doyle , Indianapolis Offensive tackle 77 Taylor Lewan , Tennessee 78 Alejandro Villanueva , Pittsburgh 72 Donald Penn , Oakland 76 Russell Okung , LA Chargers Offensive guard 66 David DeCastro , Pittsburgh 70 Kelechi Osemele , Oakland 64 Richie Incognito , Buffalo Center 53 Maurkice Pouncey , Pittsburgh 61 Rodney Hudson , Oakland Defense ( edit ) Position Starter ( s ) Reserve ( s ) Alternate ( s ) Defensive end 93 Calais Campbell , Jacksonville 99 Joey Bosa , LA Chargers 52 Khalil Mack , Oakland 54 Melvin Ingram , LA Chargers 97 Cameron Heyward , Pittsburgh 91 Yannick Ngakoue , Jacksonville Defensive tackle 97 Geno Atkins , Cincinnati 99 Jurrell Casey , Tennessee 97 Malik Jackson , Jacksonville Outside linebacker 58 Von Miller , Denver 90 Jadeveon Clowney , Houston 55 Terrell Suggs , Baltimore 50 Telvin Smith , Jacksonville Inside linebacker 57 C.J. Mosley , Baltimore 50 Ryan Shazier , Pittsburgh 53 Joe Schobert , Cleveland Cornerback 20 Jalen Ramsey , Jacksonville 21 A.J. Bouye , Jacksonville 21 Aqib Talib , Denver 26 Casey Hayward , LA Chargers Free safety 32 Eric Weddle , Baltimore 31 Kevin Byard , Tennessee Strong safety 20 Reshad Jones , Miami 23 Micah Hyde , Buffalo Special teams ( edit ) Position Starter Alternate ( s ) Punter 6 Brett Kern , Tennessee Placekicker 9 Chris Boswell , Pittsburgh Return specialist 10 Tyreek Hill , Kansas City Special teamer 18 Matthew Slater , New England 41 Brynden Trawick , Tennessee Long snapper 46 Clark Harris , Cincinnati Nfc rosters ( edit ) The following players were selected to represent the NFC : Offense ( edit ) Position Starter ( s ) Reserve ( s ) Alternate ( s ) Quarterback 11 Carson Wentz , Philadelphia 3 Russell Wilson , Seattle 9 Drew Brees , New Orleans 16 Jared Goff , LA Rams Running back 30 Todd Gurley , LA Rams 22 Mark Ingram , New Orleans 41 Alvin Kamara , New Orleans Fullback 44 Kyle Juszczyk , San Francisco Wide receiver 11 Julio Jones , Atlanta 19 Adam Thielen , Minnesota 11 Larry Fitzgerald , Arizona 13 Michael Thomas , New Orleans 17 Davante Adams , Green Bay 89 Doug Baldwin , Seattle Tight end 86 Zach Ertz , Philadelphia 88 Jimmy Graham , Seattle 82 Jason Witten , Dallas 82 Kyle Rudolph , Minnesota Offensive tackle 71 Trent Williams , Washington 77 Tyron Smith , Dallas 65 Lane Johnson , Philadelphia 77 Andrew Whitworth , LA Rams 74 Joe Staley , San Francisco 76 Duane Brown , Seattle Offensive guard 70 Zack Martin , Dallas 79 Brandon Brooks , Philadelphia 75 Brandon Scherff , Washington 70 Trai Turner , Carolina 76 T.J. Lang , Detroit 67 Larry Warford , New Orleans Center 51 Alex Mack , Atlanta 72 Travis Frederick , Dallas Defense ( edit ) Position Starter ( s ) Reserve ( s ) Alternate ( s ) Defensive end 90 DeMarcus Lawrence , Dallas 97 Everson Griffen , Minnesota 94 Cameron Jordan , New Orleans 72 Michael Bennett , Seattle Defensive tackle 91 Fletcher Cox , Philadelphia 99 Aaron Donald , LA Rams 93 Gerald McCoy , Tampa Bay 76 Mike Daniels , Green Bay 98 Linval Joseph , Minnesota Outside linebacker 55 Chandler Jones , Arizona 91 Ryan Kerrigan , Washington 55 Anthony Barr , Minnesota 58 Thomas Davis Sr. , Carolina Inside linebacker 59 Luke Kuechly , Carolina 54 Bobby Wagner , Seattle 45 Deion Jones , Atlanta 58 Kwon Alexander ' , Tampa Bay Cornerback 21 Patrick Peterson , Arizona 29 Xavier Rhodes , Minnesota 23 Marshon Lattimore , New Orleans 23 Darius Slay , Detroit Free safety 29 Earl Thomas , Seattle Strong safety 21 Landon Collins , NY Giants 27 Malcolm Jenkins , Philadelphia 22 Keanu Neal , Atlanta 22 Harrison Smith , Minnesota Special teams ( edit ) Position Starter Alternate ( s ) Punter 6 Johnny Hekker , LA Rams Placekicker 4 Greg Zuerlein , LA Rams 9 Graham Gano , Carolina Return specialist 10 Pharoh Cooper , LA Rams Special teamer 36 Budda Baker , Arizona Long snapper 44 Jake McQuaide , LA Rams Notes : Players must have accepted their invitations as alternates to be listed ; those who declined are not considered Pro Bowlers . bold player who participated in game ( C ) signifies the player has been selected as a captain Replacement Player selection due to injury or vacancy Injured / suspended player ; selected but did not participate Replacement starter ; selected as reserve Selected but did not play because his team advanced to Super Bowl LII ( see Pro Bowl `` Player Selection '' section ) Number of selections per team ( edit ) American Football Conference Team Selections Pittsburgh Steelers 10 Jacksonville Jaguars 6 Los Angeles Chargers 6 Tennessee Titans 6 Oakland Raiders 5 New England Patriots Kansas City Chiefs Baltimore Ravens Buffalo Bills Cincinnati Bengals Denver Broncos Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Miami Dolphins Cleveland Browns New York Jets 0 National Football Conference Team Selections Los Angeles Rams 8 Seattle Seahawks 7 Minnesota Vikings 7 New Orleans Saints 7 Philadelphia Eagles 6 Dallas Cowboys 5 Arizona Cardinals Carolina Panthers Atlanta Falcons Washington Redskins Green Bay Packers Detroit Lions San Francisco 49ers Tampa Bay Buccaneers New York Giants Chicago Bears 0 Broadcasting ( edit ) The 2018 Pro Bowl was televised nationally by ABC , ESPN , and ESPN Deportes . The simulcast marked the game 's return to broadcast television , as well as its return to ABC for the first time since 2003 . To accommodate the return to broadcast television , the game moved from primetime to an afternoon start time to avoid interfering with ABC 's Primetime Lineup . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Walt Anderson is the referee for the 2018 Pro Bowl Jump up ^ `` NFL 's pro bowl moves to Orlando '' . Chicago Tribune . Tronc . Retrieved 13 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Alex Smith added to AFC Pro Bowl roster '' . ProFootballTalk.NBCSports.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders QB Derek Carr Selected To Third Consecutive Pro Bowl '' . Raiders.com . January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Varley , Teresa ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` Nix is Pro Bowl bound '' . Steelers.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Dolphins receiver Jarvis Landry named to Pro Bowl as alternate '' . Sun-Sentinel.com . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Walker , Andrew . `` T.Y. Hilton Selected To Fourth Straight Pro Bowl '' . Colts.com . Retrieved 10 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Delanie Walker in , Travis Kelce out for Pro Bowl '' . Yahoo.com . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Walker , Andrew ( January 21 , 2018 ) . `` Jack Doyle Named To First - Career Pro Bowl '' . Colts.com . ^ Jump up to : Elwood , Hayley ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` Russell Okung Named to 2018 Pro Bowl '' . Chargers.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Ngakoue and Smith added to Pro Bowl roster '' . Jaguars.com . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chargers OLB Melvin Ingram named to 2018 NFL Pro Bowl '' . USAToday.com . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Varley , Teresa ( January 16 , 2018 ) . `` Heyward headed to the Pro Bowl '' . Steelers.com . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Joe Schobert added to AFC Pro Bowl team '' . ProFootballTalk.NBCSports.com. 2018 - 01 - 16 . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Titans FS Kevin Byard , ST Brynden Trawick Named to Pro Bowl '' . TitansOnline.com . Retrieved January 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Williams , Charean ( January 16 , 2018 ) . `` Bengals long snapper Clark Harris selected for Pro Bowl '' . ProFootballTalk.NBCSports.com . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Simmons , Myles ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` Jared Goff Named to 2018 Pro Bowl '' . TheRams.com . ^ Jump up to : Western , Evan ( January 16 , 2018 ) . `` Packers ' Davante Adams added to 2018 Pro Bowl roster '' . SBNation . ^ Jump up to : Williams , Charean ( January 4 , 2018 ) . `` Doug Baldwin replaces Larry Fitzgerald on Pro Bowl roster '' . ProFootballTalk.NBCSports.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Linval Joseph , Kyle Rudolph , Harrison Smith Named to 2018 Pro Bowl '' . Vikings.com . January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Eatman , Nick ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` Witten Added to Pro Bowl Roster ; Ties Franchise Record With 11 Appearances '' . DallasCowboys.com . ^ Jump up to : Alper , Josh ( January 9 , 2018 ) . `` Andrew Whitworth will go to the Pro Bowl '' . ProFootballTalk.NBCSports.com . ^ Jump up to : `` T Joe Staley Named to 2018 Pro Bowl '' . 49ers.com . January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Boyle , John ( January 23 , 2018 ) . `` Seahawks Left Tackle Duane Brown Named To Pro Bowl Roster '' . Seahawks.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Graham Gano , Trai Turner named to Pro Bowl roster '' . panthers.com . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Twentyman , Tim ( January 19 , 2018 ) . `` T.J. Lang named to 2018 Pro Bowl '' . DetroitLions.com . Jump up ^ Alper , Josh ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` Larry Warford will join Saints coaches at the Pro Bowl '' . ProFootballTalk.NBCSports.com . ^ Jump up to : Boyle , John ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` Seahawks Defensive End Michael Bennett Named To 2018 Pro Bowl Roster '' . Seahawks.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Packers DT Mike Daniels named to Pro Bowl '' . packers.com . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Thomas Davis named to Pro Bowl roster '' . Panthers.com . January 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Deion Jones added to Pro Bowl roster '' . nbcsports.com . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kwon Alexander Headed to the Pro Bowl ! '' . buccaneers.com . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Conway , Kelsey ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` Falcons ' safety Keanu Neal selected to 2018 Pro Bowl roster '' . AtlantaFalcons.com . Jump up ^ Klein , Gary ( 2018 - 01 - 17 ) . `` Rams snapper Jake McQuaide named to Pro Bowl for second year in a row '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` NFL 's Pro Bowl Back on ABC '' . Broadcasting & Cable . Retrieved 24 May 2017 . 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Songs `` All My Rowdy Friends Are Here on Monday Night '' `` Heavy Action '' `` The Party 's Over '' NFL Championship 1948 1950 Super Bowl XIX ( 1984 ) XXII ( 1987 ) XXV ( 1990 ) XXIX ( 1994 ) XXXIV ( 1999 ) XXXVII ( 2002 ) XL ( 2005 ) Pro Bowl 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2018 AFL Championship 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 Results and standings Yearly results Monday night NFL games prior to 1970 1970 -- 1989 1990 -- 2009 2010 -- present Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_Pro_Bowl&oldid=824617333 '' Categories : Pro Bowl 2017 National Football League season 2018 in American football 2018 in sports in Florida 2010s in Orlando , Florida American football in Orlando , Florida January 2018 sports events in the United States Sports competitions in Orlando , Florida Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Edit links This page was last edited on 8 February 2018 , at 13 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where is the 2018 pro bowl held at | [
"The 2018 Pro Bowl was the National Football League's all-star game for the 2017 season, which was played at Camping World Stadium in Orlando, Florida on January 28, 2018. For the first time since 2008, the game started during afternoon hours instead of primetime hours for U.S. Mainland viewers with a 3:00 PM ET start. It marked the second year the game was played in Orlando. It was televised nationally by ESPN and simulcasted on ABC. The roster was announced on December 19 on NFL Network. The AFC team won the game 24–23, the second straight year the Pro Bowl was won by the AFC."
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"Camping World Stadium in Orlando, Florida"
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-4387653591746347556 | Constraint (mathematics) | Constraint ( mathematics ) - wikipedia Constraint ( mathematics ) For constraints in Hamiltonian mechanics , see constraint ( classical mechanics ) , first class constraint , primary constraint , and holonomic constraint . This article includes a list of references , related reading or external links , but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( September 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In mathematics , a constraint is a condition of an optimization problem that the solution must satisfy . There are several types of constraints -- primarily equality constraints , inequality constraints , and integer constraints . The set of candidate solutions that satisfy all constraints is called the feasible set . Contents ( hide ) 1 Example 2 Terminology 3 Hard and soft constraints 4 See also 5 External links Example ( edit ) The following is a simple optimization problem : min f ( x ) = x 1 2 + x 2 4 ( \ displaystyle \ min f ( ( \ mathbf ( x ) ) ) = x_ ( 1 ) ^ ( 2 ) + x_ ( 2 ) ^ ( 4 ) ) subject to x 1 ≥ 1 ( \ displaystyle x_ ( 1 ) \ geq 1 ) and x 2 = 1 , ( \ displaystyle x_ ( 2 ) = 1 , ) where x ( \ displaystyle ( \ mathbf ( x ) ) ) denotes the vector ( x , x ) . In this example , the first line defines the function to be minimized ( called the objective function , loss function , or cost function ) . The second and third lines define two constraints , the first of which is an inequality constraint and the second of which is an equality constraint . These two constraints are hard constraints , meaning that it is required that they be satisfied ; they define the feasible set of candidate solutions . Without the constraints , the solution would be ( 0 , 0 ) , where f ( x ) ( \ displaystyle f ( ( \ mathbf ( x ) ) ) ) has the lowest value . But this solution does not satisfy the constraints . The solution of the constrained optimization problem stated above is x = ( 1 , 1 ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ mathbf ( x ) ) = ( 1 , 1 ) ) , which is the point with the smallest value of f ( x ) ( \ displaystyle f ( ( \ mathbf ( x ) ) ) ) that satisfies the two constraints . Terminology ( edit ) If an inequality constraint holds with equality at the optimal point , the constraint is said to be binding , as the point can not be varied in the direction of the constraint even though doing so would improve the value of the objective function . If an inequality constraint holds as a strict inequality at the optimal point ( that is , does not hold with equality ) , the constraint is said to be non-binding , as the point could be varied in the direction of the constraint , although it would not be optimal to do so . If a constraint is non-binding , the optimization problem would have the same solution even in the absence of that constraint . If a constraint is not satisfied at a given point , the point is said to be infeasible . Hard and soft constraints ( edit ) If the problem mandates that the constraints be satisfied , as in the above discussion , the constraints are sometimes referred to as hard constraints . However , in some problems , called flexible constraint satisfaction problems , it is preferred but not required that certain constraints be satisfied ; such non-mandatory constraints are known as soft constraints . Soft constraints arise in , for example , preference - based planning . In a MAX - CSP problem , a number of constraints are allowed to be violated , and the quality of a solution is measured by the number of satisfied constraints . See also ( edit ) Constraint algebra Constraint satisfaction problem Karush -- Kuhn -- Tucker conditions Lagrange multipliers Level set Linear programming Nonlinear programming External links ( edit ) Nonlinear programming FAQ Mathematical Programming Glossary Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constraint_(mathematics)&oldid=846036219 '' Categories : Mathematical optimization Constraint programming Hidden categories : Articles lacking in - text citations from September 2016 All articles lacking in - text citations Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara Français Ido Nederlands Română Slovenščina Українська 中文 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 June 2018 , at 21 : 18 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what does it mean for a constraint to be binding | [
"If an inequality constraint holds with equality at the optimal point, the constraint is said to be binding, as the point cannot be varied in the direction of the constraint even though doing so would improve the value of the objective function."
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"If an inequality constraint holds with equality at the optimal point"
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-7236678509789871529 | Greenhouse Academy | Greenhouse Academy - Wikipedia Greenhouse Academy Jump to : navigation , search Greenhouse Academy Genre Teen drama Created by Giora Chamizer ( he ) Based on Ha - Hamama by Giora Chamizer Starring Ariel Mortman Finn Roberts Composer ( s ) Tal Yardeni & Roy Shakked Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 12 Production Executive producer ( s ) Orly Atlas Katz Udi Miron Osnat Saraga Tamara Rothenberg Dominique Bazay Producer ( s ) Noam Arazi Location ( s ) Israel Running time 21 -- 28 minutes Production company ( s ) Nutz Productions Release Original network Netflix Original release September 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 08 ) External links Website www.netflix.com/title/80095435 Greenhouse Academy is a tween drama television series released by Netflix . Based on the Israeli television series The Greenhouse ( Ha - Hamama ) , created by Giora Chamizer , the series was adapted for international audiences by Chamizer and Paula Yoo . The first season of the series was released on Netflix on September 8 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 3 Production 4 Episodes 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) Eight months after losing their astronaut mother in a rocket explosion , a brother and a sister enroll at a private boarding school for gifted future leaders . Separately , they join two competing houses within the school and become rivals . Soon , mysterious events draw kids from both competing houses into a secret investigation . The kids uncover a deadly plot to destroy the planet . Only by joining forces and working together , will they be able to save the world . Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Ariel Mortman as Hayley Woods Finn Roberts as Alex Woods Chris O'Neal as Daniel Hayward Dallas Hart as Leo Cruz Cinthya Carmona as Sophie Cardona Grace Van Dien as Brooke Osmond Benjamin Papac as Max Miller Jessica Amlee as Jackie Sanders BJ Mitchell as Parker Grant Aviv Buchler as Emma Geller Ishai Golan as Carter Woods Selina Giles as Ryan Woods Yiftach Mizrahi as Jason Osmond Nitsan Levartovsky as Suzanne McGill Parker Stevenson as Louis Osmond Nadine Ellis as Judy Hayward Yuval Yanai as Eric Simmons Reina Hardesty as Aspen Fairchild Recurring ( edit ) Efrat Dor as Michelle Wallace Natalie Berkowitz as Meredith Dean Gerber as Owen Jake Miller as Seth Stephanie Troyak as Tammy Amit Yagur as Becca Zvika Fohrman as Coach Davies Jonathan Miller as Kyle Maayan Bloom as Marcus Errol Trotman Harewood as David Diggs Iftach Ophir as Perry FBI Agent Aaron Kaplan as Brandon Thomas Production ( edit ) Greenhouse Academy is a Netflix original series based on the Israeli tween - drama The Greenhouse ( Ha - Hamama ) , which ran on Nickelodeon Israel . Both versions were created by Giora Chamizer and produced by Nutz Productions , a subsidiary of Ananey Communications . Two seasons consisting of a total of 24 episodes were produced . The series was filmed in summer 2016 in Tel Aviv and at other locations in Israel . The first season was released on Netflix on September 8 , 2017 . Season 2 is scheduled to be released in March 2018 . Episodes ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original release date `` Pilot '' Roee Florentin Giora Chamizer & Paula Yoo September 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 08 ) Guest starring : Tamir Ginsburg as Tyler Shaw , Dan Mor as Sergeant Archer `` The Opening Challenge '' Roee Florentin Giora Chamizer & Paula Yoo September 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 08 ) `` Breaking and Entering '' Roee Florentin Giora Chamizer & Paula Yoo September 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 08 ) `` Private Screening '' Roee Florentin Giora Chamizer & Paula Yoo September 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 08 ) 5 `` Black Smoke '' Roee Florentin Giora Chamizer & Paula Yoo September 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 08 ) Guest starring : Dor Zweigenbaum as Dr. Schwartz 6 `` Captain Material '' Roee Florentin Giora Chamizer & Paula Yoo September 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 08 ) 7 `` Swimming Lessons '' Roee Florentin Giora Chamizer & Paula Yoo September 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 08 ) 8 `` The Outsider '' Roee Florentin Giora Chamizer & Paula Yoo September 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 08 ) Guest starring : Omri Doron as JPL Security Guard 9 `` Steph '' Roee Florentin Giora Chamizer & Paula Yoo September 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 08 ) Guest starring : Herzl Tobey as Park Ranger 10 `` Guilt - Free Cupcakes '' Roee Florentin Giora Chamizer & Paula Yoo September 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 08 ) Guest starring : Herzl Tobey as Park Ranger 11 `` Great Scott '' Roee Florentin Giora Chamizer & Paula Yoo September 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 08 ) 12 `` L.D.R. '' Roee Florentin Giora Chamizer & Paula Yoo September 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 08 ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Oriana Schwindt ( July 27 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix Renews Chelsea Handler 's ' Chelsea , ' ' Lady Dynamite ' and Casts Jennifer Garner as a Llama '' . Variety . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ Denise Petski ( July 27 , 2016 ) . `` Jennifer Garner To Voice Mama Llama In Netflix Animated Series ; ' Greenhouse ' Tween Series Also Sets Cast -- TCA '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : `` Netflix 's New Releases Coming in Sept. 2017 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . August 23 , 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ Eric Volmers ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` Mallory is back : Actress Jessica Amlee reprises role on Calgary - shot Heartland in two - episode arc '' . Calgary Herald . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 28 . Last March , she landed a lead role in the Netflix original series , Greenhouse Academy ... Amlee describes it as Harry Potter meets Degrassi . Over the summer , she shot Greenhouse Academy in Tel Aviv , playing a juvenile delinquent named Jackie who is recruited after showing a talent for robbing banks . Jump up ^ `` חשיפה ראשונה : מי יככבו בגרסה האמריקאית של `` החממה '' ? `` . frogi.co.il . July 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Foster ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` Israeli kids get TeenNick channel '' . Kidscreen . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Home -- About Ananey '' . Ananey Communications . Jump up ^ Jessica Steinberg ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix launches ' Greenhouse Academy , ' remake of Sabra tween drama '' . The Times of Israel . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ Hannah Brown ( September 11 , 2017 ) . `` The ' Greenhouse ' effect '' . Jerusalem Post . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 10 . 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( 2018 ) Spy Kids : Mission Critical ( 2018 ) Sword Gai : The Animation ( 2018 ) The Ballad of Buster Scruggs ( 2018 ) The Boss Baby : Back in Business ( 2018 ) The Chilling Adventures of Sabrina ( 2018 ) The Epic Tales of Captain Underpants ( 2018 ) The Legend of Monkey ( 2018 ) The Umbrella Academy ( 2018 ) Carmen Sandiego ( 2019 ) Top Boy ( season 3 , 2019 ) Best Worst Weekend Ever ( TBA ) Collateral ( TBA ) Damnation ( TBA ) Raising Dion ( TBA ) Ratched ( TBA ) Requiem ( TBA ) Seven Seconds ( TBA ) The Dark Crystal : Age of Resistance ( TBA ) The Eddy ( TBA ) The Forgiving Earth ( TBA ) The Good Cop ( TBA ) The Green Beret 's Guide to Surviving the Apocalypse ( TBA ) The Haunting of Hill House ( TBA ) The Kominsky Method ( TBA ) The Letdown ( TBA ) The Spy ( TBA ) Tidelands ( TBA ) Troy : Fall of a City ( TBA ) Wanderlust ( TBA ) Watership Down ( TBA ) This article about a television show originating in the United States is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Greenhouse_Academy&oldid=815747832 '' Categories : 2010s American drama television series 2017 American television series debuts English - language television programs Netflix original programming American teen dramas United States television program stubs Hidden categories : Interlanguage link template link number All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano עברית Edit links This page was last edited on 16 December 2017 , at 21 : 48 . About Wikipedia | when is the second season of greenhouse academy coming out on netflix | [
"Greenhouse Academy is a Netflix original series based on the Israeli tween-drama The Greenhouse (Ha-Hamama), which ran on Nickelodeon Israel.[6] Both versions were created by Giora Chamizer and produced by Nutz Productions, a subsidiary of Ananey Communications.[7] Two seasons consisting of a total of 24 episodes were produced. The series was filmed in summer 2016 in Tel Aviv and at other locations in Israel.[8] The first season was released on Netflix on September 8, 2017.[3] Season 2 is scheduled to be released in March 2018.[9]"
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"March 2018"
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3810731010857431529 | Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing | Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing - wikipedia Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing Jump to : navigation , search For the American Triple Crown , see Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing ( United States ) . Ormonde , an undefeated English Triple Crown winner The Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing , often shortened to Triple Crown , comprises three races for three - year - old Thoroughbred horses . Winning all three of these Thoroughbred horse races is considered the greatest accomplishment in Thoroughbred racing . The term originated in mid-19th century England and different nations where thoroughbred racing is popular each have their own Triple Crown series . Contents ( hide ) 1 United States Triple Crowns 1.1 Triple Crown winners 1.2 Triple Tiara 2 United Kingdom Triple Crowns 2.1 Triple Crown winners 2.2 Failed Triple Crown attempts 2.3 Fillies Triple Crown 2.4 Alternative Triple Crowns 3 Ireland 3.1 Triple Crown winners 4 Canada 4.1 Winners of the Canadian Triple Crown 4.1. 1 Pre-1959 establishment 4.1. 2 Since 1959 establishment 4.2 Canadian Triple Tiara 5 Australia 5.1 Australian Triple Crown champions 6 Germany 7 France 8 Belgium 9 Hungary 10 Switzerland 11 Denmark 12 Sweden 13 Norway 14 The Netherlands 15 India 16 Kenya 17 Turkey 18 Japan 19 Hong Kong 20 Italy 21 Spain 22 Macau 23 Argentina 24 Mexico 25 Chile 26 Dominican Republic 27 Jamaica 28 Panama 29 Poland 30 Puerto Rico 31 Uruguay 32 Ecuador 33 Venezuela 34 Undefeated Triple Crown winners 35 Individual Triple Crown winners 36 Back to back Triple Crown winners ( jockeys ) 37 Most Triple Crown winners ( jockeys ) 38 See also 39 References United States Triple Crowns ( edit ) Main articles : Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing ( United States ) and American Triple Tiara of Thoroughbred Racing In the United States , the three races that make up the Triple Crown are : Kentucky Derby , run over the 1 ⁄ - mile ( 2.0 km ) dirt track at Churchill Downs in Louisville , Kentucky Preakness Stakes , run over the 1 ⁄ - mile ( 1.9 km ) dirt track at Pimlico Race Course in Baltimore , Maryland Belmont Stakes , run over the 1 ⁄ - mile ( 2.4 km ) dirt track , the longest in U.S. thoroughbred racing , at Belmont Park in Elmont , New York , just east of the New York City borough of Queens in Nassau County , Long Island Triple Crown winners ( edit ) List of US Triple Crown winners Year Winner Jockey Trainer Owner Breeder 1919 Sir Barton Johnny Loftus H. Guy Bedwell J.K.L. Ross John E. Madden 1930 Gallant Fox Earl Sande Jim Fitzsimmons Belair Stud Belair Stud 1935 Omaha Willie Saunders Jim Fitzsimmons Belair Stud Belair Stud 1937 War Admiral Charley Kurtsinger George H. Conway Samuel D. Riddle Samuel D. Riddle 1941 Whirlaway Eddie Arcaro Ben A. Jones Calumet Farm Calumet Farm 1943 Count Fleet Johnny Longden Don Cameron Fannie Hertz Fannie Hertz 1946 Assault Warren Mehrtens Max Hirsch King Ranch King Ranch 1948 Citation Eddie Arcaro Horace A. Jones Calumet Farm Calumet Farm 1973 Secretariat Ron Turcotte Lucien Laurin Meadow Stable Meadow Stud 1977 Seattle Slew Jean Cruguet William H. Turner , Jr . Mickey and Karen L. Taylor , Tayhill Stable / Jim Hill , et al . Ben S. Castleman 1978 Affirmed Steve Cauthen Laz Barrera Harbor View Farm Harbor View Farm 2015 American Pharoah Victor Espinoza Bob Baffert Ahmed Zayat Zayat Stables Triple Tiara ( edit ) There have been several different versions of the Triple Tiara ( sometimes known as the Filly Triple Crown ) in the United States . One of them was a national version that consisted of undercard events on the same weekends as the associated Triple Crown races : Kentucky Oaks , run over 1 ⁄ miles ( 1.8 km ) on a dirt track , at Churchill Downs ; Black - Eyed Susan Stakes , run over 1 ⁄ miles ( 1.8 km ) ( previously 1 ⁄ mi or 1.7 km ) on a dirt track , at Pimlico Race Course ; Acorn Stakes , run over 1 mile ( 1.6 km ) ( previously 1 ⁄ mi or 2.4 km ) on a dirt track , at Belmont Park ; Only one filly won this version of the Triple Tiara , Davona Dale in 1979 . Few have even tried as the short time between the Kentucky Oaks and Black - Eyed Susan is generally considered too short for fillies . The most commonly accepted version of the Triple Tiara uses three races from New York . From 1957 to 2002 , and 2007 to 2009 , these three races were the Acorn Stakes , the Mother Goose Stakes , and the Coaching Club American Oaks . Eight fillies won this version of the New York Triple Tiara : Dark Mirage ( 1968 ) Shuvee ( 1969 ) Chris Evert ( 1974 ) Ruffian ( 1975 ) Davona Dale ( 1979 ) Mom 's Command ( 1985 ) Open Mind ( 1989 ) Sky Beauty ( 1993 ) In 2010 , the NYRA changed the configuration of the Triple Tiara to include the Alabama Stakes instead of the Mother Goose . Thus far , no filly has won the reconfigured Triple Tiara . United kingdom Triple Crowns ( edit ) In England , where the term Triple Crown originated with West Australian 's three wins in 1853 , it is made up of : the 2,000 Guineas Stakes , run over 1 mile ( 1,609 meters ) at Newmarket Racecourse in Newmarket , Suffolk The Derby , run over 1 mile 4 furlongs and 10 yards ( 2,423 metres ) at Epsom Downs Racecourse in Epsom , Surrey the St. Leger Stakes , run over 1 mile , 6 furlongs and 132 yards ( 2,937 metres ) at Town Moor in Doncaster , Yorkshire Since the 2,000 Guineas was first run in 1809 , fifteen horses ( including three winners of substitute races at Newmarket during World War I ) have won the English Triple Crown . The most recent -- and only winner since World War II -- was Nijinsky , in 1970 . For many years , it was considered unlikely that any horse would ever win the English Triple Crown again . In the winter of 2006 / 2007 , however , trainer Jim Bolger was training his unbeaten colt Teofilo for the Triple Crown and bookmaker William Hill plc was offering odds of only 12 / 1 against Teofilo winning the 2007 Triple Crown . The horse was withdrawn from the 2000 Guineas two days before the race after suffering a setback and never raced again . Since Nijinsky , only Nashwan ( 1989 ) , Sea the Stars ( 2009 ) , and Camelot ( 2012 ) have won both the Guineas and the Derby . Between Reference Point in 1987 and Camelot in 2012 , no Derby winner ( not even the potential Triple Crown winners Nashwan and Sea the Stars ) even entered the St. Leger . This reluctance to compete in the St. Leger is said to be because of the impact it would have on a horse 's stud value in a market where speed is preferred to stamina . Triple Crown winners ( edit ) For a list of the annual individual race winners , see English Triple Crown race winners . Bahram , an undefeated Triple Crown winner Triple Crown winners : Year Winner Jockey Trainer Owner 1853 West Australian Frank Butler John Scott John Bowes 1865 Gladiateur Harry Grimshaw Tom Jennings , Sr . Frédéric de Lagrange 1866 Lord Lyon Harry Custance James Dover Richard Sutton 1886 Ormonde Fred Archer John Porter Duke of Westminster 1891 Common George Barrett John Porter Sir Frederick Johnstone 1893 Isinglass Tommy Loates James Jewitt Harry McCalmont 1897 Galtee More Charles Wood Sam Darling John Gubbins 1899 Flying Fox Morny Cannon John Porter Duke of Westminster 1900 Diamond Jubilee Herbert Jones Richard Marsh Edward , Prince of Wales 1903 Rock Sand Danny Maher George Blackwell Sir James Miller 1915 † Pommern Steve Donoghue Charles Peck Solly Joel 1917 † Gay Crusader Steve Donoghue Alec Taylor , Jr . Alfred W. Cox 1918 † Gainsborough Joe Childs Alec Taylor , Jr . Lady James Douglas 1935 Bahram Freddie Fox and Charlie Smirke Frank Butters HH Aga Khan III 1970 Nijinsky Lester Piggott Vincent O'Brien Charles W. Engelhard , Jr . † Wartime winners Pommern , Gay Crusader and Gainsborough are not counted , according to many judges , as the three races were all held at Newmarket and racing itself was too disrupted . By this reckoning , there were only 12 triple crown winners , and only three in the 20th century . Failed Triple Crown attempts ( edit ) The following horses won the 2000 Guineas and Derby but were beaten in the St Leger : Cotherstone ( 1843 ) : second to Nutwith Pretender ( 1869 ) : fourth to Pero Gomez Shotover ( 1882 ) : third to Dutch Oven Ayrshire ( 1888 ) : sixth to Seabreeze Ladas ( 1894 ) : second to Throstle St. Amant ( 1904 ) : seventh and last to Pretty Polly Minoru ( 1909 ) : fourth to Bayardo Manna ( 1925 ) : tenth to Solario Cameronian ( 1931 ) : tenth and last to Sandwich Camelot ( 2012 ) : second to Encke Fillies Triple Crown ( edit ) Formosa , Triple Crown Winner of 1868 , by Harry Hall There is also a Fillies Triple Crown for a filly winning the 1,000 Guineas Stakes , Epsom Oaks and St. Leger Stakes . In the past , this was not considered a true Triple Crown as the best fillies would often run in the Derby and Two Thousand Guineas . As this is no longer the case , the Fillies ' Triple Crown would now be considered as comparable as the original . Winners of the Fillies Triple Crown are : 1868 -- Formosa , also dead heated in the Two Thousand Guineas 1871 -- Hannah 1874 -- Apology , also won the Ascot Gold Cup 1892 -- La Fleche , also won the Ascot Gold Cup 1902 -- Sceptre , also won the Two Thousand Guineas 1904 -- Pretty Polly 1942 -- Sun Chariot 1955 -- Meld 1985 -- Oh So Sharp Alternative Triple Crowns ( edit ) The trio of Ascot Gold Cup , Goodwood Cup and Doncaster Cup is sometimes referred to as the Stayers Triple Crown . Ireland ( edit ) In Ireland , the Triple Crown , modelled on the English equivalent , is made up of the Irish 2,000 Guineas the Irish Derby the Irish St. Leger ( open to older horses ) All three races are run at the Curragh . Triple Crown winners ( edit ) For a list of the annual individual race winners , see Irish Triple Crown race winners . Only two horses have won all three races since the Irish Two Thousand Guineas was first run in 1921 : Museum ( 1935 ) Windsor Slipper ( 1942 ) Canada ( edit ) Main article : Canadian Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing In Canada the three races that comprise the Triple Crown are : Queen 's Plate Prince of Wales Stakes Breeders ' Stakes Winners of the Canadian Triple Crown ( edit ) The Canadian Triple Crown was established in 1959 and since then seven horses have won it . In 2014 , the Hall of Fame decided to honor the five horses who had won the three races before 1959 , meaning 12 horses are now officially recognized as winning the Canadian Triple Crown . Pre-1959 establishment ( edit ) 1932 Queensway ( filly ) 1939 Archworth 1945 Uttermost 1955 Ace Marine 1956 Canadian Champ Since 1959 establishment ( edit ) 1959 New Providence 1963 Canebora 1989 With Approval 1990 Izvestia 1991 Dance Smartly ( filly ) 1993 Peteski 2003 Wando Canadian Triple Tiara ( edit ) The Canadian Triple Tiara consists of : Woodbine Oaks ( formerly the Canadian Oaks ) Bison City Stakes Wonder Where Stakes To date , only one filly has won it : 2007 Sealy Hill Australia ( edit ) The Australian Triple Crown comprises the following races : Randwick Guineas ( 1,600 m ) Rosehill Guineas ( 2,000 m ) AJC Australian Derby ( 2,400 m ) . The three - year - old Triple Crown initially included the Canterbury Guineas ( 1,900 m ) but nowadays the first leg is the Randwick Guineas . Australian Triple Crown Champions ( edit ) A total of five horses have won the Australian Triple Crown : Year Winner 1943 Moorland 1959 Martello Towers 1973 Imagele Octagonal 2013 Dundeel The Two Year Old Triple Crown ( also known as the Two - year - old Grand Slam ) consists of : Golden Slipper Stakes ( 1,200 m ) AJC Sires Produce Stakes Champagne Stakes ( 1,600 m ) Only six horses have won the Australian Two Year Old Triple Crown : 1970 Baguette 1977 Luskin Star 1991 Tierce 1992 Burst ( filly ) 2004 Dance Hero 2012 Pierro Germany ( edit ) In Germany , the Triple Crown ( Dreifache Krone ) consists of Mehl - Mülhens - Rennen , German 2000 Guineas ( formerly Henckel - Rennen ) , Cologne , 1600 m Deutsches Derby , Hamburg , 2400 m Deutsches St. Leger , Dortmund , 2800 m Only one horse has won the German Triple Crown , Königsstuhl in 1979 . In East Germany the Dreifache Krone consisted of Frühjahrszuchtpreis der Dreijährigen Derby der DDR ( Derby of GDR ) Großer Herbstpreis der Dreijährigen Three horses have won the East German Triple Crown : Winner of the East German Dreifache Krone Year Name Pedigree Breeder Owner Trainer Lomber Trion - Lolita by Zigeunersohn Graditz Stud Graditz Stud H. Schäfke 1979 Gidron Santamoss - Geografia by Girst Graditz Stud Graditz Stud F. Borrack 1955 Faktotum Harlekin - Frühlingssonne by Lampos Graditz Stud Graditz Stud R. Kortum France ( edit ) The French Triple Crown consists of : Poule d'Essai des Poulains ( French 2000 Guineas ) Prix du Jockey Club Grand Prix de Paris Previously the French Triple Crown consisted of Poule d'Essai des Poulains ( French 2000 Guineas ) Prix du Jockey Club Prix Royal - Oak Two horses have swept the French Triple Crown Zut , in 1879 Perth , in 1899 For fillies : Poule d'Essai des Pouliche ( French 1000 Guineas ) Prix de Diane Prix Vermeille Four fillies have won all three races : Nikellora , in 1945 Corteira , in 1948 Allez France , in 1973 Zarkava , in 2008 Previously the French Triple Crown for fillies consisted of : Poule d'Essai des Pouliche ( French 1000 Guineas ) Prix de Diane Prix Royal - Oak No filly has ever won the series . Belgium ( edit ) The Belgian Triple Crown consists of : Poule d'Essai des Poulains ( Belgian 2000 Guineas ) Derby Belge St. Leger Belge Known Triple Crown winners in Belgium : Kitty ( 1926 ) Bayeux ( 1947 ) Soudard ( 1971 ) Epsiba ( 1980 ) Camiros ( 1982 ) Abbey 's Grey ( 1989 ) Super Native ( 1990 ) The Fillies ' Triple Crown in Belgium appears to consist of : Poule d'Essai des Pouliches ( Belgian 1000 Guineas ) Prix de Gustave Roy de Blicquy ( Belgian Oaks ) St. Leger Belge One filly is known to have won all three races : Domitillia ( BEL ) , 1959 Belgium 's Jockey Club does not ( or will not ) disclose histories of its Triple Crown races . It is not known if the lists above are complete , and it is not known if any of the above races are still being run in Belgium . The last Derby Belge for which there is any known record was in 2011 , when the race was won by German - bred Revanta . Hungary ( edit ) The Hungarian Triple consists of : Nemzeti dij ( Hungarian 2000 Guineas ) Magyar Derby ( Hungarian Derby ) Magyar St. Leger ( Hungarian St. Leger ) Hungarian Triple Crown winners are : Try Well ( HUN ) , 1936 Bilbao ( HUN ) , 1977 April Sun ( HUN ) , 1999 Saldenzar ( GER ) , 2007 Quelindo ( GER ) , 2015 The Hungarian Fillies ' Triple Crown consists of : Hazafi dij ( Hungarian 1000 Guineas ) Magyar Kancadíj ( Hungarian Oaks ) Magyar St. Leger ( Hungarian St. Leger ) No filly has swept the Hungarian Fillies ' Triple Crown . Switzerland ( edit ) In Switzerland , the Triple Crown series consists of : Swiss Derby Swiss 2000 Guineas Swiss St. Leger Plus the series for fillies Swiss Oaks Swiss 1000 Guineas One horse has won the Swiss Triple Crown . 2006 Majofils ( FR ) Majofil 's half - sister Singapore Creek ( FR ) captured the 2007 Swiss Oaks . Denmark ( edit ) In Denmark , the Triple Crown series consists of : Dansk Derby Dansk Forarslob ( Dansk 2000 Guineas ) Dansk St. Leger Three horses have won the Danish Triple Crown : Sunbeam , in 1939 Asa Thor , in 1945 Hallo , in 1946 The Danish Filly Triple Crown consists of : Dansk Oaks Marowinalob ( Dansk 1000 Guineas ) Dansk St. Leger One filly has swept all three races : Rossard , in 1983 Sweden ( edit ) The Swedish Triple Crown consists of : Svenskt Derby Jockeyklubbens Jubileumslöpning ( Svenskt Thousand Guineas ) Svenskt St. Leger Three horses have swept the Swedish Triple Crown : Birgit , in 1940 Coast Guard , in 1952 Homosassa , in 1985 The Swedish Filly Triple Crown consists of : Dianalöpning ( Svenskt One Thousand Guineas ) Svensk Oaks Svenskt St. Leger One filly has swept all three races : Wonderbird , in 1953 Norway ( edit ) The Norsk Triple Crown series consists of : Norsk 2000 Guineas Norsk Derby Norsk St. Leger Eight horses have swept the Norwegian Triple Crown : Cato , in 1943 Sally , in 1944 Primadonna , in 1945 Askepot , in 1948 Trainer 's Seat , in 1976 Dalby Jaguar , in 1981 Sunorius , in 1987 Without Fear , in 2011 The Norwegian Filly Triple Crown consists of : Norsk 1000 Guineas Norsk Oaks Norsk St. Leger No filly has swept all three races . The netherlands ( edit ) The Dutch Triple Crown consists of : Hengsten Productenren ( Dutch 2000 Guineas ) Dutch Derby Dutch St. Leger The following horses have swept the Dutch Triple Crown : Tosto ( HOL ) , in 1951 Sans Valeur ( HOL ) , in 1954 Jolly Peter ( HOL ) , in 1959 Jolly Jinks ( HOL ) , in 1966 Frances Hope ( HOL ) , in 1976 Ishamo ( GB ) , in 1981 Boxberger Speed ( GB ) , in 1982 Boxberger Civano ( GB ) , in 1984 Sydney Raaphorst ( GB ) , in 1985 Double Fun ( HOL ) , in 2002 The Dutch Fillies ' Triple Crown consists of : Merries Productenren ( Dutch 1000 Guineas ) Diana - prijs ( Dutch Oaks ) Dutch St. Leger The following horses have swept the series : Ramana , in 1947 Qualissa ( HOL ) , in 1949 ( also won the 1949 Dutch Derby ) Que Sara ( HOL ) , in 1967 Queen of Roses S ( HOL ) , in 1973 ( also won 1973 Dutch Derby ) Libelle ( HOL ) , in 1980 Carmona ( HOL ) , in 1983 The Dutch Triple Crown races , except the Dutch Derby and possibly the Dutch Oaks , have not been run since around 2008 . India ( edit ) The three races that comprise the Indian Triple Crown are the Indian 2000 Guineas , the Indian Derby and the Indian St Leger , all run at Mahalaxmi Race Course in Mumbai . The 2000 Guineas is run in December , and the Derby on the first Sunday of the following February . The St Leger is usually run in April ; between 1970 and 1990 it was run at Pune , before being shifted to Mumbai . It is now again being run in Pune . Ten horses have won the Indian Triple Crown : Commoner 1953 / 54 Loyal Manzar 1961 / 62 Prince Pradeep 1963 / 64 Red Rufus 1966 / 67 Our Select 1967 / 68 Squanderer 1976 / 77 Almanac 1981 / 82 Astonish 1991 / 92 Indictment 1997 / 98 Smart Chieftain 1999 / 00 One filly has swept the series for fillies ( Indian 1000 Guineas , Indian Oaks , Indian St. Leger ) : Her Majesty 1947 / 48 Kenya ( edit ) The Kenya Triple Crown series is run at Ngong Racecourse , in Nairobi , and consists of : Kenya Derby ( 1 1 / 2 miles ) Kenya Guineas ( 1 mile ) Kenya St. Leger ( 1 3 / 4 miles ) The three races have been won by : Heron , in 1972 Manuscript , in 1978 Pretty Witch ( filly ) in 1981 Morningstar , in 1990 Kings Pattern , in 1994 The Kenya Fillies ' Triple Crown consists of : Kenya Fillies Guineas ( 1 mile ) Kenya Oaks ( 1 1 / 2 miles ) Kenya St. Leger ( 1 3 / 4 miles ) The three races have been won by : Windsong , in 1999 Happy Times , in 2015 Western Ballad , in 2016 Turkey ( edit ) In Turkey , the three races that compose the Triple Crown are : Erkek Tay Deneme ( Turkish 2000 Guineas -- 1,600 m ) or Dişi Tay Deneme ( Turkish 1000 Guineas -- 1,600 m ) Gazi Derby ( Turkish Derby Stakes -- 2,400 m ) Ankara Stakes ( Turkish St. Leger -- 2,800 m ) Three - year - old horses are eligible for the Turkish Triple Crown . Champions of the Turkish Triple Crown are : 1970 Sadettin ( Caerlaverock -- Zeynep , by Ugur ) 1971 Minimo ( Cihangir -- Mighty Mo , by Big Game ( GB ) ) * * * Minimo did not win the Turkish 2000 Guineas , but she did win the Derby , Oaks , St. Leger & 1000 Guineas * * * 1973 Karayel ( Prince Tudor -- Linda , by Cihangir ) 1983 Seren. 1 ( Karayel -- Karanara , by Allenheads ) 1985 Ugurtay ( Tunkut -- Nosana , by Kythnos ) 1986 Hafız ( Royal Shiraz -- Linda , by Cihangir ) 1996 Bold Pilot ( Persian Bold -- Rosa Palumba , by Imperial Fling ) 2001 Grand Ekinoks ( Barnato -- Violent Girl , by Aristocrat ) The Turkish Fillies ' Triple Crown consists of : Disi Tay Deneme ( Turkish 1000 Guineas ) Kisrak ( Turkish Oaks ) Ankara Stakes ( Turkish St. Leger ) Fillies that have swept this series are : Suphan , in 1965 Minimo , in 1971 Japan ( edit ) Japan has two sets of races referred to as Triple Crowns . Japanese Triple Crown the Satsuki Sho ( Japanese 2000 Guineas - 2000m ) , at Nakayama Racecourse in Funabashi , Chiba the Tokyo Yushun ( Japanese Derby - 2400m ) , at Tokyo Racecourse in Fuchu , Tokyo the Kikuka Sho ( Japanese St. Leger - 3000m ) , at Kyoto Racecourse in Kyoto , Kyoto Only seven horses have received the Japanese Triple Crown : 1941 St Lite ( Diolite -- Flippancy , by Flamboyant ) 1964 Shinzan ( Hindostan -- Hayanobori , by Hayatake ) 1983 Mr. C.B. ( Tosho Boy -- C.B. Queen , by Topyo ) 1984 Symboli Rudolf ( Partholon -- Sweet Luna , by Speed Symboli ) 1994 Narita Brian ( Brian 's Time -- Pacificus , by Northern Dancer ) 2005 Deep Impact ( Sunday Silence -- Wind in Her Hair , by Alzao ) 2011 Orfevre ( Stay Gold - Oriental Art , by Mejiro McQueen ) Japanese Fillies ' Triple Crown the Oka Sho ( Japanese 1000 Guineas ) , at Hanshin Racecourse in Takarazuka , Hyogo the Yushun Himba ( Japanese Oaks ) , at Tokyo Racecourse in Fuchu , Tokyo the Shuka Sho ( since 1996 ) , at Kyoto Racecourse in Kyoto , Kyoto / the Queen Elizabeth II Commemorative Cup ( 1976 -- 1995 ) Only four horses have received the Japanese Fillies ' Triple Crown : 1986 Mejiro l ' Amone ( Mogami -- Mejiro Hiryu , by Never Beat ) 2003 Still in Love ( Sunday Silence -- Bradamante , by Roberto ) 2010 Apapane ( King Kamehameha -- Salty Bid , by Salt Lake ) 2012 Gentildonna ( Deep Impact -- Donna Blini , by Bertolini ) Hong Kong ( edit ) The Triple Crown series at Hong Kong 's Sha Tin Racecourse consists of three races at increasingly longer distances . Unlike most other Triple Crown events , these races are not confined to three - year - olds . They are : Hong Kong Stewards ' Cup at 1,600 metres ( 0.99 mi ) held in January Hong Kong Gold Cup at 2,000 metres ( 1.2 mi ) held in February Hong Kong Champions & Chater Cup at 2,400 metres ( 1.5 mi ) held in May In 1994 , River Verdon became the first , and to date , only horse to win the Hong Kong Triple Crown . In Hong Kong , there are two other Triple Crown series , the Hong Kong Speed Series and the Four - year - old Series . Italy ( edit ) The Triple Crown series consists in three races at increasingly longer distances . Premio Parioli at Capannelle Racecourse in Rome , 1600 m , Group 3 Derby Italiano at Capenelle Racecourse in Rome , 2200 m , Group 2 St. Leger Italiano , at San Siro Racecourse in Milano , 1 mile , 6 furlongs Three horses have swept the Italian Triple Crown : Niccolo dell'Arca ( ITY ) , in 1941 Gladiolo ( FR ) , in 1946 Botticelli ( ITY ) , in 1954 The Italian Fillies ' Triple Crown consists of : Premio Regina Elena ( 1000 Guineas ) Oaks d'Italiano ( Italian Oaks ) St. Leger Italiano No filly has swept all three races , but Jacopa de Sellaio ( ITY ) won the Premio Parioli , Derby Italiano , Premio Regina Elena , and Oaks d'Italia in 1932 . Spain ( edit ) The Triple Crown series consists of : Premio Cimera ( Spanish 2000 Guineas ) Premio Villapadierna ( Spanish Derby ) Premio Villamejor ( Spanish St. Leger ) Two horses have swept the Spanish Triple Crown : Dual Sea ( GB ) , in 1975 Arkaitz ( SPA ) , in 2014 The Triple Crown for fillies consists of : Premio Valderas ( Spanish 1000 Guineas ) Premio Beamonte ( Spanish Oaks ) Premio Villamejor ( Spanish St. Leger ) One filly has swept all three races : Tokara ( SPA ) , in 1962 Macau ( edit ) In Macau , the Macau Jockey Club introduced the Triple Crown Series in 2008 , with three races all held in Taipa Racecourse , Macau : Director 's Cup , Macau Group 2 Race , 1,500 metres ( 0.93 mi ) Macau Cup , Macau Group 2 Race , 1,500 metres ( 0.93 mi ) Macau Gold Cup , Macau Group 1 Race , 1,800 metres ( 1.1 mi ) In 2009 Macau Jockey Club changed the series for 4 - year old horses : Macau Guineas , Macau Group 1 Race , 1,500 metres ( 0.93 mi ) , only for 4 - year old horses Macau Derby , Macau Group 1 Race , 1,800 metres ( 1.1 mi ) , only for 4 - year old horses Macau Gold Cup , Macau Group 1 Race , 1,800 metres ( 1.1 mi ) In 2010 , Luen Yat Forever become the first and , to date , only horse to win the Macau Triple Crown . Argentina ( edit ) The three races that comprise the Triple Crown in Argentina are : Gran Premio Polla de Potrillos and Gran Premio Polla de Potrancas , Hipodromo Argentino de Palermo ( 1 mile on dirt ) Gran Premio Jockey Club , Hipodromo de San Isidro ( 1 1 / 4 m mile on turf ) Gran Premio Nacional ( Argentine Derby ) , Hipodromo Argentino de Palermo ( 1 9 / 16 m on dirt ) Winners of the Argentinian Triple Crown are : 1902 Pippermint 1904 Old Man 1906 Malgrejo 1908 Chopp 1917 Botafogo 1930 Sierra Balcarce ( filly ) 1931 Mineral 1934 Silfo 1938 Sorteado 1939 Embrujo 1940 La Mission ( filly ) 1951 Yatasto 1954 Tatán 1958 Manantial 1964 Gobernado 1966 Forli 1978 Telescopico 1986 El Serrano 1996 Refinado Tom Mexico ( edit ) The Mexican Triple Crown series consists of : Derby Mexicano ( 8 1 / 2 furlongs ) Stakes Jockey Club Mexicano ( 8 furlongs ) Gran Premio Nacional ( 8 1 / 2 furlongs ) . All three races are contested at Hippodromo de las Americas , in Mexico City . Mexican Triple Crown winners : 1946 Plucky Flag ( filly ) 1949 Re-Torta ( filly ) 1966 Cachava ( MEX ) ( filly ) 1979 Gran Zar ( MEX ) 1980 Pikotazo ( MEX ) 2002 Dominciano ( MEX ) 2015 Huitlacoche ( MEX ) The Mexican Fillies ' Triple Crown series consists of : Clasico Rubi ( 7 furlongs ) Clasico Esmeralda ( 8 furlongs ) Clasico Diamante ( 8 1 / 2 furlongs ) . All three races are contested at Hippodromo de las Americas , in Mexico City . Mexican Filly Triple Crown winners : 2005 She 's a Lady Race ( MEX ) 2007 That 's Life ( MEX ) 2009 Vivian Record ( MEX ) Chile ( edit ) The three races that comprise the Triple Crown in Chile are : Clásico El Ensayo , Club Hipico de Santiago Clásico St. Leger , Hipodromo Chile El Derby , Valparaiso Sporting Club . Winners of the Chilean Triple Crown are : 1885 Cachaporal 1928 Tutti Frutti 1939 Grimsby 1946 Tabano 1951 Empire 1956 Eugenia 1966 Prologo 1991 Wolf Dominican Republic ( edit ) The winners of the Dominican Republic Triple Crown have been : 1979 Cibao 1980 Amor Mio 1982 Senorita Cuquina 1985 Dr. Calderon 1990 Candice Akemi 1991 J. Robert 1997 Sweet Honey 2005 Excelencia 2007 Matty Alou 2008 Sicótico 2015 Fratello Martino 2016 Tango Dancer 2017 Inmenso Jamaica ( edit ) The Jamaican Triple Crown series consists of : Jamaican 2000 Guineas Jamaican Derby Jamaican St. Leger The winners of the Jamaican Triple Crown are : 1981 Royal Dad 1987 Monday Morning 1988 Lui Chie Pooh 1992 Milligram 1996 War Zone 2000 I 'm Satisfied 2010 Mark My Words The Jamaican Fillies ' Triple Crown consists of : Jamaican 1000 Guineas Jamaican Oaks Jamaican St. Leger The winners of the Jamaican Fillies ' Triple Crown are : 1993 Vestia 2000 Simply Magic 2008 Alsafra Panama ( edit ) The winners of the Panamanian Triple Crown have been : 1964 Pindín 1966 Tojo 1969 Iván 1972 Eugenio 1973 Montecarlo 1976 El Manut 1978 El Gran Capo 1992 Leonardo 1994 El Chacal 1995 Rey Arturo 1998 Evaristo 2004 Spago 2008 Oxsai 2010 Voy porque Voy Poland ( edit ) In Poland , the Triple Crown ( Potrójna korona ) consists of Rulera , Polish 2000 Guineas , Warsaw , 1600 m Służewiec Derby , Warsaw , 2400 m St. Leger , Warsaw , 2800 m Known Polish Triple Crown winners are : Liège ( POL ) , in 1917 Mat ( POL ) , in 1934 Jeremi ( POL ) , in 1938 Ruch ( POL ) , in 1948 Solali ( POL ) , in 1961 Dipol ( POL ) , in 1972 Czerkies ( POL ) , in 1974 Krezus ( POL ) , in 1989 Mokosz ( POL ) , in 1992 Dżamajka ( POL ) , in 2000 ( a filly ) Dancer Life ( POL ) , in 2002 Dżesmin ( POL ) , in 2005 San Moritz ( POL ) , in 2007 Intens ( POL ) , in 2011 Va Bank ( IRE ) , in 2015 The classic races for fillies are : Nagroda Wiosennej ( 1000 Guineas ) Nagroda Liry ( Oaks ) No filly is known to have won the Polish Fillies ' Triple Crown , which would conclude with the St. Leger . The Polish St. Leger is now open to 3 - year - olds and up . Puerto Rico ( edit ) Camarero , winner of 56 consecutive races and the Triple Crown The Triple Crown series at Puerto Rico 's Camarero Racetrack consists of three races at increasingly longer distances . They are : Derby Puertorriqueño at 1,700 meters ( 81⁄2 furlongs ) held in the first Sunday of May Copa Gobernador at 1,800 meters ( 9 furlongs ) held in the end of May Copa San Juan at 1,900 meters ( 91⁄2 furlongs ) held in the last Sunday of June The Puerto Rico Triple Crown winners are : 1954 Camarero 1961 Cardiologo , also won 23 consecutive races 1966 El Rebelde 1981 Hurly Road 1991 Vuelve Candy B 1999 Cherokee Pepper 2001 Estrellero , also won 19 consecutive races 2002 Mediavilla R 2011 Don Paco 2012 Arquitecto 2014 Lluvia de Nieve Uruguay ( edit ) The three races that comprise the Triple Crown in Uruguay are : Gran Premio Polla de Potrillos Gran Premio Jockey Club Gran Premio Nacional This combination of races received some publicity outside of Uruguay in 2006 . The 2005 Triple Crown winner Invasor , after being sold to Sheik Hamdan bin Rashid Al Maktoum 's Shadwell Racing and sent to be raced in the United States , went on to win three Grade I races in 2006 before winning that year 's Breeders ' Cup Classic . He finished the year as the top - ranked horse in the 2006 World Thoroughbred Racehorse Rankings , and won the 2007 Dubai World Cup before being retired to stud following a training injury . Uruguayan Triple Crown winners are : 1988 Amodeo 1994 Parsiphal 2005 Invasor 2014 Sir Fever Ecuador ( edit ) 1980 -- present Ecuador has two sets of races referred to as Triple Crowns : Ecuador Triple Crown Clásico Estreno Dr. Raúl Lebed Sigall , at Hipódromo BUIJO in Samborondón Clásico Polla Nacional Sr. Agustin Febres Cordero , at Hipódromo BUIJO in Samborondón Clásico Derby Nacional Sr. Benjamin Rosales A. , at Hipódromo BUIJO in Samborondón Ecuador Fillies ' Triple Crown Clásico Ing . Carlos San Andres , at Hipódromo BUIJO in Samborondo Clásico Sr. Eduardo Jairala F , at Hipódromo BUIJO in Samborondó Clásico Abogado Carlos Julio Arosemena Peet , at Hipódromo BUIJO in Samborondón Pre-1980 In Ecuador , the Triple Crown consists of : Clásico Nelson Uraga Suarez , at Hipódromo Santa Cecilia in Guayaquil Clásico Enrique Guzman Aspiazu , at Hipódromo Santa Cecilia in Guayaquil Clásico Inginiero Ignacio De Icaza Aspiazu , at Hipódromo Santa Cecilia in Guayaquil Triple Crown Champions : Year Winner Jockey Trainer Owner Miss Florida Bananita Capo Di Monte II 1967 Alcatraz Estuardo Torero Alcides Guerrero Inginiero Miguel Salem Dibo Pechiche 1971 Farsante Estuardo Torero Alcides Guerrero Inginiero Miguel Salem Dibo Venezuela ( edit ) Venezuela has two sets of races referred to as Triple Crowns : Venezuelan Official Triple Crown Clásico José Antonio Páez , at Hipódromo La Rinconada in Caracas Clásico Cría Nacional ( former Clásico Ministerio de Agricultura y Cría ) , at Hipódromo La Rinconada in Caracas Clásico República de Venezuela ( Venezuelan Derby ) , at Hipódromo La Rinconada in Caracas Venezuelan Fillies ' Triple Crown Clásico Hipódromo La Rinconada , at Hipódromo La Rinconada in Caracas Clásico Prensa Hípica Nacional , at Hipódromo La Rinconada in Caracas Clásico General Joaquín Crespo , at Hipódromo La Rinconada in Caracas Venezuelan Official Triple Crown Champions ( from 1956 ) : Year Winner Jockey Trainer Owner 1960 Gradisco Manuel Camacaro Leopoldo Márquez Stud Rey - Gan 1972 El Corsario José Luís Vargas Eduardo Azpúrua Stud El Corsario 1985 Iraquí Juan Vicente Tovar ( + ) Daniel Pérez Stud Chivacoa 1992 Catire Bello Douglas Valiente ( + ) Iván Calixto Stud Ilusión 2005 Polo Grounds Emisael Jaramillo Carlos Regalado Stud Black Label 2007 Taconeo Emisael Jaramillo Gustavo Delgado Stud Paula C 2008 El Gran Cesar Santiago González Antonio Machado Stud Agrop . Los Alelíes Water Jet Emisael Jaramillo Gustavo Delgado Stud El Fantasma Filly Triple Crown winners are : Lavandera , in 1971 Segula C. , in 1974 Blondy , in 1978 Gelinotte , in 1980 Lady and Me , in 1991 Cantaura , in 1992 Miss Marena , in 1994 Starship Miss , in 1999 Front Stage , in 2000 Bambera , in 2009 Ninfa del Cielo , in 2014 Undefeated Triple Crown winners ( edit ) The following horses won their Triple Crown when still undefeated . Those marked with an asterisk retired undefeated . Ormonde * ( 1886 ) , United Kingdom Bahram * ( 1935 ) , United Kingdom Windsor Slipper ( 1942 ) , Ireland Camarero ( 1954 ) , Puerto Rico Gradisco ( 1960 ) , Venezuela Seattle Slew ( 1977 ) , United States El Gran Capo ( 1978 ) , Panama Pikotazo ( 1980 ) , Mexico Royal Dad ( 1981 ) , Jamaica Symboli Rudolf ( 1984 ) , Japan Excelencia ( 2005 ) , Dominican Republic Deep Impact ( 2005 ) , Japan Invasor ( 2005 ) , Uruguay Water Jet ( 2010 ) , Venezuela Va Bank ( 2015 ) , Poland Individual Triple Crown winners ( edit ) Only two jockeys have won the Triple Crown with different horses ( i.e. , rode horses to Triple Crowns in different years ) : Eddie Arcaro ( United States : 1941 , Whirlaway ; 1948 , Citation ) Emisael Jaramillo ( Venezuela : 2005 , Polo Grounds ; 2007 , Taconeo ; 2010 , Water Jet ) At least one other jockey is known to have won all three of a country 's Triple Crown races in the same year on different horses : Luis Contreras ( Canada , 2011 : Queen 's Plate , Inglorious ; Prince of Wales Stakes and Breeders ' Stakes , Pender Harbour ) One trainer is known to have accomplished the same feat as Contreras : D. Wayne Lukas ( USA , 1995 : Kentucky Derby , Thunder Gulch ; Preakness Stakes , Timber Country ; Belmont Stakes , Thunder Gulch ) Back to back Triple Crown winners ( jockeys ) ( edit ) Don Seymour ( Canada ) 1989 With Approval 1990 Izvestia Javier Santiago ( Puerto Rico ) 2001 Estrellero 2002 Mediavilla R Most Triple Crown winners ( jockeys ) ( edit ) Winston Grifiths - Jamaica ( 5 ) 1981 Royal Dad 1988 Liu Chie Poo 1992 Milligram 2001 I'msatisfied 2002 Simply Magic ( filly ) Alexis Feliciano - Puerto Rico ( 3 ) 1991 Vuelve Candy B 1999 Cherokee Pepper 2011 Don Paco Emisael Jaramillo - Venezuela ( 3 ) 2005 Polo Grounds 2007 Taconeo 2010 Water Jet See also ( edit ) List of leading Thoroughbred racehorses United States Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://midas.picdar.co.uk/cgi-bin/RP?MatchIndex=20&urn=719112136&Random=-1364681031&FFAC=WM0000025265&searchid=1 ^ Jump up to : Craig , Dennis , Breeding Racehorses from Cluster Mares , JA Allen , London , 1964 Jump up ^ Waterman , Jack ( 1999 ) . The Punter 's Friend . Harpenden , Herts , UK : Queen Anne Press . ISBN 1852916001 . Jump up ^ `` Irish Triple Crown of Horse Racing International Triple Crown Races UK Horse Racing '' . HorseRacing.co.uk . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` WEG , Hall of Fame announces grandfathering of Canadian Triple Crown winners '' . Woodbine Entertainment Group . 4 July 2014 . Retrieved 19 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` WEG , Hall of Fame Announces Grandfathering of Canadian Triple Crown Winners '' . Canadian Horse Racing Hall of Fame . 4 July 2014 . Retrieved 19 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Hall of Fame Honors Early Triple Crown Winners '' . Blood - Horse . 4 July 2014 . Retrieved 19 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Australian Triple Crown '' . Races.com.au . Retrieved 24 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Australian Triple Crown Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 2 Jump up ^ `` SMH Sport '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 11 April 2009 . Retrieved 12 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Huxley , Dennis , Miller 's Guide , Sporting records , 2009 / 2010 , Miller 's Guide P / L , Moonee Ponds Jump up ^ Ken McLean ( 2005 ) . Designing Speed in the Racehorse . Russell Meerdink . p. 246 . Retrieved 20 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Triple Crown Statistics on kinscem.de Jump up ^ `` 2013 Yılı At Yarışları Genel Hülümleri '' ( PDF ) ( in Turkish ) . Jockey Club of Turkey . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Kyoto : Orfevre going for Japanese Triple Crown Daily Racing Form '' . Drf.com . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ By Nicholas Godfrey 11 : 33AM 17 OCT 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 17 ) . `` JAPAN Apapane completes fillies ' Triple Crown at Kyoto '' . Racing Post . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 20 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Terrific line - up for Stewards ' Cup : International Horse Breeding and Racing news updated daily , www.thoroughbrednews.com.au '' . Thoroughbrednews.com.au. 2006 - 01 - 20 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Luen Yat Forever Wins Triple Crown '' . Racingandsports.com.au . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Triple Crown familiar term around the world '' . Drf.com. 2012 - 06 - 16 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Chilean star Matto Mondo joins Mandella stable '' . Thoroughbred Times . 2008 - 01 - 19 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Stallions : : Sicotico '' . Rancho San Antonio . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` Caribbean stakes series begins Saturday in Puerto Rico - Horse Racing - ESPN '' . Sports.espn.go.com. 2008 - 12 - 06 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ Thoroughbred Times Retrieved 2010 - 5 - 1 Jump up ^ Win Streaks Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 9 Jump up ^ `` CONNECTIONS SALUTE INVINCIBLE INVASOR '' . Sporting Life . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ Godfrey , Nicholas ( 20 November 2014 ) . `` Triple Crown winner Sir Fever reportedly sold '' . RacingPost.com . Retrieved 21 November 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.eluniverso.com/2009/08/30/1/1442/triple-corona-inicia-hoy.html Jump up ^ `` Sid Fernando commentary : Revenge of Bambera '' . Thoroughbred Times . 2011 - 04 - 19 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 21 . Williams , Guy St. John ; Francis P.M. Hyland ( 1980 ) . The Irish Derby 1866 -- 1979 . London and New York : J.A. Allen & Co Ltd . ISBN 0 - 85131 - 358 - 2 . Triple Crowns of horse racing United States Thoroughbred Racing Kentucky Derby Preakness Stakes Belmont Stakes Harness Racing Pacers Cane Pace Messenger Stakes Little Brown Jug Harness Racing Trotters Hambletonian Yonkers Trot Kentucky Futurity Great Britain Thoroughbred Racing 2000 Guineas Stakes Epsom Derby St Leger Stakes Ireland Thoroughbred Racing Irish 2,000 Guineas Irish Derby Irish St. Leger Canada Thoroughbred Racing Queen 's Plate Prince of Wales Stakes Breeders ' Stakes Australia Thoroughbred Racing Randwick Guineas Rosehill Guineas Australian Derby Related topics Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing American Triple Tiara of Thoroughbred Racing Canadian Triple Tiara of Thoroughbred Racing Breeders ' Cup Classic Breeders ' Cup Distaff Kentucky Derby Races 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Related Churchill Downs Top 4 finishers Festival Museum Road to the Kentucky Derby `` My Old Kentucky Home '' Triple Crown Trophy Mint julep Derby Pie Kentucky Oaks Broadcasters `` The Kentucky Derby Is Decadent and Depraved '' Kentucky Derby Winners Preakness Stakes at Pimlico Race Course 1873 - 1889 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1885 1886 1888 1889 Morris Park Racecourse 1890 1890 ( 1891 - 1893 race not run ) Gravesend Race Track 1894 - 1907 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 Pimlico Race Course 1908 - present 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Related Top four finishers Broadcasters `` Maryland , My Maryland '' Woodlawn Vase Triple Crown Preakness Stakes Winners Belmont Stakes Jerome Park 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 Morris Park 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 Belmont Park 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 Aqueduct 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 Belmont Park 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Related Top three finishers Broadcasters August Belmont Trophy `` The Sidewalks of New York '' `` Theme from New York , New York '' Triple Crown Belmont Stakes Winners Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Triple_Crown_of_Thoroughbred_Racing&oldid=828102205 '' Categories : Horse races in Canada Horse racing in Australia Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing Horse races in Great Britain Horse racing in Japan Racing series for horses Hidden categories : CS1 Turkish - language sources ( tr ) CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Français Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Português Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 28 February 2018 , at 15 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where do the triple crown races take place | [
"\nKentucky Derby, run over the 1 1⁄4-mile (2.0 km) dirt track at Churchill Downs in Louisville, Kentucky\nPreakness Stakes, run over the 1 3⁄16-mile (1.9 km) dirt track at Pimlico Race Course in Baltimore, Maryland\nBelmont Stakes, run over the 1 1⁄2-mile (2.4 km) dirt track, the longest in U.S. thoroughbred racing, at Belmont Park in Elmont, New York, just east of the New York City borough of Queens in Nassau County, Long Island\n",
"\nKentucky Derby, run over the 1 1⁄4-mile (2.0 km) dirt track at Churchill Downs in Louisville, Kentucky\nPreakness Stakes, run over the 1 3⁄16-mile (1.9 km) dirt track at Pimlico Race Course in Baltimore, Maryland\nBelmont Stakes, run over the 1 1⁄2-mile (2.4 km) dirt track, the longest in U.S. thoroughbred racing, at Belmont Park in Elmont, New York, just east of the New York City borough of Queens in Nassau County, Long Island\n",
"\nKentucky Derby, run over the 1 1⁄4-mile (2.0 km) dirt track at Churchill Downs in Louisville, Kentucky\nPreakness Stakes, run over the 1 3⁄16-mile (1.9 km) dirt track at Pimlico Race Course in Baltimore, Maryland\nBelmont Stakes, run over the 1 1⁄2-mile (2.4 km) dirt track, the longest in U.S. thoroughbred racing, at Belmont Park in Elmont, New York, just east of the New York City borough of Queens in Nassau County, Long Island\n"
] | [
"Churchill Downs in Louisville, Kentucky",
"Pimlico Race Course in Baltimore, Maryland",
"Belmont Park in Elmont, New York"
] |
8975455665072648446 | Song Beneath the Song | Song Beneath the Song - wikipedia Song Beneath the Song Jump to : navigation , search `` Song Beneath the Song '' Grey 's Anatomy episode Episode no . Season 7 Episode 18 Directed by Tony Phelan Written by Shonda Rhimes Featured music `` Cosy in the Rocket '' `` Chasing Cars '' `` Breathe ( 2 AM ) '' `` How We Operate '' `` Wait '' `` Running on Sunshine '' `` Universe & U '' `` Grace '' `` How to Save a Life '' `` The Story '' Original air date March 31 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 31 ) Running time 43 minutes Guest appearance ( s ) Kate Walsh as Addison Montgomery Rachael Taylor as Dr. Lucy Fields Daniel Sunjata as Eli Scott Foley as Henry Burton Episode chronology ← Previous `` This is How We Do It '' Next → `` It 's a Long Way Back '' List of Grey 's Anatomy episodes `` Song Beneath the Song '' also known as Grey 's Anatomy : The Music Event , is the eighteenth episode of the seventh season of the American television medical drama Grey 's Anatomy , and the one - hundred forty - fourth episode overall . It was named after a song by American singer Maria Taylor . Written by series creator Shonda Rhimes and directed by Tony Phelan , it premiered on ABC in the United States on March 31 , 2011 . It is the series 's first musical episode , and features the cast performing songs previously featured within the program . It is accompanied by a soundtrack album , titled Grey 's Anatomy : The Music Event , also released on March 31 , 2011 . The episode revolves around Callie Torres ( Sara Ramirez ) and Arizona Robbins ( Jessica Capshaw ) , just after they are involved in a vehicular collision . Various songs are performed by the cast members , as they attempt to save the life of Torres . Rhimes originally idealized the episode at the conception of the drama , while the show remained untitled . The episode opened to mixed reviews from television critics , and it was the second most watched program of the night . `` Song Beneath the Song '' was ranked in several `` best and worst '' lists , and the soundtrack was included on the Billboard 200 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Production 2.1 Conception 2.2 Musical performances 3 Reception 3.1 Pre-broadcast commentary 3.2 Ratings 3.3 Post-broadcast commentary 3.4 Accolades 4 Soundtrack 4.1 Track listing 4.2 Chart history 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) En route to a weekend getaway , surgeons Arizona Robbins ( Jessica Capshaw ) and Callie Torres ( Sara Ramirez ) are involved in a vehicular collision , moments after Robbins proposes marriage . Torres suffers severe injuries , which endanger both her life and the life of her unborn child . She and Robbins are taken to Seattle Grace Mercy West Hospital , the institute at which they both work . Their colleagues attempt to save Torres , while Robbins and Mark Sloan ( Eric Dane ) , the father of Torres 's baby , stand by . Torres 's many injuries include neurological trauma . While barely conscious , she hallucinates an uninjured version of herself standing beside her . The hallucinatory Torres begins to sing , and is gradually joined by the doctors treating her . This singing continues throughout the episode , as Torres 's projection of herself attempts to reach out to Robbins . Torres goes into cardiac arrest and is taken into an operating room she is temporarily stabilized , pending further surgery . She is moved into intensive care , while neonatal surgeon Addison Montgomery ( Kate Walsh ) is flown in by helicopter in case the baby has to be delivered prematurely . Robbins and Sloan argue over Torres 's treatment ; Robbins believes that Torres would not risk endangering the baby , but Sloan argues for saving Torres at all costs . The attending surgeons devise a treatment plan , led by trauma surgeon Owen Hunt ( Kevin McKidd ) . As they do so , Torres dreams about the moments preceding the accident . Her dream self sings to Robbins , interspersed with shots of the hospital staff singing and dancing with their own partners . Dr. Cristina Yang ( Sandra Oh ) suggests treating Torres with a high - risk but potentially effective cardiothoracic procedure she learned from her old mentor , Preston Burke ( Isaiah Washington ) . Her current mentor , Teddy Altman ( Kim Raver ) , refuses to perform it , but when Torres 's condition deteriorates and she is rushed back into surgery , Hunt agrees that Yang should attempt the procedure . When Torres again goes into cardiac arrest , Montgomery delivers her daughter at twenty - three weeks 's gestation . The baby is initially unable to breathe , so with Sloan 's support , Robbins steps in and is able to revive her . Across the operating room , Torres 's condition begins to improve . Once the surgery is complete , the doctors deal with their own affairs ; Sloan 's former partner Lexie Grey ( Chyler Leigh ) commits to her new relationship with resident Jackson Avery ( Jesse Williams ) ; Lexie 's sister ( and series main character ) Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo , primary series star ) confesses that she was jealous of Torres 's pregnancy , which prompts her husband Derek Shepherd ( Patrick Dempsey ) to promise that they will have a child together ; Altman tells Yang that she can no longer teach her ; Sloan and Robbins bond over their shared parenthood . Later , as Robbins keeps a vigil by Torres 's bedside , the hallucinatory Torres is able to rouse her recovering self . As she regains consciousness , Torres accepts Robbins 's proposal . Production ( edit ) Conception ( edit ) Since Grey 's Anatomy began , series creator Shonda Rhimes had planned to produce a musical episode . She first vocalized the idea during filming of the pilot episode , when the program was as yet untitled . Rhimes felt that seasons six and seven were the right time for the crew to `` try anything and everything ( they had ) always wanted to do , '' and explained that she `` finally ( had ) the right idea and the right talent to make ( a musical episode ) happen . '' Filming began seven and a half years after Rhimes initially raised the idea . The episode was shot in approximately two weeks . Though cast member Dempsey jokingly referred to the episode as Glee M.D. , Rhimes intended for it to differ from other musical television episodes . She called it the opposite of `` Once More , with Feeling , '' the `` all - out , show - stopping , '' musical episode of Buffy the Vampire Slayer , as she aimed to `` do something that was musical without being a musical . '' Rhimes said she had difficulty getting the network 's permission . She added : `` I begged the studio people . I begged the network people . I took these people to dinner and begged . I jumped out at these people in bathrooms and begged . And they all smiled politely but what they were clearly really thinking was , ' This woman is an idiot . ' '' Rhimes also explains why it took so long to produce this episode : `` Explaining what the heck took us so long is too complicated to go into here . There are a lot of reasons -- I was busy telling other awesome stories at Seattle Grace , ( ... ) I was raising my tiny human , my musical talent involves oboe - playing and nothing else , the network thought it was the dumbest idea they 'd ever heard of and refused to do it . '' The script was written by Rhimes in November 2010 . She centered the episode around Ramirez 's character , Callie , and stated that the storyline would have developed regardless of whether it involved musical performances . Sara Ramirez used the opportunity to launch her career as a singer - songwriter ; an alternate version of `` The Story '' is included on her debut EP , released four days prior to the episode 's premiere . The episode served to improve the relationship between Mark and Arizona . Capshaw assessed that , `` The traumatic circumstance leads to them having a greater understanding of each other and then appreciation , and then need for each other and desire to be in each other 's lives . They come to care , I think , for one another . '' Musical performances ( edit ) Ramirez ( pictured ) was the episode 's primary vocalist . Rhimes , executive producer Betsy Beers and director Tony Phelan selected songs that became famous through their use in Grey 's Anatomy , and chose `` the most iconic ones , the ones that best suited ( their ) singers , and the ones that made the most sense . '' The multiple cover versions include the program 's theme tune , `` Cosy in the Rocket '' by Psapp . The primary vocalists are cast members Ramirez , McKidd , Leigh and Chandra Wilson . The soundtrack also includes `` How to Save a Life '' by The Fray and `` Running on Sunshine '' by Jesus Jackson , performed as ensemble pieces by Ramirez , McKidd , Wilson , Leigh , Daniel Sunjata , Scott Foley , Ellen Pompeo , Justin Chambers , Raver , Dane , and Capshaw . Ramirez , McKidd and Wilson also perform together on Snow Patrol 's `` Chasing Cars . '' Ramirez is the lead vocalist on `` The Story '' by Brandi Carlile , and `` Grace '' by Kate Havnevik , which also features the other female cast members , including Leigh and Sarah Drew on the chorus . Capshaw duets with Ramirez on KT Tunstall 's `` Universe & U . '' Wilson is the lead vocalist on `` Wait '' by Get Set Go , McKidd on `` How We Operate '' by Gomez , and Leigh on Anna Nalick 's `` Breathe ( 2 AM ) . '' When it first came up I was nervous , but at the same time I was just thinking , ' Hey , this is a really great opportunity for me to actually explore this side of me and be able to just let that go and have fun and know that I 'm in a very safe and encouraging environment . ' I was and I did and I had such a wonderful time . Chyler Leigh 's impressions on singing for the episode Leigh told that some actors were not `` adamant and excited '' about singing but still had the possibility to participate in the episode . `` There were certain ways in which the scenes were written , even if there was a song in there , that perhaps a line was spoken instead of sung , '' she said . A vocal coach was enlisted to help the cast . Music director Chris Horvath was recruited to arrange the selected songs for the cast . The arrangements took around two months , with vocals recorded over four days in February 2011 . Horvath praised the cast 's response to the episode , noting that only four performers had `` serious vocal talent , '' while some had `` barely sung in the shower '' before . Those with professional singing experience include Ramirez , who won a Tony Award for her role in the musical Spamalot , and Wilson , who appeared in the Broadway production of Caroline , or Change . Cast members 's reactions toward the episode varied . Pompeo initially deemed the idea `` crazy , '' but rescinded her stance following the first read - through . Recurring cast member Sunjata stated that singing was `` a bit out of ( his ) comfort zone , '' but found it an `` interesting challenge , '' and McKidd deemed it `` very exciting to do something that 's completely out on a limb for the show . '' Reception ( edit ) Pre-broadcast commentary ( edit ) Critical response prior to broadcast was mixed . TVLine 's Michael Ausiello assessed that the episode would `` either be a show - stopping triumph or a spectacular failure , '' with no possible middle ground . William Keck of TV Guide initially had `` serious doubts , '' which were allayed by a visit to the set , during which he listened to the soundtrack . Keck likened it to the `` much - beloved early seasons of Grey 's , when music played a vital role on the show . '' Entertainment Weekly 's Dan Snierson predicted heavy use of Auto Tune , though fellow EW writer Jennifer Armstrong was optimistic that the episode would be a success , commenting : `` I have faith . I like musicals , I like Grey 's . I 'm rooting for this to work . '' Ratings ( edit ) During its original broadcast , `` Song Beneath the Song '' was watched by an average of 13.09 million American viewers . It attained a 4.9 / 13 Nielsen rating / share in the 18 -- 49 demographic , making it the second highest - rated program of the night , behind only American Idol on the Fox network . The rating was the second highest of the seventh season until that point , and a 30 percent increase from the previous episode , `` This is How We Do It , '' which was watched by 2.4 million fewer viewers . In Canada , where the episode also aired on March 31 , 2011 , it was watched by 3.18 million viewers . Viewership again increased on `` This is How We Do It , '' which attained 2.63 million viewers . However , while the preceding episode was the most - viewed scripted show for the week of its original broadcast , `` Song Beneath the Song '' ranked second , behind The Big Bang Theory . Post-broadcast commentary ( edit ) Following the first minutes of the drama , reactions on Twitter were mixed . Nicole Golden from TV Fanatic gave the episode 4.5 stars out of 5.0 . She found that `` overall , the concept worked since music really has always played a big part in the show . Some songs were more appropriate and / or better performed than others , though . '' She also wrote the concept worked in part because it was new but noted `` the format would probably not have the same effect if used in future episodes . '' Even though Boston Herald 's critic Mark Perigard was not a fan of the concept , saying `` the Grey 's Anatomy event proved how tricky it is for an established show , especially a drama , to pull off a musical episode , '' he did like several actors 's performances . He wrote : `` Chandra Wilson and Chyler Leigh ( whom I never have anything good to say about ) delivered some impressive vocal work . Eric Dane did some of his best acting of his career last night as an anxious father - to - be terrified he would lose his best friend . '' Lyneka Little of The Wall Street Journal wrote , `` If Glee and ER had a baby it would be tonight 's episode of the medical drama Grey 's Anatomy titled `` Song Beneath the Song . '' '' In his review of the episode Alan Sepinwall of HitFix wrote `` Like Grey 's Anatomy as a whole , some parts were unintentionally silly , others were surprisingly powerful , and it was rarely dull , at least . '' Patrick Dempsey admitted that the musical episode might not have been showrunner Shonda Rhimes 's best idea . He explained : `` It 's very difficult to keep it fresh when you 're doing 24 episodes a year . Shonda Rhimes has a lot of ideas , and she is in a position where she can take more chances . Sometimes that works , sometimes it does not . Last year we had the singing episode , which I think was a big mistake . But you have to try . '' Accolades ( edit ) In 2011 , the episode was ranked number 19 on the TV Guide Network special , 25 Biggest TV Blunders 2 . It was included in TV Guide 's list `` The Worst of 2011 '' saying , `` Sara Ramirez has powerhouse pipes , but what this episode desperately needed was a better playlist . '' BuddyTV , however , ranked it number 43 on its list of 2011 's 50 Best TV Episodes and it also appeared on Digital Spy 's shortlist of `` TV 's Best Musical Episodes . '' Supervising Music Editor Jennifer Barak and Music Editors Carli Barber and Jessica Harrison were nominated in the Best Sound Editing : Short Form Musical in Television category at the 2012 Golden Reel Awards for their work on the episode . Soundtrack ( edit ) Grey 's Anatomy : The Music Event Soundtrack album by Grey 's Anatomy Cast Released March 31 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 31 ) Recorded February 2011 Length 35 : 48 Track listing ( edit ) No . Title Writer ( s ) Performer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Chasing Cars '' ( Original by Snow Patrol ) Gary Lightbody Sara Ramirez , Kevin McKidd , Chandra Wilson 4 : 11 2 . `` Breathe '' ( Original by Anna Nalick ) Anna Nalick Chyler Leigh 4 : 36 3 . `` How We Operate '' ( Original by Gomez ) Ben Ottewell Kevin McKidd 4 : 30 4 . `` Wait '' ( Original by Get Set Go ) Chandra Wilson , Sarah Drew , Chyler Leigh 3 : 22 5 . `` Runnin ' on Sunshine '' ( Original by Jesus Jackson ) Norman Cook , Roland Clark Sara Ramirez , Daniel Sunjata , Kevin McKidd , Scott Foley , Justin Chambers , Chandra Wilson , Jessica Capshaw , Kim Raver , Chyler Leigh , Ellen Pompeo , and Patrick Dempsey 4 : 05 6 . `` Universe & U '' ( Original by KT Tunstall ) Tunstall , Pleasure Sara Ramirez , Jessica Capshaw 4 : 05 7 . `` Grace '' ( Original by Kate Havnevik ) Kate Havnevik Sara Ramirez , Sarah Drew , Chyler Leigh 3 : 45 8 . `` How to Save a Life '' ( Original by The Fray ) Isaac Slade , Joe King Kevin McKidd , Kim Raver , Ellen Pompeo , Eric Dane , Chyler Leigh , Jessica Capshaw , Sara Ramirez , Chandra Wilson , Sarah Drew , Justin Chambers 3 : 46 9 . `` The Story '' ( Original by Brandi Carlile ) Phil Hanseroth Sara Ramirez 3 : 28 Chart history ( edit ) Grey 's Anatomy : The Music Event debuted at number 24 on the Billboard 200 , with 19,000 copies sold . It reached number 2 on the U.S. Soundtracks chart , and was the number 5 Independent Album . `` The Story '' entered the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart at number 69 , and the Canadian Hot 100 at 72 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Rhimes , Shonda ( March 31 , 2011 ) . `` Shonda Rhimes on `` Song Beneath The Song '' ... '' Grey Matter . ABC . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2011 . Retrieved April 12 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( November 22 , 2010 ) . `` Exclusive : Shonda Rhimes Reveals Grey 's Anatomy Musical Details '' . TV Guide . Retrieved March 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Spiegelman , Ian ( March 30 , 2011 ) . `` Exclusive : James Pickens Jr. on the `` Tedious '' Filming of the Grey 's Anatomy Musical Episode `` . Wetpaint . The Cambio Network . Retrieved October 8 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Keck , William ( February 28 , 2011 ) . `` Keck 's Exclusives : Grey 's Musical Goes Back to Its Roots '' . TV Guide . Retrieved March 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Randy ( March 24 , 2011 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy 's ' Sara Ramirez to sing on March 31 episode , release debut EP '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . Retrieved March 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( March 25 , 2011 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : Why Did Arizona ( Spoiler ) ? And Watch What Happens Next ! '' . TVLine . Mail.com Media . Retrieved March 25 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Gallo , Phil ( March 11 , 2011 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Musical Episode to Feature Cast Singing Fray , Snow Patrol '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved March 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( February 22 , 2011 ) . `` Ask Ausiello : Spoilers on Vampire Diaries , Greek , Parenthood , HIMYM , Glee and More ! '' . TVLine . Mail.com Media . Retrieved March 25 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Mitovich , Matt Webb ; Gelman , Vlada ( March 24 , 2011 ) . `` For Grey 's Anatomy 's Lexie , Things Get ' Steamy ' and ' Awkward ' With the Men In Her Life '' . TVLine . Mail.com Media . Retrieved March 25 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Huver , Scott ( March 25 , 2011 ) . `` Exclusive : Chyler Leigh on the Grey 's Anatomy Musical Episode and Stalking Sara Ramirez '' . Wetpaint . The Cambio Network . Retrieved June 20 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Monez , Mindy ( March 30 , 2011 ) . `` Chyler Leigh on Grey 's Anatomy 's Musical Episode : ' This Is So Not About Glee ' '' . The Telefile Blog . Television Without Pity . Retrieved June 20 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Mitovich , Matt Webb ( February 2 , 2011 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy 's Kevin McKidd Previews ' Trouble Ahead ' For Owen and Cristina '' . TVLine . Mail.com Media . Retrieved March 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( March 8 , 2011 ) . `` Ask Ausiello : Spoilers on Fringe , House , Grey 's Anatomy , True Blood , Glee and More ! '' . TVLine . Mail.com Media . Retrieved March 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( January 25 , 2011 ) . `` Ask Ausiello : Spoilers on House , The Office , Glee , NCIS , 90210 , Bones and More ! '' . TVLine . Mail.com Media . Retrieved March 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Snierson , Dan ( December 3 , 2010 ) . `` Dan Snierson 's Hit List '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time , Inc . Retrieved March 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Armstrong , Jennifer ( March 25 , 2011 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' recap : Trials and Tribulations '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time , Inc . Retrieved March 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( April 1 , 2011 ) . `` TV Ratings Thursday : Rising ' American Idol ' Leads Fox Win ; Musical ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Sings ; ' Mobbed ' Stomps ' CSI ' ; ' Big Bang , ' ' Rules ' Hit Lows '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Top Programs -- Total Canada ( English ) : March 21 - March 27 , 2011 '' ( PDF ) . BBM Canada . Retrieved April 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Top Programs -- Total Canada ( English ) : March 28 - April 3 , 2011 '' ( PDF ) . BBM Canada . Retrieved April 8 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Little , Lyneka ( March 31 , 2011 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' Season 7 , Episode 18 , ' Song Beneath the Song ' : TV Recap '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved January 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Golden , Nicole ( March 31 , 2011 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Review : The Musical Episode '' . TV Fanatic . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2012 . Retrieved January 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Powers , Lindsay ( April 1 , 2011 ) . `` '' Grey 's Anatomy '' musical episode : critics weigh in `` . Reuters . Retrieved January 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sepinwall , Alan ( April 1 , 2011 ) . `` Review : ' Grey 's Anatomy ' - ' The Song Beneath the Song ' : How to save a life '' . HitFix . Retrieved January 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Arienne ( December 28 , 2011 ) . `` Dempsey on ' Grey 's ' exit : ' Nice to have a job'Am I the only one who laughed anyone started singing ? It was kinda funny in a horribly dramatic way '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 25 Biggest TV Blunders 2 '' . July 31 , 2011 . TV Guide Network . Grey 's Anatomy : The Musical ? Missing or empty series = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` The Worst of 2011 - Grey 's Anatomy Musical Episode '' . TV Guide . Retrieved December 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The 50 Best TV Episodes of 2011 '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved January 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Morgan Jeffery , Catriona Wightman ( February 24 , 2012 ) . `` TV 's Best Musical Episodes : Friday Fiver '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved May 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Motion Picture Sound Editors Golden Reel Awards '' ( PDF ) . Motion Picture Sound Editors . Retrieved February 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy : The Music Event '' . Apple . iTunes . March 31 , 2011 . Retrieved June 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Gil ( April 6 , 2011 ) . `` Britney Spears ' Femme Fatale Debuts At # 1 On Billboard '' . MTV . Retrieved April 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Soundtracks : Week of April 16 , 2011 '' ( Note : to access peak , click the white area around the song ) . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved April 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( April 6 , 2011 ) . `` Katy Perry 's ' E.T. ' Widens Lead Atop Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved April 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 : Week of April 16 , 2011 '' ( Note : to access peak , click the white area around the song ) . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved April 8 , 2011 . External links ( edit ) `` Song Beneath the Song '' at ABC.com `` Song Beneath the Song '' at TV.com `` Song Beneath the Song '' on IMDb ( hide ) Grey 's Anatomy episodes Season 1 `` A Hard Day 's Night '' `` If Tomorrow Never Comes '' Season 2 `` Into You Like a Train '' `` It 's the End of the World '' `` As We Know It '' `` Losing My Religion '' Season 3 `` Time Has Come Today '' `` I Am a Tree '' `` Great Expectations '' `` Wishin ' and Hopin ' '' `` Did n't We Almost Have It All ? '' Season 4 `` A Change Is Gonna Come '' Season 5 `` What a Difference a Day Makes '' `` Stand By Me '' `` Elevator Love Letter '' `` Now or Never '' Season 6 `` Good Mourning '' `` Goodbye '' `` I Always Feel Like Somebody 's Watchin ' Me '' `` Tainted Obligation '' `` Invasion '' `` I Saw What I Saw '' `` Give Peace a Chance '' `` Invest in Love '' `` I Like You So Much Better When You 're Naked '' `` Death and All His Friends '' Season 7 `` Song Beneath the Song '' Season 8 `` Flight '' Season 9 `` Going , Going , Gone '' `` Beautiful Doom '' `` Perfect Storm '' Season 10 `` Fear ( of the Unknown ) '' Season 11 `` I Must Have Lost it on the Wind '' `` Puzzle With a Piece Missing '' `` Got to Be Real '' `` Only Mama Knows '' `` Bend & Break '' `` Do n't Let 's Start '' `` One Flight Down '' `` How to Save a Life '' `` She 's Leaving Home '' `` Time Stops '' `` You 're My Home '' Season 12 `` Sledgehammer '' `` Guess Who 's Coming to Dinner '' `` Something Against You '' `` Things We Lost in the Fire '' `` The Sound of Silence '' `` Family Affair '' Season 13 `` True Colors '' Season 14 `` Danger Zone '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Song_Beneath_the_Song&oldid=810314679 '' Categories : Grey 's Anatomy episodes 2011 American television episodes Musical television episodes Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Track listings with deprecated parameters Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 14 November 2017 , at 14 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sings chasing cars on grey's anatomy | [
"Rhimes, executive producer Betsy Beers and director Tony Phelan selected songs that became famous through their use in Grey's Anatomy, and chose \"the most iconic ones, the ones that best suited [their] singers, and the ones that made the most sense.\"[2][7] The multiple cover versions include the program's theme tune, \"Cosy in the Rocket\" by Psapp.[4] The primary vocalists are cast members Ramirez, McKidd, Leigh and Chandra Wilson.[8] The soundtrack also includes \"How to Save a Life\" by The Fray and \"Running on Sunshine\" by Jesus Jackson, performed as ensemble pieces by Ramirez, McKidd, Wilson, Leigh, Daniel Sunjata, Scott Foley, Ellen Pompeo, Justin Chambers, Raver, Dane, and Capshaw.[7][9] Ramirez, McKidd and Wilson also perform together on Snow Patrol's \"Chasing Cars.\"[4] Ramirez is the lead vocalist on \"The Story\" by Brandi Carlile,[7] and \"Grace\" by Kate Havnevik, which also features the other female cast members, including Leigh and Sarah Drew on the chorus.[4][9] Capshaw duets with Ramirez on KT Tunstall's \"Universe & U.\"[7] Wilson is the lead vocalist on \"Wait\" by Get Set Go, McKidd on \"How We Operate\" by Gomez, and Leigh on Anna Nalick's \"Breathe (2 AM).\"[7][9]",
"Rhimes, executive producer Betsy Beers and director Tony Phelan selected songs that became famous through their use in Grey's Anatomy, and chose \"the most iconic ones, the ones that best suited [their] singers, and the ones that made the most sense.\"[2][7] The multiple cover versions include the program's theme tune, \"Cosy in the Rocket\" by Psapp.[4] The primary vocalists are cast members Ramirez, McKidd, Leigh and Chandra Wilson.[8] The soundtrack also includes \"How to Save a Life\" by The Fray and \"Running on Sunshine\" by Jesus Jackson, performed as ensemble pieces by Ramirez, McKidd, Wilson, Leigh, Daniel Sunjata, Scott Foley, Ellen Pompeo, Justin Chambers, Raver, Dane, and Capshaw.[7][9] Ramirez, McKidd and Wilson also perform together on Snow Patrol's \"Chasing Cars.\"[4] Ramirez is the lead vocalist on \"The Story\" by Brandi Carlile,[7] and \"Grace\" by Kate Havnevik, which also features the other female cast members, including Leigh and Sarah Drew on the chorus.[4][9] Capshaw duets with Ramirez on KT Tunstall's \"Universe & U.\"[7] Wilson is the lead vocalist on \"Wait\" by Get Set Go, McKidd on \"How We Operate\" by Gomez, and Leigh on Anna Nalick's \"Breathe (2 AM).\"[7][9]",
"Rhimes, executive producer Betsy Beers and director Tony Phelan selected songs that became famous through their use in Grey's Anatomy, and chose \"the most iconic ones, the ones that best suited [their] singers, and the ones that made the most sense.\"[2][7] The multiple cover versions include the program's theme tune, \"Cosy in the Rocket\" by Psapp.[4] The primary vocalists are cast members Ramirez, McKidd, Leigh and Chandra Wilson.[8] The soundtrack also includes \"How to Save a Life\" by The Fray and \"Running on Sunshine\" by Jesus Jackson, performed as ensemble pieces by Ramirez, McKidd, Wilson, Leigh, Daniel Sunjata, Scott Foley, Ellen Pompeo, Justin Chambers, Raver, Dane, and Capshaw.[7][9] Ramirez, McKidd and Wilson also perform together on Snow Patrol's \"Chasing Cars.\"[4] Ramirez is the lead vocalist on \"The Story\" by Brandi Carlile,[7] and \"Grace\" by Kate Havnevik, which also features the other female cast members, including Leigh and Sarah Drew on the chorus.[4][9] Capshaw duets with Ramirez on KT Tunstall's \"Universe & U.\"[7] Wilson is the lead vocalist on \"Wait\" by Get Set Go, McKidd on \"How We Operate\" by Gomez, and Leigh on Anna Nalick's \"Breathe (2 AM).\"[7][9]"
] | [
"Ramirez",
"McKidd",
"Wilson"
] |
8799876677305457511 | Dances with Wolves (soundtrack) | Dances with Wolves ( soundtrack ) - wikipedia Dances with Wolves ( soundtrack ) Jump to : navigation , search Dances With Wolves Soundtrack album by John Barry Released 1990 Length 18 at 53 : 18 ( original version ) 21 at 63 : 00 ( 1995 version ) 24 at 75 : 29 ( 2004 version ) Label Epic Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating Allmusic Filmtracks Movie Wave Movie Music UK Dances with Wolves is the original soundtrack of the 1990 Academy Award and Golden Globe winning film Dances with Wolves produced , directed , and starring Kevin Costner . The original score and songs were composed and conducted by John Barry . John Barry won the 1991 Academy Award for Best Original Score and the 1992 Grammy Award for `` Best Instrumental Composition Written for a Motion Picture or for Television . '' Barry was also nominated for the 1991 Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score ( lost to the score of The Sheltering Sky ) and the 1992 BAFTA Award for Best Film Music ( lost to the score of Cyrano de Bergerac ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Track listing 1.1 1990 original release 1.2 1995 Release ( bonus tracks ) 1.3 2004 expanded version 2 References Track listing ( edit ) 1990 original release ( edit ) `` Main Title -- Looks Like a Suicide '' -- 3 : 59 `` The John Dunbar Theme '' -- 2 : 16 `` Journey to Fort Sedgewick '' -- 3 : 25 `` Ride to Fort Hays '' -- 2 : 00 `` The Death of Timmons '' -- 2 : 24 `` Two Socks -- The Wolf Theme '' -- 1 : 30 `` Pawnee Attack '' -- 3 : 49 `` Kicking Bird 's Gift '' -- 2 : 10 `` Journey to the Buffalo Killing Ground '' -- 3 : 43 `` The Buffalo Hunt '' -- 2 : 42 `` Stands with a Fist Remembers '' -- 2 : 09 `` The Love Theme '' -- 3 : 46 `` The John Dunbar Theme '' -- 2 : 04 `` Two Socks at Play '' -- 1 : 59 `` The Death of Cisco '' -- 2 : 14 `` Rescue of Dances with Wolves '' -- 2 : 09 `` The Loss of the Journal and the Return to Winter Camp '' -- 2 : 09 `` Farewell and End Title '' -- 8 : 50 1995 Release ( bonus tracks ) ( edit ) `` Main Title -- Looks Like a Suicide '' -- 3 : 57 `` The John Dunbar Theme '' -- 2 : 15 `` Journey to Fort Sedgewick '' -- 3 : 22 `` Ride to Fort Hays '' -- 2 : 00 `` The Death of Timmons '' -- 2 : 25 `` Two Socks -- The Wolf Theme '' -- 1 : 28 `` Pawnee Attack '' -- 3 : 45 `` Kicking Bird 's Gift '' -- 2 : 08 `` Journey to the Buffalo Killing Ground '' -- 3 : 39 `` The Buffalo Hunt '' -- 2 : 41 `` Fire Dance '' -- 1 : 41 `` Stands with a Fist Remembers '' -- 2 : 07 `` The Love Theme '' -- 3 : 52 `` The John Dunbar Theme '' -- 2 : 05 `` Two Socks at Play '' -- 1 : 57 `` The Death of Cisco '' -- 2 : 12 `` Rescue of Dances with Wolves '' -- 2 : 07 `` The Loss of the Journal and the Return to Winter Camp '' -- 2 : 07 `` Farewell and End Title '' -- 8 : 40 `` The John Dunbar Theme '' -- 3 : 41 `` Dances with Wolves '' -- 5 : 15 2004 expanded version ( edit ) `` Main Title / Looks Like a Suicide ( expanded ) '' -- 7 : 35 `` Ride to Fort Hays '' -- 2 : 03 `` Journey to Fort Sedgewick / Shooting Star / John Dunbar Theme / Arrival at Fort Sedgewick '' -- 4 : 55 `` The John Dunbar Theme '' -- 2 : 19 `` The Death of Timmons '' -- 2 : 25 `` Two Socks / The Wolf Theme '' -- 1 : 32 `` Stands with a Fist Remembers '' -- 2 : 12 `` The Buffalo Robe '' -- 2 : 12 `` Journey to the Buffalo Killing Ground '' -- 3 : 30 `` Spotting the Herd '' -- 1 : 49 `` The Buffalo Hunt ( film version ) '' -- 4 : 33 `` Fire Dance '' -- 1 : 41 `` Two Socks at Play '' -- 2 : 00 `` Falling in Love '' -- 3 : 05 `` Love Theme '' -- 3 : 46 `` The John Dunbar Theme '' -- 2 : 06 `` Pawnees / Pawnee Attack / Stone Calf Dies / Toughest Dies '' -- 6 : 15 `` Victory '' -- 1 : 03 `` The Death of Cisco '' -- 2 : 14 `` Rescue of Dances with Wolves '' -- 2 : 08 `` The Loss of the Journal / The Return to Winter Camp '' -- 2 : 09 `` Farewell / End Title '' -- 8 : 51 `` The Buffalo Hunt ( album version ) '' -- 2 : 45 `` The John Dunbar Theme ( film version ) '' -- 2 : 21 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Allmusic review Jump up ^ Filmtracks review Jump up ^ Movie Wave review Jump up ^ Movie Music UK review Awards Preceded by The Little Mermaid Academy Award for Best Original Score 1990 Succeeded by Beauty and the Beast Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dances_with_Wolves_(soundtrack)&oldid=814261435 '' Categories : Film soundtracks John Barry ( composer ) soundtracks 1990 soundtracks Epic Records soundtracks Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 7 December 2017 , at 19 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who wrote the soundtrack for dances with wolves | [
"Dances with Wolves is the original soundtrack of the 1990 Academy Award and Golden Globe winning film Dances with Wolves produced, directed, and starring Kevin Costner. The original score and songs were composed and conducted by John Barry."
] | [
"John Barry"
] |
-623627388405695187 | Brazilian jiu-jitsu ranking system | Brazilian jiu - jitsu ranking system - Wikipedia Brazilian jiu - jitsu ranking system Main article : Brazilian jiu - jitsu See also : Gracie jiu - jitsu ranking system Not to be confused with Rank in Judo § Brazil . The Brazilian jiu - jitsu ranking system is a means of signifying a practitioner 's increasing levels of technical knowledge and practical skill within the art of Brazilian jiu - jitsu . Colored belts that are worn as part of the uniform are awarded to the practitioner . While the ranking system 's structure shares its origins with the judo ranking system and that of all colored martial arts belts , the Brazilian jiu - jitsu ranking system grew to incorporate unique aspects and themes . The system has minor differences from Judo in areas such as a division between youths and adults and the issuance of stripes and degrees . Some distinct differences have become synonymous with the art , such as a marked informality in promotional criteria , a focus on a competitive demonstration of skill , and a conservative approach to promotion . Contents 1 History 2 Adult belt ranks 2.1 White belt 2.2 Blue belt 2.3 Purple belt 2.4 Brown belt 2.5 Black belt 2.6 Red / Black belt ( Coral belt ) 2.7 Red / White belt ( Coral belt ) 2.8 Red belt 3 Promotion criteria 3.1 Formal testing 3.2 Competitions 4 Stripes / degrees 5 Extra-promotional 6 See also 7 References History ( edit ) In 1907 , Kanō Jigorō , the founder of judo , introduced the use of belts ( obi ) and gi ( judogi ) in the martial arts , replacing the practice of training in formal kimonos . In 1914 , Kanō 's pupil Mitsuyo Maeda arrived in Brazil , a journey which led to the development of Brazilian jiu - jitsu . At the time Kanō used only white and black belts , with white representing the beginner , as a color of purity and simplicity , and black being the opposite , representing one who is filled with knowledge . Some believe that Mikonosuke Kawaishi was the first to introduce additional colors in 1935 when he began teaching Judo in Paris , ten years after Carlos Gracie opened his academy in Brazil . Kawaishi thought that a more structured system of colored belts would provide the student with visible rewards to show progress , increasing motivation and retention . Since then , Brazilian jiu - jitsu , judo , and many other martial arts have adopted the use of colored belts to denote students ' progression in the arts . The first official belt ranking system was created in 1967 by the Jiu - Jitsu Federation of Guanabara . Much of the current criteria and modern belt ranks were implemented by the Sport Jiu Jitsu International Federation ( SJJIF ) and International Brazilian Jiu - Jitsu Federation . Adult belt ranks ( edit ) White belt ( edit ) White belt is the beginning rank for all Brazilian jiu - jitsu students . White belt is the first belt within Brazilian jiu - jitsu . The rank is held by any practitioner new to the art and has no prerequisite . Some instructors and other high - level practitioners think that a white belt 's training should emphasize escapes and defensive positioning since a white belt will often fight from inferior positions , especially when training with more experienced practitioners . Most academies will additionally require that a white belt level practitioner works to obtain a well - rounded skills set , with a knowledge of basic offensive moves , such as common submissions and guard passes . Blue belt ( edit ) The IBJJF requires a practitioner remain a blue belt for a minimum of two years . Blue belt is most often the second adult rank in the Brazilian jiu - jitsu . At the blue belt level , students gain a wide breadth of technical knowledge and undertake hundreds of hours of mat time to learn how to implement these moves efficiently . Blue belt is often the rank at which the student learns a large number of techniques . Not all Brazilian jiu - jitsu schools or regulatory bodies award the blue belt as the second adult belt . Although many Brazilian jiu - jitsu organizations adhere to the IBJJF standard of awarding the yellow , orange , and green belt exclusively as part of a youth belt system ( under 16 years of age ) , some supplement the time between white belt and blue belt with one or more belts of these colors . The IBJJF requires that a practitioner be at least 16 years old to receive a blue belt , thereby officially entering into the adult belt system . Purple belt ( edit ) The IBJJF requires a practitioner remain a purple belt for a minimum of 18 months . Purple belt is the intermediate adult ranking in Brazilian jiu - jitsu . The purple belt level practitioner has gained a large amount of knowledge , and purple belts are generally considered qualified to help instruct lower - ranked students . The IBJJF requires students to be at least 16 years old and recommends they have spent a minimum of two years ranked as a blue belt to be eligible for a purple belt , with slightly different requirements for those graduating directly from the youth belts . Brown belt ( edit ) The IBJJF requires a practitioner remain a brown belt for a minimum of one year . Aside from the exceptional belts awarded at the highest levels , brown belt is the highest ranking color belt in Brazilian jiu - jitsu . Brown belt typically requires at least five years of dedicated training to achieve . It is often thought of as a time for refining techniques . The IBJJF requires that students be at least 18 years old and recommends they have spent a minimum of 18 months as a purple belt to be eligible for a brown belt . Black belt ( edit ) The IBJJF requires a practitioner remain a black belt for a minimum of 5 + years . As with many other martial arts , the black belt is the highest common belt within Brazilian jiu - jitsu , denoting an expert level of technical and practical skills . Brazilian jiu - jitsu black belts are often addressed within the art as professor , although some schools and organizations reserve this honorific for more senior black belts holders . The IBJJF requires that a student be at least 19 years old and recommends they have spent a minimum of 1 year ranked as a brown belt to be eligible for a black belt . The black belt itself has six different degrees of expertise . Red / black belt ( coral belt ) ( edit ) The IBJJF requires a practitioner remain a black & red belt for a minimum of 7 years . When a Brazilian jiu - jitsu black belt reaches the seventh degree , he or she is awarded an alternating red - and - black belt similar to the one earned at the sixth degree in Judo . This belt is commonly known as a coral belt . Coral belts are very experienced practitioners , most of whom have made a large impact on Brazilian jiu - jitsu , and are often addressed within the art by the title master . Red / white belt ( coral belt ) ( edit ) The IBJJF requires a practitioner remain a white & red belt for a minimum of 10 years . The International Brazilian jiu - jitsu Federation in 2013 , amended the graduation guidelines with respect to the transition between seventh degree and eighth degree black belt . In short , a practitioner who has achieved the rank of 8th degree black belt will wear a red and white belt , which is also commonly called a coral belt . Red belt ( edit ) The 9th degree red belt is the highest rank awarded to any currently living practitioner of Brazilian jiu - jitsu . According to Renzo and Royler Gracie , in Brazilian jiu - jitsu the red belt is reserved `` for those whose influence and fame takes them to the pinnacle of the art '' . It is awarded in lieu of a ninth and tenth degree black belt . If a practitioner receives his or her black belt at 19 years old , the earliest they could expect to receive a ninth degree red belt would be at the age of 67 . Brazilian jiu - jitsu red belt holders are often addressed within the art by the title grandmaster . The 10th degree was given only to the pioneers of Brazilian Jiu - Jitsu , the Gracie brothers : Carlos , Oswaldo , George , Gaston and Helio . Promotion criteria ( edit ) Few published guidelines or standards determine when a practitioner is ready for promotion ; the criterion is generally determined by individual instructors and / or academies . The IBJJF maintains an extensive graduation system that takes into account time - in - grade and membership standing , but makes no mention of specific performance or skill requirements . When instructors or academies comment on the criteria for promotion , the most widely accepted measures are the amount of technical and conceptual knowledge a practitioner can demonstrate , and ; performance in grappling ( randori ) within the academy and / or competition . Technical and conceptual knowledge are judged by the number of techniques a student can perform , and the level of skill with which they are performed in live grappling , allowing smaller and older practitioners to be recognized for their knowledge , although they may not be the strongest fighters in the school . Brazilian jiu - jitsu is a distinctly individual sport , and practitioners are encouraged to adapt the techniques to their body type , strategic preferences , and level of athleticism . The ultimate criterion for promotion is the ability to execute the techniques successfully , rather than strict stylistic compliance . Formal testing ( edit ) Brazilian jiu - jitsu has had an informal approach to belt promotions , in which one or more instructors subjectively agree that a given student is ready for the next rank . In recent years some academies have moved toward a more systematic , formal testing approach , especially true for lower ranked students , where the decision to promote is arguably the least contentious . One of the first instructors to publicly publish formal testing criteria was Roy Harris , who has formalized his promotion tests from white belt to black belt . Formal testing is now becoming commonplace in many Gracie Academies and organizations such as Alliance . Some Gracie systems have introduced formal online testing where the student can upload his or her qualification videos to qualify for promotion . Formal tests are generally based around the same elements as a normal promotion , such as the student 's technical and conceptual knowledge and the ability to apply those techniques against a resisting opponent . Some tests take other aspects , such as a student 's personal character or a basic knowledge of the history of the art , into account . Formal testing may require the payment of testing fees and a require a minimum of pre-testing private lessons with the instructor . Competitions ( edit ) Students are generally encouraged to compete , as this can help them gain experience . Competition allows instructors to gauge students ' abilities while grappling with a fully resisting opponent , and it is common for a promotion to follow a good competition performance . In most academies , competing is not essential for promotion , but in a minority of schools , competing is not only endorsed but is required . Stripes / degrees ( edit ) A blue belt with three stripes . In addition to the belt system , many academies award stripes as a form of intra-belt recognition of progress and skill . The cumulative number of stripes earned serves as an indication of the student 's skill level relative to others within the same belt rank . Stripes may consist of small pieces of cloth sewn onto the sleeve of the belt , or simple pieces of tape applied to it . Although the exact application , such as the number of stripes allowed for each belt , varies between institutions , the IBJJF sets out a general system under which four stripes can be added before the student may be considered for promotion to the next bjj belt . Stripes are only used for ranks prior to black belt . After black belt is achieved , the markings are known as degrees and are awarded formally . Time - in - grade and skill level are both important factors . Stripes are not used in every academy and , where they are used , they may not be applied consistently . Extra-promotional ( edit ) A tradition practiced in some Brazilian jiu - jitsu schools immediately after a promotion , is known as `` running the gauntlet '' ( `` passar no corredor '' in Portuguese ) . This generally follows one of two basic patterns . The newly promoted student is hit on their back with belts -- once by each of their fellow practitioners -- as he or she walks or runs past ( `` faixada '' in Portuguese ) , or he or she may be thrown by each instructor and sometimes also by each student in the academy of equal or higher grade . Advocates for the custom argue that `` running the gauntlet '' serves as a method of team building and reinforces camaraderie between classmates . Other initiation customs may involve being hip - tossed by the instructor in a controlled manner . See also ( edit ) List of Brazilian jiu - jitsu practitioners Jiu - Jitsu Federation of Rio de Janeiro Black belt ( martial arts ) Sandbagging ( grappling ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Camargo , Bruno . `` IBJJF Graduation system '' . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Gracie , Renzo & Royler ( 2001 ) . Brazilian Jiu - Jitsu : Theory and Technique . Invisible Cities Press Llc . p. 304 . ISBN 1 - 931229 - 08 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Ohlenkamp , Neil ( January 5 , 2009 ) . `` The Judo Rank System '' . Retrieved October 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` A Comprehensive History of Gracie Jiu - Jitsu '' . Retrieved October 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Riberiro , Saulo ( 2008 ) . Jiu - Jitsu University . Victory Belt Publishing . p. 368 . ISBN 0 - 9815044 - 3 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Harris , Roy ( February 7 , 2006 ) . `` Harris International Blue Belt Requirements '' . Retrieved October 16 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Alliance Belt Requirements '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved July 31 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` IBJJF Graduation System '' ( PDF ) . A poster issued by the IBJJF as a visual summary of belt rank information . p. 8 . Retrieved April 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Harris , Roy ( October 12 , 2005 ) . `` Progression in Brazilian jiu - jitsu '' . Retrieved October 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Leduc , Josh . `` BJJ Green Belt '' . BJJ Today . Retrieved 4 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sistema de faixas '' . Federacao Mineira De jiu - jitsu . Retrieved 4 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Five Rings Brazilian Jiu - Jitsu '' ( PDF ) . A BJJ school 's schedule showing different classes for adult yellow , orange , and green belts . Retrieved 4 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Thornton , Matt ( February 13 , 2007 ) . `` Exploring the map '' . Retrieved July 31 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` General System of Graduation '' ( PDF ) . p. 8 . Retrieved October 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official Federation Belt Rankings '' . 2000 . Retrieved November 8 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Recommended Standardized Brazilian Jiu - Jitsu Belt Structure '' ( PDF ) . March 2012 . Retrieved November 8 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` BJJ Belt Faq '' . Retrieved November 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A Day With A Brazilian jiu - jitsu Coral Belt '' . May 27 , 2011 . Retrieved October 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Joe Moreira BJJ '' . Retrieved October 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` IBJJF GENERAL SYSTEM OF GRADUATION '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved April 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` RED AND WHITE CORAL BELT ARCHIVES '' . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IBJJF GENERAL SYSTEM OF GRADUATION '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved April 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Team Tookie belt requirements '' . Retrieved October 27 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` History & Ranking '' . Retrieved July 31 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` BJJ Promotions Through Tennessee BJJ Club '' . Retrieved November 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Brazilian jiu - jitsu FAQ '' . Retrieved October 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Matt Hudson '' . Retrieved November 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Harris , Roy ( April 1 , 2009 ) . `` Brazilian Jiu Jitsu Belt Promotions '' . Retrieved November 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Training Programs '' . 2011 . Retrieved April 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` SBG Belt Testing '' . Retrieved November 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Royce Gracie Jiu - Jitsu Network Official Belt Ranking System '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved November 3 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Elyse ( May 11 , 2009 ) . `` Jiu Jitsu , Anthropology , Societies , Rituals '' . Retrieved November 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Burosh , Matt ( June 2009 ) . `` Becoming a black belt '' . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2011 . Retrieved November 3 , 2009 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brazilian_jiu-jitsu_ranking_system&oldid=854403860 '' Categories : Brazilian jiu - jitsu Martial arts ranking Hidden categories : Use American English from November 2012 All Wikipedia articles written in American English All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from November 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Português Edit links This page was last edited on 11 August 2018 , at 03 : 02 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the highest color belt in jiu jitsu | [
"According to Renzo and Royler Gracie, in Brazilian jiu-jitsu the red belt is reserved \"for those whose influence and fame takes them to the pinnacle of the art\".[2] It is awarded in lieu of a ninth and tenth degree black belt. If a practitioner receives his or her black belt at 19 years old, the earliest they could expect to receive a ninth degree red belt would be at the age of 67.[1] Brazilian jiu-jitsu red belt holders are often addressed within the art by the title grandmaster. The 10th degree was given only to the pioneers of Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu, the Gracie brothers: Carlos, Oswaldo, George, Gaston and Helio.[15][16][17][22]\n"
] | [
"red"
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-7074335902053740665 | Burning of Washington | Burning of Washington - wikipedia Burning of Washington Jump to : navigation , search Burning of Washington Part of the War of 1812 Battle of Bladensburg Following their victory at the Battle of Bladensburg , the British invaded Washington D.C. and burned many U.S. government and military buildings Date August 24 , 1814 Location Washington , D.C. , United States Result British victory Belligerents United Kingdom United States Commanders and leaders Robert Ross George Cockburn James Madison Strength 4,250 7,640 Casualties and losses 1 killed , 3 wounded ( Colonial Marines ) 3 unknown wounded City of Washington attacked by British forces Many government buildings set ablaze Destruction of the 36 - gun frigate USS New York . 44 - gun frigate USS Columbia and 22 - gun sloop USS Argus burnt to avoid capture . Chesapeake campaign Havre de Grace Craney Island St. Michaels Chesapeake Bay Flotilla Bladensburg Washington Alexandria Caulk 's Field North Point Baltimore Farnham Church The Burning of Washington was a British invasion of Washington , D.C. , the capital of the United States , during the War of 1812 . On August 24 , 1814 , after defeating the Americans at the Battle of Bladensburg , a British force led by Major General Robert Ross occupied Washington and set fire to many public buildings , including the White House ( known as the Presidential Mansion ) , and the Capitol , as well as other facilities of the U.S. government . The attack was in part a retaliation for the recent American destruction of Port Dover in Upper Canada . Throughout the history of the United States , the United Kingdom is the only country to have ever captured Washington , D.C. ; the Burning of Washington also marks the only time since the American Revolutionary War that a foreign power has captured and occupied the United States capital . President James Madison , military officials , and his government fled the city in the wake of the British victory at the Battle of Bladensburg . They eventually found refuge for the night in Brookeville , a small town in Montgomery County , Maryland , which is known today as the `` United States Capital for a Day . '' President Madison spent the night in the house of Caleb Bentley , a Quaker who lived and worked in Brookeville . Bentley 's house , known today as the Madison House , still stands in Brookeville . Less than a day after the attack began , a sudden , very heavy thunderstorm -- possibly a hurricane -- put out the fires . It also spun off a tornado that passed through the center of the capital , setting down on Constitution Avenue and lifting two cannons before dropping them several yards away , killing British troops and American civilians alike . Following the storm , the British returned to their ships , many of which were badly damaged . The occupation of Washington lasted only about 26 hours . After the `` Storm that saved Washington '' , as it soon came to be called , the Americans returned to the city . Contents ( hide ) 1 Reasons for the attack 2 Events 3 U.S. Capitol 4 White House 5 Other Washington properties 6 `` The Storm that Saved Washington '' 7 Aftermath 8 Reconstruction 9 See also 10 References 10.1 Notes 10.2 Citations 10.3 Sources 11 Further reading 12 External links Reasons for the attack ( edit ) The British government , already at war with Napoleonic France , adopted a defensive strategy against the United States when the Americans declared war in 1812 . Reinforcements were held back from Canada and reliance was instead made on local militias and native allies to bolster the British Army in Canada . However , after the defeat and exile of Napoleon Bonaparte in April 1814 , Britain was able to use its now available troops and ships to prosecute its war with the United States . In addition to reinforcements sent to Canada , the Earl of Bathurst , Secretary of State for War and the Colonies , dispatched an army brigade and additional naval vessels to Bermuda , from where a blockade of the US coast and even the occupation of some coastal islands had been overseen throughout the war . It was decided to use these forces in raids along the Atlantic seaboard to draw American forces away from Canada . The commanders were under strict orders , however , not to carry out operations far inland , or to attempt to hold territory . Early in 1814 , Vice Admiral Sir Alexander Cochrane had been appointed Commander - in - Chief of the Royal Navy 's North America and West Indies Station , controlling naval forces based at the new Bermuda dockyard and the Halifax Naval Yard which were used to blockade US Atlantic ports throughout the war . He planned to carry the war into the United States by attacks in Virginia and against New Orleans . Admiralty House , Mount Wyndham , Bermuda , where the attack was planned Rear Admiral George Cockburn had commanded the squadron in Chesapeake Bay since the previous year . On June 25 he wrote to Cochrane stressing that the defenses there were weak , and he felt that several major cities were vulnerable to attack . Cochrane suggested attacking Baltimore , Washington and Philadelphia . On July 17 , Cockburn recommended Washington as the target , because of the comparative ease of attacking the national capital and `` the greater political effect likely to result '' . General Ross commanded a 4,500 - man army , composed of the 4th ( King 's Own ) Light , 21st Royal North British Fusiliers , 44th ( East Essex ) Regiment of Foot , and 85th Regiment of Foot . An added motive was retaliation for what Britain saw as the `` wanton destruction of private property along the north shores of Lake Erie '' by American forces under Col. John Campbell in May 1814 , the most notable being the Raid on Port Dover . On June 2 , 1814 , Sir George Prévost , Governor General of The Canadas , wrote to Cochrane at Admiralty House , in Bailey 's Bay , Bermuda , calling for a retaliation against the American destruction of private property in violation of the laws of war . Prévost argued that , ... in consequence of the late disgraceful conduct of the American troops in the wanton destruction of private property on the north shores of Lake Erie , in order that if the war with the United States continues you may , should you judge it advisable , assist in inflicting that measure of retaliation which shall deter the enemy from a repetition of similar outrages . On July 18 , Cochrane ordered Cockburn to `` deter the enemy from a repetition of similar outrages ... You are hereby required and directed to destroy and lay waste such towns and districts as you may find assailable '' . Cochrane instructed , `` You will spare merely the lives of the unarmed inhabitants of the United States '' . Ross and Cockburn surveyed the torching of the President 's Mansion , during which time a great storm arose unexpectedly out of the southeast . They were confronted a number of times while on horseback by older women from around Washington City and elderly clergymen ( Southern Presbyterian and Southern Baptist ) , with women and children who had been hiding in homes and churches . They requested protection from abuse and robbery by enlisted personnel from the British Expeditionary Forces whom they accused of having tried to ransack private homes and other buildings . Major - General Ross had two British soldiers put in chains for violation of his general order . Throughout the events of that day , a severe storm blew into the city , worsening on the night of August 24 , 1814 . Events ( edit ) Burning of Washington August 1814 President James Madison , members of his government , and the military fled the city in the wake of the British victory at the Battle of Bladensburg . They eventually found refuge for the night in Brookeville , a small town in Montgomery County , Maryland , which is known today as the United States Capital for a Day . President Madison spent the night in the house of Caleb Bentley , a Quaker who lived and worked in Brookeville . Bentley 's house , known today as the Madison House , still stands in Brookeville . The sappers and miners of the Corps of Royal Engineers under Captain Blanshard were employed in burning the principal buildings . Blanshard reported that it seemed that the American President was so sure that the attacking force would be made prisoners that a handsome entertainment had been prepared . Blanshard and his sappers enjoyed the feast . US Capitol ( edit ) The United States Capitol after the burning of Washington , D.C. in the War of 1812 . Watercolor and ink depiction from 1814 , restored . The Capitol was , according to some contemporary travelers , the only building in Washington `` worthy to be noticed . '' Thus , it was a prime target for the invaders , both for its aesthetic and symbolic value . After looting the building , the British found it difficult to set the structure on fire , owing to its sturdy stone construction . Soldiers eventually gathered furniture into a heap and ignited it with rocket powder , which successfully set the building ablaze . Among the casualties of the destruction of the Capitol was the Library of Congress , the entire 3,000 volume collection of which was destroyed . Several surrounding buildings in Capitol Heights also caught fire . After the war , Thomas Jefferson sold his own personal library to the government in order to pay personal debts , re-establishing the Library of Congress . White House ( edit ) The White House ruins after the conflagration of August 24 , 1814 . Watercolor by George Munger , displayed at the White House After burning the Capitol , the British turned northwest up Pennsylvania Avenue toward the White House . After US government officials and President Madison fled the city , the First Lady Dolley Madison received a letter from her husband , urging her to be prepared to leave Washington at a moment 's notice . Dolley organized the slaves and staff to save valuables from the British . James Madison 's personal slave , the fifteen - year - old boy Paul Jennings , was an eyewitness . After later buying his freedom from the widow Dolley Madison , Jennings published his memoir in 1865 , considered the first from the White House : It has often been stated in print , that when Mrs. Madison escaped from the White House , she cut out from the frame the large portrait of Washington ( now in one of the parlors there ) , and carried it off . She had no time for doing it . It would have required a ladder to get it down . All she carried off was the silver in her reticule , as the British were thought to be but a few squares off , and were expected any moment . Jennings said the people who saved the painting and removed the objects actually were : John Susé ( Jean Pierre Sioussat ) ( a Frenchman , then door - keeper , and still living ) and Magraw ( McGraw ) , the President 's gardener , took it down and sent it off on a wagon , with some large silver urns and such other valuables as could be hastily got hold of . When the British did arrive , they ate up the very dinner , and drank the wines , &c. , that I had prepared for the President 's party . The soldiers burned the president 's house , and fuel was added to the fires that night to ensure they would continue burning into the next day . In 2009 , President Barack Obama held a ceremony at the White House to honor Jennings as a representative of his contributions to saving the Gilbert Stuart painting and other valuables . ( The painting that was saved was a copy Stuart made of the painting , not the original , although it is the same one on display in the East Room . ) `` A dozen descendants of Jennings came to Washington , to visit the White House . They looked at the painting their relative helped save . '' In an interview with National Public Radio , Jennings ' great - great - grandson Hugh Alexander said , `` We were able to take a family portrait in front of the painting , which was for me one of the high points . '' He confirmed that Jennings later purchased his freedom from the widowed Dolley Madison . Other Washington properties ( edit ) The burning of Washington forms the background to this portrait of Rear Admiral George Cockburn . At background right is the burning of the US Treasury Building and the Capitol Building The day after the destruction of the White House , Rear Admiral Cockburn entered the building of the D.C. newspaper , the National Intelligencer , intending to burn it down . However , several women persuaded him not to because they were afraid the fire would spread to their neighboring houses . Cockburn wanted to destroy the newspaper because its reporters had written so negatively about him , branding him `` The Ruffian . '' Instead , he ordered his troops to tear the building down brick by brick , and ordered all the `` C '' type destroyed `` so that the rascals can have no further means of abusing my name . '' The US Treasury Building ( built 1804 ) The Blodget Hotel which housed the US Patent Office ; spared during the burning of Washington in 1814 . The Patent Office later burned in 1836 The Washington Navy Yard in 1862 The British sought out the United States Treasury in hopes of finding money or items of worth , but they found only old records . They burned the United States Treasury and other public buildings . The United States Department of War building was also burned . However , the War and State Department files had been removed , so all books and records had been saved ; the only records of the War Department lost were recommendations of appointments for the Army and letters received from seven years earlier . The First U.S. Patent Office Building was saved by the efforts of William Thornton , the former Architect of the Capitol and then the Superintendent of Patents , who gained British cooperation to preserve it . `` When the smoke cleared from the dreadful attack , the Patent Office was the only Government building ... left untouched '' in Washington . The Americans had already burned much of the historic Washington Navy Yard , founded by Thomas Jefferson , to prevent capture of stores and ammunition , as well as the 44 - gun frigate USS Columbia and the 22 gun USS Argus both new vessels nearing completion . The Navy Yard 's Latrobe Gate , Quarters A , and Quarters B were the only buildings to escape destruction . Also spared were the Marine Barracks and Commandant 's House , although several private properties were damaged or destroyed . In the afternoon of August 25 , General Ross sent two hundred men to secure a fort on Greenleaf 's Point . The fort , later known as Fort McNair , had already been destroyed by the Americans , but 150 barrels of gunpowder remained . While the British were trying to destroy it by dropping the barrels into a well , the powder ignited . As many as thirty men were killed in the explosion , and many others were maimed . `` The storm that saved Washington '' ( edit ) Less than a day after the attack began , a sudden very heavy thunderstorm -- possibly a hurricane -- put out the fires . It also spun off a tornado that passed through the center of the capital , setting down on Constitution Avenue and lifting two cannons before dropping them several yards away and killing British troops and American civilians alike . Following the storm , the British troops returned to their ships , many of which were badly damaged . There is some debate regarding the effect of this storm on the occupation . While some assert that the storm forced their retreat , it seems likely from their destructive and arsonous actions before the storm , and their written orders from Cochrane to `` destroy and lay waste '' , that their intention was merely to raze the city , rather than occupy it for an extended period . Whatever the case , the British occupation of Washington lasted only about 26 hours . Despite this , the `` Storm that saved Washington '' as it became known , did the opposite according to some . The rains sizzled and cracked the already charred walls of the White House and ripped away at structures the British had no plans to destroy ( such as the Patent Office ) . The storm may have exacerbated an already dire situation for Washington DC . An encounter was noted between Sir George Cockburn 10th Baronet and a female resident of Washington . `` Dear God ! Is this the weather to which you are accustomed to in this infernal country ? '' enquired the Admiral . `` This is a special interposition of Providence to drive our enemies from our city , '' the woman allegedly called out to Cockburn . `` Not so , Madam , '' Cockburn retorted . `` It is rather to aid your enemies in the destruction of your city '' , before riding off on horseback . Yet , the British left right after the storm completely unopposed by any American military forces . The Royal Navy reported that it lost one man killed and six wounded in the attack , of whom the fatality and three of the wounded were from the Corps of Colonial Marines . The destruction of the Capitol , including the Senate House and the House of Representatives , the Arsenal , Dockyard , Treasury , War Office , President 's mansion , bridge over the Potomac , a frigate and a sloop together with all Materiel was estimated at £ 365,000 . A separate British force captured Alexandria , on the south side of the Potomac River , while Ross 's troops were leaving Washington . The mayor of Alexandria made a deal and the British refrained from burning the town . President Madison returned to Washington by September 1 , on which date he issued a proclamation calling on citizens to defend the District of Columbia . Congress returned and assembled in special session on September 19 . Due to the destruction of the Capitol and other public buildings , they initially met in the Post and Patent Office building . In 2013 , an episode of the Weather Channel documentary series `` Weather That Changed History , '' entitled `` The Thunderstorm That Saved D.C. , '' was devoted to these events . Aftermath ( edit ) Most contemporary American observers , including newspapers representing anti-war Federalists , condemned the destruction of the public buildings as needless vandalism . Many of the British public were shocked by the burning of the Capitol and other buildings at Washington ; such actions were denounced by most leaders of continental Europe , where capital cities had been repeatedly occupied in the course of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars and always spared destruction ( at least on the part of the occupiers - the famous burning of Moscow that occurred less than two years prior had been an act carried out by the defenders ) . According to The Annual Register , the burning had `` brought a heavy censure on the British character , '' with some members of Parliament , including the anti-establishment MP Samuel Whitbread , joining in the criticism . The majority of British opinion believed that the burnings were justified following the damage that United States forces had done with its incursions into Canada . In addition , they noted that the United States had been the aggressor , declaring war and initiating it . Several commentators regarded the damages as just revenge for the American destruction of the Parliament buildings and other public buildings in York , the provincial capital of Upper Canada , early in 1813 . Sir George Prévost wrote that `` as a just retribution , the proud capital at Washington has experienced a similar fate . '' The Reverend John Strachan , who as Rector of York had witnessed the American acts there , wrote to Thomas Jefferson that the damage to Washington `` was a small retaliation after redress had been refused for burnings and depredations , not only of public but private property , committed by them in Canada . '' When they ultimately returned to Bermuda , the British forces took two pairs of portraits of King George III and his wife , Queen Charlotte , which had been discovered in one of the public buildings . One pair currently hangs in the House of Assembly of the Parliament of Bermuda , and the other in the Cabinet Building , both in the city of Hamilton . Reconstruction ( edit ) The Old Brick Capitol serving as a prison during the Civil War The thick sandstone walls of the White House and Capitol survived , although scarred with smoke and scorch marks . There was a strong movement in Congress to relocate the nation 's capital with many northern Congressmen pushing for a city north of the Mason -- Dixon line . Philadelphia was quick to volunteer as a temporary home as did Georgetown , where Mayor Thomas Corcoran offered Georgetown College as a temporary home for Congress . Ultimately , a bill to relocate the capital was defeated in Congress and Washington remained the seat of government . Fearful that there might be pressure to relocate the capital altogether , Washington businessmen financed the construction of the Old Brick Capitol , where Congress met while the Capitol was reconstructed from 1815 to 1819 . Madison resided in The Octagon House for the remainder of his term . Reconstruction of the White House began in early 1815 and was finished in time for President James Monroe 's inauguration in 1817 . As American settlement expanded westward , serious proposals to relocate the capital to a location in the interior that would not be vulnerable to seaborne attack continued to be made from time to time . It was only following the emergence of the United States Navy as a force capable of rivalling the most powerful European navies that relocation of the capital would no longer be proposed at the Congressional level . See also ( edit ) War of 1812 portal War of 1812 bibliography References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Brief History of the United States Patent Office from its foundation -- 1790 to 1886 -- with an outline of laws , growth , publications , office routine , etc . Washington , D.C. : R. Beresford , Printer. 1886 . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2012 . Retrieved December 16 , 2011 . It is written that a loaded cannon was aimed at the Patent Office to destroy it . Thornton `` put himself before the gun , and in a frenzy of excitement exclaimed : ' Are you Englishmen or only Goths and Vandals ? This is the Patent Office , a depository of the ingenuity of the American nation , in which the whole civilized world is interested . Would you destroy it ? If so , fire away , and let the charge pass through my body . ' The effect is said to have been magical upon the soldiers , and to have saved the Patent Office from destruction . '' Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Burning of Washington , D.C. ; Chesapeake Campaign '' . The War of 1812 . genealogy , Inc . Retrieved August 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The White House at War : The White House Burns : The War of 1812 '' . White House Historical Association . Retrieved June 9 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : The War of 1812 , Scene 5 ' An Act of Nature ' , History Channel , 2005 Jump up ^ Hitsman & Graves 1999 , p. 240 . Jump up ^ Morriss 1997 , p. 98 . Jump up ^ Morriss 1997 , p. 100 . Jump up ^ Morriss 1997 , p. 101 . ^ Jump up to : Cruikshank 2006 , p. 402 . Jump up ^ Cruikshank 2006 , p. 414 . Jump up ^ `` Brookeville 1814 '' . Maryland State Archives . Retrieved November 12 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Maj Gen Whitworth ( 1889 ) . History of the Corps of Royal Engineers Vol I. Chatham : The Institution of Royal Engineers . Jump up ^ Herrick 2005 , p. 92 . Jump up ^ Herrick 2005 , p. 96 . Jump up ^ Pitch , Anthony S. ( 1998 ) . The Burning of Washington : The British Invasion of 1814 . Annapolis , Maryland : Naval Institute Press . pp. 49 -- 50 . Jump up ^ Willets includes Dolley Madison 's letter to her sister describing these events . ( Willets 1908 , p. 219 ) ^ Jump up to : Siegel & Block 2009 , Descendant ... ^ Jump up to : Jennings 1865 , pp. 14 -- 15 . Jump up ^ Corrected spelling of names of staff comes from Willets ( Willets 1908 , p. 221 ) Jump up ^ Sioussat was the first Master of Ceremonies of the White House ( McCormick 1904 , p. 170 ) . Jump up ^ http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/british-troops-set-fire-to-the-white-house Jump up ^ Gura 2009 , Descendants of a slave ... Jump up ^ Fredriksen 2001 , p. 116 . Jump up ^ Herrick 2005 , p. 99 . Jump up ^ Business Methods in the War Department : Report of the Board Appointed in Compliance with the Request of the Senate Select Committee to Investigate the Methods of Business in the Executive Departments . By United States . War Dept . Board on Business Methods 1889 . p. 184 Jump up ^ `` The Patent Fire of 1836 '' . patentlaws.com . Retrieved December 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` One Hot Commodity : Great Patent Fire of 1836 United States Patent Office '' . Kids pages . United States Patent and Trademark Office . Retrieved December 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Crawford , p222 , quoting letter from Cockburn to Cochrane dated August 27 , 1814 ' The Enemy himself , on our entering the Town set fire to ... ' Jump up ^ Roosevelt 1902 , p. 47 . Jump up ^ `` It is one of the few structures to have escaped the fire in 1814 when the British invaded Washington . '' ( Gerson & Branam 1973 , p. 5 ) Jump up ^ `` When the British captured Washington on August 24 , 1814 , and Captain Tingey ordered the Navy Yard set fire to prevent the British using the Yard and its ships to their advantage , both Quarters A ( Tingey 's House ) and Quarters B ( Lieutenant Haraden 's House ) were untouched , but the people the neighborhood plundered them to such an extent that ' not a movable object from cellar to garret was left , and even the fixtures and locks off the doors were taken . '' ( Taylor 1973 , p. 3 , 5 ) Jump up ^ `` Act of July 14 , 1832 , to pay estate of Edward Barry $568.35 for property destroyed in the burning of the Washington navy - hard by the British in 1814 ... Act of March 2 , 1833 , to pay the estate of George Hodge $824.18 for property destroyed in the burning of the Washington navy - yard by the British in 1814 . '' ( Reports ... 1894 , p. 174 ) Jump up ^ George 2000 , p. 111 . Jump up ^ NWS staff 2011 . Jump up ^ Cruikshank 2006 , p. 414 . Jump up ^ Peter Snow `` When Britain Burned the White House '' 2012 Jump up ^ `` No. 16939 '' . The London Gazette . September 27 , 1814 . pp. 1942 -- 1943 . Jump up ^ Landry 2009 , p. 255 . Jump up ^ `` James Madison , Proclamation -- Calling All Citizens to Unite in Defense of the District of Columbia September 1 , 1814 '' . The American Presidency Project . Jump up ^ Howe , David Walker ( 2007 ) . What Hath God Wrought : The Transformation of America , 1815 -- 1848 . Oxford and New York : Oxford University Press . p. 67 . ^ Jump up to : Hitsman & Graves 1999 , pp. 243 -- 244 . Jump up ^ Hickey 1989 , p. 202 . Jump up ^ Elting 1995 , p. 220 . Jump up ^ Hitsman & Graves 1999 , pp. 244 -- 245 . Jump up ^ POTSI ( archived ) : HM Queen Elizabeth addresses the colonial Parliament in 1976 Jump up ^ Hickey 1989 , p. 11 . Sources ( edit ) Crawford , Michael J. ( Ed ) ( 2002 ) . The Naval War of 1812 : A Documentary History , Vol. 3 . Washington : United States Department of Defense . ISBN 978 - 0 - 16 - 051224 - 7 Cruikshank , Ernest ( 2006 ) ( 1814 ) . The Documentary History of the campaign upon the Niagara frontier . ( Part 1 - 2 ) . University of Calgary . Retrieved May 11 , 2009 . Elting , John R. ( 1995 ) . Amateurs to Arms ! A Military History of the War of 1812 . New York : Da Capo Press . p. 220 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 80653 - 3 . Fredriksen , John C. ( 2001 ) . America 's Military Adversaries : From Colonial Times to the Present . ABC - CLIO . p. 116 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57607 - 603 - 3 . George , Christopher T ( 2000 ) . Terror on the Chesapeake : The War of 1812 on the Bay . White Mane Books . p. 111 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57249 - 276 - 9 . Gerson , Leonard ; Branam , Alfred ( August 14 , 1973 ) . `` National Register of Historic Places Inventory -- Nomination Form '' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . Retrieved April 29 , 2016 . Gleig , George Robert ( 1827 ) . The Campaigns of the British Army at Washington and New Orleans , 1814 -- 1815 . London : J. Murray . ISBN 0 - 665 - 45385 - X . Gura , David ( August 24 , 2009 ) . `` Descendants of a Slave See The Painting He Saved '' . The Two - Way . NPR . Retrieved August 24 , 2010 . Herrick , Carole ( 2005 ) . August 24 , 1814 : Washington in Flames . Falls Church , VA : Higher Education Publications , Inc . Hickey , Donald R. ( 1989 ) . The War of 1812 , A Forgotten Conflict . Chicago : University of Illinois Press , Chicago and Urbana . ISBN 0 - 252 - 01613 - 0 . Hitsman , J. Mackay ; Graves , Donald E. ( 1999 ) . The Incredible War of 1812 . Toronto : Robin Brass Studio . ISBN 1 - 896941 - 13 - 3 . Jennings , Paul ( 1865 ) . A Colored Man 's Reminiscences of James Madison . Brookyn : George C. Beadle . Landry , Peter ( 2009 ) . Settlement , Revolution & War . Bloomington , IL : Trafford Publishing . p. 255 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4251 - 8791 - 0 . McCormick , John H. ( 1904 ) . `` The First Master of Ceremonies of the White House '' . Records of the Columbia Historical Society . Washington , D.C. 7 : 170 -- 194 . Retrieved April 30 , 2016 . Morriss , Roger ( 1997 ) . Cockburn and the British Navy in Transition : Admiral Sir George Cockburn , 1772 -- 1853 . University of Exeter Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57003 - 253 - 0 . NWS staff ( June 15 , 2011 ) . `` NWS Sterling , VA -- D.C. Tornado Events '' . National Weather Service Eastern Region Headquarters . Retrieved August 24 , 2010 . Myatt , Kevin ( August 26 , 2006 ) . `` Did tornado wreak havoc on War of 1812 ? '' . The Roanoke Times . Roanoke , VA . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2012 . Retrieved August 24 , 2010 . Roosevelt , Theodore ( 1902 ) . The Naval War of 1812 or the History of the United States Navy during the Last War with Great Britain to Which Is Appended an Account of the Battle of New Orleans . Part II . New York and London : G.P. Putnam 's Sons . Siegel , Robert ; Block , Melissa ( August 24 , 2009 ) . `` Descendant Of White House Slave Shares Legacy '' . NPR . Retrieved August 24 , 2010 . Taylor , Nancy ( August 14 , 1973 ) . `` National Register of Historic Places Inventory -- Nomination Form '' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . Retrieved April 30 , 2016 . The Reports of Committees of the House of Representatives for the Second Session of the Fifty - Third Congress . Washington : Government Printing Office . 1894 . Retrieved April 30 , 2016 . Willets , Gilson ( 1908 ) . Inside History of the White House - the complete history of the domestic and official life in Washington of the nation 's presidents and their families . New York : The Christian Herald . Further reading ( edit ) Latimer , Jon . 1812 : War with America , Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press , 2007 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 02584 - 9 Martin , John . `` The British Are Coming : Historian Anthony Pitch Describes Washington Ablaze , '' LC Information Bulletin , September 1998 Pack , A. James . The Man Who Burned The White House , Annapolis : Naval Institute Press , 1987 . ISBN 0 - 87021 - 420 - 9 Phelan , Mary Kay . The Burning of Washington : August 1814 , Ty Crowell Co , 1975 . ISBN 0 - 690 - 00486 - 9 Pitch , Anthony S . The Burning of Washington , White House History Magazine , Fall 1998 Pitch , Anthony S . The Burning of Washington , Annapolis : Naval Institute Press , 2000 . ISBN 1 - 55750 - 425 - 3 Siegel , Robert Descendant Of White House Slave Shares Legacy NPR , August 24 , 2009 . Snow , Peter `` When Britain Burned the White House , The 1814 Invasion of Washington '' , London : John Murray , 2013 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 250 - 04828 - 8 Whitehorne , Joseph A . The Battle for Baltimore : 1814 ( 1997 ) Listing by surname of Royal Marines ( 2nd Battn , 3rd Battn , Colonial Marines ) paid prize money for participating in the attack on Washington External links ( edit ) The War of 1812 and Relocating the Nation 's Capital Brookeville 1814 , U.S. Capital for a Day Maryland State Archives Conflicts of the War of 1812 Battles of the War of 1812 United States Washington , D.C. 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Madison National Gazette Paul Jennings Madisonian Model American Philosophical Society The American Museum magazine Virginia dynasty Family Dolley Madison ( wife ) John Payne Todd ( stepson ) James Madison , Sr. ( father ) Nelly Conway Madison ( mother ) William Madison ( brother ) Ambrose Madison ( paternal grandfather ) James Madison ( cousin ) George Madison ( paternal second - cousin ) Thomas Madison ( paternal second - cousin ) John Madison ( great - grandfather ) Lucy Washington ( sister - in - law ) ← Thomas Jefferson James Monroe → Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Burning_of_Washington&oldid=827855713 '' Categories : 1814 fires 1814 in Washington , D.C. Arson in Washington , D.C. August 1814 events Battles involving the United Kingdom Battles of the War of 1812 Burned buildings and structures in the United States Fires at legislative buildings Fires in Washington , D.C. Invasions by the United Kingdom Invasions of the United States Presidency of James Madison Urban fires in the United States Washington , D.C. in the War of 1812 Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Use mdy dates from August 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia 日本 語 Português Русский Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 February 2018 , at 03 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who was involved in the burning of washington | [
"The Burning of Washington was a British invasion of Washington, D.C., the capital of the United States, during the War of 1812. On August 24, 1814, after defeating the Americans at the Battle of Bladensburg, a British force led by Major General Robert Ross occupied Washington and set fire to many public buildings, including the White House (known as the Presidential Mansion), and the Capitol, as well as other facilities of the U.S. government.[2] The attack was in part a retaliation for the recent American destruction of Port Dover in Upper Canada. Throughout the history of the United States, the United Kingdom is the only country to have ever captured Washington, D.C.; the Burning of Washington also marks the only time since the American Revolutionary War that a foreign power has captured and occupied the United States capital."
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"a British force led by Major General Robert Ross"
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2355852582135757407 | Frog legs | Frog legs - wikipedia Frog legs Jump to : navigation , search For anatomical information related to frogs , see Frog § Morphology and physiology . Swikee Kodok Oh , frog legs in tauco soup served with rice at a Chinese Indonesian restaurant in Jakarta Frog legs are one of the better - known delicacies of French and Chinese cuisine . The legs of edible frogs are also consumed in other parts of the world , including Vietnam , Thailand , Indonesia , northern Italy , the Alentejo region of Portugal , Spain , Albania , Slovenia , the northwest Greece , the Kerala state of India and the Southern regions of the United States . As of 2014 , the world 's largest exporter of frogs is Indonesia , also a large consumer . In such regions as Brazil , Mexico and the Caribbean , many frogs are still caught wild . Frog legs are rich in protein , omega - 3 fatty acids , vitamin A , and potassium . They are often said to taste like chicken because of their mild flavor , with a texture most similar to chicken wings . The taste and texture of frog meat is approximately between chicken and fish . Frogs are raised commercially in certain countries , for example Vietnam . Frog muscles do not resolve rigor mortis as quickly as muscles from warm - blooded animals ( chicken , for example ) do , so heat from cooking can cause fresh frog legs to twitch . Contents ( hide ) 1 Issues 1.1 Trade 1.2 Health 1.3 Environment 1.4 Religious 2 In world cuisines 2.1 France 2.2 China 2.3 Indonesia 2.4 Italy 2.5 Slovenia 2.6 Croatia 2.7 Spain 2.8 Albania 2.9 Greece 2.10 United States 2.11 Caribbean 2.12 India 2.13 United Kingdom 3 References 4 External links Issues ( edit ) A vacuumed bag of frozen frog legs imported from Vietnam Trade ( edit ) Each year about US $ 40 million worth of frog legs are traded internationally , with most countries in the world participating in this trade . The world 's top importers of frogs legs are France , Belgium and the United States , while the biggest international exporters are Indonesia and China . While these figures do not account for domestic consumption , when production from frog farms is taken into account , it is conservatively estimated that humans consume up to 3.2 billion frogs for food around the world every year . Health ( edit ) Movement of live or unfrozen , unskinned amphibians is a potential way for deadly amphibian diseases such as Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and Ranavirus to be transported around the world , and despite recommendations on preventing disease spread from the OIE , which regulates the international spread of epizootic diseases , few countries have adopted these recommendations as law . In Canada , the sale of fresh or frozen frog legs is illegal unless they are determined free from the bacteria of the genus Salmonella , as per the official method MFO - 10 , Microbial Examination of Froglegs . Environment ( edit ) Fresh frog legs sold in a market in Paris , France Many environmentalists urge the restriction of frog consumption -- especially those harvested from the wild -- because amphibian populations are declining and frogs are an essential element of ecosystems . Conservationists warn that gastronomic demand for frogs is seriously depleting regional populations . Frogs are sensitive to environmental changes , disease , habitat degradation , and pollution . The exception to this is where the American bullfrog is not native and has been introduced . In these ecosystems , American bullfrogs can decimate local amphibian populations , upset ecosystem balance and have negative impacts on other species of wildlife as well . Religious ( edit ) According to Jewish dietary laws all reptiles and amphibians are considered unclean animals . Therefore , frog legs are not kosher , and are forbidden to observant Jews . Frog meat is considered as haraam ( non-halal ) according to mainstream Islamic dietary laws . Frog meat is not halal for two reasons : the meat to be consumed should not be considered disgusting , and frogs , together with ants , bees , and seabirds , are animals that should not be killed by Muslims . This haraam status has caused controversy in Demak , Indonesia , where the authorities urged the swikee ( frog leg soup ) restaurant owners not to associate swikee with Demak city , since it would tarnish Demak 's image as the first Islamic city in Java , and also opposed by its inhabitants that mainly follow Shafi'i school that forbids the consumption of frogs . Within Islamic dietary law there are some debates and differences about the consumption of frog legs . The mainstream Islamic madhhab ( school ) of Shafi'i , Hanafi and Hanbali strictly forbids the consumption of frogs , but according to the Maliki school only on certain type of frogs may be eaten ; the green frog commonly found in rice fields , while other species especially those with blistered skin are considered poisonous and unclean , thus should not be consumed . In medieval and early modern Europe , frogs were not classified as meat and could therefore be eaten during the Christian fast of Lent , along with fish and bird flesh . Monks in Lorraine were recorded as eating frogs during Lent in the 13th century . The famous French chef , Grimod de La Reynière , wrote in the early 19th century that frogs were known as Alouettes de Carême ( Lenten larks ) . In world cuisines ( edit ) France ( edit ) French cuisses de grenouille served with slices of baguette Frog legs or cuisses de grenouille are a traditional dish particularly found in the region of the Dombes ( département of Ain ) . Widespread consumption of frog 's legs is relatively recent , occurring within the last two hundred years . The dish is also common in French - speaking Louisiana , particularly the Cajun and Creole areas of Southern Louisiana and New Orleans ; they were introduced to New Orleans by Donat Pucheu . Only the upper joint of the hind leg is served , which has a single bone similar to the upper joint of a chicken or turkey wing . They are commonly prepared by frying or deep frying , sometimes being breaded prior . China ( edit ) Chinese style , Singaporean herbal frog leg soup Frog , known as 「 田鸡 」 ( field chicken ) when described in cuisine , legs are commonly eaten in China , especially in Southern Chinese cuisine tradition . Bullfrogs and pig frogs are farmed on a large scale in some areas of China , such as Sichuan . In Chinese cuisine , frog legs are usually stir fried and mixed with light spices , stewed , fried , or made into congee ; a popular dish in Cantonese cuisine . Indonesia ( edit ) Battered deep fried frog legs with spicy mayonnaise In Indonesian cuisine , frog - leg soup is known as swikee or swike , most probably brought by the Chinese community in Indonesia and popular in Chinese Indonesian cuisine . Swikee is mainly frog - leg soup with a strong taste of garlic , gingers , and fermented soya beans ( tauco ) , accompanied with celery or parsley leaves . Swikee is a typical dish from Purwodadi Grobogan , in Central Java province . There are also frog - legs fried in margarine and sweet soy sauce or tomato sauce , battered and deep fried , grilled , or frog eggs served in banana leaves ( pepes telur kodok ) . The dried and crispy fried frog skin is also consumed as krupuk cracker , the taste is similar to fried fish skin . Indonesia is the world 's largest exporter of frog meat , exporting more than 5,000 tonnes of frog meat each year , mostly to France , Belgium and Luxembourg . Most supply of frog legs in western Europe originate from frog farms in Indonesia ; however , there is concern that frog legs from Indonesia are poached from wild frog populations that may be endangering wild amphibians . Italy ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Frogs are a common food in the northern part of Italy , especially throughout Piemonte and Lombardy and within these two regions especially in the Vercelli area in Piemonte and in the Pavia and Lomellina areas in Lombardy . In these places frogs are part of the ancient culinary tradition and a typical staple food . Consumption of frogs is mainly related to the availability of the animals due to the rural activities and typical agriculture in these places . The large presence of frogs is mainly due to the agriculture typical of these areas which have always been known for their famous rice . The large cultivation of rice means that there is large presence of artificial water channels used to flood rice fields during growing season , which makes a perfect habitat for frogs . During the growth period when fields stay flooded , and even more during the draining of the fields farmers and others often gather to go frog hunting armed with nets . Some towns even organize collective hunting sessions and games . Frogs gained much culinary relevance in these areas , with many rural towns hosting food festivals called sagre centered on frogs and where frogs are prepared in various ways . They typically take place during the rice harvesting periods . With frog consumption closely connected to rice production and this being the native land of the Italian dish risotto , one of the most common dishes is frog risotto , risotto alle rane . Other local frog dishes include them being dipped in egg batter , breadcrumbed and then fried , or in soups and stews . Slovenia ( edit ) Frog legs ( žabji kraki ) are a popular dish in Slovenian cuisine , especially in areas of eastern Slovenia ( Prekmurje and north - eastern Styria ) . They are also quite popular in the country 's capital , Ljubljana , and have been considered as the `` basis of the traditional city cuisine of Ljubljana '' . Up to modern times , they have been traditionally considered Lent food , and were especially popular in spring . They are also a popular traditional dish in the Vipava Valley in western Slovenia and are served in numerous restaurants in the Slovenian Littoral . Croatia ( edit ) Frog legs are popular in some parts of Croatia , especially in the Gorski kotar region in the northwest of the country . They are considered a specialty in the Lokve municipality , where they are served cooked , fried or in a stew , sometimes with polenta on the side . Spain ( edit ) In the western part of Spain , Extremadura and Castilla y Leon , frog legs are served deep fried . They are a delicacy among its citizens . Frog legs also have great culinary value on the sides of the Ebro . Albania ( edit ) Albanian fried frog leg dish served with lime In Albania , frog legs are regarded as a very delicious food . Frogs are mostly collected from the wild . Greece ( edit ) In Greece , eating frogs ' legs is particularly associated with the city of Ioannina and its adjacent lake Pamvotida . United States ( edit ) Frog legs is a popular gourmet and appetizer in Southern United States . Frog legs are eaten in parts of the Southern United States , particularly in the Deep South and Gulf states where French influence is more prominent , including South Carolina , Georgia , Florida , Alabama , Mississippi , and Louisiana . They are also eaten in Eastern states , but not as commonly . The most common kinds of frogs eaten are bullfrogs and leopard frogs , as these are abundant in most of the country , including the South . Although the consumption of wild native frogs is generally discouraged , the harvest and cooking of invasive bullfrogs , especially in the Western US , has been encouraged as a form of control and to promote local cuisine . Some methods of cooking include egg / cracker crumb breading or battered . They are either fried or grilled . Deep fried frog legs can also be found at fairs . Coon , possum , partridges , prairie hen , and frogs were among the fare Mark Twain recorded as part of American cuisine . Caribbean ( edit ) Mountain chicken ( Leptodactylus fallax ) are frogs named for their habitat and flavor which are eaten in Montserrat and Dominica . The frogs are now critically endangered . India ( edit ) In many parts of Kerala , especially Central Kerala , frog legs are a delicacy . They are generally served fried ( usually in local liquor shops known as toddy shops ) . United kingdom ( edit ) Cooked bones of frog legs have been discovered in an archaeological dig in Amesbury Wiltshire , dating back to between 7596 and 6250 BC , evidence that indicates that they were part of the local diet . Some view this as evidence that Britons started eating them before the French . For several centuries however , frogs have been considered repellent to the British . `` Frog '' has been an abusive English nickname for a French person since the late 18th century . In the late 19th century , the French restaurateur , Auguste Escoffier , tried to rename them `` nymphs '' in a vain attempt to sell them to London diners . In recent decades , adventurous British chefs have introduced frog leg dishes to their menus , notably Heston Blumenthal whose recipes have included frog blancmange . References ( edit ) Frogs being raised for food in a small plastic enclosure in a pond in Hubei Jump up ^ Nutrition Facts , and Analysis for Frog Legs , raw Jump up ^ `` Exotic Meats USA : What Things Taste Like '' ( PDF ) . 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Frog legs - Ingredient '' . 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Strange Meats : Frog Legs '' . 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : `` Is the international frog legs trade a potential vector for deadly amphibian pathogens ? '' ( PDF ) . 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` OIE Aquatic Animal Health Code '' . 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ Branch , Legislative Services . `` Consolidated federal laws of canada , Food and Drug Regulations '' . laws.justice.gc.ca . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : abc news : Appetite For Frogs ' Legs Harming Wild Populations Jump up ^ Tempo Online Bupati vs Kodok Jump up ^ Konsultasi Syariah Jump up ^ Deutsch , Jonathan ; Murakhver , Natalya , eds. ( 2012 ) . They Eat That ? : A Cultural Encyclopedia of Weird and Exotic Food from around the World . ABC - CLIO . p. 74 . ISBN 978 - 0313380587 . Jump up ^ Ducasse , Alain . `` Frogs ( fish and seafood ) '' . www.allmychefs.com . Retrieved 19 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Court receives warning letter from local authorities in frog compensation case , based on June 2010 newspaper articles . Jump up ^ `` Setahun 500 Ton Kodok Hijau Diekspor , Rp 72 Ribu per Kilo '' . JPNN.com ( in Indonesian ) . 12 January 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.ostarija.com/si/index.php?gostilna=18 ^ Jump up to : http://www.vecer.com/clanek2010040605528419 ^ Jump up to : http://issuu.com/slovenia/docs/okusiti_katalog_slo Jump up ^ Albania : The Bradt Travel Guide , p. 43 , by Gillian Gloyer , 2004 Jump up ^ Bullfrog . Eat the Invaders ! http://eattheinvaders.org/bullfrog/ Jump up ^ Mark Twain ; Charles Dudley Warner ( 1904 ) . The Writings of Mark Twain ( pseud . ). : A tramp abroad . Harper & Bros. pp. 263 -- . Jump up ^ http://flavorwire.com/265604/mark-twains-rapturious-list-of-his-favorite-american-foods Jump up ^ http://www.listsofnote.com/2012/03/little-bill-of-fare.html Jump up ^ Samuel Langhorne Clemens ( 1907 ) . The Writings of Mark Twain ( pseud . ) . Harper . pp. 263 -- . Jump up ^ Charles Dudley Warner ( 1907 ) . The Writings of Mark Twain ( pseud . ) : A tramp abroad . Harper & brothers . pp. 263 -- . Jump up ^ Twain , Mark ( 27 October 2010 ) . Mark Twain 's Library of Humor . Random House Publishing Group . pp. 200 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 76542 - 0 . Jump up ^ Twain , Mark ( 1901 ) . A tramp abroad . American Publishing Company . pp. 263 -- . Jump up ^ Twain , Mark ( 18 October 2004 ) . Mark Twain 's Helpful Hints for Good Living : A Handbook for the Damned Human Race . University of California Press . pp. 66 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 93134 - 3 . Jump up ^ William Dean Howells ( 1888 ) . Mark Twain 's Library of Humor . Charles L. Webster & Company . pp. 232 -- . Jump up ^ http://www.villagevoice.com/restaurants/mark-twain-eats-america-6393895 Jump up ^ Helen Walker Linsenmeyer ; Bruce Kraig ( 2 December 2011 ) . Cooking Plain , Illinois Country Style . SIU Press . pp. 7 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8093 - 3074 - 4 . Jump up ^ Hall , John ( 16 October 2013 ) . `` Zut alors ! Archaeologists uncover ' Heston Blumenthal - style ' feast at 8,000 - year - old dig site that proves Brits were the first to eat frogs ' legs - not the French '' . The Independent . Retrieved 16 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Davidson , Alan ( 2006 ) . The Oxford Companion to Food . Oxford University Press . p. 330 . ISBN 978 - 0192806819 . Jump up ^ Stevenson , Angus , ed. ( 2006 ) . The Oxford Dictionary of English : Third Edition . Oxford University Press . p. 702 . ISBN 978 - 0199571123 . Jump up ^ McCorquodale , Duncan ( 2010 ) . A Visual History of Cookery . Black Dog Publishing . p. 86 . ISBN 978 - 1906155506 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what kind of frog is used for frog legs | [
"Frog legs are one of the better-known delicacies of French and Chinese cuisine. The legs of edible frogs are also consumed in other parts of the world, including Vietnam, Thailand, Indonesia, northern Italy, the Alentejo region of Portugal, Spain, Albania, Slovenia, the northwest Greece, the Kerala state of India and the Southern regions of the United States. As of 2014, the world's largest exporter of frogs is Indonesia, also a large consumer. In such regions as Brazil, Mexico and the Caribbean, many frogs are still caught wild."
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"edible frogs"
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3649937058469930449 | Jesus Christ Superstar (album) | Jesus Christ Superstar ( album ) - wikipedia Jesus Christ Superstar ( album ) Jump to : navigation , search Jesus Christ Superstar Original UK cover Studio album by Various artists Released September 1970 Recorded 10 October 1969 ( `` Superstar '' single ) 1970 in Olympic Studios , London Genre Art rock , progressive rock Length 86 : 56 Label Decca / MCA / Decca Broadway Producer Tim Rice , Andrew Lloyd Webber Andrew Lloyd Webber and Tim Rice chronology Jesus Christ Superstar ( 1970 ) Evita ( 1976 ) Evita 1976 Singles from Jesus Christ Superstar `` Superstar '' Released : 21 November 1969 `` I Do n't Know How to Love Him '' Released : 13 May 1971 Alternative cover US Edition Cover , May 1971 Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating Allmusic Jesus Christ Superstar is a 1970 rock opera by Andrew Lloyd Webber and Tim Rice . The album musical is a musical dramatisation of the last week of the life of Jesus Christ , beginning with his entry into Jerusalem and ending with the Crucifixion . It was originally banned by the BBC on grounds of being `` sacrilegious . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition 2 Recording 3 Release 4 Track listing 5 Credits 6 Reissue 7 Charts 7.1 Weekly charts 7.2 Year - end charts 7.3 Certifications 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Composition ( edit ) The album 's story is based in large part on the Synoptic Gospels and Fulton J. Sheen 's Life of Christ , which compares and calibrates all four Gospels . However , greater emphasis is placed on the interpersonal relationships of the major characters , in particular , Jesus , Judas and Mary Magdalene , relationships that are not described in depth in the Gospels . Lyricist Rice said he took inspiration from the Bob Dylan song `` With God on Our Side '' . `` Herod 's Song '' is a lyrical rewrite of `` Try It and See '' , previously written by Lloyd Webber and Rice as a proposed British entry into the 1969 Eurovision Song Contest to be sung by Lulu , then recorded and released as a single by Rita Pavone . The writers had also included it ( as `` Those Saladin Days '' ) in an aborted show called Come Back Richard Your Country Needs You . The melody of `` I Do n't Know How to Love Him '' also predates Jesus Christ Superstar ; it was rewritten from a 1968 Lloyd Webber / Rice collaboration titled `` Kansas Morning '' . Recording ( edit ) For the recording , Lloyd Webber and Rice drew personnel from both musical theatre ( Murray Head had just left the West End production of Hair ) and the British rock scene ( Ian Gillan had only recently become the singer of Deep Purple ) . Many of the primary musicians -- guitarists Neil Hubbard and Henry McCullough , bassist Alan Spenner , and drummer Bruce Rowland -- came from Joe Cocker 's backing group The Grease Band . Saxophonist Chris Mercer had also played with Hubbard in Juicy Lucy . Release ( edit ) The first piece of Superstar released was the title song , as a single in November 1969 backed with the instrumental `` John Nineteen Forty - One . '' The full album followed almost a year later . The album topped the U.S. Billboard Pop Albums in both February and May 1971 and ranked number one in the year - end chart ahead of Carole King 's massive hit Tapestry . It also served as a launching pad for numerous stage productions on Broadway and in the West End . The original 1970 boxed - set issue of this 2 - record set was packaged in the U.S. with a special thin brown cardboard outer box which contained the 2 vinyl records and a 28 - page libretto . The album was listed as the top - selling LP on the U.S. Billboard Pop chart of 1971 . It is also the sixth most successful album of all time in Norway , peaking at No. 3 and staying on the charts for 87 weeks . Track listing ( edit ) All compositions written by Tim Rice ( lyrics and book ) and Andrew Lloyd Webber ( music ) . Side one No . Title Length 1 . `` Overture '' 4 : 00 2 . `` Heaven on Their Minds '' 4 : 23 3 . `` What 's the Buzz / Strange Thing Mystifying '' 4 : 13 4 . `` Everything 's Alright '' 4 : 36 5 . `` This Jesus Must Die '' 5 : 11 Side two No . Title Length 1 . `` Hosanna '' 2 : 09 2 . `` Simon Zealotes / Poor Jerusalem '' 4 : 49 3 . `` Pilate 's Dream '' 1 : 28 4 . `` The Temple '' 4 : 43 5 . `` Everything 's Alright ( reprise ) '' 0 : 34 6 . `` I Do n't Know How to Love Him '' 3 : 41 7 . `` Damned for All Time / Blood Money '' 4 : 36 Side three No . Title Length 1 . `` The Last Supper '' 7 : 10 2 . `` Gethsemane ( I Only Want to Say ) '' 5 : 33 3 . `` The Arrest '' 3 : 24 4 . `` Peter 's Denial '' 1 : 27 5 . `` Pilate and Christ '' 2 : 46 6 . `` King Herod 's Song '' 3 : 02 Side four No . Title Length 1 . `` Judas ' Death '' 4 : 17 2 . `` Trial Before Pilate ( Including the 39 Lashes ) '' 5 : 13 3 . `` Superstar '' 4 : 16 4 . `` The Crucifixion '' 4 : 04 5 . `` John Nineteen : Forty - One '' 2 : 10 Credits ( edit ) Main players Ian Gillan -- Jesus Christ Murray Head -- Judas Iscariot Yvonne Elliman -- Mary Magdalene Victor Brox -- Caiaphas , High Priest Barry Dennen -- Pontius Pilate Supporting players Brian Keith -- Annas John Gustafson -- Simon Zealotes Paul Davis -- Peter Mike d'Abo -- King Herod Other players Annette Brox -- Maid by the Fire Paul Raven -- Priest Pat Arnold -- Background vocals Tony Ashton -- Background vocals Tim Rice -- Background vocals Peter Barnfeather -- Background vocals Madeline Bell -- Background vocals Brian Bennett -- Background vocals Lesley Duncan -- Background vocals Kay Garner -- Background vocals Barbara Kay -- Background vocals Neil Lancaster -- Background vocals Alan M. O'Duffy -- Background vocals Terry Saunders -- Background vocals Choir conducted by Geoffrey Mitchell Children 's choir conducted by Alan Doggett on `` Overture '' The Trinidad Singers , under the leadership of Horace James , on `` Superstar '' Musicians Neil Hubbard -- electric guitar Henry McCullough -- electric guitar , acoustic guitar Chris Mercer -- tenor sax Peter Robinson -- piano , electric piano , organ , positive organ Bruce Rowland -- drums , percussion Alan Spenner -- bass guitar Other musicians Harold Beckett -- trumpet Anthony Brooke -- bassoon James Browne -- horns Jim Buck , Sr. -- horns Jim Buck , Jr. -- horns John Burdon -- horns Joseph Castaldini -- bassoon Norman Cave -- piano Jeff Clyne -- bass guitar Ciclone -- Saxophone Les Condon -- trumpet Keith Christie -- trombone Alan Doggett -- principal Conductor , Moog synthesizer Ian Hamer -- trumpet Ian Herbert -- clarinet Clive Hicks -- guitar Karl Jenkins -- piano Frank Jones -- trombone Bill LeSage -- drums John Marshall -- drums Andrew McGavin -- horns Anthony Moore -- trombone Douglas Moore -- horns Peter Morgan -- bass guitar Chris Spedding -- guitar Louis Stewart -- guitar Chris Taylor -- flute Steve Vaughan -- guitar Mike Vickers -- Moog synthesizer Brian Warren -- flute Mick Weaver -- piano , organ Andrew Lloyd Webber -- piano , organ , Moog synthesizer Alan Weighall -- bass guitar Kenny Wheeler -- trumpet Strings of the City of London Ensemble Production Alan O'Duffy -- chief engineer Reissue ( edit ) Original Concept Recording . ' Jesus Christ Superstar -- `` A Rock Opera '' ' . Universal City , CA : MCA Records Inc. ( USA ) , © 1993 ( released 24 SEP 1996 ) . Cat . No . MCAD2 - 11542 ( 2 CDs ) , UPC 008811154226 ( N.B. : Black title on front and back cover ; gold ' angels ' logo ; gold lettering on the spine . Depending on the retailer , an outer sticker may state that the album was ' Digitally Remastered ( Complete on 2 CDs ) ' and / or ' Original Artwork and Libretto ' . This information is not found on the inner packaging . ) Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart Position Australian Kent Music Report 6 Austrian Albums Chart Canadian RPM Albums Chart Dutch Albums Chart 10 Italian Albums Chart 16 Norwegian Albums Chart UK Albums Chart 23 US Billboard 200 West German Media Control Albums Chart 11 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1971 ) Position Australian Albums Chart Italian Albums Chart 41 US Billboard Pop Albums Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification United States ( RIAA ) Gold See also ( edit ) Jesus Christ Superstar Jesus Christ Superstar ( film ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jesus Christ Superstar > Album Overview at AllMusic . Retrieved 28 September 2006 . Jump up ^ `` ... the BBC banned it , they banned this record , because they thought it was sacrilegious . '' -- Ted Neeley , in conversation with Norman Jewison `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 17 July 2011 . Retrieved 27 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Autobiography of Norman Jewison Jump up ^ Winston , Kimberly ( 30 March 2018 ) . `` The ' Splainer : The stormy , surprising history of ' Jesus Christ Superstar ' '' . Washington , D.C. : Religion News Service . Retrieved 30 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Allmusic : Jesus Christ Superstar : Charts & Awards : Billboard Albums '' . allmusic.com . Retrieved 1 May 2013 . ^ Jump up to : 1971 Year - end Albums -- The Billboard Pop Albums . Retrieved 3 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` BEST OF ALL TIME -- ALBUMS '' . VG - lista . Hung Medien . Retrieved 22 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Now in the place where He was crucified there was a garden . In the garden was a new tomb in which no man had ever yet been laid . ^ Jump up to : Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 . St Ives , NSW : Australian Chart Book . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Musical / Andrew Lloyd Webber -- Jesus Christ Superstar : A Rock Opera -- austriancharts.at '' . Retrieved 3 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top Albums / CDs -- Volume 15 , No. 3 '' . RPM. 6 March 1971 . Retrieved 5 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` dutchcharts.nl Musical / Andrew Lloyd Webber -- Jesus Christ Superstar : A Rock Opera '' ( ASP ) . Hung Medien ( in Dutch ) . MegaCharts . Retrieved 1 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hit Parade Italia -- Gli album più venduti del 1971 '' ( in Italian ) . hitparadeitalia.it . Retrieved 1 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` norwegiancharts.com Musical / Andrew Lloyd Webber -- Jesus Christ Superstar : A Rock Opera '' ( ASP ) . Retrieved 1 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Album Search Official Charts '' . UK Albums Chart . Archived from the original on 21 March 2014 . Retrieved 1 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Album Search : Musical / Andrew Lloyd Webber -- Jesus Christ Superstar : A Rock Opera '' ( ASP ) ( in German ) . Media Control . Retrieved 1 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Soundtrack -- Jesus Christ Superstar _Original Cast_ '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH External links ( edit ) jesuschristsuperstar.com : The Album Jesus Christ Superstar at Discogs ( list of releases ) Jesus Christ Superstar Lyrics Chart succession Preceded by All Things Must Pass by George Harrison Pearl by Janis Joplin Billboard 200 number - one album 20 -- 26 February 1971 1 -- 14 May 1971 Succeeded by Pearl by Janis Joplin 4 Way Street by Crosby , Stills , Nash & Young Billboard Year - End number one albums 1956 -- 1975 1956 : Calypso -- Harry Belafonte 1957 : Music from My Fair Lady -- Original Cast 1958 : Music from My Fair Lady -- Original Cast 1959 : The Music from Peter Gunn -- Henry Mancini 1960 : Music from The Sound of Music -- Original Cast 1961 : Camelot -- Original Cast 1962 : West Side Story -- Soundtrack 1963 : West Side Story -- Soundtrack 1964 : Music from Hello , Dolly ! -- Original Cast 1965 : Music from Mary Poppins -- Soundtrack 1966 : Whipped Cream & Other Delights -- Herb Alpert & the Tijuana Brass 1967 : More of the Monkees -- The Monkees 1968 : Are You Experienced -- The Jimi Hendrix Experience 1969 : In - A-Gadda - Da - Vida -- Iron Butterfly 1970 : Bridge over Troubled Water -- Simon & Garfunkel 1971 : Jesus Christ Superstar -- Soundtrack 1972 : Harvest -- Neil Young 1973 : The World Is a Ghetto -- War 1974 : Goodbye Yellow Brick Road -- Elton John 1975 : Greatest Hits -- Elton John 1976 -- 2000 1976 : Frampton Comes Alive ! -- Peter Frampton 1977 : Rumours -- Fleetwood Mac 1978 : Saturday Night Fever -- Soundtrack 1979 : 52nd Street -- Billy Joel 1980 : The Wall -- Pink Floyd 1981 : Hi Infidelity -- REO Speedwagon 1982 : Asia -- Asia 1983 : Thriller -- Michael Jackson 1984 : Thriller -- Michael Jackson 1985 : Born in the U.S.A. -- Bruce Springsteen 1986 : Whitney Houston -- Whitney Houston 1987 : Slippery When Wet -- Bon Jovi 1988 : Faith -- George Michael 1989 : Do n't Be Cruel -- Bobby Brown 1990 : Janet Jackson 's Rhythm Nation 1814 -- Janet Jackson 1991 : Mariah Carey -- Mariah Carey 1992 : Ropin ' the Wind -- Garth Brooks 1993 : The Bodyguard -- Soundtrack 1994 : The Sign -- Ace of Base 1995 : Cracked Rear View -- Hootie & the Blowfish 1996 : Jagged Little Pill -- Alanis Morissette 1997 : Spice -- Spice Girls 1998 : Titanic : Music from the Motion Picture -- James Horner 1999 : Millennium -- Backstreet Boys 2000 : No Strings Attached -- NSYNC 2001 -- present 2001 : 1 -- The Beatles 2002 : The Eminem Show -- Eminem 2003 : Get Rich or Die Tryin ' -- 50 Cent 2004 : Confessions -- Usher 2005 : The Massacre -- 50 Cent 2006 : Some Hearts -- Carrie Underwood 2007 : Daughtry -- Daughtry 2008 : As I Am -- Alicia Keys 2009 : Fearless -- Taylor Swift 2010 : I Dreamed a Dream -- Susan Boyle 2011 : 21 -- Adele 2012 : 21 -- Adele 2013 : The 20 / 20 Experience -- Justin Timberlake 2014 : Frozen -- Soundtrack 2015 : 1989 -- Taylor Swift 2016 : 25 -- Adele 2017 : Damn -- Kendrick Lamar Jesus Christ Superstar Music by Andrew Lloyd Webber Book and Lyrics by Tim Rice Songs `` Everything 's Alright '' `` This Jesus Must Die '' `` I Do n't Know How to Love Him '' `` Superstar '' Versions Concept album Film Cast recordings 1972 and 1992 Australian cast 1972 Swedish cast 1996 London cast Related Jesus Christ Superstar Live in Concert ( 2018 ) Superstar Musicals by Andrew Lloyd Webber and Tim Rice Musicals The Likes of Us Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat Jesus Christ Superstar Evita Cricket The Wizard of Oz ( additional music and lyrics ) Films Jesus Christ Superstar Evita Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat Albums Jesus Christ Superstar Evita ( 1976 concept album ) Evita ( 1996 film soundtrack ) Songs `` Any Dream Will Do '' `` Close Every Door '' `` Everything 's Alright '' `` This Jesus Must Die '' `` I Do n't Know How to Love Him '' `` Superstar '' `` Oh What a Circus '' `` Another Suitcase in Another Hall '' `` Do n't Cry for Me Argentina '' `` You Must Love Me '' Related television Any Dream Will Do Superstar When Joseph Met Maria Tim Rice Theatre The Likes of Us ( 1965 / 2005 ) Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat ( 1968 ) Jesus Christ Superstar ( 1971 ) Evita ( 1976 ) Blondel / Lute ! ( 1983 ) Chess ( 1984 ) Cricket ( 1986 ) Tycoon ( 1992 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ) Heathcliff ( 1995 ) The Lion King ( 1997 ) King David ( 1997 ) Aida ( 1998 ) Disney 's Aladdin : A Musical Spectacular ( 2003 ) Aladdin ( 2011 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 2011 ) From Here to Eternity ( 2013 ) Albums Jesus Christ Superstar ( 1970 ) 1984 ( 1981 ) Cost of Living ( 1983 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Films Jesus Christ Superstar ( 1973 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Evita ( 1996 ) Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat ( 1999 ) The Road to El Dorado ( 2000 ) The Nutcracker in 3D ( 2010 ) Jock the Hero Dog ( 2011 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Aladdin ( 2019 ) The Lion King ( 2019 ) Songs `` Any Dream Will Do '' `` Close Every Door '' `` Everything 's Alright '' `` This Jesus Must Die '' `` I Do n't Know How to Love Him '' `` Superstar '' `` Oh What a Circus '' `` Another Suitcase in Another Hall '' `` Do n't Cry for Me Argentina '' `` A Winter 's Tale '' `` All Time High '' `` The Golden Boy '' `` One Jump Ahead '' `` A Whole New World '' `` Prince Ali '' `` Circle of Life '' `` I Just Ca n't Wait to Be King '' `` Be Prepared '' `` Hakuna Matata '' `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' `` The Madness of King Scar '' `` You Must Love Me '' `` If I Ca n't Love Her '' `` A Change in Me '' `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' `` Days in the Sun '' `` Evermore '' Other works The Guinness Book of British Hit Singles ( 1977 ) Friday Night , Saturday Morning ( 1979 ) Sixty - Six Books ( 2011 ) Related articles Andrew Lloyd Webber Elaine Paige Elton John Alan Menken Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jesus_Christ_Superstar_(album)&oldid=833159025 '' Categories : 1970 albums Concept albums Rock operas Jesus Christ Superstar Decca Records albums MCA Records albums Andrew Lloyd Webber albums Tim Rice albums Albums produced by Tim Rice Albums produced by Andrew Lloyd Webber Hidden categories : CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) EngvarB from September 2013 Use dmy dates from September 2013 Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Track listings with input errors Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Deutsch Français ქართული Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 30 March 2018 , at 00 : 09 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who did the original soundtrack for jesus christ superstar | [
"Jesus Christ Superstar is a 1970 rock opera by Andrew Lloyd Webber and Tim Rice. The album musical is a musical dramatisation of the last week of the life of Jesus Christ, beginning with his entry into Jerusalem and ending with the Crucifixion. It was originally banned by the BBC on grounds of being \"sacrilegious.\"[2][3]",
"Jesus Christ Superstar is a 1970 rock opera by Andrew Lloyd Webber and Tim Rice. The album musical is a musical dramatisation of the last week of the life of Jesus Christ, beginning with his entry into Jerusalem and ending with the Crucifixion. It was originally banned by the BBC on grounds of being \"sacrilegious.\"[2][3]"
] | [
"Andrew Lloyd Webber",
"Tim Rice"
] |
-6735974575142510437 | Westworld (season 1) | Westworld ( season 1 ) - wikipedia Westworld ( season 1 ) Westworld ( season 1 ) Blu - ray cover Starring Evan Rachel Wood Thandie Newton Jeffrey Wright James Marsden Ingrid Bolsø Berdal Luke Hemsworth Sidse Babett Knudsen Simon Quarterman Rodrigo Santoro Angela Sarafyan Shannon Woodward Ed Harris Anthony Hopkins Ben Barnes Clifton Collins Jr . Jimmi Simpson Tessa Thompson Country of origin United States No. of episodes 10 Release Original network HBO Original release October 2 ( 2016 - 10 - 02 ) -- December 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 04 ) Season chronology Next → Season 2 List of Westworld episodes The first season of the American science fiction western television series Westworld ( subtitled The Maze ) premiered on HBO on October 2 , 2016 , and concluded on December 4 , 2016 . It consisted of ten episodes , each running approximately 60 minutes in length and was broadcast on Sundays in the United States . The complete first season was released on home media on November 7 , 2017 . The television series was created by Jonathan Nolan and Lisa Joy , and it is based on the 1973 film of the same name , written and directed by Michael Crichton . Among the series ' ensemble cast , it stars Evan Rachel Wood , Thandie Newton , Jeffrey Wright , Ed Harris , and Anthony Hopkins . The first season received very positive reviews from critics , with particular praise for the visuals , story , and performances . The series received seven nominations at the 69th Primetime Emmy Awards , including for Outstanding Drama Series ; however , the series did not win in any category . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Guest 3 Episodes 4 Production 4.1 Casting 4.2 Filming 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Ratings 5.3 Accolades 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Westworld 's co-founder Robert Ford implements a change in the hosts ' programming ostensibly as part of a new narrative for the park , but meant to encourage the park 's oldest operating host , Dolores , to find the proverbial `` center of the maze '' , which represents the ability to achieve sentience , Ford 's long - sought goal for the park . Other hosts are affected by this change , creating confusion among the park staff and guests , and leading the Delos board to doubt Ford 's ability to run the park . Dolores does ultimately gain sentience , and at a celebration within the park attended by Delos 's board members , Ford announces his new narrative : a revolt by the hosts against the human staff and park guests , which starts with Dolores killing Ford and slaughtering many of the panicked party guests . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Westworld characters Main ( edit ) Evan Rachel Wood as Dolores Abernathy Thandie Newton as Maeve Millay Jeffrey Wright as Bernard Lowe / Arnold Weber James Marsden as Teddy Flood Ingrid Bolsø Berdal as Armistice Luke Hemsworth as Ashley Stubbs Sidse Babett Knudsen as Theresa Cullen Simon Quarterman as Lee Sizemore Rodrigo Santoro as Hector Escaton Angela Sarafyan as Clementine Pennyfeather Shannon Woodward as Elsie Hughes Ed Harris as the Man in Black Anthony Hopkins as Robert Ford Ben Barnes as Logan Delos Clifton Collins Jr. as Lawrence / El Lazo Jimmi Simpson as William Tessa Thompson as Charlotte Hale Recurring ( edit ) Louis Herthum as Peter Abernathy Steven Ogg as Rebus Michael Wincott as Old Bill Brian Howe as Sheriff Pickett Demetrius Grosse as Deputy Foss Ptolemy Slocum as Sylvester Leonardo Nam as Felix Lutz Bradford Tatum as Bartender / New Peter Abernathy Jasmyn Rae as Maeve 's Daughter Talulah Riley as Angela Gina Torres as Lauren Eddie Shin as Henry Chris Browning as Holden James Landry Hébert as Slim Miller Oliver Bell as Little Boy , also known as young Robert Ford Guest ( edit ) Eddie Rouse as Kissy Kyle Bornheimer as Clarence Lena Georgas as Lori Currie Graham as Craig Bojana Novakovic as Marti Sherman Augustus as Marshal Pruitt Lili Bordán as Fortune Teller Wade Williams as Captain Norris Jonny Pasvolsky as Bloody Jimmy Alastair Duncan as Cottage Father Lili Simmons as New Clementine Pennyfeather Episodes ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` The Original '' Jonathan Nolan Story by : Jonathan Nolan & Lisa Joy and Michael Crichton Teleplay by : Jonathan Nolan & Lisa Joy October 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 02 ) 276083 1.96 Teddy and Dolores , two romantically linked android hosts of theme park Westworld , are attacked by the Man in Black , a mysterious park guest . When the hosts begin behaving strangely , head programmer Bernard Lowe traces the problem to errors in park founder Dr. Ford 's reverie code and requests the affected hosts be removed from service . Theresa Cullen , the park administrator , orders an attack on the town to be brought forward to help cover for the removal of all the affected hosts . Dolores ' father Peter finds a photograph that a newcomer left behind and malfunctions . When Dr. Ford interrogates him , Peter quotes Shakespeare and vows revenge upon his creator . Peter is retired from service . Dolores is interrogated and found to be functioning normally . She is wiped and relives her day with a new father , but unknown to management breaks her programming to casually kill a fly . `` Chestnut '' Richard J. Lewis Jonathan Nolan & Lisa Joy October 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 07 ) 4X6152 1.50 Logan and William arrive at Westworld as guests , but William is reluctant to indulge , finally developing feelings for Dolores . Though Bernard secretly questions Dolores to make sure nobody has tampered with her , her contact with procuring madame host Maeve results in her malfunction as well . Maeve is taken in for maintenance but unexpectedly awakes and witnesses damaged hosts , including Teddy , being cleaned . She is rendered unconscious and taken away before she can attract any attention . Dolores finds a pistol outside the house . The Man in Black abducts outlaw host Lawrence from his execution , demanding that he tell him the location of a maze . Lawrence 's daughter gives the Man in Black his next clue after he kills her mother . Ford vetoes Sizemore 's new narrative calling it cheap titillation that underestimates the guests . Ford shows Bernard , who is revealed to be involved with Theresa , his alternate narrative involving a church . `` The Stray '' Neil Marshall Daniel T. Thomsen & Lisa Joy October 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 16 ) 4X6153 2.10 William drags Logan off on a bounty hunt . Dolores asks Teddy to teach her to shoot , but her programming prevents her from firing a gun . Ford changes Teddy 's backstory for his new narrative , in which the latter is pitted against outlaw host Wyatt . Ford also tells Bernard , who is revealed to have lost his son previously , about his old partner , Arnold , who died in Westworld in an accident . Bernard is worried about the effect their conversations have had on Dolores , but she promises to keep quiet and follow her loop . Elsie , who secretly reports to Bernard , and Stubbs are sent to capture a stray host . They find him trapped in a ravine . When Stubbs tries to retrieve his head , he wakes up and attacks them before smashing his own head in with a rock . At the homestead , Dolores is attacked by bandits , one of whom drags her into the barn to rape her . She steals his gun but is unable to shoot him until she sees him as the Man in Black . Though being shot , she escapes , stumbles into William and Logan 's campsite and collapses in William 's arms . `` Dissonance Theory '' Vincenzo Natali Ed Brubaker & Jonathan Nolan October 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 23 ) 4X6154 1.70 Logan decides to finish the bounty hunt and mocks William for bringing Dolores along . They capture the fugitive , but Logan decides to have a better adventure by taking him to his boss . Meanwhile , the Man in Black , accompanied by Lawrence , is hunting snakes and finds Armistice with her snake tattoo . He breaks Escaton out of prison for her , and she tells him that the tattoo represents all of her victims , who were Wyatt 's men . The Man in Black and Lawrence leave for Wyatt , rescuing a tortured Teddy . Cullen takes over the investigation into the stray , not trusting Elsie and Bernard . She meets Ford about his new narrative , but he demands she not interfere , revealing his knowledge about her past and affair with Lowe . Maeve is having visions , and during Escaton and Armistice 's attack on the town she finds a bullet in her unscarred belly with his assistance , proving that her visions are real . They kiss passionately as the sheriff 's men open fire through the door . 5 5 `` Contrapasso '' Jonny Campbell Story by : Dominic Mitchell & Lisa Joy Teleplay by : Lisa Joy October 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 30 ) 4X6155 1.49 Hughes discovers that the stray has been transmitting information outside of the park to an unknown party , reporting it to Bernard . The Man in Black kills Lawrence , whose blood he transfused into Teddy . They are then confronted by Ford , who assures the Man in Black that he will not stop the latter 's efforts to find the maze , returning Teddy 's full strength also . Dolores , William and Logan travel to the town of Pariah , where they meet criminal gang leader El Lazo , a.k.a. Lawrence , who tasks them with stealing a wagon of high explosives from the Union Army , a mission they complete successfully . Dolores , who has been seeing visions of herself advising her to find the maze , realizes El Lazo intends to keep the explosives for himself rather than to sell them to the former Confederates , who apprehend Logan while William and Dolores flee , joining El Lazo in the train . Maeve awakens in the control center and demands technician Felix chat . 6 6 `` The Adversary '' Frederick E.O. Toye Halley Gross & Jonathan Nolan November 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 06 ) 4X6156 1.64 At a Union Army outpost , the soldiers recognize Teddy as an accomplice in Wyatt 's massacre of his unit . After recalling his complicity , Teddy escapes with the Man in Black by killing all of the soldiers . Sizemore is introduced by Theresa to Hale , a Board representative sent to observe park operations . Theresa ends her relationship with Bernard , who finds out that Ford has secretly been keeping a family of hosts . Elsie continues investigating the glitches and tells Bernard that Theresa is behind the espionage , and that the first generation hosts have been re-programmed by someone calling themselves Arnold . However , she is abducted by an unknown assailant . A child host kills his dog , telling Ford that Arnold told him to . Felix gives Maeve a tour of the company . She bends him and Sylvester to her will and convinces them to change her programming , setting her awareness rating to its maximum level while decreasing her loyalty . 7 7 `` Trompe L'Oeil '' Frederick E.O. Toye Halley Gross & Jonathan Nolan November 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 13 ) 4X6157 1.75 It is revealed that Theresa and Hale are both secretly stealing Ford 's research for the board so that they can oust him from the park without fear of him destroying his work in retribution . They engineer an event to demonstrate that Ford 's `` reveries '' make the hosts violent and uncontrollable in their narratives . Bernard is blamed for the update of untested faulty code and fired as a result . Aboard an escape train , William and Dolores become intimate . Their train is ambushed by a group of Confederados , forcing William , Dolores , and Lawrence to flee ; they are able to escape when the Ghost Nation , a horde of hostile natives , attacks . Dolores and William part ways with Lawrence and set their sights westward . Meanwhile , Maeve finds her friend Clementine retired by the staff . Maeve decides to use Felix and Sylvester to escape the park . Bernard takes Theresa to Sector 17 ; inside a hidden lab she finds design plans that reveal he is a host . Ford appears and reasserts his complete control over the park , regardless of what the board thinks and has Bernard kill her . 8 8 `` Trace Decay '' Stephen Williams Charles Yu & Lisa Joy November 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 20 ) 4X6158 1.78 Ford has Bernard stage Theresa 's death to look like an accident . Then , Ford wipes Bernard 's memories after Bernard has a vision of himself attacking Elsie . Stubbs becomes suspicious of Bernard 's behavior . Hale recruits Sizemore for her cause . Maeve convinces Felix to give her the ability to control other hosts , and slits Sylvester 's throat for attempting to kill her ; though she has Felix save him . Maeve then suffers more visions of her past life with her daughter and reflexively kills another host , prompting the park staff to retrieve her for a diagnostic . William and Dolores finally reach their destination , Ford 's church , where Dolores has more disturbing visions and realizes that Arnold wants her to remember something before they are captured by a band of Confederados led by Logan . Teddy receives a flashback of the Man in Black attacking Dolores and interrogates him . The Man in Black explains he started searching for the maze to find purpose after his wife 's suicide . Teddy is wounded by a female host before they are captured by Wyatt 's cultists . 9 9 `` The Well - Tempered Clavier '' Michelle MacLaren Dan Dietz & Katherine Lingenfelter November 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 27 ) 4X6159 2.09 Maeve reveals to Bernard that he is a host and convinces him to let her back into the park , where she meets Escaton and convinces him to help her escape the park . Bernard confronts Ford and forces him to restore all of his memories , and discovers he is a model of Arnold . Bernard attempts to kill Ford ; but the latter uses a backdoor in the former 's code to force him to commit suicide . Meanwhile , Logan cuts open Dolores 's belly to show William she is not real . She manages to escape and run away , finding that the wound is suddenly gone . She reaches the church , where she learns that she killed Arnold . She then encounters the Man in Black . Logan then awakes to find that William has slaughtered all of the Confederados . William threatens Logan into helping him find Dolores . Teddy has a flashback of himself killing host Angela before she kills him . Hale meets the Man in Black , who is revealed to be a Board member , and unsuccessfully tries to gain his assistance in removing Ford . Stubbs investigates suspicious activity in the park and is ambushed by Ghost Nation hosts , who are not under control . 10 10 `` The Bicameral Mind '' Jonathan Nolan Lisa Joy & Jonathan Nolan December 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 04 ) 4X6160 2.24 The Man in Black presses Dolores about Wyatt 's whereabouts and the center of the maze , and reveals he is actually the aged William . Dolores then remembers Arnold 's order to kill him and destroy the park , and that she is actually Wyatt . She attempts fighting back , Teddy rescues her , and they flee to a distant beach . Dolores dies in Teddy 's arms , though that is revealed to be part of Ford 's narrative . During her escape from Westworld , Maeve -- aided by Hector and Armistice -- finds Bernard 's corpse , and Felix repairs him . Bernard warns Maeve that her desire to escape was programmed into her . Although Maeve -- now alone -- initially continues her escape , she has second thoughts and exits the imminently departing train to find her daughter . She was given a sheet as to the whereabouts of her daughter , revealing the existence of multiple parks including Shogun World , which was shown earlier . Back at Westworld , Ford tells Dolores and Bernard that he regretted his role in Arnold 's death , came to desire to free the hosts as well , and has spent the last 35 years preparing them to fight back . He then gives a speech in front of Charlotte , the Man in Black , and other guests , criticizing their handling of the park . Dolores then shoots and kills Ford while an army of reactivated hosts emerges from a nearby forest . Production ( edit ) Jerry Weintraub had been pushing for a remake for years and , after his success with HBO 's Behind the Candelabra , he convinced the network to greenlight a pilot . He took the project to Jonathan Nolan and co-writer Lisa Joy , who saw the potential in the concept to make something far more ambitious , and on August 31 , 2013 , it was announced that premium cable channel HBO had ordered a pilot for a potential television series version of the story , with Nolan , Joy , J.J. Abrams , Jerry Weintraub and Bryan Burk as executive producers . HBO later announced that Westworld had been taken to series and that it would premiere in 2015 . In August 2015 , HBO released the first teaser , which revealed it would premiere in 2016 . The ten episode first season was reportedly produced on a budget of approximately $ 100 million , with per - episode budgets somewhere between $8 million to $10 million , and the pilot episode alone costing $25 million to produce . HBO and Warner Bros. Television shared the cost of producing the series ; HBO reportedly also paid an undisclosed licensing fee to Warner Bros. Television for broadcast rights . Casting ( edit ) Casting for the series was initiated in July 2014 , with Anthony Hopkins and Evan Rachel Wood the first to board the series in the roles of Ford and Dolores respectively . August saw the additions of Jeffrey Wright , Rodrigo Santoro , Shannon Woodward , Ingrid Bolsø Berdal , Angela Sarafyan , Simon Quarterman , James Marsden , Ed Harris and Thandie Newton to the main cast . Eddie Rouse , who appears in a guest appearance as Kissy , died in December 2014 , and Miranda Otto , who was cast in the role of Virgina Pittman , was announced to have exited the series in July 2015 after the character was repurposed and was replaced with Sidse Babett Knudsen . Additionally , Clifton Collins , Jr. , Eion Bailey and Jimmi Simpson were announced as having joined the cast . Bailey exited his role a week later , and Ben Barnes was signed to replace him . Tessa Thompson joined in September . Filming ( edit ) Filming for the show 's pilot episode took place during a 22 - day period in August 2014 in and around Los Angeles as well as Moab , Utah . Filming locations in California included various soundstages , backlots at both Universal Studios and Warner Bros. , the Paramount Ranch in Agoura , the Melody Ranch in Santa Clarita , the Skirball Cultural Center and the Los Angeles Convention Center in Los Angeles , and the Pacific Design Center in West Hollywood . The Melody Ranch set used for the town of Sweetwater had been used previously for many western films , such as Django Unchained and The Magnificent Seven , but was significantly upgraded for Westworld by production designer Zack Grobler to portray an idealized version of the American frontier . Green screens were placed around the California sets to block modern objects like parking lots , so that the California shots could be later merged digitally with exterior shots from Utah . For scenes showing the arrival of guests , the filmmakers were able to arrange with the Fillmore and Western Railway for the use of a small train originally built for the 2013 film The Lone Ranger . F&W also provided a few hundred feet of track on which to place the train ; then a pusher vehicle was used to propel the train into the Sweetwater set . The scenes in the underground laboratory levels of Westworld 's operations center were filmed on a soundstage at Melody Ranch . The lab set used glass walls extensively , which meant the crew had to be vigilant to avoid walking through glass on the rather dark set , and they had to keep identifying and suppressing unwanted reflections . Hawthorne Plaza was used for filming the `` cold storage '' level where decommissioned hosts are stored . Production was temporarily halted for a couple of months in early 2016 so that showrunners Nolan and Joy could complete the scripts for the last four episodes of the first season . The climax of the first season 's finale was filmed at Paramount Ranch in April 2016 , with approximately 300 people on set . The crew spent 10 days in May striking the set , which included having to modify structures installed by the filmmakers , such as the chapel , so that HBO 's `` intellectual property '' would not be `` violated . '' Reception ( edit ) The performances of Evan Rachel Wood , Anthony Hopkins , and Thandie Newton were met with critical acclaim from various critics and awards organizations Critical response ( edit ) Reception of the first season has been largely positive , with particular praise for the visuals , story , and performances . On the review aggregation site Rotten Tomatoes , the first season has an approval rating of 88 % based on 78 reviews , with an average rating of 8.13 / 10 , and an average episode score of 94 % . The site 's consensus reads `` With an impressive level of quality that honors its source material , the brilliantly addictive Westworld balances intelligent , enthralling drama against outright insanity . '' On Metacritic , the first season has a score of 74 out of 100 , based on 43 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Westworld ( season 1 ) : Critical reception by episode Season 1 ( 2016 ) : Percentage of positive reviews tracked by the website Rotten Tomatoes Ratings ( edit ) The series premiere had viewership numbers slightly less than those for True Detective , but much better than Vinyl , that meant it was seen as `` ... off to a relatively promising start ... '' Mandy Adams , of iTechPost noted that , `` Emotional reactions on Twitter were estimated to be 545 - percent greater compared to the debut of Vinyl and 326 - percent higher than the latest The Leftovers season . '' The premiere episode received 3.3 million viewers for its three Sunday night airings as well as on HBO 's streaming platforms . The first season had an average cumulative viewership of 12 million viewers , making it the most - watched first season of an HBO series , and TorrentFreak gauged Westworld as the third most - torrented television show of 2016 . No . Title Air date Rating ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` The Original '' October 2 , 2016 0.8 1.96 N / A N / A N / A N / A `` Chestnut '' October 9 , 2016 0.7 1.50 0.6 1.41 1.3 2.91 `` The Stray '' October 16 , 2016 0.9 2.10 0.6 1.30 1.5 3.40 `` Dissonance Theory '' October 23 , 2016 0.7 1.70 0.7 1.58 1.4 3.28 5 `` Contrapasso '' October 30 , 2016 0.6 1.48 0.8 1.63 1.4 3.11 6 `` The Adversary '' November 6 , 2016 0.7 1.64 0.7 1.48 1.4 3.11 7 `` Trompe L'Oeil '' November 13 , 2016 0.8 1.75 N / A N / A N / A N / A 8 `` Trace Decay '' November 20 , 2016 0.8 1.78 0.7 1.56 1.5 3.34 9 `` The Well - Tempered Clavier '' November 27 , 2016 1.0 2.09 0.7 1.53 1.7 3.61 10 `` The Bicameral Mind '' December 4 , 2016 1.0 2.24 0.7 1.51 1.7 3.75 Accolades ( edit ) At the 69th Primetime Emmy Awards , Westworld received seven nominations , for Outstanding Drama Series , Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series ( Hopkins ) , Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series ( Wood ) , Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series ( Wright ) , Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series ( Newton ) , Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series and Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series . The series did not win in any category . The series also received three nominations at the 74th Golden Globe Awards for Best Television Series -- Drama , Best Actress -- Television Series Drama ( Wood ) and Best Supporting Actress -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film ( Newton ) . Westworld would once again not win in any category . Newton would receive an additional nomination for her performance at the 23rd Screen Actors Guild Awards , with the core cast receiving a nomination for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series . The series won the Critics ' Choice Television Award for Most Exciting New Series , Best Actress in a Drama Series ( Wood ) and Best Supporting Actress in a Drama Series ( Newton ) at the 7th Critics ' Choice Television Awards . It was additionally nominated for Best Drama Series , losing to Game of Thrones . Wood won the Satellite Award for Best Actress -- Television Series Drama at the 21st Satellite Awards , where it was also nominated for the Satellite Award for Best Television Series -- Genre , losing to Outlander . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Credited with the main cast in the episodes in which they appear . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' Westworld ' opens pretty well for HBO '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2016 . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : Debate pushes ' Westworld ' and ' Shameless ' down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2016 . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Westworld ' improves , Dodgers - Cubs leads '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2016 . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' premiere kills it with second - highest ratings ever '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2016 . Retrieved October 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 1 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' takes a bigger - than - usual hit in episode 2 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2016 . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 8 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Walking Dead ' down but stays on top , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' returns lower '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2016 . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 15 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Westworld ' ticks up as ' Walking Dead ' slips a little more '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2016 . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 22 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Librarians ' returns slightly lower , ' Walking Dead ' dips a bit more '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 23 , 2016 . Retrieved November 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 30 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' hits a 4 - year low '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2016 . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 6 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Westworld ' ends with season highs , ' Walking Dead ' stops 5 - week slide '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2016 . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tallerico , Brian ( September 30 , 2016 ) . `` The Long , Weird History of the Westworld Franchise '' . Vulture . Archived from the original on November 24 , 2016 . Retrieved November 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gelman , Vlada ( August 31 , 2013 ) . `` HBO Greenlights Sci - Fi Pilot Westworld From J.J. Abrams and Jonathan Nolan '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2014 . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( November 17 , 2014 ) . `` ' Westworld ' gets HBO series order '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2014 . Retrieved November 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Stedman , Alex ( August 9 , 2015 ) . `` Watch : First Teaser for HBO 's ' Westworld ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2015 . Retrieved August 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( October 1 , 2016 ) . `` HBO 's ' Westworld , ' With $100 Million Pricetag , Faces Huge Expectations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2016 . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( July 22 , 2014 ) . `` Anthony Hopkins , Evan Rachel Wood to Star in HBO 's ' Westworld ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( August 6 , 2014 ) . `` ' Hunger Games , ' ' Raising Hope ' actors join HBO 's ' Westworld ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Johns , Nikara ( August 9 , 2014 ) . `` James Marsden Joins HBO 's ' Westworld ' '' . Variety . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( August 11 , 2014 ) . `` Ed Harris Set as Key Villain in HBO 's ' Westworld ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Noonan , Kevin ( August 13 , 2014 ) . `` Thandie Newton Joins HBO 's ' Westworld ' '' . Variety . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Mike ( December 8 , 2014 ) . `` Character Actor Eddie Rouse Dies at 60 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( August 15 , 2014 ) . `` HBO 's Westworld Snags Miranda Otto '' . TVLine . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( July 13 , 2015 ) . `` HBO 's ' Westworld ' adds cast '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( July 20 , 2015 ) . `` ' Westworld ' casting switch : ' Narnia ' star replacing ' Once Upon ' actor '' . Entertaiment Weekly . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( September 18 , 2015 ) . `` HBO Drama ' Westworld ' Adds Tessa Thompson As Series Regular '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Heuring , David ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` How HBO 's ' Westworld ' Got Its Big - Screen Look '' . Variety . Los Angeles : Variety Media . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2016 . Retrieved October 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( August 29 , 2014 ) . `` How HBO 's ' Westworld ' Became TV 's Hottest Project '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Los Angeles : Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2014 . Retrieved September 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fehrman , Craig ( September 29 , 2016 ) . `` There 's a Reason You Recognize the Landscape of ' Westworld ' '' . Outside . Santa Fe : Mariah Media Network . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2016 . Retrieved October 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pierce , Scott D. ( September 28 , 2016 ) . `` Southern Utah landscapes star in HBO 's ' Westworld ' '' . The Salt Lake Tribune . Salt Lake City : Utah Media Group . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2016 . Retrieved October 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Zakarin , Jordan ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` Inside the ' Westworld ' Set 's Luxury Dystopian Cowboy Disneyland '' . Inverse . San Francisco : Full Stack Media . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2016 . Retrieved October 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hurwitz , Matt ( October 13 , 2016 ) . `` Stay ... cation ... '' ICG Magazine . Los Angeles : The International Cinematographers Guild , IATSE Local 600 . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2017 . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jones , Nate ( October 3 , 2016 ) . `` How Cinematographer Paul Cameron Created the Look of Westworld 's Sci - Fi Western '' . Vulture . New York : New York Media . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2016 . Retrieved October 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Evans , Greg ; Patten , Dominic ( January 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' Westworld ' Production Pause Wo n't Affect HBO Series ' $12 M Tax Credits '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Media Corporation . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2016 . Retrieved November 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Aushenker , Michael ( December 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Westworld ' makes a scene in Agoura '' . The Acorn . Agoura Hills : J. Bee NP Publishing . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2017 . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNamara , Mary ( October 1 , 2016 ) . `` Review HBO 's multilayered update of ' Westworld ' is TV 's next big game - changer '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2016 . Retrieved November 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wiegand , David ( September 29 , 2016 ) . `` ' Westworld ' is a gripping sci - fi brain - teaser '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2016 . Retrieved November 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Halperin , Moze ( October 5 , 2016 ) . `` ' Westworld ' Is , Very Sneakily , an Actors ' Series '' . Flavorwire . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2016 . Retrieved November 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Westworld : Season 1 ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved December 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Westworld : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2016 . Retrieved September 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Michael ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` How ' Westworld ' Ratings Rank Among Recent HBO Drama Premieres '' . The Hollywood Reporter online . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2016 . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Michael ( October 3 , 2016 ) . `` Westworld Draws Highest Premiere Ratings on HBO Since True Detective '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2016 . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Adams , Mandy ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' Westworld ' Premiere Draws Strong Ratings , Explosive Twitter Reactions ; Series Is HBO 's ' Game Of Thrones ' Successor ? '' . iTech Post . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2016 . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Holloway , Daniel ( October 3 , 2016 ) . `` TV Ratings : ' Westworld ' Premiere Matches ' True Detective ' Season 1 '' . Variety . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2016 . Retrieved October 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Van der Sar , Ernesto ( December 26 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Most Torrented TV - Show of 2016 '' . TorrentFreak . TF Publishing . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2016 . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' American Horror Story ' puts up big gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 3 - 9 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' AHS : Roanoke ' is the runaway leader in cable Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 10 - 16 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2016 . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' Walking Dead ' premiere , ' AHS : Roanoke ' dominate cable Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 17 -- 23 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2016 . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Walking Dead , ' ' Atlanta , ' ' AHS ' cable Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 24 -- 30 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2016 . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' Walking Dead , ' ' American Horror Story ' again rule the cable Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 31 - Nov. 6 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2016 . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead 's ' DVR numbers are down too : Cable Live + 7 ratings for Nov. 14 -- 20 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2016 . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2016 ) . `` Down but still on top : ' Walking Dead ' leads cable Live + 7 ratings for Nov. 21 -- 27 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2016 . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' dominates cable Live + 7 ratings for Nov. 28 - Dec. 4 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2016 . Retrieved December 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Emmys 2017 : Full List of Nominations '' . Variety . July 13 , 2017 . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Winners & Nominees 2017 '' . Golden Globes . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nolfi , Joey ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` SAG Awards Nominations 2017 : See the Full List '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Costantino , George ( December 12 , 2016 ) . `` Critics ' Choice Awards 2016 : Complete Winners List '' . ABC News . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( November 29 , 2016 ) . `` Satellite Award Nominees Revealed '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2016 . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` THE INTERNATIONAL PRESS ACADEMY ANNOUNCES WINNERS FOR THE 21 ANNUAL SATELLITE AWARDS '' ( PDF ) . International Press Academy . December 18 , 2016 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on February 4 , 2017 . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Science fiction portal Television portal Official website List of Westworld episodes on IMDb hide Westworld Films Westworld ( 1973 ) Futureworld ( 1976 ) Television Beyond Westworld ( 1980 ) Westworld ( 2016 -- present ) Season 1 `` The Original '' `` Chestnut '' `` The Stray '' `` Dissonance Theory '' `` Contrapasso '' `` The Adversary '' `` Trompe L'Oeil '' `` Trace Decay '' `` The Well - Tempered Clavier '' `` The Bicameral Mind '' Season 2 `` Journey into Night '' `` Reunion '' `` Virtù e Fortuna '' `` The Riddle of the Sphinx '' `` Akane no Mai '' `` Phase Space '' `` Les Écorchés '' `` Kiksuya '' `` Vanishing Point '' Related Characters Soundtrack Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Westworld_(season_1)&oldid=846390411 '' Categories : 2016 American television seasons Westworld Lists of American drama television series episodes Lists of American science fiction television series episodes Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from April 2018 Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Français Italiano Português Edit links This page was last edited on 18 June 2018 , at 13 : 22 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many episodes are in west world season 1 | [
"The first season of the American science fiction western television series Westworld (subtitled The Maze) premiered on HBO on October 2, 2016, and concluded on December 4, 2016. It consisted of ten episodes, each running approximately 60 minutes in length and was broadcast on Sundays in the United States. The complete first season was released on home media on November 7, 2017."
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3264337603815795101 | Cheesesteak | Cheesesteak - wikipedia Cheesesteak Jump to : navigation , search Cheesesteak A cheesesteak sandwich Alternative names Philadelphia cheesesteak , Philly cheesesteak Course Main course Place of origin United States Region or state Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Created by Pat & Harry Olivieri Serving temperature Hot Main ingredients Sliced steak , cheese , bread Variations Multiple Food energy ( per serving ) 759 kcal ( 3178 kJ ) Cookbook : Cheesesteak Media : Cheesesteak Part of a series on Steak Main articles ( show ) Steak Beefsteak Fish steak Pork steak List of steak dishes Steakhouse Steak dishes ( show ) Asado Beef Manhattan Beef Wellington Boiled beef Bulgogi Carpetbag steak Carne asada Chateaubriand steak Cheesesteak Chicken fried steak Bistek Tagalog Bollito Misto Delmonico steak Fajita Finger steaks Hamburg steak London broil Mongolian beef Pepper steak Pot roast Prawn cocktail , steak and Black Forest gateau Roast beef Italian beef Salisbury steak Sha cha beef Shawarma Standing rib roast Steak and eggs Steak and kidney pie Steak and kidney pudding Steak and oyster pie Steak au poivre Steak burger Steak de Burgo Steak Diane Steak frites Steak sandwich Steak tartare Suadero Surf and turf Swiss steak Cuts ( show ) Cuts of beef Forequarter cuts Hindquarter cuts Preparation ( show ) Barbecue Braising Meat chop Curing ( food preservation ) Frying Aging Marination Pickling Poaching ( cooking ) Roasting Salt - cured meat Smoked Related topics ( show ) List of beef dishes Meat on the bone Restructured steak Steak knife Steak sauce A cheesesteak , also known as a Philadelphia cheesesteak , Philly cheesesteak , cheesesteak sandwich , cheese steak , or steak and cheese , is a sandwich made from thinly sliced pieces of beefsteak and melted cheese in a long hoagie roll . A popular regional fast food , it has its roots in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , United States . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Description 2.1 Meat 2.2 Bread 2.3 Cheese 3 Variations 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) The cheesesteak was developed in the early 20th century `` by combining frizzled beef , onions , and cheese in a small loaf of bread '' , according to a 1987 exhibition catalog published by the Library Company of Philadelphia and the Historical Society of Pennsylvania . Philadelphians Pat and Harry Olivieri are often credited with inventing the sandwich by serving chopped steak on an Italian roll in the early 1930s . The exact story behind its creation is debated , but in some accounts , Pat and Harry Olivieri originally owned a hot dog stand , and on one occasion , decided to make a new sandwich using chopped beef and grilled onions . While Pat was eating the sandwich , a cab driver stopped by and was interested in it , so he requested one for himself . After eating it , the cab driver suggested that Olivieri quit making hot dogs and instead focus on the new sandwich . They began selling this variation of steak sandwiches at their hot dog stand near South Philadelphia 's Italian Market . They became so popular that Pat opened up his own restaurant which still operates today as Pat 's King of Steaks . The sandwich was originally prepared without cheese ; Olivieri said provolone cheese was first added by Joe `` Cocky Joe '' Lorenza , a manager at the Ridge Avenue location . Cheesesteaks have become popular at restaurants and food carts throughout the city with many locations being independently owned , family - run businesses . Variations of cheesesteaks are now common in several fast food chains . Versions of the sandwich can also be found at high - end restaurants . Many establishments outside of Philadelphia refer to the sandwich as a `` Philly cheesesteak . '' Description ( edit ) Meat ( edit ) The meat traditionally used is thinly sliced rib - eye or top round , although other cuts of beef are also used . On a lightly oiled griddle at medium temperature , the steak slices are quickly browned and then scrambled into smaller pieces with a flat spatula . Slices of cheese are then placed over the meat , letting it melt , and then the roll is placed on top of the cheese . The mixture is then scooped up with a spatula and pressed into the roll , which is then cut in half . Common additions include sautéed onions , bell peppers , mushrooms , mayonnaise , hot sauce , salt , pepper . Bread ( edit ) In Philadelphia , most cheesesteak places use Amoroso rolls ; these rolls are long , soft , and slightly salted . One source writes that `` a proper cheesesteak consists of provolone or Cheez Whiz slathered on an Amoroso roll and stuffed with thinly shaved grilled meat , '' while a reader 's letter to an Indianapolis magazine , lamenting the unavailability of good cheesesteaks , wrote that `` the mention of the Amoroso roll brought tears to my eyes . '' After commenting on the debates over types of cheese and `` chopped steak or sliced , '' Risk and Insurance magazine declared `` The only thing nearly everybody can agree on is that it all has to be piled onto a fresh , locally baked Amoroso roll . '' Cheese ( edit ) A cheesesteak from Pat 's with Cheez Whiz and onions American cheese , Cheez Whiz , and provolone are the most commonly used cheeses or cheese products put on to the Philly cheesesteak . White American cheese , along with provolone cheese , are the favorites due to their mild flavor and medium consistency . Some establishments melt the American cheese to achieve the creamy consistency , while others place slices over the meat , letting them melt slightly under the heat . Philadelphia Inquirer restaurant critic Craig LaBan says `` Provolone is for aficionados , extra-sharp for the most discriminating among them . '' Geno 's owner , Joey Vento , said , `` We always recommend the provolone . That 's the real cheese . '' Cheez Whiz , first marketed in 1952 , was not yet available for the original 1930 version , but has spread in popularity . A 1986 New York Times article called Cheez Whiz `` the sine qua non of cheesesteak connoisseurs . '' In a 1985 interview , Pat Olivieri 's nephew Frank Olivieri said that he uses `` the processed cheese spread familiar to millions of parents who prize speed and ease in fixing the children 's lunch for the same reason , because it is fast . '' Cheez Whiz is `` overwhelmingly the favorite '' at Pat 's , outselling runner - up American by a ratio of eight or ten to one , while Geno 's claims to go through eight to ten cases of Cheez Whiz a day . In 2003 , while running for President of the United States , John Kerry made what was considered a major faux pas when campaigning in Philadelphia and went to Pat 's King of Steaks and ordered a cheesesteak with Swiss . Variations ( edit ) A chicken cheesesteak is made with chicken instead of beef , sometimes referred to as a chicken Philly A pizza steak is a cheesesteak topped with marinara sauce and mozzarella cheese and may be toasted in a broiler A cheesesteak hoagie contains lettuce and tomato in addition to the ingredients found in the traditional steak sandwich , and may contain other elements often served in a hoagie . A vegan cheesesteak is a sandwich that replaces steak and cheese with vegan ingredients , such as seitan or mushrooms for the steak , and soy - based cheese . See also ( edit ) Food portal Philadelphia portal Hoagie Italian beef List of American sandwiches List of regional dishes of the United States List of sandwiches List of steak dishes Roast beef sandwich Steak sandwich References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Pham , K. ; Shen , P. ; Phillips , T. ( 2014 ) . Food Truck Road Trip -- A Cookbook : More Than 100 Recipes Collected from the Best Street Food Vendors Coast to Coast . Page Street Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 62414 - 087 - 7 . Jump up ^ Fodor 's Travel Publications , I. ; Jabado , S.C. ( 2010 ) . Fodor 's 2010 Philadelphia & the Pennsylvania Dutch Country . Fodor 's Philadelphia and the Pennsylvania Dutch Country . Fodor 's Travel Pub . p. 120 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 0877 - 3 . Jump up ^ Greater Philadelphia Tourism Marketing Corporation ( 21 November 2008 ) . `` Philadelphia -- African American Visitor 's Guide and its suburbs '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2006 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ Hines , Mary Anne ; Marshall , Gordon ; Weaver , William Woys ( 1987 ) . The Larder Invaded . The Library Company of Philadelphia and the Historical Society of Pennsylvania . ISBN 0 - 914076 - 70 - 1 . Jump up ^ Stuhldreher , Katie . `` Rick 's Steaks takes Reading Terminal Market dispute to court '' . Philly.com . Philly Online , LLC . Archived from the original on 24 January 2008 . Retrieved 5 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Andrew F. Smith , ed. ( 2007 ) . The Oxford Companion to American Food and Drink . Oxford University Press . p. 451 . ISBN 0195307968 . Jump up ^ Stuhldreher , Katie ( 30 July 2007 ) . `` Rick 's Steaks takes Reading Terminal Market dispute to court '' . philly.com . Archived from the original on 24 January 2008 . Retrieved 30 July 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Ivory , Karen ( 2011 ) . Philadelphia Icons : 50 Classic Views of the City of Brotherly Love . Globe Pequot . p. 18 . ISBN 0762767650 . Jump up ^ Epting , Chris ( 2009 ) . The Birthplace Book : A Guide to Birth Sites of Famous People , Places , & Things . Stackpole Books . ISBN 0811740188 . Jump up ^ Fiorillo , Victor ( 15 December 2008 ) . `` The Cheesesteak Cometh '' . Philadelphia Magazine . Archived from the original on 2010 - 07 - 18 . Retrieved 13 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Brookes , Karin ; et al. ( 2005 ) . Zoë Ross , ed . Insight Guides : Philadelphia and Surroundings ( Second ( Updated ) ed . ) . APA Publications . ISBN 1 - 58573 - 026 - 2 . Jump up ^ Price , Betsy ( 10 July 2009 ) . `` Tour de cheesesteak '' . The News Journal . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2015 . Retrieved 12 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Hein , Kenneth ( 22 January 2009 ) . `` Domino 's , Subway Battle Heats Up '' . Brandweek . Retrieved 12 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Horowitz , Rachel ( 11 April 2004 ) . `` Cheesesteak raises eyebrows and drains wallets '' . The Daily Pennsylvanian . Retrieved 13 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Fischer , John . `` How To Make a Philly Cheese Steak '' . About.com . Retrieved 17 December 2008 . Jump up ^ How to Make a Philly Cheesesteak . about.com . Event occurs at 2 : 10 . Retrieved 7 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Hodgman , John ( May 2002 ) . `` Philly Mignon '' . Men 's Journal . Amoroso Baking Company . Archived from the original on 2008 - 03 - 25 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ Fekete , Jeffery ( 2009 ) . Making the Big Game . Mill City Press . p. 21 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 935097 - 32 - 7 . Jump up ^ Powell , Warren ( December 2000 ) . `` Beef Eaters '' . Indianapolis Magazine . p. 17 . ISSN 0899 - 0328 . Jump up ^ Kerr , Michelle ( April 2005 ) . `` Hungry for a taste of Philly ? '' . Risk and Insurance . 16 ( 4 ) . p. 20 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Mucha , Peter . ( 23 May 2008 ) . `` Whiz on a cheesesteak : Hit or myth ? '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved 22 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Hevesi , Dennis ( 9 June 2007 ) . `` Edwin Traisman , 91 , Dies ; Helped Create Iconic Foods '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 10 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Cheese Steak : An Original '' . The New York Times . 21 May 1986 . p . C6 . Retrieved 1 July 2009 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Stevens , William K. ( 16 November 1985 ) . `` About Philadelphia : Where Cheesesteaks are King , One Family Has Assumed the Crown '' . The New York Times . p. 10 . Retrieved 1 July 2009 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Kerry Eats a Cheesesteak Hoagie With Swiss '' . Philly.com . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Phillys Famous Cheesesteaks - Clearwater , FL '' . Phillys Famous Cheesesteaks . Jump up ^ `` Sonny 's Famous Steaks , Old City , Philadelphia '' . Sonny 's Famous Steaks . Jump up ^ `` Authentic Philly Cheesesteaks '' . Visit Philly . Jump up ^ `` Dinner on Deadline : Vegan version of the Philly Cheesesteak '' . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Best Vegan Cheesesteak in Philly contest '' . Jump up ^ `` Five Philadelphia restaurants serving great vegan cheesesteaks '' . Jump up ^ `` A guide to vegan cheesesteaks and scrambles in philadelphia '' . External links ( edit ) An Illustrated History of the Philadelphia Cheesesteak Beef and veal Production Argentine beef Beef cattle Cow - calf operation Feeder cattle Kobe beef Organic beef Products Cuts Blade steak Brisket Chateaubriand steak Chuck steak Fajita Filet mignon Flank steak Flap steak Hanger steak Plate Ranch steak Restructured steak Rib eye Rib steak Round Rump Short loin Short ribs Shoulder tender Sirloin Top sirloin Skirt steak Spare ribs Standing rib roast Strip Shank T - bone Tenderloin Tri-tip Trotters Tail Processed Jerky Aged Bresaola Cabeza Corned beef Frankfurter Rindswurst Ground Montreal smoked Pastrami Meat extract Offal Brain Heart Tongue Tendon Tripas Tripe Testicles Dishes Beefsteak List of steak dishes Blanquette de veau Beef Wellington Beef bourguignon Beef bun Beef Manhattan Beef noodle soup Beef on weck Beef Stroganoff Boiled beef Bulgogi Calf 's liver and bacon Cheesesteak Chicken fried steak Cordon bleu Dendeng Feu French dip Ginger beef Galbi Gored gored Gyūdon Hamburg steak Hortobágyi palacsinta Iga penyet Italian beef Jellied veal Karađorđeva šnicla Kitfo London broil Mongolian beef Neobiani Ossobuco Pot roast Pozharsky cutlet P'tcha Ragout fin Rawon Rendang Roast beef Roast beef sandwich Salisbury steak Saltimbocca Sha cha beef Shooter 's sandwich Steak and kidney pudding Steak Diane Steak and eggs Steak and oyster pie Steak au poivre Tartare Tafelspitz Tongseng Veal Milanese Veal Orloff Veal Oscar Vitello tonnato Wallenbergare Related meats American bison Beefalo Water buffalo Żubroń Other Bovine spongiform encephalopathy Beef hormone controversy Beef ring Carcass grade Darkcutter Meat on the bone Ractopamine - Beef USA beef imports Japan Taiwan South Korea ( 2008 US beef protest in South Korea ) Cheesesteak Toppings Cheese Cheez Whiz American Provolone Fried onions Contributors Pat Olivieri Harry Olivieri Tony Luke Jr . Joey Vento Restaurants in Philadelphia Pat 's King of Steaks Geno 's Steaks Jim 's Steaks Tony Luke 's Steve 's Prince of Steaks John 's Roast Pork Dalessandro 's Steaks Joe 's Steaks Miscellaneous Steak sandwich Sandwiches List of sandwiches Afghani burger Bagel toast Bánh mì Bocadillo Breakfast Bacon , egg and cheese Bun kebab Cemita Chimichurris Chip butty Chocolate Chopped Cheese Chow mein Crisp Dagwood Doughwich Egg Fluffernutter Fool 's Gold Loaf Gatsby Guajolota Hamdog Ice cream Jam Mitraillette Mother - in - law Pambazo Peanut butter , banana and bacon Pistolette Pocket Sabich Sándwich de milanesa Sandwiches de miga Sincronizada Smørrebrød Spaghetti Spatlo Spiedie St. Paul Tea Toast Tramezzino Trancapecho Wrap Cheese Carrozza Cheese and tomato Cheese dream Cheese on toast Grilled cheese Limburger Melt Pebete Fish and seafood Bake and Shark Balık ekmek Fischbrötchen Fish finger Prawn roll Salmon burger Sol over Gudhjem Tuna fish Meat American sub Barbecue Bauru Bologna Chacarero Chicken Chivito Choripán Club Cuban Cudighi Doner kebab Donkey Burger Francesinha Francesinha poveira Fried - brain Gua bao Gyro Italian Jibarito Kati roll Kottenbutter Medianoche Pepito Po ' boy Redonkadonk Roujiamo Sailor Shawarma Shooter 's Slider Sloppy joe Strammer Max Submarine Tonkatsu Torta Torta ahogada Wrap roti Wurstbrot Beef Barros Luco Beef on weck Cheesesteak Corned beef Denver French dip Hamburger List of hamburgers Italian beef Montreal - style smoked meat Pastrami on rye Reuben Roast beef Sloppy joe Steak burger Steak Tavern Tongue Ham and pork Bacon Barros Jarpa BLT Croque - monsieur Flæskesteg Ham and cheese Ham and egg bun Ham salad Monte Cristo Porchetta Pork chop bun Pork tenderloin Toast Hawaii Sausage Braunschweiger Liverwurst Maxwell Street Polish Mortadella Polish Boy Porilainen Open Butterbrot Canapé Dyrlægens natmad Gerber Horseshoe Mollete Muisjes Obložené chlebíčky Pan bagnat Panini Smørrebrød Zapiekanka Vegetarian Baked bean Cucumber Dabeli Doubles Lettuce Peanut butter and jelly Tomato Vada pav Vegetable Related Sandwich bread Sandwich loaf Soup and sandwich Category : Sandwiches Food portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cheesesteak&oldid=832745266 '' Categories : American sandwiches Cuisine of Philadelphia Cuisine of the Mid-Atlantic states Italian - American cuisine Italian - American culture in Philadelphia Fast food Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Pages containing links to subscription - only content Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano 日本 語 Polski Simple English 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 March 2018 , at 19 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what kind of cheese is on a philly cheesesteak sandwich | [
"American cheese, Cheez Whiz, and provolone are the most commonly used cheeses or cheese products put on to the Philly cheesesteak.[21]",
"American cheese, Cheez Whiz, and provolone are the most commonly used cheeses or cheese products put on to the Philly cheesesteak.[21]",
"American cheese, Cheez Whiz, and provolone are the most commonly used cheeses or cheese products put on to the Philly cheesesteak.[21]"
] | [
"American cheese",
"Cheez Whiz",
"provolone"
] |
7224769133715479388 | List of Jeopardy! contestants | List of Jeopardy ! contestants - wikipedia List of Jeopardy ! contestants Jump to : navigation , search Jeopardy ! is an American television game show . Its format is a quiz competition in which contestants are presented with general knowledge clues in the form of answers , and must phrase their responses in question form . Many contestants throughout the show 's history have received significant media attention because of their success on Jeopardy ! , particularly Brad Rutter , who has won the most money on the show , and Ken Jennings , who has the show 's longest winning streak ; Rutter and Jennings also hold the first and second place records respectively for most money ever won on American game shows . Other contestants went on to great accomplishments , including future U.S. senator and presidential candidate John McCain . Contents ( hide ) 1 Fleming era ( 1964 -- 79 ) 1.1 Burns Cameron 1.2 John McCain 1.3 Red Gibson 1.4 Jay Wolpert 2 Trebek era ( 1984 -- present ) 2.1 Jerry Frankel 2.2 Chuck Forrest 2.3 Bob Verini 2.4 Richard Cordray 2.5 Mark Lowenthal 2.6 Tom Cubbage 2.7 Eric Newhouse 2.8 Bob Blake 2.9 Frank Spangenberg 2.10 Jerome Vered 2.11 Michael George Dupée 2.12 Bob Harris 2.13 Arthur Phillips 2.14 Eddie Timanus 2.15 Pam Mueller 2.16 Brad Rutter 2.17 Ken Jennings 2.18 David Madden 2.19 Larissa Kelly 2.20 Roger Craig 2.21 Watson 2.22 Colby Burnett 2.23 Arthur Chu 2.24 Julia Collins 2.25 Matt Jackson 2.26 Alex Jacob 2.27 Buzzy Cohen 2.28 Seth Wilson 2.29 Cindy Stowell 3 References Fleming era ( 1964 -- 79 ) ( edit ) Burns Cameron ( edit ) Burns Cameron ( born December 10 , 1938 ) won a total of $11,110 in his appearances on Jeopardy ! , including a then - record five - game total of $7,070 in December 1965 . Cameron was also the winner of the third annual Tournament of Champions in 1966 , in which he won $4,040 . A still picture of Cameron receiving a `` dummy '' check still exists , as well as a still of him being greeted by Mel Brooks as the 2000 - year - old man on the Fleming era 2000th show . Cameron is cited as one of the best players of the Art Fleming era of the show . In 1990 , when Jeopardy ! creator Merv Griffin produced Super Jeopardy ! , a separate weekly prime time network version based on the Trebek version of Jeopardy ! to air Saturday nights in the summer on ABC , he invited Cameron to compete as the only player to represent the Fleming era . Cameron competed in the fifth quarterfinal game , where he finished in second ( by one point ) and won $5,000 . John McCain ( edit ) U.S. senator and presidential candidate John McCain was a one - day champion in 1965 before he became a senator . Red Gibson ( edit ) Hutton `` Red '' Gibson won the 1968 Tournament of Champions . Gibson later became a prominent sedevacantist and conspiracy theorist ; his son , Mel Gibson , later became an actor . Jay Wolpert ( edit ) Jay Wolpert won the 1969 Tournament of Champions . He later became known as a producer of game shows . Trebek era ( 1984 -- present ) ( edit ) Jerry Frankel ( edit ) Jerry Frankel , ( February 10 , 1953 -- July 13 , 1987 ) a musician and composer from Buffalo , New York , was a five - time undefeated champion during Jeopardy 's first season , winning $32,650 on the program . He became that version 's first ever Tournament of Champions winner , earning the $100,000 grand prize by defeating Bruce Fauman and Steve Rogitz in the two game final . Sadly , Frankel died of AIDS less than 2 years after his victory . Chuck Forrest ( edit ) Chuck Forrest ( born June 3 , 1961 ) held the record for the largest non-tournament cash winnings total from 1985 to 1989 , and the largest all - time winnings from 1986 to 1990 . The producers of the show regarded him as one of the best and most memorable contestants of the 1980s . Forrest is widely regarded by other elite Jeopardy ! players to be one of the most formidable contestants to ever play . Forrest won five consecutive games from September 30 to October 4 , 1985 , winning a then - record $72,800 and qualifying for the 1986 Tournament of Champions , which he won , earning another $100,000 . Forrest later played on the Super Jeopardy ! tournament , the Million Dollar Masters tournament , the Ultimate Tournament of Champions and the Battle of the Decades tournament . Forrest implemented a strategy known as the `` Forrest Bounce '' to confuse opponents : the strategy involved picking each clue from a different category instead of taking the clues in order . With Mark Lowenthal , Forrest co-wrote the 1992 book Secrets of the Jeopardy ! Champions . Bob Verini ( edit ) Bob Verini was a five - time champion in 1987 and won the 1987 Tournament of Champions , using the money to finance several theatrical productions . He was then the runner - up in Super Jeopardy ! and finished third in the Million Dollar Masters . He also appeared in both the Ultimate Tournament of Champions and the Battle of the Decades , both times losing his first game . Prior to Ken Jennings , Verini held the record for most matches appeared in . Verini 's career earnings on Jeopardy ! and Super Jeopardy ! are $276,802 . Richard Cordray ( edit ) Richard Cordray ( born May 3 , 1959 ) was a five - time Jeopardy ! champion in 1987 , while still serving as a law clerk , and also appeared in the 1987 Tournament of Champions . Cordray parleyed his success on Jeopardy ! into political office , serving as an Ohio State Legislator , Attorney General of Ohio , and currently as director of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau . He was a participant in the Battle of the Decades Tournament , but was defeated in the first match and declined the prize money due to his office . Mark Lowenthal ( edit ) Mark M. Lowenthal won the 1988 Tournament of Champions . He also appeared on Super Jeopardy ! , the Ultimate Tournament of Champions , and the Jeopardy ! Battle of the Decades , beating Spangenberg in his initial game . Lowenthal is the co-author ( along with Season 2 record - setting five - time champion and Tournament of Champions winner Chuck Forrest ) of the 1992 book Secrets of the Jeopardy ! Champions , and has also written a college textbook on intelligence and national security . Tom Cubbage ( edit ) Tom Cubbage is the only contestant in Jeopardy ! history to win both the show 's College Championship and the Tournament of Champions . Cubbage became the first ever winner of the College Championship when the format made its debut in May 1989 , winning $26,600 . In November of that same year , he was the $100,000 grand prize winner of the 1989 Tournament of Champions . He also appeared on Super Jeopardy ! in 1990 , and earned $5,000 for appearing as a quarterfinalist. 15 years later , in 2005 , Cubbage competed in the Jeopardy ! Ultimate Tournament of Champions . In the first round , he lost his game , finishing in second place behind Bob Harris . In 2014 , Cubbage returned to Jeopardy ! to compete in the show 's Battle of the Decades . In his first game of the tournament , he scored a victory over fellow Jeopardy ! alumni Bob Verini and Jerome Vered . Cubbage lost his second game to Ken Jennings , but he finished the game with $19,500 , allowing him to secure a wild - card spot in the next round . In the semifinals , Cubbage lost again , finishing in third place behind Leszek Pawlowicz and eventual tournament winner Brad Rutter . Eric Newhouse ( edit ) Eric Newhouse first appeared on Jeopardy ! when he won the 1989 Teen Tournament . He was both a semifinalist in the 1989 Tournament of Champions and Super Jeopardy ! After winning the 1998 Teen Reunion Tournament , Newhouse was invited to the Million Dollar Masters , where he placed second to Brad Rutter . Newhouse was one of nine players who advanced directly to the second round of the Ultimate Tournament of Champions , but lost his initial game . Bob Blake ( edit ) Bob Blake , an actuary from Vancouver , British Columbia , appeared on Jeopardy in September 1989 , won five games ( which until 2003 , contestants were retired after five appearances ) , and broke Chuck Forrest 's then five day record with $82,501 . Because Bob 's winnings were higher than the then - limit of $75,000 , $7,501 of his winnings were donated to his selected charity , Oxfam . He also competed in Super Jeopardy ! in which he was a Semi-Finalist . He was also the winner of the 1990 Tournament of Champions winning him in the process $100,000 . He also competed in the Ultimate Tournament of Champions in 2005 . He was initially invited to compete in the Battle of the Decades tournament but declined because of conflicts with international travel . Frank Spangenberg ( edit ) Lieutenant Frank Spangenberg ( born July 26 , 1957 ) garnered fame in 1990 when he set the five - day cumulative winnings record , becoming the first person to win more than $100,000 in five days on the show . He has been called one of the `` veritable legends '' of the show . He was also the first to exceed $30,000 ( winning $30,600 ) in a single day . Spangenberg , at the time a member of the New York City Transit Police Department ( now the Transit Bureau of the New York City Police Department ) , won $102,597 in five days . Prior to 2003 , winners were retired after five consecutive victories and due to a winnings cap in place on Jeopardy ! at the time , Spangenberg was only able to keep $75,000 of his total winnings ; he donated the remaining $27,597 to the Gift of Love Hospice , a facility operated by the Missionaries of Charity . The $102,597 record stands as the all - time net five - day record because of 2001 rule changes regarding clue values , and the 2003 abolition of the five - day limit restricts the record to a contestant 's first five days . Spangenberg also won Jeopardy ! 's 10th Anniversary Tournament in 1993 , winning $41,800 , and previously appeared in the 1990 Tournament of Champions , Super Jeopardy ! earlier that year , and later competed in the 2002 Million Dollar Masters tournament , the 2005 Ultimate Tournament of Champions and the 2014 Battle of the Decades tournament . Jerome Vered ( edit ) Jerome Vered ( born March 13 , 1958 ) appeared on Jeopardy ! in 1992 and won $96,801 as a five - day champion and retired undefeated . His total winnings at the time were second to Frank Spangenberg 's $102,597 . During that run , he shattered the one - day record for dollar winnings , earning $34,000 in one episode . After his five - day run , Vered returned for the 1992 Jeopardy ! Tournament of Champions , finishing in third place In the 2005 Jeopardy ! Ultimate Tournament of Champions , Vered won five games to advance to a three - game final match against fellow Jeopardy ! legends Ken Jennings and Brad Rutter . Vered finished in third place , earning $250,000 . Behind Rutter and Jennings , respectively , he is the third highest - earning contestant in Jeopardy ! history , having won a total of $496,602 . He competed in the 2014 Battle of the Decades but lost to Tom Cubbage . Michael George Dupée ( edit ) Michael George `` Mike '' Dupée ( born October 23 , 1966 ) originally appeared on Jeopardy ! in 1996 , and won the Tournament of Champions that same year . In 2005 , Dupée participated in the Ultimate Tournament of Champions . He won his first match , but was defeated by Robert Slaven in his second game of the tournament . Nine years later , in 2014 , Dupée competed in the Jeopardy ! Battle of the Decades tournament , where he was defeated in the first round by Brad Rutter . Dupée 's total winnings on Jeopardy ! is $203,901 , including $66,401 won during his original five - day run ; $100,000 for winning the Tournament of Champions in 1996 ; $32,500 from the Ultimate Tournament of Champions ; and $5,000 from the show 's Battle of the Decades . Ken Jennings praised Dupée 's book , How to Get on Jeopardy ! and Win ! , claiming it was the best preparation for competing on Jeopardy ! In this book , which he wrote following his success on Jeopardy ! , Dupée wrote about his experience on the show and also provided practice questions for aspiring contestants . Bob Harris ( edit ) Bob Harris ( born October 15 , 1963 ) is a multi-time contestant on Jeopardy ! Harris first appeared as a contestant in 1997 and won $58,000 as a five - time champion on the show . The following year , Harris finished in third place in the Tournament of Champions behind Kim Worth and Dan Melia . In the first round of the Jeopardy ! Million Dollar Masters tournament in 2002 , Harris scored an upset victory over Rachael Schwartz and Frank Spangenberg . He would lose in the semifinals , however , to Eric Newhouse . In 2005 , Harris competed again on the show , this time in the Jeopardy ! Ultimate Tournament of Champions . He won $24,400 and defeated fellow Jeopardy ! alumni Frank Epstein and Tom Cubbage in Round 1 of the tournament , but lost in Round 2 to fellow contestants Bruce Borchardt and Michael Daunt . In 2014 , Harris competed in the Battle of the Decades . In his match , he finished in third place behind Shane Whitlock and Robin Carroll . Harris has written a book about his experiences on Jeopardy ! called Prisoner of Trebekistan . Besides appearing on Jeopardy ! , Harris has competed on other game shows . In 2000 , he participated in a million - dollar winning team on Greed , winning $200,000 for himself . He was also a successful $250,000 phone - a-friend answer for a contestant on Who Wants to Be a Millionaire . Arthur Phillips ( edit ) American novelist Arthur Phillips ( born April 23 , 1969 ) appeared on Jeopardy ! in 1997 . According to his biography , Phillips was a 5 - time undefeated champion , winning $63,003 in the process . The following year , Phillips competed in the 1998 Tournament of Champions , but lost his quarterfinal match to Teen Tournament winner Sahir Islam . Seven years later , in 2005 , Phillips competed in the Jeopardy ! Ultimate Tournament of Champions . He won his first match , winning $8,800 . However , he lost his second round match , finishing behind Eric Terzuolo and former College Championship winner Pam Mueller , and was subsequently eliminated . Eddie Timanus ( edit ) Eddie Timanus ( born August 9 , 1968 ) was the first blind contestant to compete on the show , appearing in October 1999 . He won five consecutive games -- the limit at that time -- and earned $69,700 and two cars . He subsequently appeared in the Million Dollar Masters , the Ultimate Tournament of Champions , and the Battle of the Decades . Pam Mueller ( edit ) Pam Mueller is a former winner of the College Championship . Mueller also participated in the Ultimate Tournament of Champions , advancing all the way to the Sweet Six round before losing her match , finishing behind Frank Spangenberg and Jerome Vered . In 2014 , Mueller competed in the show 's Battle of the Decades . The story about her first match in this tournament , which saw her compete against fellow Jeopardy ! champions Dan Melia and Ryan ( Fritz ) Holznagel , was featured on Who2 Biographies . Brad Rutter ( edit ) Brad Rutter ( born January 31 , 1978 ) is the biggest all - time money winner on Jeopardy ! and briefly held the record for biggest cumulative game show winnings for any U.S. game show contestant . Rutter retained the record for Jeopardy ! winnings with either $4,255,102 or $4,270,102 , and a pair of Chevrolet Camaros . Rutter became a five - day undefeated champion on Jeopardy ! in 2000 , with a total of $55,102 . He subsequently won an unprecedented four Jeopardy ! tournament titles : the 2001 Tournament of Champions , the 2002 Million Dollar Masters Tournament , the 2005 Ultimate Tournament of Champions , and the 2014 Battle of the Decades . In twenty games against humans only , Rutter has never lost an official Jeopardy ! match , though he was defeated in an exhibition match by the Watson supercomputer and Ken Jennings ( who outpointed Rutter in the two - game match ) . Ken Jennings ( edit ) Ken Jennings ( born May 23 , 1974 ) first appeared on Jeopardy ! on June 2 , 2004 , a time shortly after producers of the game show relaxed the limit on the number of times a contestant could appear on the show . Because the five - game limit was removed , Jennings continued to win and eventually broke the winnings record set by Tom Walsh , who had won $186,900 in eight games earlier in 2004 . Jennings continued to win and eventually set a record of 74 wins before he was defeated by Nancy Zerg in his seventy - fifth appearance . Jennings 's total winnings from the program amount to $3,022,700 , which includes $2,522,700 won in his initial appearances and an additional $500,000 for his second - place finish in the Jeopardy ! Ultimate Tournament of Champions . In addition , at the end of Season 20 , he set a then - new one - day record of $75,000 ( which would later be broken by Roger Craig , see below ) . During his first run of Jeopardy ! appearances , Jennings earned the record for the highest American game show winnings . His total was later surpassed by Brad Rutter , who defeated Jennings in the finals of the Ultimate Tournament of Champions , adding $2,000,000 to his earlier Jeopardy ! winnings . Jennings regained the record after appearing on several other game shows , including appearances on 1 vs. 100 and Grand Slam , culminating in an appearance on Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader ? in which he won $500,000 . However , Rutter retains the Jeopardy ! record . After his success on Jeopardy ! , Jennings wrote of his experience and explored American trivia history and culture in Brainiac : Adventures in the Curious , Competitive , Compulsive World of Trivia Buffs , published in 2006 . Jennings returned to Jeopardy ! finishing runner - up to the Watson Supercomputer ( splitting $300,000 with a charity ) and again for the Battle of the Decades where he finished runner - up to Brad Rutter ( winning $100,000 ) . Ken 's total winnings amount to $3,422,700 . David Madden ( edit ) David Madden ( born June 13 , 1981 ) won the third - highest number of games on Jeopardy ! in non-tournament gameplay . Between July 5 and September 19 , 2005 , Madden won 19 games , a total exceeded only by Ken Jennings and Julia Collins in regular play . His total winnings of $442,400 ( adding $10,000 for the 2006 Tournament of Champions ) is the sixth all - time highest , behind Brad Rutter , Ken Jennings , Jerome Vered , Julia Collins , and Roger Craig . In terms of regular game winnings , Madden ranks third behind Jennings and Julia Collins ; but his dollar winnings in regular games are still the second - highest , after Jennings and slightly ahead of Collins . Madden was invited to take part in 2014 's Battle of the Decades Jeopardy ! event , but declined to participate due to contractual issues . Larissa Kelly ( edit ) Larissa Kelly ( born February 10 , 1980 ) won a total of $222,597 over six games and $1,000 third place consolation prize in her seventh game , with her last appearance airing May 28 , 2008 . At the time of her run on the program , Kelly was the highest - winning female contestant and ranked fifth in all - time in Jeopardy ! earnings ( excluding tournament winnings ) . In addition to being the highest - winning female contestant in regular play , Kelly broke Ken Jennings ' record for most money won in a contestant 's first five days by winning $179,797 . This record was one of two Roger Craig broke during his reign as champion , as he won $195,801 in his first five games . Craig also topped Jennings ' single - game record of $75,000 . Kelly is also the second - highest winning female contestant in any single game in Jeopardy ! 's history . Kelly 's $45,200 performance narrowly trails Maria Wenglinsky , who won $46,600 on November 1 , 2005 . Roger Craig ( edit ) Roger Craig set the one - day Jeopardy ! winnings record of $77,000 during his second appearance on the show in September 2010 . Craig won the Tournament of Champions the following year , and in the process set the record for largest daily double ( unadjusted ) in Jeopardy ! history . Watson ( edit ) Watson is a `` deep question answering system '' built by IBM to play Jeopardy ! Watson was entered into a two - game , three - day exhibition match against Ken Jennings and Brad Rutter aired February 14 -- 16 , 2011 . Watson won the match with a total of $77,147 . Colby Burnett ( edit ) Colby Burnett is the first Jeopardy ! contestant to have won both the Teachers Tournament and the Tournament of Champions . Burnett , who 's a teacher at Fenwick High School in Oak Park , Illinois , won the Teachers Tournament in November 2012 . Later , in February 2013 , Burnett won the show 's Tournament of Champions , taking home the $250,000 grand prize . He later appeared on season 3 of TBS 's reality game show King of the Nerds . Arthur Chu ( edit ) Arthur Chu ( born January 30 , 1984 ) first appeared on Jeopardy ! on January 28 , 2014 and almost immediately became a lightning rod because of his unusual playing style . His game theory , `` Forrest Bounce '' , and furiously pressing his signaling device have made him one of the show 's most controversial contestants . As of October 21 , 2015 , Chu is currently ranked fifth on the list of all - time highest - earning Jeopardy ! non-tournament champions , with an eleven - day total of $297,200 . His winning streak came to a close when he lost in his twelfth game but won $1,000 for finishing in third place , leaving Chu with a final total of $298,200 . After his initial appearance on the show , Chu competed in the 2014 Jeopardy ! Tournament of Champions , where he finished second to Ben Ingram , an IT consultant from South Carolina . Chu won $100,000 for his second - place finish , bringing his overall winnings to $398,200 . Julia Collins ( edit ) Julia Collins ( born 1982 ) has the second greatest number of wins , with a total of 20 wins and $429,100 . She is also the female contestant with the most wins and greatest money total . In the 2014 Jeopardy ! Tournament of Champions she finished second in her quarterfinal game against Joshua Brakhage and 2013 College Champion Jim Coury , but reached the semifinals as a wild card . She then won her semifinal game , advancing to the finals , where she finished third , behind Ben Ingram and second - place finisher Arthur Chu . Matt Jackson ( edit ) Matt Jackson ( born June 24 , 1992 ) , 13 - time champion , surpassed Arthur Chu 's 11 - game winning streak with his 12th win on October 12 , 2015 . He has also beat Chu in regular season cash earnings with a total of $413,612 . Alex Jacob ( edit ) Alex Jacob ( born October 27 , 1984 ) , is a former professional poker player who lives in Chicago , Illinois , and worked as a currency trader for the Gelber Group . In 2015 , Jacob won six games , and later won the 2015 Tournament of Champions . Buzzy Cohen ( edit ) Austin `` Buzzy '' Cohen ( born 1984 or 1985 ) is a recording industry executive from Los Angeles , California who won $164,603 over nine games in April and May 2016 . Many of his victories were lopsided contests that were decided before the Final Jeopardy ! round , which allowed Cohen to wager nothing and use his final response to make sarcastic remarks toward Alex Trebek , a humorous style that earned him both praise and disdain from Jeopardy ! fans . Seth Wilson ( edit ) Seth Wilson is a Ph. D. candidate from Chicago who won $265,002 over twelve games in September and October 2016 , making him the contestant with the fifth - highest number of consecutive wins in the show 's history beating Arthur Chu 's number of winning games . Cindy Stowell ( edit ) Cindy Stowell ( c. 1975 -- December 5 , 2016 ) was a science content developer from Austin , Texas who was diagnosed with untreatable terminal colon cancer after qualifying for the show but before she interviewed for a contestant 's seat . Stowell was a lifelong fan of the show and requested that producers rush her into taping as soon as possible because of her condition , a stipulation the producers honored . She was under pain management and experienced fever and stomachache throughout her run , during which she managed to win six games and $105,803 in winnings , which were donated to cancer charities . Her fellow contestants were unaware of her terminal illness . Stowell died eight days before her first episode aired ; she did get to watch the first three of her episodes when producers provided her with an advance DVD . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Alex Trebek and Peter Barsocchini , The Jeopardy ! Book ( HarperPerennial , 1990 ) , p. 129 : `` When you survey Jeopardy ! contestants , fans , producers , and staff on the subject of the best players ever seen on the show , two names continually emerge : Burns Cameron from the original show and Chuck Forrest from the new show . '' Jump up ^ Eisenberg , Harry ( 1993 ) . Inside `` Jeopardy ! '' : What Really Goes on at TV 's Top Quiz Show ( first ed . ) . Salt Lake City , Utah : Northwest Publishing Inc . pp. 270 -- 271 . ISBN 1 - 56901 - 177 - X . And so nine additional invitations went out including one to Burns Cameron , the biggest - ever money winner on the old ' JEOPARDY ! ' whom Merv thought it would be a good idea to have as well . Jump up ^ Fouhy , Beth ( June 30 , 2008 ) . `` McCain recalls loss on Jeopardy ! '' . USA Today . Retrieved June 3 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Many episodes of the Art Fleming -- era of Jeopardy ! do not survive . The shows featuring Hutton `` Red '' Gibson and Jay Wolpert are among these lost episodes . However , records indicating Gibson 's and Wolpert 's appearances may be found in the NBC Master Books daily broadcast log , available on microfilm at the Library of Congress Motion Picture and Television Reading Room . A summary of those records may be found here Archived January 19 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine ... Still photographs of Wolpert receiving the championship trophy also still exist . Jump up ^ `` J ! Archive - Show # 315 , aired 1985 - 11 - 22 '' . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Biederman , Patricia Ward ( January 29 , 1989 ) . `` Backstage At Jeopardy ! ; Tune in for the nervous hopefuls , the hard - working researchers , the well - dressed host and the amazing winners on the smart set 's favorite game show '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Trebek & Barsocchini , p. 68 : `` The contestant everyone still remembers from the new version of the game is Chuck Forrest , the 1985 Tournament of Champions winner . He was so good that he basically intimidated the other contestants in the tournament ; you could hear them backstage talking about who might take second place , because they just about assumed Chuck would win it all . '' Jump up ^ Dupée , Michael ( 1998 ) . How to Get on Jeopardy and Win ! . Citadel Press . p. 36 . ISBN 0806519916 . Mr. Forrest was so brilliant that he did not need to use much strategy to crush his opponents . Jump up ^ `` Chuck Forrest 's Tournament of Champions Final '' . J ! Archive . Retrieved August 24 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Forrest , Chuck and Lowenthal , Mark ( 1992 ) . Secrets of the Jeopardy Champions . Grand Central Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 446 - 39352 - 2 , ISBN 0 - 446 - 39352 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Soviet and East European Performance '' . 10 -- 11 . 1991 : 72 . Jump up ^ Stanley Kaplan ( 2001 ) . Stanley H. Kaplan , Test Pilot : How I Broke Testing Barriers for Millions of Students and Caused a Sonic Boom in the Business of Education . Simon & Schuster . p. 70 . Jump up ^ `` Theater Week '' . 3 . 1990 : 8 . Jump up ^ Ray Richmond ( 2004 ) . This is Jeopardy ! : celebrating America 's favorite quiz show . pp. 60 , 66 . Jump up ^ Dr. Mark M. Lowenthal , The Masy Group website , accessed August 20 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` J ! Archive - '' . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jeopardy ! Archive : Tom Cubbage '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Jeopardy ! Archive : Show # 4712 , aired February 15 , 2005 '' . Jump up ^ `` Jeopardy ! Archive : Show # 6770 , aired February 7 , 2014 '' . Jump up ^ `` Jeopardy ! Archive : Show # 6834 , aired May 8 , 2014 '' . Jump up ^ `` Jeopardy ! Archive : Show # 6837 , aired May 13 , 2014 '' . Jump up ^ Jim Jenkins ( 2002 - 05 - 04 ) . `` Sioux Cityan cashes in on Jeopardy '' . Sioux City Journal . Jump up ^ `` J ! Archive - Bob Blake '' . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` J ! Archive - Bob Blake '' . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` J ! Archive - Bob Blake '' . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Final ' Jeopardy ! ' For Ace City Cop '' . New York Daily News . May 19 , 2005 . Retrieved October 4 , 2010 . Spangenberg , 47 , came up short in the TV quiz show 's `` Ultimate Tournament of Champions '' semifinal round , losing to Los Angeles screenwriter Jerome Vered ... In 1990 , Spangenberg won more than $100,000 on `` Jeopardy ! '' Jump up ^ Lynn Elber . Associated Press . `` Book details joy of ' Jeopardy ! ' '' . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . October 11 , 2006 . 8B . Jump up ^ JEOPARDY.com Champion updates Go to Frank Spangenberg 's `` Extended champ 's story '' Jump up ^ `` After the Headlines ; Fame , Fleeting Fame , Found These New Yorkers . Then What Happened ? '' . The New York Times . December 27 , 1998 . Retrieved October 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ David Wharton . `` And the Question Is ... Will a Studio City Writer Top the ' Jeopardy ! ' Winnings Total Tonight ? '' . Los Angeles Times . May 22 , 1992 . p. 19A Jump up ^ Veronique de Turenne . `` Jeopardy winners say it 's nice work if you can get it '' . Seattle Post-Intelligencer . November 27 , 1992 . p. 39 Jump up ^ Lawrence Van Gelder ( May 27 , 2005 ) . `` Arts , Briefly : ' Jeopardy ! ' Titans Battle '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 4 , 2010 . Mr. Jennings 's second - place finish paid him $500,000 , and the third place finisher , Jerome Vered , received $250,000 . Jump up ^ `` Jeopardy ! Archive : Michael Dupée '' . Jump up ^ `` Jeopardy ! Archive : Show # 4717 , aired February 22 , 2005 '' . Jump up ^ `` Jeopardy ! Archive : Show # 4760 , aired April 22 , 2005 '' . Jump up ^ `` Jeopardy ! Archive : Show # 6790 , aired March 7 , 2014 '' . Jump up ^ `` Jeopardy ! Hall of Fame : $50,000 Plus Winners '' . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2014 . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Interview of Ken Jennings in Business Insider '' . Jump up ^ Dupée , Michael ( 1998 ) . How to Get on Jeopardy and Win ! . Citadel Press . ISBN 0806519916 . Jump up ^ Harris , Bob ( September 5 , 2009 ) . `` Six Degrees of Trivia and Knowledge '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ `` J ! Archive : Bob Harris '' . Jump up ^ `` Jeopardy ! Archive : Show # 4078 , aired May 1 , 2002 '' . Jump up ^ `` Jeopardy ! Archive : Show # 4083 , aired May 8 , 2002 '' . Jump up ^ `` Round 2 : Borchardt / Harris / Daunt , April 18 , 2005 '' . Jump up ^ `` Jeopardy ! Archive : Show # 6788 , aired March 5 , 2014 '' . Jump up ^ `` Prisoner of Trebekistan by Bob Harris '' . Retrieved August 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Trivia Hall of Fame Interview : Bob Harris '' . Jump up ^ `` Bob Harris gives the fastest Millionaire Phone - A-Friend answer ever '' . YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Arthur Phillips : Biography '' . Jump up ^ `` Jeopardy ! Archive : Arthur Phillips '' . Jump up ^ `` Jeopardy ! Archive : Show # 3099 , aired February 5 , 1998 '' . Jump up ^ `` Jeopardy ! Archive : Show # 4710 , aired February 11 , 2005 '' . Jump up ^ `` Round 2 : Terzuolo / Mueller / Phillips , May 2 , 2005 '' . Jump up ^ Jackman , Tom ( October 24 , 1999 ) . `` 1st Blind Player Wins Big on ' Jeopardy ! ' '' . The Washington Post . p. C. 01 . Jump up ^ `` Answer : Loyola student Pam Mueller , Page 1 '' . Chicago Tribune . November 12 , 2001 . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Answer : Loyola student Pam Mueller , Page 2 '' . Chicago Tribune . November 12 , 2001 . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pam Mueller '' . Jump up ^ `` Jeopardy ! Battle of the Decades , 1990s contestants : Pam Mueller '' . Jump up ^ `` Inside the Brain of a Jeopardy ! Contestant '' . Who2 Biographies . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cindy Stauffer . `` Manheim Twp . man back in ' Jeopardy ! ' in Million Dollar Masters Tournament '' . Lancaster New Era . May 1 , 2002 . B4 Jump up ^ Bill Toland . `` A : He beat the best . Q : Who is Brad Rutter ? '' Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . May 27 , 2005 . A1 . Jump up ^ J ! Archive Ken Jennings player page Jump up ^ `` Grad student makes ' Jeopardy ! ' history '' . United Press International . May 29 , 2008 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 04 . In addition to being the `` winningest '' female champion in the quiz show 's 24 seasons , she also has become the third biggest money winner behind all - time `` Jeopardy ! '' champ Ken Jennings , who went home with $2.5 million , and David Madden , who won $430,400 , representatives for the series said . Jump up ^ Her winning way , The Boston Globe ( subscription required ) ^ Jump up to : `` Cal student makes history on ' Jeopardy ' -- East Bay Times '' . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Record Set on Jeopardy ! '' . New York Times . September 15 , 2010 . Retrieved April 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Roger Craig 's Unbelievable Double Daily Doubles On `` Jeopardy ! '' `` . Huffington Post . November 16 , 2011 . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Colby Burnett '' . Jump up ^ `` Oak Park teacher Colby Burnett wins Jeopardy ! Teachers Tournament '' . Jump up ^ `` Fenwick teacher wins `` Jeopardy ! '' tournament , pockets $250,000 `` . Chicago Sun - Times . Jump up ^ `` King of the Nerds , Season 3 : Meet Colby '' . Retrieved April 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top Ten List of Jeopardy ! Winners ( and Money Won ) All - Time '' . Retrieved October 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hatmaker , Julia ( May 21 , 2014 ) . `` ' Jeopardy ! ' : Julia Collins remains undefeated ; midstater claims second place '' . pennlive.com . Retrieved May 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Matt Jackson tied Arthur Chu 's 11 - game streak with his win today . Can he go for # 12 Monday ? '' . Jeopardy !. 9 October 2015 . Retrieved 9 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Gelber trader wins 6 Jeopardy ! episodes '' . Retrieved December 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Anstey , Evan . `` Confident 9 - day Jeopardy ! champion causes divide among viewers '' . WIVB . Retrieved 27 May 2016 . Jump up ^ We need to talk about Buzzy Cohen , divisive reigning Jeopardy ! champ . TheWrap.com . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ People are losing their minds over this `` Jeopardy ! '' champion . BuzzFeed . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Swartz , Tracy ( October 5 , 2016 ) . `` Did Former North Sider Seth Wilson Win His 13th Episode of ' Jeopardy ? ' '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved October 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Allen , Keith ( December 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jeopardy ! ' contestant who died before show aired keeps win streak going '' . CNN . Retrieved December 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Victor , Daniel . `` ' Jeopardy ! ' Run Ends for Cindy Stowell , Cancer - Stricken Champion '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 22 December 2016 . ( hide ) Jeopardy ! Tournaments Tournament of Champions Teen Tournament College Championship Ultimate Tournament of Champions Teachers Tournament Battle of the Decades Other tournaments Notable references in culture `` I Lost on Jeopardy '' `` What Is ... Cliff Clavin ? '' White Men Ca n't Jump Celebrity Jeopardy ! ( Saturday Night Live ) `` Miracle on Evergreen Terrace '' `` Little Expressionless Animals '' `` I Take Thee Quagmire '' Ellen 's Energy Adventure Adaptations Jep ! Rock & Roll Jeopardy ! Sports Jeopardy ! Related articles Audition process Broadcast information List of notable contestants Merchandising Watson Book : Jeopardy ! Category : Jeopardy ! Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Jeopardy!_contestants&oldid=796087726 '' Categories : Jeopardy ! contestants American television - related lists Lists of people by activity Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from December 2010 Pages containing links to subscription - only content All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Use mdy dates from February 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 18 August 2017 , at 12 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who has won the most total money on jeopardy | [
"Jeopardy! is an American television game show. Its format is a quiz competition in which contestants are presented with general knowledge clues in the form of answers, and must phrase their responses in question form. Many contestants throughout the show's history have received significant media attention because of their success on Jeopardy!, particularly Brad Rutter, who has won the most money on the show, and Ken Jennings, who has the show's longest winning streak; Rutter and Jennings also hold the first and second place records respectively for most money ever won on American game shows. Other contestants went on to great accomplishments, including future U.S. senator and presidential candidate John McCain."
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"Brad Rutter"
] |
2493926343373339585 | Asteroid belt | Asteroid belt - wikipedia Asteroid belt Jump to : navigation , search For the album by Velvet Chain , see Asteroid Belt ( album ) . The asteroids of the inner Solar System and Jupiter : The donut - shaped asteroid belt is located between the orbits of Jupiter and Mars . Sun Jupiter trojans Orbits of planets Asteroid belt Hilda asteroids ( Hildas ) Near - Earth objects ( selection ) The relative masses of the top twelve asteroids known compared to the remaining mass of all the other asteroids in the belt . By far the largest object within the belt is Ceres . The total mass of the asteroid belt is significantly less than Pluto 's , and approximately twice that of Pluto 's moon Charon . The asteroid belt is the circumstellar disc in the Solar System located roughly between the orbits of the planets Mars and Jupiter . It is occupied by numerous irregularly shaped bodies called asteroids or minor planets . The asteroid belt is also termed the main asteroid belt or main belt to distinguish it from other asteroid populations in the Solar System such as near - Earth asteroids and trojan asteroids . About half the mass of the belt is contained in the four largest asteroids : Ceres , Vesta , Pallas , and Hygiea . The total mass of the asteroid belt is approximately 4 % that of the Moon , or 22 % that of Pluto , and roughly twice that of Pluto 's moon Charon ( whose diameter is 1200 km ) . Ceres , the asteroid belt 's only dwarf planet , is about 950 km in diameter , whereas 4 Vesta , 2 Pallas , and 10 Hygiea have mean diameters of less than 600 km . The remaining bodies range down to the size of a dust particle . The asteroid material is so thinly distributed that numerous unmanned spacecraft have traversed it without incident . Nonetheless , collisions between large asteroids do occur , and these can produce an asteroid family whose members have similar orbital characteristics and compositions . Individual asteroids within the asteroid belt are categorized by their spectra , with most falling into three basic groups : carbonaceous ( C - type ) , silicate ( S - type ) , and metal - rich ( M - type ) . The asteroid belt formed from the primordial solar nebula as a group of planetesimals . Planetesimals are the smaller precursors of the protoplanets . Between Mars and Jupiter , however , gravitational perturbations from Jupiter imbued the protoplanets with too much orbital energy for them to accrete into a planet . Collisions became too violent , and instead of fusing together , the planetesimals and most of the protoplanets shattered . As a result , 99.9 % of the asteroid belt 's original mass was lost in the first 100 million years of the Solar System 's history . Some fragments eventually found their way into the inner Solar System , leading to meteorite impacts with the inner planets . Asteroid orbits continue to be appreciably perturbed whenever their period of revolution about the Sun forms an orbital resonance with Jupiter . At these orbital distances , a Kirkwood gap occurs as they are swept into other orbits . Classes of small Solar System bodies in other regions are the near - Earth objects , the centaurs , the Kuiper belt objects , the scattered disc objects , the sednoids , and the Oort cloud objects . On 22 January 2014 , ESA scientists reported the detection , for the first definitive time , of water vapor on Ceres , the largest object in the asteroid belt . The detection was made by using the far - infrared abilities of the Herschel Space Observatory . The finding was unexpected because comets , not asteroids , are typically considered to `` sprout jets and plumes '' . According to one of the scientists , `` The lines are becoming more and more blurred between comets and asteroids . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 History of observation 2 Origin 2.1 Formation 2.2 Evolution 3 Characteristics 3.1 Composition 3.2 Main - belt comets 3.3 Orbits 3.3. 1 Kirkwood gaps 4 Collisions 4.1 Meteorites 5 Families and groups 5.1 Periphery 5.2 New families 6 Exploration 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links History of observation ( edit ) Johannes Kepler , who first noticed in 1596 that there was something strange about the orbits of Mars and Jupiter . See also : Definition of planet and List of minor planets In 1596 , Johannes Kepler predicted `` Between Mars and Jupiter , I place a planet '' in his Mysterium Cosmographicum . While analyzing Tycho Brahe 's data , Kepler thought that there was too large a gap between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter . In an anonymous footnote to his 1766 translation of Charles Bonnet 's Contemplation de la Nature , the astronomer Johann Daniel Titius of Wittenberg noted an apparent pattern in the layout of the planets . If one began a numerical sequence at 0 , then included 3 , 6 , 12 , 24 , 48 , etc. , doubling each time , and added four to each number and divided by 10 , this produced a remarkably close approximation to the radii of the orbits of the known planets as measured in astronomical units provided one allowed for a `` missing planet '' ( equivalent to 24 in the sequence ) between the orbits of Mars ( 12 ) and Jupiter ( 48 ) . In his footnote , Titius declared `` But should the Lord Architect have left that space empty ? Not at all . '' When William Herschel discovered Uranus in 1781 , the planet 's orbit matched the law almost perfectly , leading astronomers to conclude that there had to be a planet between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter . Giuseppe Piazzi , discoverer of Ceres , the largest object in the asteroid belt . For several decades after its discovery Ceres was known as a planet , after which it was reclassified as asteroid . In 2006 , it was designated as a dwarf planet . On January 1 , 1801 , Giuseppe Piazzi , chair of astronomy at the University of Palermo , Sicily , found a tiny moving object in an orbit with exactly the radius predicted by this pattern . He dubbed it `` Ceres '' , after the Roman goddess of the harvest and patron of Sicily . Piazzi initially believed it to be a comet , but its lack of a coma suggested it was a planet . Thus , the aforementioned pattern , now known as the Titius -- Bode law , predicted the semi-major axes of all eight planets of the time ( Mercury , Venus , Earth , Mars , Ceres , Jupiter , Saturn and Uranus ) . Fifteen months later , Heinrich Olbers discovered a second object in the same region , Pallas . Unlike the other known planets , Ceres and Pallas remained points of light even under the highest telescope magnifications instead of resolving into discs . Apart from their rapid movement , they appeared indistinguishable from stars . Accordingly , in 1802 , William Herschel suggested they be placed into a separate category , named `` asteroids '' , after the Greek asteroeides , meaning `` star - like '' . Upon completing a series of observations of Ceres and Pallas , he concluded , Neither the appellation of planets , nor that of comets , can with any propriety of language be given to these two stars ... They resemble small stars so much as hardly to be distinguished from them . From this , their asteroidal appearance , if I take my name , and call them Asteroids ; reserving for myself however the liberty of changing that name , if another , more expressive of their nature , should occur . By 1807 , further investigation revealed two new objects in the region : Juno and Vesta . The burning of Lilienthal in the Napoleonic wars , where the main body of work had been done , brought this first period of discovery to a close . Despite Herschel 's coinage , for several decades it remained common practice to refer to these objects as planets and to prefix their names with numbers representing their date of discovery : 1 Ceres , 2 Pallas , 3 Juno , 4 Vesta . However , in 1845 astronomers detected a fifth object ( 5 Astraea ) and , shortly thereafter , new objects were found at an accelerating rate . Counting them among the planets became increasingly cumbersome . Eventually , they were dropped from the planet list ( as first suggested by Alexander von Humboldt in the early 1850s ) and Herschel 's choice of nomenclature , `` asteroids '' , gradually came into common use . The discovery of Neptune in 1846 led to the discrediting of the Titius -- Bode law in the eyes of scientists , because its orbit was nowhere near the predicted position . To date , there is no scientific explanation for the law , and astronomers ' consensus regards it as a coincidence . The expression `` asteroid belt '' came into use in the very early 1850s , although it is hard to pinpoint who coined the term . The first English use seems to be in the 1850 translation ( by E.C. Otté ) of Alexander von Humboldt 's Cosmos : `` ( ... ) and the regular appearance , about the 13th of November and the 11th of August , of shooting stars , which probably form part of a belt of asteroids intersecting the Earth 's orbit and moving with planetary velocity '' . Another early appearance occurred in Robert James Mann 's A Guide to the Knowledge of the Heavens : `` The orbits of the asteroids are placed in a wide belt of space , extending between the extremes of ( ... ) '' . The American astronomer Benjamin Peirce seems to have adopted that terminology and to have been one of its promoters . One hundred asteroids had been located by mid-1868 , and in 1891 the introduction of astrophotography by Max Wolf accelerated the rate of discovery still further . A total of 1,000 asteroids had been found by 1921 , 10,000 by 1981 , and 100,000 by 2000 . Modern asteroid survey systems now use automated means to locate new minor planets in ever - increasing quantities . Origin ( edit ) The asteroid belt showing the orbital inclinations versus distances from the Sun , with asteroids in the core region of the asteroid belt in red and other asteroids in blue Formation ( edit ) In 1802 , shortly after discovering Pallas , Olbers suggested to Herschel that Ceres and Pallas were fragments of a much larger planet that once occupied the Mars -- Jupiter region , this planet having suffered an internal explosion or a cometary impact many million years before . Over time , however , this hypothesis has fallen from favor . The large amount of energy required to destroy a planet , combined with the belt 's low combined mass , which is only about 4 % of the mass of the Moon , do not support the hypothesis . Further , the significant chemical differences between the asteroids become difficult to explain if they come from the same planet . Today , most scientists accept that , rather than fragmenting from a progenitor planet , the asteroids never formed a planet at all . In general , in the Solar System , planetary formation is thought to have occurred via a process comparable to the long - standing nebular hypothesis : a cloud of interstellar dust and gas collapsed under the influence of gravity to form a rotating disc of material that then further condensed to form the Sun and planets . During the first few million years of the Solar System 's history , an accretion process of sticky collisions caused the clumping of small particles , which gradually increased in size . Once the clumps reached sufficient mass , they could draw in other bodies through gravitational attraction and become planetesimals . This gravitational accretion led to the formation of the planets . Planetesimals within the region which would become the asteroid belt were too strongly perturbed by Jupiter 's gravity to form a planet . Instead they continued to orbit the Sun as before , occasionally colliding . In regions where the average velocity of the collisions was too high , the shattering of planetesimals tended to dominate over accretion , preventing the formation of planet - sized bodies . Orbital resonances occurred where the orbital period of an object in the belt formed an integer fraction of the orbital period of Jupiter , perturbing the object into a different orbit ; the region lying between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter contains many such orbital resonances . As Jupiter migrated inward following its formation , these resonances would have swept across the asteroid belt , dynamically exciting the region 's population and increasing their velocities relative to each other . During the early history of the Solar System , the asteroids melted to some degree , allowing elements within them to be partially or completely differentiated by mass . Some of the progenitor bodies may even have undergone periods of explosive volcanism and formed magma oceans . However , because of the relatively small size of the bodies , the period of melting was necessarily brief ( compared to the much larger planets ) , and had generally ended about 4.5 billion years ago , in the first tens of millions of years of formation . In August 2007 , a study of zircon crystals in an Antarctic meteorite believed to have originated from 4 Vesta suggested that it , and by extension the rest of the asteroid belt , had formed rather quickly , within ten million years of the Solar System 's origin . Evolution ( edit ) The asteroids are not samples of the primordial Solar System . They have undergone considerable evolution since their formation , including internal heating ( in the first few tens of millions of years ) , surface melting from impacts , space weathering from radiation , and bombardment by micrometeorites . Although some scientists refer to the asteroids as residual planetesimals , other scientists consider them distinct . The current asteroid belt is believed to contain only a small fraction of the mass of the primordial belt . Computer simulations suggest that the original asteroid belt may have contained mass equivalent to the Earth . Primarily because of gravitational perturbations , most of the material was ejected from the belt within about a million years of formation , leaving behind less than 0.1 % of the original mass . Since their formation , the size distribution of the asteroid belt has remained relatively stable : there has been no significant increase or decrease in the typical dimensions of the main - belt asteroids . The 4 : 1 orbital resonance with Jupiter , at a radius 2.06 AU , can be considered the inner boundary of the asteroid belt . Perturbations by Jupiter send bodies straying there into unstable orbits . Most bodies formed inside the radius of this gap were swept up by Mars ( which has an aphelion at 1.67 AU ) or ejected by its gravitational perturbations in the early history of the Solar System . The Hungaria asteroids lie closer to the Sun than the 4 : 1 resonance , but are protected from disruption by their high inclination . When the asteroid belt was first formed , the temperatures at a distance of 2.7 AU from the Sun formed a `` snow line '' below the freezing point of water . Planetesimals formed beyond this radius were able to accumulate ice . In 2006 it was announced that a population of comets had been discovered within the asteroid belt beyond the snow line , which may have provided a source of water for Earth 's oceans . According to some models , there was insufficient outgassing of water during the Earth 's formative period to form the oceans , requiring an external source such as a cometary bombardment . Characteristics ( edit ) 951 Gaspra , the first asteroid imaged by a spacecraft , as viewed during Galileo 's 1991 flyby ; colors are exaggerated Fragment of the Allende meteorite , a carbonaceous chondrite that fell to Earth in Mexico in 1969 Contrary to popular imagery , the asteroid belt is mostly empty . The asteroids are spread over such a large volume that it would be improbable to reach an asteroid without aiming carefully . Nonetheless , hundreds of thousands of asteroids are currently known , and the total number ranges in the millions or more , depending on the lower size cutoff . Over 200 asteroids are known to be larger than 100 km , and a survey in the infrared wavelengths has shown that the asteroid belt has 0.7 -- 1.7 million asteroids with a diameter of 1 km or more . The apparent magnitudes of most of the known asteroids are 11 -- 19 , with the median at about 16 . The total mass of the asteroid belt is estimated to be 2.8 × 10 to 3.2 × 10 kilograms , which is just 4 % of the mass of the Moon . The four largest objects , Ceres , 4 Vesta , 2 Pallas , and 10 Hygiea , account for half of the belt 's total mass , with almost one - third accounted for by Ceres alone . Composition ( edit ) The current belt consists primarily of three categories of asteroids : C - type or carbonaceous asteroids , S - type or silicate asteroids , and M - type or metallic asteroids . Carbonaceous asteroids , as their name suggests , are carbon - rich . They dominate the asteroid belt 's outer regions . Together they comprise over 75 % of the visible asteroids . They are redder in hue than the other asteroids and have a very low albedo . Their surface composition is similar to carbonaceous chondrite meteorites . Chemically , their spectra match the primordial composition of the early Solar System , with only the lighter elements and volatiles removed . S - type ( silicate - rich ) asteroids are more common toward the inner region of the belt , within 2.5 AU of the Sun . The spectra of their surfaces reveal the presence of silicates and some metal , but no significant carbonaceous compounds . This indicates that their materials have been significantly modified from their primordial composition , probably through melting and reformation . They have a relatively high albedo , and form about 17 % of the total asteroid population . M - type ( metal - rich ) asteroids form about 10 % of the total population ; their spectra resemble that of iron - nickel . Some are believed to have formed from the metallic cores of differentiated progenitor bodies that were disrupted through collision . However , there are also some silicate compounds that can produce a similar appearance . For example , the large M - type asteroid 22 Kalliope does not appear to be primarily composed of metal . Within the asteroid belt , the number distribution of M - type asteroids peaks at a semi-major axis of about 2.7 AU . It is not yet clear whether all M - types are compositionally similar , or whether it is a label for several varieties which do not fit neatly into the main C and S classes . Hubble views extraordinary multi-tailed asteroid P / 2013 P5 . One mystery of the asteroid belt is the relative rarity of V - type , or basaltic asteroids . Theories of asteroid formation predict that objects the size of Vesta or larger should form crusts and mantles , which would be composed mainly of basaltic rock , resulting in more than half of all asteroids being composed either of basalt or olivine . Observations , however , suggest that 99 percent of the predicted basaltic material is missing . Until 2001 , most basaltic bodies discovered in the asteroid belt were believed to originate from the asteroid Vesta ( hence their name V - type ) . However , the discovery of the asteroid 1459 Magnya revealed a slightly different chemical composition from the other basaltic asteroids discovered until then , suggesting a different origin . This hypothesis was reinforced by the further discovery in 2007 of two asteroids in the outer belt , 7472 Kumakiri and ( 10537 ) 1991 RY 16 , with differing basaltic composition that could not have originated from Vesta . These latter two are the only V - type asteroids discovered in the outer belt to date . The temperature of the asteroid belt varies with the distance from the Sun . For dust particles within the belt , typical temperatures range from 200 K ( − 73 ° C ) at 2.2 AU down to 165 K ( − 108 ° C ) at 3.2 AU However , due to rotation , the surface temperature of an asteroid can vary considerably as the sides are alternately exposed to solar radiation and then to the stellar background . Main - belt comets ( edit ) Main article : Main - belt comet Several otherwise unremarkable bodies in the outer belt show cometary activity . Because their orbits can not be explained through capture of classical comets , it is thought that many of the outer asteroids may be icy , with the ice occasionally exposed to sublimation through small impacts . Main - belt comets may have been a major source of the Earth 's oceans , because the deuterium -- hydrogen ratio is too low for classical comets to have been the principal source . Orbits ( edit ) The asteroid belt ( showing eccentricities ) , with the asteroid belt in red and blue ( `` core '' region in red ) Most asteroids within the asteroid belt have orbital eccentricities of less than 0.4 , and an inclination of less than 30 ° . The orbital distribution of the asteroids reaches a maximum at an eccentricity of around 0.07 and an inclination below 4 ° . Thus although a typical asteroid has a relatively circular orbit and lies near the plane of the ecliptic , some asteroid orbits can be highly eccentric or travel well outside the ecliptic plane . Sometimes , the term main belt is used to refer only to the more compact `` core '' region where the greatest concentration of bodies is found . This lies between the strong 4 : 1 and 2 : 1 Kirkwood gaps at 2.06 and 3.27 AU , and at orbital eccentricities less than roughly 0.33 , along with orbital inclinations below about 20 ° . As of 2006 , this `` core '' region contained 93 % of all discovered and numbered minor planets within the Solar System . Kirkwood gaps ( edit ) Main article : Kirkwood gap Number of asteroids in the asteroid belt as a function of their semi-major axis . The dashed lines indicate the Kirkwood gaps , where orbital resonances with Jupiter destabilize orbits . The color gives a possible division into three zones : Zone I : inner main - belt ( a < 2.5 AU ) Zone II : middle main - belt ( 2.5 AU < a < 2.82 AU ) Zone III : outer main - belt ( a > 2.82 AU ) The semi-major axis of an asteroid is used to describe the dimensions of its orbit around the Sun , and its value determines the minor planet 's orbital period . In 1866 , Daniel Kirkwood announced the discovery of gaps in the distances of these bodies ' orbits from the Sun . They were located at positions where their period of revolution about the Sun was an integer fraction of Jupiter 's orbital period . Kirkwood proposed that the gravitational perturbations of the planet led to the removal of asteroids from these orbits . When the mean orbital period of an asteroid is an integer fraction of the orbital period of Jupiter , a mean - motion resonance with the gas giant is created that is sufficient to perturb an asteroid to new orbital elements . Asteroids that become located in the gap orbits ( either primordially because of the migration of Jupiter 's orbit , or due to prior perturbations or collisions ) are gradually nudged into different , random orbits with a larger or smaller semi-major axis . The gaps are not seen in a simple snapshot of the locations of the asteroids at any one time because asteroid orbits are elliptical , and many asteroids still cross through the radii corresponding to the gaps . The actual spatial density of asteroids in these gaps does not differ significantly from the neighboring regions . The main gaps occur at the 3 : 1 , 5 : 2 , 7 : 3 , and 2 : 1 mean - motion resonances with Jupiter . An asteroid in the 3 : 1 Kirkwood gap would orbit the Sun three times for each Jovian orbit , for instance . Weaker resonances occur at other semi-major axis values , with fewer asteroids found than nearby . ( For example , an 8 : 3 resonance for asteroids with a semi-major axis of 2.71 AU . ) The main or core population of the asteroid belt is sometimes divided into three zones , based on the most prominent Kirkwood gaps : Zone I lies between the 4 : 1 resonance ( 2.06 AU ) and 3 : 1 resonance ( 2.5 AU ) Kirkwood gaps . Zone II continues from the end of Zone I out to the 5 : 2 resonance gap ( 2.82 AU ) . Zone III extends from the outer edge of Zone II to the 2 : 1 resonance gap ( 3.28 AU ) . The asteroid belt may also be divided into the inner and outer belts , with the inner belt formed by asteroids orbiting nearer to Mars than the 3 : 1 Kirkwood gap ( 2.5 AU ) , and the outer belt formed by those asteroids closer to Jupiter 's orbit . ( Some authors subdivide the inner and outer belts at the 2 : 1 resonance gap ( 3.3 AU ) , whereas others suggest inner , middle , and outer belts ; also see diagram ) . Collisions ( edit ) The zodiacal light , a minor part of which is created by dust from collisions in the asteroid belt The high population of the asteroid belt makes for a very active environment , where collisions between asteroids occur frequently ( on astronomical time scales ) . Collisions between main - belt bodies with a mean radius of 10 km are expected to occur about once every 10 million years . A collision may fragment an asteroid into numerous smaller pieces ( leading to the formation of a new asteroid family ) . Conversely , collisions that occur at low relative speeds may also join two asteroids . After more than 4 billion years of such processes , the members of the asteroid belt now bear little resemblance to the original population . Along with the asteroid bodies , the asteroid belt also contains bands of dust with particle radii of up to a few hundred micrometres . This fine material is produced , at least in part , from collisions between asteroids , and by the impact of micrometeorites upon the asteroids . Due to the Poynting -- Robertson effect , the pressure of solar radiation causes this dust to slowly spiral inward toward the Sun . The combination of this fine asteroid dust , as well as ejected cometary material , produces the zodiacal light . This faint auroral glow can be viewed at night extending from the direction of the Sun along the plane of the ecliptic . Asteroid particles that produce the visible zodiacal light average about 40 μm in radius . The typical lifetimes of main - belt zodiacal cloud particles are about 700,000 years . Thus , to maintain the bands of dust , new particles must be steadily produced within the asteroid belt . It was once thought that collisions of asteroids form a major component of the zodiacal light . However , computer simulations by Nesvorný and colleagues attributed 85 percent of the zodiacal - light dust to fragmentations of Jupiter - family comets , rather than to comets and collisions between asteroids in the asteroid belt . At most 10 percent of the dust is attributed to the asteroid belt . Meteorites ( edit ) Some of the debris from collisions can form meteoroids that enter the Earth 's atmosphere . Of the 50,000 meteorites found on Earth to date , 99.8 percent are believed to have originated in the asteroid belt . Families and groups ( edit ) Main article : Asteroid family This plot of orbital inclination ( i ) versus eccentricity ( e ) for the numbered main - belt asteroids clearly shows clumpings representing asteroid families . In 1918 , the Japanese astronomer Kiyotsugu Hirayama noticed that the orbits of some of the asteroids had similar parameters , forming families or groups . Approximately one - third of the asteroids in the asteroid belt are members of an asteroid family . These share similar orbital elements , such as semi-major axis , eccentricity , and orbital inclination as well as similar spectral features , all of which indicate a common origin in the breakup of a larger body . Graphical displays of these elements , for members of the asteroid belt , show concentrations indicating the presence of an asteroid family . There are about 20 -- 30 associations that are almost certainly asteroid families . Additional groupings have been found that are less certain . Asteroid families can be confirmed when the members display common spectral features . Smaller associations of asteroids are called groups or clusters . Some of the most prominent families in the asteroid belt ( in order of increasing semi-major axes ) are the Flora , Eunoma , Koronis , Eos , and Themis families . The Flora family , one of the largest with more than 800 known members , may have formed from a collision less than a billion years ago . The largest asteroid to be a true member of a family ( as opposed to an interloper in the case of Ceres with the Gefion family ) is 4 Vesta . The Vesta family is believed to have formed as the result of a crater - forming impact on Vesta . Likewise , the HED meteorites may also have originated from Vesta as a result of this collision . Three prominent bands of dust have been found within the asteroid belt . These have similar orbital inclinations as the Eos , Koronis , and Themis asteroid families , and so are possibly associated with those groupings . Periphery ( edit ) Skirting the inner edge of the belt ( ranging between 1.78 and 2.0 AU , with a mean semi-major axis of 1.9 AU ) is the Hungaria family of minor planets . They are named after the main member , 434 Hungaria ; the group contains at least 52 named asteroids . The Hungaria group is separated from the main body by the 4 : 1 Kirkwood gap and their orbits have a high inclination . Some members belong to the Mars - crossing category of asteroids , and gravitational perturbations by Mars are likely a factor in reducing the total population of this group . Another high - inclination group in the inner part of the asteroid belt is the Phocaea family . These are composed primarily of S - type asteroids , whereas the neighboring Hungaria family includes some E-types . The Phocaea family orbit between 2.25 and 2.5 AU from the Sun . Skirting the outer edge of the asteroid belt is the Cybele group , orbiting between 3.3 and 3.5 AU . These have a 7 : 4 orbital resonance with Jupiter . The Hilda family orbit between 3.5 and 4.2 AU , and have relatively circular orbits and a stable 3 : 2 orbital resonance with Jupiter . There are few asteroids beyond 4.2 AU , until Jupiter 's orbit . Here the two families of Trojan asteroids can be found , which , at least for objects larger than 1 km , are approximately as numerous as the asteroids of the asteroid belt . New families ( edit ) Some asteroid families have formed recently , in astronomical terms . The Karin Cluster apparently formed about 5.7 million years ago from a collision with a progenitor asteroid 33 km in radius . The Veritas family formed about 8.3 million years ago ; evidence includes interplanetary dust recovered from ocean sediment . More recently , the Datura cluster appears to have formed about 530 thousand years ago from a collision with a main - belt asteroid . The age estimate is based on the probability of the members having their current orbits , rather than from any physical evidence . However , this cluster may have been a source for some zodiacal dust material . Other recent cluster formations , such as the Iannini cluster ( circa 1 -- 5 million years ago ) , may have provided additional sources of this asteroid dust . Exploration ( edit ) Artist 's concept of the Dawn spacecraft with Vesta and Ceres The first spacecraft to traverse the asteroid belt was Pioneer 10 , which entered the region on 16 July 1972 . At the time there was some concern that the debris in the belt would pose a hazard to the spacecraft , but it has since been safely traversed by 12 spacecraft without incident . Pioneer 11 , Voyagers 1 and 2 and Ulysses passed through the belt without imaging any asteroids . Galileo imaged 951 Gaspra in 1991 and 243 Ida in 1993 , NEAR imaged 253 Mathilde in 1997 , Cassini imaged 2685 Masursky in 2000 , Stardust imaged 5535 Annefrank in 2002 , New Horizons imaged 132524 APL in 2006 , Rosetta imaged 2867 Šteins in September 2008 and 21 Lutetia in July 2010 , and Dawn orbited Vesta between July 2011 and September 2012 and has orbited Ceres since March 2015 . On its way to Jupiter , Juno traversed the asteroid belt without collecting science data . Due to the low density of materials within the belt , the odds of a probe running into an asteroid are now estimated at less than one in a billion . Most belt asteroids imaged to date have come from brief flyby opportunities by probes headed for other targets . Only the Dawn , NEAR and Hayabusa missions have studied asteroids for a protracted period in orbit and at the surface . Dawn explored Vesta from July 2011 to September 2012 , and has been orbiting Ceres since March 2015 . 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Jump up ^ McKee , Maggie ( January 18 , 2006 ) . `` Eon of dust storms traced to asteroid smash '' . New Scientist Space . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ Nesvorný ; Vokrouhlický , D ; Bottke , WF ; et al. ( 2006 ) . `` The Breakup of a Main - Belt Asteroid 450 Thousand Years Ago '' ( PDF ) . Science . 312 ( 5779 ) : 1490 . Bibcode : 2006Sci ... 312.1490 N. PMID 16763141 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1126175 . Jump up ^ Vokrouhlický ; Durech , J ; Michalowski , T ; et al. ( 2009 ) . `` Datura family : the 2009 update '' . Astronomy & Astrophysics. 507 : 495 -- 504 . Bibcode : 2009A&A ... 507 ... 495V . doi : 10.1051 / 0004 - 6361 / 200912696 . Jump up ^ Nesvorný , D. ; Bottke , W.F. ; Levison , H.F. & Dones , L. ( 2003 ) . `` Recent Origin of the Solar System Dust Bands '' ( PDF ) . The Astrophysical Journal . 591 ( 1 ) : 486 -- 497 . Bibcode : 2003ApJ ... 591 ... 486N . doi : 10.1086 / 374807 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ Barucci , M.A. ; Fulchignoni , M. & Rossi , A. ( 2007 ) . `` Rosetta Asteroid Targets : 2867 Steins and 21 Lutetia '' . Space Science Reviews . 128 ( 1 -- 4 ) : 67 -- 78 . Bibcode : 2007SSRv ... 128 ... 67B . doi : 10.1007 / s11214 - 006 - 9029 - 6 . Jump up ^ Greicius , Tony ( July 31 , 2015 ) . `` NASA 's Juno Gives Starship - Like View of Earth Flyby '' . nasa.gov . NASA . Retrieved 4 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Stern , Alan ( June 2 , 2006 ) . `` New Horizons Crosses The Asteroid Belt '' . Space Daily . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 14 . Further reading ( edit ) Elkins - Tanton , Linda T. ( 2006 ) . Asteroids , Meteorites , and Comets ( First ed . ) . New York : Chelsea House . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 5195 - X . External links ( edit ) Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Asteroid belt '' dated 2012 - 03 - 30 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles Wikimedia Commons has media related to Main Belt asteroids . Arnett , William A. ( February 26 , 2006 ) . `` Asteroids '' . The Nine Planets . Archived from the original on 18 April 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 20 . Asteroids Page at NASA 's Solar System Exploration Cain , Fraser . `` The Asteroid Belt '' . Universe Today . Archived from the original on 7 March 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 01 . `` Main Asteroid Belt '' . Sol Company . Archived from the original on 15 May 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 20 . Munsell , Kirk ( September 16 , 2005 ) . `` Asteroids : Overview '' . NASA 's Solar System Exploration . Archived from the original on 24 May 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 26 . Plots of eccentricity vs. semi-major axis and inclination vs. semi-major axis at Asteroid Dynamic Site Staff ( October 31 , 2006 ) . `` Asteroids '' . NASA . Archived from the original on 11 April 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 20 . Staff ( 2007 ) . `` Space Topics : Asteroids and Comets '' . The Planetary Society . Archived from the original on 28 April 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 20 . Asteroids Main Notable asteroids Physical characteristics dynamic method Impact avoidance Tracking Capture Gravitational keyhole Earth - crosser Close approaches Binary moon contact P -- L Distribution Interior to Earth vulcanoids Mercury - crossers Venus - crossers Main - belt Kirkwood gap comets Trojans Venus trojan Earth Mars Jupiter Uranus trojan Neptune trojan Near - Earth Aten Amor Apollo Apohele Earth - crossers Between Earth and the main belt Mars crossers Mars trojans Outer Solar System , does not include distant minor planets Jupiter - crossers Jupiter trojan Classification Orbital Group Family ( list ) Spectral Tholen C - group B - type F - type G - type C - type S - type X-group M - type E-type P - type small classes A-type D - type J - type T - type Q - type R - type V - type SMASS C - group B - type C - type Cg Ch Cgh Cb S - group A-type Q - type R - type K - type L - type S - type Sa Sq Sr Sk Sl X-group X-type Xe Xc Xk small types T - type D - type Ld - type O - type V - type Exploration Asteroid Redirect Mission Asteroids visited by spacecraft Human mission Mining Ceres Colonization Lists Near - Earth Minor planets Lost Discovering observatories Space missions See also : Asteroids in fiction Asteroids in astrology occultation Comet Dwarf planets Asteroid belt IAU : Ceres No longer rounded and therefore not dwarf planets ( Former candidates : Pallas Vesta Hygiea ) Centaurs Possibly : Chariklo Chiron Centaurs ( extended ) Possibly : 1995 SN 55 ( lost ) Ceto 2010 TY 53 Plutinos IAU : Pluto Additional objects proposed by Brown and Tancredi : Orcus Ixion 2003 AZ 2004 UX Huya Possibly : 2003 UZ 2003 VS 2002 VR 2004 PF 2002 XV 93 2007 JH 43 2001 QF 298 Twotinos Possibly : 2002 WC Other resonances / unknown resonances : IAU : Haumea Possibly : 2002 XW 1999 DE 1999 KR 2001 YH 2011 GM 27 2010 VK 201 2013 FZ 27 2014 UM 33 1999 CD 158 Cubewanos : IAU : Makemake Additional objects proposed by Brown and Tancredi : 2002 MS Salacia Quaoar Varuna Varda 2004 GV 2002 AW 2002 TX 2005 RR 2003 OP 2005 RN Possibly : Chaos Altjira Sila - Nunam 2002 UX 2007 JJ 2005 UQ 2004 TY 2003 QW 1998 SN 2002 KX Praamzius 2004 NT 2010 FX 86 2002 CY 248 2010 VR 11 Rhadamanthus Scattered disc IAU : Eris Additional objects proposed by Brown and Tancredi : 2007 OR 1996 TL 2001 UR 2005 RM Possibly : 2002 TC 2004 XA 2005 QU 2006 QH 181 2007 UK 2010 EK 139 2010 KZ 39 2010 RE 64 2010 RF 43 2010 TJ 2013 FY 27 2008 OG 19 1996 GQ 2012 HH 1999 CC 2010 VZ 98 Area uncertain Captured satellites that were once dwarf planets : Triton ( captured by Neptune ) Phoebe ( captured by Saturn , and no longer rounded ) Possibly : 2011 FW 62 ( lost ) 2000 YW V774104 Detached objects Possibly : 2004 XR 190 2010 GB 174 2008 ST 291 1995 TL 2005 TB 2003 QX 113 2003 FY 2004 VN 112 2000 CR Sednoids Objects proposed by Brown and Tancredi : Sedna Possibly : 2012 VP 113 See also : Charon Vanth Dysnomia Hiʻiaka Mesoplanet Planemo List of trans - Neptunian objects List of possible dwarf planets List of Solar System objects List of Solar System objects by size Ceres Geography General Geology of Ceres Craters Achita Annona Asari Coniraya Dantu Darzamat Ezinu Fejokoo Hamori Haulani Kerwan Mondamin Nawish Occator Urvara Yalode Zadeni Montes Ahuna Mons Other features Bright spots Astronomy Classification Asteroid Definition of planet Dwarf planet Planet 2006 definition of planet Discovery Barnaba Oriani Carl Friedrich Gauss Francis Wollaston Franz Xaver von Zach Giuseppe Piazzi Heinrich Olbers Jérôme Lalande Johann Elert Bode Tobias Mayer Possible trojans ( 185105 ) 2006 SV 23 1372 Haremari Exploration Dawn mission Ceres Polar Lander ( proposed ) Related Ceres in fiction Colonization In astrology Solar System bodies formerly considered to be planets Small Solar System bodies Minor planets Designation Groups List Moon Meanings of names Asteroid Aten asteroid Asteroid belt Family Jupiter trojan Near - Earth Spectral types Distant minor planet Centaur Damocloid Neptune trojan Trans - Neptunian object Detached Kuiper belt Oort cloud Scattered disc Comets Extinct Great Halley - type Hyperbolic Long - period Lost Main - belt Near - parabolic Periodic Sungrazing Other Meteoroids The Solar System The Sun Mercury Venus Earth Mars Ceres Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto Haumea Makemake Eris Planets Terrestrial planets Mercury Venus Earth Mars Giant planets Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Dwarf planets Ceres Pluto Haumea Makemake Eris Rings Jovian Saturnian ( Rhean ) Charikloan Chironean Uranian Neptunian Haumean Moons 1 Terrestrial ( Moon ) Other near - Earth objects 2 Martian Phobos Deimos 69 Jovian Ganymede Callisto Io Europa all 62 Saturnian Titan Rhea Iapetus Dione Tethys Enceladus Mimas Hyperion Phoebe all 27 Uranian Titania Oberon Umbriel Ariel Miranda all 14 Neptunian Triton Proteus Nereid all 5 Plutonian Charon Nix Hydra Kerberos Styx 2 Haumean Hiʻiaka Namaka 1 Makemakean ( S / 2015 ( 136472 ) 1 ) 1 Eridian ( Dysnomia ) Lists Solar System objects By size By discovery date Minor planets Gravitationally rounded objects Possible dwarf planets Natural satellites Comets Small Solar System bodies Meteoroids Minor planets moons Comets Damocloids Mercury - crossers Venus - crossers Venus trojans Near - Earth objects Earth - crossers Earth trojans Mars - crossers Mars trojans Asteroid belt Asteroids first discovered : Ceres Pallas Juno Vesta Families Notable asteroids Kirkwood gap Main - belt comets Jupiter trojans Jupiter - crossers Centaurs Saturn - crossers Uranus trojans Uranus - crossers Neptune trojans Cis - Neptunian objects Trans - Neptunian objects Neptune - crossers Plutoids Kuiper belt Plutinos Cubewanos Scattered disc Detached objects Sednoids Hills cloud Oort cloud Hypothetical objects Vulcan Vulcanoids Phaeton Planet V Theia Fifth giant Planets beyond Neptune Tyche Nemesis Planet Nine Exploration ( outline ) Discovery Astronomy Timeline Spaceflight Robotic spacecraft Human spaceflight Colonization List of probes Timeline Mercury Venus Moon Mars Ceres Asteroids Mining Comets Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto Deep space Outline of the Solar System Portals Solar System Astronomy Earth sciences Mars Jupiter Uranus Cosmology Solar System → Local Interstellar Cloud → Local Bubble → Gould Belt → Orion Arm → Milky Way → Milky Way subgroup → Local Group → Virgo Supercluster → Laniakea Supercluster → Pisces -- Cetus Supercluster Complex → Observable universe → Universe Each arrow ( → ) may be read as `` within '' or `` part of '' . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asteroid_belt&oldid=804101696 '' Categories : Solar System Asteroid groups and families Main - belt asteroids Asteroids Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2006 All articles containing potentially dated statements Spoken articles Articles with hAudio microformats Featured articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Kernowek Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar Македонски മലയാളം მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan پنجابی Patois Plattdüütsch Polski Português Ripoarisch Română Русский Scots Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray Yorùbá 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 October 2017 , at 19 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where are asteroids located in the solar system | [
"The asteroid belt is the circumstellar disc in the Solar System located roughly between the orbits of the planets Mars and Jupiter. It is occupied by numerous irregularly shaped bodies called asteroids or minor planets. The asteroid belt is also termed the main asteroid belt or main belt to distinguish it from other asteroid populations in the Solar System such as near-Earth asteroids and trojan asteroids.[1] About half the mass of the belt is contained in the four largest asteroids: Ceres, Vesta, Pallas, and Hygiea.[1] The total mass of the asteroid belt is approximately 4% that of the Moon, or 22% that of Pluto, and roughly twice that of Pluto's moon Charon (whose diameter is 1200 km)."
] | [
"roughly between the orbits of the planets Mars and Jupiter"
] |
-6768807302554632882 | Languages of Singapore | Languages of Singapore - wikipedia Languages of Singapore Jump to : navigation , search A warning sign in the four official languages of Singapore that is found in all Mass Rapid Transit ( MRT ) stations Life in Singapore Culture Dance Demographics Driving Economy Education Film Holidays Languages Literature Music Politics Religion Singapore English Sports Transport Conscription According to the Constitution of Singapore , the four official languages of Singapore are English , Mandarin , Malay and Tamil while the symbolic national language is Malay . The three languages other than English were chosen to correspond with the major ethnic groups present in Singapore at the time : Mandarin had gained status since the introduction of Chinese - medium schools ; Malay was deemed the `` most obvious choice '' for the Malay community ; and Tamil for the largest Indian ethnic group in Singapore , in addition to being `` the language with the longest history of education in Malaysia and Singapore '' . In 2009 , more than 20 languages were identified as being spoken in Singapore , reflecting a rich linguistic diversity in the city . Singapore 's historical roots as a trading settlement gave rise to an influx of foreign traders , and their languages were slowly embedded in Singapore 's modern day linguistic repertoire . In the early years , the lingua franca of the island was Bazaar Malay ( Melayu Pasar ) , a creole of Malay and Chinese , the language of trade in the Malay Archipelago . While it continues to be used among many on the island , especially Singaporean Malays , Malay has now been displaced by English . English became the lingua franca due to British rule of Singapore , and was made the main language upon Singaporean independence . Thus , English is the medium of instruction in schools , and is also the main language used in formal settings such as in government departments and the courts . Hokkien ( Min Nan ) and Cantonese briefly emerged as a lingua franca among the Chinese , but by the late 20th century it had been eclipsed by Mandarin . The Government promotes Mandarin among Singaporean Chinese , since it views the language as a bridge between Singapore 's diverse non-Mandarin speaking groups , and as a tool for forging a common Chinese cultural identity . China 's economic rise in the 21st century has also encouraged a greater use of Mandarin . Other Chinese varieties such as Hokkien , Teochew , Hakka , Hainanese and Cantonese have been classified by the Government as `` dialects '' , and language policies and changes in language attitudes based on this classification have led to a decrease in the number of speakers of these varieties . While Tamil is one of Singapore 's official languages , other Indian languages are also frequently used . Almost all Singaporeans are bilingual since Singapore 's bilingual language education policy promotes a dual - language learning system . Learning a second language has been compulsory in primary schools since 1960 and secondary schools since 1966 . English is used as the main medium of instruction . On top of this , most children learn one of the three official languages ( or , occasionally , another approved language ) as a second language , according to their official registered ethnic group . Since 1 January 2011 , if a person is of more than one ethnicity and their race is registered in the hyphenated format , the race chosen will be the one that precedes the hyphen in their registered race . Contents ( hide ) 1 English as the main language of Singapore 2 Singlish 3 Chinese language 3.1 Standard Mandarin 3.2 Other Chinese varieties 3.3 Written Chinese 4 Malay language 5 Tamil language 6 Eurasian languages 7 Bilingualism and multilingualism 7.1 Bilingual education policy 7.2 Impacts of bilingual education policy 7.3 Challenges in the teaching of Mother Tongue 7.4 Foreign population in Singapore 8 Sociolinguistic issues 8.1 Politics 8.2 Status of Singlish as an identity marker 8.3 Preservation issues 8.4 Controversy over learning of Chinese varieties 8.5 Renewed interest in learning other Chinese varieties 9 Linguistic landscape of Singapore 9.1 Tourist attractions 9.2 Government offices and public buildings 9.3 Public hospitals 9.4 Notices and campaigns 9.5 Limitations in current research methodologies 9.6 Controversies 10 Media and the arts 10.1 Chinese varieties in local films 10.2 Indian languages in the media 10.3 Language - specific societies 11 Notes 12 Further reading English as the main language of Singapore ( edit ) Main article : Singapore English All directional signs in Singapore are written in English . Singapore English is regarded as the main language in Singapore , and is officially the main language of instruction in all school subjects except for Mother Tongue lessons in Singapore 's education system . It is also the common language of the administration , and is promoted as an important language for international business . Spelling in Singapore largely follows British conventions , owing to the country 's status as a former Crown Colony . English is the country 's default lingua franca despite the fact that four languages have official status . Under the British colonial government , English gained prestige as the language of administration , law and business in Singapore . As government administration increased , infrastructure and commerce developed , and access to education further catalysed the spread of English among Singaporeans . When Singapore gained self - government in 1959 and independence in 1965 , the local government decided to keep English as the main language to maximise economic benefits . Since English was rising as the global language for commerce , technology and science , promotion of its use in Singapore would expedite Singapore 's development and integration into the global economy . Furthermore , the switch to English as the only medium of instruction in schools aided in bridging the social distance between the various groups of ethnic language speakers in the country . Between the early 1960s to the late 1970s , the number of students registering for primarily English - medium schools leapt from 50 % to 90 % , as more parents elected to send their children to English - medium schools . Attendance in Mandarin , Malay and Tamil - medium schools consequently dropped and schools began to close down . The Chinese - medium Nanyang University also made the switch to English as the medium of instruction despite meeting resistance , especially from the Chinese community . There has been a steep increase in the use of the English language over the years . Singapore is currently the most proficient English - speaking country in Asia . Then Education Minister , Ng Eng Hen , noted a rising number of Singaporeans using English as their home language in December 2009 . Of children enrolled in primary school in 2009 , 60 % of the Chinese and Indian pupils and 35 % of the Malay pupils spoke predominantly English at home . English is the native language of 32 % of Singaporeans , but has the largest number of speakers if statistics were to account for speakers of English as a second language . Language most frequently spoken at home ( % ) Language 1990 2000 2015 English 18.8 23.0 32.3 36.9 Mandarin 23.7 35.0 35.6 34.9 Chinese Dialects 23.8 14.3 12.2 Malay 14.3 14.1 12.2 10.7 Tamil 2.9 3.2 3.3 3.3 Others 0.9 2.3 2.0 Singlish ( edit ) Main article : Singlish Singlish is an English - based creole language with its own consistent rules and phonology widely used in Singapore . However , usage of this language is discouraged by the local government , which favours Standard English . Despite this , Singlish is still widely spoken across the island and viewed by most Singaporeans as a trait that identifies them as uniquely Singaporean . The government ( in this case the Media Development Authority ) does not support using Singlish in television and radio advertising . Chinese language ( edit ) See also : Singaporean Mandarin , Standard Singaporean Mandarin , Singdarin , Singaporean Hokkien , and Hokkien influence on Singaporean Mandarin The Teochew Building houses a prominent Teochew clan association in Singapore , the Ngee Ann Kongsi According to the population census , Mandarin and other varieties of Chinese are the most common languages spoken at home . They are used by 51 % of the population . The table below shows the change in distribution of Mandarin and other Chinese varieties , as well as English , as home languages of the resident Chinese population of Singapore in 1990 , 2000 and 2010 . It can be observed that the percentage of the population which speaks English and Mandarin has increased , while the percentage of those who speak other Chinese varieties has collapsed and is now limited mainly to the elderly . More recently , English appears to be starting to displace Mandarin as well . Language most frequently spoken at home among Chinese resident population aged 5 and over Home language 1990 2000 1990 ( % ) 2000 ( % ) 2010 ( % ) 2015 ( % ) Total 1,884,000 2,236,100 2,527,562 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 English 363,400 533,900 824,616 19.3 23.9 32.6 37.4 Mandarin 566,200 1,008,500 1,206,556 30.1 45.1 47.7 46.1 Other Chinese varieties 948,100 685,800 485,765 50.3 30.7 19.2 16.1 Others 6,400 7,900 10,625 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 Standard Mandarin ( edit ) Standard Mandarin is generally spoken as the lingua franca among the Chinese community in Singapore . Simply known as Chinese , it is the designated mother tongue or ' ethnic language ' of Chinese Singaporeans , at the expense of the other Chinese varieties . In 1979 , the government heavily promoted Mandarin through its Speak Mandarin campaign . The then Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew stated that Mandarin was chosen to unify the Chinese community with a single language . With the rising prominence of Mandarin in Singapore at that time , politicians such as Lee theorized that it might overtake English , despite strong evidence to the contrary . From the 1990s , with the perceived increase in commerce and trade possibilities with Mainland China , the Singaporean government promoted Mandarin as a language with high economic advantage and value . Today , Mandarin is generally seen as a way to maintain a link to Chinese culture . Other Chinese varieties ( edit ) Other Chinese varieties also have a presence in Singapore . Amongst them , Hokkien ( Min Nan ) and Cantonese used to be an unofficial language of business until the 1980s . Hokkien ( Min Nan ) or Cantonese are also used as a lingua franca among Chinese Singaporeans , and also among Malays and Indians to communicate with the Chinese majority . As of 2012 , according to demographic figures , the five main Chinese linguistic groups in Singapore are Hokkien ( Min Nan ) ( 41.1 % ) , Teochew ( 21.0 % ) , Cantonese ( 15.4 % ) , Hakka ( 7.9 % ) and Hainanese ( 6.7 % ) , while Fuzhou dialect ( Hokchia , Hokchew ) , Pu - Xian Min ( HengHua ) , and Shanghainese have smaller speaker bases . However , in this present day , the two most commonly Chinese varieties spoken today are Hokkien ( Min Nan ) being the dominant dialect and Cantonese being second . Teochew is being replaced by Min Nan , while other Chinese varieties are increasingly less commonly heard nowadays . Written Chinese ( edit ) Main article : Singapore Chinese characters Traditional Chinese characters were used in Singapore until 1969 , when the Ministry of Education promulgated the Table of Simplified Characters ( simplified Chinese : 简体字 表 ; traditional Chinese : 簡體字 表 ; pinyin : jiăntǐzìbiǎo ) , which while similar to the Chinese Character Simplification Scheme of the People 's Republic of China had 40 differences . In 1974 a new Table was published , and this second table was revised in 1976 to remove all differences between simplified Chinese characters in Singapore and China . Although simplified characters are currently used in official documents , the government does not ban the use of traditional characters . Hence , traditional characters are still used in signs , advertisements and Chinese calligraphy , while books in both character sets are available in Singapore . Malay language ( edit ) Bahasa Melayu the standardised form of the Malay language , is the national language of Singapore and one of its official languages . It is written in a Roman script known as Rumi . It is the home language of 13 % of the Singaporean population . Malay is also the ceremonial national language and used in the national anthem of Singapore , in citations for Singapore orders and decorations and military foot drill commands , mottos of several organizations , and is the variety taught in Singapore 's language education system . Historically Malay was written in the Jawi script , based on Arabic . Under the British and Dutch Malay began to be written in Rumi . Efforts to create a standardised spelling for Malaya and Singapore emerged in 1904 by colonial officer Richard Wilkinson . In 1910 the Malay of the Riau Islands was chosen by the Dutch van Ophuijsen as the dialect for his book `` Malay Grammar '' , intended for Dutch officials , standardising Rumi usage in Dutch territories . In 1933 grammarian Zainal Abidin bin Ahmad made further changes to Rumi as used in Malaya and Singapore . Many Chinese immigrants who spoke Malay were supporters of British rule , and purposely used Rumi when writing newspapers or translating Chinese literature . Printing presses used by colonial officials and Christian missionaries further spread Rumi , while Jawi was mostly written by hand . The transition to Rumi changed the Malay language due to the influence of English grammar . In 1972 Malaysia and Indonesia reached an agreement to standardise Rumi Malay spelling . Singaporean Malays still learn some Jawi as children alongside Rumi , and Jawi is considered an ethnic script for use on Singaporean Identity Cards . Prior to independence Singapore was a centre for Malay literature and Malay culture , however after independence its cultural role diminished . Singapore is an observer to the Language Council for Brunei Darussalam - Indonesia - Malaysia which works to standardise Malay spelling , however it has not applied to be a member . It nonetheless applies standardisations agreed to in this forum , and following the Malaysian standard when there are disagreements . Other varieties that are still spoken in Singapore include Bazaar Malay ( Melayu Pasar ) , a Malay - lexified pidgin , which was once an interethnic lingua franca when Singapore was under British rule . Another is Baba Malay , a variety of Malay Creole influenced by Hokkien and Bazaar Malay and the mother tongue of the Peranakans , which is still spoken today by approximately 10,000 Peranakans in Singapore . Other Austronesian languages , such as Javanese , Buginese , Minangkabau , Batak , Sundanese , Boyanese ( which is a dialect of Madurese ) and Banjarese , are also spoken in Singapore , but their use has declined . Orang Seletar , the language of the Orang Seletar , the first people of Singapore and closely related to Malay is also spoken near the Johor Strait , between Singapore and the state of Johor , Malaysia . Tamil language ( edit ) Main article : Indian languages in Singapore Tamil is one of the official languages of Singapore and written Tamil uses the Tamil script . According to the population census of 2010 , 9.2 % of the Singaporean population were Indians , with approximately 76.7 % who spoke Tamil most frequently as their home language . It is a drop from 2000 , where Tamil - speaking homes comprised 82.9 % . On the other hand , the percentage of Singaporean Indians speaking languages other than Tamil , categorised under `` others '' , have increased from 9.7 % in 2005 to 13.6 % in 2010 . Meanwhile , the percentage of the total population speaking Tamil at home as remained steady , or has even slightly risen over the years , to just above 4 % , due to immigration from India and Sri Lanka . Apart from Tamil , some of the other Indian languages spoken by minorities in Singapore include Kannada , Malayalam , Telugu , Punjabi , Sindhi , Hindi , and Gujarati . Eurasian languages ( edit ) See also : Kristang language Kristang is a creole spoken by Portuguese Eurasians in Singapore and Malaysia . It developed when Portuguese colonizers incorporated borrowings from Malay , Chinese , Indian and Arab languages . When the British took over Singapore , Kristang declined as the Portuguese Eurasians learned English instead . Today , it is largely spoken by the elderly . Bilingualism and multilingualism ( edit ) The majority of Singaporeans are bilingual in English and one of the other three official languages . For instance , most Chinese Singaporeans can speak English and Mandarin . Some , especially the older generation , can speak Malay and additional Chinese varieties such as Hokkien , Teochew , Cantonese , Hakka , and Hainanese . Bilingual Education policy ( edit ) See also : Language education in Singapore Singapore has a bilingual education policy , where all students in government schools are taught English as their first language . Students in Primary and Secondary schools also learn a second language called their `` Mother Tongue '' by the Ministry of Education , where they are either taught Mandarin , Malay , or Tamil . English is the main language of instruction for most subjects , while Mother Tongue is used in Mother Tongue lessons and moral education classes . This is because Singapore 's `` bilingualism '' policy of teaching and learning English and Mother Tongue in primary and secondary schools is viewed as a `` cultural ballast '' to safeguard Asian cultural identities and values against Western influence . While `` Mother Tongue '' generally refers to the first language ( L1 ) elsewhere , it is used to denote the `` ethnic language '' or the second language ( L2 ) in Singapore . Prior to 1 January 2011 , the Ministry of Education ( MOE ) in Singapore defined `` Mother Tongue '' not as the home language or the first language acquired by the student but by his / her father 's ethnicity . For example , a child born to a Tamil - speaking Indian father and Hokkien - speaking Chinese mother would automatically be assigned to take Tamil as the Mother Tongue language . Since 1 January 2011 , Mother Tongue is defined solely by a person 's official registered race . If a person is of more than one ethnicity and their race is registered in the hyphenated format , the race chosen will be the one that precedes the hyphen in their registered race . The Lee Kuan Yew Fund for Bilingualism was set up on 28 November 2011 . The Fund aims to promote bilingualism amongst young children in Singapore , is set up to supplement existing English and Mother Tongue language programmes in teaching and language learning . It is managed by a Board chaired by the Singapore 's Minister of Education , Mr Heng Swee Keat and advised by an International Advisory Panel of Experts . Impacts of bilingual Education policy ( edit ) The impact of the bilingual policy differs amongst students from the various ethnic groups . For the Chinese , when the policy was first implemented , many students found themselves struggling with two foreign languages : English and Mandarin . Even though several different Chinese varieties were widely spoken at home , they were excluded from the classroom as it was felt that they would be an `` impediment to learning Chinese '' . Today , although Mandarin is widely spoken , proficiency in second languages has declined . In response to these falling standards , several revisions have been made to the education system . These include the introduction of the Mother Tongue `` B '' syllabus and the now - defunct EM3 stream , in both of which Mother Tongue is taught at a level lower than the mainstream standard . In the case of Mandarin , Chinese students would study Chinese `` B '' . The Malay - speaking community also faced similar problems after the implementation of the policy . In Singapore , Malay , not its non-standard dialects , is valued as a mean for transmitting familial and religious values . For instance , ' Madrasahs ' , or religious schools , mosques and religious classes all employ the Malay language . However , Malay in turn is facing competition from the increased popularity of English . In contrast to the language policy for Mandarin and Malay , Indian students are given a wider variety of Indian languages to choose from . For example , Indian students speaking Dravidian languages study Tamil as a Mother Tongue . However , schools with low numbers of Tamil students might not provide Tamil language classes . As a result , students from such schools will attend Tamil language classes at the Umar Pulavar Tamil Language Centre ( UPTLC ) . On the other hand , Indian students who speak non-Dravidian languages can choose from Hindi , Bengali , Punjabi , Gujarati and Urdu . However , as with Tamil , only certain schools offer these non-Dravidian languages . Thus , students will attend their respective language classes at designated language centres , held by the Board for the Teaching and Testing of South Asian Languages ( BTTSAL ) . In 2007 , in a bid to enhance the linguistic experience of students , the Ministry of Education strongly encouraged schools to offer Conversational Malay and Chinese to those who do not take either of these languages as their Mother Tongue . By providing the schools with the resources needed to implement the programme , the Ministry of Education has succeeded in significantly increasing the number of participating schools . More importantly , the programme was also well received by students . Challenges in the teaching of Mother Tongue ( edit ) The teaching of Mother Tongue ( especially Mandarin ) in schools has encountered challenges due to more Singaporeans speaking and using English at home . The declining standards and command of Mandarin amongst younger generations of Chinese Singaporeans continue to be of concern to the older generations of Chinese Singaporeans , as they perceive it to be an erosion of Chinese culture and heritage . This concern has led to the establishment the Singapore Centre for Chinese Language ( SCCL ) by the government on November 2009 . The SCCL 's stated purpose is to enhance the effectiveness of teaching Mandarin as a second language in a bilingual environment as well as to meet the learning needs of students from non-Mandarin speaking homes . Despite government efforts to promote Mandarin through the Speak Mandarin Campaign , the propagation of Mandarin and Chinese culture amongst Chinese Singaporeans continues to be a challenge because Mandarin faces stiff competition from the strong presence of English . However , this situation is not only limited to Mandarin , but also Malay and Tamil , where rising statistics show that English is progressively taking over as home language of Singaporeans . Foreign population in Singapore ( edit ) With the influx of foreigners , the population of non-English speaking foreigners in Singapore offers new challenges to the concept of language proficiency in the country . Foreigners in Singapore constitute 36 % of the population and they dominate 50 % of Singapore 's service sectors . Thus , it is not uncommon to encounter service staff who are not fluent in English , especially those who do not use English regularly . In response to this situation , the Straits Times reported that from July 2010 , foreigners working in service sectors would have to pass an English test before they can obtain their work permits . Sociolinguistic Issues ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Politics ( edit ) Language plays an important role in Singapore 's politics . Even until today , it is important for politicians in Singapore to be able to speak fluent English along with their Mother Tongue ( including different varieties of Chinese ) in order to reach out to the multilingual community in Singapore . This is evident in Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong 's annual National Day Rally speech , which is communicated through the use of English , Malay and Mandarin . Before the 1980s , it was common for politicians to broadcast their speech in Malay , English , Singaporean Hokkien , Singaporean Mandarin and other Chinese varieties . For instance , during the 1960s , Lee Kuan Yew learned and used Hokkien frequently in his political or rally speeches , as it was vital for him to secure votes in elections from the Hokkien - speaking community . Similarly , Lim Chin Siong , who was charismatic in the use of Hokkien , was able to secure opposition votes . Facing competition and difficulty in securing votes from the Chinese - educated , Lee Kuan Yew also had to learn Mandarin , in order to win the votes from the Mandarin - speaking community . Although the use of other Chinese varieties among the Singapore population has dwindled , they continue to be used in election rallies as of the 2011 parliamentary election . For instance , both Low Thia Khiang and Chan Chun Sing were noted for their usage of different Chinese varieties during election rallies . Status of Singlish as an identity marker ( edit ) See also : Singlish There has been a continuous debate between the general Singaporean population and the Government with regard to the status of Singlish in local domains . While the government fears that the prevalence of Singlish would affect Singapore 's overall image as a world class financial and business hub , most Singaporeans on the other hand have chosen to embrace Singlish as an identity marker and as a language of solidarity . In an attempt to eradicate the usage of Singlish , the government then began the Speak Good English Movement , encouraging people to use Standard Singaporean English in all contexts instead . Despite the success of the campaign , most Singaporeans surveyed still preferred the use of Singlish to communicate with fellow Singaporeans , and they also believed that they had the ability to code switch between Singlish and Standard Singaporean English , depending on the requirements of the particular situation . Most recently , Singlish came into the limelight when Republic of Singapore Air Force pilots supposedly used the language to much effect to prevent their American counterparts from intercepting their communications during the 2014 Red Flag exercise , resulting in a boost in support for the usefulness of Singlish among Singaporean netizens . Preservation Issues ( edit ) See also : Speak Mandarin Campaign Chinese varieties ( classified as dialects by the Singapore government ) , with the exception of Mandarin , have been in steep decline since the independence of Singapore in 1965 . This is in part due to the Speak Mandarin Campaign that was launched in 1979 . As part of the campaign , all programmes on TV and radio using non-standard varieties were stopped . Speeches in Hokkien by the prime minister were discontinued to prevent giving conflicting signals to the people . By the late 1980s , Mandarin managed to some extent , to replace these varieties as the preferred language for communication in public places , such as restaurants and public transport . The preservation of local varieties in Singapore has been of increasing concern in Singapore since the 2000s , especially among the younger generation of Chinese youths . This sudden revival of other varieties can mainly be attributed to a feeling of disconnection between the younger and the elder generations , as well as a sense of loss of identity from their own linguistic roots for many others . While more work has to be put in to revive these varieties , the recent 2014 Singapore Teochew Festival held in Ngee Ann City can be regarded as a positive sign that more people are becoming more actively involved in reconnecting with their linguistic roots . Controversy over learning of Chinese varieties ( edit ) In March 2009 , a newspaper article was published in Singapore broadsheet daily The Straits Times on a Language and Diversity Symposium organised by the Division of Linguistics and Multilingual Studies at Nanyang Technological University . Dr Ng Bee Chin , Acting Head of the Division , was quoted in the article as saying , `` Although Singaporeans are still multilingual , 40 years ago , we were even more multilingual . Young children are not speaking some of these languages at all any more . All it takes is one generation for a language to die . '' This prompted a reply from Mr Chee Hong Tat , the Principal Private Secretary of Minister Mentor Lee Kuan Yew . In a letter to the editor in the Straits Times Forum , he underlined the importance of English and Mandarin over other Chinese varieties and how using these varieties `` interferes with the learning of Mandarin and English '' ; a statement that Mr Lee Kuan Yew later corroborated in a speech at the 30th anniversary of the Speak Mandarin Campaign . Referring to the progress of Singapore 's bilingual education policy over the decades , Mr Chee Hong Tat also commented that `` it would be stupid for any Singapore agency or NTU to advocate the learning of dialects , which must be at the expense of English and Mandarin . '' Renewed interest in learning other Chinese varieties ( edit ) Since 2000 , Singapore 's government appears to have relaxed its stance towards Chinese varieties . In 2002 , clan associations such as Hainanese Association of Singapore ( Kheng Chiu Hwee Kuan ) and Teochew Poit Ip Huay Kuan started classes to teach other Chinese varieties . This was in response to an increased desire among Singaporeans to reconnect with their Chinese heritage and culture through learning other Chinese varieties . In 2007 , a group of 140 students from Paya Lebar Methodist Girls ' Primary School learnt Hokkien and Cantonese as an effort to communicate better with the elderly . The elderly themselves taught the students the varieties . The programme was organised in the hope of bridging the generational gap that was formed due to the suppression of these dialects in Singapore . Likewise , third - year students from Dunman High can now take a module called `` Pop Song Culture '' . This module lets them learn about pop culture in different dialect groups through pop songs from the 70s and 80s performed in different varieties . Besides this , students can also take an elective on different flavours and food cultures from various dialect groups . Linguistic landscape of Singapore ( edit ) The multi-ethnic background of Singapore 's society can be seen in its linguistic landscape . While English dominates as the working language of Singapore , the city does not possess a monolingual linguistic landscape . These can be seen from the variety of signs strewn around the city . Signs are colour - coded and categorised by their respective functions : for example , signs which are pointing to attractions are brown with white words , while road signs and street names are green with white words . Some of the most evident signs of multilingualism in Singapore 's linguistic landscape include danger / warning signs at construction sites , as well as road signs for tourist attractions . By observing the variation in languages used in the different contexts , we are able to obtain information on the ethnolinguistic vitality of the country . Tourist attractions ( edit ) Road signs to the Buddhist Burmese Temple and the Sun Yat Sen Nanyang Memorial Hall . The non-English languages used on the signs appear to depend upon the expected visitors to each place ( only English and Chinese for the Sun Yat Sen Nanyang Memorial Hall sign , but those two plus Japanese and Burmese for the Burmese Buddhist Temple sign ) . The majority of Singapore 's tourist attractions provide information through English in the Roman script . In many cases , the entrances of the attraction is written in English ( usually with no other accompanying languages ) while the distinctive brown road signs seen along streets and expressways which direct tourists come in up to four or five languages , with English as the largest and most prominent language on the sign . Some examples of the different ways in which popular tourist attractions in Singapore display ethnolinguistic diversity can be seen at tourist attractions such as Lau Pa Sat , where the words `` Lau Pa Sat '' on the directory boards consist of the Mandarin Chinese word lau for `` old '' ( 老 ; lăo ) and from the Hokkien words pa sat for `` market '' ( 巴 刹 ; bā sha ) , written in roman script . The entrance sign of the attraction also includes a non-literal translation in English below its traditional name ( Festival Market ) . It is also called the Telok Ayer Market , a name which makes reference to the location of the attraction and does not have anything to do with its cultural name . The conversion and expression in Roman script of Mandarin and Hokkien into pīnyīn helps non-Mandarin and non-Hokkien speakers with the pronunciation of the name of a place whilst remaining in tandem with the use of English and Roman script in Singapore . The repackaging of the original names of Lau Pa Sat in Roman script , and inclusion of the appearance of an English translation as a secondary title can be seen as a way of heightening the sense of authenticity and heritage of the attraction as it is marketed as a culturally - rich area in Singapore , similar to Chinatown and Little India ; both of which were formerly cultural enclaves of the distinctive races . Similarly in places that bear cultural significance , the signs are printed in the language associated with the culture , such as The Sun Yat Sen Nanyang Memorial Hall which has an entirely Chinese sign without any translations . Some notable exceptions include the brown directional road signs for the Merlion Park which are written not only in the four national languages , but also in Japanese . Although many variations exist , this arrangement is widely applied to most places of interest as well as places of worship , such as the Burmese Buddhist Temple which has signs in Burmese and some mosques in Singapore which also have their names printed in the Jawi script even though the Malay language was standardized with the Roman alphabet in Singapore . Government offices and public buildings ( edit ) English signage at the Singapore Parliament Despite the fact that Malay is the national language of Singapore , government buildings are often indicated by signs in English and not Malay . Comparing the relative occurrences of English and Malay in building signs , the use of the working language is far more common in Singapore 's linguistic landscape than that of the national language , which is limited to ceremonial purposes . This can also be seen on the entrance sign to most Ministries and government buildings , which are expressed only in English , the working language . Most of the foreign embassies in Singapore are able to use their own national or working languages as a representation of their respective embassies in Singapore , as long as their language can be expressed in the script of any of Singapore 's official languages . For example , embassies representing non-English speaking countries such as the French Embassy are allowed to use their own languages because the language can be expressed in Roman script , thus explaining why the French embassy uses its French name . However , for the case of the Royal Thai Embassy , English was chosen to represent it in Singapore because the Thai script is not recognized as a script in any of Singapore 's official languages , even though English is less widely used in Thailand than standard Thai . Public hospitals ( edit ) Out of the eight general hospitals overseen by Singapore 's Ministry of Health , only Singapore General Hospital has signages in the four official languages . Along Hospital Drive ( where Singapore General Hospital is located ) and various national medical centres , road directories are entirely in English . Within the hospital itself , signs for individual blocks , wards , Accident and Emergency department , Specialist Outpatient Clinics , National Heart Centre and National Cancer Centre have signs written in the four official languages . The English titles are still expressed with the largest font first , followed by Malay , Chinese and Tamil in smaller but equally - sized fonts , which is in accordance with order given by Singapore 's constitution . Surprisingly , the Health Promotion Board , National Eye and Dental Centres , which are also in the same region , have English signs only . All of the other seven public hospitals have their `` Accident and Emergency '' sign in English only , with some highlighted in a red background . Notices and campaigns ( edit ) An advisory poster found in Little India with information regarding the sale of alcohol Messages and campaigns that have a very specific target audience and purpose are usually printed in the language of intended readers . For example , the `` No Alcohol '' signs put up along Little India after the Little India Riots are notably printed in only Tamil and English as a reflection of the racial demographics in the region . During the 2003 SARS epidemic , the government relied heavily on the media to emphasise the importance of personal hygiene , and also to educate the general public on the symptoms of SARS , in which a Singlish rap video featuring Gurmit Singh as Phua Chu Kang was used as the main medium . Similarly in 2014 , the Pioneer Generation Package ( for senior citizens above 65 years of age in 2014 who obtained Singapore citizenship on or before 31 December 1986 ) made use of Chinese varieties commonly spoken in Singapore such as Hokkien , Cantonese and Teochew , and also Singlish in order to make the policies more relatable , and at the same time raise awareness about the benefits that this new scheme provides for them . These allowances of different language varieties is an exception to the four official languages . This exception is seen for campaigns that are deemed as highly important , and include the elderly , or those who are not as proficient in the English language as the target audience . Limitations in current research methodologies ( edit ) Different non-English languages appearing on directional road signs in Singapore While the above examples show how the different languages are used on signs within Singapore , there is scant data on the motivations behind these variations seen , as exemplified by the advisory for `` No Alcohol '' sales in Little India , which showcased a rare variation from the usage of the four main languages that are commonly seen on most advisory signs . Similarly , the Ministry of Health , in a response to a feedback requesting all hospitals to have four languages on its entrances , has claimed that usage of pictorial signages was better in conveying messages , as opposed to using all four languages . Due to problems in the research methodology and lack of governmental statutes that explain these variations , the study on the linguistics landscape in Singapore remain as a controversial field . These problems include non-linearity , where the large numbers of variations seen in Singapore prevents the application of any trends to understand the landscape ; and also the lack of any standard legislation that determines any fixed rules on usage of languages on signs . Controversies ( edit ) Lau Pa Sat sign with incorrect translations In a 2012 pilot program , SMRT trains began announcements of station names in both English and Mandarin Chinese so as to help Mandarin Chinese - speaking senior citizens cope better with the sudden increase in new stations . However , this received mixed reactions from the public . Some people pointed out that there were senior citizens who did not speak Mandarin , while others complained of feeling alienated . In reaction to this , SMRT claimed that the announcements were only recorded in English and Mandarin because the Malay and Tamil names of stations sounded very similar to the English names . In 2013 , a group of Tamil speakers petitioned the Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore to include Tamil instead of Japanese on all the signs in the Singapore Changi Airport . Even though only 5 % of the Singapore population speaks Tamil , they argued that since Tamil is one of the four official languages of Singapore , it should be used to reflect Singapore 's multi-racial background . In 2014 , there were reports of erroneous translations on road signs of popular tourist attractions such as Lau Pa Sat and Gardens by the Bay made by the Singapore Tourism Board , mostly involving English to Tamil translations . According to The Straits Times , rectifications are underway to ensure that the translations are now correct . Media and the arts ( edit ) The free - to - air channels in Singapore are run by MediaCorp and each channel is aired in one of the four official languages of Singapore . For example , Channel U and Channel 8 are Mandarin - medium channels , Channel 5 , Okto and Channel News Asia are English - medium channels , Suria is a Malay - medium channel , and Vasantham is a predominantly Tamil - medium channel . However , these channels might also feature programmes in other languages . For example , apart from programmes in Mandarin , Channel U also broadcasts Korean television programmes at specific allotted times . Chinese varieties in local films ( edit ) The use of Chinese varieties other than Mandarin in Singapore media is restricted by the Ministry of Information , Communications and the Arts ( MICA ) . The rationale given for the resistance towards nonstandard Chinese varieties was that their presence would hinder language learning of English and Mandarin . However , in order to cater to older Singaporeans who speak only non-standard Chinese varieties , videos , VCDs , DVDs , paid subscription radio services and paid TV channels are exempted from MICA 's restrictions . Two free - to - air channels , Okto and Channel 8 , are also allowed to show operas and arthouse movies with some non-standard variety content , respectively . The use of Chinese varieties is not controlled tightly in traditional arts , such as Chinese opera . As such , they have managed to survive , and even flourish in these areas . In Singapore , various types of Chinese opera include Hokkien , Teochew , Hainanese and Cantonese . In the past , this diversity encouraged the translation between varieties for scripts of popular stories . After the implementation of the bilingual policy and Speak Mandarin Campaign , Mandarin subtitles were introduced to help the audience understand the performances . Today , as usage of English rises , some opera troupes not only provide English subtitles but also English translations of their works . For these English - Chinese operas , subtitles may be provided in either Mandarin , other Chinese varieties , or both . In this way , Chinese opera will be able to reach out to a wider audience despite being variety - specific . Similar to Chinese opera , there are no language restrictions on entries for film festivals . In recent years , more local film makers have incorporated non-standard Chinese varieties into their films . For example , the local movie 881 revived the popularity of getai after it was released . Getai , which is mainly conducted in Hokkien and Teochew , became more popular with the younger generations since the release of the movie . On the effect triggered by the release of the movie 881 , Professor Chua Beng Huat , Head of the Department of Sociology in the National University of Singapore ( NUS ) , commented in the Straits Times that `` ' ' putting Hokkien on the silver screen gives Hokkien a kind of rebellious effect . It 's like the return of the repressed . '' The success of 881 is also reflected by album sales of 881 movie soundtrack , which became the first local film soundtrack to hit platinum in Singapore . In other instances , the movie Singapore Ga Ga , a tissue seller sings a Hokkien song while Perth features a Singaporean taxi driver using Hokkien and Cantonese . Local directors have commented that non-standard Chinese varieties are vital as there are some expressions which just can not be put across in Mandarin Chinese , and that the different Chinese varieties are an important part of Singapore that adds a sense of authenticity that locals will enjoy . Indian languages in the media ( edit ) Indian languages besides Tamil are managed slightly differently from the Chinese varieties . Even though only Tamil has official language status , there have been no attempts to discourage the use or spread of other Indian languages such as Bengali , Gujarati , Hindi , Malayalam , Punjabi , Telugu , and Urdu . For one , movies in these languages are shown in some local cinemas , such as Rex and Screens of Bombay Talkies . Furthermore , the local Indian TV channel Vasantham has also allocated specific programme timeslots to cater to the variety of Indian language speakers in Singapore . Language - specific societies ( edit ) Chinese clan associations play a role in maintaining the non-standard Chinese varieties . In the past , they provided support to migrant Chinese , based on the province they originated . Today , they provide a place for people who speak the same variety to gather and interact . For example , the Hokkien Huay Kuan holds classes for performing arts , calligraphy , and Hokkien Chinese . They also organize the biennial Hokkien Festival , which aims to promote Hokkien customs and culture . With such efforts , perhaps non-standard Chinese varieties in Singapore will be better equipped to resist erosion . Apart from the efforts to maintain local Chinese varieties , the Eurasian Association holds Kristang classes for people who are interested in learning Kristang . In this way , it hopes to preserve what it perceives to be a unique part of the Eurasian heritage in Singapore . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Dixon , L.Q. ( 2009 ) . `` Assumptions behind Singapore 's language - in - education policy : Implications for language planning and second language acquisition '' . Lang Policy . 8 : 117 -- 137 . doi : 10.1007 / s10993 - 009 - 9124 - 0 . 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Department of Statistics , Ministry of Trade & Industry , Republic of Singapore . 2010 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 10 December 2011 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ Jamie Ee , Wen Wei , `` Sorry , no English '' , AsiaOne , 1 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` English test for foreign service staff from July '' . 2010 - 01 - 26 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ Government of Singapore . ( 2014 ) . Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong 's National Day Rally 2014 ( Speech in Malay ) . Retrieved 19 October 2014 , from http://www.pmo.gov.sg/content/pmosite/mediacentre/speechesninterviews/primeminister/2014/August/prime-minister-lee-hsien-loong-s-national-day-rally-2014--speech1.html#.VEPZP_mSyoE Jump up ^ Phua , A. ( 9 February 2012 ) . Teochew candidate key to their votes . The New Paper . Retrieved 19 October 2014 , from http://news.asiaone.com/News/Latest+News/Singapore/Story/A1Story20120217-328595.html Jump up ^ Tan , L. ( 11 May 2012 ) . Life after GE -- Chan Chun Seng . The New Paper . Retrieved 19 October 2014 , from http://news.asiaone.com/News/Latest+News/Singapore/Story/A1Story20120509-344825.html Jump up ^ Tan , H.H. ( 29 July 2002 ) . A war of words over ' Singlish ' . Time Magazine . Retrieved 19 October 2014 , from http://www.singapore-window.org/sw02/020729ti.htm ^ Jump up to : Harada , S. ( 2009 ) . The role of Singapore Standard English and Singlish . 情報 研究 , ( 40 ) , 69 -- 81 . Retrieved 19 October 2014 , from `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2 June 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ Loo , G. ( 23 May 2014 ) . Come in Kangkong Commander ! Mr Brown gives his take on air force Singlish . The New Paper . Retrieved 19 October 2014 , from http://www.tnp.sg/lifestyle/come-kangkong-commander-mr-brown-gives-his-take-air-force-singlish Jump up ^ `` Use of dialects interfere with learning of Mandarin & English '' . Singapore : Channel NewsAsia. 2009 - 03 - 06 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ Liang , Chong Ching ( 1999 ) . `` Inter-generational cultural transmission in Singapore : A brief discussion '' . Oral History Centre , National Archives of Singapore . Jump up ^ Lai , L. ( 23 October 2013 ) . Young people speak up for dialects . The Straits Times . Retrieved 19 October 2014 , from http://www.straitstimes.com/the-big-story/case-you-missed-it/story/young-people-speak-dialects-20131023 Jump up ^ Ng , J.Y. & Woo , S.B. ( 22 April 2012 ) . Dialects find a voice . Today on Sunday . Retrieved 19 October 2014 , from http://newshub.nus.edu.sg/news/1204/PDF/VOICE-tdy-22apr-p2-3.pdf Jump up ^ http://www.teochewfestival.com/ Jump up ^ Mendoza , D. ( 25 September 2014 ) . Singapore Teochew Festival : Celebrating tradition with modern approaches . Today Online . Retrieved 19 October 2014 , from http://www.todayonline.com/lifestyle/food/singapore-teochew-festival-celebrating-tradition-modern-approaches Jump up ^ Forss , Pearl ( 2009 - 03 - 17 ) . `` Chinese S'poreans should focus on learning Mandarin well , says MM Lee '' ( reprint ) . Channel NewsAsia . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Foolish to advocate the learning of dialects '' . The Straits Times . Singapore . 2009 - 03 - 09 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ Phyllis Ghim - Lian Chew ( 2009 ) . `` An Ethnographic Survey of Language Use , Attitudes and Beliefs of Singaporean Daoist Youths '' ( PDF ) . Asian Research Institute , Nanyang Technological University . Archived from the original on 10 December 2013 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ( ) Jump up ^ `` Dialects draw more new learners '' . The Straits Times . 2009 - 04 - 09 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ Yeo , Jessica ( 2007 - 05 - 06 ) . `` Students learn dialect to communicate with elderly '' . ChannelNewAsia . Singapore . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ Yanqin , Lin ( 2008 - 04 - 21 ) . `` Dialects spark new bonding '' . Singapore : Channel NewsAsia . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ https://www.pioneers.sg/en-sg/FAQs/Pages/FAQs.aspxh Jump up ^ http://app.mof.gov.sg/newsroom_details.aspx?type=forum&cmpar_year=2014&news_sid=20140530447224514396 Jump up ^ https://www.moh.gov.sg/content/moh_web/home/pressRoom/Parliamentary_QA/2007/Hospital_Signages.html Jump up ^ Tufi , Stefania ; Blackwood , Robert ( 2010 ) . `` Trademarks in the linguistic landscape : methodological and theoretical challenges in qualifying brand names in the public space '' . International Journal of Multilingualism. 7 ( 3 ) : 197 -- 210 . doi : 10.1080 / 14790710903568417 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 6 October 2014 . Retrieved 5 October 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.straitstimes.com/news/singapore/more-singapore-stories/story/wrong-tamil-translation-lau-pa-sat-name-makes-its-rounds Jump up ^ Ng , C.L.P. ( 2014 ) . `` Mother tongue education in Singapore : Concerns , issues and controversies '' . Current Issues in Language Planning . 15 ( 4 ) : 361 -- 375 . doi : 10.1080 / 14664208.2014. 927093 . Jump up ^ `` Provision of More Dialect Programmes '' . REACH Singapore . Singapore . 2009 - 03 - 26 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Foo , Lynlee ( 2008 - 07 - 06 ) . `` Local filmmakers include more Chinese dialects in recent works '' ( reprint ) . Singapore : Channel NewsAsia . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Eric Ng on 881 Soundtrack 2 '' . Sinema.Sg. 2007 - 10 - 20 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ See List of cinemas in Singapore . Jump up ^ `` All things Hokkien in Fest '' . The Straits Times . Singapore . 2008 - 10 - 15 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ Chua , Soon Pong ( 2007 ) . `` Translation and Chinese Opera : The Singapore Experience '' . Singapore : Chinese Opera Institute . Archived from the original ( doc ) on 12 September 2011 . Retrieved 19 October 2010 . Further reading ( edit ) Library resources about Languages of Singapore Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Singapore portal Languages portal Bokhorst - Heng , Wendy D. ; Santos Caleona , Imelda ( 2009 ) . `` The language attitudes of bilingual youth in multilingual Singapore '' . Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development . 30 ( 3 ) : 235 -- 251 . doi : 10.1080 / 01434630802510121 . Tan , Sherman ( 2012 ) . `` Language ideology in discourses of resistance to dominant hierarchies of linguistic worth : Mandarin Chinese and Chinese ' dialects ' in Singapore '' . The Australian Journal of Anthropology. 23 : 340 -- 356 . doi : 10.1111 / taja. 12004 . Languages of Singapore Official languages English Malay Mandarin Tamil Creole languages Baba Malay Chitty Malay Kristang Singlish Singdarin Immigrant languages Chinese Cantonese Hakka Hokkien Teochew Indian Gujarati Hindi Malayalam Punjabi Telugu Urdu Indonesian Javanese Baweanese Minangkabau Banjarese Buginese Other Arabic Armenian Burmese Japanese Korean Nepali Sinhalese Tagalog Thai Indigenous languages Johor - Riau Malay Orang Seletar Sign languages Singaporean Sign Language Singapore articles History Early history ( pre -- 1819 ) Founding of modern Singapore ( 1819 -- 1826 ) Straits Settlements ( 1826 -- 1942 ) Japanese occupation ( 1942 -- 1945 ) British Military Administration ( 1945 -- 1946 ) Post-war Singapore ( 1946 -- 1955 ) Self - governance of Singapore ( 1955 -- 1962 ) Merger with Malaysia ( 1962 -- 1965 ) Republic of Singapore ( 1965 -- present ) Geography Beaches Conservation Environmental issues Geology Islands Parks Reservoirs Rivers Urban planning Urban renewal Waterways Wildlife Politics Administrative divisions Constitution Elections Foreign relations Government Cabinet Prime Minister Human rights Law Chief Justice Military Parliament Police Political parties President Economy Economy Statistics Agriculture Aviation Monetary Authority China -- Singapore Suzhou Industrial Park Dollar ( currency ) Energy Labour Proposed developments Singapore Exchange Telecommunications Tourism Transport Society Communitarianism Caning Crime Women Education Demographics Eat Frozen Pork Five Cs Health Long hair in Singapore National Courtesy Campaign National Day Parade No U-turn syndrome OB marker Population planning Public housing Public holidays Religion Smoking Social fund Water supply and sanitation Culture Architecture Cinema Cuisine Languages Literature Media Music Sports Wushu in Singapore Symbols Anthem Coat of arms Flag Flower Lion head Merlion Pledge Outline Index Bibliography Portal Languages of Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Macau Dialects and accents of Modern English by continent Europe United Kingdom Received Pronunciation England Varieties by common name Barrovian Black Country Brummie Bristolian Cheshire Cockney `` Mockney '' Cornish Cumbrian East Anglian East Midlands Essex Estuary Geordie Kentish Lancastrian Mackem Mancunian Multicultural London Norfolk Northern Pitmatic Potteries Scouse Southern Suffolk Sussex West Country `` Mummerset '' West Midlands Yorkshire Varieties by geographic location East of England Essex Norfolk Suffolk East Midlands North Cheshire Cumbria Barrow Lancashire Manchester Merseyside Northumbria Sunderland Tyneside Pitmatic Yorkshire South Kent Thames Estuary ; 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Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Singapore&oldid=829764671 '' Categories : Languages of Singapore Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015 Articles containing simplified Chinese - language text Articles containing traditional Chinese - language text Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Articles needing additional references from July 2014 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016 Use British English from November 2015 Use dmy dates from November 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Français Bahasa Indonesia Mirandés Português Русский Simple English தமிழ் 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 March 2018 , at 17 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | which asian country has four written languages but only one spoken language | [
"According to the Constitution of Singapore, the four official languages of Singapore are English, Mandarin, Malay and Tamil while the symbolic national language is Malay. The three languages other than English were chosen to correspond with the major ethnic groups present in Singapore at the time: Mandarin had gained status since the introduction of Chinese-medium schools; Malay was deemed the \"most obvious choice\" for the Malay community; and Tamil for the largest Indian ethnic group in Singapore, in addition to being \"the language with the longest history of education in Malaysia and Singapore\".[1] In 2009, more than 20 languages were identified as being spoken in Singapore, reflecting a rich linguistic diversity in the city.[2][3] Singapore's historical roots as a trading settlement gave rise to an influx of foreign traders,[4] and their languages were slowly embedded in Singapore's modern day linguistic repertoire."
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"Singapore"
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-312037711197497374 | Super Bowl XXXIX | Super Bowl XXXIX - wikipedia Super Bowl XXXIX Jump to : navigation , search Super Bowl XXXIX New England Patriots ( AFC ) Philadelphia Eagles ( NFC ) 24 21 Total NE 0 7 7 10 24 PHI 0 7 7 7 21 Date February 6 , 2005 ( 2005 - 02 - 06 ) Stadium Alltel Stadium , Jacksonville , Florida MVP Deion Branch , Wide Receiver Favorite Patriots by 7 Referee Terry McAulay Attendance 78,125 Future Hall of Famers Patriots : None Eagles : Brian Dawkins , Terrell Owens Ceremonies National anthem The combined choirs of the U.S. Military Academy , the U.S. Naval Academy , the U.S. Air Force Academy , and the U.S. Coast Guard Academy , and U.S. Army Herald Trumpets . Coin toss Youth football players from Jacksonville : Tyler Callahan , Tyler Deal , Lawrence McCauley , and Jacob Santana ; New Orleans NFL Junior Player Development coach Tamaris Jackson Halftime show Paul McCartney TV in the United States Network Fox Announcers Joe Buck , Troy Aikman , Cris Collinsworth , Pam Oliver and Chris Myers Nielsen ratings 41.1 ( est. 86 million viewers ) Market share 62 Cost of 30 - second commercial $2.3 million ← XXXVIII Super Bowl XL → Super Bowl XXXIX was an American football game played between the American Football Conference ( AFC ) champion New England Patriots and the National Football Conference ( NFC ) champion Philadelphia Eagles to decide the National Football League ( NFL ) champion for the 2004 season . The Patriots defeated the Eagles by the score of 24 -- 21 . The game was played on February 6 , 2005 , at Alltel Stadium in Jacksonville , Florida , the first time the Super Bowl was played in that city . The Patriots , who entered the Super Bowl after compiling a 14 -- 2 regular season record , became the first team since the 1997 -- 1998 Denver Broncos to win consecutive Super Bowls . New England also became the second team after the Dallas Cowboys to win three Super Bowls in four years . The Eagles were making their second Super Bowl appearance after posting a 13 -- 3 regular season record . The game was close throughout , with the teams battling to a 14 -- 14 tie by the end of the third quarter . The Patriots then scored 10 points in the 4th quarter with Corey Dillon 's 2 - yard touchdown run and Adam Vinatieri 's 22 - yard field goal . The Eagles then cut their deficit to 24 -- 21 , with quarterback Donovan McNabb 's 30 - yard touchdown pass to receiver Greg Lewis , with 1 : 48 remaining in the game but could not sustain the comeback . Overall , New England forced four turnovers , while Patriots wide receiver Deion Branch was named Super Bowl MVP for recording 133 receiving yards and tied the Super Bowl record with 11 catches . To avoid the possibility of an incident similar to the Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show during the previous year , the league selected Paul McCartney as a `` safe '' choice to perform during Super Bowl XXXIX 's halftime . The broadcast of the game on Fox was watched by an estimated 86 million viewers . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Patriots seek to become a dynasty 1.2 Eagles return to the Super Bowl 1.3 Playoffs 1.4 Super Bowl pregame news 2 Television and entertainment 2.1 Pregame ceremonies 2.2 Halftime show 2.3 Theme 2.4 Presidential appearances 3 Game summary 3.1 First Quarter 3.2 Second Quarter 3.3 Third Quarter 3.4 Fourth Quarter 3.5 Box score 3.6 Statistical overview 4 Aftermath 5 Final statistics 5.1 Statistical comparison 5.2 Individual leaders 6 Starting lineups 7 Commercials 8 Player bonuses 9 Officials 10 Notes and references 11 External links Background ( edit ) The field of Super Bowl XXXIX before kickoff NFL owners voted to award Super Bowl XXXIX to Jacksonville during their November 1 , 2000 meeting held in Atlanta . Patriots seek to become a dynasty ( edit ) Main article : 2004 New England Patriots season New England finished the regular season with a record of 14 -- 2 , bested only by the Steelers ' 15 -- 1 mark , and ranking 7th in yards gained ( 5,773 ) and fourth in points scored ( 437 ) . The Patriots ' major acquisition prior to the season was veteran running back Corey Dillon , who joined the team after playing 7 seasons with the Cincinnati Bengals . In his first 6 seasons in the league , Dillon averaged over 1,250 rushing yards per year , including setting a single - game rushing record ( 278 yards , but has since been broken ) against the Denver Broncos on October 22 , 2000 . In 2003 , however , injuries , conflicts with the Bengals ' management and coaching staff , and other off - field problems limited him to just 541 yards during the season . By the end of the 2003 season , Dillon had lost his starting job to running back Rudi Johnson , and thus demanded to be traded . Although many observers questioned how effective the 30 - year - old Dillon would be after recovering from his injuries as well as his ability to function in a team environment , the Patriots decided to sign the running back in exchange for a second - round draft pick . Dillon became a significant offensive weapon for the 2004 Patriots , recording 1,635 rushing yards ( franchise record ) and 12 touchdowns , both career highs , and was named to the Pro Bowl for the fourth time in his career . He also caught 15 passes for 103 yards and another touchdown . His contributions helped lead the team to break the NFL record for the most consecutive regular season victories ( 18 ) , the record for the most consecutive overall victories ( 21 ) and earned the second best regular season record during the year at 14 -- 2 . The team 's only losses during the year were to the Pittsburgh Steelers , who ended up with the league 's best regular season record at 15 -- 1 , and a 29 -- 28 loss to the Miami Dolphins on ABC 's Monday Night Football . Another weapon in the Patriots ' offensive backfield was running back Kevin Faulk , who rushed for 255 yards , recorded 26 receptions for 248 yards , returned 20 punts for 113 yards , returned 4 kickoffs for 73 yards , and scored 3 total touchdowns . Fullback Patrick Pass also emerged as a big contributor , rushing for 141 yards , catching 28 passes for 215 yards , and gaining another 115 yards on kickoff returns . Pro Bowl quarterback Tom Brady remained at the helm of the Patriots offense , completing 288 out of 474 ( 60.8 percent ) of his passes for 3,692 yards , 28 touchdowns , and 14 interceptions . Although wide receiver Deion Branch , New England 's major deep threat , missed most of the season because of injuries , he did record 35 receptions for 454 yards and 4 touchdowns . Wide receiver David Givens ended up being the team 's leading receiver with 56 catches for 874 yards and 3 touchdowns . Wide receiver David Patten also contributed with 44 receptions for 800 yards and 7 touchdowns , and tight end Daniel Graham had 30 receptions for 364 yards and 7 touchdowns . On special teams , pro bowl kicker Adam Vinatieri had the best season of his career , leading the NFL in field goals made ( 31 ) , field goal percentage ( 93.9 ) and scoring ( 141 points ) On defense , the Patriots were plagued by injuries , especially in their secondary . Defensive backs Tyrone Poole and Ty Law suffered season - ending injuries , while safety Eugene Wilson , who led the team with 4 interceptions , missed several games . In order to compensate for the losses , the following players were promoted to starters : Rookie cornerback Randall Gay , who did not play at all in the first 3 games of the season , and did not start until the 6th week . Cornerback Asante Samuel , who normally only played in dime formations . Safety Earthwind Moreland , who came off of the team 's practice squad and had only played in three games in his entire 5 - year NFL career . Veteran wide receiver Troy Brown . Head Coach Bill Belichick used Brown in the secondary during training camp , gave him playing time there during the preseason and saw Brown did very well . With their patchwork secondary , the Patriots ranked just 17th in passing yards allowed ( 3,400 ) and 22nd in completions allowed ( 315 ) . However , they did rank 7th in interceptions ( 20 ) and 10th in fewest passing touchdowns allowed ( 18 ) . Most importantly , New England continued to win despite the injuries . Brown actually turned out to be very effective playing as a defensive back , ranking second on the team with 3 interceptions . Safety Rodney Harrison was also an impact player , leading the team with 138 tackles while also recording 3 sacks and 2 interceptions . Up front , the Patriots ' defensive line was anchored by Pro Bowler Richard Seymour , who recorded 5 sacks and 1 fumble recovery . New England also still had their trio of impact veteran linebackers : Pro Bowler Tedy Bruschi ( 122 tackles , 3.5 sacks , 3 interceptions , and 70 return yards ) , Willie McGinest ( 9.5 sacks , 1 fumble recovery , and 1 interception ) , and Mike Vrabel ( 71 tackles and 5.5 sacks ) , along with Ted Johnson . Vrabel also frequently played at the tight end position during offensive plays near the opponent 's goal line , recording 2 touchdown receptions . Eagles return to the Super Bowl ( edit ) Main article : 2004 Philadelphia Eagles season The Eagles gained the 2004 NFC Super Bowl berth after 3 consecutive defeats in the NFC Championship Game to the St. Louis Rams , Tampa Bay Buccaneers ( who won Super Bowl XXXVII that year ) , and Carolina Panthers , respectively . The Eagles hired Andy Reid as their head coach in 1999 following two straight losing seasons . That same year , they used their first - round pick in the NFL draft ( the second overall ) to select quarterback Donovan McNabb . Although they finished the 1999 regular season with a 5 -- 11 record , they became a playoff team in 2000 , with McNabb throwing for 3,365 yards and 21 touchdowns while also rushing for 629 yards and another 6 touchdowns . The Eagles achieved the best regular season record in the conference during the combined 2001 , 2002 , and 2003 seasons with a total of 35 wins out of 48 games , but lost the NFC Championship Game in each of those 3 years . Prior to the 2004 season , the Eagles traded for wide receiver Terrell Owens to be the impact player to help get them to the Super Bowl . Owens joined the team after 8 seasons with the San Francisco 49ers . He was considered one of the top receivers in the league , but he was also widely considered a troublemaker because of controversial touchdown celebrations and his tendency to berate his teammates during media interviews . Nevertheless , Owens became the Eagles ' deep - ball threat , finishing the season with 77 receptions for 1,200 yards and 14 touchdowns . McNabb had the best season of his career in 2004 , completing 300 out of 469 ( 64 percent ) passes for 3,875 yards , 31 touchdowns , and 8 interceptions , making him the first quarterback to ever throw for more than 30 touchdowns and fewer than 10 interceptions in a season . He also rushed for 220 yards and 3 touchdowns . Wide receiver Todd Pinkston was also a reliable target , recording 36 catches for 676 yards . Philadelphia 's running game was not as strong as their passing attack , ranking just 24th in the league in rushing yards ( 1,639 ) . Running back Brian Westbrook led the team with 812 rushing yards and 3 touchdowns , however he also led all NFL running backs in receiving with 73 receptions for 706 yards and 6 touchdowns . Veteran running back Dorsey Levens was also a big contributor with 410 rushing yards . The Eagles ' offensive line was led by Pro Bowl tackles Tra Thomas and Jon Runyan and center Hank Fraley . Three of their four starters in the defensive secondary were named to the Pro Bowl : Cornerback Lito Sheppard ( 1 sack , 5 interceptions , 172 return yards and 2 touchdowns ) , safety Michael Lewis ( 88 tackles , 2 forced fumbles , 1 sack , and 1 interception ) and safety Brian Dawkins ( 3 sacks , 2 forced fumbles , 1 fumble recovery , and 4 interceptions for 40 return yards ) , while their fourth starter , cornerback Sheldon Brown , also enjoyed a solid year ( 89 tackles , 3 sacks , 1 forced fumble , and 2 interceptions ) . Their defensive line was anchored by Pro Bowl defensive tackle Corey Simon ( 5.5 sacks ) and defensive ends Jevon Kearse ( 7.5 sacks , Pro Bowl ) and Derrick Burgess . Pro Bowl middle linebacker Jeremiah Trotter , who only started 9 games , recorded 69 tackles and 1 sack . The Eagles started the 2004 regular season with seven straight wins before suffering a loss to the 15 - 1 Steelers . After that , they finished the season with a 13 -- 3 record . Their only other 2 losses were in their last 2 games of the season , when they decided to rest all of their starters because they had already clinched the NFC # 1 seed , and thus home - field advantage in the playoffs . However , during a December 19 , 12 -- 7 win over the Dallas Cowboys , Owens was seriously injured on a `` horse - collar tackle '' by Cowboys defensive back Roy Williams and had to miss the rest of the regular season and the playoffs . Playoffs ( edit ) Main article : 2004 -- 05 NFL playoffs Despite the loss of Owens , the Eagles beat the Minnesota Vikings , 27 -- 14 , and the Atlanta Falcons , 27 -- 10 , in the playoffs with relative ease . McNabb recorded 21 out of 33 completions for 286 yards and two touchdowns , while receiver Freddie Mitchell scored two touchdowns in the victory over the Vikings . Although Minnesota quarterback Daunte Culpepper threw for 316 yards , the Eagles defense recorded 2 interceptions , 2 sacks , and a forced fumble . McNabb then completed 17 out of 26 passes for 180 yards and two touchdowns in the win over the Falcons . The Eagles defense held dual - threat quarterback Michael Vick to only 136 passing yards , 26 rushing yards , and no touchdowns , while also recording an interception , 4 sacks , and a forced fumble on Vick . McNabb had an average passer rating of 111.3 in the two games , with 466 passing yards , 35 rushing yards , 4 touchdowns , and no turnovers . Safety Brian Dawkins was also an important player , recording a sack and a forced fumble against the Vikings , followed by an interception and a forced fumble against the Falcons in the NFC Championship Game . Meanwhile , the Patriots defeated the Indianapolis Colts , 20 -- 3 , holding the league 's highest scoring team with 522 total points to just one field goal , Indianapolis ' lowest point total since their opening game of the 2003 season . Colts quarterback Peyton Manning threw for 4,557 yards during the regular season , and set NFL records for most touchdown passes in a regular season ( 49 ) and highest quarterback rating ( 121.4 ) . Running back Edgerrin James gained 2,031 combined rushing and receiving yards and scored 9 touchdowns . Wide receivers Marvin Harrison , Reggie Wayne , and Brandon Stokley each recorded over 1,000 receiving yards and 10 touchdowns . However , the Patriots limited Manning to 238 passing yards with 1 interception and no touchdowns , and James to just 39 rushing yards . The Patriots also held possession of the ball for 37 : 43 , including 21 : 26 in the second half , and recorded three long scoring drives that each took over 7 minutes off the clock . One reason New England was able to hold the ball so long was because of Dillon 's rushing . He finished the game with 23 carries for 144 yards and 5 receptions for 17 yards . The Patriots then defeated the first seeded Pittsburgh Steelers in the AFC Championship Game , 41 -- 27 . Although Pittsburgh had beaten New England , 34 -- 20 , during the regular season and led the league in fewest total yards allowed , they could not stop the Patriots . Brady threw for 207 yards and 2 touchdowns ; Dillon rushed for 73 yards and a touchdown ; and Branch , who was coming off of his injuries , recorded 4 receptions for 116 yards and a touchdown , along with 37 rushing yards and another touchdown on 2 carries . Steelers quarterback Ben Roethlisberger ( who had struggled the previous week against the New York Jets ) was intercepted 3 times , and running back Jerome Bettis , Pittsburgh 's leading rusher , was held to just 64 yards . Super Bowl pregame News ( edit ) Owens was cleared to play in Super Bowl XXXIX , defying doctors orders by playing on his injured ankle containing 2 screws and a metal plate . The other major story was the Patriots ' potential loss of both their offensive coordinator and defensive coordinator at the end of the season , and how it might affect the team in 2005 . On December 12 , 2004 , about a month and a half before the game , New England offensive coordinator Charlie Weis signed a contract to become the head coach of Notre Dame starting in the 2005 season . Rumors were also circulating that defensive coordinator Romeo Crennel would also leave the team to become the head coach of the Cleveland Browns ( which ended up being true as Crennel and the Browns agreed to a contract a couple of weeks after the Super Bowl ) . Due to injuries at the tight end spot , the Eagles were forced to sign Jeff Thomason , a former tight end who was working construction at the time , to a one - game contract for the Super Bowl . Thomason saw time during several plays , although never had a ball thrown his way . This was his third Super Bowl , playing in two with the Green Bay Packers during Andy Reid 's days as a Packer assistant . With this appearance the Patriots became the 8th team to make it to the Super Bowl for the 5th time . They joined the Dallas Cowboys , Denver Broncos , Pittsburgh Steelers , San Francisco 49ers , Miami Dolphins , Washington Redskins , and Oakland / Los Angeles Raiders . They would be joined by the Green Bay Packers in 2011 and the New York Giants in 2012 . The Eagles were trying to win their first NFL title since 1960 and the first championship for the city of Philadelphia since Moses Malone 's `` fo ' , fi ' , fo ' '' during the 76ers run to the 1983 NBA Championship . With President George W. Bush being inaugurated for a second time in January , the Eagles were also trying to end a losing streak -- teams in the city of Philadelphia had lost six straight championships during presidential inauguration years , beginning with the 76ers loss in 1977 . The streak included the Eagles in Super Bowl XV in 1981 . 1989 was not included in that streak , but 1977 , 1981 , 1985 ( Flyers ) , 1993 ( Phillies ) , 1997 ( Flyers ) , and 2001 ( 76ers ) were . Television and entertainment ( edit ) The game was televised in the United States by Fox , with play - by - play announcer Joe Buck and color commentators Cris Collinsworth and Troy Aikman . Pam Oliver ( Patriots sideline ) and Chris Myers ( Eagles sideline ) served as sideline reporters . This marked the first time since Super Bowl I that none of the network commentators had ever called a Super Bowl game before ( although Collinsworth had worked three prior Super Bowl telecasts as a pregame analyst ) . This was the last game that Cris Collinsworth broadcast as a member of the Fox NFL team , as he chose to sign with NBC in the following off - season . James Brown hosted all the events with help from his fellow Fox NFL Sunday cast members Terry Bradshaw , Howie Long , and Jimmy Johnson . Jillian Barberie served as weather and entertainment reporter . Following the game , Fox aired a special episode of The Simpsons ( `` Homer and Ned 's Hail Mary Pass '' ) and the series premiere of American Dad ! ( `` Pilot '' ) , except in Philadelphia and Boston , where local newscasts delayed the premieres by an hour . Pregame ceremonies ( edit ) Before the game , performances came from the Black Eyed Peas , Earth Wind & Fire , Charlie Daniels , John Fogerty , and Gretchen Wilson . Shortly before kickoff , Alicia Keys sang `` America the Beautiful , '' paying tribute to Ray Charles , who died in June 2004 . The combined choirs of the U.S. Military Academy , the U.S. Naval Academy , the U.S. Air Force Academy , and the U.S. Coast Guard Academy ( including members of The Idlers ) sang the national anthem accompanied by the U.S. Army Herald Trumpets . This was the first time in more than 30 years that all four service academies sang together -- the last time was at the second inauguration of President Richard Nixon in 1973 . The traditional military missing man formation flyby was this year performed by a pair of F / A-18 Super Hornets from VFA - 106 at NAS Oceana and a pair of the Air Force 's newest fighters , the F - 22 Raptor , flying from Tyndall AFB , the training base for the Raptor . The earlier military flyby during the veterans ' salute was conducted by 2 T - 6 Texan trainers and a B - 25 Mitchell bomber . The coin toss ceremony featured youth football players from Jacksonville : Tyler Callahan , Tyler Deal , Lawrence McCauley , and Jacob Santana ; and New Orleans NFL Junior Player Development coach Tamaris Jackson . They were billed as the first non-celebrities to participate in the coin toss . For the third straight year , each team took the field en masse , following a tradition the Patriots had started in Super Bowl XXXVI . In prerecorded video segments , Andover , Massachusetts native Michael Chiklis introduced the Patriots , and Philadelphia - born Will Smith introduced the Eagles . Halftime show ( edit ) Paul McCartney performed during the halftime show Paul McCartney performed during the halftime show ; his selection by the NFL , the show 's producers , Don Mischer Productions , and the show 's sponsor , Ameriquest Mortgage , was considered to be a `` safe '' choice , as it avoided the possibility for an incident similar to that which sparked the Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show controversy the previous year . McCartney 's set consisted of these songs : `` Drive My Car '' `` Get Back '' `` Live and Let Die '' from his career with Wings . `` Hey Jude '' Theme ( edit ) Taking the concept a step further , for the first time , a theme was tied to the event : Building Bridges , as symbolized by the theme logo , represented by the Main Street Bridge , one of the seven bridges that crosses over the St. Johns River in the host city , and according to the League , symbolized the bridging of a nation under the NFL football umbrella . The theme was also used by Jacksonville - area nonprofit Fresh Ministries in a major event entitled `` Bridges of Peace , '' featuring city officials asking the people to unite for the Super Bowl and heal the wounds of segregation . Presidential appearances ( edit ) Former Presidents George H.W. Bush and Bill Clinton appeared in support of their bipartisan effort to raise money for relief of the December 26 , 2004 tsunami in southeast Asia through the USA Freedom Corps , an action which former President Bush described as `` transcending politics . '' Game Summary ( edit ) The Eagles on offense First quarter ( edit ) On the first drive of the game , Eagles quarterback Donovan McNabb fumbled while being sacked by New England linebacker Willie McGinest , and the Patriots recovered the ball at Philadelphia 's 34 - yard line . Fortunately for the Eagles , coach Andy Reid 's instant replay challenge overruled the fumble ; officials ruled that McNabb had been down by contact before the ball came out of his hands . Later in the quarter after each team had punted twice , McNabb completed a 30 - yard pass to Terrell Owens , with a roughing the passer penalty adding 9 yards , moving the ball inside the Patriots 20 - yard line . However , linebacker Mike Vrabel sacked McNabb for a 16 - yard loss on the next play . On the following play , the Eagles once again appeared to turn the ball over : McNabb 's pass was intercepted in the end zone by Patriots defensive back Asante Samuel , but it was nullified by an illegal contact penalty on linebacker Roman Phifer , moving the ball back inside the 20 and giving the Eagles a first down . However , McNabb 's second chance was wasted as he threw an interception to safety Rodney Harrison on the next play . This was Donovan McNabb 's first red zone interception of the season . The Eagles defense then forced New England to a three - and - out on their ensuing possession , and Philadelphia got great field position by receiving the punt at the Patriots 45 - yard line . But once again , they gave up another turnover : tight end L.J. Smith lost a fumble while being tackled by defensive back Randall Gay , and Eugene Wilson recovered the ball at the 38 . Brady takes the snap Brady throws a pass Second quarter ( edit ) The Eagles defense once again forced New England to punt , and got the ball back at their own 19 - yard line . Aided by a pair of completions from McNabb to wide receiver Todd Pinkston for gains of 17 and 40 yards , the Eagles drove 81 yards in nine plays and scored on McNabb 's six - yard touchdown pass to Tight End LJ Smith , taking a 7 -- 0 lead with 9 : 55 left in the second quarter . It was the first time New England trailed during the entire postseason . On their ensuing drive , the Patriots moved the ball to the Eagles four - yard line , mainly on plays by running back Corey Dillon , who caught two screen passes for 29 yards and rushed for 25 . But quarterback Tom Brady fumbled the ball on a fake handoff Play - action pass and Philadelphia defender Darwin Walker recovered it . However , the Eagles could not take advantage of the turnover and had to punt after 3 plays . Eagles punter Dirk Johnson 's punt went just 29 yards , giving the Patriots the ball at Philadelphia 's 37 - yard line . The Patriots then drove 37 yards to score on Brady 's 4 - yard pass to receiver David Givens with 1 : 10 remaining in the period , tying the game 7 -- 7 by halftime . It was only the second halftime tie in Super Bowl history and the first time both of the game 's first two quarters ended tied . Third quarter ( edit ) On the opening drive of the second half , Patriots wide receiver Deion Branch caught 4 passes for 71 yards on a drive that ended with Brady 's 2 - yard touchdown pass to Vrabel , who lined up at the tight end spot on the play . The Eagles later tied the game with 3 : 39 left in the third period with a 74 - yard , 10 - play drive that was capped by McNabb 's 10 - yard touchdown pass to running back Brian Westbrook . For the first time in Super Bowl history , the game was tied going into the fourth quarter . Fourth quarter ( edit ) Early in the final period , the Patriots put together a 9 - play , 66 - yard scoring drive that was keyed by 3 plays from running back Kevin Faulk , who caught 2 passes for 27 combined yards and rushed once for 12 . Dillon capped off the drive with a 2 - yard touchdown run to give the Patriots a 21 -- 14 lead . Then after forcing another Eagles punt , Branch made a spectacular catch , taking the ball out of the hands of cornerback Sheldon Brown . The 19 yard gain , and a roughing - the - passer penalty on Philadelphia defensive lineman Corey Simon on the same play , set up kicker Adam Vinatieri 's 22 - yard field goal with 8 : 43 left in the game to increase the score 24 -- 14 in favor of New England . In all three Patriots ' Super Bowl wins in the decade , they held a double digit lead in the 4th quarter . The Eagles responded with a long McNabb completion to Owens . However , after reaching the New England 36 - yard line , McNabb fired a pass over the head of Dorsey Levens , where Tedy Bruschi was waiting to intercept it at the Patriots 24 - yard line . At this point , there was only 7 : 20 to play in the game , with the Patriots still up by 10 points . The Eagles did force New England to punt , and got the ball back at their own 21 - yard line , but with 5 : 40 left in the game . The Eagles then drove 79 yards in 13 plays , however they used a full huddle for the entire drive . McNabb 's 30 - yard touchdown pass to receiver Greg Lewis cut the deficit to 24 - 21 . Because the Eagles used a full huddle , the drive consumed 3 : 52 of the clock , and only 1 : 48 remained in the game by the time Lewis scored . Because of this , many sportswriters later criticized the Eagles for not immediately going to a no - huddle offense at the start of the possession . Anecdotal reports later came out alleging that McNabb was suffering from dry - heaves , and teammates Jon Ritchie and Lito Sheppard have gone on record years later that McNabb was suffering from dry - heaves or vomiting , though no video evidence exists and the stories have not been confirmed . Hank Fraley said in an interview the day after the game that McNabb was `` almost puking '' due to two large hits from Tedy Bruschi and Jarvis Green on back - to - back plays . McNabb himself denies that he was vomiting or dry - heaving during the final drive , and Brian Westbrook later claimed that McNabb was merely `` coughing . '' The Eagles failed to recover their ensuing onside kick attempt , with Christian Fauria catching the ball cleanly and sliding down to seal possession for New England . The Patriots then played it safe by running the ball 3 times and forcing Philadelphia to use all of its timeouts . New England punter Josh Miller then pinned the Eagles back at their own 4 - yard line with just 46 seconds left in the game . Philadelphia then tried one last desperate drive to win or tie the game . But on first down , McNabb was pressured into making a rushed pass to Westbrook at the line of scrimmage . Instead of dropping the pass to stop the clock , Westbrook made the mistake of catching the ball and was immediately tackled for no gain , keeping the clock running and forcing the Eagles to run back to the line of scrimmage for their next play with no huddle . On second down , McNabb threw an incomplete pass intended for Owens . Finally on third down , McNabb threw a pass that deflected off of the outstretched fingertips of Smith and into the arms of Harrison for an interception with nine seconds left . Tom Brady took a knee to run out the clock , clinching the 3rd Super Bowl title in 4 years for the Patriots , and in the eyes of many establishing themselves as a dynasty . Adam Vinatieri warms up before the game An Eagles offensive play Philadelphia kicks off after scoring a touchdown Brian Westbrook 's touchdown catch ( photo 1 of 2 ) Brian Westbrook 's touchdown catch ( photo 2 of 2 ) Box score ( edit ) Super Bowl XXXIX : New England Patriots 24 , Philadelphia Eagles 21 Total Patriots ( AFC ) 0 7 7 10 24 Eagles ( NFC ) 0 7 7 7 21 at Alltel Stadium , Jacksonville , Florida Date : February 6 , 2005 Game time : 6 : 38 p.m. EST Game weather : 59 ° F ( 15 ° C ) , clear ( hide ) Scoring summary Quarter Time Drive Team Scoring information Score Plays Yards TOP NE PHI 9 : 55 9 81 4 : 36 PHI L.J. Smith 6 - yard touchdown reception from Donovan McNabb , David Akers kick good 0 7 1 : 10 7 37 3 : 15 NE David Givens 4 - yard touchdown reception from Tom Brady , Adam Vinatieri kick good 7 7 11 : 04 9 69 3 : 56 NE Mike Vrabel 2 - yard touchdown reception from Brady , Vinatieri kick good 14 7 3 : 35 10 74 4 : 17 PHI Brian Westbrook 10 - yard touchdown reception from McNabb , Akers kick good 14 14 13 : 44 9 66 4 : 51 NE Corey Dillon 2 - yard touchdown run , Vinatieri kick good 21 14 8 : 40 8 43 3 : 49 NE 22 - yard field goal by Vinatieri 24 14 1 : 48 13 79 3 : 52 PHI Greg Lewis 30 - yard touchdown reception from McNabb , Akers kick good 24 21 `` TOP '' = time of possession . For other American football terms , see Glossary of American football . 24 21 Statistical overview ( edit ) The Patriots score their second touchdown of the game McNabb completed 30 out of 51 passes for 357 yards and 3 touchdowns , but threw 3 interceptions and was sacked four times . McNabb 's 357 yards are tied with Joe Montana for the fifth most in Super Bowl history and third most of any quarterback , as Tom Brady holds the top spot with 505 yards in Super Bowl LII and Kurt Warner holds the following 3 spots . Westbrook was the Eagles leading rusher with 44 yards , while also catching 6 passes for 70 yards and a touchdown and returning 3 punts for 19 yards . Pinkston caught 4 passes for 82 yards , while Owens was the Eagles ' top receiver with 9 catches for 122 yards , however neither of them scored a touchdown . Brady completed 23 out of 33 passes for 236 yards and 2 touchdowns . Dillon was the top rusher of the game with 75 yards and a touchdown , and had 3 catches for 31 yards . Running back Kevin Faulk contributed 38 rushing yards and 27 receiving yards . Branch 's Super Bowl record 11 catches tied Cincinnati Bengals ' Dan Ross in Super Bowl XVI and San Francisco 49ers ' Jerry Rice in Super Bowl XXIII . Coincidentally , all three would later be traded to the Seattle Seahawks : Ross in 1985 , Rice in 2004 and Branch in 2006 . Branch 's combined 21 catches in Super Bowls XXXVIII and XXXIX are the most in back - to - back Super Bowls . Branch also became the third offensive player ever to win Super Bowl MVP honors without scoring a touchdown or throwing a touchdown pass . The other two players were Joe Namath in Super Bowl III and Fred Biletnikoff in Super Bowl XI . Branch and Terrell Owens each had 100 yards receiving , marking the third time in Super Bowl history , one player from each team had over 100 yards in a Super Bowl . Michael Irvin and Andre Reed were the first in Super Bowl XXVII , and Branch and Muhsin Muhammad the second a year earlier in Super Bowl XXXVIII . Branch also became the fourth player to have at least 100 yards receiving in back - to - back Super Bowls , joining John Stallworth , Jerry Rice and Antonio Freeman . Also , Mike Vrabel and David Givens became just the 14th and 15th players to score a touchdown in consecutive Super Bowls . Vrabel is the most surprising person on this list because he is a linebacker and he scored his on offense . They also became just the 7th and 8th players to catch a touchdown in back - to - back Super Bowls . With the victory , Tom Brady became just the fourth quarterback to win at least three Super Bowls , along with Terry Bradshaw , Joe Montana and Troy Aikman . Brady also became the fourth quarterback to throw a touchdown pass in three different Super Bowls . Other quarterbacks to do it were Terry Bradshaw , Joe Montana and John Elway , with Kurt Warner later accomplishing the feat during Super Bowl XLIII . The Patriots joined the Dallas Cowboys as the only teams in NFL history to win three Super Bowls in a span of four years . Aftermath ( edit ) The Patriots ' Super Bowl win was the third championship for Boston - area sports teams in 12 months , following the Patriots winning Super Bowl XXXVIII the year before and the Red Sox winning the World Series -- first in 86 years -- three months earlier . This marked the first time since 1989 -- 1990 in the San Francisco Bay Area that the same market has had 2 Super Bowl and World Series winners in 12 months . The Patriots would later appear in Super Bowl XLII and Super Bowl XLVI , losing both to Eli Manning 's New York Giants , before winning Super Bowl XLIX against the Seattle Seahawks , 28 -- 24 , ten years later and Super Bowl LI against the Atlanta Falcons , 34 - 28 , two years later . The latest Super Bowl win for the Patriots makes it ten titles among the four Boston teams ( 5 by the Patriots , 3 by the Red Sox , and one each by the Celtics and Bruins ) since 2002 . For the Eagles , with the loss , the city of Philadelphia would not see its first championship since the 76ers swept the 1983 NBA Finals until the next time their city 's teams played for a championship , when the Phillies won the 2008 World Series . The Eagles did not return to the Super Bowl until 2017 , also with a 13 - 3 record , and defeating the Falcons and Vikings in the playoffs . The Eagles and the Patriots met again in Super Bowl LII , following the 2017 season , with the Eagles taking their revenge 41 -- 33 . This is the last time that a team has won back - to - back Super Bowls , with the Patriots losing their second playoff game a year later and then , for the next eight years , every team either losing their first playoff game or missing them altogether . The streak was broken in 2014 when the Seahawks defeated the Panthers and ultimately advanced to the Super Bowl , only to lose to a Patriots goal line stand . The next year , the Patriots , having faltered down the stretch , entered those playoffs as the second seed behind the Broncos , who then defeated New England in the AFC Title Game that year en route to a title of their own in Super Bowl 50 . Two years later , the Patriots , defending champions themselves from Super Bowl LI , returned to repeat their title only to lose the aforementioned Super Bowl LII . Final statistics ( edit ) Sources : NFL.com Super Bowl XXXIX , Super Bowl XXXIX Play Finder NE , Super Bowl XXXIX Play Finder Phi Statistical comparison ( edit ) New England Patriots Philadelphia Eagles First downs 21 24 First downs rushing 6 First downs passing 14 18 First downs penalty Third down efficiency 4 / 12 9 / 16 Fourth down efficiency 0 / 0 0 / 0 Net yards rushing 112 45 Rushing attempts 28 17 Yards per rush 4.0 2.6 Passing -- Completions -- attempts 23 / 33 30 / 51 Times sacked -- total yards 2 -- 17 4 -- 33 Interceptions thrown 0 Net yards passing 219 324 Total net yards 331 369 Punt returns -- total yards 4 -- 26 3 -- 19 Kickoff returns -- total yards 4 -- 63 5 -- 114 Interceptions -- total return yards 3 -- 5 0 -- 0 Punts -- average yardage 7 -- 45.1 5 -- 42.8 Fumbles -- lost 1 -- 1 2 -- 1 Penalties -- yards 7 -- 47 3 -- 35 Time of possession 31 : 37 28 : 23 Turnovers Individual leaders ( edit ) Patriots Passing C / ATT Yds TD INT Rating Tom Brady 23 / 33 236 0 110.2 Patriots Rushing Car Yds TD LG Yds / Car Corey Dillon 18 75 25 4.17 Kevin Faulk 8 38 0 12 4.75 Patrick Pass 0 0 0 0.00 Tom Brady − 1 0 − 1 - 1.00 Patriots Receiving Rec Yds TD LG Target Deion Branch 11 133 0 27 12 Corey Dillon 31 0 16 David Givens 19 13 7 Kevin Faulk 27 0 14 Troy Brown 17 0 12 Daniel Graham 7 0 7 Mike Vrabel 2t David Patten 0 0 0 0 Eagles Passing C / ATT Yds TD INT Rating Donovan McNabb 30 / 51 357 75.4 Eagles Rushing Car Yds TD LG Yds / Car Brian Westbrook 15 44 0 22 2.93 Dorsey Levens 0 1.00 Donovan McNabb 0 0 0 0.00 Eagles Receiving Rec Yds TD LG Target Terrell Owens 9 122 0 36 14 Brian Westbrook 7 60 15 11 Todd Pinkston 82 0 40 7 Greg Lewis 53 30t 5 L.J. Smith 27 9 8 Freddie Mitchell 11 0 11 Josh Parry 0 Dorsey Levens 0 0 0 0 Completions / attempts Carries Long gain Receptions Times targeted Starting lineups ( edit ) Source : Hall of Fame ‡ New England Position Position Philadelphia Offense David Givens WR Todd Pinkston Matt Light LT Tra Thomas Joe Andruzzi LG Artis Hicks Dan Koppen Hank Fraley Stephen Neal RG Jermane Mayberry Brandon Gorin RT Jon Runyan Daniel Graham TE L.J. Smith Deion Branch WR Terrell Owens ‡ Tom Brady QB Donovan McNabb Corey Dillon RB Brian Westbrook Patrick Pass FB Josh Parry Defense Rosevelt Colvin OLB LDE Derrick Burgess Vince Wilfork NT LDT Corey Simon Jarvis Green RE RDT Darwin Walker Mike Vrabel OLB RDE Jevon Kearse Tedy Bruschi ILB WLB Keith Adams Roman Phifer ILB MLB Jeremiah Trotter Willie McGinest OLB SLB Dhani Jones Randall Gay LCB Lito Sheppard Asante Samuel RCB Sheldon Brown Rodney Harrison SS Michael Lewis Eugene Wilson FS Brian Dawkins ‡ Commercials ( edit ) As usual , the television coverage of this year 's Super Bowl was the showcase for the most expensive commercials in television -- both to produce and to buy airtime ( at the rate of $2.4 million US for 30 seconds ) . One ad that drew the ire of many -- including the NFL -- was for the internet domain provider Go Daddy , which tweaked the controversial halftime of the previous year 's game with a mock censorship hearing featuring a comely woman , Nikki Cappelli ( played by WWE Wrestler Candice Michelle ) , having a `` wardrobe malfunction '' . Fox pulled the second airing of the ad , scheduled for the two - minute warning of the fourth quarter , along with a five - second plug , and it was replaced with a promo for The Simpsons . The Scottsdale , Arizona - based World Wide Web domain registration company got a refund on the second ad . Another popular ad was made by the NFL . It featured players who were not in the Super Bowl , headlined by Pittsburgh Steelers rookie quarterback Ben Roethlisberger being at a beach resort , depressed he did not make it in . Joe Montana comforted Roethlisberger , and soon both Montana and Roethlisberger joined many other players in different locations in an off - key yet rousing edition of `` Tomorrow '' from the musical Annie . The commercial ended with the tagline : `` Tomorrow , we 're all undefeated again . '' Roethlisberger went on to lead the Steelers to victory in Super Bowl XL the very next season . The top ad , as chosen by the USA Today Super Bowl Ad Meter was for Anheuser - Busch 's Bud Light featuring a timid skydiver making his first jump getting enticed with a six - pack of the product . This ad was ranked second on ADBOWL . The highest ranked commercial by ADBOWL was Anheuser - Busch 's `` Applause . '' For the first time since the campaign started in Super Bowl XXI , no `` I 'm going to Disney World ! '' ad aired following Super Bowl XXXIX . Player bonuses ( edit ) Each member of the Patriots received a payment of $68,000 for winning the game . The Eagles each received $36,500 . When adjusted for inflation , the Patriots salary was actually less than the $15,000 paid to members of the Green Bay Packers for winning Super Bowl I in 1967 . That amount of money in 1967 equated to approximately $85,000 in 2005 . Officials ( edit ) Referee : Terry McAulay # 77 first Super Bowl Umpire : Carl Paganelli # 124 first Super Bowl Head Linesman : Gary Slaughter # 30 first Super Bowl Line Judge : Mark Steinkerchner # 84 second Super Bowl ( XXXVII ) Field Judge : Tom Sifferman # 118 third Super Bowl ( XXXVII , XXXVIII ) Side Judge : Rick Patterson # 15 second Super Bowl ( XXXV ) Back Judge : Tony Steratore # 112 first Super Bowl Alternate Referee : Ed Hochuli # 85 ( referee for XXXII , XXXVIII ) Alternate Umpire : Garth DeFelice # 53 Alternate Field Judge : Larry Rose # 128 Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ DiNitto , Marcus ( January 25 , 2015 ) . `` Super Bowl Betting History -- Underdogs on Recent Roll '' . Sporting News . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl History '' . Vegas Insider . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXIX Box Score : New England 24 , Philadelphia 21 '' . NFL.com . National Football League . February 7 , 2005 . Retrieved March 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Historical Super Bowl Nielsen TV Ratings , 1967 -- 2009 -- Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved October 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hack , Damon ( February 7 , 2005 ) . `` The Dynasty Is Official '' . New York Times . Retrieved March 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Dallas won the Super Bowl after the 1992 , ' 93 and ' 95 seasons . Jump up ^ Player Bio , Patriots . `` Deion Branch '' . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2007 . Retrieved March 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` NFL History : 1991 - 2000 '' . NFL.com . Retrieved August 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tadych , Frank ( February 18 , 2005 ) . `` Position Breakdown : Running Backs '' . Retrieved March 26 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Super Bowl XXXIX Veneziano , John . Super Bowl XXXIX Game Program . NFL Publishing . Jump up ^ `` The 100 Greatest Quarterbacks of the Modern Era , Version 1.0 '' . Retrieved March 25 , 2008 . first1 = missing last1 = in Authors list ( help ) Jump up ^ CBS , CBS Sports . `` Donovan McNabb , QB '' . Retrieved March 25 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Shapiro , Leonard ( February 7 , 2005 ) . `` Patriots Grab Share of NFL History '' . Washington Post . p . A1 . ^ Jump up to : Warren , Ken ( June 2 , 2010 ) . `` Two cities that could use a CUP '' . Ottawa Citizen . p . B3 . Jump up ^ Byron , Master Sgt . David ( February 1 , 2005 ) . `` Super Bowl goes super blue '' . Air Force Print News . af.mil . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2012 . Retrieved January 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cadets to sing at Super Bowl XXXIX '' . Air Force Print News . af.mil . January 25 , 2005 . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2012 . Retrieved January 4 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Mucha , Peter ( August 8 , 2014 ) , Yes , McNabb puked at Super Bowl , ex-fullback says Jump up ^ Florio , Mike ( July 8 , 2013 ) . `` Lito Sheppard says McNabb puked during Super Bowl '' . Pro Football Talk . National Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tanier , Mike ( 2015 ) . `` NFL URBAN LEGENDS : DONOVAN MCNABB 'S SUPER PUKE '' . Bleacher Report . Atlanta , Georgia : Turner Broadcasting System , Inc. ( published August 5 , 2015 ) . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl Game - Time Temperatures '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved March 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXIX -- National Football League Game Summary '' ( PDF ) . National Football League . February 6 , 2005 . Retrieved July 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ A Super Bowl share not so super paying MSNBC.com . Accessed September 27 , 2007 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Super Bowl XXXIX . Super Bowl official website 2006 NFL Record and Fact Book . Time Inc . Home Entertainment . ISBN 1 - 933405 - 32 - 5 . The Sporting News : History of the Super Bowl ( Last accessed December 4 , 2005 ) https://www.pro-football-reference.com -- Large online database of NFL data and statistics Super Bowl play - by - plays from USA Today ( Last accessed June 21 , 2007 ) All - Time Super Bowl Odds from The Sports Network ( Last accessed October 16 , 2005 ) Super Bowl NFL NFC Championship AFC Championship Football Games 1960s I ( 1967 ) II ( 1968 ) III ( 1969 ) 1970s IV ( 1970 ) V ( 1971 ) VI ( 1972 ) VII ( 1973 ) VIII ( 1974 ) IX ( 1975 ) X ( 1976 ) XI ( 1977 ) XII ( 1978 ) XIII ( 1979 ) 1980s XIV ( 1980 ) XV ( 1981 ) XVI ( 1982 ) XVII ( 1983 ) XVIII ( 1984 ) XIX ( 1985 ) XX ( 1986 ) XXI ( 1987 ) XXII ( 1988 ) XXIII ( 1989 ) 1990s XXIV ( 1990 ) XXV ( 1991 ) XXVI ( 1992 ) XXVII ( 1993 ) XXVIII ( 1994 ) XXIX ( 1995 ) XXX ( 1996 ) XXXI ( 1997 ) XXXII ( 1998 ) XXXIII ( 1999 ) 2000s XXXIV ( 2000 ) XXXV ( 2001 ) XXXVI ( 2002 ) XXXVII ( 2003 ) XXXVIII ( 2004 ) XXXIX ( 2005 ) XL ( 2006 ) XLI ( 2007 ) XLII ( 2008 ) XLIII ( 2009 ) 2010s XLIV ( 2010 ) XLV ( 2011 ) XLVI ( 2012 ) XLVII ( 2013 ) XLVIII ( 2014 ) XLIX ( 2015 ) 50 ( 2016 ) LI ( 2017 ) LII ( 2018 ) LIII ( 2019 ) 2020s LIV ( 2020 ) LV ( 2021 ) LVI ( 2022 ) LVII ( 2023 ) People Champions Pre-Super Bowl NFL champions Head coaches Active head coach history Quarterbacks Officials Awards , trophies , records Super Bowl ring Vince Lombardi Trophy Most Valuable Players Records Broadcast and production National anthem Halftime Commercials USA Today Ad Meter Adbowl List Broadcast Network broadcasters Counterprogramming Lead - out programming Television ratings Super Bowl Sunday Curse New England Patriots Super Bowl XXXIX champions 4 Adam Vinatieri 6 Rohan Davey 8 Josh Miller 10 Kevin Kasper 12 Tom Brady 13 Jim Miller 14 P.K. Sam 18 Cedric James 19 Ricky Bryant 21 Randall Gay 22 Asante Samuel 23 Omare Lowe 24 Ty Law 26 Eugene Wilson 27 Rabih Abdullah 28 Corey Dillon 29 Earthwind Moreland 30 Je'Rod Cherry 31 Hank Poteat 32 Kory Chapman 33 Kevin Faulk 34 Cedric Cobbs 35 Patrick Pass 37 Rodney Harrison 38 Tyrone Poole 39 Guss Scott 42 Dexter Reid 46 Zeron Flemister 47 Justin Kurpeikis 48 Tully Banta - Cain 49 Eric Alexander 50 Mike Vrabel 51 Don Davis 52 Ted Johnson 53 Larry Izzo 54 Tedy Bruschi 55 Willie McGinest 58 Matt Chatham 59 Rosevelt Colvin 61 Stephen Neal 63 Joe Andruzzi 64 Gene Mruczkowski 65 Lance Nimmo 66 Lonie Paxton 67 Dan Koppen 68 Tom Ashworth 69 Buck Rasmussen 70 Adrian Klemm 71 Russ Hochstein 72 Matt Light 74 Billy Yates 75 Vince Wilfork 76 Brandon Gorin 80 Troy Brown 81 Bethel Johnson 82 Daniel Graham 83 Deion Branch ( MVP ) 84 Benjamin Watson 85 Jed Weaver 86 David Patten 87 David Givens 88 Christian Fauria 90 Dan Klecko 91 Marquise Hill 93 Richard Seymour 94 Ty Warren 95 Roman Phifer 96 Rodney Bailey 97 Jarvis Green 98 Keith Traylor 99 Ethan Kelley Head coach : Bill Belichick Coaches : Romeo Crennel Brian Daboll Jeff Davidson Ivan Fears Pepper Johnson Josh McDaniels Eric Mangini Matt Patricia Markus Paul Dean Pees Dante Scarnecchia Brad Seely Cory Undlin Charlie Weis Mike Woicik New England Patriots Founded in 1960 Formerly the Boston Patriots ( 1960 -- 70 ) Based and headquartered in Foxborough , Massachusetts Franchise Franchise History Hall of Fame Patriot Place Seasons Players Coaches First - round draft picks Starting quarterbacks Strategy Broadcasters Stadiums Nickerson Field Fenway Park Alumni Stadium Harvard Stadium Foxboro Stadium Gillette Stadium Culture Billy Sullivan Robert Kraft Jonathan Kraft Pat Patriot Cheerleaders `` I 'm Shipping Up to Boston '' `` Crazy Train '' `` Your Love '' Patriot Reign Family Guy `` Patriot Games '' `` 3 Acts of God '' `` Gronkowsbees '' `` Stunning and Brave '' ( South Park episode ) Lore Snowplow Game St. Louis Stallions Tuck Rule Game 16 - 0 Spygate 2007 game vs. New York Giants Helmet Catch Butt fumble Deflategate 28 -- 3 Philly Special Rivalries Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Denver Broncos Indianapolis Colts Brady -- Manning rivalry Division championships ( 20 ) 1963 1978 1986 1997 2001 2003 2005 2006 2007 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Conference championships ( 10 ) 1985 2001 2003 2007 2011 2014 2016 2017 League championships ( 5 ) 2001 ( XXXVI ) 2003 ( XXXVIII ) 2004 ( XXXIX ) 2014 ( XLIX ) 2016 ( LI ) Retired numbers 20 40 56 57 73 78 79 89 Media Broadcasters WBZ - FM Radio network Gil Santos Gino Cappelletti Bob Socci Scott Zolak Current league affiliations League : National Football League ( 1970 -- present ) Conference : American Football Conference Division : East Division Former league affiliation League : American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Seasons ( 58 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Championship seasons in bold Philadelphia Eagles Founded in 1933 Based and headquartered in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Franchise Franchise History Seasons Coaches Quarterbacks Players Stadiums Baker Bowl Philadelphia Municipal Stadium Connie Mack Stadium Franklin Field Veterans Stadium Lincoln Financial Field Culture Fly , Eagles Fly Swoop Curse of Billy Penn The Lombardi Curse Invincible Philadelphia Sports Hall of Fame Matt Guokas Sr . Dan Baker Cheerleaders Silver Linings Playbook The Garbage Picking Field Goal Kicking Philadelphia Phenomenon Lore Frankford Yellow Jackets Pennsylvania Keystoners `` Pennsylvania Polka '' Steagles `` Happy Hundred '' Miracle at the Meadowlands Buddy Ball Fog Bowl Bounty Bowl series Body Bag Game 4th and 26 Miracle at the New Meadowlands Philly Special Rivalries Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Washington Redskins Pittsburgh Steelers Division championships ( 13 ) 1947 1948 1949 1980 1988 2001 2002 2003 2006 2013 2017 Conference championships ( 4 ) 1960 1980 2017 League championships ( 4 ) 1948 1949 1960 2017 ( LII ) Retired numbers 5 15 20 40 44 60 70 92 99 Media Broadcasters WTEL WIP - FM Merrill Reese Mike Quick Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : National Football Conference Division : East Division Seasons ( 86 ) 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Championship seasons in bold 2004 NFL season AFC East North South West East North South West NFC Buffalo Baltimore Houston Denver Dallas Chicago Atlanta Arizona Miami Cincinnati Indianapolis Kansas City NY Giants Detroit Carolina St. Louis New England Cleveland Jacksonville Oakland Philadelphia Green Bay New Orleans San Francisco NY Jets Pittsburgh Tennessee San Diego Washington Minnesota Tampa Bay Seattle 2004 NFL Draft NFL Playoffs Pro Bowl Super Bowl XXXIX National Football League Championship Games ( 1933 -- present ) NFL Championship Game ( 1933 -- 1969 ) 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 AFL Championship Game ( 1960 -- 1969 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 AFL - NFL World Championship Games ( 1966 -- 1969 ) 1966 ( I ) 1967 ( II ) 1968 ( III ) 1969 ( IV ) Super Bowl ( 1970 -- present ) 1970 ( V ) 1971 ( VI ) 1972 ( VII ) 1973 ( VIII ) 1974 ( IX ) 1975 ( X ) 1976 ( XI ) 1977 ( XII ) 1978 ( XIII ) 1979 ( XIV ) 1980 ( XV ) 1981 ( XVI ) 1982 ( XVII ) 1983 ( XVIII ) 1984 ( XIX ) 1985 ( XX ) 1986 ( XXI ) 1987 ( XXII ) 1988 ( XXIII ) 1989 ( XXIV ) 1990 ( XXV ) 1991 ( XXVI ) 1992 ( XXVII ) 1993 ( XXVIII ) 1994 ( XXIX ) 1995 ( XXX ) 1996 ( XXXI ) 1997 ( XXXII ) 1998 ( XXXIII ) 1999 ( XXXIV ) 2000 ( XXXV ) 2001 ( XXXVI ) 2002 ( XXXVII ) 2003 ( XXXVIII ) 2004 ( XXXIX ) 2005 ( XL ) 2006 ( XLI ) 2007 ( XLII ) 2008 ( XLIII ) 2009 ( XLIV ) 2010 ( XLV ) 2011 ( XLVI ) 2012 ( XLVII ) 2013 ( XLVIII ) 2014 ( XLIX ) 2015 ( 50 ) 2016 ( LI ) 2017 ( LII ) 1921 APFA de facto championship game 1925 NFL Championship controversy 1932 NFL Playoff Game NFL Championship broadcasters AFL Championship broadcasters Super Bowl champions Super Bowl Most Valuable Players Super Bowl records Super Bowl broadcasters Super Bowl officials Super Bowl halftime Super Bowl commercials Pre-Super Bowl NFL champions NFL playoffs ( Results ) AFL playoffs 1 -- From 1966 to 1969 , the first four Super Bowls were `` World Championship '' games played between two independent professional football leagues , AFL and NFL , and when the league merged in 1970 the Super Bowl became the NFL Championship Game . 2 -- Dates in the list denote the season , not the calendar year in which the championship game was played . For instance , Super Bowl XLI was played in 2007 , but was the championship for the 2006 season . Fox NFL Related programs Fox College Football Fox NFL Kickoff Fox NFL Sunday Thursday Night Football ( 2018 -- present ) Related articles Fox affiliate switches of 1994 ( Repercussions ) FoxBox NFL on television ( history ) Primary television stations Super Bowl TV ratings ( lead - out programs ) Commentators Commentator pairings Pro Bowl Postseason games NFC Championship Game Super Bowl International games American Bowl Bills Toronto Series World Bowl Lore `` River City Relay '' 0 -- 16 `` Miracle at the New Meadowlands '' Postseason lore 1998 NFC Championship Game `` The Bert Emanuel Rule '' `` The Catch II '' `` 4th and 26 '' `` 18 -- 1 '' `` The Helmet Catch '' `` 28 -- 3 '' `` Minneapolis Miracle '' Holiday lore NFL on Thanksgiving Day Christmas games Music Scott Schreer Super Bowl XXXI ( 1996 ) XXXIII ( 1998 ) XXXVI ( 2001 ) XXXIX ( 2004 ) XLII ( 2007 ) XLV ( 2010 ) XLVIII ( 2013 ) LI ( 2016 ) LIV ( 2019 ) Pro Bowl 2008 2011 World Bowl ' 95 ' 96 ' 97 ' 98 ' 99 2000 IX X XI XII XIII Jacksonville events Current Amelia Island Concours d'Elegance Florida vs. Georgia Football Classic Gate River Run Gator Bowl Jacksonville Jazz Festival Jacksonville Kingfish Tournament Jacksonville Pride Mug Race One Spark The Players Championship Springing the Blues World of Nations Celebration Jacksonville Film Festival Former Planetfest Super Bowl XXXIX Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Super_Bowl_XXXIX&oldid=835365102 '' Categories : New England Patriots postseason Philadelphia Eagles postseason Sports in Jacksonville , Florida Super Bowl 2004 National Football League season 2005 in sports in Florida 21st century in Jacksonville , Florida February 2005 sports events Hidden categories : CS1 errors : missing author or editor Use mdy dates from November 2013 Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Dansk Deutsch Español Français Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Svenska ไทย 中文 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 April 2018 , at 07 : 44 . 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"The Eagles and the Patriots met again in Super Bowl LII, following the 2017 season, with the Eagles taking their revenge 41–33."
] | [
"following the 2017 season"
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3302312424112420748 | Paige O'Hara | Paige O'Hara - wikipedia Paige O'Hara Jump to : navigation , search Paige O'Hara Donna Paige Helmintoller ( 1956 - 05 - 10 ) May 10 , 1956 ( age 61 ) Fort Lauderdale , Florida , U.S. Education Nova High School Alma mater Parkway Middle School of the Arts Occupation Actress , voice actress , singer , painter Years active 1983 -- present Notable work Original voice of Belle in Disney 's Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Spouse ( s ) Michael Piontek ( m . 1995 ) Awards Disney Legend ( 2011 ) Website www.paigeohara.net Donna Paige Helmintoller , better known as Paige O'Hara ( born May 10 , 1956 ) , is an American actress , voice actress , singer and painter . O'Hara began her career as a Broadway actress in 1983 when she portrayed Ellie May Chipley in the musical Showboat . In 1991 , she made her motion picture debut in Disney 's Beauty and the Beast , in which she voiced the film 's heroine , Belle . Following the critical and commercial success of Beauty and the Beast , O'Hara reprised her role as Belle in the film 's two direct - to - video follow - ups , Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas and Belle 's Magical World . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Broadway and stage 2.2 Transition to film and Beauty and the Beast 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 4.3 Video games 4.4 Theater 5 References 6 External links Early life ( edit ) O'Hara was born in Fort Lauderdale , Florida , and attended Nova High School , in Davie , Florida , and Parkway Middle School of The Arts , also in Florida . She performed in shows with the Fort Lauderdale Children 's Theatre . O'Hara began acting at the age of four , attending acting classes in her home state of Florida . It was not until she was 12 years old that she developed an interest in singing and enrolled in a performing arts high school . O'Hara cites American actress and singer Judy Garland as one of her idols . Career ( edit ) Broadway and stage ( edit ) O'Hara made her first appearance on the Broadway stage as Ellie May Chipley in the revival of Showboat in 1983 starring Donald O'Connor . She repeated the role for the Houston Grand Opera 's 1989 production and continued with them when the show was moved to the Cairo Opera House in Egypt . Continuing her legacy as Ellie , she also sang the part on the 1989 Grammy - nominated recording of the musical with Jerry Hadley , Frederica von Stade , and Teresa Stratas , conducted by John McGlinn on the Angel EMI label . Her other American stage credits include the title role in The Mystery of Edwin Drood ( Broadway and national tour ) and Ado Annie in a national tour of Oklahoma ! directed by William Hammerstein . In 1995 , she joined the Broadway production of Les Misérables , where she played the role of Fantine . Internationally , O'Hara has played the role of Nellie Forbush in South Pacific ( Australia ) . In April 2011 , O'Hara played the role of Judy Garland in `` From Gumm to Garland : JUDY , The Musical '' at the Tempe Center for the Arts in Tempe , Arizona . Transition to film and Beauty and the Beast ( edit ) A longtime fan of Walt Disney Pictures , O'Hara auditioned for Beauty and the Beast at the age of 30 after reading about the film in The New York Times . O'Hara also starred as Venus in the BBC 's recorded broadcast of the live presentation of Kurt Weill 's `` One Touch of Venus '' and in tribute to her Belle character from Beauty and the Beast , she portrayed Angela , a character in a fictional soap opera , for Disney 's 2007 live action / traditional 2 - D animated movie Enchanted . For her work as Belle , O'Hara was honored with a Disney Legend Award on August 19 , 2011 . As of 2011 , O'Hara was replaced by Julie Nathanson as the voice of Belle due to her voice changing significantly over the course of twenty years . Despite this , she still paints Belle for Disney Fine Art and also continues to do promotional appearances for Disney . In 2016 , O'Hara appeared at numerous special screenings of Beauty and the Beast in honor of the film 's 25th anniversary . In July 2017 , it was announced that O'Hara would be reprising the role of Belle in the 2018 film Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2 . Personal life ( edit ) Hara is married to actor Michael Piontek . The couple first met in 1989 , after six years of dating , they married in 1995 . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) - Belle ( voice ) Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas ( 1997 ) - Belle ( voice ) Belle 's Magical World ( 1998 ) - Belle ( voice ) Belle 's Tale 's of Friendship ( 1999 ) - Belle ( voice ) Chapters of Enchantment ( 1999 ) - Belle ( voice ) Beauty & the World of Music ( 1999 ) - Belle ( voice ) Legend of the Candy Cane ( 2001 ) - Jane Aubrey ( voice ) Mickey 's Magical Christmas : Snowed in at the House of Mouse ( 2001 ) - Belle ( voice ) Rapsittie Street Kids : Believe in Santa ( 2002 ) - Nicole ( voice ) Sing Along Songs : Disney Princess : Once Upon a Dream ( 2004 ) - Belle ( voice ) Disney Princess Party : Volume Two ( 2005 ) - Belle ( voice ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) - Angela Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2 ( 2018 ) - Belle ( voice ) Television ( edit ) The Legend of Prince Valiant ( 1993 ) - Princess Aleta / Queen Aleta ( voice ) The Twisted Tales of Felix the Cat ( 1995 ) - Girls ( voice , uncredited ) Adventures from the Book of Virtues ( 1996 ) - The Princess / June Washington ( voice ) Video games ( edit ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Magical Ballroom ( 2000 ) - Belle ( voice ) Kingdom Hearts II ( 2005 ) - Belle ( voice ; English version ) Kingdom Hearts II : Final Mix+ ( 2007 ) - Belle ( voice ; English version ) Disney Princess : Magical Jewels ( 2007 ) - Belle ( voice ) Disney Princess : Enchanted Journey ( 2007 ) - Belle ( voice ) Theater ( edit ) Showboat ( 1983 ) - Ellie May Chipley The Mystery of Edwin Drood ( 1985 ) - Miss Florence Gil Oklahoma ! ( 1986 ) - Ado Annie Les Misérables ( 1995 ) - Fantine References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Paige O'Hara Pics '' . All Star Pics . Lucy Media . Retrieved 15 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Interview With Paige O'Hara , The Voice Of Belle In `` Beauty and the Beast '' `` . Disney Dreaming . Unrivaled Media Group , LLC . October 5 , 2010 . Retrieved 16 November 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Benedictus , Leo ( April 30 , 2012 ) . `` How we made : Don Hahn and Paige O'Hara on Beauty and the Beast '' . The Guardian . Guardian News and Media Limited . Retrieved 16 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Huver , Scott ( May 30 , 2012 ) . `` '' Beauty and the Beast 3D '' Gives Original Star Paige O'Hara a Whole New Perspective `` . NBC New York . NBCUniversal , Inc . Retrieved 16 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Photo Flash : Lea Salonga , Anika Noni Rose , Paige O'Hara et al. Honored at D23 Expo ^ Jump up to : `` Belle still tolls for actress O'Hara '' . Jump up ^ Brigante , Ricky ( July 30 , 2013 ) . `` Full 2013 D23 Expo schedule revealed with Walt Disney Studios celebs , Imagineering & Parks panels , Marvel meet - and - greets '' . Inside the Magic . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New Fantasyland Grand Opening Celebration at Walt Disney World Resort '' . Disney Parks Blog . July 30 , 2013 . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Mallenbaum , Carly ( May 10 , 2016 ) . `` 8 things you never knew about ' Beauty and the Beast ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved 19 September 2016 . Jump up ^ McGovern , Joe ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast getting special 25th anniversary screening ahead of New York Film Festival '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 19 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Adam ( July 14 , 2017 ) . `` Wreck - It Ralph 2 Is Bringing The Original Disney Princesses Back '' . CinemaBlend . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://catholicphilly.com/2016/09/culture/paige-ohara-voice-of-belle-recalls-magic-of-beauty-and-the-beast/ Jump up ^ https://www.reviewjournal.com/entertainment/arts-culture/more-than-20-years-after-beauty-and-the-beast-paige-ohara-still-remembered-as-voice-of-disney-princess/amp/ Jump up ^ https://www.reviewjournal.com/entertainment/arts-culture/voice-of-disneys-belle-didnt-expect-to-fall-in-love-with-las-vegas/amp/ Jump up ^ Paige O'Hara Answers Members Questions Playbill , January 22 , 1996 External links ( edit ) Paige O'Hara at the Internet Broadway Database Paige O'Hara on IMDb Paige O'Hara at the Disney Legends Website Paige O'Hara official website Q&A With Paige O'Hara VIAF : 305232985 ISNI : 0000 0000 8330 6275 GND : 143134809 MusicBrainz : ddea7bbb - afd6 - 404a - 873f - eac152833cbf Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paige_O%27Hara&oldid=825147183 '' Categories : 1956 births 20th - century American painters 20th - century American women artists 21st - century American painters 21st - century American women artists Actresses from Fort Lauderdale , Florida American musical theatre actresses American people of Irish descent American stage actresses American video game actresses American voice actresses American women painters Walt Disney Animation Studios people Living people Musicians from Fort Lauderdale , Florida Nova High School alumni Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Articles with IBDb links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cebuano Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 11 February 2018 , at 19 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who voiced belle from beauty and the beast | [
"Donna Paige Helmintoller, better known as Paige O'Hara (born May 10, 1956),[1] is an American actress, voice actress, singer and painter. O'Hara began her career as a Broadway actress in 1983 when she portrayed Ellie May Chipley in the musical Showboat. In 1991, she made her motion picture debut in Disney's Beauty and the Beast, in which she voiced the film's heroine, Belle. Following the critical and commercial success of Beauty and the Beast, O'Hara reprised her role as Belle in the film's two direct-to-video follow-ups, Beauty and the Beast: The Enchanted Christmas and Belle's Magical World."
] | [
"Donna Paige Helmintoller"
] |
7104073099267828638 | San Fernando, La Union | San Fernando , La Union - wikipedia San Fernando , La Union Component City in Ilocos Region ( Region I ) Philippines San Fernando Component City City of San Fernando San Fernando Skyline Seal Nickname ( s ) : The Prime Capital of Ilocandia Botanical Garden City Map of La Union with San Fernando highlighted San Fernando Location within the Philippines Coordinates : 16 ° 37 ′ N 120 ° 19 ′ E / 16.62 ° N 120.32 ° E / 16.62 ; 120.32 Coordinates : 16 ° 37 ′ N 120 ° 19 ′ E / 16.62 ° N 120.32 ° E / 16.62 ; 120.32 Country Philippines Region Ilocos Region ( Region I ) Province La Union District 1st District Founded 1850 Cityhood March 20 , 1998 Barangays 59 ( see Barangays ) Government Type Sangguniang Panlungsod Mayor Hermenegildo A. Gualberto Electorate 66,197 voters ( 2016 ) Area Total 102.72 km ( 39.66 sq mi ) Population ( 2015 census ) Total 121,812 Density 1,200 / km ( 3,100 / sq mi ) Time zone UTC + 8 ( PST ) ZIP code 2500 PSGC 013314000 IDD : area code + 63 ( 0 ) 72 Climate type Tropical monsoon climate Income class 3rd city income class Revenue ( ₱ ) 681,363,863.32 ( 2016 ) Native languages Ilocano Tagalog Website www.sanfernandocity.gov.ph San Fernando , officially the City of San Fernando ( Ilokano : Siudad ti San Fernando , Pangasinan : Siyudad na San Fernando , Filipino : Lungsod ng San Fernando ) , is a 3rd class component city in the province of La Union , Philippines . According to the 2015 census , it has a population of 121,812 people . The city is bounded by San Juan to the north , Bauang to the south , Bagulin and Naguilian to the east , and the South China Sea to the west . It has a land area of 10,272 hectares ( 25,380 acres ) . San Fernando is the financial , industrial and political center of the province , as well as the regional center of the Ilocos Region ( Region I ) in the Philippines . San Fernando became a city by virtue of Republic Act 8509 signed into law on February 13 , 1998 and ratified on March 20 , 1998 by a plebiscite . San Fernando is 269 kilometres ( 167 mi ) from Metro Manila . Contents 1 History 2 Demographics 3 Economy 4 Local government 4.1 Barangays 4.2 List of former chief executives 4.3 Elected officials 5 Annual community events 6 Tourism 7 Sister city 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) San Fernando was founded in 1786 and was named after Saint Ferdinand III of Castile . The city 's original settlements , San Vicente de Balanac and San Guillermo de Dalangdang , were attacked by pirates and headhunters . In 1759 , Augustinian friar , Padre José Torres fused these 2 settlements to Pindangan ( local word for a place to dry fish ) , where a church dedicated to San Guillermo the Hermit was . This church is now the Cathedral of St. William the Hermit . The massive 1860 's earthquake destroyed the church which was later rebuilt . It became the cabecera or provincial capital of La Union province in 1850 . From 1896 until 1898 , during the Philippine Revolution , the Spanish garrison of San Fernando was attacked by Filipino insurgents under Manuel Tinio y Bundoc and Mauro Ortiz . The Spaniards were finally ousted . In the Second World War , the last battle of San Fernando was fought during the Japanese occupation at Barangay Bacsil . The Bacsil Ridge Monument was built on the site in the city , the north - eastern portion of the town plaza . The victory enabled the establishment of the United States Army Base , Base M at Poro Point ( a buildup area for the Japan invasion ) . The town was liberated in 1945 . Demographics ( edit ) Population census of San Fernando Year Pop . ± % p.a. 1903 16,095 -- 1918 19,881 + 1.42 % 1939 23,366 + 0.77 % 1948 28,742 + 2.33 % 1960 37,836 + 2.32 % 1970 52,597 + 3.34 % 61,166 + 3.07 % 1980 68,410 + 2.26 % 84,949 + 2.19 % 1995 91,943 + 1.49 % 2000 102,082 + 2.27 % 2007 114,813 + 1.63 % 114,963 + 0.05 % 2015 121,812 + 1.11 % Source : Philippine Statistics Authority In the 2015 census , the population of San Fernando , La Union , was 121,812 people , with a density of 1,200 inhabitants per square kilometre or 3,100 inhabitants per square mile . Economy ( edit ) San Fernando is mainly agricultural ( rice , legumes , leafy vegetables , root crops , fruit trees , corn and tobacco ) . But residents treat fishing in coastline and seashore areas as secondary means of livelihood . The natives also have inabel hand - woven cloth , baskets , shell crafts , including foods , such as kilawen and papaitan , basi , sukang iloko and paslubong such as guapples , longganiza , honey and native rice cakes , puto , suman and bibingka . Patopat is San Fernando 's native delicacy , made from `` agdapil '' ( sugarcane , a tall tropical Southeast Asian Grass ( Saccharum officinarum ) . San Fernando has many class A hotels and resorts and night clubs . Local Government ( edit ) The mayor and other elected officers hold office at the city hall of San Fernando . The Sangguniang Bayan is legislature , stationed in the Don Mariano Marcos Building , the Legislative Building in front of the city hall . Barangays ( edit ) San Fernando is divided into 59 barangays . Abut Apaleng Bacsil Bangbangolan Bangcusay Barangay I ( Poblacion ) Barangay II ( Poblacion ) Barangay III ( Poblacion ) Barangay IV ( Poblacion ) Baraoas Bato Biday Birunget Bungro Cabaroan ( Negro ) Cabarsican Cadaclan Calabugao Camansi Canaoay Carlatan Catbangen Dallangayan Este Dallangayan Oeste Dalumpinas Este Dalumpinas Oeste Ilocanos Norte Ilocanos Sur Langcuas Lingsat Madayegdeg Mameltac Masicong Nagyubuyuban Namtutan Narra Este Narra Oeste Pacpaco Pagdalagan Pagdaraoan Pagudpud Pao Norte Pao Sur Parian Pias Poro Puspus Sacyud Sagayad San Agustin San Francisco San Vicente Santiago Norte Santiago Sur Saoay Sevilla Siboan - Otong Tanqui Tanquigan List of former chief executives ( edit ) 1895 - 1898 -- Paulino Alviar 1899 - 1901 -- Blas Tadiar 1901 - 1903 -- Urbano Martínez 1904 - 1905 -- Edilberto Aquino 1906 - 1907 -- Francisco Z . Flores 1908 - 1909 -- Angel Salanga 1910 - 1911 -- José Hidalgo 1912 - 1914 -- Anastacio Casuga 1915 - 1918 -- Juan Salanga 1919 - 1921 -- Ulpiano Flores 1922 - 1928 -- Pedro R. Flores 1928 -- Francisco Galvez 1928 - 1930 -- Evaristo Galvez 1931 - 1933 -- Gaspar Flores 1934 - 1936 -- Lauro Casuga 1936 - 1939 -- Paulino Flores 1942 - 1944 -- Juan Salanga 1945 - 1946 -- Modesto Aquino 1946 - 1955 -- Lorenzo L. Dacanay 1956 - 1959 -- Godofredo G. Rilloraza 1960 - 1971 -- Lorenzo L. Dacanay 1972 - 1980 -- Antonio Feraren 1980 -- Joaquin T. Ortega 1980 - 1987 -- Justo O. Orros Jr . 1987 -- Rufo T. Colisao 1987 - 1988 -- Angel Salanga 1988 - 1998 -- Manuel C. Ortega 1998 - 2007 -- Mary Jane C. Ortega 2007 -- 2016 -- Pablo C. Ortega 2016 -- present -- Hermenegildo A. Gualberto Elected Officials ( edit ) City hall Elected officials ( June 30 , 2016 -- 2019 ) : Mayor : Hermenegildo A. Gualberto Vice Mayor : Alfred Pablo R. Ortega Councilors : Jessie Miranda Ferdinand Verzosa Maria Rosario Eufrosina Nisce Antonio Jucar Ramon Melecio Gurion Ramon Laudencia Ramon Ortega Francisco Paolo Ortega Mario Lacsamana John Orros Arnel Almazan Ernesto Rafon Adrian Kenneth Fragante Annual community events ( edit ) Thunderbird Resort Poro Point The city has a yearly fiesta , celebrated from January 28 to February 15 , where a trade fair is opened near the city hall . The following events happen annually : Annual City Fiesta , February 10 ; Bacsil Ridge Celebration , March 19 ; Pindangan Festival , March 20 ; Ma - tzu Festival , September 16 . Tourism ( edit ) Poro Point Poro Point Special Economic and Freeport Zone ( 1 ) ( formerly American Military Base -- Wallace Air Station ) Thunderbird Resorts Boardwalk The La Union Botanical Garden ( 8 kilometers from the city ) -- is a 10 hectare garden ( Barangay Cadaclan ) , the home of various species of rare plants and a sanctuary of wild animals . Battle of Bacsil Ridge Marker Pindangan Ruins ( Barangay Parian ) Hobbitat Forest Park Poro Point Baywalk ( Brgy . Poro ) Seven Hills Capitol Hill ( Barangay II ) home of the Provincial Capitol Pagoda Hill also known as Filipino - Chinese Friendship Park or Chinese Pagoda ( Barangay II ) Heroes ' Hill & Freedom Park Stairway ( 153 steps ) located at the eastern portion of Capitol Hill Bethany Hill ( Barangay II ) Mirador Hill ( Barangay II ) Mariner 's Hill ( Barangay Catbangen ) Miracle Hill ( Barangay Pagdaraoan ) Christ the Redeemer ( 25 foot statue , Reservoir Hill , Barangay I ) Poro Point Lighthouse Moro Watch Tower ( Barangay Carlatan ) La Union Science Centrum & Museum ( LUSCM has 5 Galleries : Kadaklan Burial Site and Environmental Gallery , Museum , Dark Room , Main Science Gallery and Portable Planetarium ( Barangay Cadaclan ) Ma - Cho Temple Tomb of Unknown Soldier ( Barangay Madayegdeg ) Cathedral of St. William the Hermit ( Barangay II , Poblacion ) ( 2 ) Kasay Marine Sanctuary : 30 hectares MPA , featuring the 50 years old Giant clam or Tridacna gigas ( Barangay Canaoay ) Children 's Park ( Barangay II , City Plaza ) 10.6 hectares Engineered Sanitary Landfill ( Barangay Mameltac ) La Union Trade Center ( beside the City Hall ) Sister city ( edit ) Ansan , South Korea Coatzacoalcos , Mexico Naga , Camarines Sur Valenzuela City References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` City '' . Quezon City , Philippines : Department of the Interior and Local Government . Retrieved 30 May 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Province : La Union '' . PSGC Interactive . Quezon City , Philippines : Philippine Statistics Authority . Retrieved 12 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Census of Population ( 2015 ) . `` Region I ( Ilocos Region ) '' . Total Population by Province , City , Municipality and Barangay . PSA . Retrieved 20 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Republic Act No. 8509 - An Act Converting the Municipality of San Fernando , La Union , Into a Component City To Be Known As the City of San Fernando '' . Chan Robles Virtual Law Library . 13 February 1998 . Retrieved 4 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Battle of San Fernando Marker in San Fernando ( La Union ) '' . Archived from the original on 2 June 2014 . Retrieved 4 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` History '' . The Official Website of San Fernando City , La Union . Archived from the original on 27 January 2015 . Retrieved 4 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Census of Population and Housing ( 2010 ) . `` Region I ( Ilocos Region ) '' . Total Population by Province , City , Municipality and Barangay . NSO . Retrieved 29 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Censuses of Population ( 1903 -- 2007 ) . `` Region I ( Ilocos Region ) '' . Table 1 . Population Enumerated in Various Censuses by Province / Highly Urbanized City : 1903 to 2007 . NSO . Jump up ^ `` Province of La Union '' . Municipality Population Data . Local Water Utilities Administration Research Division . Retrieved 17 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Madrid , Myla B. ( 6 July 2010 ) . `` '' PATOPAT `` , A Native Delicacy '' . The Official Website of San Fernando City , La Union . Archived from the original on 11 August 2010 . Retrieved 4 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Joint Oath - Taking and Inauguration of Newly - Elect Officials of the Province of La Union and City of San Fernando Archived 2014 - 06 - 02 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 01 - 28 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 11 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 10 - 19 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 11 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 05 - 01 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 11 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) External links ( edit ) Wikivoyage has a travel guide for San Fernando , La Union . Wikimedia Commons has media related to San Fernando , La Union . Wikisource has the text of a 1905 New International Encyclopedia article about San Fernando , La Union . The Official Website of San Fernando City R.A. 8508 - `` Charter of the City of San Fernando . '' Diocese of San Fernando de La Union Philippine Standard Geographic Code Philippine Census Information Local Governance Performance Management System Places adjacent to San Fernando , La Union San Juan San Gabriel South China Sea San Fernando Bagulin Bauang Naguilian Province of La Union San Fernando ( capital ) Municipalities Agoo Aringay Bacnotan Bagulin Balaoan Bangar Bauang Burgos Caba Luna Naguilian Pugo Rosario San Gabriel San Juan Santo Tomas Santol Sudipen Tubao Component city San Fernando Barangays See : List of barangays in La Union Ilocos Region ( Region I ) Regional Center San Fernando Provinces Ilocos Norte Ilocos Sur La Union Pangasinan Independent Component City Dagupan Component Cities Alaminos Batac Candon Laoag San Carlos San Fernando Urdaneta Vigan Provincial Capitals Laoag Lingayen San Fernando Vigan Municipalities Adams Agno Agoo Aguilar Alcala Alilem Anda Aringay Asingan Bacarra Bacnotan Badoc Bagulin Balaoan Balungao Banayoyo Bangar Bangui Bani Banna Bantay Basista Bauang Bautista Bayambang Binalonan Binmaley Bolinao Bugallon Burgos ( Ilocos Norte ) Burgos ( Ilocos Sur ) Burgos ( La Union ) Burgos ( Pangasinan ) Caba Cabugao Calasiao Caoayan Carasi Cervantes Currimao Dasol Dingras Dumalneg Galimuyod Gregorio del Pilar Infanta Labrador Laoac Lidlidda Lingayen Luna Mabini Magsingal Malasiqui Manaoag Mangaldan Mangatarem Mapandan Marcos Nagbukel Naguilian Narvacan Natividad Nueva Era Pagudpud Paoay Pasuquin Piddig Pinili Pozorrubio Pugo Quirino Rosales Rosario Salcedo San Emilio San Esteban San Fabian San Gabriel San Ildefonso San Jacinto San Juan ( Ilocos Sur ) San Juan ( La Union ) San Manuel San Nicolas ( Ilocos Norte ) San Nicolas ( Pangasinan ) San Quintin San Vicente Santa Santa Barbara Santa Catalina Santa Cruz Santa Lucia Santa Maria ( Ilocos Sur ) Santa Maria ( Pangasinan ) Santiago Santo Domingo Santo Tomas ( La Union ) Santo Tomas ( Pangasinan ) Santol Sarrat Sigay Sinait Sison Solsona Sual Sudipen Sugpon Suyo Tagudin Tayug Tubao Umingan Urbiztondo Villasis Vintar Luzon , Republic of the Philippines Cities of the Philippines Highly Urbanized Cities Angeles Bacolod Baguio Butuan Cagayan de Oro Caloocan Cebu City Davao City General Santos Iligan Iloilo City Lapu - Lapu Las Piñas Lucena Makati Malabon Mandaluyong Mandaue Manila Marikina Muntinlupa Navotas Olongapo Parañaque Pasay Pasig Puerto Princesa Quezon City San Juan Tacloban Taguig Valenzuela Zamboanga City Independent Component Cities Cotabato City Dagupan Naga Ormoc Santiago Component Cities Alaminos Antipolo Bacoor Bago Bais Balanga Batac Batangas City Bayawan Baybay Bayugan Biñan Bislig Bogo Borongan Cabadbaran Cabanatuan Cabuyao Cadiz Calamba Calapan Calbayog Candon Canlaon Carcar Catbalogan Cauayan Cavite City Danao Dapitan Dasmariñas Digos Dipolog Dumaguete El Salvador Escalante Gapan General Trias Gingoog Guihulngan Himamaylan Ilagan Imus Iriga Isabela Kabankalan Kidapawan Koronadal La Carlota Lamitan Laoag Legazpi Ligao Lipa Maasin Mabalacat Malaybalay Malolos Marawi Masbate City Mati Meycauayan Muñoz Naga , Cebu Oroquieta Ozamiz Pagadian Palayan Panabo Passi Roxas Sagay Samal San Carlos , Negros Occidental San Carlos , Pangasinan San Fernando , La Union San Fernando , Pampanga San Jose San Jose del Monte San Pablo San Pedro Santa Rosa Silay Sipalay Sorsogon City Surigao City Tabaco Tabuk Tacurong Tagaytay Tagbilaran Tagum Talisay , Cebu Talisay , Negros Occidental Tanauan Tandag Tangub Tanjay Tarlac City Tayabas Toledo Trece Martires Tuguegarao Urdaneta Valencia Victorias Vigan Provincial capital cities and municipalities of the Philippines hide Luzon Abra : Bangued Albay : Legazpi Apayao : Kabugao / Luna Aurora : Baler Bataan : Balanga Batanes : Basco Batangas : Batangas City Benguet : La Trinidad Bulacan : Malolos Cagayan : Tuguegarao Camarines Norte : Daet Camarines Sur : Pili Catanduanes : Virac Cavite : Imus / Trece Martires Ifugao : Lagawe Ilocos Norte : Laoag Ilocos Sur : Vigan Isabela : Ilagan Kalinga : Tabuk La Union : San Fernando Laguna : Santa Cruz Marinduque : Boac Masbate : Masbate City Mountain Province : Bontoc Nueva Ecija : Palayan Nueva Vizcaya : Bayombong Occidental Mindoro : Mamburao Oriental Mindoro : Calapan Palawan : Puerto Princesa Pampanga : San Fernando Pangasinan : Lingayen Quezon : Lucena Quirino : Cabarroguis Rizal : Antipolo Romblon : Romblon Sorsogon : Sorsogon City Tarlac : Tarlac City Zambales : Iba hide Visayas Aklan : Kalibo Antique : San Jose de Buenavista Biliran : Naval Bohol : Tagbilaran Capiz : Roxas Cebu : Cebu City Eastern Samar : Borongan Guimaras : Jordan Iloilo : Iloilo City Leyte : Tacloban Negros Occidental : Bacolod Negros Oriental : Dumaguete Northern Samar : Catarman Samar : Catbalogan Siquijor : Siquijor Southern Leyte : Maasin hide Mindanao Agusan del Norte : Cabadbaran / Butuan Agusan del Sur : Prosperidad Basilan : Lamitan Bukidnon : Malaybalay Camiguin : Mambajao Compostela Valley : Nabunturan Cotabato : Kidapawan Davao del Norte : Tagum Davao del Sur : Digos Davao Occidental : Malita Davao Oriental : Mati Dinagat Islands : San Jose Lanao del Norte : Tubod Lanao del Sur : Marawi Maguindanao : Buluan / Sultan Kudarat Misamis Occidental : Oroquieta Misamis Oriental : Cagayan de Oro Sarangani : Alabel South Cotabato : Koronadal Sultan Kudarat : Isulan Sulu : Jolo Surigao del Norte : Surigao City Surigao del Sur : Tandag Tawi - Tawi : Bongao Zamboanga del Norte : Dipolog Zamboanga del Sur : Pagadian Zamboanga Sibugay : Ipil de facto seat of provincial government seat of legislative branch of provincial government Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=San_Fernando,_La_Union&oldid=864445599 '' Categories : San Fernando , La Union Populated places in La Union Cities in the Ilocos Region Provincial capitals of the Philippines Populated places established in 1850 1850 establishments in the Philippines Port cities and towns in the Philippines Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Archived copy as title Articles with short description Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing Ilokano - language text Articles containing Pangasinan - language text Articles containing Filipino - language text Commons category with page title different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Bikol Central Cebuano Chavacano de Zamboanga Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Kapampangan Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Pangasinan Polski Русский Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Winaray 中文 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 October 2018 , at 07 : 40 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many barangays in san fernando city la union | [
"San Fernando\nComponent City\nCity of San Fernando\nSan Fernando Skyline\n\nSeal\nNickname(s): The Prime Capital of Ilocandia Botanical Garden City\nMap of La Union with San Fernando highlighted\nSan FernandoLocation within the Philippines\nCoordinates: 16°37′N 120°19′E / 16.62°N 120.32°E / 16.62; 120.32Coordinates: 16°37′N 120°19′E / 16.62°N 120.32°E / 16.62; 120.32Country\n PhilippinesRegion\nIlocos Region (Region I)Province\nLa UnionDistrict\n1st DistrictFounded\n1850Cityhood\nMarch 20, 1998Barangays\n59 (see Barangays)Government [1] • Type\nSangguniang Panlungsod • Mayor\nHermenegildo A. Gualberto • Electorate\n66,197 voters (2016)Area [2] • Total\n102.72 km2 (39.66 sq mi)Population (2015 census)[3] • Total\n121,812 • Density\n1,200/km2 (3,100/sq mi)Time zone\nUTC+8 (PST)ZIP code\n2500PSGC\n013314000IDD : area code \n+63 (0)72Climate type\nTropical monsoon climateIncome class\n3rd city income classRevenue (₱)\n681,363,863.32 (2016)Native languages\nIlocano TagalogWebsite\nwww.sanfernandocity.gov.ph"
] | [
"59"
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-7616578704469107648 | List of Phineas and Ferb characters | List of Phineas and Ferb characters - wikipedia List of Phineas and Ferb characters Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article relies too much on references to primary sources . Please improve this by adding secondary or tertiary sources . ( June 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( March 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The majority of the show 's main characters as seen at the end of Rollercoaster : the Musical ! . Clockwise from top left : Vanessa , Dr. Doofenshmirtz , Jeremy , the giant floating baby head , Candace , Stacy , Linda , Lawrence , Coltrane , Buford , Gretchen , Ginger , Milly , Baljeet , Ferb , Perry the Platypus , Phineas , Isabella , Irving , Holly , Adyson , and Katie . The following is a character list of main and secondary characters on the Disney Channel series Phineas and Ferb . Contents ( hide ) 1 Main characters 1.1 Phineas Flynn 1.2 Ferbs `` Ferb '' Fletcher 1.3 Candace Flynn 1.4 Perry the Platypus 1.5 Dr. Doofenshmirtz 2 Secondary characters 2.1 Baljeet Tjinder 2.2 Carl the Intern 2.3 Fireside Girls 2.4 Lawrence Fletcher 2.5 Linda Flynn - Fletcher 2.6 Isabella Garcia - Shapiro 2.7 Stacy Hirano 2.8 Jeremy Johnson 2.9 Major Monogram 2.10 Buford van Stomm 2.11 Vanessa Doofenshmirtz 3 Recurring characters 3.1 Vivian Garcia - Shapiro 3.2 Jenny Brown 3.3 Pinky 3.4 Norm 3.5 Charlene Doofenshmirtz 3.6 Suzy Johnson 3.7 Grandpa Clyde and Grandma Betty Jo 3.8 Grandpa Reginald and Grandma Winifred 3.9 Roger Doofenshmirtz 3.10 Irving Du Bois 3.11 Django Brown 3.12 Admiral Acronym 3.13 Carla 3.14 Professor Poofenplotz 3.15 Love Händel 3.16 Monty Monogram 3.17 Dr. Hirano 3.18 Rodney 3.19 Professor Parenthesis 4 Minor characters 4.1 Celebrity guest stars 5 References 6 External links Main characters Phineas Flynn Main article : Phineas Flynn Phineas Flynn ( voiced by Vincent Martella ) Like other characters , he has red hair , his age is not mentioned . Phineas , along with his stepbrother Ferb Fletcher , star in the A-Plot of every episode . The series concerns Phineas 's attempts to avoid boredom by finding something new to do every day of the summer vacation . He does this with his less - talkative stepbrother Ferb , and often with many other neighborhood children . He is known to be very selfless and energetic . Phineas has many catch phrases like `` Oh , there you are , Perry '' or `` Hey , Ferb ! I know what we 're going to do today ! '' and `` Hey , where 's Perry ? '' . Phineas comes from a blended family . The creators chose this arrangement because they considered it underused in children 's programming as well as from Marsh 's experiences in one . As a character , Phineas has received a positive critical response , with one reviewer describing him and his brother as a `` comical pairing . '' Phineas appears in Phineas and Ferb merchandise , including plush toys , t - shirts , and a video game . Ferbs `` Ferb '' Fletcher Main article : Ferb Fletcher Ferb Fletcher ( voiced by Thomas Sangster ) is a boy of few words , Phineas 's green - haired , intelligent but laconic stepbrother from the United Kingdom and created by Phineas and Ferb co-founders Dan Povenmire and Jeff `` Swampy '' Marsh . He first appeared in the show 's pilot episode , `` Rollercoaster . '' Ferb and his stepbrother Phineas Flynn spend their days during their summer vacation having fun . They are featured in every episode 's A-Plot constructing large scale inventions or taking part in other outlandish activities . Ferb , an engineering genius , allows Phineas to do most of the talking for the pair and is described as `` more of a man of action , '' by Phineas , which makes him more of a plot device than a developed character . Ferb is more likely to sing than speak , but most often has a one - liner in the episodes . Ferb is named after a friend of the show 's creators who was an expert on tools and , at times , stayed rather silent . Candace Flynn Main article : Candace Flynn Candace Flynn ( voiced by Ashley Tisdale ) is Phineas 's fifteen - year - old older sister and Ferb 's stepsister . She first appeared in the pilot episode . Candace does not approve of the inventions her brothers create then she hates their creations , and in most episodes she attempts to `` bust her brothers '' by showing their mom . Her best friend is Stacy Hirano ; Candace also has an obvious crush on Jeremy Johnson , but for a long time she was oblivious to the fact he liked her back . As a character , she has received a positive critical acclaim , having appeared in other media such as video games . Perry the Platypus Main article : Perry the Platypus Perry the Platypus ( vocal effects by Dee Bradley Baker ) , a.k.a. Agent P , is Phineas and Ferb 's pet platypus and first appeared along with a large portion of the main cast in the pilot episode `` Rollercoaster . '' Perry is featured as the star of the B - Plot for all but one episode of the series alongside his arch - nemesis Dr. Heinz Doofenshmirtz , at last he pretend to destroy their creations . He is a primarily silent character , with the only noises being the occasional rattling of his bill . In Phineas and Ferb the Movie : Across the 2nd Dimension , an alternate reality ( yet more evil and ruthless ) version of Perry ( known as Platyborg ) appears . Platyborg would later return in the episode sequel , Tales from the Resistance : Back to the 2nd Dimension . Dr. Doofenshmirtz Main article : Dr. Heinz Doofenshmirtz Dr. Heinz Doofenshmirtz ( voiced by Dan Povenmire ) is a mad scientist appearing in all but one episode 's B - Plots thus far . He is the father to teenage Vanessa Doofenshmirtz and is the head of his own company , Doofenshmirtz Evil Inc . Depending on the episode , Dr. Doofenshmirtz 's main goal is to either destroy or rule the Tri-State Area which was suggested to him as a starting point before trying to take over the world . Routinely bumbling , incompetent , and forgetful , almost all of Doofenshmirtz 's plans -- always involving various gadgets and inventions -- have been thwarted by Perry the Platypus . However , a few of his schemes were quite successful in nature , such as in the 2014 special Phineas and Ferb Save Summer when Doofenshmirtz succeeded in moving the Earth away from its original orbit to an early autumn , much to Perry 's distraught . After most defeats , he shouts his catchphrase , `` Curse you , Perry the Platypus ! '' His first invention as a child was simply called `` Inator '' which led to his modern contraptions usually ending with the suffix of the same name . Throughout the series , Doofenshmirtz 's flashbacks ( which are often shown after Perry has been captured ) explore his mentally abusive and lonely childhood growing up in the fictional village Gimmelshtump , Druelselstein . Before becoming an evil scientist , Doofenshmirtz was a bratwurst vendor until being put out of business by the hot dog industry . Doofenshmirtz usually monologues and displays acts of cartoon - style physical violence towards his nemesis Perry , a skilled anthropomorphic platypus secret agent . His last name is frequently abbreviated to `` Doof '' . Doofenshmirtz appears in several merchandise pieces , particularly the book series , and the video game . In the 2011 TV film , Phineas and Ferb the Movie : Across the 2nd Dimension , an alternate reality ( yet more intelligent and successful ) version of Dr. Doofenshmirtz appears , with the regular Doctor Doofenshmirtz serving as a supporting character . 2nd Doofenshmirtz later returns in the episode sequel , Tales from the Resistance : Back to the 2nd Dimension . Secondary characters Baljeet Tjinder Baljeet Tjinder ( voiced by Maulik Pancholy ) is Phineas ' and Ferb 's friend and neighbor . He wears blue overalls , despite being in grade school . A shy , intellectual , and polite boy who moved to Danville from India , he often helps the boys with their ideas and displays his knowledge of algebra and trivia . He also has a compulsive need to get good grades . Carl the intern Carl the Intern ( Tyler Alexander Mann ) is Major Monogram 's young unpaid intern of the O.W.C.A. ( Organization Without a Cool Acronym ) in charge of video taping Monogram when he is being interviewed and talking to Agent P. He is a bit careless , wears glasses , and sometimes forgets to focus the camera correctly . Fireside Girls The Fireside Girls are a group of ten girl scout - like girls led by Isabella in troop 46231 . Isabella and the other Fireside Girls usually help Phineas and Ferb in their projects which , in turn , are at times created to help the Fireside Girls with a humanitarian cause . Other members of the troop : Gretchen ( voiced by Ariel Winter ) wears glasses and has short auburn hair . She is second in command in the troop and the first ( besides Isabella ) who had been addressed by name . Holly ( voiced by Cymphonique Miller , Diamond White , Dana Davis ) Katie ( voiced by Isabella Acres , Soleil McGhee ) Milly ( voiced by Isabella Murad , Dannah Phirman ) Adyson Sweetwater ( voiced by Madison Pettis ) The second member of the troop to be addressed by name , and the first to have been given a last name as well . Ginger Hirano ( voiced by Tiffany Espensen , Michaela Zee , Ming - Na ) The younger sister of Candace 's best friend Stacy . She has a crush on Baljeet . Lawrence Fletcher Lawrence Fletcher ( voiced by Richard O'Brien ) is the father of Ferb and stepfather of Phineas and Candace . Lawrence sells antiques , is from the United Kingdom and is portrayed like a sitcom dad as being scatterbrained and unaware of what is going on . He often agrees to follow Phineas 's instructions and even forces Candace to cooperate as if he considers Phineas and Ferb 's skills normal . Unlike the boys ' mother , he has seen some of the boys ' inventions ; he has not reacted negatively , and apparently believes that their mother approves . His precise surname is a matter of some dispute ; in at least one episode , Isabella addresses him as `` Mr. Flynn '' . Jeff `` Swampy '' Marsh has said that Lawrence Fletcher is very similar to his stepfather , Bill . Linda Flynn - Fletcher Linda Flynn - Fletcher ( voiced by Caroline Rhea ) is the mother of Phineas and Candace and stepmother of Ferb . Unaware of the large - scale projects that Phineas and Ferb create on a daily basis , Candace often drags her away from other interests in an attempt to get the boys in trouble . Each creation is somehow destroyed or eliminated moments before `` Mom '' arrives leaving Candace dumbfounded and Linda once more reluctant to believe Candace the next time . She was also a one - hit wonder known as `` Lindana '' with her song , `` I 'm Lindana and I Wanna Have Fun '' . That fact possibly makes her , as a singer , a parody of Cyndi Lauper , because of Lauper 's hit Girls Just Want to Have Fun , and because both of them were famous singers in the 1980s ( Linda fictionally ) . Her single is used as elevator music throughout the series . Her surname is not consistent throughout the series ; in at least one episode , Candace refers to her as `` Linda Flynn '' . She is based on Dan Povenmire 's sister , also named Linda . She also used to date Dr. Doofenshmirtz during their mid-teens and that she was the one who inspired him to take over the Tri-State Area as a starting point for worldwide domination when he sarcastically stated that he would rule the world . Isabella Garcia - Shapiro Isabella Garcia - Shapiro ( voiced by Alyson Stoner ) is a Jewish Mexican girl . She is one of the brothers ' best friends and has an obvious crush on Phineas Flynn of which he is unaware , though he has shown he cares for her from time to time . She is known for the catchphrase , `` Whatcha doin ' ? '' and is the leader of the Fireside Girls troop 46231 . The troop often helps Phineas and Ferb in their projects . She is named after series creator Dan Povenmire 's oldest daughter . Stacy Hirano Stacy Hirano ( voiced by Kelly Hu ) is Candace 's best friend . She is of Japanese heritage . Stacy is shown to be annoyed by Candace 's constant attempts to bust Phineas and Ferb , and would prefer to just have fun with the inventions ; she also occasionally gets annoyed with Candace 's gushing about her relationship with Jeremy . During the episode `` Happy Birthday , Isabella '' , she finds out about Perry 's secret Identity but does n't lose her memories afterwards . Jeremy Johnson Jeremy Johnson ( voiced by Mitchel Musso ) is Candace Flynn 's crush and later boyfriend . His age is sixteen , a year older than Candace . He works at Mr. Slushy Burger ( sometimes named Mr. Slushy Dawg ) . In `` Summer Belongs to You , '' it was confirmed that he and Candace had become boyfriend and girlfriend ; toward the end of the episode , they kissed . He also has a band called `` The Incidentals . '' Major Monogram Major Francis Monogram ( voiced by Jeff `` Swampy '' Marsh ) is one of the heads of the O.W.C.A. ( Organization Without a Cool Acronym ) Department and Perry the Platypus ' boss . He usually appears in a Nehru jacket on a giant screen giving Perry instructions for his next mission to stop Dr. Heinz Doofenshmirtz 's endless attempts to take over the Tri-State Area . His uniform prominently features the initials `` MM . '' He has a monobrow and wears a toupée . Sometimes , he is shown to have a lack of details about what Doofenshmirtz is up to , and orders Perry to go stop it as usual . Just like Doofenshmirtz , he has appeared in every episode of the series to date except , `` Isabella and the Temple of Sap . '' Buford van Stomm Buford van Stomm ( voiced by Bobby Gaylor ) is frequently referred to as a bully , but he rarely hurts anyone on - screen . He is portrayed as a nice person with a tough guy attitude more often than as a bully . Phineas believes that Buford only bullies out of boredom thus Phineas often invites him to keep his mind occupied . He is thought not to get along with Baljeet , but in most episodes it is shown that they share a friendly bond . In one episode , Buford and Baljeet sing a song where they describe each other as `` Frenemies '' and `` my least favorite brother '' . Vanessa Doofenshmirtz Vanessa Doofenshmirtz ( voiced by Olivia Olson ) is Heinz and Charlene Doofenshmirtz 's teenage daughter . She is sarcastic , mild - mannered , cynical , and dresses in a goth style . Vanessa is aware that her father is an evil scientist and knows about her father 's nemesis Perry the Platypus . She is often exasperated by her father whenever he tries to establish a `` father - daughter '' bond between them as he does n't really understand her interests or refuses to acknowledge that she is growing up and often assumes that she is also interested in `` evil . '' She often tries to convince her mom that her dad is an `` evil scientist '' but , much like Candace , ultimately always fails when she does appear trying to catch him in the act , much to her dismay . She does , however , occasionally show appreciation for what he does for her , as he is clearly devoted to her ( he once taught her how to drive and traveled halfway around the world after she got lost ) . Also , despite denying it so many times , Vanessa admits that she may be a little evil , as she once helped her father escape from custody by posing her hairdryer as a pistol to fool Major Monogram and Perry into releasing Doofenshmirtz , as shown in the special Phineas and Ferb : Summer Belongs to You ! . Although Ferb has a crush on her , she remains oblivious to his affections as she already had a punk ( not visigoth ) boyfriend named `` Johnny . '' , whom she later broke up with in the episode `` Minor Monogram '' . She is in a relationship with Monty Monogram , the son of Major Monogram ; however `` Act Your Age '' depicts her becoming involved with Ferb ten years down the line . In addition to this , Vanessa makes a cameo appearance in the 2011 TV film , `` Phineas and Ferb : Across the 2nd Dimension '' , along with an alternative reality version of herself ( 2nd Vanessa ) , though their scenes were deleted . 2nd Vanessa returned in the episode sequel , Tales from the Resistance : Back to the 2nd Dimension . Recurring characters Vivian Garcia - Shapiro Vivian Garcia - Shapiro ( voiced by Eileen Galindo ) , or simply `` Viv , '' is Isabella 's mother and lives across the street from Phineas and Ferb . She is a Jewish Mexican , one of Linda 's best friends , and plays upright bass in a jazz band with Linda Flynn and Jeremy 's mom . She is known for talking very fast and often making useless comments such as , `` Oh , Candace , look how tall you 've gotten . '' despite seeing Candace only a week earlier . Jenny Brown Jenny Brown ( voiced by Alyson Stoner ) is Candace 's second best friend and a hippie . She wears a peace symbol necklace and says that she hopes for world peace . Pinky Pinky ( vocals by Dee Bradley Baker ) is Isabella 's pet chihuahua . Much like Perry the Platypus , Pinky also lives a double - life as a secret agent for the O.W.C.A. under the codename , `` Agent Pinky '' in a division run by a commander named Wanda , a.k.a. Admiral Acronym . Pinky 's nemesis is Professor Poofenplotz . Although he does not like dog food , Pinky will eat just about anything -- especially his favorite ; grilled cheese sandwiches , and even inedible objects , having once swallowed Isabella 's Fireside Girl sash . Pinky always shakes as an ongoing joke about the behavior of Chihuahuas . He first appeared in the episode , `` Journey to the Center of Candace . '' Norm Norm ( voiced by John Viener ) is a giant robot man created by Dr. Doofenshmirtz to destroy Perry the Platypus . Introduced in `` Greece Lightning , '' he is a giant robotic mild - mannered businessman who often says , `` The enemy of platypus is man . '' Norm has appeared in other episodes . For instance , in the episode , `` Traffic Cam Caper , '' Perry borrows Norm as a ride to steal the traffic cam disk , for it has evidence that Perry is a secret agent . He was once a part of the O.W.C.A. but was fired because he was not an animal . Later in the series , he is depicted as Doofenshmirtz 's sidekick and servant who makes frequent mistakes such as cooking eggs with the shells on or serving Doof chocolate cake for breakfast , though always staying cheery . In the episode `` A Real Boy '' , Norm reveals that he has always wanted to be a human boy and considers Doofenshmirtz his father and Vanessa his sister . In the 2011 TV film , Phineas and Ferb the Movie : Across the 2nd Dimension , a group of alternate reality ( yet more menacing and successful ) versions of Norm ( known as Norm - Bots ) appear , with the regular Norm making a cameo . Charlene Doofenshmirtz Charlene Doofenshmirtz ( voiced by Allison Janney ) is the former wife of Dr. Heinz Doofenshmirtz and shares custody of their daughter , Vanessa . Unaware of Dr. Doofenshmirtz 's `` evil '' side , and in fact saying she does not believe someone can ever be truly evil , she divorced him due to a lack of common interests and having different life - goals . She is very wealthy and gives her ex-husband a large allowance each month . She is sometimes called by Vanessa who tries to `` bust '' her father but to no avail . Charlene and Linda Flynn - Fletcher have been paired up in a cooking class owned by Chef Pierre and in `` I Scream , You Scream '' were distracted by both Candace and Vanessa at the same time . Despite being divorced with Doof , she still goes to Doofenshmirtz family reunions claiming that she `` kept the name , '' as seen in `` Thaddeus and Thor . '' However , in the episode `` Tales From the Resistance : Back to the 2nd Dimension '' ( the episode sequel to the 2011 TV film , `` Phineas and Ferb : Across the 2nd Dimension '' ) , it is shown that there is an alternate reality version of Charlene Doofenshmirtz . It turns out that 2nd Charlene is still married to 2nd Doof and actually shares much of his evil personality , and that their divorce was just a ruse to gain financial advantages during 2nd Doof 's reign ( such as receiving coupon mail , putting up junk yard sales , and going on separate vacation trips ) . Suzy Johnson Suzy Johnson ( voiced by Kari Wahlgren ) , known as Little Suzy Johnson , is Jeremy 's little sister . She has a high - pitched squeaky voice and appears very sweet and innocent . However , she is actually very spoiled and manipulative and very possessive over Jeremy , once telling Candace , `` There is only one girl in Jeremy 's life '' and thus will do anything to keep Candace away from her brother . Grandpa Clyde and Grandma Betty Jo Grandpa Clyde Flynn and Grandma Betty Jo Flynn ( voiced by Barry Bostwick and Caroline Rhea respectively ) are Linda 's parents , Phineas and Candace 's maternal grandparents , Lawrence 's - in - laws , and Ferb 's step - grandparents . Every summer , they invite the family along with many neighborhood kids to a lakehouse which Phineas calls , `` Camp P&F '' . Though they are old , they often participate in the kids ' capers . Grandpa Clyde , like Phineas and Ferb , has a great sense of mechanics , as seen in `` Crack That Whip ! '' Betty Jo is also shown in the same episode to have a fierce rivalry with Edna Hildagard , Jeremy and Suzy 's grandmother . Grandpa Reginald and Grandma Winifred Grandma Winifred Fletcher and Grandpa Reginald Fletcher ( voiced by Malcolm McDowell and Jane Carr ) are Lawrence 's parents , Ferb 's paternal grandparents , Phineas and Candace 's step grandparents , and Linda Flynn Fletcher 's in laws who reside in the United Kingdom . Reginald used to be a daredevil known as the Flying Fishmonger the anthem . Roger Doofenshmirtz Roger Doofenshmirtz ( voiced by John O'Hurley ) is mayor of Danville and Dr. Heinz Doofenshmirtz 's younger brother . Heinz often states angrily that Roger is their mother 's favorite son . In `` Tree to Get Ready '' Roger states that he is , `` the most handsome and charming man in the Tri-State area . '' Irving Du Bois Irving Du Bois ( voiced by Jack McBrayer ) is Phineas ' and Ferb 's self - proclaimed biggest fan . He always carries a scrapbook that he filled with images and souvenirs from Phineas and Ferb 's big ideas as well as a strand of Ferb 's hair . Irving has an older brother Albert , who is self - nicknamed ' The Truth Detector . ' Django Brown Django Brown ( voiced by Alec Holden ) is a friend of Phineas and Ferb . Django is the son of the artist Beppo Brown from `` Oil on Candace , '' who is famous for his work in making giant creations , from refrigerators to dental floss . He is named after co-creator's Jeff `` Swampy '' Marsh son , Django Marsh , who voices minor characters on the show . Admiral Acronym Admiral Wanda Acronym ( voiced by Jane Leeves ) is the one of the heads of the O.W.C.A. ( Organization Without a Cool Acronym ) Department and Pinky the Chihuahua ' boss . Just like Major Monogram , she usually appears on a giant screen giving Pinky instructions for his next mission to stop Professor Poofenplotz 's endless attempts to take over the world . Also , just like Monogram ( who has an unpaid intern named Carl ) , Adrimal Acronym has her own unpaid intern named Carla , who bears some resemblances to Carl . Carla Carla ( voiced by Jennifer Hale ) is one of the interns working for the O.W.C.A. . She bears some resemblances to Carl ( possible could be her brother or cousin ) , as her boss Admiral Acronym stated that she comes from an ' entire family of unpaid interns ' . She usually gives in the intelligence of whatever plans that Poofenplotz is up to . Professor Poofenplotz Professor Esmeralda Poofenplotz ( voiced by Amanda Plummer ) is an old mad scientist and the nemesis of Agent Pinky , Isabella 's pet Chihuahua . She is known for her silly attempts for worldwide domination . Her known schemes so far involve replacing handbags , stealing royal jelly , and searching for strong hairspray ( her favorite is `` Stiff Beauty '' hairspray , which originally was only used by clowns ) . Needless to say , because of her somewhat arrogant personality , Poofenplotz has failed to know about the flaws of her schemes . And because of that , it has allowed Pinky to defeat her in return , leaving an humiliated Poofenplotz to yell out , `` Curse you , Pinky the Chihuahua ! '' , similar to how Heinz Doofenshmirtz says whenever his plans get foiled by Perry the Platypus . Love Händel Love Händel is a rock band idolized by many in the Danville Tri-State Area , first seen the episode , `` Dude , We 're Gettin ' the Band Back Together ! '' Lawrence Fletcher and Linda Flynn shared their first kiss at a Love Händel concert . Shortly afterward , plagued by infighting caused by the pressures of a dwindling fanbase , Love Händel split up . Lead Singer Danny ( voiced by Jaret Reddick ) became the owner of Danny 's Music Shop . Bass Player Bobbi Fabulous ( voiced by Carlos Alazraqui ) became the owner of Bobbi 's Fashion Salon and Linda 's hairdresser . Sherman `` Swampy '' ( voiced by Steve Zahn ) ended up working at the Danville Public Library , believing he had lost his sense of rhythm . Eventually all three members are convinced to reunite for a concert in the Flynn / Fletcher 's backyard , in which they sing their hit song , `` You Snuck Your Way Right into My Heart . '' Love Handel occasionally reappears in other episodes and in the movie where they sing their songs . Monty Monogram Monty Monogram ( voiced by Seth Green ) is Major Monogram 's son and has been working in O.W.C.A. since `` Minor Monogram '' . Vanessa Doofenshmirtz seems to become interested in him after she broke up with Johnny , and it is possible that he is slightly interested in her too because he winks at her before leaving . They have coffee together in `` Sipping with the Enemy '' , at which point they apparently begin to date one another . In `` Minor Monogram '' he has recently graduated from the `` High School Without a Cool Acronym '' ( H.S.W.C.A. ) and he really wants to fight evil following his dad 's footsteps . Due to the rivalry between his father and Dr. Doofenshmirtz , he and Vanessa try to keep it secret from the two of them , aided by Perry and Carl ( though the latter briefly blackmailed Monty in hopes of getting his help in earning Major Monogram 's approval ) . In the special Phineas and Ferb Save Summer , Monty played a major role as he attempts to help rescue all of the captured agents and defeat the villains of L.O.V.E.M.U.F.F.I.N. in their plan to take over the world by sending it into a new Ice Age . Dr. Hirano Dr. Hirano ( voiced by Ming - Na Wen ) is Stacy and Ginger 's mother . She removed Isabella 's tonsils in , `` I Scream , You Scream . '' She is often referred to through conversations between Candace and Stacy where Candace gratifies , `` Stacy , you 're a genius ! '' and Stacy replies , `` Could you call my mom and tell her that ? '' Rodney Aloyse Everheart Elizabeth Otto Wolfgang Hypatia Gunther Galen Gary Cooper von Roddenstein ( voiced by Joe Orrantia ) , or Rodney for short , is a bald evil scientist and a member of the villain organization L.O.V.E.M.U.F.F.I.N. . He serves as the main rival to Dr. Doofenshmirtz , believing him to a disappointment because of his constant failures . Throughout most of his appearances , Rodney attempts to best out on Doofenshmirtz to show that he 's a better villain , only to fail so many times ( either due to Doofenshmirtz 's antics or Perry 's intervention ) . Similar to Doofenshmirtz , Rodney usually makes his own inventions and ends them with the suffix ' - inizor ' . He also has his own robot apprentice named Chloe , whom Norm fell in love with . He also has a son named Orville , who usually helps him create his - inizors . Rodney would later go on to appear in the 2014 episode special , `` Phineas and Ferb Save Summer '' , where he learns that Doofenshmirtz has actually succeeded in moving the Earth away from the Sun to an early autumn with his latest - inator . Taking the opportunity to exploit this , Rodney leads L.O.V.E.M.U.F.F.I.N. into revealing themselves to the world and capturing all of O.W.C.A. 's agents . He even creates an - inizor ( which is just ten times the size and strength of Doof 's - inator ) that will send the Earth into a new Ice Age if the world refuse to meet all of L.O.V.E.M.U.F.F.I.N. 's demands . However , in the end , Doofenshmirtz ( who is completely disgusted by Rodney 's true goal for worldwide domination ) manages to defeat Rodney , who then gets arrested by Monty Monogram and taken into O.W.C.A. custody . Professor Parenthesis Professor Parenthesis ( voiced by Paul Reubens ) is an evil scientist serving in the 2015 standalone special , O.W.C.A. Files . He has claimed to have known Major Monogram during biology class 30 years ago ( even announcing several names of their old classmates ) . In the special , Parenthesis plots to take over O.W.C.A. by using robotic fleas to take control of all of its animal agents , so that he can unleash them to wreak havoc around the world in order to smear O.W.C.A. 's good name . During the climax , he is revealed to be a tiny talking flea controlling a human android , as he plans to capture Perry ( who is among the few agents not be infested with the robotic fleas ) while finalizing his control over the agents to become permanent . However , Perry 's team of trainees ( including Doofenshmirtz , who has given up evil at that time ) set up a trap against Parenthesis , destroy his robotic fleas to free the agents , and confine Parenthesis inside a pill bottle as punishment for his crimes . Minor characters There are several characters that reappear as recurring joke such as farmer and wife . The wife always tells her husband `` I ca n't believe you ( blank ) without getting a ( blank ) '' and then it falls from the sky and sometimes hits her . For example , in the episode , `` Leave the Busting to Us '' , the wife says , `` I ca n't believe you bought a bunny farm but forgot to buy any bunnies ! Did you really think the bunnies would fall from the sky ? '' A pack of rabbits then falls from the sky and hits her . Then in the end credits scene from said episode , the wife yells at her husband , `` I ca n't believe you sold our lucrative bunny farm and bought a van rental place ! And you did n't buy a single van ! '' She hears a van falling over her and says , `` Not one word , '' just before the van crashes and injures her ( the screen blacks out the impact ) . Another minor character is the Giant Floating Baby Head . In an interview , Dan Povenmire stated that the head had originated from a storyboard panel that writer Mike Diederich had drawn which director Rob Hughes found hilarious enough to create an entire bit around . It first appears in `` One Good Scare Ought to Do It ! '' and has since appeared in several other episode . Dr. Doofenshmirtz 's mother ( Cloris Leachman ) has appeared . She refers to Roger being her favorite child and often ignores Heinz . Albert ( voiced by Diedrich Bader ) , Irving 's Brother has appeared in `` Not Phineas and Ferb '' , `` The Doof Side of the Moon '' , and `` Nerds of a Feather '' . Celebrity guest stars see the list of guest stars on Phineas and Ferb References Jump up ^ Writers : Bobby Gaylor , Martin Olson ; Director : Dan Povenmire . `` A Hard Days Knight '' . Phineas and Ferb . Season 1 . Episode 10 . Disney Channel . ^ Jump up to : Dan Povenmire , Jeff `` Swampy '' Marsh . `` The Geek Dads '' Podcast interview with Povenmire & Marsh . Jump up ^ Ashby , Emily . `` Phineas and Ferb '' . Common Sense Media . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com - Phineas and Ferb toys '' . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Phineas and Ferb shirts '' . Stylinonline.com . Archived from the original on 2009 - 04 - 03 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` Phineas and Ferb : : DS Game Review '' . Kidzworld . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ Writers : Dan Povenmire , Jeff `` Swampy '' Marsh ; Directors : Dan Povenmire . `` Rollercoaster '' . Phineas and Ferb . Season 1 . Episode 1 . Disney Channel . Jump up ^ Strike , Joe . `` From Swampy & Dan Emerges Phineas and Ferb '' , Page 1. `` . Animation World Magazine . Archived from the original on 2010 - 07 - 22 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Phineas and Ferb DS for the DS '' . What They Play . Archived from the original on 2009 - 09 - 17 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Phineas and Ferb : : DS Game Review '' . Kidzworld . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` What Do it Do ? '' . Phineas and Ferb . Disney Channel . Jump up ^ `` Unfair Science Fair '' . Phineas and Ferb . Disney Channel . Jump up ^ Writer and Director : Dan Povenmire . `` It 's About Time ! '' . Phineas and Ferb . Season 1 . Episode 9 . Disney Channel . Jump up ^ Jones , Jasmine ( 2009 ) . Speed Demons . Disney Press . ISBN 1 - 4231 - 1628 - 3 . Jump up ^ Bergen , Lara Rice ( 2009 ) . Runaway Hit . Disney Press . ISBN 1 - 4231 - 1797 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Wild Surprise . '' . Google Shopping . Jump up ^ `` Thrill - o-rama . '' . Google Shopping . Jump up ^ Baljeet 's Last name on Twitter ^ Jump up to : `` Bee Day / Bee Story '' . Phineas and Ferb . Disney Channel . Jump up ^ Greece Lightning - Phineas and Ferb Episode - Season 1 Episode 25 - Part 1 / 2 ( HD ) - Youtube ^ Jump up to : http://www.tampabay.com/features/parenting/article993119.ece Jump up ^ `` Flop Starz '' . Phineas and Ferb . Disney Channel . Jump up ^ Phineas & Ferb - One Good Scare Ought to Do It Part 1 - Youtube ^ Jump up to : `` Picture This '' . Phineas and Ferb . Season 2 . Disney Channel . Jump up ^ Disney 's Official Website Jump up ^ http://blog.al.com/entertainment-press-register/2008/05/disney_animator_sees_summers_i.html Jump up ^ Writers : Dan Povenmire , Jeff `` Swampy '' Marsh , Martin Olson , Mike Diederich and Chong Lee Directors : Dan Povenmire . `` Tree to Get Ready '' . Phineas and Ferb . Season 1 . Episode 22 . Disney Channel . Jump up ^ Writers : Bobby Gaylor , Martin Olson , Jon Colton Barry and Mike Diederich Directors : Zac Moncrief . `` Put That Putter Away '' . Phineas and Ferb . Season 1 . Episode 35 . Disney Channel . Jump up ^ Writers : Dan Povenmire , Jeff `` Swampy '' Marsh , Robert F. Hughes , Kyle Menke , Kim Roberson , Michael Diederich , Aliki Theofilopoulos Grafft , Antoine Guilbaud , Kaz , J.G. Orrantia , Mike Roth and Perry Zombolas Directors : Robert F. Hughes & Dan Povenmire . `` Summer Belongs to You '' . Phineas and Ferb . Season 2 . Episode 101 . Disney Channel . Jump up ^ `` I Scream , You Scream '' . Phineas and Ferb . Disney Channel . Jump up ^ `` Isabella and the Temple of Sap '' . Phineas and Ferb . Disney Channel . Jump up ^ `` Hide and Seek '' . Phineas and Ferb . Disney Channel . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h9az8zBuy4w&feature=feedu Jump up ^ Robinson , Sherry ( 2009 - 04 - 18 ) . `` Quick wit , funny characters drive Phineas and Ferb '' . St. Petersburg Times . St. Petersburg , FL . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 16 . External links IMDB : Phineas and Ferb Cast ( hide ) Phineas and Ferb Characters Phineas Flynn Ferb Fletcher Candace Flynn Perry the Platypus Dr. Heinz Doofenshmirtz Guest stars Seasons Episodes `` Rollercoaster '' `` Lawn Gnome Beach Party of Terror '' `` Are You My Mummy ? '' `` Flop Starz '' `` Raging Bully '' `` It 's About Time ! '' `` Jerk De Soleil '' `` Dude , We 're Getting the Band Back Together '' `` Phineas and Ferb Get Busted ! '' `` The Monster of Phineas - n - Ferbenstein '' `` Phineas and Ferb 's Quantum Boogaloo '' `` Wizard of Odd '' Specials `` Phineas and Ferb Christmas Vacation '' `` Phineas and Ferb : Summer Belongs To You ! '' `` Phineas and Ferb : Mission Marvel '' `` Phineas and Ferb : Star Wars '' Video games Phineas and Ferb Ride Again Phineas and Ferb : Across the 2nd Dimension - The Video Game Disney Channel All Star Party Disney Universe Quest for Cool Stuff Disney Infinity Films Phineas and Ferb : Across the 2nd Dimension Other Songs Soundtrack Take Two with Phineas and Ferb episodes Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Phineas_and_Ferb_characters&oldid=798758790 '' Categories : Phineas and Ferb characters Lists of Disney television series characters Lists of characters in American television animation Lists of comedy television characters Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Articles needing additional references from September 2009 All articles needing additional references Articles lacking reliable references from June 2013 All articles lacking reliable references Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from March 2010 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Español Euskara 한국어 עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Português Русский Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 September 2017 , at 17 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who does alyson stoner play in phineas and ferb | [
"Isabella Garcia-Shapiro (voiced by Alyson Stoner) is a Jewish Mexican girl.[24] She is one of the brothers' best friends and has an obvious crush on Phineas Flynn of which he is unaware, though he has shown he cares for her from time to time. She is known for the catchphrase, \"Whatcha doin'?\" and is the leader of the Fireside Girls troop 46231. The troop often helps Phineas and Ferb in their projects.[25] She is named after series creator Dan Povenmire's oldest daughter.[26]"
] | [
"Isabella Garcia-Shapiro"
] |
3793086266775657805 | Lady and the Tramp | Lady and the Tramp - wikipedia Lady and the Tramp Jump to : navigation , search Lady and the Tramp Original theatrical release poster Directed by Clyde Geronimi Wilfred Jackson Hamilton Luske Produced by Walt Disney Story by Erdman Penner Joe Rinaldi Ralph Wright Don DaGradi Based on Happy Dan , The Whistling Dog by Ward Greene Starring Peggy Lee Barbara Luddy Larry Roberts Verna Felton Bill Thompson Bill Baucom Music by Oliver Wallace Edited by Don Halliday Production company Walt Disney Productions Distributed by Buena Vista Distribution Release date June 22 , 1955 ( 1955 - 06 - 22 ) Running time 75 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $4 million Box office $93.6 million Lady and the Tramp is a 1955 American animated romantic musical comedy - drama film produced by Walt Disney and released to theaters on June 22 , 1955 by Buena Vista Distribution . The 15th Disney animated feature film , it was the first animated feature filmed in the CinemaScope widescreen film process . Based on Happy Dan , The Whistling Dog by Ward Greene , Lady and the Tramp tells the story of a female American Cocker Spaniel named Lady who lives with a refined , upper - middle - class family , and a male stray mongrel called the Tramp . When the two dogs meet , they embark on many romantic adventures and fall in love . A direct - to - video sequel , Lady and the Tramp II : Scamp 's Adventure , was released in 2001 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Story development 3.2 Animation 3.2. 1 CinemaScope 4 Release 4.1 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Critical reception 5.1. 1 Accolades 6 Music 6.1 Track listing 7 Sequel 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Plot On Christmas morning , 1909 , in a quaint Midwestern town , Jim Dear gives his wife Darling an American cocker spaniel puppy that she names Lady . Lady enjoys a happy life with the couple and befriends two local neighborhood dogs , Jock , a Scottish terrier , and Trusty , a bloodhound . Meanwhile , across town , a stray mongrel called the Tramp lives on his own , dining on scraps from Tony 's Italian restaurant and protecting his fellow strays Peg ( a Pekingese ) and Bull ( a bulldog ) from the local dogcatcher . One day , Lady is saddened after her owners begin treating her rather coldly . Jock and Trusty visit her and determine that their change in behavior is due to Darling expecting a baby . While Jock and Trusty try to explain what a baby is , Tramp interrupts the conversation and offers his own thoughts on the matter , making Jock and Trusty take an immediate dislike to the stray and order him out of the yard . As Tramp leaves , he reminds Lady that `` when the baby moves in , the dog moves out . '' Eventually , the baby arrives and the couple introduces Lady to the infant , of whom Lady grows fond . Soon after , Jim Dear and Darling leave for a trip , with their Aunt Sarah looking after the baby and the house . Aunt Sarah 's two trouble - making Siamese cats , Si and Am , deliberately mess up the house and trick her into thinking that Lady attacked them . Aunt Sarah then takes Lady to a pet shop to get a muzzle . Terrifed , Lady flees , only to be pursued by a trio of stray dogs . Tramp rescues her and finds a beaver at the local zoo who can remove the muzzle . Later , Tramp shows Lady how he lives `` footloose and collar - free '' , eventually leading into a candlelit dinner at Tony 's . Lady begins to fall in love with Tramp , but she chooses to return home in order to watch over the baby . Tramp offers to escort Lady back home , but when Tramp decides to chase hens around a farmyard for fun , Lady is captured by the dog catcher and brought to the local dog pound . While at the pound , the other dogs ( including Peg and Bull , who have been caught ) reveal to Lady that Tramp previously had multiple girlfriends and feel it is unlikely he will ever settle down . She is eventually claimed by Aunt Sarah , who chains her in the backyard as punishment for running away . Jock and Trusty visit to comfort Lady , but when Tramp arrives to apologize , Lady angrily confronts him about his past girlfriends and failure to rescue her from the pound . Tramp sadly leaves , but immediately thereafter a rat sneaks into the house . Lady sees the rat and barks frantically at it , but Aunt Sarah tells her to be quiet . Tramp hears her barking and rushes back , entering the house and cornering the rat in the nursery . Lady breaks free and rushes to the nursery , where Tramp inadvertently knocks over the baby 's crib before ultimately killing the rat . The commotion alerts Aunt Sarah , who sees both dogs and thinks they are responsible . She pushes Tramp in a closet and locks Lady in the basement , then calls the pound to take Tramp away . Jim Dear and Darling return home as the dog catcher departs , and when they release Lady , she leads them to the dead rat . Overhearing everything , Jock and Trusty chase after the dog catcher 's wagon . The dogs are able to track down the wagon and scare the horses , causing the wagon to crash . Jim Dear arrives in a taxi with Lady , and she reunites with Tramp , but their joy is short - lived when they find Trusty pinned underneath the wagon 's wheel , motionless , with Jock howling mournfully . That Christmas , Tramp has been adopted into the family , and he and Lady have started their own family , with three daughters who look like Lady and a son who looks similar to Tramp . Jock comes to see the family along with Trusty , who is still alive and merely suffered a broken leg , which is still healing . Thanks to the puppies , Trusty has a fresh audience for his old stories about his Grandpappy Old Reliable , but he has forgotten them . Cast Barbara Luddy as Lady , an American Cocker Spaniel . Larry Roberts as Tramp , a mongrel with a knack for dodging dog - catchers and the ability to pick locks with his nose . He calls Lady `` Pidge '' , short for Pigeon . Bill Thompson as Jock , a Scottish Terrier who is one of Lady 's neighbors . Thompson also voiced Joe , Tony 's assistant chef ; Bull , a stray male bulldog from the dog pound who speaks with a slight Cockney - Australian accent ; Dachsie , a stray male dachshund at the dog pound who speaks with a German accent ; and a policeman . Bill Baucom as Trusty , a bloodhound who used to track criminals with his Grandpappy , Old Reliable , until he lost his sense of smell . Verna Felton as Aunt Sarah , Darling 's sister who comes to take care of the baby when Jim Dear and Darling leave for a few days . Aunt Sarah is strict ; she does not understand dogs and thinks they are trouble . She blames both Lady and Tramp for the baby 's crib being knocked over , not knowing that they were actually protecting the baby from a vicious rat . However , she sends a box of dog biscuits in the final scene of the film in a presumed attempt to make amends for her mistreatment of the two dogs . George Givot as Tony , owner and chef of Tony 's Italian restaurant . He and Joe both have great affection for Tramp . Lee Millar as Jim Dear , the fatherly human figure and Darling 's husband . Millar also voiced the Dogcatcher . Peggy Lee as Darling , the motherly human figure and Jim Dear 's wife . Lee also voiced Si and Am , Aunt 's Sarah 's twin Siamese cats with a knack for mischief and never - ending trouble ; and Peg , a stray female Pekingese whom Lady meets at the pound ( along with the other dog inmates she was put in a cage with ) . The names of Si and Am are a play on the country of Siam and the idea of `` Siamese twins '' , the terminology of the time for conjoined twins . It is implied that Peg had a relationship with Tramp in the past , through the lyrics of the song she sings ( He 's a Tramp ) . Peg was formerly from the `` Dog and Pony Follies '' ( dog and pony show ) ; either the show ended or she was left behind . Peg has a Brooklyn Accent . Stan Freberg as the beaver , a clever , hard - working beaver at the zoo who speaks with a lisp . He gnaws off the muzzle that Aunt Sarah had placed upon Lady after Tramp realizes that the muzzle is just what the beaver needs for pulling logs . This character would later serve as the inspiration for Gopher from Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree . Alan Reed as Boris , a stray male Borzoi from the dog pound . He speaks with a Russian accent . Thurl Ravenscroft as Al the alligator Dallas McKennon as Toughy , a stray male mutt from the dog pound . He speaks with a slight Brooklyn accent , like Peg . McKennon also voiced Pedro , a stray male Chihuahua from the dog pound who speaks with a Mexican accent ; a professor , and a laughing hyena . The Mellomen ( Thurl Ravenscroft , Bill Lee , Max Smith , Bob Hamlin and Bob Stevens ) as Dog Chorus Production Story development In 1937 , Disney story man Joe Grant came up with an idea inspired by the antics of his English Springer Spaniel Lady , and how she got `` shoved aside '' by Joe 's new baby . He approached Walt Disney with sketches of Lady . Disney enjoyed the sketches and commissioned Grant to start story development on a new animated feature entitled Lady . Through the late 1930s and early 1940s , Joe Grant and other artists worked on the story , taking a variety of approaches , but Disney was not pleased with any of them , primarily because he thought Lady was too sweet , and there was not enough action . In the early 1940s , Walt read the short story written by Ward Greene , `` Happy Dan , The Whistling Dog '' , in Cosmopolitan magazine . He thought Grant 's story would be improved if Lady fell in love with a cynical dog character like the one in Greene 's story and bought the rights to it . The cynical dog had various names during development , including Homer , Rags , and Bozo , before `` Tramp '' was chosen . The finished film is slightly different from what was originally planned . Lady was to have only one next - door neighbor , a Ralph Bellamy - type canine named Hubert . Hubert was later replaced by Jock and Trusty . Aunt Sarah was the traditional overbearing mother - in - law . In the final film , she is softened to a busybody . Aunt Sarah 's Nip and Tuck were later renamed Si and Am. Originally , Lady 's owners were called Jim Brown and Elizabeth . These were changed to highlight Lady 's point of view . They were briefly referred to as `` Mister '' and `` Missis '' before settling on the names `` Jim Dear '' and `` Darling '' . To maintain a dog 's perspective , Darling and Jim 's faces are rarely shown , similar to Mammy Two Shoes in the Tom and Jerry cartoons . The rat was a somewhat comic character in early sketches , but became a great deal more frightening , due to the need to raise dramatic tension . A scene created but then deleted was one in which after Trusty says `` Everybody knows , a dog 's best friend is his human '' , Tramp describes a world in which the roles of both dogs and humans are switched ; the dogs are the masters and vice versa . There was a love triangle among Lady , Tramp , and a Russian wolfhound named Boris ( who appears in the dog pound in the final version ) . The film 's opening sequence , in which Darling unwraps a hat box on Christmas morning and finds Lady inside , is inspired by an incident when Walt Disney presented his wife Lily with a Chow puppy as a gift in a hat box . In 1949 , Grant left the studio , yet Disney story men were continually pulling Grant 's original drawings and story off the shelf to retool . A solid story began taking shape in 1953 , based on Grant 's storyboards and Greene 's short story . Greene later wrote a novelization of the film that was released two years before the film itself , at Walt Disney 's insistence , so that audiences would be familiar with the story . Grant did not receive film credit for his story work , an issue that animation director Eric Goldberg hoped to rectify in the Lady and the Tramp Platinum Edition 's behind - the - scenes vignette that explained Grant 's role . Singer Peggy Lee not only voiced four characters but co-wrote six songs for the movie . Animation As they had done with deer on Bambi , the animators studied many dogs of different breeds to capture the movement and personality of dogs . Although the spaghetti eating sequence is probably now the best known scene from the film , Walt Disney was prepared to cut it , thinking that it would not be romantic and that dogs eating spaghetti would look silly . Animator Frank Thomas was against Walt 's decision and animated the entire scene himself without any lay - outs . Walt was impressed by Thomas 's work and how he romanticized the scene and kept the scene in . On viewing the first take of the scene , the animators felt that the action should be slowed down , so an apprentice trainee was assigned to create `` half numbers '' in between many of the original frames . Originally , the background artist was supposed to be Mary Blair and she did some inspirational sketches for the film . However , she left the studio to become a children 's book illustrator in 1953 . Claude Coats was then appointed as the key background artist . Coats made models of the interiors of Jim Dear and Darling 's house , and shot photos and film at a low perspective as reference to maintain a dog 's view . Eyvind Earle ( who later became the art director of Disney 's Sleeping Beauty ) did almost 50 miniature concept sketches for the Bella Notte sequence and was a key contributor to the film . CinemaScope Further information : CinemaScope Originally , Lady and the Tramp was planned to be filmed in a regular full frame aspect ratio . However , due to the growing interest of widescreen film among movie - goers , Disney decided to animate the film in CinemaScope making Lady and the Tramp the first animated feature filmed in the process . This new innovation presented additional problems for the animators : the expansion of space created more realism but gave fewer closeups . It also made it difficult for a single character to dominate the screen so that groups had to be spread out to keep the screen from appearing sparse . Longer takes become necessary since constant jump - cutting would seem too busy or annoying . Layout artists essentially had to reinvent their technique . Animators had to remember that they had to move their characters across a background instead of the background passing behind them . Yet the animators overcame these obstacles during the action scenes , such as Tramp killing the rat . More problems arose as the premiere date got closer since not all theaters had the capability to show CinemaScope at the time . Upon learning this , Walt issued two versions of the film : one in widescreen , and another in the Academy ratio . This involved gathering the layout artists to restructure key scenes when characters were on the edges of the screen . Release Lady and the Tramp was originally released to theaters on June 22 , 1955 . At the time , the film took in a higher figure than any other Disney animated feature since Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs , earning an estimated $7.5 million in rentals at the North American box office in 1955 . An episode of Disneyland called `` A Story of Dogs '' aired before the film 's release . The film was also reissued to theaters in 1962 , 1972 , 1980 , and 1986 . Lady and the Tramp also played a limited engagement in select Cinemark Theatres from February 16 -- 18 , 2013 . Home media Lady and the Tramp was first released on North American VHS and Laserdisc in 1987 as part of the Walt Disney Classics video series and in the UK in 1990 . It was released on VHS in 1998 as part of the Walt Disney Masterpiece Collection video series . A Disney Limited Issue series DVD of the film was released on November 23 , 1999 . After the first release on video tapes , Peggy Lee sought performance and song royalties on the video sales . Disney CEO Eisner refused , thus she filed suite in 1988 . Eventually in 1992 , the California Court of Appeals order Disney to pay Lee $3.2 million in compensation or about a 4 % on the video sales . Lady and the Tramp was remastered and restored for DVD on February 28 , 2006 , as the seventh installment of Disney 's Platinum Editions series . One million copies of the Platinum Edition were sold on February 28 , 2006 . The Platinum Edition DVD went on moratorium on January 31 , 2007 , along with the 2006 DVD reissue of the film 's sequel Lady and the Tramp II : Scamp 's Adventure . Lady and the Tramp was released on Blu - ray on February 7 , 2012 as a part of Disney 's Diamond Editions series . A standalone 1 - disc DVD edition was released on March 20 , 2012 . Reception Critical reception Despite being an enormous success at the box office , the film was also initially panned by critics ; one indicated that the dogs had `` the dimensions of hippos '' , another that `` the artists ' work is below par '' . However , the film has since gone on to become regarded as a classic . The sequence of Lady and Tramp sharing a plate of spaghetti -- climaxed by an accidental kiss as they swallow opposite ends of the same strand of spaghetti -- is considered an iconic scene in American film history . Lady and the Tramp was named number 95 out of the `` 100 Greatest Love Stories of All Time '' by the American Film Institute in their 100 Years ... 100 Passions special , as one of only two animated films to appear on the list , along with Disney 's Beauty and the Beast which ranked 34th . In 2010 , Rhapsody called its accompanying soundtrack one of the all - time great Disney and Pixar soundtracks . In June 2011 , TIME named it one of `` The 25 All - TIME Best Animated Films '' . The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported that the film received an 89 % approval rating with an average rating of 7.6 / 10 based on 38 reviews . The website 's consensus states that `` A nostalgic charmer , Lady and the Tramp 's token sweetness is mighty but the songs and richly colored animation are technically superb and make for a memorable experience . '' Accolades Year Ceremony Award Result 1956 BAFTA Awards Best Animated Film Nominated David di Donatello Awards Best Foreign Producer ( Walt Disney ) Won 2006 Satellite Awards Best Youth DVD Nominated American Film Institute Lists AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies -- Nominated AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Passions -- No. 95 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs : He 's a Tramp -- Nominated AFI 's Greatest Movie Musicals -- Nominated AFI 's 10 Top 10 -- Nominated Animated Film Music Lady and the Tramp Soundtrack album by Various artists Released 9 September 1997 Genre Classical Length 48 : 00 Label Walt Disney Producer Ted Kryczko ( executive ) Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating AllMusic The score for the film was composed and conducted by Oliver Wallace . Recording artist Peggy Lee wrote the songs with Sonny Burke and assisted with the score as well . In the film , she sings `` La La Lu '' , `` The Siamese Cat Song '' , and `` He 's a Tramp '' . She helped promote the film on the Disney TV series , explaining her work with the score and singing a few of the film 's numbers . These appearances are available as part of the Lady and the Tramp Platinum Edition DVD set . On November 16 , 1988 , Peggy Lee sued the Walt Disney Company for breach of contract , claiming that she retained the rights to transcriptions of the music , arguing that videotape editions were transcriptions . After a protracted legal battle , she was awarded $2.3 million in 1991 . The remastered soundtrack of Lady and the Tramp was released on CD by Walt Disney Records on September 9 , 1997 , and was released as a digital download on September 26 , 2006 . Track listing No . Title Length 1 . `` Main Title ( Bella Notte ) / The Wag of a Dog 's Tail '' 2 : 03 2 . `` Peace on Earth ( Silent Night ) '' 1 : 01 3 . `` It Has a Ribbon / Lady to Bed / A Few Mornings Later '' 3 : 53 4 . `` Sunday / The Rat / Morning Paper '' 1 : 44 5 . `` A New Blue Collar / Lady Talks To Jock & Trusty / It 's Jim Dear '' 3 : 17 6 . `` What a Day ! / Breakfast at Tony 's '' 1 : 05 7 . `` Warning / Breakout / Snob Hill / A Wee Bairn '' 2 : 44 8 . `` Countdown to B - Day '' 2 : 05 9 . `` Baby 's First Morning / What Is a Baby / La La Lu '' 3 : 11 10 . `` Going Away / Aunt Sarah '' 1 : 51 11 . `` The Siamese Cat Song / What 's Going on Down There ? '' 2 : 35 12 . `` The Muzzle / Wrong Side of the Tracks '' 1 : 54 13 . `` You Poor Kid / He 's Not My Dog '' 1 : 23 14 . `` Through the Zoo / A Log Puller '' 1 : 59 15 . `` Footloose and Collar - Free / A Night at the Restaurant / Bella Notte '' 4 : 22 16 . `` It 's Morning / Ever Chase Chickens / Caught '' 2 : 51 17 . `` Home Sweet Home '' 1 : 30 18 . `` The Pound '' 1 : 27 19 . `` What a Dog / He 's a Tramp '' 2 : 24 20 . `` In the Doghouse / The Rat Returns / Falsely Accused / We 've Got to Stop That Wagon / Trusty 's Sacrifice '' 6 : 05 21 . `` Watch the Birdie / Visitors '' 2 : 05 22 . `` Finale ( Peace on Earth ) '' 0 : 31 Total length : 48 : 00 Sequel Main article : Lady and the Tramp II : Scamp 's Adventure On February 27 , 2001 , Disney Television Animation released a direct - to - video sequel to the film entitled Lady and the Tramp II : Scamp 's Adventure . Produced 46 years after its predecessor , the film centers on the adventures of Lady and Tramp 's only son , Scamp , who desires to be a wild dog . He runs away from his family and joins a gang of junkyard dogs to fulfill his longing for freedom and a life without rules . Reviews for the sequel were generally mixed to negative , with critics panning its plot . See also List of American films of 1955 References ^ Jump up to : `` Lady and the Tramp '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 5 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Finch , Christopher ( 2004 ) . `` Chapter 8 : Interruption and Innovations '' . The Art of Walt Disney . pp. 234 -- 244 . ISBN 0 - 8109 - 2702 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Eric Goldberg . Lady and the Tramp Platinum Edition DVD , Disc 2 : `` Behind the Scenes : Story Development '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Lady and the Tramp History '' . Disney Archives . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Thomas , Bob ( 1997 ) . `` Chapter 7 : The Postwar Films '' . Disney 's Art of Animation : From Mickey Mouse to Hercules . pp. 103 -- 104 . ISBN 0 - 7868 - 6241 - 6 . Jump up ^ Deleted Scenes , Backstage Disney Diamond Edition , Lady and the Tramp 2012 Blu - ray Jump up ^ Walt : The Man Behind the Myth : Pre-production of Lady and the Tramp ( DVD ) format = requires url = ( help ) . 2001 . ^ Jump up to : Lady and the Tramp Platinum Edition DVD . Disc 2 : `` Disney Backstage '' . ^ Jump up to : Weinraub , Bernard ( August 7 , 1995 ) . `` It 's a Small World After All , Mr. Eisner '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jones , Ken ( September 1986 ) . `` Willie Ito '' . Comics Interview ( 38 ) . Fictioneer Books . p. 49 . Jump up ^ Lady and the Tramp Platinum Edition DVD , Disc 2 : `` Behind the Scenes '' . Jump up ^ Newcomb , Horace ( 2000 ) . Television : The Critical View . Oxford University Press . p. 27 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 511927 - 4 . Jump up ^ ' The Top Box - Office Hits of 1955 ' , Variety Weekly , January 25 , 1956 Jump up ^ Newcomb ( 2001 ) , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Wire , Business ( February 13 , 2013 ) . `` Cinemark Announces the Return of Favorite Disney Classic Animated Movies to the Big Screen '' . Dailyfinance.com . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Platinum Edition '' . Jump up ^ `` Sales information of the DVD '' . Jump up ^ `` Lady and the Tramp II information '' . Jump up ^ Liu , Ed ( November 11 , 2012 ) . `` Disney to Release Two Amazing Classics From the Vault in 2012 '' . Toon Zone . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2011 . Retrieved November 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Lady and the Tramp DVD Movie '' . Retrieved December 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Lady and the Tramp : Bill Thompson , Peggy Lee , Larry Roberts , Barbara Luddy , Bill Baucom : Movies & TV '' . Retrieved February 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Walt and Education : Part I '' . The Walt Disney Family Museum . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2007 . Retrieved December 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dirks , Tim . `` 100 Most Iconic Film Images , Moments , or Scenes '' . filmsite . AMC . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Years ... 100 Passions List of 100 Winning Movies '' ( PDF ) . AFI . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Richard Corliss ( June 15 , 2010 ) . `` Essential Disney & Pixar Soundtracks '' . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2011 . Retrieved July 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Richard Corliss ( June 23 , 2011 ) . `` The 25 All - TIME Best Animated Films -- Lady and the Tramp '' . Time . Retrieved August 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Lady and the Tramp '' . Flixster . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bafta Awards http://www.bafta.org/awards/film/nominations/?year=1955 Jump up ^ ( in Italian ) Academia del Cinema Italiano `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2009 . Retrieved November 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Press Academy `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2011 . Retrieved March 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies Nominees '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs Nominees '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's Greatest Movie Musicals Nominees '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 10 Top 10 Ballot '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lady and the Tramp at AllMusic Jump up ^ `` Peggy Lee 's Film Appearances '' . Peggy Lee 's Official Website . Jump up ^ Collins , Glenn ( November 17 , 1988 ) . `` Peggy Lee article '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Stars share royalties victory '' . BBC News . June 26 , 2002 . Retrieved January 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Lady and the Tramp ( Disney ) - Original Soundtrack '' . AllMusic . Retrieved February 4 , 2014 . External links Official website Lady and the Tramp on IMDb Lady and the Tramp at Rotten Tomatoes Lady and the Tramp at Box Office Mojo Links to related articles Films directed by Clyde Geronimi Victory Through Air Power ( 1943 ) The Three Caballeros ( 1944 ) Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) Melody Time ( 1948 ) The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) Films directed by Hamilton Luske Pinocchio ( 1940 ) Fantasia ( 1940 ) The Reluctant Dragon ( 1941 ) Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 ) Melody Time ( 1948 ) So Dear to My Heart ( 1948 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Ben and Me ( 1953 ) Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) Donald in Mathmagic Land ( 1959 ) One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) Films directed by Wilfred Jackson Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) Pinocchio ( 1940 ) Fantasia ( 1940 ) Dumbo ( 1941 ) Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) Song of the South ( 1946 ) Melody Time ( 1948 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) Disney theatrical animated features Walt Disney Animation Studios films Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) Pinocchio ( 1940 ) Fantasia ( 1940 ) Dumbo ( 1941 ) Bambi ( 1942 ) Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) The Three Caballeros ( 1944 ) Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 ) Melody Time ( 1948 ) The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Aristocats ( 1970 ) Robin Hood ( 1973 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) The Rescuers ( 1977 ) The Fox and the Hound ( 1981 ) The Black Cauldron ( 1985 ) The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) The Rescuers Down Under ( 1990 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Mulan ( 1998 ) Tarzan ( 1999 ) Fantasia 2000 ( 1999 ) Dinosaur ( 2000 ) The Emperor 's New Groove ( 2000 ) Atlantis : The Lost Empire ( 2001 ) Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 ) Treasure Planet ( 2002 ) Brother Bear ( 2003 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) Chicken Little ( 2005 ) Meet the Robinsons ( 2007 ) Bolt ( 2008 ) The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Winnie the Pooh ( 2011 ) Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) Big Hero 6 ( 2014 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) Moana ( 2016 ) Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2 ( 2018 ) Frozen 2 ( 2019 ) Live - action films with animation The Reluctant Dragon ( 1941 ) Victory Through Air Power ( 1943 ) Song of the South ( 1946 ) So Dear to My Heart ( 1948 ) Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) Pete 's Dragon ( 1977 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) DisneyToon Studios films DuckTales the Movie : Treasure of the Lost Lamp ( 1990 ) A Goofy Movie ( 1995 ) The Tigger Movie ( 2000 ) Return to Never Land ( 2002 ) The Jungle Book 2 ( 2003 ) Piglet 's Big Movie ( 2003 ) Pooh 's Heffalump Movie ( 2005 ) Bambi II ( 2006 ) Planes ( 2013 ) Planes : Fire & Rescue ( 2014 ) Other Disney units films The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) James and the Giant Peach ( 1996 ) Doug 's 1st Movie ( 1999 ) Recess : School 's Out ( 2001 ) Teacher 's Pet ( 2004 ) A Christmas Carol ( 2009 ) Gnomeo & Juliet ( 2011 ) Mars Needs Moms ( 2011 ) Frankenweenie ( 2012 ) Strange Magic ( 2015 ) Related lists Unproduced films Book Walt Disney Animation Studios List of feature films Released Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) Pinocchio ( 1940 ) Fantasia ( 1940 ) Dumbo ( 1941 ) Bambi ( 1942 ) Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) The Three Caballeros ( 1944 ) Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 ) Melody Time ( 1948 ) The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Aristocats ( 1970 ) Robin Hood ( 1973 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) The Rescuers ( 1977 ) The Fox and the Hound ( 1981 ) The Black Cauldron ( 1985 ) The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) The Rescuers Down Under ( 1990 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Mulan ( 1998 ) Tarzan ( 1999 ) Fantasia 2000 ( 1999 ) Dinosaur ( 2000 ) The Emperor 's New Groove ( 2000 ) Atlantis : The Lost Empire ( 2001 ) Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 ) Treasure Planet ( 2002 ) Brother Bear ( 2003 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) Chicken Little ( 2005 ) Meet the Robinsons ( 2007 ) Bolt ( 2008 ) The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Winnie the Pooh ( 2011 ) Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) Big Hero 6 ( 2014 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) Moana ( 2016 ) Upcoming films Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2 ( 2018 ) Frozen 2 ( 2019 ) Associated productions The Reluctant Dragon ( 1941 ) Victory Through Air Power ( 1943 ) Song of the South ( 1946 ) So Dear to My Heart ( 1949 ) Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) Pete 's Dragon ( 1977 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) People Executives Edwin Catmull Roy Conli Roy E. Disney Walt Disney Don Hahn Jeffrey Katzenberg John Lasseter Peter Schneider Thomas Schumacher David Stainton Disney 's Nine Old Men Les Clark Marc Davis Ollie Johnston Milt Kahl Ward Kimball Eric Larson John Lounsbery Wolfgang Reitherman Frank Thomas Related topics History Disney animators ' strike Disney Renaissance Methods and technologies 12 basic principles of animation Computer Animation Production System Disney Animation : The Illusion of Life Multiplane camera Documentaries Frank and Ollie ( 1995 ) The Sweatbox ( 2001 ) Dream On Silly Dreamer ( 2005 ) Waking Sleeping Beauty ( 2009 ) Other Disney animation units Disney Television Animation DisneyToon Studios ( WDAS unit ) Lucasfilm Animation Marvel Animation Pixar Animation Studios Circle 7 ( defunct ) Miscellaneous Alice Comedies Laugh - O - Gram Studio List of Disney animated shorts List of Disney theatrical animated features unproduced Oswald the Lucky Rabbit Mickey Mouse ( film series ) Silly Symphonies Once Upon a Time Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lady_and_the_Tramp&oldid=816987488 '' Categories : 1955 films English - language films 1955 animated films 1950s American animated films 1950s comedy - drama films 1950s romantic comedy films 1950s romantic drama films 1950s romantic musical films American films American children 's animated films American children 's drama films American comedy - drama films American musical comedy films American romantic comedy films American romantic musical films Animated comedy films Animated drama films Animated duos Animated films about dogs Animated musical films Animated romance films Children 's comedy - drama films Films directed by Clyde Geronimi Films directed by Hamilton Luske Films directed by Wilfred Jackson Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films set in the 1900s Films set in the United States Rotoscoped films Walt Disney Animation Studios films Walt Disney Pictures films Hidden categories : Pages using citations with format and no URL Articles with Italian - language external links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote አማርኛ Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Български Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 December 2017 , at 06 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what dog breed is lady from lady and the tramp | [
"Lady and the Tramp is a 1955 American animated romantic musical comedy-drama film produced by Walt Disney and released to theaters on June 22, 1955 by Buena Vista Distribution. The 15th Disney animated feature film, it was the first animated feature filmed in the CinemaScope widescreen film process.[2] Based on Happy Dan, The Whistling Dog by Ward Greene, Lady and the Tramp tells the story of a female American Cocker Spaniel named Lady who lives with a refined, upper-middle-class family, and a male stray mongrel called the Tramp. When the two dogs meet, they embark on many romantic adventures and fall in love. A direct-to-video sequel, Lady and the Tramp II: Scamp's Adventure, was released in 2001."
] | [
"American Cocker Spaniel"
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-2029928256546126976 | Crime and Punishment | Crime and Punishment - wikipedia Crime and Punishment Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Crime and Punishment ( disambiguation ) . Crime and Punishment 1956 Random House printing of Crime and Punishment , translated by Constance Garnett Author Fyodor Dostoevsky Original title Преступленіе и наказаніе Language Russian Genre Philosophical novel psychological fiction Publisher The Russian Messenger ( series ) Publication date 1866 ; separate edition 1867 OCLC 26399697 Dewey Decimal 891.73 / 3 20 LC Class PG3326 . P7 1993 Crime and Punishment ( pre-reform Russian : Преступленіе и наказаніе ; post-reform Russian : Преступление и наказание , tr . Prestupléniye i nakazániye , IPA : ( prjɪstʊˈpljenjɪje ɪ nəkɐˈzanjɪje ) ) is a novel by the Russian author Fyodor Dostoevsky . It was first published in the literary journal The Russian Messenger in twelve monthly installments during 1866 . Later , it was published in a single volume . It is the second of Dostoevsky 's full - length novels following his return from 5 years of exile in Siberia . Crime and Punishment is considered the first great novel of his `` mature '' period of writing . Crime and Punishment focuses on the mental anguish and moral dilemmas of Rodion Raskolnikov , an impoverished ex-student in Saint Petersburg who formulates a plan to kill an unscrupulous pawnbroker for her money . Before the killing , Raskolnikov believes that with the money he could liberate himself from poverty and go on to perform great deeds ; but confusion , hesitation , and chance muddy his plan for a morally justifiable killing . Contents ( hide ) 1 Creation 2 Plot 3 Characters 4 Structure 5 Symbolism 5.1 Dreams 5.2 Cross 5.3 Twice Two is Four 5.4 The environment of Saint Petersburg 5.5 Yellow 6 Themes 7 Reception 8 English translations 9 Film adaptations 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Creation ( edit ) Dostoevsky conceived the idea of Crime and Punishment in the summer of 1865 . At the time the author owed large sums of money to creditors , and was trying to help the family of his brother Mikhail , who had died in early 1864 . Projected under the title The Drunkards , it was to deal `` with the present question of drunkness ... ( in ) all its ramifications , especially the picture of a family and the bringing up of children in these circumstances , etc. , etc . '' Once Dostoevsky conceived Raskolnikov and his crime , inspired by the case of Pierre François Lacenaire , this theme became ancillary , centering on the story of the Marmeladov family . Dostoevsky offered his story or novella ( at the time Dostoevsky was not thinking of a novel ) to the publisher Mikhail Katkov , whose monthly journal , The Russian Messenger , was a prestigious publication of its kind , and the outlet for both Ivan Turgenev and Leo Tolstoy . However , Dostoevsky , having carried on quite bruising polemics with Katkov in the early 1860s , had never published anything in its pages . Nonetheless , forced by his situation , after appeals elsewhere failed , Dostoevsky turned as a last resort to Katkov , urging for an advance on a proposed contribution . In a letter to Katkov written in September 1865 , Dostoevsky explained to him that the work was to be about a young man who yields to `` certain strange , ' unfinished ' ideas , yet floating in the air '' ; he had thus embarked on his plan to explore the moral and psychological dangers of the ideology of `` radicalism '' . In letters written in November 1865 an important conceptual change occurred : the `` story '' has become a `` novel '' , and from here on all references to Crime and Punishment are to a novel . Dostoevsky had to race against time in order to finish both The Gambler and Crime and Punishment on time . Anna Snitkina , a stenographer who soon became his second wife , was a great help for Dostoevsky during this difficult task . The first part of Crime and Punishment appeared in the January 1866 issue of The Russian Messenger , and the last one was published in December 1866 . At the end of November much had been written and was ready ; I burned it all ; I can confess that now . I did n't like it myself . A new form , a new plan excited me , and I started all over again . -- Dostoevsky 's letter to his friend Alexander Wrangel in February 1866 In the complete edition of Dostoevsky 's writings published in the Soviet Union , the editors reassembled and printed the notebooks that the writer kept while working on Crime and Punishment , in a sequence roughly corresponding to the various stages of composition . Because of these labors , there is now a fragmentary working draft of the story , or novella , as initially conceived , as well as two other versions of the text . These have been distinguished as the Wiesbaden edition , the Petersburg edition , and the final plan , involving the shift from a first - person narrator to the indigenous variety of third - person form invented by Dostoevsky . The Wiesbaden edition concentrates entirely on the moral and psychological reactions of the narrator after the murder . It coincides roughly with the story that Dostoevsky described in his letter to Katkov , and written in a form of a diary or journal , corresponds to what eventually became part II . I wrote ( this chapter ) with genuine inspiration , but perhaps it is no good ; but for them the question is not its literary worth , they are worried about its morality . Here I was in the right -- nothing was against morality , and even quite the contrary , but they saw otherwise and , what 's more , saw traces of nihilism ... I took it back , and this revision of a large chapter cost me at least three new chapters of work , judging by the effort and the weariness ; but I corrected it and gave it back . -- Dostoevsky 's letter to A.P. Milyukov Why Dostoevsky abandoned his initial version remains a matter of speculation . According to Joseph Frank , `` one possibility is that his protagonist began to develop beyond the boundaries in which he had first been conceived '' . The notebooks indicate that Dostoevsky was aware of the emergence of new aspects of Raskolnikov 's character as the plot action proceeded , and he structured the novel in conformity with this `` metamorphosis , '' Frank says . Dostoevsky thus decided to fuse the story with his previous idea for a novel called The Drunkards . The final version of Crime and Punishment came into being only when , in November 1865 , Dostoevsky decided to recast his novel in the third person . This shift was the culmination of a long struggle , present through all the early stages of composition . Once having decided , Dostoevsky began to rewrite from scratch , and was able to easily integrate sections of the early manuscript into the final text -- Frank says that he did not , as he told Wrangel , burn everything he had written earlier . The final draft went smoothly , except for a clash with the editors of The Russian Messenger , about which very little is known . Since the manuscript Dostoevsky turned in to Katkov was lost , it is unclear to what the editors had objected in the original . Plot ( edit ) Rodion Romanovich Raskolnikov , a former law student , lives in extreme poverty in a tiny , rented room in Saint Petersburg . He has abandoned all attempts to support himself and has devised a plan to murder and rob an elderly pawn - broker , Alyona Ivanovna . While still considering the plan , Raskolnikov makes the acquaintance of Semyon Zakharovich Marmeladov , a drunkard who recently squandered his family 's little wealth . Marmeladov tells him about his teenage daughter , Sonya , who has chosen to become a prostitute in order to support the family . Raskolnikov also receives a letter from his mother in which she speaks of their coming visit to Saint Petersburg , and describes at length the problems of his sister Dunya , who has been working as a governess , with her ill - intentioned employer . To escape her vulnerable position , and with hopes of helping her brother , Dunya has chosen to marry a wealthy suitor . Raskolnikov is inwardly enraged at her sacrifice , feeling it is the same as what Sonya felt compelled to do . After much deliberation , Raskolnikov sneaks into Alyona Ivanovna 's apartment , where he murders her with an axe . He also kills her half - sister , Lizaveta , who happens to stumble upon the scene of the crime . Shaken by his actions , Raskolnikov manages to steal only a handful of items and a small purse , leaving much of the pawn - broker 's wealth untouched . Raskolnikov then flees and , due to a series of coincidences , manages to leave unseen and undetected . After the bungled murder , Raskolnikov falls into a feverish state and begins to worry obsessively over the murder . He hides the stolen items and purse under a rock , and tries desperately to clean his clothing of any blood or evidence . He falls into a fever later that day , though not before calling briefly on his old friend Razumikhin . As the fever comes and goes in the following days , Raskolnikov behaves as though he wishes to betray himself . He shows strange reactions to whoever mentions the murder of the pawn - broker , which is now known about and talked of in the city . In his delirium , Raskolnikov wanders Saint Petersburg , drawing more and more attention to himself and his relation to the crime . In one of his walks through the city , he sees Marmeladov , who has been struck mortally by a carriage in the streets . Raskolnikov rushes to help and succeeds in conveying the stricken man back to his family 's apartment . Calling out for Sonya to forgive him , Marmeladov dies in his daughter 's arms . Raskolnikov gives his last twenty roubles ( from money that had been sent him by his mother ) to Marmeladov 's consumptive wife , Katerina Ivanovna , saying it is the repayment of a debt to his friend . In the meantime , Raskolnikov 's mother , Pulkheria Alexandrovna , and his sister , Avdotya Romanovna ( Dunya ) , have arrived in the city . Dunya had been working as a governess for the Svidrigaïlov family until this point , but was forced out of the position by the head of the family , Arkady Ivanovich Svidrigaïlov . Svidrigaïlov , a married man , was attracted to Dunya 's physical beauty and her feminine qualities , and offered her riches and elopement . Mortified , Dunya fled the Svidrigaïlov family and lost her source of income , only to meet Pyotr Petrovich Luzhin , a man of modest income and rank . Luzhin proposes to marry Dunya , thereby securing her and her mother 's financial safety , provided she accept him quickly and without question . It is for these very reasons that the two of them come to Saint Petersburg , both to meet Luzhin there and to obtain Raskolnikov 's approval . Luzhin , however , calls on Raskolnikov while he is in a delirious state and presents himself as a foolish , self - righteous and presumptuous man . Raskolnikov dismisses him immediately as a potential husband for his sister , and realizes that she only accepted him to help her family . As the novel progresses , Raskolnikov is introduced to the detective Porfiry , who begins to suspect him of the murder purely on psychological grounds . At the same time , a chaste relationship develops between Raskolnikov and Sonya . Sonya , though a prostitute , is full of Christian virtue and is only driven into the profession by her family 's poverty . Meanwhile , Razumikhin and Raskolnikov manage to keep Dunya from continuing her relationship with Luzhin , whose true character is exposed to be conniving and base . At this point , Svidrigaïlov appears on the scene , having come from the province to Petersburg , almost solely to seek out Dunya . He reveals that his wife , Marfa Petrovna , is dead , and that he is willing to pay Dunya a vast sum of money in exchange for nothing . She , upon hearing the news , refuses flat out , suspecting him of treachery . As Raskolnikov and Porfiry continue to meet , Raskolnikov 's motives for the crime become exposed . Porfiry becomes increasingly certain of the man 's guilt , but has no concrete evidence or witnesses with which to back up this suspicion . Furthermore , another man admits to committing the crime under questioning and arrest . However , Raskolnikov 's nerves continue to wear thinner , and he is constantly struggling with the idea of confessing , though he knows that he can never be truly convicted . He turns to Sonya for support and confesses his crime to her . By coincidence , Svidrigaïlov has taken up residence in a room next to Sonya 's and overhears the entire confession . When the two men meet face to face , Svidrigaïlov acknowledges this fact , and suggests that he may use it against him , should he need to . Svidrigaïlov also speaks of his own past , and Raskolnikov grows to suspect that the rumors about his having committed several murders are true . In a later conversation with Dunya , Svidrigaïlov denies that he had a hand in the death of his wife . Raskolnikov is at this point completely torn ; he is urged by Sonya to confess , and Svidrigaïlov 's testimony could potentially convict him . Furthermore , Porfiry confronts Raskolnikov with his suspicions and assures him that confession would substantially lighten his sentence . Meanwhile , Svidrigaïlov attempts to seduce Dunya , but when he realizes that she will never love him , he lets her go . He then spends a night in confusion and in the morning shoots himself . This same morning , Raskolnikov goes again to Sonya , who again urges him to confess and to clear his conscience . He makes his way to the police station , where he is met by the news of Svidrigaïlov 's suicide . He hesitates a moment , thinking again that he might get away with a perfect crime , but is persuaded by Sonya to confess . The epilogue tells of how Raskolnikov is sentenced to eight years of penal servitude in Siberia , where Sonya follows him . Dunya and Razumikhin marry and are left in a happy position by the end of the novel , while Pulkheria , Raskolnikov 's mother , falls ill and dies , unable to cope with her son 's situation . Raskolnikov himself struggles in Siberia . It is only after some time in prison that his redemption and moral regeneration begin under Sonya 's loving influence . Characters ( edit ) Character names Russian and romanization First name , nickname Patronymic Family name Родиóн Rodión Ромáнович Románovich Раскóльников Raskól'nikov Авдо́тья Avdótya Рома́новна Románovna Раско́льникова Raskól'nikova Пульхери́я Pulkhería Алексáндровна Aleksándrovna Семён Semyón Заха́рович Zakhárovich Мармела́дов Marmeládov Со́фья , Со́ня , Со́нечка Sófya , Sónya , Sónechka Семёновна Semyónovna Мармела́дова Marmeládova Катери́на Katerína Ива́новна Ivánovna Дми́трий Dmítriy Проко́фьич Prokófyich Вразуми́хин , Разуми́хин Vrazumíkhin , Razumíkhin Праско́вья Praskóv'ya Па́вловна Pávlovna Зарницына Zarnitsyna Арка́дий Arkádiy Ива́нович Ivánovich Свидрига́йлов Svidrigáilov Ма́рфа Márfa Петро́вна Petróvna Свидрига́йлова Svidrigáilova Пётр Pyótr Петро́вич Petróvich Лужин Lúzhyn Андре́й Andréy Семёнович Semyónovich Лебезя́тников Lebezyátnikov Порфи́рий Porfíriy Петро́вич Petróvich Лизаве́та Lizavéta Ива́новна Ivánovna Алёна Alyóna An acute accent marks the stressed syllable . In Crime and Punishment , Dostoevsky fuses the personality of his main character , Rodion Romanovich Raskolnikov , with his new anti-radical ideological themes . The main plot involves a murder as the result of `` ideological intoxication , '' and depicts all the disastrous moral and psychical consequences that result from the murder . Raskolnikov 's psychology is placed at the center , and carefully interwoven with the ideas behind his transgression ; every other feature of the novel illuminates the agonizing dilemma in which Raskolnikov is caught . From another point of view , the novel 's plot is another variation of a conventional nineteenth - century theme : an innocent young provincial comes to seek his fortune in the capital , where he succumbs to corruption , and loses all traces of his former freshness and purity . However , as Gary Rosenshield points out , `` Raskolnikov succumbs not to the temptations of high society as Honoré de Balzac 's Rastignac or Stendhal 's Julien Sorel , but to those of rationalistic Petersburg '' . Raskolnikov ( Rodion ) is the protagonist , and the novel focuses primarily on his perspective . A 23 - year - old man and former student , now destitute , Raskolnikov is described in the novel as `` exceptionally handsome , above the average in height , slim , well built , with beautiful dark eyes and dark brown hair . '' Perhaps the most striking feature of Raskolnikov , however , is his dual personality . On the one hand , he is cold , apathetic , and antisocial ; on the other , he can be surprisingly warm and compassionate . He commits murder as well as acts of impulsive charity . His chaotic interaction with the external world and his nihilistic worldview might be seen as causes of his social alienation or consequences of it . Despite its title , the novel does not so much deal with the crime and its formal punishment , as with Raskolnikov 's internal struggle ( the book shows that his punishment results more from his conscience than from the law ) . Believing society would be better for it , Raskolnikov commits murder with the idea that he possessed enough intellectual and emotional fortitude to deal with the ramifications , ( based on his paper / thesis , `` On Crime '' , that he is a Napoleon ) , but his sense of guilt soon overwhelms him to the point of psychological and somatic illness . It is only in the epilogue that he realizes his formal punishment , having decided to confess and end his alienation from society . Sofya Semyonovna Marmeladova , variously called Sonya and Sonechka , is the daughter of a drunkard named Semyon Zakharovich Marmeladov , whom Raskolnikov meets in a tavern at the beginning of the novel . She is often characterized as self - sacrificial , shy , and even innocent despite the fact that she is compelled into prostitution to help her family . She also , as Raskolnikov discerns , shares the same feelings of shame and alienation as he does and becomes the first person to whom Raskolnikov confesses his crime , and she supports him even though she was friends with one of the victims ( Lizaveta ) . Throughout the novel , Sonya is an important source of moral strength and rehabilitation for Raskolnikov . She is forced to prostitute herself to provide for her family , leading some critics to make comparisons with Mary Magdalene . Avdotya Romanovna Raskolnikova -- Raskolnikov 's dominant and sympathetic sister , called Dunya or Dunechka for short . She initially plans to marry the wealthy , yet smug and self - possessed , Luzhin , to free the family from financial destitution . She has a habit of pacing across the room while thinking . She is followed to Saint Petersburg by the disturbed Svidrigailov , who seeks to win her back through blackmail . She rejects both men in favour of Raskolnikov 's loyal friend , Razumikhin . Pulkheria Alexandrovna Raskolnikova -- Raskolnikov 's naïve , hopeful and loving mother . Following Raskolnikov 's sentence , she falls ill ( mentally and physically ) and eventually dies . She hints in her dying stages that she is slightly more aware of her son 's fate , which was hidden from her by Dunya and Razumikhin . Dmitry Prokofyich Vrazumikhin , often referred to as Razumikhin , is Raskolnikov 's loyal friend and also a former law student . In terms of Razumikhin 's contribution to Dostoevsky 's anti-radical thematics , he is intended to represent something of a reconciliation of the pervasive thematic conflict between faith and reason . The fact that the name Razumikhin means `` reason '' shows Dostoevsky 's desire to employ this faculty as a foundational basis for his Christian faith in God . Porfiry Petrovich -- The head of the Investigation Department in charge of solving the murders of Lizaveta and Alyona Ivanovna , who , along with Sonya , moves Raskolnikov towards confession . Unlike Sonya , however , Porfiry does this through psychological games . Despite the lack of evidence , he becomes certain Raskolnikov is the murderer following several conversations with him , but gives him the chance to confess voluntarily . He attempts to confuse and provoke the unstable Raskolnikov in an attempt to coerce him to confess . Arkady Ivanovich Svidrigaïlov -- Sensual , depraved , and wealthy former employer and current pursuer of Dunya . He overhears Raskolnikov 's confessions to Sonya and uses this knowledge to torment both Dunya and Raskolnikov , but does not inform the police . Despite his apparent malevolence , Svidrigaïlov seems to be capable of generosity and compassion . When Dunya tells him she could never love him ( after attempting to shoot him ) he lets her go . He tells Sonya that he has made financial arrangements for the Marmeladov children to enter an orphanage ( after both their parents die ) , and gives her three thousand rubles , enabling her to follow Raskolnikov to Siberia . Having left the rest of his money to his juvenile fiancée , he commits suicide . Other characters of the novel are : Praskovya Pavlovna Zarnitsyna -- Raskolnikov 's landlady ( called Pashenka ) . Shy and retiring , Praskovya Pavlovna does not figure prominently in the course of events . Raskolnikov had been engaged to her daughter , a sickly girl who had died , and Praskovya Pavlovna had granted him extensive credit on the basis of this engagement and a promissory note for 115 roubles . She had then handed this note to a court councillor named Chebarov , who had claimed the note , causing Raskolnikov to be summoned to the police station the day after his crime . Marfa Petrovna Svidrigaïlova -- Arkady Svidrigaïlov 's deceased wife , whom he is suspected of having murdered , and who he claims has visited him as a ghost . Her bequest of 3,000 rubles to Dunya allows Dunya to reject Luzhin as a suitor . Katerina Ivanovna Marmeladova -- Semyon Marmeladov 's consumptive and ill - tempered second wife , stepmother to Sonya . She drives Sonya into prostitution in a fit of rage , but later regrets it , and beats her children mercilessly , but works ferociously to improve their standard of living . She is obsessed with demonstrating that slum life is far below her station . Following Marmeladov 's death , she uses Raskolnikov 's money to hold a funeral . She later succumbs to her illness . Semyon Zakharovich Marmeladov -- Hopeless drunk who indulges in his own suffering , and father of Sonya . Pyotr Petrovich Luzhin -- A well - off lawyer who is engaged to Raskolnikov 's sister Dunya in the beginning of the novel . His motives for the marriage are rather despicable , as he states more or less that he chose her since she will be completely beholden to him financially . Luzhin represents immorality throughout the book , in contrast to Svidrigaïlov 's amorality , and Raskolnikov 's misguided morality . Andrey Semyonovich Lebezyatnikov -- Luzhin 's utopian socialist and feminist roommate who witnesses his attempt to frame Sonya and subsequently exposes him . He is proven right by Raskolnikov , the only one knowing of Luzhin 's motives . Alyona Ivanovna -- Suspicious old pawnbroker who hoards money and is merciless to her patrons . She is Raskolnikov 's intended target , and he kills her in the beginning of the book . Lizaveta Ivanovna -- Alyona 's handicapped , innocent and submissive sister . Raskolnikov murders her when she walks in immediately after Raskolnikov had killed Alyona . Lizaveta was a friend of Sonya . Zosimov ( Зосимов ) -- A friend of Razumikhin and a doctor who cared for Raskolnikov . Nastasya Petrovna ( Настасья Петровна ) -- Raskolnikov 's landlady 's servant who often brings Raskolnikov food and drink . Nikodim Fomich ( Никодим Фомич ) -- The amiable chief of police . Ilya Petrovich ( Илья Петрович ) -- A police official and Fomich 's assistant , nicknamed `` Gunpowder '' for his very bad temper . Alexander Grigorievich Zamyotov ( Александр Григорьевич Заметов ) -- Head clerk at the police station and friend to Razumikhin . Raskolnikov arouses Zamyotov 's suspicions by explaining how he , Raskolnikov , would have committed various crimes , although Zamyotov later apologizes , believing , much to Raskolnikov 's amusement , that it was all a farce to expose how ridiculous the suspicions were . Nikolai Dementiev ( Николай Дементьев ) -- A self - sacrificial painter and sectarian who admits to the murder , since his sect holds it to be supremely virtuous to suffer for another person 's crime . Polina Mikhailovna Marmeladova ( Полина Михайловна Мармеладова ) -- Ten - year - old adopted daughter of Semyon Zakharovich Marmeladov and younger stepsister to Sonya , sometimes known as Polechka . Name Word Meaning in Russian Rodion Romanovich Raskolnikov raskol a schism , or split ; `` raskolnik '' is `` one who splits '' or `` dissenter '' ; the verb raskalyvat ' means `` to cleave '' , `` to chop '' , `` to crack '' , `` to split '' or `` to break '' . The former translations clarify the literal meaning of the word . The figurative meaning of the word is `` to bring to light '' , `` to make to confess or acknowledge the truth '' , etc . The word Raskol is meant to evoke the ideas of the splitting of the Russian Orthodox Church under Patriarch Nikon . Pyotr Petrovich Luzhin luzha a puddle Dmitry Prokofyich Razumikhin razum rationality , mind , intelligence Alexander Grigorievich Zamyotov zametit to notice , to realize Andrey Semyonovich Lebezyatnikov lebezit to fawn on somebody , to cringe Semyon Zakharovich Marmeladov marmelad marmalade / jam Arkady Ivanovich Svidrigailov Svidrigailo a Lithuanian duke of the fifteenth century ( the name given to a character rather by sound , than by meaning ) Porfiry Petrovich Porphyry ( perhaps ) named after the Neoplatonic philosopher or after the Russian `` порфира '' ( `` porphyra '' ) meaning `` purple , purple mantle '' Structure ( edit ) Crime and Punishment has a distinct beginning , middle and end . The novel is divided into six parts , with an epilogue . The notion of `` intrinsic duality '' in Crime and Punishment has been commented upon , with the suggestion that there is a degree of symmetry to the book . Edward Wasiolek who has argued that Dostoevsky was a skilled craftsman , highly conscious of the formal pattern in his art , has likened the structure of Crime and Punishment to a `` flattened X '' , saying : Parts I - III ( of Crime and Punishment ) present the predominantly rational and proud Raskolnikov : Parts IV - VI , the emerging `` irrational '' and humble Raskolnikov . The first half of the novel shows the progressive death of the first ruling principle of his character ; the last half , the progressive birth of the new ruling principle . The point of change comes in the very middle of the novel . This compositional balance is achieved by means of the symmetrical distribution of certain key episodes throughout the novel 's six parts . The recurrence of these episodes in the two halves of the novel , as David Bethea has argued , is organized according to a mirror - like principle , whereby the `` left '' half of the novel reflects the `` right '' half . For her part , Margaret Church discerns a contrapuntal structuring : parts I , III and V deal largely with the main hero 's relationship to his family ( mother , sister and mother surrogates ) , while parts II , IV and VI deal with his relationship to the authorities of the state `` and to various father figures '' . The seventh part of the novel , the Epilogue , has attracted much attention and controversy . Some of Dostoevsky 's critics have criticized the novel 's final pages as superfluous , anti-climactic , unworthy of the rest of the work , while others have rushed to the defense of the Epilogue , offering various ingenious schemes which conclusively prove its inevitability and necessity . Steven Cassedy argues that Crime and Punishment `` is formally two distinct but closely related , things , namely a particular type of tragedy in the classical Greek mold and a Christian resurrection tale '' . Cassedy concludes that `` the logical demands of the tragic model as such are satisfied without the Epilogue in Crime and Punishment ... At the same time , this tragedy contains a Christian component , and the logical demands of this element are met only by the resurrection promised in the Epilogue '' . Crime and Punishment is written from a third - person omniscient perspective . It is focalized primarily from the point of view of Raskolnikov ; however , it does at times switch to the perspective of Svidrigailov , Razumikhin , Peter Petrovich , or Dunya . This narrative technique , which fuses the narrator very closely with the consciousness and point of view of the central characters of the plot , was original for its period . Franks notes that his identification , through Dostoevsky 's use of the time shifts of memory and his manipulation of temporal sequence , begins to approach the later experiments of Henry James , Joseph Conrad , Virginia Woolf , and James Joyce . A late nineteenth - century reader was , however , accustomed to more orderly and linear types of expository narration . This led to the persistence of the legend that Dostoevsky was an untidy and negligent craftsman and to critical observations like the following by Melchior de Vogüé : A word ... one does not even notice , a small fact that takes up only a line , have their reverberations fifty pages later ... ( so that ) the continuity becomes unintelligible if one skips a couple of pages . Dostoevsky uses different speech mannerisms and sentences of different length for different characters . Those who use artificial language -- Luzhin , for example -- are identified as unattractive people . Mrs. Marmeladov 's disintegrating mind is reflected in her language , too . In the original Russian text , the names of the major characters have something of a double meaning , but in translation the subtlety of the Russian language is predominately lost due to major differences in the language structure and culture . For example , the original title ( `` Преступление и наказание '' ) is not the direct equivalent to the English . `` Преступление '' is literally translated as a stepping across . The physical image of crime as a crossing over a barrier or a boundary is lost in translation . So is the religious implication of transgression , which in English refers to a sin rather than a crime . Symbolism ( edit ) This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Dreams ( edit ) Raskolnikov 's dreams have a symbolic meaning , which suggests a psychological view . The dream of the mare being whipped has been suggested as the fullest single expression of the whole novel , symbolizing gratification and punishment , contemptible motives and contemptible society , depicting the nihilistic destruction of an unfit mare , the gratification therein , and Rodion 's disgust and horror , as an example of his conflicted character . Raskolnikov 's disgust and horror is central to the theme of his conflicted character , his guilty conscience , his contempt for society , his rationality of himself as an extraordinary man above greater society , holding authority to kill , and his concept of justified murder . His reaction is pivotal , provoking his first taking of life toward the rationalization of himself as above greater society . The dream is later mentioned when Raskolnikov talks to Marmeladov . Marmeladov 's daughter , morally chaste and devout Sonya , must earn a living as a prostitute for their impoverished family , the result of his alcoholism . The dream is also a warning , foreshadowing an impending murder and holds several comparisons to his murder of the pawnbroker . The dream occurs after Rodion crosses a bridge leading out of the oppressive heat and dust of Petersburg and into the fresh greenness of the islands . This symbolizes a corresponding mental crossing , suggesting that Raskolnikov is returning to a state of clarity when he has the dream . In it , he returns to the innocence of his childhood and watches as a group of peasants beat an old mare to death . After Raskolnikov awakes , he reflects on it as a `` such a hideous dream , '' the same term he earlier used to describe his plot to kill the old woman ( 62 ) . This diction draws a parallel between the two , suggesting that the child represents the part of him that clings to morality and watches horrified as another facet , represented by the peasants , is driven by hardship and isolation to become cold and unfeeling . The constant laughing of the peasants in the face of brutal slaughter reveals the extent to which they have been desensitized by their suffering , which is a reflection of Raskolnikov 's own condition . This interpretation is further supported by fact that the main peasant , Mikolka , feels that he has the right to kill the horse , linking his actions to Raskolnikov 's theory justifying murder for a select group of extraordinary men . The comparison between the cruel slaughter of the old mare and the plan to murder Alyona Ivanovna delineates the brutality of Raskolnikov 's crime , which is often downplayed by his habitual dehumanizing referral to the old woman as simply a `` louse . '' While awake , Raskolnikov 's view of the old woman is spiteful , defined by his tenacious belief in his extraordinary man theory . However , the dream acts as a conduit for Raskolnikov 's subconscious , and without the constraints of his theory the horrific nature of his crime becomes apparent . Therefore , in order for Raskolnikov to find redemption , he must ultimately renounce his theory . In the final pages , Raskolnikov , who at this point is in the prison infirmary , has a feverish dream about a plague of nihilism , that enters Russia and Europe from the east and which spreads senseless dissent ( Raskolnikov 's name alludes to `` raskol '' , dissent ) and fanatic dedication to `` new ideas '' : it finally engulfs all of mankind . Though we do n't learn anything about the content of these ideas they clearly disrupt society forever and are seen as exclusively critical assaults on ordinary thinking : it is clear that Dostoevsky was envisaging the new , politically and culturally nihilist ideas which were entering Russian literature and society in this watershed decade and with which Dostoevsky would be in debate for the rest of his life ( cp . Chernyshevsky 's What Is to Be Done ? , Dobrolyubov 's abrasive journalism , Turgenev 's Fathers and Sons and Dostoevsky 's own The Possessed ) . Janko Lavrin , who took part in the revolutions of the World War I era , knew Vladimir Lenin and Leon Trotsky and many others , and later would spend years writing about Dostoevsky 's novels and other Russian classics , called this final dream `` prophetic in its symbolism '' . Cross ( edit ) Sonya gives Rodya a cross when he goes to turn himself in and symbolizes the burden Raskolnikov must bear . Sonya tells him they will bear the cross together and is taking part of his burden onto herself , encouraging him to confess . Sonya and Lizaveta had exchanged crosses , so originally the cross was Lizaveta 's -- whom Rodya did n't intend to kill , making it an important symbol of redemption . Sonya 's face reminds him of Lizaveta 's face , another example of his guilty conscience and symbolizes a shared grief . Self - sacrifice , along with poverty , is a larger theme of the novel . The desperation of poverty creates a situation where the only way to survive is through self - sacrifice , which Raskolnikov consistently rejects , as part of his philosophical reasoning . For example , he rejects Razumikhin 's offer of employment and the idea of his sister 's arranged marriage . Raskolnikov originally rejects Sonya 's offer to accompany him to the confession but , in a feverish state of mind , sees her following him through the market , and finds power in that idealism . Twice two is four ( edit ) A certain detail that comes up in the novel is whether we are limited to certain realities , such as 2 + 2 = 4 , a theme that also comes up in Yevgeny Zamyatin 's We and George Orwell 's Nineteen Eighty - Four . Dostoevsky continues the use of this symbol from his earlier work Notes from Underground where the narrator rants about determinism and logic . The environment of Saint Petersburg ( edit ) On an exceptionally hot evening early in July a young man came out of the garret in which he lodged in S. Place and walked slowly , as though in hesitation , towards K. bridge . -- Fyodor Dostoevsky , Crime and Punishment ( Constance Garnett translation ) , I , I The above opening sentence of the novel has a symbolic function : Russian critic Vadim K. Kozhinov argues that the reference to the `` exceptionally hot evening '' establishes not only the suffocating atmosphere of Saint Petersburg in midsummer but also `` the infernal ambience of the crime itself '' . Dostoevsky was among the first to recognize the symbolic possibilities of city life and imagery drawn from the city . I.F.I. Evnin regards Crime and Punishment as the first great Russian novel `` in which the climactic moments of the action are played out in dirty taverns , on the street , in the sordid back rooms of the poor '' . Dostoevsky 's Petersburg is the city of unrelieved poverty ; `` magnificence has no place in it , because magnificence is external , formal abstract , cold '' . Dostoevsky connects the city 's problems to Raskolnikov 's thoughts and subsequent actions . The crowded streets and squares , the shabby houses and taverns , the noise and stench , all are transformed by Dostoevsky into a rich store of metaphors for states of mind . Donald Fanger asserts that `` the real city ... rendered with a striking concreteness , is also a city of the mind in the way that its atmosphere answers Raskolnikov 's state and almost symbolizes it . It is crowded , stifling , and parched . '' The inner turmoil suffered by Raskolnikov can also be perceived as a Shakespearean pathetic fallacy . For example , the great storm in Shakespeare 's King Lear reflects the state of the titular character 's mind , much like the chaos , disorder and noise of St. Petersburg reflects the state of Raskolnikov 's mind . Yellow ( edit ) The color yellow is used throughout the novel to signify suffering and mental illness . Examples include Sonya 's yellow ticket , a license to practice prostitution , the walls of Raskolnikov 's garret , and the walls of the old pawnbroker , among numerous other examples . Of note , the Russian term for lunatic asylum , `` zholti dom '' , is literally translated as `` yellow house '' . Yellow is also mentioned as the color of Luzchin 's ring . Themes ( edit ) Dostoevsky 's letter to Katkov reveals his immediate inspiration , to which he remained faithful even after his original plan evolved into a much more ambitious creation : a desire to counteract what he regarded as nefarious consequences arising from the doctrines of Russian nihilism . In the novel , Dostoevsky pinpointed the dangers of both utilitarianism and rationalism , the main ideas of which inspired the radicals , continuing a fierce criticism he had already started with his Notes from Underground . A Slavophile religious believer , Dostoevsky utilized the characters , dialogue and narrative in Crime and Punishment to articulate an argument against westernizing ideas in general . He thus attacked a peculiar Russian blend of French utopian socialism and Benthamite utilitarianism , which had led to what revolutionaries , such as Nikolai Chernyshevsky , called `` rational egoism '' . The radicals refused , however , to recognize themselves in the novel 's pages ( Dimitri Pisarev ridiculed the notion that Raskolnikov 's ideas could be identified with those of the radicals of his time ) , since Dostoevsky pursued nihilistic ideas to their most extreme consequences . The aim of these ideas was altruistic and humanitarian , but these aims were to be achieved by relying on reason and suppressing entirely the spontaneous outflow of Christian pity and compassion . Chernyshevsky 's utilitarian ethic proposed that thought and will in Man were subject to the laws of physical science . Dostoevsky believed that such ideas limited man to a product of physics , chemistry and biology , negating spontaneous emotional responses . In its latest variety of Bazarovism , Russian nihilism encouraged the creation of an élite of superior individuals to whom the hopes of the future were to be entrusted . Raskolnikov exemplifies all the potentially disastrous hazards contained in such an ideal . Frank notes that `` the moral - psychological traits of his character incorporate this antinomy between instinctive kindness , sympathy , and pity on the one hand and , on the other , a proud and idealistic egoism that has become perverted into a contemptuous disdain for the submissive herd '' . Raskolnikov 's inner conflict in the opening section of the novel results in a utilitarian - altruistic justification for the proposed crime : why not kill a wretched and `` useless '' old moneylender to alleviate the human misery ? Dostoevsky wants to show that this utilitarian type of reasoning and its conclusions had become widespread and commonplace ; they were by no means the solitary invention of Raskolnikov 's tormented and disordered mind . Such radical and utilitarian ideas act to reinforce the innate egoism of Raskolnikov 's character and , likewise , contempt for the lower qualities in Man and for His ideals . He even becomes fascinated with the majestic image of a Napoleonic personality who , in the interests of a higher social good , believes that he possesses a moral right to kill . Indeed , his `` Napoleon - like '' plan drags him to a well - calculated murder , the ultimate conclusion of his self - deception with utilitarianism . In his depiction of the Petersburg background , Dostoevsky accentuates the squalor and human wretchedness that pass before Raskolnikov 's eyes . He also uses Raskolnikov 's encounter with Marmeladov to present both the heartlessness of Raskolnikov 's convictions and the alternative set of values to be set against them . Dostoevsky believes that the `` freedom '' propounded by the aforementioned ideas is a dreadful freedom `` that is contained by no values , because it is before values '' . The product of this `` freedom '' , Raskolnikov , is in perpetual revolt against society , himself , and God . He thinks that he is self - sufficient and self - contained , but at the end `` his boundless self - confidence must disappear in the face of what is greater than himself , and his self - fabricated justification must humble itself before the higher justice of God '' . Dostoevsky calls for the regeneration and renewal of the `` sick '' Russian society through the re-discovering of its country , its religion , and its roots . Reception ( edit ) The first part of Crime and Punishment published in the January and February issues of The Russian Messenger met with public success . Although the remaining parts of the novel had still to be written , an anonymous reviewer wrote that `` the novel promises to be one of the most important works of the author of The House of the Dead '' . In his memoirs , the conservative belletrist Nikolay Strakhov recalled that in Russia Crime and Punishment was the literary sensation of 1866 . The novel soon attracted the criticism of the liberal and radical critics . G.Z. Yeliseyev sprang to the defense of the Russian student corporations , and wondered , `` Has there ever been a case of a student committing murder for the sake of robbery ? '' Pisarev , aware of the novel 's artistic value attempted in 1867 another approach : he argued that Raskolnikov was a product of his environment , and explained that the main theme of the work was poverty and its results . He measured the novel 's excellence by the accuracy and understanding with which Dostoevsky portrayed the contemporary social reality , and focused on what he regarded as inconsistencies in the novel 's plot . Strakhov rejected Pisarev 's contention that the theme of environmental determinism was essential to the novel , and pointed out that Dostoevsky 's attitude towards his hero was sympathetic : `` This is not mockery of the younger generation , neither a reproach nor an accusation -- it is a lament over it . '' English translations ( edit ) Frederick Whishaw ( 1885 ) Constance Garnett ( 1914 ) David Magarshack ( 1951 ) Princess Alexandra Kropotkin ( 1953 ) Jessie Coulson ( 1953 ) Michael Scammell ( 1963 ) Sidney Monas ( 1968 ) Julius Katzer ( 1985 ) David McDuff ( 1991 ) Richard Pevear and Larissa Volokhonsky ( 1992 ) Oliver Ready ( 2014 ) Nicolas Pasternak Slater ( 2017 ) Michael R. Katz ( 2017 ) The Garnett translation was the dominant translation for more than 80 years after its publication in 1914 . Since the 1990s , McDuff and Pevear / Volokhonsky have become its major competitors . Film adaptations ( edit ) Main article : Film adaptations of Crime and Punishment There have been over 25 film adaptations of Crime and Punishment . They include : Raskolnikow ( aka Crime and Punishment , 1923 ) directed by Robert Wiene Crime and Punishment ( 1935 American film ) starring Peter Lorre , Edward Arnold and Marian Marsh Eigoban Tsumi to Batsu ( 1953 , manga by Tezuka Osamu , under his interpretation ) Pickpocket ( 1959 ) , directed by Robert Bresson and generally believed to be inspired by Dostoevsky 's novel ) Crime and Punishment ( 1970 film ) Soviet film starring Georgi Taratorkin , Tatyana Bedova , Vladimir Basov , Victoria Fyodorova ) dir . Lev Kulidzhanov Crime and Punishment ( 1983 film ) ( original title , Rikos ja Rangaistus ) , the first movie by the Finnish director Aki Kaurismäki , with Markku Toikka in the lead role . The story has been transplanted to modern - day Helsinki , Finland . Elu Suttina Kote ( 1987 Kannada film ) starring Ambareesh , Ramesh Aravind and Gautami Tadimalla , an Indian Kannada - language film which is primarily based on the novel . Few differences can be noted such as the lead actor wants to surrender to police however is said persuaded by his lover not to do so as there is no evidence . In the climax , the lead actor goes running himself to the police when he sees him on the way promising her that he will return with a clear conscience . Although this was an intellectual film with good expectations , it did not see huge commercial success as other films where Ambareesh was the lead actor . Crime and Punishment in Suburbia ( 2000 , an adaptation set in modern America and `` loosely based '' on the novel ) Crime and Punishment ( 2002 film ) , starring Crispin Glover and Vanessa Redgrave . Crime and Punishment ( 2002 TV film ) is a 2002 television serial produced by the BBC , starring John Simm as Raskolnikov and Ian McDiarmid as Porfiry Petrovich . Match Point ( 2005 ) , a film by Woody Allen borrows many elements from the novel , in fact it is loosely based on it . In the movie the name of Dostoevsky is referred to in several occasions . Crime and Punishment ( 2007 Russian TV serial ) ( ru ) was a 2007 television serial directed by Dmitry Svetozarov starring Vladimir Koshevoy as Raskolnikov . Classic Alice embarked on a 6 - episode arc in 2014 that covered Crime & Punishment . It was the series ' first book . When Crime and Punishment came up in their extended interview , Alfred Hitchcock told French director Francois Truffaut that he would never consider filming it . Hitchcock explained that he could make a great film out of a good book , and even ( or especially ) a mediocre book , but never a great book , because the film would always suffer by comparison . See also ( edit ) Crime and Punishment ( play ) Hooker with a heart of gold Illustrated edition of the novel with over 40 grisaille woodcuts by the Swedish artist Torsten Billman published by Albert Bonniers förlag in Sweden . ISBN 91 - 0 - 044968 - 7 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ University of Minnesota -- Study notes for Crime and Punishment -- ( retrieved on 1 May 2006 ) Jump up ^ Frank ( 1995 ) , 96 Jump up ^ Yousef , About Crime and Punishment * Fanger ( 2006 ) , 17 -- 18 Jump up ^ Frank , 170 * Peace ( 2005 ) , 8 * Simmons ( 2007 ) , 131 Jump up ^ Frank ( 1994 ) , 168 Jump up ^ Miller ( 2007 ) , 58 * Peace ( 2008 ) , 8 Jump up ^ Frank ( 1994 ) , 179 Jump up ^ Miller ( 2007 ) , 58 -- 59 Jump up ^ Frank ( 1995 ) , 39 * Peace ( 2005 ) , 8 Jump up ^ Simmons ( 2007 ) , 131 Jump up ^ Miller ( 2007 ) , 58 Jump up ^ Dostoevsky initially considered four first - person plans : a memoir written by Raskolnikov , his confession recorded eight days after the murder , his diary begun five days after the murder , and a mixed form in which the first half was in the form of a memoir , and the second half in the form of a diary ( Rosenshield ( 1973 ) , 399 ) . Jump up ^ Carabine ( 2000 ) , x * Frank ( 1994 ) , 170 -- 172 * Frank ( 1995 ) , 80 Jump up ^ Frank ( 1994 ) , 185 Jump up ^ Frank ( 1994 ) , 174 Jump up ^ Frank ( 1994 ) , 177 Jump up ^ Frank ( 1994 ) , 175 Jump up ^ Frank ( 1994 ) , 179 -- 180 , 182 Jump up ^ Frank ( 1994 ) , 170 , 179 -- 180 , 184 * Frank ( 1995 ) , 93 * Miller ( 2007 ) , 58 -- 59 Jump up ^ Peace ( 2005 ) , 8 -- 9 Do n't cheat Jump up ^ Frank ( 1995 ) , 97 Jump up ^ Rosenshield ( 1978 ) , 76 . See also Fanger ( 2006 ) , 21 ^ Jump up to : Davydov ( 1982 ) , 162 -- 163 Jump up ^ `` On the Structure of Crime and Punishment , '' in : PMLA , March 1959 , vol . LXXIV , No. 1 , p. 132 -- 133 . Jump up ^ Church ( 1983 ) , 103 Jump up ^ Mikhail Bakhtin , for instance , regards the Epilogue a blemish on the book ( Wellek ( 1980 ) , 33 ) . Jump up ^ Cassedy ( 1982 ) , 171 Jump up ^ Cassedy ( 1982 ) , 187 Jump up ^ Frank ( 1994 ) , 184 * Frank ( 1995 ) , 92 -- 93 Jump up ^ Morris ( 1984 ) , 28 * Peace ( 2005 ) , 86 * Stanton -- Hardy ( 1999 ) , 8 Jump up ^ Monas , Sidney , `` Afterword : The Dream of the Suffering Horse , '' from his translation Jump up ^ Dostoyevsky , Fyodor . Crime and punishment . Toronto : Bantam Books , 1987 . Print . Jump up ^ Richard Gill points out that `` the hump - backed bridges crisscrossing Czar Peter 's labyrinthine city are , as found in the novel , likewise to be viewed as metaphorical and highly suitable for marking the stages of the tortuous course of Raskolnikov 's internal drama '' ( Gill ( 1982 ) , 146 ) . Jump up ^ Gill ( 1982 ) , 145 Jump up ^ Fanger ( 2006 ) , 24 Jump up ^ Lindenmeyr ( 2006 ) , 37 Jump up ^ Fanger ( 2006 ) , 28 Jump up ^ Top10books.org Archived 26 July 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Frank ( 1995 ) , 100 Jump up ^ Donald Fanger believes that `` Crime and Punishment did nothing by continue the polemic , incarnating the tragedy of nihilism in Raskolnikov and caricaturing it in Lebezyatnikov and , partially , in Luzhin '' . ( Fanger ( 2006 ) , 21 -- see also Frank ( 1995 ) , 60 ; Ozick ( 1997 ) , 114 ; Sergeyef ( 1998 ) , 26 ) . Jump up ^ Frank ( 1995 ) , 100 -- 101 * Hudspith ( 2003 ) , 95 Jump up ^ Pisarev had sketched the outlines of a new proto - Nietzschean hero ( Frank ( 1995 ) , 100 -- 101 ; Frank ( 2002 ) , 11 ) . Jump up ^ Frank ( 1995 ) , 101 ^ Jump up to : Frank ( 1995 ) , 104 Jump up ^ Frank ( 1995 ) , 107 * Sergeyef ( 1998 ) , 26 Jump up ^ Wasiolek ( 2005 ) , 55 Jump up ^ Vladimir Solovyov quoted by McDuff ( 2002 ) , xiii -- xiv * Peace ( 2005 ) , 75 -- 76 Jump up ^ * McDuff ( 2002 ) , xxx : `` It is the persistent tracing of this theme of a ' Russian sickness ' of spiritual origin and its cure throughout the book that justify the author 's characterization of it as an ' Orthodox novel ' . '' * Wasiolek ( 2005 ) , 56 -- 57 Jump up ^ McDuff , x -- xi Jump up ^ Jahn , Dostoevsky 's Life and Career * McDuff , xi -- xii Jump up ^ Raskolnikov Says the Darndest Things Text Dostoevsky , Fyodor ( 1866 ) . Crime and Punishment . Translated in English by Constance Garnett . Sources Bourgeois , Patrick Lyall ( 1996 ) . `` Dostoevsky and Existentialism : An Experiment in Hermeunetics '' . In Mc Bride , William Leon . Existentialist Background . Taylor & Francis . ISBN 0 - 8153 - 2492 - 8 . Cassedy , Steven ( 1982 ) . `` The Formal Problem of the Epilogue in Crime and Punishment : The Logic of Tragic and Christian Structures '' . Dostoevsky Centenary Conference at the University of Nottingham. 3 . International Dostoevsky Society . Archived from the original on 2 October 2013 . Church , Margaret ( 1983 ) . `` Dostoevsky 's Crime and Punishment and Kafka 's The Trial '' . Structure and Theme -- Don Quixote to James Joyce . Ohio State University Press . ISBN 0 - 8142 - 0348 - 5 . Davydov , Sergei ( 1982 ) . `` Dostoevsky and Nabokov : The Morality of Structure in Crime and Punishment and Despair '' . Dostoevsky Centenary Conference at the University of Nottingham. 3 . International Dostoevsky Society . Archived from the original on 20 June 2014 . Frank , Joseph ( 1994 ) . `` The Making of Crime and Punishment '' . In Polhemus , Robert M. ; Henkle , Roger B. Critical Reconstructions : The Relationship of Fiction and Life . Stanford University Press . ISBN 0 - 8047 - 2243 - 9 . Frank , Joseph ( 1995 ) . Dostoevsky : The Miraculous Years , 1865 -- 1871 . Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 01587 - 2 . Frank , Joseph ( 2002 ) . `` Introduction '' . Dostoevsky : The Mantle of the Prophet , 1871 -- 1881 . Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 11569 - 9 . Gill , Richard ( 1982 ) . `` The Bridges of St. Petesburg : a Motive in Crime and Punishment '' . Dostoevsky Centenary Conference at the University of Nottingham. 3 . International Dostoevsky Society . Archived from the original on 19 September 2008 . Hardy , James D. Jr. ; Stanton , Leonard J. ( 1999 ) . `` Introduction '' . Crime and Punishment by Fyodor Dostoyevsky . Signet Classic . ISBN 0 - 451 - 52723 - 2 . Hudspith , Sarah ( 2003 ) . `` Dostoevsky 's Dramatization of Slavophile Themes '' . Dostoevsky and the Idea of Russianness . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 30489 - X . Jahn , Gary R. `` Dostoevsky 's Life and Career , 1865 -- 1881 '' . University of Minnesota . Retrieved 24 August 2008 . McDuff , David ( 2002 ) . `` Introduction '' . Fyodor M. Dostoevsky 's Crime and Punishment . Penguin Classics . ISBN 0 - 14 - 044913 - 2 . Miller , Robin Feuer ( 2007 ) . `` Crime and Punishment in the Classroom '' . Dostoevsky 's Unfinished Journey . Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 12015 - X . Morris , Virginia B. ( 1984 ) . `` Style '' . Fyodor M. Dostoevsky 's Crime and Punishment . Barron 's Educational Series . ISBN 0 - 8120 - 3409 - 0 . Ozick , Cynthia ( 24 February 1997 ) . `` Dostoyevsky 's Unabomber '' . The New Yorker : 114 . Retrieved 17 August 2008 . Peace , Richard Arthur ( 2006 ) . Fyodor Dostoevsky 's Crime and Punishment : A Casebook . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 517562 - X . : Peace , Richard . `` Introduction '' . Peace , 1 -- 16 . Fanger , Donald . `` Apogee : Crime and Punishment '' . Peace , 17 -- 35 . Lindenmeyr , Adele . `` Raskolnikov 's City and the Napoleonic Plan '' . Peace , 37 -- 49 . Wasiolek , Edward . `` Raskolnikov 's City and the Napoleonic Plan '' . Peace , 51 -- 74 . Peace , Richard . `` Motive and Symbol '' . Peace , 75 -- 101 . Rosenshield , Gary ( Winter 1973 ) . `` First - Versus Third - Person Narration in Crime and Punishment '' . The Slavic and East European Journal . 17 ( 4 ) : 399 -- 407 . doi : 10.2307 / 305635 . JSTOR 305635 . Rosenshield , Gary ( 1978 ) . Crime and Punishment : The Techniques of the Omniscient Author . Peter de Ridder Press . ISBN 90 - 316 - 0104 - 7 . Sergeyev , Victor M. ( 1998 ) . `` Moral Practices and the Law '' . The Wild East : Crime and Lawlessness in Post-communist Russia . M.E. Sharpe . ISBN 0 - 7656 - 0231 - 8 . Simmons , Ernest J. ( 2007 ) . `` In the Author 's Laboratory '' . Dostoevsky -- The Making of a Novelist . Read Books . ISBN 1 - 4067 - 6362 - 4 . Wellek , René ( 1980 ) . `` Bakhtin 's view of Dostoevsky : ' Polyphony ' and ' Carnivalesque ' '' . Dostoevsky Studies -- Form and Structure . 1 . International Dostoevsky Society . Archived from the original on 2 October 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Crime and Punishment Wikisource has original text related to this article : Crime and Punishment Criticisms University of Minnesota study guide Text and Analysis at Bibliomania Online Text Crime and Punishment public domain audiobook at LibriVox Crime and Punishment at Project Gutenberg A search engine for the novel 's text Full text , translated by Constance Garnett Dual Language E-Book -- Crime and Punishment English and Russian texts side - by - side ( incomplete ) . Full text in the original Russian ( in Russian ) Lit2Go audiobook version of the Constance Garnett translation . Maps Crime and Punishment Map Mapping St. Petersburg -- Crime and Punishment Reviews Book Review of Crime and Punishment by TeenInk . Book Review by BCF Reviews Book Review -- Crime and Punishment ( hide ) Fyodor Dostoevsky 's Crime and Punishment ( 1866 ) Characters Rodion Romanovich Raskolnikov Film adaptations Raskolnikow ( 1923 ) Crime and Punishment ( 1935 ) Fear ( 1946 ) Crime and Punishment ( 1956 ) Crime and Punishment ( 1970 ) Neramu Siksha ( 1973 ) Jurm Aur Sazaa ( 1974 ) Crime and Punishment ( 1983 ) Elu Suttina Kote ( 1987 ) Without Compassion ( 1994 ) Crime and Punishment ( 1998 ) Crime and Punishment in Suburbia ( 2000 ) Crime and Punishment ( 2002 ) Crime and Punishment ( 2002 TV film ) Student ( 2012 ) Other Crime and Punishment ( Tezuka manga ) Crime and Punishment : A Falsified Romance ( Ochiai manga ) Crime and Punishment ( play ) See also Match Point Fyodor Dostoevsky Bibliography Letters Novels and novellas Poor Folk ( 1846 ) The Double ( 1846 ) The Landlady ( 1847 ) Netochka Nezvanova ( 1849 ) Uncle 's Dream ( 1859 ) The Village of Stepanchikovo ( 1859 ) Humiliated and Insulted ( 1861 ) The House of the Dead ( 1862 ) Notes from Underground ( 1864 ) Crime and Punishment ( 1866 ) The Gambler ( 1867 ) The Idiot ( 1869 ) The Eternal Husband ( 1870 ) Demons ( 1872 ) The Adolescent ( 1875 ) The Brothers Karamazov ( 1880 ) Short stories and novelettes `` Mr. Prokharchin '' ( 1846 ) `` Another Man 's Wife and a Husband under the Bed '' ( 1848 ) `` The Honest Thief '' ( 1848 ) `` The Christmas Tree and a Wedding '' ( 1848 ) `` White Nights '' ( 1848 ) `` A Nasty Anecdote '' ( 1862 ) `` The Crocodile '' ( 1865 ) `` Bobok '' ( 1873 ) `` The Beggar Boy at Christ 's Christmas Tree '' ( 1876 ) `` The Meek One '' ( 1876 ) `` The Peasant Marey '' ( 1876 ) `` The Dream of a Ridiculous Man '' ( 1877 ) Non-fiction `` Winter Notes on Summer Impressions '' ( 1863 ) A Writer 's Diary ( 1873 -- 1881 ) Other Dostoevsky Museum `` The Grand Inquisitor '' Pushkin Speech Vremya magazine Nastasya Filipovna Alyosha Karamazov Fyodor Karamazov Prince Myshkin Rodion Raskolnikov BNE : XX3384033 BNF : cb11936242d ( data ) GND : 4099168 - 4 LCCN : no2005100339 NLA : 35042267 SELIBR : 349997 SUDOC : 027287386 VIAF : 310534448 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crime_and_Punishment&oldid=843431203 '' Categories : Crime and Punishment 1866 Russian novels Novels by Fyodor Dostoevsky Russian philosophical novels Psychological novels Existentialist novels Russian novels adapted into films Novels set in Saint Petersburg Works originally published in The Russian Messenger Novels first published in serial form Novels set in 19th - century Russia Prostitution in literature Narcissism in fiction Russian novels adapted into plays Novels about sociopathy Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from June 2013 Articles containing Russian - language text Articles that may contain original research from December 2017 All articles that may contain original research Articles with LibriVox links Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with Russian - language external links Good articles Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Kernowek Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം مصرى Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 58 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 03 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is the author of crime and punishment | [
"Crime and Punishment (pre-reform Russian: Преступленіе и наказаніе; post-reform Russian: Преступление и наказание, tr. Prestupléniye i nakazániye, IPA: [prʲɪstʊˈplʲenʲɪje ɪ nəkɐˈzanʲɪje]) is a novel by the Russian author Fyodor Dostoevsky. It was first published in the literary journal The Russian Messenger in twelve monthly installments during 1866.[1] Later, it was published in a single volume. It is the second of Dostoevsky's full-length novels following his return from 5 years of exile in Siberia. Crime and Punishment is considered the first great novel of his \"mature\" period of writing.[2]"
] | [
"Fyodor Dostoevsky"
] |
5332153356661378821 | Color wheel | Color wheel - Wikipedia Color wheel For other uses , see Color wheel ( disambiguation ) . Boutet 's 7 - colour and 12 - color color circles from 1708 Wilhelm von Bezold 's 1874 Farbentafel A color wheel or colour circle is an abstract illustrative organization of color hues around a circle , which shows the relationships between primary colors , secondary colors , tertiary colors etc . Some sources use the terms color wheel and color circle interchangeably ; however , one term or the other may be more prevalent in certain fields or certain versions as mentioned above . For instance , some reserve the term color wheel for mechanical rotating devices , such as color tops or filter wheels . Others classify various color wheels as color disc , color chart , and color scale varieties . As an illustrative model , artists typically use red , yellow , and blue primaries ( RYB color model ) arranged at three equally spaced points around their color wheel . Printers and others who use modern subtractive color methods and terminology use magenta , yellow , and cyan as subtractive primaries . Intermediate and interior points of color wheels and circles represent color mixtures . In a paint or subtractive color wheel , the `` center of gravity '' is usually ( but not always ) black , representing all colors of light being absorbed ; in a color circle , on the other hand , the center is white or gray , indicating a mixture of different wavelengths of light ( all wavelengths , or two complementary colors , for example ) . The original color circle of Isaac Newton showed only the spectral hues and was provided to illustrate a rule for the color of mixtures of lights , that these could be approximately predicted from the center of gravity of the numbers of `` rays '' of each spectral color present ( represented in his diagram by small circles ) . The divisions of Newton 's circle are of unequal size , being based on the intervals of a Dorian musical scale . Most later color circles include the purples , however , between red and violet , and have equal - sized hue divisions . Color scientists and psychologists often use the additive primaries , red , green and blue ; and often refer to their arrangement around a circle as a color circle as opposed to a color wheel . Contents 1 Colors of the color wheel 2 The color circle and color vision 3 Color wheels and paint color mixing 4 Color wheel software 5 HSV color wheel 6 Color schemes 7 Gallery 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Colors of the color wheel ( edit ) A 1908 color wheel with red , green , and violet `` plus colors '' and magenta , yellow , and cyan blue `` minus colors '' The typical artists ' paint or pigment color wheel includes the blue , red , and yellow primary colors . The corresponding secondary colors are green , orange , and violet or purple . The tertiary colors are green - yellow , yellow -- orange , orange - red , red -- violet / purple , purple / violet - blue and blue -- green . A color wheel based on RGB ( red , green , blue ) or RGV ( red , green , violet ) additive primaries has cyan , magenta , and yellow secondaries ( cyan was previously known as cyan blue ) . Alternatively , the same arrangement of colors around a circle can be described as based on cyan , magenta , and yellow subtractive primaries , with red , green , and blue ( or violet ) being secondaries . Most color wheels are based on three primary colors , three secondary colors , and the six intermediates formed by mixing a primary with a secondary , known as tertiary colors , for a total of 12 main divisions ; some add more intermediates , for 24 named colors . Other color wheels , however , are based on the four opponent colors , and may have four or eight main colors . Goethe 's Theory of Colours provided the first systematic study of the physiological effects of color ( 1810 ) . His observations on the effect of opposed colors led him to a symmetric arrangement of his color wheel anticipating Ewald Hering 's opponent color theory ( 1872 ) . ... for the colours diametrically opposed to each other ... are those that reciprocally evoke each other in the eye . -- Goethe , Theory of Colours The color circle and color vision ( edit ) A 1917 four - way color circle related to the color opponent process A color circle based on spectral wavelengths appears with red at one end of the spectrum and is 100 % mixable violet at the other . A wedge - shaped gap represents colors that have no unique spectral frequency . These extra-spectral colors , the purples , form from additive mixture of colors from the ends of the spectrum . In normal human vision , wavelengths of between about 400 nm and 700 nm are represented by this incomplete circle , with the longer wavelengths equating to the red end of the spectrum . Complement colors are located directly opposite each other on this wheel . These complement colors are not identical to colors in pigment mixing ( such as are used in paint ) , but when lights are additively mixed in the correct proportions appear as a neutral grey or white . For example : the reason that the Wimbledon tennis tournament uses purple on the Wimbledon official logo is that purple is located almost opposite of green on the color wheel . Purple against green provides good contrast . The color circle is used for , among other purposes , illustrating additive color mixture . Combining two colored lights from different parts of the spectrum may produce a third color that appears like a light from another part of the spectrum , even though dissimilar wavelengths are involved . This type of color matching is known as metameric matching . Thus a combination of green and red light might produce a color close to yellow in apparent hue . The newly formed color lies between the two original colors on the color circle , but they are usually represented as being joined by a straight line on the circle , the location of the new color closer to the ( white ) centre of the circle indicating that the resulting hue is less saturated ( i.e. , paler ) than either of the two source colors . The combination of any two colors in this way are always less saturated than the two pure spectral colors individually . Objects may be viewed under a variety of different lighting conditions . The human visual system is able to adapt to these differences by chromatic adaptation . This aspect of the visual system is relatively easy to mislead , and optical illusions relating to color are therefore a common phenomenon . The color circle is a useful tool for examining these illusions . Arranging spectral colors in a circle to predict admixture of light stems from work by Sir Isaac Newton . Newton 's calculation of the resulting color involves three steps : First , mark on the color circle the constituent colors according to their relative weight . Second , find the barycenter of these differently weighted colors . Third , interpret the radial distance ( from the center of the circle to the barycenter ) as the saturation of the color , and the azimuthal position on the circle as the hue of the color . Thus , Newton 's color circle is a predecessor of the modern , horseshoe - shaped CIE color diagram . The psychophysical theory behind the color circle dates to the early color triangle of Thomas Young , whose work was later extended by James Clerk Maxwell and Hermann von Helmholtz . Young postulated that the eye contains receptors that respond to three different primary sensations , or spectra of light . As Maxwell showed , all hues , but not all colors , can be created from three primary colors such as red , green , and blue , if they are mixed in the right proportions . Color wheels and paint color mixing ( edit ) There is no straight - line relationship between colors mixed in pigment , which vary from medium to medium . With a psychophysical color circle , however , the resulting hue of any mixture of two colored light sources can be determined simply by the relative brightness and wavelength of the two lights . A similar calculation can not be performed with two paints . As such , a painter 's color wheel is indicative rather than predictive , being used to compare existing colors rather than calculate exact colors of mixtures . Because of differences relating to the medium , different color wheels can be created according to the type of paint or other medium used , and many artists make their own individual color wheels . These often contain only blocks of color rather than the gradation between tones that is characteristic of the color circle . Color wheel software ( edit ) Main article : Color tool A number of interactive color wheel applications are available both on the Internet and as desktop applications . These programs are used by artists and designers for picking colors for a design . HSV color wheel ( edit ) A color wheel based on HSV , labeled with HTML color keywords The HSL and HSV color spaces are simple geometric transformations of the RGB cube into cylindrical form . The outer top circle of the HSV cylinder -- or the outer middle circle of the HSL cylinder -- can be thought of as a color wheel . There is no authoritative way of labeling the colors in such a color wheel , but the six colors which fall at corners of the RGB cube are given names in the X11 color list , and are named keywords in HTML . Color schemes ( edit ) Main article : Color scheme Color schemes are logical combinations of colors on the color wheel . Moses Harris , in his book The Natural System of Colours ( 1776 ) , presented this color palette . Complementary colors are two colors directly across from each other ; for example , red and green are complementary colors . Tetradic color palettes use four colors , a pair of complementary color pairs . For example , one could use yellow , purple , red , and green . Tetrad colors can be found by putting a square or rectangle on the color wheel . In color theory , a color scheme is the choice of colors used in design for a range of media . For example , the use of a white background with black text is an example of a common default color scheme in web design . Color schemes are used to create style and appeal . Colors that create an aesthetic feeling together commonly appear together in color schemes . A basic color scheme uses two colors that look appealing together . More advanced color schemes involve several colors in combination , usually based around a single color -- for example , text with such colors as red , yellow , orange and light blue arranged together on a black background in a magazine article . Ignaz Schiffermüller , Versuch eines Farbensystems ( Vienna , 1772 ) , plate I. Color wheels can be used to create pleasing color schemes . An analogous color scheme is made up of colors next to each other on the wheel . For example , red , orange , and yellow are analogous colors . Color schemes can also contain different shades of a single color ; for example , a color scheme that mixes different shades of green , ranging from very light ( almost white ) to very dark . Analogous colors are colors next to each other on the wheel . For example , yellow and green . Monochromic colors are different shades of the same color . For example , light blue , indigo , and cyan blue . Complementary colors are colors across from each other on a color wheel . For example , blue and orange . Triadic colors are colors that are evenly across from each other , in a triangle over the color wheel . For example , the primary colors red , yellow , and blue are triadic colors . For a list of ways to construct color schemes , regarding properties such as warmness / achromiticness / complementariness , see color theory . Gallery ( edit ) Newton 's asymmetric color wheel based on musical intervals . Mixing `` rays '' in amounts given by the circles yields color `` z '' Goethe 's symmetric color wheel with ' reciprocally evoked colours ' A color circle based on additive combinations of the light spectrum , after Schiffman ( 1990 ) Human Color Wheel based on the hue and light detected on human skins , after Harbisson ( 2004 - 2009 ) RGB color wheel RYB color wheel See also ( edit ) Color theory Visual perception Psychophysics Color solid Spectral color Octave Color blind Ishihara test References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Morton , J.L. `` Basic Color Theory '' . Color Matters . Jump up ^ Simon Jennings ( 2003 ) . Artist 's Color Manual : The Complete Guide to Working With Color . Chronicle Books . ISBN 0 - 8118 - 4143 - X . Jump up ^ Faber Birren ( 1934 ) . Color Dimensions : Creating New Principles of Color Harmony and a Practical Equation in Color Definition . Chicago : The Crimson Press . ISBN 1 - 4286 - 5179 - 9 . Jump up ^ Joseph Anthony Gillet and William James Rolfe ( 1881 ) . Elements of Natural Philosophy : For the Use of Schools and Academies . New York : Potter , Ainsworth . Jump up ^ Kathleen Lochen Staiger ( 2006 ) . The Oil Painting Course You 've Always Wanted : Guided Lessons for Beginners . Watson -- Guptill . ISBN 0 - 8230 - 3259 - 0 . Jump up ^ Martha Gill ( 2000 ) . Color Harmony Pastels : A Guidebook for Creating Great Color Combinations . Rockport Publishers . ISBN 1 - 56496 - 720 - 4 . Jump up ^ Newton , Isaac ( 1704 ) . Opticks . pp. 114 -- 117 . Jump up ^ Briggs , David . `` Newton 's hue system '' . Jump up ^ Steven K. Shevell ( 2003 ) . The Science of Color . Elsevier . ISBN 0 - 444 - 51251 - 9 . Jump up ^ Linda Leal ( 1994 ) . The Essentials of Psychology . Research & Education Assoc . ISBN 0 - 87891 - 930 - 9 . Jump up ^ Krech , D. , Crutchfield , R.S. , Livson , N. , Wilson , W.A. jr. , Parducci , A. ( 1982 ) Elements of psychology ( 4th ed . ) . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . pp. 108 - 109 . Jump up ^ `` Natural Court Colors Give Way to a Kaleidoscope of Shades '' . ^ Jump up to : Schiffman , H.R. ( 1990 ) Sensation and perception : An integrated approach ( 3rd ed . ) . New York : John Wiley & Sons , pp. 252 - 253 . Jump up ^ Rodwell , J. ( 1987 ) The complete watercolour artist . London : Paul Press , pp. 94 - 95 . Jump up ^ `` Basic HTML data types '' . HTML 4.01 Specification . W3C. 24 December 1999 . Jump up ^ How to create color palettes External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Colorwheels . David Briggs ( 2007 ) . Hue in The Dimensions of Colour Interactive Color Wheel ( Color Scheme Generator ) `` Colour Wheels , Charts , and Tables Through History '' . The Public Domain Review . Illustrated history , with links to mostly public domain images from digitized historic books . Best Landscape Design Color in the Garden Design Color topics Red Orange Yellow Green Cyan Blue Indigo Violet Purple Magenta Pink Brown White Gray Black Color science Color physics Electromagnetic spectrum Light Rainbow Visible Spectral colors Chromophore Structural coloration Animal coloration On Vision and Colors Metamerism Spectral power distribution Color perception Color vision Color blindness Achromatopsia test Tetrachromacy Color constancy Color term Color depth Color photography Spot color Color printing Web colors Color mapping Color code Color management Chrominance False color Chroma key Color balance Color cast Color temperature Eigengrau Color psychology Color symbolism Color preferences Lüscher color test Kruithof curve Political color National colors Chromophobia Chromotherapy Color philosophy Color space Color model additive subtractive Color mixing Primary color Secondary color Tertiary color ( intermediate ) Quaternary color Quinary color Aggressive color ( warm ) Receding color ( cool ) Pastel colors Color gradient Color scheme Color tool Monochromatic colors Complementary colors Analogous colors Achromatic colors ( Neutral ) Polychromatic colors Impossible colors Light - on - dark Tinctures in heraldry Color theory Chromaticity diagram Color solid Color wheel Color triangle Color analysis ( art ) Color realism ( art style ) Color terms Basic terms Blue Green Red Yellow Pink Purple Orange Black Gray White Brown Cultural differences Linguistic relativity and the color naming debate Blue -- green distinction in language Color history Color in Chinese culture Traditional colors of Japan Human skin color Color dimensions Hue Dichromatism Colorfulness ( chroma and saturation ) Tints and shades Lightness ( tone and value ) Grayscale Color organizations Pantone Color Marketing Group The Color Association of the United States International Colour Authority International Commission on Illumination ( CIE ) International Color Consortium International Colour Association Lists List of colors : A -- F List of colors : G -- M List of colors : N -- Z List of colors ( compact ) List of colors by shade List of color palettes List of color spaces List of Crayola crayon colors history Color chart List of fictional colors List of RAL colors List of web colors Related Vision Image processing Multi-primary color display Quattron Qualia Lighting Local color ( visual art ) Portal Index of color - related articles Johann Wolfgang von Goethe Poems Erlkönig Ganymed Gingo biloba Harzreise im Winter Heidenröslein Hermann and Dorothea Der König in Thule Marienbad Elegy Nur wer die Sehnsucht kennt Prometheus Roman Elegies The Sorcerer 's Apprentice Welcome and Farewell Wanderer 's Nightsong West -- östlicher Divan Xenien Plays Der Bürgergeneral Clavigo Faust Faust I Faust II Egmont Erwin und Elmire Götz von Berlichingen Iphigenia in Tauris The Natural Daughter Torquato Tasso Prose Elective Affinities The Green Snake and the Beautiful Lily The Sorrows of Young Werther Wilhelm Meister 's Apprenticeship Wilhelm Meister 's Journeyman Years Autobiographical Dichtung und Wahrheit Italian Journey Journals Propyläen Natural sciences Metamorphosis of Plants Theory of Colours colour wheel Conversations Gespräche mit Goethe Related Bibliography Christine Vulpius ( wife ) Katharina Elisabeth Goethe ( mother ) Goethean science Weimar Classicism Goethe - Institut Goethe Medal Goethe House in Weimar National museum House and museum ( Frankfurt ) Goethe - Gesellschaft Goethe Monument ( Berlin ) Goethe -- Schiller Monument ( Weimar ) Goethe -- Schiller Monument ( Milwaukee ) Goethe Prize Goethe Society of North America Goetheanum Goethe in the Roman Campagna ( 1787 painting ) Young Goethe in Love ( 2010 film ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Color_wheel&oldid=851919372 '' Categories : Color Color scales Hidden categories : Use American English from August 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Català Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 July 2018 , at 12 : 26 ( UTC ) . 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"Analogous colors are colors next to each other on the wheel. For example, yellow and green.\nMonochromic colors are different shades of the same color. For example, light blue, indigo, and cyan blue.\nComplementary colors are colors across from each other on a color wheel. For example, blue and orange.\nTriadic colors are colors that are evenly across from each other, in a triangle over the color wheel. For example, the primary colors red, yellow, and blue are triadic colors.[16]\n"
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-6166131809375959005 | Eratosthenes | Eratosthenes - wikipedia Eratosthenes Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Greek scholar of the third century BC . For the crater named after him , see Eratosthenes ( crater ) . For the ancient Athenian statesman of the fifth century BC , see Eratosthenes ( statesman ) . Eratosthenes 276 BC Cyrene 194 BC Alexandria Occupation Scholar Librarian Poet Inventor Known for Sieve of Eratosthenes Foundation of Geography Eratosthenes of Cyrene ( / ɛr əˈtɒsθəniːz / ; Greek : Ἐρατοσθένης ὁ Κυρηναῖος , IPA : ( eratosthénɛːs ) ; c. 276 BC -- c. 195 / 194 BC ) was a Greek mathematician , geographer , poet , astronomer , and music theorist . He was a man of learning , becoming the chief librarian at the Library of Alexandria . He invented the discipline of geography , including the terminology used today . He is best known for being the first person to calculate the circumference of the Earth , which he did by comparing altitudes of the mid-day sun at two places a known North - South distance apart . His calculation was remarkably accurate . He was also the first to calculate the tilt of the Earth 's axis ( again with remarkable accuracy ) . Additionally , he may have accurately calculated the distance from the Earth to the Sun and invented the leap day . He created the first map of the world , incorporating parallels and meridians based on the available geographic knowledge of his era . Eratosthenes was the founder of scientific chronology ; he endeavored to revise the dates of the chief literary and political events from the conquest of Troy . Eratosthenes dated The Sack of Troy to 1183 BC . In number theory , he introduced the sieve of Eratosthenes , an efficient method of identifying prime numbers . He was a figure of influence in many fields . According to an entry in the Suda ( a 10th - century reference ) , his critics scorned him , calling him Beta ( the second letter of the Greek alphabet ) because he always came in second in all his endeavors . Nonetheless , his devotees nicknamed him Pentathlos after the Olympians who were well rounded competitors , for he had proven himself to be knowledgeable in every area of learning . Eratosthenes yearned to understand the complexities of the entire world . Contents ( hide ) 1 Life 2 Measurement of the Earth 's circumference 3 `` Father of geography '' 4 Achievements 5 Prime numbers 6 Works 6.1 Titles 7 See also 7.1 Eponyms 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Life ( edit ) The son of Aglaos , Eratosthenes was born in 276 BC in Cyrene . Now part of modern - day Libya , Cyrene had been founded by the Greeks centuries earlier and became the capital of Pentapolis ( North Africa ) , a country of five cities : Cyrene , Arsinoe , Berenice , Ptolemias , and Apollonia , Cyrenaica . Alexander the Great conquered Cyrene in 332 BC , and following his death in 323 BC , its rule was given to one of his generals , Ptolemy I Soter , the founder of the Ptolemaic Kingdom . Under Ptolemaic rule the economy prospered , based largely on the export of horses and silphium , a plant used for rich seasoning and medicine . Cyrene became a place of cultivation , where knowledge blossomed . Like any young Greek , Eratosthenes would have studied in the local gymnasium , where he would have learned physical skills and social discourse as well as reading , writing , arithmetic , poetry , and music . Eratosthenes teaching in Alexandria by Bernardo Strozzi Eratosthenes went to Athens to further his studies . There he was taught Stoicism by its founder , Zeno of Citium , in philosophical lectures on living a virtuous life . He then studied under Aristo of Chios , who led a more cynical school of philosophy . He also studied under the head of the Platonic Academy , who was Arcesilaus of Pitane . His interest in Plato led him to write his very first work at a scholarly level , Platonikos , inquiring into the mathematical foundation of Plato 's philosophies . Eratosthenes was a man of many perspectives and investigated the art of poetry under Callimachus . He was a talented and imaginative poet . He wrote poems : one in hexameters called Hermes , illustrating the god 's life history ; and another , in elegiacs called Erigone , describing the suicide of the Athenian maiden Erigone ( daughter of Icarius ) . He wrote Chronographies , a text that scientifically depicted dates of importance , beginning with the Trojan War . This work was highly esteemed for its accuracy . George Syncellus was later able to preserve from Chronographies a list of 38 kings of the Egyptian Thebes . Eratosthenes also wrote Olympic Victors , a chronology of the winners of the Olympic Games . It is not known when he wrote his works , but they highlighted his abilities . These works and his great poetic abilities led the pharaoh Ptolemy III Euergetes to seek to place him as a librarian at the Library of Alexandria in the year 245 BC . Eratosthenes , then thirty years old , accepted Ptolemy 's invitation and traveled to Alexandria , where he lived for the rest of his life . Within about five years he became Chief Librarian , a position that the poet Apollonius Rhodius had previously held . As head of the library Eratosthenes tutored the children of Ptolemy , including Ptolemy IV Philopator who became the fourth Ptolemaic pharaoh . He expanded the library 's holdings : in Alexandria all books had to be surrendered for duplication . It was said that these were copied so accurately that it was impossible to tell if the library had returned the original or the copy . He sought to maintain the reputation of the Library of Alexandria against competition from the Library of Pergamum . Eratosthenes created a whole section devoted to the examination of Homer , and acquired original works of great tragic dramas of Aeschylus , Sophocles and Euripides . Eratosthenes made several important contributions to mathematics and science , and was a friend of Archimedes . Around 255 BC , he invented the armillary sphere . In On the Circular Motions of the Celestial Bodies , Cleomedes credited him with having calculated the Earth 's circumference around 240 BC , using knowledge of the angle of elevation of the Sun at noon on the summer solstice in Alexandria and on Elephantine Island near Syene ( modern Aswan , Egypt ) . Eratosthenes believed there was good and bad in every nation and criticized Aristotle for arguing that humanity was divided into Greeks and barbarians , and that the Greeks should keep themselves racially pure . As he aged he contracted ophthalmia , becoming blind around 195 BC . Losing the ability to read and to observe nature plagued and depressed him , leading him to voluntarily starve himself to death . He died in 194 BC at 82 in Alexandria . Measurement of the Earth 's circumference ( edit ) Illustration showing a portion of the globe showing a part of the African continent . The sunbeams shown as two rays hitting the ground at Syene and Alexandria . Angle of sunbeam and the gnomons ( vertical pole ) is shown at Alexandria , which allowed Eratosthenes ' estimates of radius and circumference of Earth . Eratosthenes calculated the circumference of the Earth without leaving Egypt . He knew that at local noon on the summer solstice in Syene ( modern Aswan , Egypt ) , the Sun was directly overhead . ( Syene is at latitude 24 ° 05 ′ North , near to the Tropic of Cancer , which was 23 ° 42 ′ North in 100 BC ) He knew this because the shadow of someone looking down a deep well at that time in Syene blocked the reflection of the Sun on the water . He then measured the Sun 's angle of elevation at noon in Alexandria by using a vertical rod , known as a gnomon , and measuring the length of its shadow on the ground . Using the length of the rod , and the length of the shadow , as the legs of a triangle , he calculated the angle of the sun 's rays . This turned out to be about 7 ° , or 1 / 50th the circumference of a circle . Taking the Earth as spherical , and knowing both the distance and direction of Syene , he concluded that the Earth 's circumference was fifty times that distance . His knowledge of the size of Egypt was founded on the work of many generations of surveying trips . Pharaonic bookkeepers gave a distance between Syene and Alexandria of 5,000 stadia ( a figure that was checked yearly ) . Some historians say that the distance was corroborated by inquiring about the time that it took to travel from Syene to Alexandria by camel . Some claim Eratosthenes used the Olympic stade of 176.4 m , which would imply a circumference of 44,100 km , an error of 10 % , but the 184.8 m Italian stade became ( 300 years later ) the most commonly accepted value for the length of the stade , which implies a circumference of 46,100 km , an error of 15 % . It was unlikely , even accounting for his extremely primitive measuring tools , that Eratosthenes could have calculated an accurate measurement for the circumference of the Earth . He made five important assumptions ( none of which is perfectly accurate ) : That the distance between Alexandria and Syene was 5000 stadia , That Alexandria is due north of Syene That Syene is on the Tropic of Cancer That the Earth is a perfect sphere . That light rays emanating from the Sun are parallel . Eratosthenes later rounded the result to a final value of 700 stadia per degree , which implies a circumference of 252,000 stadia , likely for reasons of calculation simplicity as the larger number is evenly divisible by 60 . In 2012 , Anthony Abreu Mora repeated Eratosthenes 's calculation with more accurate data ; the result was 40,074 km , which is 66 km different ( 0.16 % ) from the currently accepted polar circumference of the Earth . Seventeen hundred years after Eratosthenes 's death , while Christopher Columbus studied what Eratosthenes had written about the size of the Earth , he chose to believe , based on a map by Toscanelli , that the Earth 's circumference was one - third smaller . Had Columbus set sail knowing that Eratosthenes 's larger circumference value was more accurate , he would have known that the place that he made landfall was not Asia , but rather the New World . `` Father of Geography '' ( edit ) 19th - century reconstruction of Eratosthenes ' map of the ( for the Greeks ) known world , c. 194 BC See also : History of geodesy and history of longitude Eratosthenes now continued from his knowledge about the Earth . Using his discoveries and knowledge of its size and shape , he began to sketch it . In the Library of Alexandria he had access to various travel books , which contained various items of information and representations of the world that needed to be pieced together in some organized format . In his three - volume work Geography ( Greek : ( Geographika ) error : ( ( lang ) ) : text has italic markup ( help ) ) , he described and mapped his entire known world , even dividing the Earth into five climate zones : two freezing zones around the poles , two temperate zones , and a zone encompassing the equator and the tropics . He had invented geography . He created terminology that is still used today . He placed grids of overlapping lines over the surface of the Earth . He used parallels and meridians to link together every place in the world . It was now possible to estimate one 's distance from remote locations with this network over the surface of the Earth . In the Geography the names of over 400 cities and their locations were shown : this had never been achieved before . Unfortunately , his Geography has been lost to history , but fragments of the work can be pieced together from other great historians like Pliny , Polybius , Strabo , and Marcianus . The first book was something of an introduction and gave a review of his predecessors , recognizing their contributions that he compiled in the library . In this book Eratosthenes denounced Homer as not providing any insight into what he now described as geography . His disapproval of Homer 's topography angered many who believed the world depicted in the Odyssey to be legitimate . He also commented on the ideas of the nature and origin of the Earth : he had thought of Earth as an immovable globe ; while on its surface was a place that was changing . He had hypothesized that at one time the Mediterranean was a vast lake that covered the countries that surrounded it ; and had only become connected to the ocean to the west when a passage had opened up sometime in its history . In the second book is his discovery about the circumference of the Earth . This is where , according to Pliny , `` The world was grasped . '' Eratosthenes described his famous story of the well in Syene , described above . This book would now be considered a text on mathematical geography . His third book of the Geography contained political geography . He cited countries and used parallel lines to divide the map into sections , to give accurate descriptions of the realms . This was a breakthrough , and can be considered the beginning of geography . Achievements ( edit ) Eratosthenes was described by the Suda Lexicon as a Πένταθλος ( Pentathlos ) which can be translated as `` All - Rounder '' , for he was skilled in a variety of things : He was a true polymath . He was nicknamed Beta because he was great at many things and tried to get his hands on every bit of information but never achieved the highest rank in anything ; Strabo accounts Eratosthenes as a mathematician among geographers and a geographer among mathematicians . Eusebius of Caesarea in his Preparatio Evangelica includes a brief chapter of three sentences on celestial distances ( Book XV , Chapter 53 ) . He states simply that Eratosthenes found the distance to the Sun to be `` σταδίων μυριάδας τετρακοσίας καὶ ὀκτωκισμυρίας '' ( literally `` of stadia myriads 400 and 80,000 '' ) and the distance to the Moon to be 780,000 stadia . The expression for the distance to the Sun has been translated either as 4,080,000 stadia ( 1903 translation by E.H. Gifford ) , or as 804,000,000 stadia ( edition of Edouard des Places , dated 1974 -- 1991 ) . The meaning depends on whether Eusebius meant 400 myriad plus 80,000 or `` 400 and 80,000 '' myriad . With a stade of 185 m , 804,000,000 stadia is 149,000,000 km , approximately the distance from the Earth to the Sun . Eratosthenes also calculated the Sun 's diameter . According to Macrobious , Eratosthenes made the diameter of the Sun to be about 27 times that of the Earth . The actual figure is approximately 109 times . During his time at the Library of Alexandria , Eratosthenes devised a calendar using his predictions about the ecliptic of the Earth . He calculated that there are 365 days in a year and that every fourth year there would be 366 days . He was also very proud of his solution for Doubling the Cube . His motivation was that he wanted to produce catapults . Eratosthenes constructed a mechanical line drawing device to calculate the cube , called the mesolabio . He dedicated his solution to King Ptolemy , presenting a model in bronze with it a letter and an epigram . Archimedes was Eratosthenes ' friend and he , too , worked on the war instrument with mathematics . Archimedes dedicated his book The Method to Eratosthenes , knowing his love for learning and mathematics . Prime numbers ( edit ) Sieve of Eratosthenes : algorithm steps for primes below 121 ( including optimization of starting from prime 's square ) . Main articles : Sieve of Eratosthenes and primality test Eratosthenes proposed a simple algorithm for finding prime numbers . This algorithm is known in mathematics as the Sieve of Eratosthenes . In mathematics , the sieve of Eratosthenes ( Greek : κόσκινον Ἐρατοσθένους ) , one of a number of prime number sieves , is a simple , ancient algorithm for finding all prime numbers up to any given limit . It does so by iteratively marking as composite , i.e. , not prime , the multiples of each prime , starting with the multiples of 2 . The multiples of a given prime are generated starting from that prime , as a sequence of numbers with the same difference , equal to that prime , between consecutive numbers . This is the sieve 's key distinction from using trial division to sequentially test each candidate number for divisibility by each prime . Works ( edit ) Eratosthenes was one of the most pre-eminent scholarly figures of his time , and produced works covering a vast area of knowledge before and during his time at the Library . He wrote on many topics -- geography , mathematics , philosophy , chronology , literary criticism , grammar , poetry , and even old comedies . Unfortunately , there are only fragments left of his works after the Destruction of the Library of Alexandria . Titles ( edit ) Platonikos Hermes Erigone Chronographies Olympic Victors Περὶ τῆς ἀναμετρήσεως τῆς γῆς ( On the Measurement of the Earth ) ( lost , summarized by Cleomedes ) Гεωγραφικά ( Geographika ) ( lost , criticized by Strabo ) Arsinoe ( a memoir of queen Arsinoe ; lost ; quoted by Athenaeus in the Deipnosophistae ) Ariston ( concerning Aristo of Chios ' addiction to luxury ) ; lost ; quoted by Athenaeus in the Deipnosophistae ) A fragmentary collection of Hellenistic myths about the constellations , called Catasterismi ( Katasterismoi ) , was attributed to Eratosthenes , perhaps to add to its credibility . See also ( edit ) Atlas portal Eponyms ( edit ) Eratosthenes ( crater ) on the Moon Eratosthenian period in the lunar geologic timescale Eratosthenes Seamount in the eastern Mediterranean Sea References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Suda states that he was born in the 126th Olympiad , ( 276 -- 272 BC ) . Strabo ( Geography , i. 2.2 ) , though , states that he was a `` pupil '' ( γνωριμος ) of Zeno of Citium ( who died 262 BC ) , which would imply an earlier year - of - birth ( c. 285 BC ) since he is unlikely to have studied under him at the young age of 14 . However , γνωριμος can also mean `` acquaintance '' , and the year of Zeno 's death is by no means definite . Cf . Eratosthenes entry in the Dictionary of Scientific Biography ( 1971 ) Jump up ^ The Suda states he died at the age of 80 , Censorinus ( De die natali , 15 ) at the age of 81 , and Pseudo-Lucian ( Makrobioi , 27 ) at the age of 82 . ^ Jump up to : Roller , Duane W. Eratosthenes ' Geography . New Jersey : Princeton University Press , 2010 . Jump up ^ Alfred , Randy ( June 19 , 2008 ) . `` June 19 , 240 B.C. : The Earth Is Round , and It 's This Big '' . Wired . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ Entry ε 2898 Jump up ^ See also Asimov , Isaac . Asimov 's Biographical Encyclopedia of Science and Technology , new revised edition . 1975 . Entry # 42 , `` Eratosthenes '' , Page 29 . Pan Books Ltd , London . ISBN 0 - 330 - 24323 - 3 . This was also asserted by Carl Sagan 31 minutes into his Cosmos episode The Shores of the Cosmic Ocean ^ Jump up to : Chambers , James T. `` Eratosthenes of Cyrene . '' Dictionary Of World Biography : The Ancient World ( January 1998 ) : 1 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Bailey , Ellen . 2006 . `` Eratosthenes of Cyrene . '' Eratosthenes Of Cyrene 1 -- 3 . Book Collection Nonfiction : High School Edition . Jump up ^ Rist , J.M. `` Zeno and Stoic Consistency , '' in Phronesis . Vol. 22 , No. 2 , 1977 . Jump up ^ Chambers , James T. `` Eratosthenes of Cyrene . '' in Dictionary Of World Biography : The Ancient World January 1998 : 1 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Bailey , Ellen . `` Eratosthenes of Cyrene , '' in Eratosthenes of Cyrene 1 -- 3 . Book Collection Nonfiction : High School Edition , 2006 . Jump up ^ Chambers , James T. `` Eratosthenes of Cyrene '' in Dictionary Of World Biography : The Ancient World ( January 1998 ) : 1 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Chambers , James T. `` Eratosthenes of Cyrene '' Dictionary Of World Biography : The Ancient World , January 1998 . Jump up ^ * p439 Vol. 1 William Woodthorpe Tarn Alexander the Great . Vol . I , Narrative ; Vol. II , Sources and Studies0 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 1948 . ( New ed. , 2002 ( paperback , ISBN 0 - 521 - 53137 - 3 ) ) . Jump up ^ Bailey , Ellen . `` Eratosthenes of Cyrene . '' Eratosthenes Of Cyrene ( January 2006 ) : 1 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Balasubramaniam , R. ( 10 August 2017 ) . `` Story of the Delhi Iron Pillar '' . Foundation Books -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` Astronomy 101 Specials : Eratosthenes and the Size of the Earth '' . www.eg.bucknell.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` Eratosthenes and the Mystery of the Stades -- How Long Is a Stade ? -- Mathematical Association of America '' . www.maa.org . ^ Jump up to : `` How did Eratosthenes measure the circumference of the earth ? '' . 3 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Gow , Mary . `` Measuring the Earth : Eratosthenes and His Celestial Geometry , p. 6 ( Berkeley Heights , NJ : Enslow , 2010 ) . Jump up ^ Smith , Sir William . `` Eratosthenes '' , in A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology . Ann Arbor , Michigan : University of Michigan Library , 2005 . Jump up ^ Morris , Terry R. `` Eratosthenes of Cyrene . '' in Encyclopedia Of The Ancient World . November 2001 . Jump up ^ 2011 . `` Eratosthenes . '' Hutchinson 's Biography Database 1 . Jump up ^ Eckerman , Chris . Review of ( D.W. ) Roller ' Eratosthenes ' Geography . Fragments Collected and Translated , with Commentary and Additional Material . The Classical Review . 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Sir William . `` Eratosthenes , '' in A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology . Ann Arbor , Michigan : University of Michigan Library , 2005 . Jump up ^ Dicks , D.R. `` Eratosthenes , '' in Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography . New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons , 1971 . Jump up ^ `` Ask an Astronomer '' . Cool Cosmos . Archived from the original on 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ Greek Scholar 's Work Shows Usefulness of Measurement . '' Manawatu Standard , June 19 , 2012. , 07 , Newspaper Source Plus Jump up ^ Zhumud , Leonid . Plato as `` Architect of Science '' . in Phonesis . Vol. 43 ( 3 ) 1998 . 211 -- 244 . Jump up ^ Chondros , Thomas G. Archimedes Life Works and Machines . in Mechanism and Machine Theory . Vol. 45 ( 11 ) 2010 . 1766 -- 1775 . Jump up ^ Dicks , D.R. `` Eratosthenes '' , in Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography . New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons , 1971 . Jump up ^ Mentioned by Hero of Alexandria in his Dioptra . See p. 272 , vol. 2 , Selections Illustrating the History of Greek Mathematics , tr . Ivor Thomas , London : William Heinemann Ltd. ; Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press , 1957 . Jump up ^ Dicks , D.R. `` Eratosthenes , '' in Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography . New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons , 1971 . Jump up ^ Smith , Andrew . `` Athenaeus : Deipnosophists -- Book 7 '' . www.attalus.org . Further reading ( edit ) Aujac , G. ( 2001 ) . Eratosthène de Cyrène , le pionnier de la géographie . Paris : Édition du CTHS . 224p . Bulmer - Thomas , Ivor ( 1939 -- 1940 ) . Selections Illustlating the History of Greek Mathematics . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press . Diller , A ( 1934 ) . `` Geographical Latitudes in Eratosthenes , Hipparchus and Posidonius '' . Klio. 27 ( 3 ) : 258 -- 269 . Dorofeeva , A.V. ( 1988 ) . `` Eratosthenes ( ca . 276 -- 194 B.C. ) '' . Mat . V Shkole ( in Russian ) ( 4 ) : i . Dutka , J. ( 1993 ) . `` Eratosthenes ' measurement of the Earth reconsidered '' . Arch . Hist . Exact Sci. 46 ( 1 ) : 55 -- 66 . doi : 10.1007 / BF00387726 . El'natanov , B.A. ( 1983 ) . `` A brief outline of the history of the development of the sieve of Eratosthenes '' . Istor. - Mat . Issled. ( in Russian ) . 27 : 238 -- 259 . Fischer , I ( 1975 ) . `` Another look at Eratosthenes ' and Posidonius ' determinations of the Earth 's circumference '' . Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society . 16 : 152 -- 167 . Bibcode : 1975QJRAS ... 16 ... 152F . Fowler , D.H. ; Rawlins , Dennis ( 1983 ) . `` Eratosthenes ' ratio for the obliquity of the ecliptic '' . Isis. 74 ( 274 ) : 556 -- 562 . doi : 10.1086 / 353361 . Fraser , P.M. ( 1970 ) . `` Eratosthenes of Cyrene '' . Proceedings of the British Academy . 56 : 175 -- 207 . Fraser , P.M. ( 1972 ) . Ptolemaic Alexandria . Oxford : Clarendon Press . Fuentes González , P.P. , `` Ératosthène de Cyrène '' , in R. Goulet ( ed . ) , Dictionnaire des Philosophes Antiques , vol . III , Paris , Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique , 2000 , pp. 188 -- 236 . Geus K. ( 2002 ) . Eratosthenes von Kyrene . Studien zur hellenistischen Kultur - und Wissenschaftgeschichte . München : Verlag C.H. Beck . ( Münchener Beiträge zur Papyrusforschung und antiken Rechtsgeschichte . Bd. 92 ) X , 412 S . Goldstein , B.R. ( 1984 ) . `` Eratosthenes on the `` measurement '' of the Earth `` . Historia Math. 11 ( 4 ) : 411 -- 416 . doi : 10.1016 / 0315 - 0860 ( 84 ) 90025 - 9 . Gulbekian , E. ( 1987 ) . `` The origin and value of the stadion unit used by Eratosthenes in the third century B.C '' . Archive for History of Exact Sciences . 37 ( 4 ) : 359 -- 363 . doi : 10.1007 / BF00417008 ( inactive 2017 - 11 - 01 ) . Honigmann , E. ( 1929 ) . Die sieben Klimata und die πολεις επισημοι . Eine Untersuchung zur Geschichte der Geographie und Astrologie in Altertum und Mittelalter . Heidelberg : Carl Winter 's Universitätsbuchhandlung. 247 S . Knaack , G. ( 1907 ) . `` Eratosthenes '' . Pauly -- Wissowa VI : 358 -- 388 . Manna , F. ( 1986 ) . `` The Pentathlos of ancient science , Eratosthenes , first and only one of the `` primes '' `` . Atti Accad . Pontaniana ( N.S. ) ( in Italian ) . 35 : 37 -- 44 . Muwaf , A. ; Philippou , A.N. ( 1981 ) . `` An Arabic version of Eratosthenes writing on mean proportionals '' . J. Hist . Arabic Sci. 5 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 147 -- 174 . Nicastro , Nicholas ( 2008 ) . Circumference : Eratosthenes and the ancient quest to measure the globe . New York : St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 0 - 312 - 37247 - 7 . O'Connor , John J. ; Robertson , Edmund F. , `` Eratosthenes '' , MacTutor History of Mathematics archive , University of St Andrews . Marcotte , D. ( 1998 ) . `` La climatologie d'Ératosthène à Poséidonios : genèse d'une science humaine '' . G. Argoud , J.Y. Guillaumin ( eds . ) . Sciences exactes et sciences appliquées à Alexandrie ( IIIe siècle av J.C. -- Ier ap J.C. ) . Saint Etienne : Publications de l'Université de Saint Etienne : 263 -- 277 . McPhail , Cameron ( 2011 ) . Reconstructing Eratosthenes ' Map of the World : a Study in Source Analysis . A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of Master of Arts at the University of Otago . Dunedin , New Zealand . Pfeiffer , Rudolf ( 1968 ) . History of Classical Scholarship From the Beginnings to the End of the Hellenistic Age . Oxford : Clarendon Press . Rawlins , D. ( 1982 ) . `` Eratosthenes ' geodesy unraveled : was there a high - accuracy Hellenistic astronomy '' . Isis. 73 ( 2 ) : 259 -- 265 . doi : 10.1086 / 352973 . Rawlins , D. ( 1982 ) . `` The Eratosthenes -- Strabo Nile map . Is it the earliest surviving instance of spherical cartography ? Did it supply the 5000 stades arc for Eratosthenes ' experiment ? '' . Arch . Hist . Exact Sci. 26 ( 3 ) : 211 -- 219 . Rawlins , D. ( 2008 ) . `` Eratosthenes 's large Earth and tiny universe '' ( PDF ) . DIO. 14 : 3 -- 12 . Roller , Duane W. ( 2010 ) . Eratosthenes ' Geography : Fragments collected and translated , with commentary and additional material . Princeton : Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 14267 - 8 . Shcheglov , D.A. ( 2004 / 2006 ) . `` Ptolemy 's System of Seven Climata and Eratosthenes ' Geography '' . Geographia Antiqua 13 : 21 -- 37 . Shcheglov , D.A. ( 2006 ) . `` Eratosthenes ' Parallel of Rhodes and the History of the System of Climata '' . Klio. 88 ( 2 ) : 351 -- 359 . doi : 10.1524 / klio. 2006.88. 2.351 . Strabo ( 1917 ) . The Geography of Strabo . Horace Leonard Jones , trans . New York : Putnam . Taisbak , C.M. ( 1984 ) . `` Eleven eighty - thirds . Ptolemy 's reference to Eratosthenes in Almagest I. 12 '' . Centaurus. 27 ( 2 ) : 165 -- 167 . Bibcode : 1984Cent ... 27 ... 165T . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1600 - 0498.1984. tb00766. x . Thalamas , A. ( 1921 ) . La géographe d'Ératosthène . Versailles . Wolfer , E.P. ( 1954 ) . Eratosthenes von Kyrene als Mathematiker und Philosoph . Groningen - Djakarta . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Eratosthenes . Wikisource has original works written by or about : Eratosthenes English translation of the primary source for Erastothenes and the size of the earth at Roger Pearse . Bernhardy , Gottfried : Eratosthenica Berlin , 1822 ( PDF ) ( Latin / Greek ) , Reprinted Osnabruck 1968 ( German ) Eratosthenes ' sieve in Javascript About Eratosthenes ' methods , including a Java applet How the Greeks estimated the distances to the Moon and Sun Measuring the Earth with Eratosthenes ' method List of ancient Greek mathematicians and contemporaries of Eratosthenes New Advent Encyclopedia article on the Library of Alexandria Eratosthenes ' sieve in classic BASIC all - web based interactive programming environment Following in the footsteps of Eratosthenes : project fr : La main à la pâte . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who measured the earth with sticks and shadows | [
"Eratosthenes calculated the circumference of the Earth without leaving Egypt. He knew that at local noon on the summer solstice in Syene (modern Aswan, Egypt), the Sun was directly overhead. (Syene is at latitude 24°05′ North, near to the Tropic of Cancer, which was 23°42′ North in 100 BC[16]) He knew this because the shadow of someone looking down a deep well at that time in Syene blocked the reflection of the Sun on the water. He then measured the Sun's angle of elevation at noon in Alexandria by using a vertical rod, known as a gnomon, and measuring the length of its shadow on the ground.[17] Using the length of the rod, and the length of the shadow, as the legs of a triangle, he calculated the angle of the sun's rays. This turned out to be about 7°, or 1/50th the circumference of a circle. Taking the Earth as spherical, and knowing both the distance and direction of Syene, he concluded that the Earth's circumference was fifty times that distance."
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"Eratosthenes"
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-6659371439865232967 | Heart development | Heart development - wikipedia Heart development Jump to : navigation , search This article is about a general overview of heart development . For protein signalling in heart development , see Protein signalling in heart development . Heart development Development of the human heart during the first eight weeks ( top ) , and the formation of the heart chambers ( bottom ) . In this figure , the blue and red colors represent blood inflow and outflow ( not venous and arterial blood ) . Initially , all venous blood flows from the tail / atria to the ventricles / head , a very different pattern from that of an adult . Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) Heart development refers to the prenatal development of the human heart . This begins with the formation of two endocardial tubes which merge to form the tubular heart , also called the primitive heart tube , that loops and septates into the four chambers and paired arterial trunks that form the adult heart . The heart is the first functional organ in vertebrate embryos , and in the human , beats spontaneously by week 4 of development . The tubular heart quickly differentiates into the truncus arteriosus , bulbus cordis , primitive ventricle , primitive atrium , and the sinus venosus . The truncus arteriosus splits into the ascending aorta and pulmonary artery . The bulbus cordis forms part of the ventricles . The sinus venosus connects to the fetal circulation . The heart tube elongates on the right side , looping and becoming the first visual sign of left - right asymmetry of the body . Septa form within the atria and ventricles to separate the left and right sides of the heart . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early development 1.1 Endocardial tubes 1.2 Heart tube position 2 Heart folding 3 Heart chambers 3.1 Sinus venosus 3.2 Heart wall 3.3 Atria 3.4 Ventricles 3.5 Septum formation of the atrioventricular canal 3.6 Atrioventricular valves 4 Valves and outflow tracts 4.1 Truncus septum formation and arterial cone 5 Pacemaker and conduction system 6 References 7 Additional images 8 References Early development ( edit ) The heart derives from embryonic mesodermal germ - layer cells that differentiate after gastrulation into mesothelium , endothelium , and myocardium . Mesothelial pericardium forms the outer lining of the heart . The inner lining of the heart , lymphatic and blood vessels , develop from endothelium . Endocardial tubes ( edit ) In the splanchnopleuric mesenchyme on either side of the neural plate , a horseshoe - shaped area develops as the cardiogenic region . This has formed from cardiac myoblasts and blood islands as forerunners of blood cells and vessels . By day 19 , an endocardial tube begins to develop in each side of this region . These two tubes grow and by the third week have converged towards each other to merge , using programmed cell death to form a single tube , the tubular heart . From splanchnopleuric mesenchyme , the cardiogenic region develops cranially and laterally to the neural plate . In this area , two separate angiogenic cell clusters form on either side and coalesce to form the endocardial tubes . As embryonic folding continues , the two endocardial tubes are pushed into the thoracic cavity , where they begin to fuse together , and this is completed at about 22 days . At around 18 to 19 days after fertilisation , the heart begins to form . This early development is critical for subsequent embryonic and prenatal development . The heart is the first functional organ to develop and starts to beat and pump blood at around day 21 or 22 . The heart begins to develop near the head of the embryo in the cardiogenic area . Following cell signalling , two strands or cords begin to form in the cardiogenic region As these form , a lumen develops within them , at which point , they are referred to as endocardial tubes . At the same time that the tubes are forming other major heart components are also being formed . The two tubes migrate together and fuse to form a single primitive heart tube , the tubular heart which quickly forms five distinct regions . From head to tail , these are the truncus arteriosus , bulbus cordis , primitive ventricle , primitive atrium , and the sinus venosus . Initially , all venous blood flows into the sinus venosus , and contractions propel the blood from tail to head , or from the sinus venosus to the truncus arteriosus . The truncus arteriosus will divide to form the aorta and pulmonary artery ; the bulbus cordis will develop into the right ventricle ; the primitive ventricle will form the left ventricle ; the primitive atrium will become the front parts of the left and right atria and their appendages , and the sinus venous will develop into the posterior part of the right atrium , the sinoatrial node and the coronary sinus . Heart tube position ( edit ) The central part of cardiogenic area is in front of the oropharyngeal membrane and the neural plate . The growth of the brain and the cephalic folds push the oropharyngeal membrane forward , while the heart and the pericardial cavity move first to the cervical region and then into the chest . The curved portion of the horseshoe - shaped area expands to form the future ventricular infundibulum and the ventricular regions , as the heart tube continues to expand . The tube starts receiving venous drainage in its caudal pole and will pump blood out of the first aortic arch and into the dorsal aorta through its polar head . Initially the tube remains attached to the dorsal part of the pericardial cavity by a mesodermal tissue fold called the dorsal mesoderm . This mesoderm disappears to form the two pericardial sinuses the transverse and the oblique pericardial sinuses , which connect both sides of the pericardial cavity . The myocardium thickens and secretes a thick layer of rich extracellular matrix containing hyaluronic acid which separates the endothelium . Then mesothelial cells form the pericardium and migrate to form most of the epicardium . Then the heart tube is formed by the endocardium , which is the inner endothelial lining of the heart , and the myocardial muscle wall which is the epicardium that covers the outside of the tube . Heart folding ( edit ) The heart tube continues stretching and by day 23 , in a process called morphogenesis , cardiac looping begins . The cephalic portion curves in a frontal clockwise direction . The atrial portion starts moving in a cephalic ally and then moves to the left from its original position . This curved shape approaches the heart and finishes its growth on day 28 . The conduit forms the atrial and ventricular junctions which connect the common atrium and the common ventricle in the early embryo . The arterial bulb forms the trabecular portion of the right ventricle . A cone will form the infundibula blood of both ventricles . The arterial trunk and the roots will form the proximal portion of the aorta and the pulmonary artery . The junction between the ventricle and the arterial bulb will be called the primary intra-ventricular hole . The tube is divided into cardiac regions along its craniocaudal axis : the primitive ventricle , called primitive left ventricle , and the trabecular proximal arterial bulb , called the primitive right ventricle . Heart chambers ( edit ) Sinus venosus ( edit ) In the middle of the fourth week , the sinus receives venous blood from the poles of right and left sinus . Each pole receives blood from three major veins : the vitelline vein , the umbilical vein and the common cardinal vein . The sinus opening moves clockwise . This movement is caused mainly by the left to right shunt of blood , which occurs in the venous system during the fourth and fifth week of development . When the left common cardinal vein disappears in the tenth week , with only the oblique vein of the left atrium and the coronary sinus remaining . The right pole joins the right atrium to form the wall portion of the right atrium . The right and left venous valves fuse and form a peak known as the septum spurium . At the beginning , these valves are large but the left venous valve and the septum spurium fuse with the developing atrial septum . The upper right venous valve disappearing . The bottom evolves into : the inferior valve of the vena cava and the coronary sinus valve . Heart wall ( edit ) The main walls of the heart are formed between day 27 and 37 of the development of the early embryo . The growth consists of two tissue masses actively growing that approach one another until they merge and split light into two separate conduits . Tissue masses called endocardial cushions develop into atrioventricular and conotroncal regions . In these places , the cushions will help in the formation of auricular septum , ventricular conduits , atrio - ventricular valves and aortic and pulmonary channels . Atria ( edit ) Further information : Interatrial septum § Development The developing heart at day 30 . The septum primum ( top , middle ) develops downwards to separate the initially joined primitive atrium into left and right atria . At the end of the fourth week , a crest grows that leaves the cephalic part . This crest is the first part of the septum primum . The two ends of the septum extend into the interior of the endocardial cushions in the atrioventricular canal . The opening between the bottom edge of the septum primum and endocardial cushions is the ostium primum ( first opening ) . The extensions of the upper and lower endocardial pads grow along the margin of the septum primum and close the ostium primum . Coalescence of these perforations will form the ostium secundum ( second opening ) , which allows blood to flow freely from the right atrium to the left . When the right of the atrium expands due to the incorporation of the pole of the sinus , a new fold appears , called the septum secundum . At its right side it is fused with the left venous valve and the septum spurium . A free opening will then appear , called the foramen ovale . The remains of the upper septum primum , will become the valves of the foramen ovale . The passage between the two atrial chambers consists of a long oblique slit through which blood flows from the right atrium to the left . Ventricles ( edit ) Initially , a single pulmonary vein develops in the form of a bulge in the back wall of the left atrium . This vein will connect with the veins of the developing lung buds . As development proceeds the pulmonary vein and its branches are incorporated into the left atrium and they both form the smooth wall of the atrium . The embryonic left atrium remains as the trabecular left atrial appendage , and the embryonic right atrium remains as the right atrial appendage . Septum formation of the atrioventricular canal ( edit ) At the end of the fourth week , two atrioventricular endocardial cushions appear . Initially the atrioventricular canal gives access to the primitive left ventricle , and is separated from arterial bulb by the edge of the ventricular bulb . In the fifth week , the posterior end terminates in the center part of the upper endocardial cushion . Because of this , blood can access both the left primitive ventricle and the right primitive ventricle . As the anterior and posterior pads project inwardly , they merge to form a right and left atrioventricular orifice . Atrioventricular valves ( edit ) When forming intra-atrial septa , atrio - ventricular valves will begin to grow . An intra-muscular ventricular septum begins to grow from the common ventricle to the atrio - ventricular endocardial cushions . The division begins in the common ventricle where a furrow in the outer surface of the heart will appear the interventricular foramen eventually disappears . This closure is achieved by further growth muscular interventricular septum , a contribution of trunk crest - conal tissue and a membranous component . Valves and outflow tracts ( edit ) Truncus septum formation and arterial cone ( edit ) The arterial cone is closed by the infundibular cushions . The trunk cones are closed by the forming of an infundibulotroncal septum , which is made from a straight proximal portion and distal spiral portion . Then , the narrowest portion of the aorta is in the left and dorsal portion . The distal portion of the aorta is pushed forward to the right . The proximal pulmonary artery is right and ventral , and the distal portion of the pulmonary artery is in the left dorsal portion . Pacemaker and conduction system ( edit ) The rhythmic electrical depolarization waves that trigger myocardial contraction is myogenic , which means that they begin in the heart muscle spontaneously and are then responsible for transmitting signals from cell to cell . Myocytes that were obtained in the primitive heart tube , start beating as they connect together by their walls in a syncytium . Myocytes initiate rhythmic electrical activity , before the fusion of the endocardial tubes . The heartbeat begins in the region of the pacemaker which has a spontaneous depolarization time faster than the rest of myocardium . The primitive ventricle acts as initial pacemaker . But this pacemaker activity is actually made by a group of cells that derive from the sinoatrial right venous sinus . These cells form an ovoid sinoatrial node ( SAN ) , on the left venous valve . After the development of the SAN , the superior endocardial cushions begin to form a pacemaker as known as the atrioventricular node . With the development of the SAN , a band of specialized conducting cells start to form creating the bundle of His that sends a branch to the right ventricle and one to the left ventricle . Most conduction pathways originate from the cardiogenic mesoderm but the sinus node may be derived from the neural crest . The human embryonic heart begins beating approximately 21 days after fertilization , or five weeks after the last normal menstrual period ( LMP ) , which is the date normally used to date pregnancy in the medical community . The electrical depolarizations that trigger cardiac myocytes to contract arise spontaneously within the myocyte itself . The heartbeat is initiated in the pacemaker regions and spreads to the rest of the heart through a conduction pathway . Pacemaker cells develop in the primitive atrium and the sinus venosus to form the sinoatrial node and the atrioventricular node respectively . Conductive cells develop the bundle of His and carry the depolarization into the lower heart . Cardiac activity is visible beginning at approximately 5 weeks of pregnancy . The human heart begins beating at a rate near the mother 's , about 75 - 80 beats per minute ( BPM ) . The embryonic heart rate ( EHR ) then accelerates linearly for the first month of beating , peaking at 165 - 185 BPM during the early 7th week , ( early 9th week after the LMP ) . This acceleration is approximately 3.3 BPM per day , or about 10 BPM every three days , an increase of 100 BPM in the first month . After peaking at about 9.2 weeks after the LMP , it decelerates to about 150 BPM ( + / - 25 BPM ) during the 15th week after the LMP . After the 15th week the deceleration slows reaching an average rate of about 145 ( + / - 25 BPM ) BPM at term . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Betts , J. Gordon ( 2013 ) . Anatomy & physiology . pp. 787 -- 846 . ISBN 1938168135 . Retrieved 11 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Moorman , A ; Webb , S ; Brown , NA ; Lamers , W ; Anderson , RH ( Jul 2003 ) . `` Development of the heart : ( 1 ) formation of the cardiac chambers and arterial trunks . '' . Heart ( British Cardiac Society ) . 89 ( 7 ) : 806 -- 14 . PMC 1767747 . PMID 12807866 . doi : 10.1136 / heart. 89.7. 806 . Jump up ^ Anderson , RH ; Webb , S ; Brown , NA ; Lamers , W ; Moorman , A ( Aug 2003 ) . `` Development of the heart : ( 2 ) Septation of the atriums and ventricles . '' . Heart ( British Cardiac Society ) . 89 ( 8 ) : 949 -- 58 . PMC 1767797 . PMID 12860885 . doi : 10.1136 / heart. 89.8. 949 . Jump up ^ `` Animal Tissues '' . Users.rcn.com. 2010 - 08 - 13 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Sadler , T.W ( 2012 ) . Langman . Embriología Médica . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . p. 165 . ISBN 978 - 84 - 96921 - 46 - 7 . Jump up ^ Larsen , William ( 2001 ) . Human Embryology ( 3rd ed . ) . Elsevier Saunders . p. 159 . ISBN 0 - 443 - 06583 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Main Frame Heart Development '' . Meddean.luc.edu . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ Larsen , William ( 2001 ) . Human Embryology ( 3rd ed . ) . Churchill Livingstone . p. 159 . ISBN 0 - 443 - 06583 - 7 . Jump up ^ Rohen , Johannes ; Lutjen , Elke ( 2008 ) . Embriología functional : una perspectiva desde la biología del desarrollo . Panamericana . p. 70 . ISBN 978 - 84 - 9835 - 155 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Carlson , Bruce ( 2012 ) . Embriología humana y biología del desarrollo . Mosby . p. 451 . ISBN 84 - 8174 - 785 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Fernández , Patricia Martha ( 2002 ) . Manual de biología del desarrollo . Manual Moderno . p. 243 . ISBN 968 - 426 - 976 - 5 . Jump up ^ Eynard , Aldo ; Valentich , Mirta ; Rovasio , Roberto ( 2011 ) . Histología y embriología del ser humano : bases celulares y moleculares . Panamericana . p. 283 . ISBN 978 - 950 - 06 - 0602 - 8 . Jump up ^ Moore , Keith L. ; Persaud , T.V.N ( 2008 ) . Embriología Clínica . Elsevier Saunders . p. 245 . ISBN 978 - 84 - 8086 - 337 - 7 . Jump up ^ Tellez de Peralta , Gabriel ( 2003 ) . Tratado de cirugía cardiovascular . Díaz de Santos . p. 44 . ^ Jump up to : Larsen , William ( 2003 ) . Embriología humana . Elsevier Science . p. 177 . ISBN 968 - 426 - 976 - 5 . Jump up ^ OBGYN.net `` Embryonic Heart Rates Compared in Assisted and Non-Assisted Pregnancies '' Archived 2006 - 06 - 30 at the Wayback Machine . Additional images ( edit ) M - mode sonography measuring embryonic heart rate . Blood flow in a neonate Human embryo , 38 mm , 8 -- 9 weeks -- anterior view , heart is visible . References ( edit ) This article incorporates text from the CC - BY book : OpenStax College , Anatomy & Physiology . OpenStax CNX. 30 jul 2014 ... ( hide ) Development of the circulatory system Heart Tubular heart Truncus arteriosus Bulbus cordis Primitive ventricle Primitive atrium Sinus venosus Chamber formation Atrioventricular Primary interventricular foramen Endocardial cushions Septum intermedium Atrioventricular canal Atrial Septum primum Foramen secundum Primary interatrial foramen Septum secundum Foramen ovale Other Aorticopulmonary septum Protein signalling in heart development Vessels Arteries Dorsal aorta Aortic arches Aortic sac Veins Anterior cardinal vein Posterior cardinal vein Common cardinal veins Lymph vessels Lymph sacs Extraembryonic hemangiogenesis Blood islands Chorion Connecting stalk Yolk sac Placenta Fetal circulation umbilical cord : Umbilical vein → Ductus venosus → Inferior vena cava → Heart → Pulmonary artery → Ductus arteriosus → Aorta → Umbilical artery yolk sac : Vitelline veins Vitelline arteries Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heart_development&oldid=808113150 '' Categories : Embryology of cardiovascular system Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 31 October 2017 , at 23 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when does the heart develop in an embryo | [
"Heart development refers to the prenatal development of the human heart. This begins with the formation of two endocardial tubes which merge to form the tubular heart, also called the primitive heart tube, that loops and septates into the four chambers and paired arterial trunks that form the adult heart. The heart is the first functional organ in vertebrate embryos, and in the human, beats spontaneously by week 4 of development.[2]"
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3465321371725537983 | Rummy | Rummy - wikipedia Rummy For other uses , see Rummy ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Rummy A game of Rummy 500 in progress . Origin United States Alternative names Sai rummy , Standard rummy , Basic rummy , Traditional rummy , Gin Rummy , Knock Rummy Type Matching Players 2 + Age range All Cards ( 52 ) Varies on game type Deck French Play Clockwise Card rank ( highest first ) KQJ 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 A ( A ) differs by game type Playing time 15 min . Random chance Medium Related games Conquian , Mahjong , Desmoche , Marriage Rummy is a group of matching - card games notable for similar gameplay based on matching cards of the same rank or sequence and same suit . The basic goal in any form of rummy is to build melds which consists of sets , three or four of a kind of the same rank ; or runs , three or more cards in sequence , of the same suit . If a player discards a card , making a run in the discard pile , it may not be taken up without taking all cards below the top card . The Mexican game of Conquian is considered by games scholar David Parlett to be ancestral to all rummy games , which itself is derived from a Chinese game called Khanhoo and , going further back , Mahjong . The Rummy principle of drawing and discarding with a view to melding appears in Chinese card games at least in the early 19th century , and perhaps as early as the 18th century , and is the essence of Mahjong . Rummy games are popular in India . It is likely that Indian Rummy is an extension of gin rummy and 500 rum which originated from the United States . Contents 1 General features of Rummy - style games 1.1 Deal 1.2 Melds 1.3 The gameplay 1.4 Show 1.5 Scoring 2 Basic Rummy 2.1 The shuffle and deal 2.2 Playing 2.2. 1 Melding 2.2. 2 Laying off 2.2. 3 Discarding 2.2. 4 Exhausting the stock 2.2. 5 Going out 2.3 Declaring Rummy 2.4 Scoring 2.5 Variations of basic Rummy 3 Related card games 3.1 Melding family 3.2 Contract family 3.3 Shedding games 3.4 Canasta family 3.5 Knock rummy 4 Variations with non western cards and special equipment 4.1 Rummoli games 4.2 Unique cards 4.3 Chinese cards 4.4 Tiles 5 References General features of Rummy - style games ( edit ) Deal ( edit ) Depending on the variation each player receives a certain number of cards from either a standard deck of 52 cards , more than one deck or a special deck of cards used for specific games . The undealt cards are placed face down in the middle , it is known as the stock . In most variations a single card is turned face up next to the stock where players discard or shed cards , it is known as the discard pile . Melds ( edit ) A meld can either be a set ( also known as a book ) or a run . A set consists of at least three cards of the same rank , for example 4 ♥ - 4 - 4 ♠ or K ♥ - K - K ♠ - K ♣ . A run consists of at least three consecutive cards of the same suit J ♣ - Q ♣ - K ♣ or 4 ♥ - 5 ♥ - 6 ♥ - 7 ♥ . Very few variations allow runs that have mixed suits . In a few variations of rummy other patterns may be allowed . In some variations the melds ( sets and runs ) must be 3 or 4 cards , while other variations allow larger melds through the use of longer runs , for example : 8 ♠ - 9 ♠ - 10 ♠ - J ♠ - Q ♠ or if multiple decks or wild cards are used , for example : 5 - 5 - 5 ♥ - 5 ♠ - 5 ♠ or Q ♥ - Q - Joker - Q ♣ . Wild cards ( such as a joker ) may be used to represent any card in a meld . The number of wild cards in a meld may be restricted . The gameplay ( edit ) Depending on the variation of the game , players take turns adding and shedding cards from their hands . There are numerous and quite different ways of doing this though it usually involves picking a card from the stock and discarding a card to the discard pile . In some variations melds are revealed to all players by placing them face up on the table , in other variations each player keeps their hand hidden until the show . Some variations permit picking up the entire discard pile . A few variations permit stealing cards from their opponents melds . Show ( edit ) In most variations a player must put all of their cards into at least two melds ( though they may be allowed to shed one card to the discard pile before showing ) . Once the player has melded all their cards they reveal their entire hand and the player submits their hand to validation . The action of submitting the cards is called Showing . Scoring ( edit ) After a successful show , the winner or all players score their hand . In most variations numbered cards have certain assigned points and the royal cards ( J-Q-K ) have assigned points and the A often has a different point value . Scoring often involves each player adding up points in their melded cards ( sets and runs ) and deducting points from cards that have not been melded . The winner may also receive a bonus for winning . Some special or difficult melds may also give extra points to a hand . A player may have a negative score if their unmelded cards total more than their melded ones . Usually play continues until one player passes a threshold , for example 1000 points . Basic Rummy ( edit ) There are many variations of the card game Rummy . Basic Rummy is also called Sai Rummy . Another type of Rummy is called Sanka Rummy . They all share a common set of features found in the basic game . A standard deck of 52 cards is used . The cards rank from 2 ( low ) to A ( high ) . Rummy can be played to a certain score , or to a fixed number of deals . The shuffle and deal ( edit ) Each player draws a card . The player with the lowest card deals first . The deal then proceeds clockwise . The player on the dealer 's gem right cuts ( this is optional ) . The number of cards dealt depends on the number of players . If there are two players , each player gets ten cards . In three or four player games , seven cards are dealt to each player . Five or six players may also play , in which case each player receives six cards Number of players Number of cards dealt 2 players 10 cards 3 or 4 players 7 cards 5 or 6 players 6 or 7 cards Starting with the player to the dealer 's left , cards are dealt clockwise , face down , one at a time . The dealer then puts the rest of the deck , face down , between the players . This forms the stock pile . A single card is then drawn and placed face up next to the stack . This is called the discard pile . Playing ( edit ) Play begins with the player on the dealer 's left and proceeds clockwise . On their turn , each player draws the top card from the stock or the discard pile . The player may then meld or lay off , which are both optional , before discarding a single card to the top of the discard pile to end their turn . Melding ( edit ) If a player has three cards of the same suit in a sequence ( called a sequence or a run ) , they may meld by laying these cards , face up , in front of them . If they have at least three cards of the same value , they may meld a group ( also called a set or a book ) . Aces can be played as high or low but not both , for example Q ♠ K ♠ A ♠ and A ♠ 2 ♠ 3 ♠ are legal , but not K ♠ A ♠ 2 ♠ ( some variations allow this type of run ) . Melding is optional . A player may choose , for reasons of strategy , not to meld on a particular turn . The most important reason is to be able to declare `` Rummy '' later in the game. If a run lays in the discard pile , ex : 2 , 3 , and 4 , you can not call rummy without taking all cards below the top card of said run . Laying off ( edit ) A player may also choose to `` lay off '' some cards on an existing meld . This means that if a player can add to a sequence or a group that is in front of them or any of the other players , they may do so , as long as they have already played a set of 3 or a run . For example : if another player had a sequence consisting of A ♥ 2 ♥ 3 ♥ in front of them , the player would be able to add the 4 ♥ , or 4 ♥ 5 ♥ , and so on , thereby continuing the sequence . Some variations allow players to play the K ♥ and wrap around . Also if a player has 3 of a kind , one of which continues another sequence on the field then another player may also continue off that card . Discarding ( edit ) Finally , after any melds or lay offs , the player must discard a single card to the discard pile , face up . If the player drew from the discard pile instead of the stock on this turn , they may not replace the same card on top of the discard pile but must discard a different card . Exhausting the stock ( edit ) If , while playing , the stock runs out , the next player may choose to draw from the discard pile or to turn the discard pile over to form a new stock . The discard pile is not shuffled in the process . After forming the new stock , the top card is drawn to form the new discard pile , just like after the deal . You can call rummy if a point is discarded into the discard pile . You can not however call rummy if the card becomes a point while in the discard pile . Going out ( edit ) When a player has gotten rid of all of their cards , they win the hand . There are two variations . Either the player must discard the last remaining card in their hand on the last turn , or they need not . Playing with this rule makes ending a hand slightly more difficult . For example , if a player has only the 7 of diamonds and 8 of diamonds left in their hand , and they draw the 9 of diamonds ( forming a sequence ) , then whether they win the hand or not depends on if they are playing the discard rule variation . If they are playing this variation , they can not win the hand at this point , because they have to finish the turn by discarding one of the three cards in their hand , causing them to no longer have a sequence . However , if the player is allowed to lay off this sequence without a final discard , then the game ends when the player lays down the sequence . And a player can lay down cards afterwards . A player may not win or go out if rummy is declared on the board . You may also pick up from the discard pile and discard that card only if it is with another card . The player that goes out first gets extra 10 points . Declaring Rummy ( edit ) If a player is able to meld all of their cards at once , they may say `` Rummy '' on their turn and go out . To declare Rummy , a player must not have melded or laid off any cards prior during the hand . If playing with the discard rule , they must also discard after melding . If a player goes rummy when a card can be played , that player is out for that turn . Game players are still in game but the hand goes dead . Playing for Rummy is more risky , but it carries the reward of double the score . Each player must wait until their second turn to go out . If there is a rummy lying in the pile , the player who called `` rummy '' can play that card while the player who laid the rummy must then draw 2 cards from the stock pile or pick up the entire discarded pile . Scoring ( edit ) After a player goes out , the hand ends , and the players count up their cards . Any cards left in each player 's hand are counted up and added to the winner 's score . The face cards count as 10 each , number cards as their face value , and aces as one . There are many variations . Common ones include counting an ace as 11 or 15 . Variations of basic Rummy ( edit ) Melding with a joker In some instances , jokers are used as wildcards and can represent any card value when melding . They can be used in sets or runs but can not be replaced when ' melded ' , nor can a player lay off a card to replace it by themselves or their opponent . Jokers are not counted during the scoring . In other variations , such as Rummy 500 and Treppenrommé , discards are placed so that all the cards are visible . At the beginning of his or her turn , a player may take any card from the discard pile , so long as s / he also picks up all the cards that are on top of it , and the last card picked up is played immediately . If only picking up the top card , the player must keep it and discard a different card from their hand . In a variation called `` Block Rummy '' , players do not continue after going through the pack once -- if no players are out , they all lose the points in their hands after the pack has been gone through once . Round the Corner Rummy , also called Continuity Rummy , is a variant where melds can be made in the following way : Queen - King - Ace - Two , i.e. it is possible to put an ace in a run after a King . Related card games ( edit ) There are a large number of games derived from Rummy . Although in North America the word `` Rummy '' is often used as a stand - in for the specific game `` Gin Rummy '' , the term is applicable to a large family of games , including Canasta and Mahjong and rummikub . Melding family ( edit ) The most basic form where play continues until the stock is exhausted or a player achieves a specific number of points . Different cards ( and melds in some games ) are worth specific points . In some variations the first meld must meet minimum point requirements or the final meld must include a discard . Some of these are played for four players in partnerships of two . In most variations players may extensively add to or even rearrange their cards . 500 Rum 5000 Rum Bing Rummy Continental Cuajo Desmoche German Rummy Indian Marriage Indonesian Rummy ( Remi ) Machiavelli Marriage Red three rummy Panguingue Penang Rummy Scala 40 Seven Bridge Shanghai rum Ten pennies Three thirteen Tong - its Treppenrommé Contract family ( edit ) In contract Rummy players are either assigned specific objectives ( known or unknown to the other players ) or decides their own objectives and announces them before play begins . Players are awarded and or penalized extra points depending if they successfully meet their objectives . Contract rummy Kalooki Dummy rummy Carioca Liverpool rummy Zioncheck Shedding games ( edit ) In these games players play until they have a minimal number of points or cards in their unmelded hand . Jhyap Conquian Robbers ' rummy Canasta family ( edit ) Canasta games usually involve partnerships using two or more decks with many wild cards . There are many rules and restrictions on first melds , final melds and taking the deck . Seven or eight of a kinds ( canasta ) score high . Buraco Biriba Canasta Samba Knock Rummy ( edit ) In knock rummy players usually reveal their entire hand at the end of the game . In most variations a player may signal ( through knock or a specific kind of discard ) that s / he has a valid hand . In some variations the other players get one final turn before the reveal . Gin rummy Indian Rummy Rumino Tonk ( aka Tunk ) Viennese Rummy Variations with non western cards and special equipment ( edit ) Rummoli games ( edit ) In Rummoli games require a special board or modified table with various squares with specific card ( s ) drawn on it . In each round players put tokens in each box . If a player lays down a card matching a box , they collect those tokens . Most versions allow multiple players to meld straights in sequence and do not use three or four of a kinds . Some versions include poker like elements . Pope Joan Michigan Rummoli Tripoli Unique cards ( edit ) Several companies produce special card sets which often include special cards not seen in other rumoli variations . Some variations resemble the card game Crazy Eights . Most of these games are suitable for children while Safari pals is an educational game . Phase 10 Ruckus Safari Pals Uno Zigity Chinese cards ( edit ) There are two different kinds of Chinese decks used for rummy like games . The rules of each variation vary greatly . Khanhoo Quan dui Four Color Cards Tiles ( edit ) Tile rummy games usually include tiles of only three suits along with special tiles unseen in card games . Mahjong , a game with elaborate rules and different scoring systems , is played in East Asia with numerous variations played in different countries . Rummikub and other international tile variations have rules similar to meld and knock rummy . Mahjong Rummikub Okey Domino rummy References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Parlett , David ( 1978 ) . The Penguin Book of Card Games . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 103787 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Parlett 's Historic Card Games : Gin Rummy -- David Parlett '' . Jump up ^ `` Rules of Rummy '' . Pagat . Retrieved 27 December 2015 . Gambling Games Table game Baccarat Mini-Baccarat Blackjack Craps Pai gow Pai gow poker Roulette Big Six wheel Bingo Bola tangkas Faro Keno Lottery Lottery betting Mahjong Medal game Pachinko Poker Rummy Scratchcard Sic bo Slot machines Sports betting Betting on horse racing Trente et Quarante Video poker Venues List of casinos Casino Online casino Cardroom Racino Riverboat casino Science Mathematics Gambling mathematics Mathematics of bookmaking Poker probability Strategies Advantage gambling Card counting Dice control Asian handicap Due Column betting Labouchère system Martingale Terminology Crimp Double or nothing Even money Handicapping High roller Natural Progressive jackpot Shill Table limit Advance - deposit wagering Miscellaneous Casino game Game of chance Game of skill List of bets Problem gambling Commons Wiktionary WikiProject French deck card games Shuffling Cutting Glossary of card game terms Matching Cribbage Grobhäusern Three - card Monte Snip - Snap - Snorem Fishing Cuarenta Go Fish Escoba Diplomat Zwicker Rummy Conquian Canasta Carioca Buraco German Rummy Kalooki Robbers ' rummy Rommé Rummy Gin rummy Rumino Tonk Treppenrommé Viennese Rummy Shedding Big Two Crazy Eights ( Craits Bartok Schlafmütze Screw Your Neighbour ) Cheat Daifugō Dupa Biskupa Durak Jack Change It Mao Mau Mau One Card Pasur / Pasoor Quatorze President ( Around the World ) Ristiseiska Schweinchen Shithead ( Paskahousu ) Spit Switch ( Irish Switch ) Yaniv Accumulating War ( Beggar - My - Neighbour Egyptian Ratscrew ) Slapjack Ninety - nine Trick - taking ( list ) All Fours ( Pitch Pedro Cinch ) Contract bridge Euchre ( variations rule variations ) Forty - fives Hearts Lanterloo Marjapussi Napoleon Piquet Put Ruff and Honours Spades Tute variations Whist Other Kings in the Corner Golf Thirty - one Kings Poch Poker Quinze List of solitaires List of dice games Category : French deck card games Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rummy&oldid=863257442 '' Categories : Rummy Two - player card games Three - player card games Four - player card games Five - player card games Six - player card games Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2015 All articles needing additional references Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Français Galego 한국어 Italiano עברית Magyar മലയാളം 日本 語 Polski Português සිංහල Slovenčina Српски / srpski Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 October 2018 , at 17 : 32 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many points is the queen of spades in rummy | [
"After a player goes out, the hand ends, and the players count up their cards. Any cards left in each player's hand are counted up and added to the winner's score. The face cards count as 10 each, number cards as their face value, and aces as one. There are many variations. Common ones include counting an ace as 11 or 15.\n"
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-2661551205290855737 | Peyton Sawyer | Peyton Sawyer - Wikipedia Peyton Sawyer Peyton Sawyer Hilarie Burton as Peyton Sawyer One Tree Hill character Portrayed by Hilarie Burton First appearance `` Pilot '' ( episode 1.01 ) Last appearance `` Remember Me as a Time of Day '' ( episode 6.24 ) Created by Mark Schwahn Profile Other names P. Sawyer ( by Brooke ) Peyton Sawyer Scott Occupation Record label founder and owner ( Red Bedroom Records ) Residence Formerly : Tree Hill , North Carolina show Family Family Mick Wolf ( biological father ) Elizabeth `` Ellie '' Harp ( biological mother ; deceased ) Larry Sawyer ( adoptive father ) Anna Rebecca Sawyer ( adoptive mother ; deceased ) Derek Sommers ( biological paternal half - brother ) James Lucas `` Jamie '' Scott ( nephew , via Nathan and Haley ) Lydia Bob Scott ( niece , via Nathan and Haley ) Spouse Lucas Scott ( husband ; 1 child ) Children Sawyer Brooke Scott ( daughter , with Lucas ) Other relatives Daniel `` Dan '' Scott ( father - in - law ; deceased ) Karen Roe ( mother - in - law ) Nathan Scott ( brother - in - law , via Lucas ) Haley James Scott ( sister - in - law , via Nathan ) Lily Roe Scott ( sister - in - law , via Lucas ) Keith Scott ( uncle - in - law ; deceased ) Peyton Elizabeth Sawyer is a fictional character from The WB / CW television series One Tree Hill , portrayed by Hilarie Burton . A talented visual and musical artist , Peyton has a heavily guarded heart due to the number of lost loved ones in her life . She goes through life changes throughout the series as she finds love from Lucas Scott , to Jake Jagielski , then back to Lucas again . She shares a special bond with Brooke Davis , her best friend for many years . She also becomes close friends with Haley James . Her friends have been there for her during difficult times . Wilmington Star described the character as having `` blown away every stereotype the media has placed on cheerleaders '' , while PopMatters referred to her as `` a walking contradiction . '' Contents 1 Character development 1.1 Casting 1.2 Personality and wardrobe 1.2. 1 Artwork 2 Storylines 2.1 Overview 2.2 Early seasons 2.3 Missing years 2.4 Final seasons 3 Reception 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Character development ( edit ) Casting ( edit ) Burton was one of the more prominent VJs on MTV for two years , with her looks and other onscreen activities acting as assets . She was the host of her own show , MTV 's Hits , helped launch the network 's Beach House from the New Jersey shore in May 2002 and was a regular on TRL . Her MTV VJ job allowed her to pursue other media career opportunities , and eventually led to her being cast as Peyton . Burton , who favored acting as a career , auditioned for the part of Ed Harris 's daughter in the film Radio . She was encouraged by subsequent callbacks , but did not land the role . The casting department , however , remembered her and asked her to send an audition tape for One Tree Hill , and producers promised her a character that she `` could sink her teeth into '' -- Peyton . `` ( Burton ) is an old soul , '' said Mark Schwahn , the series ' creator . `` She 's great . She 's always just thrilled to do the job , even though she 's kind of new to acting . She 's just a joy to be around . '' Burton said , `` I 've never studied acting or anything because I 've been so lucky with MTV . I 'm convinced I got the chance to be on One Tree Hill because I did a guest thing on Dawson 's Creek as myself , when the cast appeared at the MTV Beach House . '' She added , `` And my only scene was with Chad Michael Murray ( Lucas Scott ) . So , now The Chad and I are reunited . How bizarre is that ? '' With regard to what her life is like as an actress , Burton said , `` Actors like to think their lives are very difficult , but they 're not . Yeah , you 're running around a lot . But I used to work in a supermarket and in a bar . That was hard . This is fun . '' Personality and wardrobe ( edit ) Peyton has been described as beautiful , smart , fiercely independent , and as someone who is often a victim on the series . `` My character is a good girl , but she is also kind of ( sexually ) suggestive . This is definitely not your mom 's drama , '' said Burton . `` She 's very contradictory . Yes , she is a cheerleader , but she also goes home and listens to punk music . She 's into really dark art and probably rips the heads off of Barbie dolls . Basically , she 's a train wreck . '' Burton said the character may be `` a train wreck '' but that she was `` so glad ( that someone was ) putting a girl like her on TV . You do n't have to be one thing . Peyton has made that OK '' . Peyton 's hair and wardrobe evolution : Her seasons 1 and 2 curly hair , along with vintage clothing style ( bottom left ) , season 3 shorter hair style ( top left ) , season 5 sexier dress style ( top right ) , and season 6 straight hair style ( bottom right ) . Burton said she herself was torn between cheerleading and hobbies which would not necessarily be considered hobbies of a cheerleader while in high school . `` That 's part of the reason I took the show , because I was like , holy cow , this was me in high school . '' Burton said there are always stereotypes in high school . `` People get put into groups . `` You 're a jock , you 're a cheerleader , you 're a freak , you 're in the drama department . I had a lot of trouble fitting into those groups when I was in high school because I wanted to be a part of all of them , '' she said . `` I think that 's how a lot of people are . Some people have the nerve to go ahead and branch out and be a part of everything and some people do n't . '' She said One Tree Hill represents people who are multidimensional and who like more than one thing . `` People do like more than one thing . It 's nice that ( One Tree Hill ) shows that , '' she stated . Burton said that portraying a younger age ( 16 at 21 ) was not a problem , except for one aspect : `` My only concern was when I had to put on my cheerleading uniform again . You forget how nerve - racking that is -- the vulnerability of wearing bloomers . '' She said she reread some of her journals from high school to get `` into that place '' as a high school student again , and that Peyton being similar to how she was in high school helped . `` It also helped that the town where we film , Wilmington , is n't too different from the hometown where I grew up in Virginia . Both ( are ) small towns where high school sports played a big part , '' she stated . Initially , the character was not well received . She came off as too angry and bitchy to some viewers . `` At first , the audience rejected her character because , well , she was mean to our hero ( Lucas ) , '' said Schwann . `` And she 's pretty and popular . '' Burton stated , `` She was catching a lot of flack . ( People were saying ) , ' Oh , she 's this cheerleader . She 's like , you know , this cute little girl . She wants to be all hard and angry . ' '' Schwann decided to soften the character a little , which included having her bond with character Haley James , Lucas 's best friend , and she eventually caught on with the audience . `` ( That was ) our challenge , because she ( was designed as , and became ) the moral center of the show , '' said Schwahn . The character 's wardrobe originally encompassed a rocker yet feminine look . She would drive around in a vintage car , listening to loud rock , often wearing a Ramones T - shirt . `` ( Burton ) -- I just love her . Working with her ( has ) been wonderful . For her , ( Peyton 's ) more of the do - it - yourself girl . She 's so into music , art , she 's such a rich character that there are a lot of different things to draw on , '' stated One Tree Hill 's costume designer , Carol Cutshall . `` Sometimes she 'll just be in a plaid flannel shirt because she 's painting . Some days she 'll be in a concert T - shirt . We have to find the right concert T - shirt . I do alter them a lot . '' Cutshall would take a men 's concert T - shirt , and have Burton put it on . `` She 's also very , very slender , so I 'll taper them down to her figure . We come out of it with kind of a one - o-f-a - kind rock T - shirt . I take something and then turn it into my own piece of clothing , '' said Cutshall . Peyton 's main brands have been Cheap Monday , Levi 's , some Diesel and Miss Sixty . Schwahn eventually began to change the character 's styles , especially in season 4 and up . Burton said , `` Peyton 's wardrobe has changed quite a bit , which is nice for me , because I am a ... In real - life I am ( several years older ) , and was wearing T - shirts and jeans , and Converse sneakers for five years . '' She said that after some time , it weighed on her femininity . With the four - year timeline jump , Peyton got to wear more skirts and dresses , and shorter ones . `` Boobs are n't bigger , but legs are out , '' said Burton . Schwahn had Peyton 's personality complement Lucas 's , and described their love story as a soulmate / meant to be one . Burton explained her character 's attraction to Lucas , saying she sees Peyton as questioning a lot about her life , similar to how Murray envisions Lucas , and thinks Peyton often differs from her friends on what is important -- much like Murray has said he felt as a child . Artwork ( edit ) Various Peyton artwork . Peyton was further designed as an artist , in order to add more depth to the character and express what she can not or does not want to say . It also complemented her romance with Lucas , as both are deep thinkers who use their skills to speak to the world . The actual artist of Peyton 's works is Helen Ward . `` Before joining ( One Tree Hill ) , I had already worked as a set designer , storyboard artist and illustrator for a number of films . But I still had to try out for the job , '' she said . `` I think they asked a bunch of people to give their shot at a particular drawing . They were pretty specific about what they were looking for . I guess my work was closest . I got the job . '' Ward said that although Burton is a talented actress and has done a great job with the character , she did not feel she had to get to know her in order to proceed with the drawings . `` It was the character I was drawing for and I learned what I needed to from the show and the scripts , '' she stated . In describing the process of drawing for a particular episode , she said she would mostly get input from Robbie Beck , the props master for the show . `` Schwahn always knew exactly what he wanted and it would be described in the script . So Robbie would send me the info and I would initially do some quick sketches , '' stated Ward . All of their communication was via e-mail . `` I wish I could say something more exciting , like ( Burton ) and I would chat about what Peyton would be drawing , '' stated Ward , `` but the only time I ever spoke with her was when they were filming at my house in Wilmington ( which oddly enough was Peyton 's house on the show . ) '' Despite this , Ward said she did not mention to Burton that she was the artist behind Peyton 's artwork . For scenes where Peyton is drawing or painting , Ward stated , `` ... there would likely be very light lines for her to follow . Often I would give a finished version and an unfinished for this purpose . If I remember correctly , it was usually the words that I left undone . '' Regarding the evolution of Peyton 's artwork over the years , she said , `` I look back at the first season and think the drawings are awful ! I certainly became more comfortable working in her style , but I think her style also evolved to fit mine . Does that make sense ? '' Ward clarified , `` Initially I was trying to do something that just did n't flow well from me . The drawings were too clean . A little forced and not at all the way I liked to work . '' Ward said that as the show progressed , she began to put more of my own style in them , and became more comfortable and the work got better . In Season 3 , the artwork was promoted through the album Friends with Benefit . In Season 6 , it is seen in color instead of in black and white , to reflect the character 's happiness . Regarding most people not knowing she is the actual artist of the artwork , Ward stated that although people generally do not concern themselves with the workers behind the scenes , she believes this is how things should be , and that she is appreciative of those who have related to her artwork . Storylines ( edit ) This section 's plot summaries may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve them by removing unnecessary details and making them more concise . ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Overview ( edit ) Peyton 's true parentage and other family ties are not discovered until seasons 2 , 3 , 4 , and 6 . She is the biological daughter of Ellie Harp and Mick Wolf , and the adoptive daughter of Larry and Anna Sawyer . She is half - sister to Derek Sommers via Mick , and her middle name comes from her biological mother . When Peyton is 8 , her adoptive mother ( at the time known to her as her birth mother ) , Anna Sawyer , dies by running a red light on her way to pick her up from school . She soon forges a powerful friendship with Brooke Davis , who comforts her over Anna 's death , and they become best friends . As the show begins , Peyton 's boyfriend is Nathan Scott . She soon breaks up with him and falls in love with Nathan 's rival and half - brother , Lucas Scott . Peyton drives a 1963 Mercury Comet convertible , which becomes a major plot point as it is because of it that she meets and first speaks to Lucas . Early seasons ( edit ) During the first season , 16 - year - old Peyton Sawyer is girlfriend to popular jock / star basketball player Nathan , but they soon break up when Peyton reasons that their relationship is more about sexual benefits than love , and that she is tired of his cruelty . In addition , she realizes that she no longer wants to be the star basketball player 's girlfriend . She has a romantic interest in her ex 's brooding half brother , Lucas . Through various interactions with Lucas , she finds that he is kind and thoughtful towards her . However , when he confesses the depths of his need and want for her , she becomes scared and runs from him ; Lucas is left heartbroken and desperate . Peyton later goes to visit Lucas and professes that she wants what he wants , but it is too late ; Brooke , her best friend , has now become romantically involved with Lucas . Lucas and Peyton eventually can not resist each other , and become secret lovers ( though no sex is involved ) . On the night that they decide to tell Brooke , Lucas gets into a car accident and subsequently goes into a coma , which brings back painful memories for Peyton because her mother died in a car crash . When Lucas finally comes home from the hospital , he breaks up with Brooke in order to be with Peyton . Peyton soon ends their affair , however , after it is clear that Brooke has found out about the romance and she wants to spare Brooke 's pain . Peyton continues to avoid Lucas while Brooke continues to avoid Peyton . Brooke declares her friendship with Peyton to be over . Peyton begins spending more time with Luke 's best friend , Haley James , and with Jake Jagielski , along with Jake 's daughter , Jenny . Eventually , her friendship with Lucas is slowly reformed , and the two attend a party together at Nathan 's apartment . However , at the party , Peyton and Nicki , Jake 's ex and Jenny 's mother , fight . Peyton realizes Nicki is the girl Lucas hooked up with at a bar , shortly after she dumped him to spare Brooke 's pain . Peyton is furious and feels betrayed , along with Brooke . This drives a wedge between Lucas and Peyton , but reconciles the friendship between Peyton and Brooke . The season ends with Peyton spending more time with Jake , and helping him escape from Nicki , who tries to take their daughter from Jake 's grasp . Peyton 's relationship with Lucas remains broken . In season 2 , although she has initial success with getting the all - ages club TRIC opened , and with encouraging Haley to perform at the club , which eventually fuels Haley 's desire to be a singer , Peyton begins to get involved with cocaine . She feels alone , as her father is away again , and she does not know where Jake is . She feels down that everyone is dealing with their issues and not helping her or realizing that she is upset and going through a difficult time in her life . She is accused of being a lesbian by Felix Taggaro and faces public humiliation when he writes DYKE on her locker , just so his sister , Anna Taggaro , will not be presumed a lesbian ( it is later revealed that Anna is bisexual , but also uses the word gay to assert her sexuality ) . Hope comes for Peyton , who is in deep despair and about to buy some cocaine , when Jake comes back into her life ; it turns out that an argument between Lucas and Peyton made Lucas realize that he had not been there for Peyton , and felt she needed someone else . As a result , he was the one who called Jake , knowing that Jake would have a positive effect on her . This does , and sparks a turnaround for Peyton , and she and Jake fall in love . This happiness is short - lived , as Nicki comes back wanting custody of Jenny . Nicki eventually takes Jenny away from Jake and runs off , causing Jake to run after her , which leaves Peyton alone and heartbroken . Soon , someone named Ellie Harp gets in contact with Peyton saying that she is from Alternative Press magazine and wants to do an interview . When Peyton starts receiving strange e-mails from someone named WATCHMEWATCHU , she begins to suspect that it is Ellie . Ellie , however , denies sending the e-mails and shockingly informs Peyton that she is her mother . The finale ends with a crying , bewildered Peyton on a beach , and Lucas coming to comfort her . `` Looks like it 's just me and you this summer , '' he says . The two share a meaningful hug . In season 3 , Peyton learns that she was adopted , and that Ellie really is her biological mother . Lucas witnesses Ellie purchasing drugs , but he learns that she was buying them for medical reasons ; she has breast cancer . Meanwhile , Peyton is angry with Haley because she left Tree Hill to go on tour , but soon they make amends , and Peyton reveals that her hostility toward Haley was because she was the only one that came back out of all the people who have left her . Peyton soon grows close to Ellie , and they collaborate on a CD called Friends with Benefit , which benefits breast cancer research ; there will also be a concert for it at TRIC and Haley is one of the performers . Unfortunately , Ellie dies before she sees the CD or the concert , leaving Peyton devastated . A school shooting breaks out later in the season ( `` With Tired Eyes , Tired Minds , Tired Souls , We Slept '' ) , where Peyton is left fighting for her life after being hit by a stray round . Lucas and Nathan run inside the building to save Peyton and Haley ; Lucas finds Peyton bleeding from a wound in her leg inside the school 's library . She can not walk due to the injury , so escaping is out of the question . Lucas and Peyton stay in hiding , and Lucas wraps her leg , hoping to help the bleeding and pain subside . As Peyton is lapsing in and out of consciousness , he forces her to talk about a fun day she once had . Minutes later , after receiving a promise from Lucas that everything will be okay , Peyton loses hope of surviving , despite Lucas promising to get her out alive ; she kisses him , wanting to let him know that she loves him before she dies . Lucas returns the kiss , and Peyton soon falls unconscious . Lucas , desperate to save her , carries her out of the building , even at the risk of being killed by the shooter . Before Ellie died , she left a piece of advice for Peyton regarding Peyton 's love life , telling her that it is never too late to pursue her romantic interest . Peyton decides to give love another try and dates Pete Wentz from Fall Out Boy . Their relationship does not work out , since Pete is busy with touring . Peyton 's father tells her to follow her heart and listen to it , so Peyton , considering Ellie 's advice as well , decides to give Jake a visit in Savannah ; she knows that she still loves him and feels that this will be enough for her to be happy . She renews her relationship with Jake and Jenny , and even goes so far as to propose marriage to Jake , who gladly accepts . This happiness fades once Jake overhears Peyton say , `` I love you , Lucas '' in her sleep . Peyton is then forced to tell Jake about the kiss she and Lucas shared on the day of the shooting . Jake figures that while Peyton loves him , she also still loves Lucas . He tells her to go back to Tree Hill , and to find out if Lucas is still in her heart . If he is not , Jake promises to still be there waiting . Peyton does as Jake has advised . In the finale , Brooke once again ends her friendship with Peyton after Peyton tells her that she still has romantic feelings for Lucas . Lucas later tells Brooke about the kiss in the library . At the end of the episode , Peyton burns pictures of herself with Brooke . She then picks up a picture of the three of them ( herself , Brooke and Lucas ) and burns it . In season 4 , Peyton discovers that she has a half - brother named Derek . With prompting from Lucas , she agrees to meet with him . However , unknown to Peyton and everyone else , the person she meets is not her half - brother but rather an Internet stalker who is the owner of the WATCHMEWATCHU emails and has been taking pictures of her , listening to her podcast , watching her on her webcam , and even going so far as to get a tattoo of Ellie 's drawing of her on his back , and making a prostitute dress like Peyton before they have sex . Unaware of all this , and in an attempt to be more trusting , Peyton accepts him . Lucas , on the other hand , soon grows suspicious of ' Derek ' when he catches him sniffing Peyton 's hair during a hug and finds Peyton 's jacket , which had gone missing , on the beaten prostitute still dressed as Peyton . Peyton soon realizes the truth , and , in a terrifying encounter , is manhandled and nearly raped by Psycho Derek . Lucas and the real Derek come to her rescue , pushing him out a window ; by the time the police show up , he has disappeared . This series of events causes Peyton to withdraw from society , becoming scared and even skipping school and getting four locks on her bedroom door . Derek , who is in the Marine Corps and is unwilling to care too deeply due to having watched too many loved ones die , avoids Peyton until Lucas comes and talks to him about her . He and Peyton develop a healthy sibling relationship and he helps her come to terms with her fear , not only of Derek but of confessing her feelings to Lucas . Peyton is unwilling to ruin the friendship that she and Lucas have , especially until she is sure that he and Brooke are over . At Derek 's encouragement , she asks Lucas to a banquet to honor Whitey , only to find out he is going with Brooke . Disappointed , she takes Derek instead . Derek tells her that he is being deployed to Iraq . That night , Lucas comes over to Peyton 's to tell her that it is finally over between him and Brooke . She immediately confesses that she is in love with him , to which Lucas just says `` Oh . '' It is not until after winning the state championship that Lucas realizes that it has always been Peyton he wants . Lucas declares Peyton his girlfriend , but their happiness is short - lived when Lucas has a heart attack that same night and almost dies . Peyton fears she will lose him like she has lost everyone else . However , Lucas `` comes back to the living '' for Peyton , and to tell her he loves her . She and Lucas soon decide to just be happy . They decide to make love , for the first time , during a party in the room where Peyton first rejected him , but they are interrupted when Peyton hears everyone cat - calling at what she thinks is a sex tape of her and Nathan . When Lucas and Peyton rush out to put an end to the tape , they , and everyone else , discover that it is in fact , of Nathan and Brooke . Peyton is enraged at Brooke and punches her , giving her a black eye . Later , while at home , Peyton yells at Brooke that she did not ruin their friendship ; Brooke ruined it a long time ago . Following this , Peyton decides to skip prom , but gets convinced not to do so by Lucas . As she walks to her door to answer it ( thinking it is Lucas ) , the man behind the door turns around and it is actually her stalker , Psycho Derek . He ties her up and gags her in her basement and proceeds to make a mock prom for them ; he takes pictures of the bound and gagged Peyton , dancing with her and telling her they are gon na `` go upstairs and have the perfect prom night '' . Brooke arrives , knowing that Peyton would never skip prom . Psycho Derek tries to kill Brooke , but Peyton and Brooke eventually overpower him and he ends up in jail . This experience repairs Peyton 's and Brooke 's friendship . Peyton learns that Psycho Derek 's real name is Ian Banks . She forgives him after discovering disturbing facts about his past , and tells him that she hopes he finds peace . Lucas and Peyton eventually have sex together for the first time . After making sure with Lucas , Peyton decides to take an internship in L.A. and thus spends the whole summer with Brooke . Missing years ( edit ) One year after season 4 , Peyton is surprised by Lucas when he comes to LA to propose to her . Feeling it is too soon , she says `` someday '' , unknowingly setting their breakup in motion . One year later , Lucas 's novel becomes a bestseller and he is scheduled to have a book signing in L.A. Having missed her , he calls her and invites her to come to the signing . Peyton comes , but witnesses Lindsey Strauss giving Lucas a congratulatory kiss , assumes that Lindsey and Lucas are in a relationship , and leaves thinking there is no hope for her and Lucas to be together . Lucas thinks Peyton did not bother to come to the book signing , and consequently goes on his first date with Lindsey the same night and begins dating her , despite his feelings for Peyton . Peyton runs into Julian Baker , whom she had met the day after her breakup with Lucas . They talk and he invites her to a work party he has to attend that night . She and Julian date for a while afterwards , to the point where she moves in with him and they profess their love for each other , but he ends it after realizing that she will never get over Lucas . Final seasons ( edit ) In season 5 , it has been four years later since high school graduation . Peyton , now 22 , works as the assistant to the assistant , as her boss likes to remind her . Unable to make it in the music business and fearing to lose her integrity , she decides to quit and goes back to Tree Hill with her old best friend , Brooke Davis , and soon moves in with her . Her reunion with Lucas turns out to not be what she wished for , as he has a new girlfriend , Lindsey . She still loves Lucas , but temporarily puts those feelings aside to force Nathan to come to terms with what he has become . Finally feeling at home , and with the moral help from Lucas and the financial wealth of Brooke , she starts her own label at TRIC . She recruits her first band , led by a man named Jason . Things get rocky , and Haley convinces her to fire him and keep Mia , the keyboard player , as Mia is the true heart of the group . Peyton also struggles with her feelings toward Lucas , especially since his girlfriend tries to be nice to her . However , Peyton soon antagonizes her . After visiting her old house and remembering how she thought she would always be with Lucas , she becomes bitter . This then escalates into a fight with him as he confronts her about not being the same Peyton he used to know ; she retorts that he gave up on the two of them . She later reveals to Lucas that she came back to Tree Hill for him and that she still loves him . She kisses him , and he kisses back but when she goes by his house , she finds out he has just proposed marriage to Lindsey . After the initial shock , she tells him that if it is what he wants , she will bury her romantic feelings for him . However , she later winds up lashing out at Lindsey . She regrets her hostile remarks toward Lindsey when she discovers Lindsey 's dad died from cancer , which prompts the two to start from a clean slate regarding their interaction . Peyton tricks her former boss into helping her launch Mia under her label . On Lucas and Lindsey 's wedding day , Peyton puts on a brave face while watching Lucas say `` I do '' to Lindsey . Although the wedding ends up falling apart , she is still hurt because Lucas went through with his wedding vows . She focuses on making Haley 's new album and helping Brooke with baby Angie . Feeling guilty , she tries to have Lindsey reconcile with Lucas , but Lindsey tells her to read his new book , which she says is about Peyton . One night , Peyton finds Lucas drunk at TRIC . She gets him home , where he utters that he hates her . Distraught , she starts to spend her time throwing water balloons on people as a form of therapy and later paints `` Love song '' from The Cure on the Rivercourt to tell Lucas that she will always be in love with him . Having seen this , he apologizes for saying that he hates her . During this time , Peyton gets word from Mia about a man who claims to have known Peyton 's biological mother , Ellie . From the information given , this man could possibly be her biological father . In the season finale , Lucas calls a woman asking her if she wants to get married at Las Vegas - the woman could be Lindsey , Peyton or Brooke . In the season 6 premiere , it is discovered that the person whom Lucas called is Peyton . She goes to the airport and they hop on a plane to Vegas to get married . Once they get there , the chapel is too trashy , and so they do not get married . Instead , they drive to L.A. and Lucas proposes to her in the same hotel room he did years before . The two are still in L.A. during Brooke 's attack . After Brooke calls Peyton and sounds weird , Lucas and Peyton decide to head back to Tree Hill and have the wedding there instead . Peyton sees that Brooke is beaten up , but Brooke lies and says she fell down the stairs , and Peyton believes her , not knowing that Brooke was attacked . Peyton meets a famous musician named Mick Wolf , who used to know Ellie . He is the one who asked Mia about Peyton during the tour . He keeps dodging around the subject of Peyton 's real father , but says a little more about him each time Peyton brings him up . Peyton continues to get to know Mick and continues to ask about her real father . When she asks him why her parents gave her up and , he replies , `` We ... I mean they , had a tough decision . '' Mick accidentally lets the truth slip out , and suddenly Peyton realizes this is her father . She invites him over for a nice dinner together , he instead goes and gets drunk at a bar after being sober for a year ( as shown by a sobriety chip in his pocket ) . She and Lucas have also set a date for their wedding , which causes conflict between Lucas and Lindsey with regards to the book tour for his second book . Peyton closes herself off emotionally with regard to Mick and is angry with him for not being upfront with her about who he is . She tells him to leave . Not long afterward , during a visit to Brooke 's , Brooke tells Peyton the truth about how she got all the bruises on her body . Peyton is later seen on the phone with Larry , her adoptive father . She tells him how much she loves him . Though initially concerned about moving in together , Lucas and Peyton eventually decide to accept their differences and reside in the same house . Peyton reconnects with her biological brother Derek , who has returned from the war . Later , she goes to TRIC to meet up with Lucas and a man named Julian , who is interested in making a movie based on Lucas 's first novel . Julian was asking Lucas a lot of questions about Peyton before she got there . She runs into Julian near the bathroom , and it is soon revealed that he is her ex-boyfriend . Three weeks go by and Peyton still has not told Lucas the truth about her romantic history with Julian . Lucas is left to discover their past on his own , and is initially angry about it . Peyton throws a USO concert in which Angels and Airwaves , Mia , and Haley play . She continues to connect with her brother , Derek , and clash with Julian over Lucas and his film . Mia visits Peyton , and Peyton is concerned that Mia is not focused on her work . She suggests to Mia that she listen to a CD of songs she could possibly sing . They clash because Mia writes all of her own songs . Eventually , Peyton gives up on Mia and asks her to leave the label . Meanwhile , Peyton deals with stomach pains . She sees a doctor about it , and tells the doctor about Ellie 's cancer . Her tearful face after the phone call predicts trouble ahead . Peyton later finds out that she does not have cancer , but is actually pregnant . She tells Lucas first , and Haley finds out in her own time , but Peyton seems hesitant to share her news with Brooke because she knows how much Brooke has wanted a family . Peyton eventually tells Brooke , and Brooke is happy for her . Peyton has her first ultrasound , but is upset because she thinks that Lucas is too busy to come and has forgotten . Lucas surprises her by coming , and the two get to hear their baby 's heartbeat for the first time . Later , Lucas and Peyton learn that Peyton has placenta praevia and that having this baby could mean the end of Peyton 's life . Lucas , afraid of losing her and raising a child that has to go through the same motherless state Peyton did , tries to guilt her into an abortion . They get past this and decide to have the baby . Lucas tells her that he wants to get married to her sooner , not because she might die beforehand , but because he loves her , and wants her to be his wife . Lucas and Peyton get married at the lake where they met . Haley is the minister . After the reception , Lucas and Peyton go home and Peyton collapses on the floor while waiting for Lucas 's surprise . Lucas walks in the house and finds Peyton unconscious on the floor in a pool of blood . Peyton is rushed to the hospital by a blood - covered Lucas , who begs her not to leave him . Peyton goes through an emergency caesarean section , and falls into a coma . The caesarean section is successful and she has a daughter named Sawyer Brooke Scott . She later awakes with Lucas and Brooke by her side . Karen brings in Sawyer , and Nathan , Haley , Jamie and Julian join them . Dan visits Peyton and she , after some hesitation , allows Dan to hold Sawyer . She and Lucas then leave Tree Hill . For season 7 , Mark Schwahn , the series ' creator , said Lucas and Peyton are traveling the world ; they are spending time with Karen and her husband Andy , and Lucas is writing a new book . They continue to be mentioned by characters on the series . Her and Lucas ' absence during Brooke and Julian 's wedding is mentioned by Brooke as being due to baby Sawyer being sick . Haley takes her place as Brooke 's maid of honor . In season nine , Haley sends Jamie and Lydia to live with Peyton and Lucas due to Nathan 's disappearance . Reception ( edit ) Peyton has been described as `` a very talented artist '' who expresses her emotions through her work and guards her heart after losing so many important people in her life . The character was initially ill - received , as the audience felt that she was too mean , especially to love interest Lucas . Tracy McLoone of PopMatters stated , `` Perpetually cranky Peyton tears around town in a vintage car , listening to loud rock , and wearing a Ramones T - shirt , none of which fits with a typical cheerleader image . '' McLoone added , `` At one point , Lucas asks her why she 's a cheerleader , noting that she 's ' the least cheery person I know . She responds , ' You do n't know me . ' ( And in fact ) , she 's right . The girl is a walking contradiction . Peyton embodies aspects of the good girl ( cheerleader ) and bad girl ( rocker ) . '' The character 's crankiness was eventually toned down , as she was revealed to have a deeper side and her interaction with Lucas and Haley started to win over viewers . The Wilmington Star credits the character with `` ( blowing ) away every stereotype '' the media has placed on cheerleaders : `` She 's -- gasp -- smart ! And interesting ! And so not the pop - tart cheerleader TV often delivers , '' stated Allison Ballard of the newspaper . Her romance with Lucas also became popular . MTV described the two as the generation 's Joey and Pacey , `` the overly dramatic couple you could not help but root for , '' and the pairing emerged as one of the show 's supercouples . Their departure received significant media attention , and was picked as one of the `` 12 most essential episodes '' of One Tree Hill in 2009 by fans at starnewsonline.com . See also ( edit ) List of fictional supercouples Quotes References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Ballard , Allison ( April 6 , 2004 ) . `` Peyton 's Place : ' One Tree Hill ' and MTV star Hilarie Burton finding balance between roles '' . Wilmington Star . ^ Jump up to : McLoone , Tracy ( September 29 , 2003 ) . `` One Trick Hill '' . PopMatters . Retrieved June 16 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Huff , Richard ( September 17 , 2003 ) . `` Hilarie Burton acts like stardom is easy '' . New York Daily News . ^ Jump up to : Oldenburg , Ann ( October 6 , 2003 ) . `` Hilarie Burton is 21 and living a fairy tale '' . USAToday . Retrieved July 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Burton , 2004 , `` Me , Myself and Murray . '' Jump up ^ `` HILARIE BURTON . Peyton Sawyer on the SOAPnet 's `` One Tree Hill '' `` . SOAPnet . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2011 . Retrieved July 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kinon , Cristina ( June 13 , 2007 ) . `` ' Tree Hill 's ' good girl is itching to play bad '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved July 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Burton , 2004 , `` Not your mom 's drama . '' Jump up ^ `` The Other Hilarie : Pop Culture section '' . Teen Newsweek. 2004 . Jump up ^ Walker , Marisa ( February 2004 ) . `` The New Queen of the Small Screen . Why we 're so BFF with Hilarie Burton '' . American Cheerleader . Jump up ^ Dejean , Caroline ( February 2 , 2004 ) . `` Career of former student lifts off : Hilarie Burton on MTV and ' One Tree Hill ' '' . The Observer . ^ Jump up to : `` One Tree Hill interview : Peyton Sawyer '' . SOAPnet . January 2008 . Jump up ^ Jackie ( April 11 , 2007 ) . `` Exclusive Interview with One Tree Hill 's Costume Designer '' . TheCWSource . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2010 . Retrieved July 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Schwahn , creator of One Tree Hill , at Macy 's '' . TheCWSource . January 19 , 2008 . first1 = missing last1 = in Authors list ( help ) Jump up ^ From the official TheCWSource YouTube channel : Mark Schwahn talks about why Lucas picked who he did , when he knew this was going to happen and what will happen with the other two ladies . C. , Jason ( September 12 , 2008 ) . `` OTH -- Mark Schwahn talks about Lucas ' choice '' . TheCWSource . Retrieved June 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Cherkezian , Megan ( September 27 , 2006 ) . `` One Tree Hill : Your Season 4 Preview ! '' . TV Guide . Retrieved June 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Cherkezian , Megan ( January 17 , 2007 ) . `` One Tree Hill Preview : Lucas and Peyton , Dan 's Secret and More ! '' . TV Guide . Retrieved June 16 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Christine Roberts ( 2004 ) . One Tree Hunks : The Unauthorized Biographies of Chad Michael Murray and James Lafferty . Random House , Inc . pp. 73 -- 75 . ISBN 0 - 345 - 47952 - 1 . Retrieved July 3 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Exclusive : Helen Ward Reveals the Secrets Behind Peyton 's Artwork on One Tree Hill '' . teendramawhore.com . Retrieved July 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ One Tree Hill Episode 5.05 I Forgot to Remember to Forget ^ Jump up to : One Tree Hill Episode 5.01 Four Years Six Months and Two Days Jump up ^ One Tree Hill Episode 5.03 My way home is through you Jump up ^ One Tree Hill Episode 5.04 It 's alright Ma I 'm only bleeding Jump up ^ One Tree Hill Episode 5.06 Do n't Dream it 's Over Jump up ^ One Tree Hill Episode 5.07 In Da Club Jump up ^ One Tree Hill Episode 5.08 Please Please Please Let me Get What I Want Jump up ^ One Tree Hill Episode 5.09 For Tonight You 're Only Here to Know Jump up ^ One Tree Hill Episode 5.10 Jump up ^ One Tree Hill Episode 5.12 Hundred Jump up ^ One Tree Hill Episode 5.15 Life is Short Jump up ^ One Tree Hill Episode 5.16 Crying Wo n't Help You Now Jump up ^ One Tree Hill Episode 5.17 Hate is Safer Than Love Jump up ^ One Tree Hill Episode 5.18 What Comes After the Blue Jump up ^ One Tree Hill Episode 601 Touch Me , I 'm Going To Scream Part 1 . Jump up ^ One Tree Hill Episode 602 One Million Billionth Of A Millisecond On A Sunday Morning . Jump up ^ One Tree Hill Episode 604 Bridge Over Troubled Water Jump up ^ One Tree Hill Episode 605 You 've Dug Your Own Grave , Now Lie In It Jump up ^ One Tree Hill Episode 606 Choosing My Own Way Of Life Jump up ^ One Tree Hill Episode 607 Messin ' With The Kid Jump up ^ One Tree Hill Episode 608 Our Life Is Not A Movie , Or Maybe Jump up ^ One Tree Hill Episode 609 Sympathy For The Devil Jump up ^ One Tree Hill Episode 610 Even Fairy Tale Characters Would Be Jealous Jump up ^ One Tree Hill Episode 612 You Have Got To Be Kidding ( Autopsy Of The Devil 's Brain ) Jump up ^ One Tree Hill Episode 613 Things A Mama Do n't Know Jump up ^ One Tree Hill Episode 616 Screenwriter 's Blues Jump up ^ One Tree Hill Episode 617 You And Me And The Bottle Makes Three Tonight Jump up ^ One Tree Hill Episode 622 Show me How to Live Jump up ^ One Tree Hill Episode 623 Forever and Almost Always Jump up ^ Armstrong , Jennifer ( August 20 , 2009 ) . `` ' One Tree Hill ' sneak preview : Time jumps , hot new characters , and life without Chad Michael Murray '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Newman - Bremang , Kathleen ( May 19 , 2009 ) . `` ' One Tree Hill ' Finale : How We Would Have Said Goodbye To Leyton '' . MTV . Retrieved June 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lynn , Megan ( April 2 , 2009 ) . `` '' One Tree Hill '' Stars Staying Put ? `` . SOAPnet . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2013 . Retrieved May 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Lynn , Megan ( May 24 , 2010 ) . `` Stars Out at `` One Tree Hill '' `` . SOAPnet . Retrieved July 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Raisler , Carrie ( August 28 , 2009 ) . `` ' One Tree Hill ' : Growing pains '' . Zap2it . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2010 . Retrieved July 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ De Leon , Kris ( April 5 , 2010 ) . `` Who 's Returning on ' One Tree Hill ' ? '' . buddytv.com . Retrieved July 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hidek , Jeff ( August 19 , 2009 ) . `` WE LOVE TV : Fans pick 12 `` most essential '' episodes of `` One Tree Hill '' `` . starnewsonline.com . Retrieved June 28 , 2010 . Further reading ( edit ) Monica Rizzo ( 2005 ) . One Tree Hill : Meet The Stars Of One Tree Hill . Scholastic Inc. p. 106 . ISBN 0 - 439 - 73036 - 8 . Jenny Markas ( 2005 ) . One Tree Hill : The Beginning . Scholastic Inc. p. 264 . ISBN 0 - 439 - 71560 - 1 . External links ( edit ) Peyton 's MySpace page Peyton 's podcast Peyton 's website One Tree Hill Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Season 6 Season 7 Season 8 Season 9 Characters Lucas Scott Nathan Scott Peyton Sawyer Episodes `` Pilot '' `` With Tired Eyes , Tired Minds , Tired Souls , We Slept '' `` 4 Years , 6 Months , 2 Days '' Related Official soundtracks `` I Do n't Want to Be '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peyton_Sawyer&oldid=862281681 '' Categories : One Tree Hill ( TV series ) characters Fictional characters introduced in 2003 Fictional artists Fictional cheerleaders Fictional business executives Fictional adoptees Fictional characters from North Carolina Fictional cocaine users Fictional stalking victims Hidden categories : CS1 errors : missing author or editor All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Use mdy dates from November 2012 Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from November 2017 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Español Français Italiano ქართული Nederlands Português Српски / srpski Svenska Türkçe 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 3 October 2018 , at 10 : 48 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who does peyton marry in one tree hill | [
"Mia visits Peyton, and Peyton is concerned that Mia is not focused on her work. She suggests to Mia that she listen to a CD of songs she could possibly sing. They clash because Mia writes all of her own songs. Eventually, Peyton gives up on Mia and asks her to leave the label. Meanwhile, Peyton deals with stomach pains. She sees a doctor about it, and tells the doctor about Ellie's cancer. Her tearful face after the phone call predicts trouble ahead.[43] Peyton later finds out that she does not have cancer, but is actually pregnant. She tells Lucas first, and Haley finds out in her own time, but Peyton seems hesitant to share her news with Brooke because she knows how much Brooke has wanted a family.[44] Peyton eventually tells Brooke, and Brooke is happy for her. Peyton has her first ultrasound, but is upset because she thinks that Lucas is too busy to come and has forgotten. Lucas surprises her by coming, and the two get to hear their baby's heartbeat for the first time.[45] Later, Lucas and Peyton learn that Peyton has placenta praevia and that having this baby could mean the end of Peyton's life. Lucas, afraid of losing her and raising a child that has to go through the same motherless state Peyton did, tries to guilt her into an abortion. They get past this and decide to have the baby.[46] Lucas tells her that he wants to get married to her sooner, not because she might die beforehand, but because he loves her, and wants her to be his wife.[47] Lucas and Peyton get married at the lake where they met. Haley is the minister. After the reception, Lucas and Peyton go home and Peyton collapses on the floor while waiting for Lucas's surprise. Lucas walks in the house and finds Peyton unconscious on the floor in a pool of blood. Peyton is rushed to the hospital by a blood-covered Lucas, who begs her not to leave him. Peyton goes through an emergency caesarean section, and falls into a coma. The caesarean section is successful and she has a daughter named Sawyer Brooke Scott. She later awakes with Lucas and Brooke by her side. Karen brings in Sawyer, and Nathan, Haley, Jamie and Julian join them. Dan visits Peyton and she, after some hesitation, allows Dan to hold Sawyer. She and Lucas then leave Tree Hill.[48]\n"
] | [
"Lucas"
] |
1652845812224734478 | The Good Fight | The Good Fight - wikipedia The Good Fight Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the U.S. legal television series . For other uses , see The Good Fight ( disambiguation ) . The Good Fight Genre Legal drama Political drama Created by Robert King Michelle King Phil Alden Robinson Starring Christine Baranski Rose Leslie Erica Tazel Sarah Steele Cush Jumbo Delroy Lindo Justin Bartha Composer ( s ) David Buckley Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 10 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Robert King Michelle King Phil Alden Robinson Ridley Scott David W. Zucker Liz Glotzer Brooke Kennedy Alison Scott Running time 49 -- 53 minutes Production company ( s ) Scott Free Productions King Size Productions CBS Television Studios Release Original network CBS ( premiere ) CBS All Access Original release February 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 19 ) -- present Chronology Preceded by The Good Wife External links Website www.cbs.com/shows/the-good-fight/ The Good Fight is an American legal and political drama television series produced for CBS 's streaming service CBS All Access . It is CBS All Access ' first original scripted series . The series is the sequel to The Good Wife which was created by Robert King and Michelle King . The first season contains 10 episodes , and it premiered on February 19 , 2017 , with the first episode airing on CBS and the latter nine episodes airing on CBS All Access . The series was initially planned to air in May 2017 , but was moved up after production delays forced CBS to postpone the premiere of the new series Star Trek : Discovery . The series follows Christine Baranski as Diane Lockhart , as she is forced out of Lockhart , Deckler , Gussman , Lee , Lyman , Gilbert - Lurie , Kagan , Tannebaum , & Associates after an enormous financial scam destroys the reputation of her goddaughter Maia ( Rose Leslie ) and Diane 's savings , leading them to join Lucca Quinn ( Cush Jumbo ) at one of Chicago 's pre-eminent law firms . The series stars Baranski , Leslie , Jumbo , Erica Tazel , Sarah Steele , Justin Bartha and Delroy Lindo , and features Paul Guilfoyle and Bernadette Peters in recurring roles . The series is executive produced by Robert King , Michelle King , Ridley Scott , David W. Zucker , Liz Glotzer , Brooke Kennedy and Alison Scott , with Phil Alden Robinson producing and co-writing the first episode . On March 15 , 2017 , CBS All Access renewed the show for a second season with an increased run of 13 episodes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Recurring cast 3 Episodes 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Casting 5 International broadcast 6 Critical reception 7 References 8 External links Premise ( edit ) A year after the finale of The Good Wife , an enormous financial scam destroys the reputation of young lawyer Maia and wipes out the savings of her mentor , Diane Lockhart . The two are forced out of Lockhart , Deckler , Gussman , Lee , Lyman , Gilbert - Lurie , Kagan , Tannebaum , & Associates and join Diane 's former employee Lucca Quinn at Reddick , Boseman , & Kolstad , a prestigious African American - owned firm making waves by taking on Illinois police brutality cases . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main cast ( edit ) Christine Baranski as Diane Lockhart , who loses her savings after an enormous financial scam and must join Lucca Quinn at one of Chicago 's pre-eminent law firms . Rose Leslie as Maia Rindell , Diane 's goddaughter who joins Diane 's firm just after passing the bar . She is Amy 's girlfriend . Erica Tazel as Barbara Kolstad ( season 1 ) , name partner at Reddick , Boseman , & Kolstad , the law firm Diane and Maia move to after the financial scandal . Sarah Steele as Marissa Gold , who begins as Diane Lockhart 's secretary , but finds she has a knack for investigating . Cush Jumbo as Lucca Quinn , who works with Diane and Maia at one of Chicago 's pre-eminent law firms . Delroy Lindo as Adrian Boseman , an attorney who offers Diane a job at his law firm following her financial troubles , and name partner at Reddick , Boseman , & Kolstad . Justin Bartha as Colin Morrello , a successful lawyer in the State Attorney 's office and rival / potential love interest of Lucca . Recurring cast ( edit ) Paul Guilfoyle as Henry Rindell , Maia 's father , who is a wildly successful financial advisor and is phenomenally wealthy and universally loved . He , Lenore , and Maia are the unofficial First Family of Chicago . In the pilot , he is arrested for running a giant Ponzi scheme with Diane one of his victims . Bernadette Peters as Lenore Rindell , Maia 's mother who comes from a tough working - class background and is a natively brilliant financial whiz . She , Henry , and Maia are the unofficial First Family of Chicago . Gary Cole as Kurt McVeigh , Diane Lockhart 's husband . Zach Grenier as David Lee , a name partner at Diane Lockhart 's former law firm . Jerry Adler as Howard Lyman , a geriatric partner at Diane Lockhart 's former firm who shows chauvinistic and stereotyping tendencies . Carrie Preston as Elsbeth Tascioni , a smart yet quirky lawyer . Michael Boatman as Julius Cain , managing partner at Reddick , Boseman & Kolstad , and former partner at Lockhart / Gardner . Heléne Yorke as Amy Breslin , an assistant state attorney and Maia 's girlfriend . Chalia La Tour as Yesha Mancini , an attorney who represents Maia in her legal issues stemming from her father 's arrest . Nyambi Nyambi as Jay Dipersia , investigator for Reddick , Boseman , & Kolstad . Matthew Perry as Mike Kresteva , a lawyer who , after losing the 2012 Illinois gubernatorial election to Peter Florrick , now works for the US Department of Justice , in charge of an investigation encompassing Diane Lockhart and senior staff at Reddick , Boseman & Kolstad . Episodes ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date `` Inauguration '' Brooke Kennedy Phil Alden Robinson and Robert King & Michelle King February 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 19 ) Diane Lockhart watches the inauguration of Donald Trump in stunned silence and is motivated to make a change . She plans for her retirement and signs an exit agreement with her firm . She meets with friends to celebrate , including the Rindell family , headed by the powerful and respected Henry Rindell , a financial consultant who has invested money for many prominent businesspeople in Chicago , including Diane and many of her clients . Diane is godmother to Rindell 's daughter , Maia , who has just passed the bar , and through Diane 's connections , has secured a starting position at the firm . Diane heads what will be her final case at the firm , a police brutality charge , in which she is representing the state . Opposing her is Adrian Boseman , the head of a rival firm , hoping to secure a large settlement for his client . Boseman is assisted by Lucca Quinn , who has joined Boseman 's firm after leaving Diane 's employ . Before Diane can close the case , Henry Rindell is arrested for orchestrating an elaborate ponzi scheme , and Diane finds herself broke and unable to follow through with her retirement . However , when she attempts to return to the firm , she is rebuffed . Joining another firm also proves difficult , as Diane is seen as complicit in the scam , having directed many of her clients to invest with Rindell . Diane is told that her assets may be seized as evidence , and she is advised to divorce her husband , Kurt , to prevent his assets being seized as well . Having separated from Kurt after the discovery of his affair , Diane puts the option to him , but he refuses to file for divorce , still hoping for a reconciliation . Meanwhile , Boseman realizes that there is an opportunity to gain Diane 's services for a fraction of her value , and he offers her a junior partner position at his firm . With few other options , Diane accepts Boseman 's offer , and when Maia is fired , in part due to her father 's financial scandal , Diane brings her along to her new firm . `` First Week '' Allan Arkush Ryan Pedersen & Joey Scavuzzo February 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 19 ) Maia Rindell arrives at her new firm trying to ignore multiple anonymous calls and texts from angry clients of her father , who swear revenge for the money he stole from them . She meets Julius Cain , a managing partner , and Lucca Quinn , a third year associate . Cain brings all the lower level associates to a local union headquarters to offer free legal advice as part of their retainer with the union . While there , Maia ends up taking the case of Frank Gwynn , a man who is unfairly having his wages garnished due to charges of theft from his place of work . During arbitration , Maia loses the case , but Lucca steps in to accuse the company of false imprisonment , as they had detained Frank for seven hours to question him about the theft . When the firm decides that the case is too small to invest resources in , Lucca proposes that they open a class action lawsuit against multiple companies who have garnished wages after accusing their employees of theft . Meanwhile , Diane moves into her new office , assisted by Marissa Gold , who has been demoted at Diane 's old firm . Marissa decides to help with the class action in hopes of being hired as Diane 's new assistant . She tracks down multiple employees who have had their wages garnished and adds them to the suit . Grateful , Diane accepts Marissa as her new assistant . At Frank 's trial , the prosecution uncovers evidence that Frank had been involved in an earlier theft at a previous job , casting doubt on his story . Frank loses his case , and the loss causes the firm to pull out of the class action lawsuit . Meanwhile , Diane is visited by Maia 's mother , Lenore , who asks Diane to meet with her husband , Henry . Lenore claims that they are innocent of the charges , laying the blame on their business partner , Jax , Henry 's brother . Diane meets with Henry in jail , who claims that Jax framed him to escape prosecution . Diane promises to look into the matter , and as they part ways , Henry mentions that Lenore has terminal breast cancer . Maia learns of her mother 's condition from Diane , and despite her lawyer 's advice to stay away from her parents to avoid being caught up in their financial scandal , she visits her . However , Maia learns that her mother lied about the cancer so that she would come see her . Although angry at her mother , Diane advises Maia to forgive her , since she is obviously lonely with Henry in jail . Maia visits her mother to make amends , but discovers her mother carrying on an affair with her uncle Jax . `` The Schtup List '' Marta Cunningham Tegan Shohet February 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 26 ) Barbara forces Diane and Lucca to work together on a case against assistant district attorney Colin Morello . The case involves a doctor who was arrested for performing surgery on a known terrorist . The firm investigator approaches Marissa to introduce himself . He 's upset that she took it upon herself to round up the class action members last week . Maia visits her dad in prison . She wants to warn him about her mom and Jax . The partners have a meeting about their financial status and it turns out that a significant client has n't paid their retainer this year . They 're worried he may be moving firms now that Trump is in office . They rush to find someone in their office who voted for Trump . Lucca has an unexpected run in with Colin . Marissa works with the investigator to track down a crucial witness . The court rules in Diane and Lucca 's favor , but the doctor is immediately arrested again . The partners make the individual who voted for Trump bid to the client . Maia visits her uncle where she finds evidence that could help her father . The court case turns again when a terrorist on the most wanted list gets involved . Lucca and Colin meet for a drink . `` Henceforth Known as Property '' Alex Zakrzewski Joey Hartstone March 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 05 ) Strange comments in elevators make Maia suspicious . She and Marissa discover someone has made a fake Twitter profile for her . Diane is handling a fertility case with a clinic that has closed and donated 11 of 12 eggs for research . The 12th egg has been fertilized and is being prepped for implantation . Diane brings suit before that can happen . Mike Kresteva , the head of a task force hoping to curb police brutality , stops by to meet with Adrian . Diane warns Adrian that Kresteva is not always straightforward . Maia and Marissa track down an old boyfriend they think is responsible for the Twitter impersonation . Adrian , Diane and Lucca are served with subpoenas to testify before a grand jury being prosecuted by Kresteva . At Lucca 's request , Colin speaks with his boss about Kresteva . With Marissa 's help , Maia finds a way to retaliate against her old boyfriend . The fertility case has Diane and Barbara thinking back on what could have been . The two women bond for the first time while Diane considers reaching out to Kurt . Kresteva is undeterred and pushes forward with his intentions . The judge rules on the owner of the embryo . 5 `` Stoppable : Requiem for an Airdate '' Ron Underwood Marcus Dalzine March 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 12 ) Adrian wants to take on another anti-Trump case . The firm is worried they may start to get a reputation but he has ulterior motives in that he wants to branch out in to the entertainment industry . Maia is approached by Kresteva about the fake news stories that were started about her . She is surprised when he knows about her visits to her father , as is her attorney , who wants an explanation . Barbara asks Diane for her capital contribution . This forces Diane to reevaluate her living expenses and look for room to cut back . Kurt visits Diane at the office . He is giving a speech and wants her help . Hoping to support him , she shows up to watch him give the speech . The firm 's partners interview attorneys to defend them against Kresteva . Lucca has an unorthodox idea but she and Adrian decide it 's worth a look . Diane runs into Neil Gross who has some interesting news for her . Kresteva makes a visit to the prison and shortly after , Henry is back home after being bailed out . Maia happily meets him at home until she sees her parents acting like nothing has happened . Later , an attorney makes her question whether her father would turn on her . A potential attorney for the firm confronts Kresteva not once but twice , the second time in a very personal way that scares him a bit . Colin stops by the courtroom to see Lucca in action . The two of them finally go on their date where Lucca opens up about Alicia . 6 `` Social Media and Its Discontents '' Jim McKay Robert King & Michelle King March 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 19 ) Neil Gross immediately puts the firm to work when he wants hate speech , and the people responsible for it , removed from his websites . Maia takes the assignment personally when the hate speech sounds like threats she has been getting . Colin talks to his supervisor again about Kresteva . Marissa thinks about getting into investigating . Maia 's uncle stops by the office to see her . He warns her that her father is up to something . She reaches out to Elsbeth for advice . Things are heating up between Colin and Lucca until he asks her to go to dinner . After the firm decides to implement an appeals process for banned users , one such user has a field day presenting his narrative . Information from the firm 's discussions about the appeals process is leaked . Online users use it to their advantage . Lucca arranges a date so that they 'll run into Colin but it does n't produce the results she 's expecting . When she confronts him later , she 's surprised again . Maia shows up for a meeting with her dad and finds a party in progress . She 's nervous when he tries to speak with her in private . Marissa steps in when the investigator needs some help tracking down a very specific kind of online user . Not surprisingly , she 's good at it . Elsbeth stops by to warn the firm about the newest fake news story . Julius makes a surprising decision about his future with the firm . 7 `` Not So Grand Jury '' So Yong Kim William Finkelstein March 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 26 ) Lucca tells Maia about Colin 's warning . Kresteva introduces his case to a Grand Jury . Evidence is seized from Elsbeth 's office . Henry is approached by Kresteva about Maia lying to him . Henry wants to talk to his daughter and the two of them finally have an honest conversation . Elsbeth figures out a strategy and tries to get the firm on board . Mike scrambles to change course . The investigator takes a look at the schtup list Henry asked Maia to get for him . Colin is asked to represent Kresteva in a civil law suit brought by the firm . Things get awkward when Lucca takes second chair . The firm investigates and discovers who the real target of Kresteva 's wrath is . Maia confronts her father about some new information . Colin and Lucca discuss the consequences of their relationship . Marissa and Jay analyze the schtup list , the former making a startling discovery . Diane faces her day in court but is surprised when an important witness 's testimony is not what she is expecting . 8 `` Reddick v Boseman '' Michael Zinberg Keith Josef Adkins April 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 02 ) Carl Reddick returns to the firm and immediately starts criticizing how Adrian and Barbara have been running it . An old friend needs help with an eviction and Diane steps up . Lucca and Colin make plans to meet at an art gallery where they run into an unexpected female . What was supposed to be a simple eviction goes in a completely different direction when Diane shows up at Paul Johnson 's door and he makes some shocking allegations . Shortly thereafter , his attorney contacts the firm . Marissa helps Jay investigate the allegations and finally wins him over . Henry tries to talk to Maia , calling her and Amy multiple times and even showing up at the office . The two of them finally get worried and rush off to find him . Lucca joins Colin at a birthday party . Things get complicated fast and Lucca bolts , as she tends to do . Maia is upset when Henry ends up in the hospital and Lenore shows up with Jax . Diane continues to go toe - to - toe with Paul 's attorney until Marissa and Jay find the evidence they need to expose him . The firm votes on who should be the managing partner -- Carl or Adrian . Lucca makes a decision about her relationship with Colin . 9 `` Self Condemned '' Jim McKay William Finkelstein April 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 09 ) Lucca and Maia have a meeting with the FBI . Maia has offered to tell them everything she knows about the ponzi scheme as long as she 's granted immunity . Diane and Adrian get wind of a new police brutality case but are surprised when they see the victim . Maia works with the FBI agent to recover memories from her teenage years that may shed light on who is behind the scheme . Diane and Adrian 's victim is having a hard time finding sympathy in the justice system given his criminal history . Jay finds evidence to show that the police officer has a history of bad conduct . Maia struggles to remember key moments in her life and possibly the ponzi scheme . Diane and Adrian grow closer as friends and colleagues . Lucca offers guidance as Maia is confronted with uncomfortable truths about her past . 10 `` Chaos '' Robert King Robert King & Michelle King April 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 16 ) It 's time for bi-annual reviews at Reddick , Boseman and Kolstad . Lucca gets good news while Maia has some mixed reviews . Diane gets a call that Kurt has been in an accident . A former client , Dylan Stack , returns . Henry meets with the Department of Justice but is n't offered the deal he was hoping for . He reaches out to a mysterious old friend for help . The firm finds out about a potential attack on the power grid and goes to the DOJ looking for an immunity deal . Things go awry when Lucca is arrested . Maia wants to be more assertive so she picks a partner to shadow for the day . Colin tries to resign but ends up being promoted . Marisa works with Jay to find the real person behind the cyber terrorism . Jay continues to be impressed by her investigative skills . Mr. Staples returns to cause more destruction . The city of Chicago has a blackout . Maia , Lenore and Henry enjoy a last meal together as a family , at least for a while . Diane and Kurt reconcile . Maia 's dad flees after agreeing to a 35 year plea deal and Maia is arrested in connection with the ponzi scheme . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Promotional poster . In February 2016 , Michelle and Robert King , when asked about a spin - off , stated that there was a possibility for a spin - off series . In May 2016 , CBS was in final negotiations to set up a spin - off featuring Christine Baranski reprising her role as Diane Lockhart , but which would air on CBS All Access instead of the network . The spin - off was officially ordered to series on May 18 , with Cush Jumbo returning as well . In September 2016 , it was confirmed that the 10 episode spin - off would premiere in February 2017 , with the story picking up a year after the final episode of the original series and seeing Diane pushed out of her firm after a financial scam involving her mentee wipes out her savings , resulting in her move to Lucca Quinn 's firm . The series was initially planned to air in May 2017 , but was moved to February 2017 after production delays forced CBS to postpone the premiere of the new series , Star Trek : Discovery . After months of speculation , CBS revealed the title for the spin - off series , which was revealed to be The Good Fight , on October 31 , 2016 . It was announced that The Good Fight would premiere on February 19 , 2017 . CBS released the first trailer for the spinoff on December 18 , 2016 , featuring footage from the premiere and later episodes . Casting ( edit ) Christine Baranski plays the lead role of Diane Lockhart . In May 2016 , CBS was in final negotiations with Christine Baranski to reprise her role as Diane Lockhart and Cush Jumbo to reprise her role as well . After the series was picked up , it was announced that Jumbo would reprise her role as Lucca Quinn . Deadline announced on September 17 , 2016 that Sarah Steele had been added to the cast , returning as Marissa Gold and appearing as Diane Lockhart 's secretary - turned - investigator . On October 12 , 2016 , it was announced that former Game of Thrones star Rose Leslie had been cast to play a lead in the show , the role of Diane 's goddaughter Maia who joins Diane 's firm just after passing the bar . The day after , The Hollywood Reporter announced that Delroy Lindo had been cast as Robert Boseman , an attorney who starts poaching Diane 's associates and clients . Deadline reported on October 27 , 2016 that the show had added Paul Guilfoyle and Bernadette Peters for recurring roles as Maia 's parents . Guilfoyle will play Maia 's father Henry , a wildly successful financial advisor who is phenomenally wealthy and universally loved . Peters ' character Lenore was described as a woman who came from a tough working - class background and is a natively brilliant financial whiz . It was announced on October 31 , 2016 that Justified alum Erica Tazel had joined the cast as a series regular . On November 7 , 2016 , it was announced that Gary Cole would be reprising his role as Diane 's husband Kurt McVeigh . It was confirmed on November 11 , 2016 , that Zach Grenier , Jerry Adler , and Carrie Preston would be returning as guest stars , reprising their roles of David Lee , Howard Lyman , and Elsbeth Tascioni respectively . On November 18 , 2016 , it was announced that Justin Bartha had been added as a series regular as Colin , a rising star in the State 's Attorney 's office and love interest to Lucca . On August 1 , 2017 , it was announced that Audra McDonald had been added to the main cast for season 2 as Liz Lawrence , reprising her role from The Good Wife season 4 , and that Michael Boatman and Nyambi Nyambi had been promoted to main cast . International broadcast ( edit ) On February 8 , 2017 , the series was picked up in Canada by Corus Entertainment to air on their cable channel , W Network ; the U.S. broadcast premiere of the series would be simulcast by Corus 's broadcast system Global . On March 2 , 2017 , Channel 4 confirmed it had acquired the UK broadcast rights for the series for its More4 channel following the success of progenitor series The Good Wife on that same channel . The series debuted on More4 on March 30 , 2017 . HBO Europe and HBO Nordic began streaming all 10 episodes of the first season on June 1 , 2017 , in Bulgaria , Croatia , the Czech Republic , Hungary , Macedonia , Poland , Serbia , Slovakia , Slovenia , Sweden , Denmark , Norway and Finland , while India 's Zee Entertainment Enterprises took exclusive pay - TV rights to The Good Fight for its English - language general entertainment channel Zee Café , which was also the Indian home of The Good Wife . In Australia , SBS picked up the series which premiered on Wednesday 2nd August , 2017 with a double episode . In Southeast Asia , the series broadcasts on Star World but later moves to Fox Asia starting Season 2 . Critical reception ( edit ) The Good Fight has received positive reviews . Rotten Tomatoes awarded the series with a rating of 100 % based on reviews from 40 critics and an average rating of 8.1 out of 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads : `` An auspicious beginning for CBS All Access , The Good Fight solidly follows its predecessor while allowing for new storytelling styles , a wider narrative scope , and a chance for its lead to explore new territory with a relatable human struggle . '' On Metacritic , the series received a score of 80 based on reviews from 25 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Littleton , Cynthia ( December 7 , 2016 ) . `` CBS All Access Sets Premiere Date for ' Good Wife ' Spinoff ' The Good Fight ' '' . Variety . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( September 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Premiere Pushed , ' The Good Wife ' Spinoff Debut Moved Up On CBS All Access '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Birnbaum , Debra ( September 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Delayed on CBS All Access Until May , ' Good Wife ' Spinoff Moved Up '' . Variety . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` '' The Good Fight '' Renewed For Season 2 By CBS All Access `` . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nicholson , Rebecca ( 24 May 2017 ) . `` A lover and a fighter : Cush Jumbo on The Good Wife 's spinoff and her raucous new play '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 7 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Littleton , Cynthia ( May 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Good Wife ' Spinoff to Star Christine Baranski , Cush Jumbo in Negotiations at CBS All Access '' . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( October 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Good Wife ' : Rose Leslie Cast In Spinoff Series For CBS All Access '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Meet the cast of The Good Fight '' . Retrieved January 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Good Fight ' Season 2 : Erica Tazel Exits as Series Regular '' . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( September 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Good Wife ' Spinoff : Plot Of New Show Revealed as Sarah Steele Joins Cast '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( May 18 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Good Wife ' Spinoff A Go At CBS All Access '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Stanhope , Kate ( October 13 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Good Wife ' Spinoff Adds Delroy Lindo as Series Regular '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Pedersen , Erik ( November 18 , 2016 ) . `` Justin Bartha Lawyers Up As Romantic Lead In CBS ' ' The Good Fight ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : ' The Good Wife ' Spinoff : Paul Guilfoyle & Bernadette Peters Cast , Brooke Kennedy Set To Direct ^ Jump up to : Swift , Andy ( November 7 , 2016 ) . `` The Good Fight : Gary Cole Returning for CBS All Access Spinoff '' . TVLine . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( November 11 , 2016 ) . `` The Good Fight : 2 More Good Wife Vets Board CBS All Access Spinoff '' . TVLine . Retrieved December 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Good Fight ' Premiere ; All the subtle ( and not so subtle ) callbacks to `` The Good Wife ' '' . Washington Post . February 20 , 2017 . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( December 16 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Good Fight ' : Carrie Preston Reprising ' The Good Wife ' Role in Spinoff Series '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Julius Cain ( Character ) Biography '' . May 15 , 2017 . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Good Fight Episode 101 Recap : Lawyers , Lesbians & Money '' . Autostraddle . February 20 , 2017 . Retrieved February 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Yescha Mancini ( character ) Biography '' . August 4 , 2017 . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Fight ' Adds Nyambi Nyambi As Recurring '' . Deadline . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Good Fight ' : Here 's How Matthew Perry 's Character Returns '' . tvguide.com . January 13 , 2017 . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Evans , Greg ( February 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' Good Wife ' Creators On Potential Spinoff & Who 's Coming Back For Final Episodes '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( October 31 , 2016 ) . `` The Good Wife Spinoff Title Revealed '' . TVLine . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( December 18 , 2016 ) . `` Good Wife Spinoff Trailer : Get Your First Look at CBS All Access ' The Good Fight '' . TVLine . Retrieved December 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( October 31 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Good Wife ' Spinoff : Erica Tazel Joins ' The Good Fight ' As Production Begins '' . Deadline . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Good Fight ' : Audra McDonald To Reprise ' The Good Wife ' Role , Duo Upped To Regulars In Season 2 On CBS All Access -- TCA '' . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Good Fight to air on W Network '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` C4 acquires The Good Fight from CBS Studios International for More4 '' . Channel 4 . Retrieved March 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Robert . `` HBO , Zee Entertainment Take ' The Good Fight ' to Nordic Region , India '' . Variety . Retrieved 14 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Good Fight : Season 1 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Good Fight : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive ( CBS Corporation ) . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website The Good Fight on IMDb The Good Wife Seasons 5 6 7 Episodes `` Bang '' `` Fleas '' `` Hitting the Fan '' `` The Last Call '' Characters Alicia Florrick Will Gardner Diane Lockhart Kalinda Sharma Related Awards and nominations The Good Wife ( Korean remake ) The Good Fight CBS All Access original programming Current Big Brother : Over the Top ( since 2016 ) The Good Fight ( since 2017 ) Star Trek : Discovery ( since 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Good_Fight&oldid=801845397 '' Categories : 2017 American television series debuts 2010s American drama television series American legal television series American LGBT - related television shows Lesbian - related television programmes Serial drama television series Television series by CBS Television Studios Television shows set in Chicago Television spin - offs Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from February 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano עברית Magyar Polski Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 22 September 2017 , at 07 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many episodes in good fight season 1 | [
"The Good Fight is an American legal and political drama television series produced for CBS's streaming service CBS All Access. It is CBS All Access' first original scripted series.[1] The series is the sequel to The Good Wife which was created by Robert King and Michelle King. The first season contains 10 episodes,[2] and it premiered on February 19, 2017, with the first episode airing on CBS and the latter nine episodes airing on CBS All Access.[1] The series was initially planned to air in May 2017, but was moved up after production delays forced CBS to postpone the premiere of the new series Star Trek: Discovery.[3]"
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6713646967656642696 | Education in Turkey | Education in Turkey - Wikipedia Education in Turkey The factual accuracy of parts of this article ( those related to article ) may be compromised due to out - of - date information . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( September 2012 ) Education in Turkey is governed by a national system which was established in accordance with the Atatürk Reforms after the Turkish War of Independence . It is a state - supervised system designed to produce a skillful professional class for the social and economic institutes of the nation . Compulsory education lasts 12 years . Primary and secondary education is financed by the state and free of charge in public schools , between the ages of 6 and 18 , and by 2001 enrollment of children in this age range was nearly 100 % . Secondary or high school education is not mandatory but required in order to then progress to universities . By 2011 there were 166 universities in Turkey . Except for the Open Education Faculty ( Turkish : Açıköğretim Fakültesi ) at Anadolu University , entrance is regulated by a national examination , ÖSYS , after which high school graduates are assigned to university according to their performance . In 2002 , the total expenditure on education in Turkey amounted to $13.4 billion , including the state budget allocated through the National Ministry of Education and private and international funds . Contents 1 History 2 Pre-primary education 3 Primary education 4 Secondary education 4.1 International education 4.2 Vocational education 4.3 The new system : 4 + 4 + 4 5 Universities 5.1 Research 6 Private schools 7 Religious education 7.1 De-establishment 7.2 Re-establishment 8 Foreign languages 9 See also 10 References 11 External links History ( edit ) Beyazıt State Library was founded in 1884 . Beyazıt State Library was founded in 1884 . Istanbul University is the oldest university in Turkey . Mithatpaşa Primary School ( 1920s ) for girls during Ottoman Empire . Phanar Greek Orthodox College is a Greek minority school was founded in Ottoman Empire in 1454 . After the foundation of the Turkish republic the organization of the Ministry of Education gradually developed and was reorganized with the Law no 2287 issued in 1933 . The Ministry changed its names several times . It fell under the Ministry of Culture ( 1935 -- 1941 and was named Ministry of National Education , Youth , and Sports ( 1983 -- 1989 ) . Since then it is called the Ministry of National Education . Before the Republic , education institutions were far from having a national character . Schools were organized in three separate channels which were vertical institutions independent of each other . The first and the most common in this organization were the district schools and madrasas based on the teaching of the Quran the Arabian language and memorizing , the second were the Reform schools and high schools supporting innovation and the third were the colleges and minority schools with foreign language education . The Law of Integration of Education , no 430 was issued on 3 March 1924 . With this law , the three separate channels were combined , the first one was closed , the second was developed and the third one was taken under the inspection and monitoring of the Ministry of Education . One of its aims was to apply secularism in the area of education . By the law for the Education Organization no 789 issued on 22 March 1926 the Ministry of National Education was given responsibility for defining the degrees and equalities of the public and private schools already opened or to be opened by a ministry other than the Ministry of National Education . This Law brought new arrangements such as `` no school can be opened in Turkey without the permission and agreement of the Ministry of National Education '' or `` curricula shall be prepared by the Ministry of National Education '' . The vocational - technical education institutions formerly directed by local governments were put under the responsibility of the Ministry of Education . In 1923 -- 24 , there were in Turkey , slightly more than 7,000 secondary school students , almost 3,000 high school students , some 2,000 technical school students and officially 18,000 medrese students of whom 6,000 are claimed to be actual students and the rest who registered to be excluded from military service . The population of Turkey was at that moment some 13 -- 14 million . Literacy rates before the language reform in Turkey ( 1927 ) . The literacy rates rose to 48.4 % among males and 20.7 % among females by 1950 . In modern - day Turkey , this rate is 98.3 % . On 1 November 1928 Law no 1353 introduced a new Latin - based alphabet was accepted . In 1931 , the Turkish Association of History , and in 1932 , the Turkish Language Association were established to protect Turkish from influences of foreign languages , improve it as science suggests and prevent misuse of the Turkish language . Also see Language reform and modern Turkish there were 5,100 schools in 1923 , this figure increased to 58,800 in 2001 there were 361,500 students in 1923 , this number increased to 16 million in 2001 in 1923 12,200 teachers were employed , this number increased to 578,800 in 2001 . in 1924 there were 479 medrese ( Islamic schools ) , on average each one of them had approximately 1 or 1 , 5 hoca ( teacher ) . All medrese were closed down that year by the law of Tevhid - i Tedrisat . Kuleli Military High School in Istanbul near Bosphorus . Until 1997 children in Turkey were obliged to take five years of education . The 1997 reforms introduced compulsory education for eight years . New legislation introduced in March 2012 prolonged compulsory education to 12 years . In July 2017 , the Justice and Development Party ( AKP ) government presented a new curriculum for schools , inter alia removing evolution theory and adding the concept of jihad as part of Islamic law in books . `` But what is this jihad ? What our Prophet ( Muhammad ) says is that while returning from a war , we are going from a small jihad to a big jihad . What is this big jihad ? It is to serve our society , to increase welfare , to ensure peace in society , to serve the society 's needs . The easiest thing is to wage war , to fight . The skill is the difficult one , which is to ensure peace and tranquility , '' he said . Education ministry also adds that `` Jihad is an element in our religion ; it is in our religion ... The duty of the Education Ministry is to teach every concept deservedly , in a correct way . It is also our job to correct things that are wrongly perceived , seen or taught . '' The chairman of a teachers ' union described the changes as `` a huge step in the wrong direction for Turkey 's schools and an attempt to avoid raising generations who ask questions , '' adding that `` the new policies that ban the teaching of evolution and requiring all schools to have a prayer room , these actions destroy the principle of secularism and the scientific principles of education . '' Pre-primary education ( edit ) Pre-primary education includes the optional education of children between 36 -- 72 - month who are under the age of compulsory primary education . Pre-Primary education institutions , independent nurseries are opened as nursery classes and practical classes within formal and non-formal education institutions with suitable physical capacity . Services related to Pre-Primary education are given by nurseries , kindergartens , practical classes opened first and foremost by the Ministry of National Education and by day - centers , nursery schools , day care houses , child care houses and child care institutions opened by various ministries and institutions for care or education purposes based on the provisions of ten laws , two statutes and ten regulations . In the academic year 2001 -- 2002 , 256,400 children were being educated and 14,500 teachers were employed in 10,500 Pre-Primary education institutions . Primary education ( edit ) Namik Kemal Lisesi in Izmit . Primary school ( Turkish : İlköğretim Okulu ) lasts 4 years . Primary education covers the education and teaching directed to children between 6 -- 14 , is compulsory for all citizens , boys or girls , and is given free of charge in public schools . Primary education institutions are schools that provide eight years of uninterrupted education , at the end of which graduates receive a primary education diploma . The first four years of the Primary School is sometimes referred to as `` First School , 1 . Level '' ( Turkish : İlkokul 1 . Kademe ) but both are correct . There are four core subjects at First , Second and Third Grades which are ; Turkish , Maths , Hayat Bilgisi ( literally meaning `` Life Knowledge '' ) and Foreign Language . At Fourth Grade , `` Hayat Bilgisi '' is replaced by Science and Social Studies . The foreign language taught at schools changes from school to school . The most common one is English , while some schools teach German , French or Spanish instead of English . Some private schools teach two foreign languages at the same time . Earlier the term `` middle school '' ( tr : orta okul ) was used for the three years education to follow the then compulsory five years at `` First School '' ( tr : ilk okul ) . Now the second four years of primary education are sometimes referred to as `` First School , 2 . Level '' ( Turkish : İlkokul 2 . Kademe ) but both are correct . Already primary schools may be public or private schools . Public Schools are free but Private Schools ' admission fees change from school to school . Foreign languages taught at Private Schools are usually at a higher level than at Public Schools for most Private Schools prefer hiring native speakers as teachers . There are five core subjects at sixth and seventh grades ; Turkish , maths , science , social studies and foreign language . At eighth grade , social studies is replaced by `` Turkish History of Revolution and Kemalism '' ( tr : T.C. İnkılap Tarihi ve Atatürkçülük ) . In the academic year 2001 -- 2002 , 10.3 million students were being educated and 375,500 teachers were employed in 34,900 schools . Secondary education ( edit ) See also : List of high schools in Turkey Robert College in Istanbul Beşiktaş Anatolian High School in Istanbul Istanbul High School ( Istanbul Erkek Lisesi in Turkish ) was founded in 1886 . Getronagan Armenian High School is a private Armenian minority school founded in 1884 . In 2001 , the school had 182 students . Secondary education includes all of the general , vocational and technical education institutions that provide at least three years of education after primary school . The system for being accepted to a high school changes almost every year . Sometimes private schools have different exams , sometimes there are 3 exams for 3 years , sometimes there 's only one exam but it is calculated differently , sometimes they only look at your school grades . Secondary education aims to give students a good level of common knowledge , and to prepare them for higher education , for a vocation , for life and for business in line with their interests , skills and abilities . In the academic year 2001 -- 2002 2.3 million students were being educated and 134,800 teachers were employed in 6,000 education institutions . General secondary education covers the education of children between 15 -- 17 for at least three years after primary education . General secondary education includes high schools , foreign language teaching high schools , Anatolian High Schools , high schools of science , Anatolia teacher training high schools , and Anatolia fine arts high schools . Vocational and technical secondary education involves the institutions that both raise students as manpower in business and other professional areas , prepare them for higher education and meet the objectives of general secondary education . Vocational and technical secondary education includes technical education schools for boys , technical education schools for girls , trade and tourism schools , religious education schools , multi-program high schools , special education schools , private education schools and health education schools . Secondary education is often referred as high school education , since the schools are called lyceum ( tr : lise ) . In public high schools and vocational high schools , students attend six classes each day , which last for approximately 40 minutes each . In Anatolian high schools and private high schools , the daily programme is typically longer , up to eight classes each day , also including a lunch period . All 9th graders are taught the same classes nationwide , with minor differences in certain cases . These classes are : Turkish language , Turkish literature , mathematics , physics , chemistry , biology , geometry , world history , geography , religion & ethics , physical education , a foreign language ( in most cases English ) , a second foreign language ( most commonly German but could be French , Italian , Japanese , Arabic , Russian , or Chinese ) . When students enter the 11th grade , they typically choose one of four tracks : Turkish language -- mathematics , science , social sciences , and foreign languages . In vocational high schools , no tracks are offered , while in science high schools only the science tracks are offered . Different schools may have different policies ; some , but not many , schools offer electives instead of academic tracks , giving students a wider range of options . For the 10th , 11th and 12th grade , the compulsory courses are : Turkish language , Turkish literature , republican history , and propaganda . In addition to that , students may be taught the following classes , depending on the track they choose and / or the high school they attend : mathematics , geometry , statistics , physics , biology , chemistry , geography , philosophy , psychology , sociology , economy , logic , arts and music , traffic and health , computer , physical education , first and second foreign language . The students used to be given a diploma for the academic track they had chosen , which gave them an advantage if they wanted to pursue their higher education in the corresponding fields , as the University Entrance Exam scores were weighted according to the student 's track . ( e.g. A science student would have an advantage over a Turkish - Mathematics student when applying for Medicine ) . As of the 2010 -- 2011 educational year , all high school students are given the standard high school diploma . At the end of high school , following the 12th grade , students take a high school finishing examination and they are required to pass this in order to take the University Entrance Exam and continue their studies at a university . There are four score types for different academic fields , including but not limited to : Turkish language -- mathematics : international relations , law , education , psychology , economy , business management , and similar . Science : engineering , computer science , medicine , and other science - related professions . Social sciences : history , geography , and education . Foreign languages : language / linguistics and language teaching . International education ( edit ) Trakya University in Edirne . The International Baccalaureate has been available in Turkey since 1994 when the first school was authorized by the IB and 53 schools now offer one or more of the IB programmes . Vocational education ( edit ) A vocational high school for textile in Şile , Istanbul . Haydarpaşa campus of Marmara University , originally the Imperial College of Medicine ( Mekteb - i Tıbbiye - i Şahane ) , Istanbul . Vocational and technical secondary education involves the institutions that both raise students as manpower in business and other professional areas , prepare them for higher education and meet the objectives of general secondary education . Vocational and technical secondary education includes technical education schools for boys , technical education schools for girls , trade and tourism schools , religious education schools , multi-program high schools , special education schools , private education schools and health education schools . In the academic year 2001 -- 2002 , 821,900 students were being educated and 66,100 teachers were employed in 3,400 vocational and technical secondary education schools . According to Article 37 of Vocational Education Lhiaw no 3308 , the Ministry of National Education is organizing vocational courses in order to prepare the people who have left the formal education system and do not possess the qualifications required for employment for any vacant positions in the business sector . Based on apprenticeship training programs , the Ministry of National Education pays the insurance premiums against occupational accidents , sicknesses during the vocational period and other sicknesses of participants attending courses in relation to their occupation . These participants may take experienced apprenticeship exams after the education they have received and the work they have performed are evaluated according to the Regulations for Evaluating the Certificates and Diplomas in Apprenticeship and Vocational Training . People who work in the 109 branches mentioned in Law no 3308 , have finished primary education and are below the age of 14 may receive training as candidate apprentices or apprentices . Law no 4702 gives apprenticeship training opportunity to those over 19 . The period of apprentice training changes between 2 -- 4 years depending on the nature of vocations . Adolescents who have not attended the formal education system or left the system at any stage may take the experienced apprenticeship exam after 1 year of adaptation training , provided they had reached the age of 16 at the date when the said profession was included in the coverage of law . Those at the age of 18 may directly take the experienced apprenticeship exam , if a certificate is provided to prove that he / she is working in the related profession . Those who graduate from vocational and technical secondary education institutions or from vocational and technical schools and institutions may take proficiency exam in their own professions . Graduates of technical high school or of 4 - year programs in vocational and technical schools and institutions are given a certificate to start businesses with the privileges and responsibilities of a proficiency certificate . In 2001 , 248,400 apprentices were being educated and 5,100 teachers were employed in 345 vocational training centers . The new system : 4 + 4 + 4 ( edit ) In March 2012 the Grand National Assembly passed new legislation on primary and secondary education usually termed as `` 4 + 4 + 4 '' ( 4 years primary education , first level , 4 years primary education , second level and 4 years secondary education ) . Children will begin their primary education in the first month of September following their sixth birthdays and will come to a close during the school year in which students turn 14 years old . The primary education stages , which includes the first two stages of four years ' education each , will entail four years of mandatory elementary education , followed by an additional mandatory four years of middle school education , in which students will be able to choose whether they want to study at a general education middle school or a religious vocational middle school , which are referred to as Imam Hatip schools . The new legislation includes the reopening of Imam Hatip middle schools . Primary education establishments will be set up separately as independent elementary schools and middle schools . Universities ( edit ) Main entrance gate of Istanbul University . The former Robert College building on South Campus of Boğaziçi Üniversitesi , İstanbul SantralIstanbul is an amphitheater , concert halls and a public library complex in Istanbul Bilgi University Campus , Istanbul Students of Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi , Ankara Middle East Technical University campus . Istanbul Technical University building . See also : List of universities in Turkey See also : ÖSS Higher education includes all levels of institutions giving education past the secondary school level for a period of at least 17 years . Higher education institutions include : Universities Faculties Institutes Higher education schools Vocational higher education schools Conservatories Application and research centers In the academic year 2001 -- 2002 there were 76 universities , 53 of which belonged to the state and 23 to foundations . In these institutions 66,700 personnel were working , 63,000 in state universities and 3,700 in others . After the national university entrance examination organized by the national examing body students , if they succeed , continue with their studies at a university . Foreign students take the Yös exam or provide equivalent credentials approved by the Higher Education Council ( YÖK ) . Universities provide either two or four years of education for undergraduate studies , while graduate programs last a minimum of two years . Some universities also ask for an additional year of English preparatory study to be completed before the start of studies , unless an exemption examination is passed . There are around 820 higher education institutions including universities with a total student enrollment of over 1 million . Tertiary education is the responsibility of the Higher Education Council , and funding is provided by the state for public institutions that make up the bulk of the tertiary education system . There are 167 universities in Turkey , which are classified as either public or foundational ( private ) and 373,353 students were graduated from these universities in 2006 . Public universities typically charge very low fees while private foundation universities are highly expensive with fees that can reach $30,000 per annum . Since 1998 , universities have been given greater autonomy and were encouraged to raise funds through partnerships with industry . The quality of education at the Turkish universities varies greatly , some providing education and facilities on par with internationally renowned schools ( the technical universities are often compared with universities in the United States , and are regularly visited by the US Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology and their engineering programs deemed substantially equivalent to comparable programs in the US . Turkish universities actively participate in the Socrates -- Erasmus program of the European Commission , aiming to increase student and academician mobility within the European Union , the European Economic Area countries , and other EU candidate states . An increasing number of Turkish university students complete a part of their studies abroad at other participating countries ' universities , and Turkish universities receive students of the same status from abroad . With the passage of law 2547 , the rectors of all the public universities are appointed jointly by the faculty , Higher Education Council and the President of Turkey . The former president , Abdullah Gül , suggested that the system might be changed to eliminate the Higher Education Council and political influence . Research ( edit ) The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey ( TÜBİTAK ) coordinates basic and applied research and development , acting on proposed policies by the Turkish Academy of Sciences ( TÜBA ) . There are more than 60 research institutes and organizations . Turkey 's R&D strengths include agriculture , forestry , health , biotechnology , nuclear technologies , minerals , materials , IT , and defence . Private schools ( edit ) Galatasaray High School entrance at Istiklal Avenue . In the Turkish education system , private schools may be grouped into four . Private Turkish schools : In these schools , which are opened by real or corporate bodies of Turkish nationality , public education programs at pre-primary , primary and secondary education levels are given . Private schools for minorities : These have been established in the Ottoman Empire period by Greek , Armenian and Jewish minorities and were placed under guarantee by the terms of the Lausanne Treaty . These schools are attended by students at pre-primary , primary and secondary education levels who belong to these minority classes and are of the Turkish nationality . Private foreign schools : These are schools established during the Ottoman Empire by French , German , Italian , Austrian and American people who continue their activities under the terms of the Lausanne Treaty . Today these schools are attended by Turkish children . Private international education institutions : They have been opened and are active as per the provisions in the amended article 5 of the Law no . 625 . There are many dershane in cities . They will transform into academic high schools in 2015 , as the new law requires . Religious education ( edit ) Robert College was founded in 1863 in Istanbul by Cyrus Haimlin and Christopher Robert . The school began its education program in the theology building of the American Missioners Commission . Today , the school is a secular leading - private school . Ince Minaret Medrese is a 13th - century medrese ( Islamic school ) located in Konya , now housing the Museum of Stone and Wood Art . Çifte Minareli Medrese is an architectural monument of the late Seljuk period in Erzurum . Built as a theological school a few years before 1265 . Şemsi Pasha Mosque and medrese ( Islamic school ) was built by Ottoman imperial architect Mimar Sinan in 1580 , the most important architect of Ottoman Empire . De-establishment ( edit ) In 1927 , all courses concerning religion were excluded from the curriculum of primary , secondary , and high schools on the basis that non-Muslims also live in Turkey . Between 1927 and 1949 , religious instruction was not permitted in schools . In 1949 , the Ministry of Education allowed a course on religion in 4th and 5th grades of primary school . Re-establishment ( edit ) In 1956 , as a result of multi-party democracy , a new government was established . Being more sympathetic towards the religious sentiments of society , this new government introduced a religion course into secondary schools . This time , if the parents wanted to exempt their children from the course , they had to apply to the school with a written request . After nearly ten years , in 1967 , the religion course was introduced to the 1st and 2nd grades of high school . Students , however , were enrolled for the course with the written request of their parents . In 1975 , the course was extended to the third ( last ) grade of the high schools . And , finally , following the military coup in 1980 , the religion course became schools was also constitutionally secured . The exact title of the course was , `` The Culture of Religion and Knowledge of Ethics . '' In 1985 , the Institute for Creation Research , a United States creationist group , helped advise Turkey 's education minister Vehbi Dinçerler on how to introduce creationism in high schools . Turkish academics have stated that the resulting ignorance of evolution led to Turkey coming last in a survey that measured knowledge of evolution in 34 industrialised nations . Currently , religious education courses begin at the 4th grade ( age10 ) of primary school and continues throughout secondary and high schools . From the 4th to the 8th grade , classes consist of two hours per week . At the high school level , there is one hour of class per week Thus , a student who has graduated from high school receives 8 continuous years of religion courses . There are no fixed books for the course . Rather , each school decides which book to follow -- provided that the book for each level is approved by the Ministry of Education . Nearly half of the content of these courses concerns religion and Islam ( whom majority are Muslims ) with remaining topics ranging from secularism to humanism and from ethical values to etiquette . The major world religions such as Judaism , Christianity , Hinduism and Buddhism are included in the content of the course . Foreign languages ( edit ) Galatasaray University and Galatasaray High School teaching in French . The most common foreign language is English , which in public schools is taught from 2nd grade ( age 8 ) onwards through to the end of high school . In high school a second foreign language is introduced . However the number of lessons given in public schools is minimal compared to private schools , which begin teaching English in kindergarten , have two or three times as many English lessons in the timetable , and in many cases employ native speakers of English as teachers . In 2011 the Ministry of Education , under pressure from the Prime Minister to improve the learning of English in Turkey , announced that the approach to language would be thoroughly revised , part of which would include a plan to hire 40,000 foreigners as language assistants in public schools . As a result of the poor standards achieved by the public system many students take an intensive English language `` prep year '' when entering university . These are offered by both state and private universities throughout Turkey . See also ( edit ) Nation 's schools Turkey portal Education portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Özelli , M. Tunç ( January 1974 ) . `` The Evolution of the Formal Educational System and Its Relation to Economic Growth Policies in the First Turkish Republic '' . International Journal of Middle East Studies . London : Cambridge University Press . 5 ( 1 ) : 77 -- 92 . doi : 10.1017 / s0020743800032803 . ISSN 0020 - 7438 . JSTOR 162345 . Jump up ^ See an article in Hürriyet Daily News of 4 September 2011 University numbers on the rise in Turkey ; accessed on 4 November 2012 Jump up ^ Guide For Foreign Students Who Wants To Education In Turkey Archived 15 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ 2002 Report by Turkish Statistical Institute , Prime Ministry of the Republic of Turkey . ^ Jump up to : `` OVERVIEW OF THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE MINISTRY OF NATIONAL EDUCATION '' . National Education At The Beginning Of 2002 . Ministry Of National Education . Archived from the original on 2012 - 10 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Feriha Özkan , Atatürk'ün Laiklik Anlayışının Eğitim Sistemimizdeki Yansımaları ( 1919 -- 1938 ) , Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Yüksek Lisans Tezi , Kütahya , 2006 Jump up ^ Taeuber , Irene B. ( April 1958 ) . `` Population and Modernization in Turkey '' . Population Index . Office of Population Research . 24 ( 2 ) : 110 . doi : 10.2307 / 2731516 . JSTOR 2731516 . OCLC 41483131 . Jump up ^ See Turkey : Rapid Coverage for Compulsory Education -- The 1997 Basic Education Program Author : Ilhan Dulger , May 2004 ; accessed on 4 November 2012 ^ Jump up to : `` Turkish education ministry reveals new curriculum : Evolution out , ' jihad ' in '' . Hurriyet Daily News . 18 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Taken from the Education Statistics by the Ministry of Education for 2002 ; accessed on 3 November 2012 Jump up ^ `` Decision of the Turkish Ministry of National Education '' ( in Turkish ) . Jump up ^ `` TURKEY '' . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : 2002 report of the Ministry for Education on Higher Education ; accessed 3 November 2012 ^ Jump up to : See an article in English Sabah of 31 March 2012 Modern Turkey 's new liberal education system ; accessed on 4 November 2012 Jump up ^ `` Anasayfa - Devletin Kısayolu '' . turkiye.gov.tr . Retrieved 20 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Uluslararası Öğrenci Giriş Sınavı '' . Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi . Retrieved 20 May 2017 . In order to study at Turkish Universities , candidates should take the International Student Exam ( YÖS ) or take one of the internationally valid exams and have the exam results and baccalaureate specified in the international student application and admission directive of the desired university . Jump up ^ Dogan , Yonca Poyraz ( 8 September 2008 ) . `` Prof. Soysal : Most Turkish universities are still autocratic '' . Today 's Zaman . Retrieved 7 September 2008 . Before law No. 2547 , rectors were appointed only by the president . Then upon the initiative of some of the universities , including Boğaziçi University , the system was changed . Now there is a middle ground : Both voting by the faculty and YÖK are involved in the process . As a result , YÖK and the president are involved in appointing rectors . Jump up ^ `` Rektörleri cumhurbaşkanı seçmemeli '' . Politika . Radikal ( in Turkish ) . 27 August 2008 . Retrieved 28 August 2008 . Üniversiteler yeniden yapılanırken rektörlerin seçimi veya tayini ile ilgili yeni bir usul olması lazım . Bunlarda siyasi yarış gibi seçim olmaması lazım . Önemli olan bir üniversitenin rekabetinin büyümesinin gelişmesinin öne alınması lazım . Ben yeni bir sistemin getirilmesini , cumhurbaşkanının hiç bu işe karışmamasını arzu ediyorum . Bu konuda hem hükümete hem meclise çağrıda bulunmak isterim . Jump up ^ http://www.hedefyum.net Jump up ^ The Ministry of Education in 2002 Types of School ; accessed on 3 November 2012 Jump up ^ `` 10 soruda Dershane Yasası '' . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dershanelerin dönüşümü için tarihler belli oldu '' . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Songün , Sevim ( 27 February 2009 ) . `` Turkey evolves as creationist center '' . Hurriyet Daily News . Retrieved 17 March 2009 . Jump up ^ http://www.todayszaman.com/news-239130-turkey-to-hire-40000-native-english-speakers-as-guest-teachers.html External links ( edit ) OECD Education Policy Outlook : Turkey ( in English ) Guide For International Students ( in English ) Ministry of National Education ( in Turkish ) ( in English ) Population and Development Indicators , by the Turkish Statistical Institute , Prime Ministry of the Republic of Turkey ( Turkish and English ) National Education Statistics Formal Education 2012 -- 2013 Information on education in Turkey , OECD - Contains indicators and information about Turkey and how it compares to other OECD and non-OECD countries Diagram of Turkish education system , OECD - Using 1997 ISCED classification of programmes and typical ages . Also in Turkish Turkey articles History Pre-Turkish era Prehistory of Anatolia & Thrace Classical Anatolia & Thrace Neo-Assyrian Empire Byzantine Anatolia Seljuq era Sultanate of Rum Mongol invasions of Anatolia Ilkhanate Ottoman era Osman 's Dream Rise Interregnum Conquest of Constantinople Classical Age Transformation Sultanate of Women Köprülü era Old Regime Tulip period Decline and modernization Tanzimat First Constitutional Era Defeat and dissolution Second Constitutional Era Partition Republican era War of Independence One - party period Multi-party period By topic Anatolian peoples Constitutional Economic Military Thracians Timeline of Turkish history Turkic migration Geography Capes Cities Districts Earthquakes Environmental issues Gulfs and bays Islands Lakes Metropolitan municipalities Mountains Peninsulas Provinces Regions Rivers Places Anatolia Thrace ( Eastern ) Turkish Riviera Çukurova Politics Cabinet Elections Foreign relations Military Parliament President Prime Minister Legal system Constitution Constitutional Court Law enforcement Official gazette Controversies Deep state Conspiracy theories in Turkey EU accession Kemalism Neo-Ottomanism Ottomanism Political parties Secularism Northern Syria Security Belt Northern Cyprus Economy Banks central bank Borsa Istanbul ( stock exchange ) Companies EU Customs Union Industries Lira ( currency ) Southeastern Anatolia Project Tourism Transport aviation railways Rankings Society Crime Education Languages Turkish Culture Architecture Ottoman architecture Art Cinema Cuisine wine Dance Drama ( TV ) Festivals Folklore Human rights LGBT Literature Media newspapers radio stations TV Music Names Public holidays Religion Islam Smoking Sport Theatre Demographics Turkish people list Population diaspora immigration Muhacir Minorities Arabs Armenians Bosniaks Circassians Kurds Symbols Anthem Emblem Flag Motto Presidential seal Outline Index Book Portal Education in Europe Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Kosovo Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Dependencies and other entities Åland Faroe Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Svalbard Other entities European Union Education in Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Macau Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Turkey&oldid=815732631 '' Categories : Education in Turkey Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Turkish - language sources ( tr ) Use dmy dates from December 2013 Articles with obsolete information from September 2012 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Articles containing Turkish - language text All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from January 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2012 Articles with Turkish - language external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Azərbaycanca Magyar 日本 語 Português Simple English Suomi Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 December 2017 , at 19 : 37 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when does the school year start in turkey | [
"In March 2012 the Grand National Assembly passed new legislation on primary and secondary education usually termed as \"4+4+4\" (4 years primary education, first level, 4 years primary education, second level and 4 years secondary education). Children will begin their primary education in the first month of September following their sixth birthdays and will come to a close during the school year in which students turn 14 years old.[14]\n"
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"September"
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-752222554071199277 | Archie Marries Veronica/Archie Marries Betty | Archie Marries Veronica / Archie Marries Betty - Wikipedia Archie Marries Veronica / Archie Marries Betty Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( October 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Archie Marries Veronica / Archie Marries Betty '' Cover of Archie 600 ( Oct 2009 ) . Art by Stan Goldberg . Publisher Archie Comics Publication date October 2009 -- April 2010 Genre Romantic comedy Title ( s ) Archie # 600 -- 606 Creative team Writer ( s ) Michael Uslan Artist ( s ) Stan Goldberg Bob Smith `` Archie Marries Veronica / Archie Marries Betty '' is an American comic book story by writer Michael Uslan and artists Stan Goldberg and Bob Smith that was originally presented in Archie # 600 -- 606 . In issues # 600 -- 602 , the story features a futuristic look into the life of Riverdale teen Archie Andrews in the years that follow his college graduation when Archie makes his ultimate decision to marry Veronica Lodge instead of Betty Cooper . In Issues # 603 -- 605 , the story switches and Archie proposes marriage to Betty instead of to Veronica . Issue # 606 serves as the epilogue to the story and ties the previous six issues together . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Plot 2.1 Part 1 : Archie Marries Veronica : `` The Proposal '' 2.1. 1 Synopsis 2.2 Part 2 : Archie Marries Veronica : `` The Wedding '' 2.2. 1 Synopsis 2.3 Part 3 : Archie Marries Veronica : `` It 's Twins ! '' 2.3. 1 Synopsis 2.4 Part 4 : Archie Marries Betty : `` Will You Marry Me ? '' 2.4. 1 Synopsis 2.5 Part 5 : Archie Marries Betty : `` You May Kiss The Bride ! '' 2.5. 1 Synopsis 2.6 Part 6 : Archie Marries Betty : `` Happily Ever After '' 2.6. 1 Synopsis 2.7 Epilogue : Archie Gets Married : `` Yesterday , Today , Tomorrow '' 2.7. 1 Synopsis 3 Spin - offs 3.1 Life with Archie : The Married Life 3.2 Archie Marries Valerie 4 Sources Background ( edit ) In May 2009 , Archie Comics released plans for what they would call `` The Archie Story Of The Century '' and announced that Archie Andrews would ask Veronica Lodge to marry him in Archie Comics # 600 , the first issue of a six - part story arc detailing their engagement , marriage and life together . The publishers of Archie Comics did not expect the response they would get from readers and longtime fans telling them they made a mistake in Archie 's choice . The New York Times would later reveal that the whole story is simply a fantasy and that the first half of the story would show Archie 's life with Veronica , and the second half would show his life with Betty . Plot ( edit ) Part 1 : Archie Marries Veronica : `` the proposal '' ( edit ) `` The Proposal '' is Part 1 in the 6 issue story arc of Archie Marries Veronica / Archie Marries Betty that was originally presented in Archie # 600 . The story features a futuristic look into the life of Riverdale teen Archie Andrews and his subsequent engagement to Veronica Lodge after his college graduation . Synopsis ( edit ) The night before the gang 's graduation from Riverdale High , The Archies play their final concert and mourn the oncoming changes . Archie comes home and after getting heat from his father about picking a college , he takes a walk down Memory Lane ... literally . Archie realizes he 's never walked up Memory Lane before and switches directions . After traveling through a yellow wood , Memory Lane splits into two dirt roads . He chooses the left one and `` saves the right one for another day . '' Archie is then cast four years into the future on the eve of his college graduation . Archie soon makes it back to his house no longer wearing his high school lettermen 's jacket but one that reads `` State U '' on the back . His mother exclaims how excited she is for her son 's graduation and Fred states how he wishes Archie had majored in business instead of history and that he 's still excited he 's graduating from college . Archie dismisses this when Mary states that Veronica Lodge is waiting for him inside the house . He and Veronica discuss the changes in their lives , but both accept growing up . After a successful graduation , Veronica hosts a party at her mansion with Josie and the Pussycats headlining . Archie learns that Veronica is planning to work for her father 's company in either London or Hong Kong . As for the rest of the gang , Moose Mason is going to manage his uncle 's burger joint on Staten Island while his girlfriend Midge Klump will be running her own nail salon in Bayonne , New Jersey . Dilton Doiley is going to M.I.T. for his doctorate in quantum mechanics , Reggie Mantle will fulfill his destiny as a used car salesman in Atlanta and Jughead Jones will stick around Riverdale grilling burgers at Pop Tate 's Choklit Shoppe until he figures things out . Finally , Betty Cooper will be working as a buyer at Saks Fifth Avenue in New York City . After the party , Archie is given a large sum of money by his parents . A few weeks later , he uses it for the down payment on an engagement ring for Veronica . He proposes to her in `` Spiffany 's '' just as Betty and Jughead happen to walk by and witness . Veronica accepts and Betty runs weeping in an unknown direction . Jughead later chastises Archie for not telling him his plan . Eventually , Archie and Veronica tell Mr. Lodge , who accepts Archie as his future son - in - law as long as he works for Lodge Industries . Without any other jobs lined up , Archie goes along with it as his fiancee plans the biggest wedding Riverdale has ever seen . The residents of Riverdale are overwhelmed with shock that Archie finally chose between his two favorite gals , but also concerned with Betty 's well being . In the end , Veronica calls Betty and asks her to be her maid of honor . Instead of answering , Betty simply leaves the phone on her bed . Part 2 : Archie Marries Veronica : `` the wedding '' ( edit ) `` The Wedding '' is Part 2 in the 6 issue story arc of Archie Marries Veronica / Archie Marries Betty that was originally presented in Archie # 601 . The story features the continuation of a futuristic look into the life of Riverdale teen Archie Andrews and his wedding to longtime girlfriend Veronica Lodge . Synopsis ( edit ) Archie is preparing for his upcoming nuptials with his groomsmen , Reggie Mantle , Moose Mason , Dilton Doiley , and best man Jughead Jones . Meanwhile , Veronica is treating her bridesmaids Midge Klump , Ethel Muggs , and Nancy Woods to a day at the spa . Veronica is sad that Betty Cooper is not there . However , Betty shows up at that moment and her position as Veronica 's maid of honor is cemented . Betty brings along a `` friend '' of hers named Henry who works with her . Ethel states that he reminds her of Archie as Betty rushes him out the door . On the eve of the wedding , Archie and Veronica discuss their future . The big day comes and everything seems to be going as planned . All of Riverdale is attending the wedding . Before the ceremony , Archie asks Betty to take a walk with him . He tells her that she was his first friend when his family moved to Riverdale and how he always enjoyed dating her , but then Veronica moved to town . Archie tells Betty that he loves her like a sister and asks her to promise to always be his friend . Betty obliges after they tell each other they love one another . The wedding goes smoothly . Mr. and Mrs. Lodge walk Veronica down the aisle as all of Riverdale watches . Archie and Veronica become husband and wife as Betty looks on tearfully , but happily . At the reception , Archie and Veronica share their first dance to `` Sugar , Sugar '' , speeches are made , the cake is cut , and the bouquet is tossed . Betty catches it and walks away trying to hide her tears . Veronica catches up to her to make sure she 's okay . Archie and Veronica then depart on their honeymoon to a remote island in the Caribbean owned by the Lodges . One year later , Archie is a big executive at Lodge Enterprises . Reggie shows up and asks for a job after he 's been laid off and Archie gives him a job in sales . It 's obvious that he 's running himself ragged with work . When he comes home exhausted , Veronica reminds him of a dinner date they have with Ethel and her fiancé . Archie is simply too tired and refuses to move , until Veronica announces that she 's pregnant and he promptly faints . Part 3 : Archie Marries Veronica : `` it 's twins ! '' ( edit ) `` It 's Twins '' is Part 3 in the 6 issue story arc of Archie Marries Veronica / Archie Marries Betty that was originally presented in Archie # 602 . The story features the continuation of a futuristic look into the life of Archie Andrews and Veronica Lodge as they raise a pair of fraternal twins . Synopsis ( edit ) Archie announces Veronica 's pregnancy to his parents , Fred and Mary . At that moment , Jughead , Reggie , and Moose burst in with congratulations and mention the various ways they will add to `` Little Archie '' or `` Little Veronica 's '' life . Archie then breaks the news to Mr. Lodge who immediately has his will changed to bestow his most prized possession , a sled named `` Rosebuddy '' to his grandchild . Meanwhile , Veronica flies to New York City to meet with Betty at a run down diner . Betty has n't been faring well in the city . She 's recently been laid off and her relationship with Henry has ended because it 's `` hard to meet nice guys in the city . '' Veronica announces that she is pregnant and asks Betty to be the godmother , to which she agrees . Two trimesters later , Archie and Veronica begin Lamaze class , which proves to be a slapstick disaster for Archie . One night when Veronica 's ill , Jughead fills in for her replete with a pillow under his shirt and hilarity ensues . Despite all of this , Archie promises to be calm when the big day arrives . Shortly thereafter , Veronica goes into labor and he drives her to the hospital with minimal drama . Soon , Veronica delivers a redheaded boy named Archie , and a black haired girl named Veronica . Time passes and Archie and Veronica move back to Riverdale and buy a minivan . Parenting is exhausting for both of them , but they lovingly raise their children past diapers and bottles . When the children are around three , the Andrews and the Lodges celebrate Christmas together . The children are sent to bed and Archie and Veronica discuss their happiness . Archie claims that he would be just as happy without the money . `` All you need is love , '' he says . Archie tucks his children to bed and reads them `` The Road Not Taken '' by Robert Frost in its entirety . Before wrapping up the rest of the presents , Archie insists on going for a walk during the first snow of the season . He and Veronica exchange `` I Love You 's '' and he heads out the door , looking distraught . He walks up Memory Lane and comes to the yellow wood and begins walking down the right fork in the road . Part 4 : Archie Marries Betty : `` will You marry Me ? '' ( edit ) `` Will You Marry Me ? '' is Part 4 in the 6 issue story arc of Archie Marries Veronica / Archie Marries Betty that was originally presented in Archie # 603 . The story features a futuristic look into the life of Riverdale teen Archie Andrews and his subsequent engagement to Betty Cooper after college in an alternate reality . Synopsis ( edit ) Archie , still in his winter coat from his walk during the first snow of the season , arrives back in time right before his college graduation and meets Jughead , Reggie , and Moose . He is confused at first by the summer heat and his apparent time travel . Archie then rushes home to get ready for graduation , and the ceremony proceeds much as it did in Part 1 , with Dilton giving the valedictorian address . After graduation , Archie , Reggie , and Jughead drive to Pop Tate 's Choklit Shoppe for a party . Reggie comments on how unlikely marriage is after college . Jughead is relieved at this statistic , but Archie seems optimistic and announces that he has finally made his choice between Veronica and Betty , but he refuses to tell `` until he talks to the girls first . '' Upon entering Pop 's , Betty asks Archie for a dance , but he has Veronica on the brain and Betty points him in her direction . Veronica , surrounded by a group of handsome young men , is telling about a graduation trip around the world in 80 days . Archie asks to speak with her privately and starts to reminisce about the day she moved to Riverdale , but she keeps interrupting him . Reggie and Jughead spy from afar and are unclear if he 's `` proposing or letting her down easy . '' Before anything serious can be said , Moose demands that The Archies play a few songs . Even though the group has n't played since high school , they entertain everyone with one of their hits , `` Jingle Jangle '' . Moose then starts a food fight that Jughead thoroughly enjoys . After the gang cleans up their mess , Archie attempts to resume his conversation with Veronica , but she interrupts him again to tell him she 's moving to Paris after her trip to run her father 's fashion holdings . After this news , Archie has no need to continue his speech and asks Betty to share a malt with him while Veronica goes back to her bastion of beaux . Archie reminds Betty of how they first met and were always friends ... sometimes more . He claims he can never fit into Veronica 's high society world . Betty assumes he 's going to ask her to `` go steady , '' but he claims that 's not what he 's thinking . Betty beats herself up and calls herself a jerk for assuming Archie wants to just date her . Archie laughs and calls her `` the nicest , most loveable and beautiful jerk in Riverdale '' and then pops the question . Betty , in shock for a moment , jumps for joy and answers yes . Archie and Betty kiss as Veronica watches in awe and disgust . Midge swoons at the romantic moment and prods her longtime boyfriend , Moose for a similar proposal , but he makes a joke instead . She slams his mortarboard over his head . Meanwhile , Reggie tries to make his move on Veronica , pretending to comfort her . She also breaks his mortarboard over his head . Veronica screams at Archie , claiming he missed his chance , but Archie defends his engagement to Betty in turn claiming that `` she '' was the one who missed her chance with him . Later that evening , Archie and Betty tell both their parents about the engagement . The Andrews are very pleased with their son 's choice of `` marrying for love , not money . '' The Coopers are also very happy . Betty then tells them that they plan to have a small , inexpensive wedding at Pop Tate 's . Meanwhile , Veronica cries on her father 's shoulder , but he assures her that there are plenty of men out there and `` things always work out for the best . '' All of Riverdale is gossiping about the upcoming nuptials , and whether Veronica 's fortune should be a factor . On the night of Archie 's bachelor party at Pop Tate 's , his groomsmen , Jughead , Reggie , Moose , Dilton , and Chuck express concern for Veronica and her place among Betty 's bridesmaids . Meanwhile , Betty goes to the Lodge estate and asks Veronica to be her maid of honor , who promptly slams the door in her face . But after seeing her so upset , Veronica agrees and tells Betty `` she won Archie fair and square '' . Later that night , Archie and Betty go for a walk . Archie has been sending out resumes , but is finding it difficult to find a job during the recession . He apologizes for not offering a better honeymoon than at the Blue Roof Inn in Centerville . Betty is entirely satisfied with it , however , and claims it 's all part of `` life with Archie . '' Part 5 : Archie Marries Betty : `` You May kiss the Bride ! '' ( edit ) `` You May Kiss The Bride ! '' is Part 5 in the 6 issue story arc of Archie Marries Veronica / Archie Marries Betty that was originally presented in Archie # 604 . The story features a futuristic look into the life of Archie Andrews and his wedding to Betty Cooper . Synopsis ( edit ) Archie continues to search for work with no luck . In desperation , he goes to meet with Mr. Lodge at his office . Mr. Lodge tells him that despite jilting his daughter , he thinks Archie is a bright fellow but that his company is not hiring . Archie tells Mr. Lodge that he did n't jilt Veronica , he chose Betty . Archie thanks Mr. Lodge for his time and goes back to his job search , but after applying for work everywhere from a recording studio to a coffee bar , he still has no success . In the midst of their wedding preparations , Betty reveals to Archie that she has received a job offer as a buyer for Saks 5th Avenue in New York City . She had applied before they became engaged because it was something she wanted to try , but plans to turn down the job in order to be a teacher and to be with Archie . He is shocked at first , but tells her that instead of putting everyone else first , she needs to follow her dreams for once , and decides they should move up their wedding day to the following weekend and then move to New York . Everyone arrives to celebrate the party of the year . When Veronica arrives , escorted by Reggie , some expect trouble at first . Just as she is about to reveal the dress she bought hoping to draw attention away from the bride , the wedding cake that Betty made herself collapses and is ruined . Seeing this , Veronica decides to save the day by ordering the biggest most expensive wedding cake money can buy and changes into something she feels is more appropriate for the occasion , a waitress 's uniform . Archie and Betty exchange their vows . The Bride and Groom then invite all the guests to join them in their first dance . When Betty tosses the bouquet , Miss Grundy catches it while Mr. Weatherbee looks on . The biggest surprise of the night comes when the wedding cake Veronica ordered arrives . Everyone is very proud of her , and Archie and Betty thank her for her very generous gift . Veronica asks them where they plan to go for their honeymoon , but they tell her that they ca n't afford one yet . She takes Archie aside and tells him that she will pay for a honeymoon for them . He thanks her for the offer but turns her down , saying that he is responsible for Betty now . They say goodbye to their families , friends and Riverdale , and set off for New York City . Betty impresses Cassie , her new boss on her very first day on the job . Archie 's efforts to find a job continue to be unsuccessful until he has a chance encounter with a club owner who is looking for someone who can play the guitar and sing . Several months pass and the Andrews attend Betty 's first corporate dinner with Cassie and her boss , Mr. Hugo . When they first meet him he makes a crack about Archie 's clothes and talent . Archie tries to defend himself , but Betty tries to pass it off as a joke . He tries to insult Archie again , but Betty loses it and tells him she would punch him if she was n't as classy as her husband , and quits her job on the spot . Betty apologizes to Archie for not standing up for him sooner , and Archie calls her his hero . They decide to move back to Riverdale . The next day while packing their bags , Cassie shows up at their apartment with flowers , asking them to stay and tells Betty she still has a great future with the company . Betty thanks her and says she already has a great future with Archie back in their hometown . Cassie tells them both how lucky they are and wishes them well . Back in Riverdale , Archie and Betty move in with Archie 's parents , but Betty assures him it is temporary . She has found out from Mr. Weatherbee that a teaching position is available at Riverdale High , and lets Archie know that he wishes to speak to him about something important . Mr. Weatherbee offers him the position of the school 's music teacher , and Archie accepts . That night , Archie and Betty celebrate their first anniversary with a romantic dinner and share a malt with three straws in it . Archie , confused and thinking that Veronica would be joining them , is told that the third straw is n't for her , but for someone he will love . Betty tells him she 's pregnant , and Archie immediately faints . Part 6 : Archie Marries Betty : `` happily ever after '' ( edit ) `` Happily Ever After '' is Part 6 in the 6 issue story arc of Archie Marries Veronica / Archie Marries Betty that was originally presented in Archie # 605 . The story features a futuristic look into the life of Archie Andrews and Betty Cooper as they raise a pair of fraternal twins . Synopsis ( edit ) Archie & Betty discover many things have changed in Riverdale in the year they were in New York City . They run into Jughead & Midge and are shocked to learn that they are now married . Moose is now the custodian at Riverdale High and practises yoga and meditation and is `` at peace with his inner self . '' When they all decide to go for dinner , Archie and Betty learn that Pop Tate is retiring and has sold the Chok'lit Shoppe to Jughead and Midge and it has been renamed `` Juggie 's '' . At the new Juggie 's , the gang runs into Veronica & Reggie , and learn they have a surprise of their own ; they are engaged . On their ride home , Archie & Betty argue about the news of their friends ' engagement . Archie believes it is wrong , but Betty thinks that he is wishing it was him . He assures Betty that he thinks it is wrong of them to marry because he believes it will end badly , and that he only wants her money . Betty accepts his statement and they make up . As the next few months pass , Archie & Betty become two of the most popular teachers at Riverdale High , and as Betty 's pregnancy advances , they start to have less time for the rest of the old gang . Then one fall day , as Archie plans to go for a bike ride , Betty goes into labor while he goes into a panic . Instead of calling an ambulance , Archie calls the water department . Archie then drives Betty to the hospital , but they end up getting a flat tire . Luckily , Archie had his bike in the trunk , and takes her the rest of the way by bike . After a few misunderstandings at the admitting desk , Betty is rushed to the maternity ward , and soon gives birth to twins ; a red haired boy named Archie and a blonde haired girl named Betty . Soon , Mr. & Mrs. Cooper and Mr. & Mrs. Andrews arrive along with all their friends and colleagues . Archie and Betty ask Jughead , Veronica and Reggie to be the twins ' godparents , while Reggie & Veronica ask them to be their best man and maid of honor at their wedding . The next weekend they fly the whole gang out to Las Vegas for the star studded ceremony . As Archie & Betty adjust to parenthood , life goes on in Riverdale . Jughead & Midge are soon expecting a child of their own . Mr. Weatherbee & Miss Grundy along with Miss Beazley & Mr. Svenson have started dating . Archie & Betty receive a postcard from Veronica & Reggie detailing all of their world travels and new ventures . Betty comments to him that could have been his life , but Archie tells her he does n't want that life when he already has the best life with her . Betty suggests they go to bed early , but Archie says he 's not tired and decides to go for a walk in the woods . He tells her not to wait up , and she says she 'll be waiting no matter how long . He then decides to walk up Memory Lane , and soon finds himself back in the present ... he is once again a teenager . On his way home , he runs into Jughead who reminds him of the poetry recital in Miss Grundy 's class the next day . Archie tells him he worries too much , while Jughead tells him to be prepared . As the two best friends walk home , he reads his part of the poetry reading , the last stanza of `` The Road Not Taken '' by Robert Frost . Epilogue : Archie gets married : `` yesterday , Today , Tomorrow '' ( edit ) `` Yesterday , Today , Tomorrow '' is the epilogue that ties together Part 1 through 6 of the Archie Marries Veronica / Archie Marries Betty storyline that was originally presented in Archie # 606 . Archie is left in a vision of the future and struggles to explain it to his friends ... and Betty and Veronica . Synopsis ( edit ) After his experiences walking up Memory Lane , Archie is left in a bewildered state . He tries talking about it to Betty and Veronica , but they are both too busy to talk to him . Needing to talk to someone about it he tells Reggie and Jughead about his strange visions . Reggie immediately thinks that he has gone nuts , but Jughead believes him . In order to clear his mind Archie decides to go bowling with Reggie and Jughead . When Betty arrives Archie asks her if she wants to go on a date Saturday night , which she accepts . However , as he was overwhelmed with a kiss moments ago , Archie somehow mishears Betty and thinks she said `` Friday '' . Later he goes to Lodge Mansion to ask Veronica for a date on the same night and she says yes . When Saturday night arrives Archie realizes he asked both Betty and Veronica out on the same night . When the girls find out they respond by pouring two milkshakes on his head . The next day , Betty and Veronica are still mad at Archie , but he vows that he will make it up to both of them . When talking about the future , Archie asks Jughead if he ever thought about buying Pop 's place after he retires . Jughead however denies this , because he would have to think about the future and prefers to live in the present . Spin - offs ( edit ) The success of the Archie Marries Veronica / Archie Marries Betty storyline led to the comic series , Life with Archie : The Married Life , and a similar storyline called `` Archie Marries Valerie '' , depicting Archie marrying Valerie from Josie and the Pussycats , shown in Archie # 631 - 634 . Life with Archie : the married life ( edit ) Life with Archie : The Married Life was based on the Archie Marries Veronica / Archie Marries Betty storyline , but was not a direct continuation on it . The series lasted from 2010 to 2014 , ending with 37 issues . Issues 1 - 35 contained two stories each , the first story was Archie Marries Veronica and the second one was Archie Marries Betty . The last two issues , on the other hand , were structured differently . Instead of having two stories both issues had one , but were twice as long as the others . Also , neither issue made it clear whether Archie was married to Betty or Veronica . Together both issues make up The Death of Archie storyline . Archie Marries Valerie ( edit ) The `` Archie Marries Valerie '' storyline was similar to the Archie Marries Veronica / Archie Marries Betty storyline , but had some major differences . For instance , Valerie was the one who walked up Memory Lane instead of Archie and she could see the future in portals rather than actually experiencing it . She sees a future in where she marries Archie , then they both quit their respective bands due to their touring schedules keeping them apart , and later have a little girl named Star who is gifted with her parents ' musical talent . However , she decides to stop watching it after she sees that they can not get a moment 's peace due to Star becoming an object of attention for the media . Then she witness glimpses of other futures and in each one Archie is married to a different woman . Some of these futures had Archie being married to Cheryl Blossom , Sabrina Spellman , and even Josie . Seeing these futures Valerie runs out of Memory Lane and happily reunites with Archie . Sources ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Comic suspense : Archie Andrews pops question '' . CNN.com. 2009 - 05 - 28 . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` This time , Archie plans to marry Betty '' ... canada.com. 2009 - 10 - 07 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ Issue no . 600 , October 2009 Jump up ^ Issue no . 601 , November 2009 Jump up ^ Issue no . 602 , December 2009 Jump up ^ Issue no . 603 , January 2010 Jump up ^ Issue no . 604 , February 2010 Jump up ^ Issue no . 605 , March 2010 ( hide ) Archie Comics publications Imprints Mighty Comics / Red Circle Comics / Dark Circle Comics Archie Horror Archies Archie Archie ( 2 volumes ) Little Archie Life with Archie ( 2 volumes ) Archie and Me Everything 's Archie Archie at Riverdale High Archie Meets the Punisher Afterlife with Archie Archie vs. Predator Archie vs. Sharknado Archie ( comic strip ) Betty and Veronica Archie 's Girls Betty and Veronica Jughead Archie 's Pal Jughead Comics ( 2 volumes ) Jughead ( 3 volumes ) Jughead 's Double Digest Reggie Archie 's Rival Reggie Reggie Reggie and Me Anthologies Laugh Comics ( 2 volumes ) Pep Comics Archie 's Pals ' n ' Gals Archie 's Mad House Archie Giant Series Laugh Comics Digest Archie 's TV Laugh - Out Archie Americana Series Archie 's Holiday Fun Digest Tales from Riverdale Related titles Josie and The Pussycats ( 2 volumes ) Sabrina the Teenage Witch ( 2 volumes ) Sabrina Chilling Adventures of Sabrina Licensed properties Sonic Sonic the Hedgehog issues Knuckles the Echidna Sonic X Sonic Universe Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Adventures ( 3 volumes ) Mighty Mutanimals ( 2 volumes ) Other Wild West C.O.W. - Boys of Moo Mesa ( 2 volumes ) Street Sharks ( 2 volumes ) Nights into Dreams Mega Man Superhero Blue Ribbon Comics ( 2 volumes ) Top - Notch Comics Shield - Wizard Comics Zip Comics Hangman Comics Black Hood Comics The Adventures of The Fly Adventures of the Jaguar Fly Man Mighty Crusaders ( 2 volumes ) Black Hood The Comet Anthologies Pep Comics Jackpot Comics Others Super Duck Comics Wilbur Comics Katy Keene ( 2 volumes ) Li'l Jinx Cosmo the Merry Martian That Wilkin Boy Storylines `` Archie Marries Veronica / Archie Marries Betty '' `` Bad Boy Trouble '' `` Love Showdown '' See also : List of Sabrina , the Teenage Witch Books , CDs and DVDs Spire Christian Comics Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Archie_Marries_Veronica/Archie_Marries_Betty&oldid=800873614 '' Categories : Storylines in comics 2009 in comics Humor comics Romance comics Archie Comics titles Works about wedding Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from October 2009 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Articles needing additional references from October 2009 All articles needing additional references Comics infobox image less alt text Story arc pop Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia This page was last edited on 16 September 2017 , at 05 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who does archie end up with betty or veronica | [
"\"Archie Marries Veronica/Archie Marries Betty\" is an American comic book story by writer Michael Uslan and artists Stan Goldberg and Bob Smith that was originally presented in Archie # 600–606. In issues # 600–602, the story features a futuristic look into the life of Riverdale teen Archie Andrews in the years that follow his college graduation when Archie makes his ultimate decision to marry Veronica Lodge instead of Betty Cooper. In Issues # 603–605, the story switches and Archie proposes marriage to Betty instead of to Veronica. Issue #606 serves as the epilogue to the story and ties the previous six issues together."
] | [
"Veronica Lodge"
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-1769642646413744382 | Electron transport chain | Electron transport chain - wikipedia Electron transport chain Jump to : navigation , search The electron transport chain in the mitochondrion is the site of oxidative phosphorylation in eukaryotes . The NADH and succinate generated in the citric acid cycle are oxidized , providing energy to power ATP synthase . Photosynthetic electron transport chain of the thylakoid membrane . An electron transport chain ( ETC ) is a series of complexes that transfer electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors via redox ( both reduction and oxidation occurring simultaneously ) reactions , and couples this electron transfer with the transfer of protons ( H ions ) across a membrane . This creates an electrochemical proton gradient that drives the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ) , a molecule that stores energy chemically in the form of highly strained bonds . The molecules of the chain include peptides , enzymes ( which are proteins or protein complexes ) , and others . The final acceptor of electrons in the electron transport chain during aerobic respiration is molecular oxygen although a variety of acceptors other than oxygen such as sulfate exist in anaerobic respiration . Electron transport chains are used for extracting energy via redox reactions from sunlight in photosynthesis or , such as in the case of the oxidation of sugars , cellular respiration . In eukaryotes , an important electron transport chain is found in the inner mitochondrial membrane where it serves as the site of oxidative phosphorylation through the use of ATP synthase . It is also found in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast in photosynthetic eukaryotes . In bacteria , the electron transport chain is located in their cell membrane . In chloroplasts , light drives the conversion of water to oxygen and NADP to NADPH with transfer of H ions across chloroplast membranes . In mitochondria , it is the conversion of oxygen to water , NADH to NAD and succinate to fumarate that are required to generate the proton gradient . Electron transport chains are major sites of premature electron leakage to oxygen , generating superoxide and potentially resulting in increased oxidative stress . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 In mitochondria 2.1 Mitochondrial redox carriers 2.1. 1 Complex I 2.1. 2 Complex II 2.1. 3 Complex III 2.1. 4 Complex IV 2.2 Coupling with oxidative phosphorylation 2.3 Summary 3 In bacteria 3.1 Electron donors 3.2 Dehydrogenases 3.3 Quinone carriers 3.4 Proton pumps 3.5 Cytochrome electron carriers 3.6 Terminal oxidases and reductases 3.7 Electron acceptors 3.8 Summary 4 Photosynthetic 5 Summary 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Background ( edit ) The electron transport chain consists of a spatially separated series of redox reactions in which electrons are transferred from a donor molecule to an acceptor molecule . The underlying force driving these reactions is the Gibbs free energy of the reactants and products . The Gibbs free energy is the energy available ( `` free '' ) to do work . Any reaction that decreases the overall Gibbs free energy of a system is thermodynamically spontaneous . The function of the electron transport chain is to produce a transmembrane proton electrochemical gradient as a result of the redox reactions . If protons flow back through the membrane , they enable mechanical work , such as rotating bacterial flagella . ATP synthase , an enzyme highly conserved among all domains of life , converts this mechanical work into chemical energy by producing ATP , which powers most cellular reactions . A small amount of ATP is available from substrate - level phosphorylation , for example , in glycolysis . In most organisms the majority of ATP is generated in electron transport chains , while only some obtain ATP by fermentation . In mitochondria ( edit ) Most eukaryotic cells have mitochondria , which produce ATP from products of the citric acid cycle , fatty acid oxidation , and amino acid oxidation . At the mitochondrial inner membrane , electrons from NADH and FADH2 pass through the electron transport chain to oxygen , which is reduced to water . The electron transport chain comprises an enzymatic series of electron donors and acceptors . Each electron donor will pass electrons to a more electronegative acceptor , which in turn donates these electrons to another acceptor , a process that continues down the series until electrons are passed to oxygen , the most electronegative and terminal electron acceptor in the chain . Passage of electrons between donor and acceptor releases energy , which is used to generate a proton gradient across the mitochondrial membrane by actively `` pumping '' protons into the intermembrane space , producing a thermodynamic state that has the potential to do work . The entire process is called oxidative phosphorylation , since ADP is phosphorylated to ATP using the energy of hydrogen oxidation in many steps . A small percentage of electrons do not complete the whole series and instead directly leak to oxygen , resulting in the formation of the free - radical superoxide , a highly reactive molecule that contributes to oxidative stress and has been implicated in a number of diseases and aging . Mitochondrial redox carriers ( edit ) Energy obtained through the transfer of electrons down the ETC is used to pump protons from the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space , creating an electrochemical proton gradient ( ΔpH ) across the inner mitochondrial membrane ( IMM ) . This proton gradient is largely but not exclusively responsible for the mitochondrial membrane potential ( ΔΨ ) . It allows ATP synthase to use the flow of H through the enzyme back into the matrix to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate ( ADP ) and inorganic phosphate . Complex I ( NADH coenzyme Q reductase ; labeled I ) accepts electrons from the Krebs cycle electron carrier nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide ( NADH ) , and passes them to coenzyme Q ( ubiquinone ; labeled Q ) , which also receives electrons from complex II ( succinate dehydrogenase ; labeled II ) . Q passes electrons to complex III ( cytochrome bc complex ; labeled III ) , which passes them to cytochrome c ( cyt c ) . Cyt c passes electrons to Complex IV ( cytochrome c oxidase ; labeled IV ) , which uses the electrons and hydrogen ions to reduce molecular oxygen to water . Four membrane - bound complexes have been identified in mitochondria . Each is an extremely complex transmembrane structure that is embedded in the inner membrane . Three of them are proton pumps . The structures are electrically connected by lipid - soluble electron carriers and water - soluble electron carriers . The overall electron transport chain : NADH + H → Complex I → Q → Complex III → cytochrome c → Complex IV → H O ↑ Complex II ↑ Succinate Complex I ( edit ) In Complex I ( NADH : ubiquinone oxidoreductase , NADH - CoQ reductase , or NADH dehydrogenase ; EC 1.6. 5.3 ) , two electrons are removed from NADH and ultimately transferred to a lipid - soluble carrier , ubiquinone ( UQ ) . The reduced product , ubiquinol ( UQH ) , freely diffuses within the membrane , and Complex I translocates four protons ( H ) across the membrane , thus producing a proton gradient . Complex I is one of the main sites at which premature electron leakage to oxygen occurs , thus being one of the main sites of production of superoxide . The pathway of electrons is as follows : NADH is oxidized to NAD , by reducing Flavin mononucleotide to FMNH in one two - electron step . FMNH is then oxidized in two one - electron steps , through a semiquinone intermediate . Each electron thus transfers from the FMNH to an Fe - S cluster , from the Fe - S cluster to ubiquinone ( Q ) . Transfer of the first electron results in the free - radical ( semiquinone ) form of Q , and transfer of the second electron reduces the semiquinone form to the ubiquinol form , QH . During this process , four protons are translocated from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space . As the electrons become continuously oxidized and reduced throughout the complex an electron current is produced along the 180 Angstrom width of the complex within the membrane . This current powers the active transport of four protons to the intermembrane space per two electrons from NADH . This complex is inhibited by Alkylguanides ( Example : Guanethidine ) , Rotenone , Barbiturates , Chlorpromazine , Piericidin . Complex II ( edit ) In Complex II ( succinate dehydrogenase or succinate - CoQ reductase ; EC 1.3. 5.1 ) additional electrons are delivered into the quinone pool ( Q ) originating from succinate and transferred ( via flavin adenine dinucleotide ( FAD ) ) to Q. Complex II consists of four protein subunits : succinate dehydrogenase , ( SDHA ) ; succinate dehydrogenase ( ubiquinone ) iron - sulfur subunit , mitochondrial , ( SDHB ) ; succinate dehydrogenase complex subunit C , ( SDHC ) and succinate dehydrogenase complex , subunit D , ( SDHD ) . Other electron donors ( e.g. , fatty acids and glycerol 3 - phosphate ) also direct electrons into Q ( via FAD ) . Complex 2 is a parallel electron transport pathway to complex 1 , but unlike complex 1 , no protons are transported to the intermembrane space in this pathway . Therefore , the pathway through complex 2 contributes less energy to the overall electron transport chain process . This complex is inhibited by Carboxin . Complex III ( edit ) In Complex III ( cytochrome bc complex or CoQH - cytochrome c reductase ; EC 1.10. 2.2 ) , the Q - cycle contributes to the proton gradient by an asymmetric absorption / release of protons . Two electrons are removed from QH at the Q site and sequentially transferred to two molecules of cytochrome c , a water - soluble electron carrier located within the intermembrane space . The two other electrons sequentially pass across the protein to the Q site where the quinone part of ubiquinone is reduced to quinol . A proton gradient is formed by one quinol ( 2H + 2e - ) oxidations at the Q site to form one quinone ( 2H + 2e - ) at the Q site . ( in total four protons are translocated : two protons reduce quinone to quinol and two protons are released from two ubiquinol molecules ) . QH2 + 2 cytochrome c ( FeIII ) + 2 H + in → Q + 2 cytochrome c ( FeII ) + 4 H + out When electron transfer is reduced ( by a high membrane potential or respiratory inhibitors such as antimycin A ) , Complex III may leak electrons to molecular oxygen , resulting in superoxide formation . This complex is inhibited by British Antilewisite ( BAL ) , Napthoquinone and Antimycin . Complex IV ( edit ) In Complex IV ( cytochrome c oxidase ; EC 1.9. 3.1 ) , sometimes called cytochrome AA3 , four electrons are removed from four molecules of cytochrome c and transferred to molecular oxygen ( O ) , producing two molecules of water . At the same time , eight protons are removed from the mitochondrial matrix ( although only four are translocated across the membrane ) , contributing to the proton gradient . The activity of cytochrome c oxidase is inhibited by cyanide , carbon monoxide , azide , hydrogen sulphide ( H S ) . Coupling with oxidative phosphorylation ( edit ) Depiction of ATP synthase , the site of oxidative phosphorylation to generate ATP . According to the chemiosmotic coupling hypothesis , proposed by Nobel Prize in Chemistry winner Peter D. Mitchell , the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation are coupled by a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane . The efflux of protons from the mitochondrial matrix creates an electrochemical gradient ( proton gradient ) . This gradient is used by the F F ATP synthase complex to make ATP via oxidative phosphorylation . ATP synthase is sometimes described as Complex V of the electron transport chain . The F component of ATP synthase acts as an ion channel that provides for a proton flux back into the mitochondrial matrix . It is composed of a , b and c subunits . Protons in the inter-membranous space of mitochondria first enters the ATP synthase complex through a subunit channel . Then protons move to the c subunits . The number of c subunits it has determines how many protons it will require to make the F turn one full revolution . For example , in humans , there are 8 c subunits , thus 8 protons are required . After c subunits , protons finally enters matrix using a subunit channel that opens into the mitochondrial matrix . This reflux releases free energy produced during the generation of the oxidized forms of the electron carriers ( NAD and Q ) . The free energy is used to drive ATP synthesis , catalyzed by the F component of the complex . Coupling with oxidative phosphorylation is a key step for ATP production . However , in specific cases , uncoupling the two processes may be biologically useful . The uncoupling protein , thermogenin -- present in the inner mitochondrial membrane of brown adipose tissue -- provides for an alternative flow of protons back to the inner mitochondrial matrix . Thyroxine is also a natiral uncoupler . This alternative flow results in thermogenesis rather than ATP production . Synthetic uncouplers ( e.g. , 2 , 4 - dinitrophenol , 2 , 4 - dinitrocresol , CCCP ) also exist , and , at high doses , are lethal . Summary ( edit ) In the mitochondrial electron transport chain electrons move from an electron donor ( NADH or QH ) to a terminal electron acceptor ( O ) via a series of redox reactions . These reactions are coupled to the creation of a proton gradient across the mitochondrial inner membrane . There are three proton pumps : I , III , and IV . The resulting transmembrane proton gradient is used to make ATP via ATP synthase . The reactions catalyzed by Complex I and Complex III work roughly at equilibrium . This means that these reactions are readily reversible , by increasing the concentration of the products relative to the concentration of the reactants ( for example , by increasing the proton gradient ) . ATP synthase is also readily reversible . Thus ATP can be used to build a proton gradient , which in turn can be used to make NADH . This process of reverse electron transport is important in many prokaryotic electron transport chains . In bacteria ( edit ) In eukaryotes , NADH is the most important electron donor . The associated electron transport chain is NADH → Complex I → Q → Complex III → cytochrome c → Complex IV → O where Complexes I , III and IV are proton pumps , while Q and cytochrome c are mobile electron carriers . The electron acceptor is molecular oxygen . In prokaryotes ( bacteria and archaea ) the situation is more complicated , because there are several different electron donors and several different electron acceptors . The generalized electron transport chain in bacteria is : Donor Donor Donor ↓ ↓ ↓ dehydrogenase → quinone → bc → cytochrome ↓ ↓ oxidase ( reductase ) oxidase ( reductase ) ↓ ↓ Acceptor Acceptor Note that electrons can enter the chain at three levels : at the level of a dehydrogenase , at the level of the quinone pool , or at the level of a mobile cytochrome electron carrier . These levels correspond to successively more positive redox potentials , or to successively decreased potential differences relative to the terminal electron acceptor . In other words , they correspond to successively smaller Gibbs free energy changes for the overall redox reaction Donor → Acceptor . Individual bacteria use multiple electron transport chains , often simultaneously . Bacteria can use a number of different electron donors , a number of different dehydrogenases , a number of different oxidases and reductases , and a number of different electron acceptors . For example , E. coli ( when growing aerobically using glucose as an energy source ) uses two different NADH dehydrogenases and two different quinol oxidases , for a total of four different electron transport chains operating simultaneously . A common feature of all electron transport chains is the presence of a proton pump to create a transmembrane proton gradient . Bacterial electron transport chains may contain as many as three proton pumps , like mitochondria , or they may contain only one or two . They always contain at least one proton pump . Electron donors ( edit ) In the present day biosphere , the most common electron donors are organic molecules . Organisms that use organic molecules as an energy source are called organotrophs . Organotrophs ( animals , fungi , protists ) and phototrophs ( plants and algae ) constitute the vast majority of all familiar life forms . Some prokaryotes can use inorganic matter as an energy source . Such an organism is called a lithotroph ( `` rock - eater '' ) . Inorganic electron donors include hydrogen , carbon monoxide , ammonia , nitrite , sulfur , sulfide , manganese oxide , and ferrous iron . Lithotrophs have been found growing in rock formations thousands of meters below the surface of Earth . Because of their volume of distribution , lithotrophs may actually outnumber organotrophs and phototrophs in our biosphere . The use of inorganic electron donors as an energy source is of particular interest in the study of evolution . This type of metabolism must logically have preceded the use of organic molecules as an energy source . Dehydrogenases ( edit ) Bacteria can use a number of different electron donors . When organic matter is the energy source , the donor may be NADH or succinate , in which case electrons enter the electron transport chain via NADH dehydrogenase ( similar to Complex I in mitochondria ) or succinate dehydrogenase ( similar to Complex II ) . Other dehydrogenases may be used to process different energy sources : formate dehydrogenase , lactate dehydrogenase , glyceraldehyde - 3 - phosphate dehydrogenase , H dehydrogenase ( hydrogenase ) , etc . Some dehydrogenases are also proton pumps ; others funnel electrons into the quinone pool . Most dehydrogenases show induced expression in the bacterial cell in response to metabolic needs triggered by the environment in which the cells grow . Quinone carriers ( edit ) Quinones are mobile , lipid - soluble carriers that shuttle electrons ( and protons ) between large , relatively immobile macromolecular complexes embedded in the membrane . Bacteria use ubiquinone ( the same quinone that mitochondria use ) and related quinones such as menaquinone . Another name for ubiquinone is Coenzyme Q10 . Proton pumps ( edit ) A proton pump is any process that creates a proton gradient across a membrane . Protons can be physically moved across a membrane ; this is seen in mitochondrial Complexes I and IV . The same effect can be produced by moving electrons in the opposite direction . The result is the disappearance of a proton from the cytoplasm and the appearance of a proton in the periplasm . Mitochondrial Complex III uses this second type of proton pump , which is mediated by a quinone ( the Q cycle ) . Some dehydrogenases are proton pumps ; others are not . Most oxidases and reductases are proton pumps , but some are not . Cytochrome bc is a proton pump found in many , but not all , bacteria ( it is not found in E. coli ) . As the name implies , bacterial bc is similar to mitochondrial bc ( Complex III ) . Proton pumps are the heart of the electron transport process . They produce the transmembrane electrochemical gradient that enables ATP Synthase to synthesize ATP . Cytochrome electron carriers ( edit ) Cytochromes are pigments that contain iron . They are found in two very different environments . Some cytochromes are water - soluble carriers that shuttle electrons to and from large , immobile macromolecular structures imbedded in the membrane . The mobile cytochrome electron carrier in mitochondria is cytochrome c . Bacteria use a number of different mobile cytochrome electron carriers . Other cytochromes are found within macromolecules such as Complex III and Complex IV . They also function as electron carriers , but in a very different , intramolecular , solid - state environment . Electrons may enter an electron transport chain at the level of a mobile cytochrome or quinone carrier . For example , electrons from inorganic electron donors ( nitrite , ferrous iron , etc . ) enter the electron transport chain at the cytochrome level . When electrons enter at a redox level greater than NADH , the electron transport chain must operate in reverse to produce this necessary , higher - energy molecule . Terminal oxidases and reductases ( edit ) When bacteria grow in aerobic environments , the terminal electron acceptor ( O ) is reduced to water by an enzyme called an oxidase . When bacteria grow in anaerobic environments , the terminal electron acceptor is reduced by an enzyme called a reductase . In mitochondria the terminal membrane complex ( Complex IV ) is cytochrome oxidase . Aerobic bacteria use a number of different terminal oxidases . For example , E. coli does not have a cytochrome oxidase or a bc complex . Under aerobic conditions , it uses two different terminal quinol oxidases ( both proton pumps ) to reduce oxygen to water . Anaerobic bacteria , which do not use oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor , have terminal reductases individualized to their terminal acceptor . For example , E. coli can use fumarate reductase , nitrate reductase , nitrite reductase , DMSO reductase , or trimethylamine - N - oxide reductase , depending on the availability of these acceptors in the environment . Most terminal oxidases and reductases are inducible . They are synthesized by the organism as needed , in response to specific environmental conditions . Electron acceptors ( edit ) Just as there are a number of different electron donors ( organic matter in organotrophs , inorganic matter in lithotrophs ) , there are a number of different electron acceptors , both organic and inorganic . If oxygen is available , it is invariably used as the terminal electron acceptor , because it generates the greatest Gibbs free energy change and produces the most energy . In anaerobic environments , different electron acceptors are used , including nitrate , nitrite , ferric iron , sulfate , carbon dioxide , and small organic molecules such as fumarate . Since electron transport chains are redox processes , they can be described as the sum of two redox pairs . For example , the mitochondrial electron transport chain can be described as the sum of the NAD / NADH redox pair and the O / H O redox pair . NADH is the electron donor and O is the electron acceptor . Not every donor - acceptor combination is thermodynamically possible . The redox potential of the acceptor must be more positive than the redox potential of the donor . Furthermore , actual environmental conditions may be far different from standard conditions ( 1 molar concentrations , 1 atm partial pressures , pH = 7 ) , which apply to standard redox potentials . For example , hydrogen - evolving bacteria grow at an ambient partial pressure of hydrogen gas of 10 atm . The associated redox reaction , which is thermodynamically favorable in nature , is thermodynamic impossible under `` standard '' conditions . Summary ( edit ) Bacterial electron transport pathways are , in general , inducible . Depending on their environment , bacteria can synthesize different transmembrane complexes and produce different electron transport chains in their cell membranes . Bacteria select their electron transport chains from a DNA library containing multiple possible dehydrogenases , terminal oxidases and terminal reductases . The situation is often summarized by saying that electron transport chains in bacteria are branched , modular , and inducible . Photosynthetic ( edit ) In oxidative phosphorylation , electrons are transferred from a low - energy electron donor ( e.g. , NADH ) to an acceptor ( e.g. , O ) through an electron transport chain . In photophosphorylation , the energy of sunlight is used to create a high - energy electron donor and an electron acceptor . Electrons are then transferred from the donor to the acceptor through another electron transport chain . Photosynthetic electron transport chains have many similarities to the oxidative chains discussed above . They use mobile , lipid - soluble carriers ( quinones ) and mobile , water - soluble carriers ( cytochromes , etc . ) . They also contain a proton pump . It is remarkable that the proton pump in all photosynthetic chains resembles mitochondrial Complex III . Photosynthetic electron transport chains are discussed in greater detail in the articles Photophosphorylation , Photosynthesis , Photosynthetic reaction center and Light - dependent reaction . Summary ( edit ) Electron transport chains are redox reactions that transfer electrons from an electron donor to an electron acceptor . The transfer of electrons is coupled to the translocation of protons across a membrane , producing a proton gradient . The proton gradient is used to produce useful work . About 30 work units are produced per electron transport . See also ( edit ) CoRR hypothesis Electron equivalent Hydrogen hypothesis Respirasome References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Murray , Robert K. ; Daryl K. Granner ; Peter A. Mayes ; Victor W. Rodwell ( 2003 ) . Harper 's Illustrated Biochemistry . New York , NY : Lange Medical Books / MgGraw Hill . p. 96 . ISBN 0 - 07 - 121766 - 5 . Jump up ^ Karp , Gerald ( 2008 ) . Cell and Molecular Biology ( 5th ed . ) . Hoboken , NJ : John Wiley & Sons . p. 194 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 04217 - 5 . Jump up ^ Lauren , Biochemistry , Johnson / Cole , 2010 , pp 598 - 611 Jump up ^ Garrett & Grisham , Biochemistry , Brooks / Cole , 2010 , pp 598 - 611 Jump up ^ Garret and Grisham ( 2016 ) . biochemistry . University of Virginia . p. 687 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 305 - 57720 - 6 . Jump up ^ Jonckheere , An I. ; Smeitink , Jan A.M. ; Rodenburg , Richard J.T. ( 2017 - 03 - 10 ) . `` Mitochondrial ATP synthase : architecture , function and pathology '' . Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease . 35 ( 2 ) : 211 -- 225 . doi : 10.1007 / s10545 - 011 - 9382 - 9 . ISSN 0141 - 8955 . PMC 3278611 . PMID 21874297 . ^ Jump up to : Garrett , Reginald H. ; Grisham , Charles M. ( 2012 ) . Biochemistry ( 5th ed . ) . Cengage learning . p. 664 . ISBN 1 - 133 - 10629 - 3 . Jump up ^ Fillingame , Robert H ; Angevine , Christine M ; Dmitriev , Oleg Y ( 2003 - 11 - 27 ) . `` Mechanics of coupling proton movements to c - ring rotation in ATP synthase '' . FEBS Letters. 555 ( 1 ) : 29 -- 34 . doi : 10.1016 / S0014 - 5793 ( 03 ) 01101 - 3 . ISSN 1873 - 3468 . Jump up ^ Berg , Jeremy M. ; Tymoczko , John L. ; Stryer , Lubert ( 2002 - 01 - 01 ) . `` A Proton Gradient Powers the Synthesis of ATP '' . Jump up ^ Cannon , Barbara ; Nedergaard , Jan ( 2004 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Brown Adipose Tissue : Function and Physiological Significance '' . Physiological Reviews . 84 ( 1 ) : 277 -- 359 . doi : 10.1152 / physrev. 00015.2003 . ISSN 0031 - 9333 . PMID 14715917 . Jump up ^ Alberts , Bruce ; Johnson , Alexander ; Lewis , Julian ; Raff , Martin ; Roberts , Keith ; Walter , Peter ( 2002 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Electron - Transport Chains and Their Proton Pumps '' . Fenchel T ; King GM ; Blackburn TH ( September 2006 ) . Bacterial Biogeochemistry : The Ecophysiology of Mineral Cycling ( 2nd ed . ) . Elsevier . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 103455 - 9 . Lengeler JW ( January 1999 ) . Drews G ; Schlegel HG , eds . Biology of the Prokaryotes . Blackwell Science . ISBN 978 - 0 - 632 - 05357 - 5 . Nelson DL ; Cox MM ( April 2005 ) . Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry ( 4th ed . ) . W.H. Freeman . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7167 - 4339 - 2 . Nicholls DG ; Ferguson SJ ( July 2002 ) . Bioenergetics 3 . Academic Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 518121 - 1 . Stumm W ; Morgan JJ ( 1996 ) . Aquatic Chemistry ( 3rd ed . ) . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 51185 - 4 . Thauer RK ; Jungermann K ; Decker K ( March 1977 ) . `` Energy conservation in chemotrophic anaerobic bacteria '' . Bacteriol Rev. 41 ( 1 ) : 100 -- 80 . PMC 413997 . PMID 860983 . White D. ( September 1999 ) . The Physiology and Biochemistry of Prokaryotes ( 2nd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 512579 - 5 . Voet D ; Voet JG ( March 2004 ) . Biochemistry ( 3rd ed . ) . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 58651 - 7 . Kim HS. ; Patel , K ; Muldoon - Jacobs , K ; Bisht , KS ; Aykin - Burns , N ; Pennington , JD ; Van Der Meer , R ; Nguyen , P ; et al. ( January 2010 ) . `` SIRT3 is a mitochondria - localized tumor suppressor required for maintenance of mitochondrial integrity and metabolism during stress '' . Cancer Cell. 17 ( 1 ) : 41 -- 52 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ccr. 2009.11. 023 . PMC 3711519 . PMID 20129246 . External links ( edit ) Electron Transport Chain Complex Proteins at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH ) Khan Academy , video lecture UMich Orientation of Proteins in Membranes families / superfamily - 3 - Complexes with cytochrome b - like domains UMich Orientation of Proteins in Membranes families / superfamily - 4 - Bacterial and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidases UMich Orientation of Proteins in Membranes families / superfamily - 2 - Photosynthetic reaction centers and photosystems UMich Orientation of Proteins in Membranes families / superfamily - 78 - Cytochrome PORN renodoxin reductase UMich Orientation of Proteins in Membranes families / superfamily - 130 - Electron transfer flavoproteins Metabolism , catabolism , anabolism General Metabolic pathway Metabolic network Primary nutritional groups Energy metabolism Aerobic respiration Glycolysis → Pyruvate decarboxylation → Citric acid cycle → Oxidative phosphorylation ( electron transport chain + ATP synthase ) Anaerobic respiration Electron acceptors are other than oxygen Fermentation Glycolysis → Substrate - level phosphorylation ABE Ethanol Lactic acid Specific paths Protein metabolism Protein synthesis Catabolism Carbohydrate metabolism ( carbohydrate catabolism and anabolism ) Human Glycolysis ⇄ Gluconeogenesis Glycogenolysis ⇄ Glycogenesis Pentose phosphate pathway Fructolysis Galactolysis Glycosylation N - linked O - linked Nonhuman Photosynthesis Anoxygenic photosynthesis Chemosynthesis Carbon fixation Xylose metabolism Radiotrophism Lipid metabolism ( lipolysis , lipogenesis ) Fatty acid metabolism Fatty acid degradation ( Beta oxidation ) Fatty acid synthesis Other Steroid metabolism Sphingolipid metabolism Eicosanoid metabolism Ketosis Reverse cholesterol transport Amino acid Amino acid synthesis Urea cycle Nucleotide metabolism Purine metabolism Nucleotide salvage Pyrimidine metabolism Other Metal metabolism Iron metabolism Ethanol metabolism Metabolism : Citric acid cycle enzymes Cycle Citrate synthase Aconitase Isocitrate dehydrogenase Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase Succinyl CoA synthetase Succinate dehydrogenase ( SDHA ) Fumarase Malate dehydrogenase and ETC Anaplerotic to acetyl - CoA Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex ( E1 , E2 , E3 ) ( regulated by Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase and Pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase ) to α - ketoglutaric acid Glutamate dehydrogenase to succinyl - CoA Methylmalonyl - CoA mutase to oxaloacetate Pyruvate carboxylase Aspartate transaminase Mitochondrial electron transport chain / oxidative phosphorylation Primary Complex I / NADH dehydrogenase Complex II / Succinate dehydrogenase Coenzyme Q Complex III / Coenzyme Q - cytochrome c reductase Cytochrome c Complex IV / Cytochrome c oxidase Coenzyme Q10 synthesis : COQ2 COQ3 COQ4 COQ5 COQ6 COQ7 COQ9 COQ10A COQ10B PDSS1 PDSS2 Other Alternative oxidase Electron - transferring - flavoprotein dehydrogenase Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electron_transport_chain&oldid=827178580 '' Categories : Cellular respiration Integral membrane proteins Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 Norsk Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 23 February 2018 , at 05 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where are proteins in the electron transport chain located | [
"An electron transport chain (ETC) is a series of complexes that transfer electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors via redox (both reduction and oxidation occurring simultaneously) reactions, and couples this electron transfer with the transfer of protons (H+ ions) across a membrane. This creates an electrochemical proton gradient that drives the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a molecule that stores energy chemically in the form of highly strained bonds. The molecules of the chain include peptides, enzymes (which are proteins or protein complexes), and others. The final acceptor of electrons in the electron transport chain during aerobic respiration is molecular oxygen although a variety of acceptors other than oxygen such as sulfate exist in anaerobic respiration."
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"enzymes"
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-1462455797741799340 | Thespis | Thespis - wikipedia Thespis For other uses , see Thespis ( disambiguation ) . Thespis ' wagon , relief of the Giotto 's Belltower in Florence , Italy , Nino Pisano , 1334 -- 1336 Thespis ( / ˈθɛspɪs / ; Greek : Θέσπις ; fl . 6th century BC ) of Icaria ( present - day Dionysos , Greece ) , according to certain Ancient Greek sources and especially Aristotle , was the first person ever to appear on stage as an actor playing a character in a play ( instead of speaking as him or herself ) . In other sources , he is said to have introduced the first principal actor in addition to the chorus . Thespis was a singer of dithyrambs ( songs about stories from mythology with choric refrains ) . He is credited with introducing a new style in which one singer or actor performed the words of individual characters in the stories , distinguishing between the characters with the aid of different masks . This new style was called tragedy , and Thespis was the most popular exponent of it . Eventually , in 534 BC competitions to find the best tragedy were instituted at the City Dionysia in Athens , and Thespis won the first documented competition . Capitalising on his success , Thespis also invented theatrical touring ; he would tour various cities while carrying his costumes , masks and other props in a horse - drawn wagon . Contents 1 Alleged works 2 Legacy 3 See also 4 References 5 Sources Alleged works ( edit ) Titles of some plays have been attributed to Thespis . But most modern scholars , following the suggestion of Diogenes Laërtius , consider them to be forgeries , some forged by the philosopher Heraclides Ponticus , others by or altered by Christian writers : Contest of Pelias and Phorbas Hiereis ( Priests ) Himitheoi ( Demigods ) Pentheus Fragments ( probably spurious ) in A Nauck , Tragicorum graecorum fragmenta ( 1887 ) . Legacy ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) It is implied that Thespis invented acting in the Western world , and that prior to his performances , no one had ever assumed the resemblance of another person for the purpose of storytelling . In fact , Thespis is the first known actor in written plays . He may thus have had a substantial role in changing the way stories were told and inventing theatre as we know it today . In reverence to Thespis , actors in the English - speaking part of the world have been referred to as thespians . Thespis was the title character in an 1871 comic opera by W.S. Gilbert and Arthur Sullivan , the first collaboration between the two men , although the musical score has mostly been lost . The story involves Thespis and his troupe of actors temporarily replacing the Gods of Olympus , while the latter come down to earth to `` mingle '' with humanity . Thespis is a 2014 UK film , produced by ACT 2 CAM . A branch of the National Theatre of Greece expressly instituted in 1939 to tour the country is named `` The Wagon of Thespis '' ( Greek : Άρμα Θέσπιδος , Árma Théspidos ) in his honour . A first season episode of the TV series Sports Night was named `` Thespis '' and referenced him . See also ( edit ) Aeschylus Aristophanes Aristotle Dionysia Euripides Phrynichus Solon Sophocles References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Buckham , Philip Wentworth , Theatre of the Greeks , Cambridge : J. Smith , 1827 . Jump up ^ Horace , Ars Poetica 275 - 7 Jump up ^ Diogenes Laertius , Book V , Heraclides , 92 : `` And Aristoxenus the musician says , that he composed tragedies , and inscribed them with the name of Thespis . '' Jump up ^ A Nauck , Tragicorum graecorum fragmenta ( 1887 ) , page 832 : `` Thespidis quaecumque feruntur ab impostoribus esse ficta vix est quod moneam , et proditur hoc fraudis genere usus esse Heraclides Ponticus ... Heraclidis igitur crediderim esse fr. 1 - 3 ; nam fr. 4 non dubito quin alteri post Christum saeculo debeatur . '' Jump up ^ A Nauck , Tragicorum graecorum fragmenta ( 1887 ) , page 832 - 833 . Jump up ^ `` Libretto : `` Thespis , or The Gods Grown Old '' `` . The Gilbert and Sullivan Archive . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 18 . Sources ( edit ) Gaster , Theodor , H. , Thespis : Ritual , Myth , and Drama in the Ancient Near East , Henry Schuman Publishing , New York , 1950 . ISBN 0 - 87752 - 188 - 3 . GND : 118997165 ISNI : 0000 0000 5537 0077 LCCN : nb2002083035 VIAF : 15570254 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thespis&oldid=846244764 '' Categories : Ancient Greek actors Greek male stage actors History of theatre 6th - century BC Athenians Tragic poets Hidden categories : Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Articles needing additional references from November 2017 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Year of birth unknown Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית മലയാളം 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Српски / srpski Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 19 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 June 2018 , at 11 : 49 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who was the first known actor to act alone | [
"Thespis (/ˈθɛspɪs/; Greek: Θέσπις; fl. 6th century BC) of Icaria (present-day Dionysos, Greece), according to certain Ancient Greek sources and especially Aristotle, was the first person ever to appear on stage as an actor playing a character in a play (instead of speaking as him or herself). In other sources, he is said to have introduced the first principal actor in addition to the chorus.[1]\n"
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"Thespis"
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5607846903442441842 | Down by the River (Milky Chance song) | Down by the River ( Milky Chance song ) - wikipedia Down by the River ( Milky Chance song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Down by the River '' Single by Milky Chance from the album Sadnecessary Released 28 March 2014 Format Digital download Recorded 2013 Genre Folktronica Length 4 : 03 Label Lichtdicht Songwriter ( s ) Clemens Rehbein Philipp Dausch Producer ( s ) Milky Chance Milky Chance singles chronology `` Stolen Dance '' ( 2013 ) `` Down by the River '' ( 2014 ) `` Flashed Junk Mind '' ( 2014 ) `` Stolen Dance '' ( 2013 ) `` Down by the River '' ( 2014 ) `` Flashed Junk Mind '' ( 2014 ) Music video `` Down by the River '' on YouTube `` Down by the River '' is a song by German folk duo Milky Chance . It was released as the second single from their debut studio album , Sadnecessary , on 28 March 2014 through Lichtdicht Records . The song has charted in France , Germany , Switzerland , and the United Kingdom . The song was written and produced by the duo themselves . The song also appears on the soundtrack for the association football video game published by EA Sports , FIFA 15 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Meaning 2 Track listing 3 Chart performance 3.1 Weekly charts 4 Release history 5 References 6 External links Meaning ( edit ) The meaning behind the song , as explained by Clemens in a track by track commentary , is literally about a river ; the Fulda , to be exact . The song was written based on a `` Experiences I ( Clemens ) had down by the river . '' He does not like to explain the story behind it because when he 's writing a song , he prefers to `` draw a picture '' of it , so that everybody can make their own story for it . Track listing ( edit ) Digital download -- EP No . Title Length 1 . `` Down by the River '' ( Radio Edit ) 3 : 42 2 . `` Down by the River '' 4 : 03 3 . `` Down by the River '' ( FlicFlac Radio Edit ) 3 : 53 4 . `` Down by the River '' ( FlicFlac Club Mix ) 5 : 11 Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2014 ) Peak position France ( SNEP ) 64 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 39 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 72 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 79 Release history ( edit ) Region Date Format Label Germany 28 March 2014 Digital download Lichtdicht References ( edit ) Jump up ^ YouTube - Milky Chance - Down By The River `` Commentary '' Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Milky Chance -- Down by The River '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Milky Chance -- Down by The River '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Milky Chance -- Down by The River '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ iTunes - Musik -- `` Down by the River - EP `` von Milky Chance External links ( edit ) ( hide ) Milky Chance Discography Studio albums Sadnecessary ( 2013 ) Blossom ( 2017 ) Extended plays Stolen Dance EP ( 2013 ) Singles `` Stolen Dance '' `` Down by the River '' `` Flashed Junk Mind '' `` Cocoon '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Down_by_the_River_(Milky_Chance_song)&oldid=735860133 '' Categories : 2014 songs 2014 singles Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Talk Contents About Wikipedia Română Edit links This page was last edited on 23 August 2016 , at 15 : 41 . About Wikipedia | down by the river lyrics milky chance meaning | [
"The meaning behind the song, as explained by Clemens in a track by track commentary,[1] is literally about a river; the Fulda, to be exact. The song was written based on a \"Experiences I (Clemens) had down by the river.\" He does not like to explain the story behind it because when he's writing a song, he prefers to \"draw a picture\" of it, so that everybody can make their own story for it."
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"literally about a river"
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1798058106048329774 | Dumb Ways to Die | Dumb Ways to Die - wikipedia Dumb Ways to Die Jump to : navigation , search A screenshot from the animated video during the song 's final chorus presents Numpty , Hapless , Pillock , Dippy , Dummkopf , Dimwit , Stupe , Lax , Doomed , Numskull , Bungle , Mishap , Dunce , Calamity , Ninny , Botch , Doofus , Stumble , Bonehead and Putz and their resulting deaths . Dumb Ways to Die is an Australian public service announcement campaign by Metro Trains in Melbourne , Victoria , Australia , to promote rail safety . The campaign video went viral through sharing and social media starting in November 2012 . On 20 January 2016 , Dumb Ways To Die came to Denver , Colorado , the first time the campaign came into the USA . It is seen on the RTD system . Contents ( hide ) 1 Campaign 1.1 Video 1.2 Song 1.3 Game 2 Reception 2.1 Effectiveness and unwanted repercussions 2.2 Censorship in Russia 2.3 Awards 3 Legacy 3.1 Parodies 3.2 Life Insurance Partnership 3.3 Spin - offs 3.4 Other 4 References 5 External links Campaign ( edit ) The campaign was devised by advertising agency McCann Melbourne . It appeared in newspapers , local radio , and outdoor advertising throughout the Metro Trains network and on Tumblr . John Mescall , executive creative director of McCann , said `` The aim of this campaign is to engage an audience that really does n't want to hear any kind of safety message , and we think Dumb Ways To Die will . '' McCann estimated that within two weeks , it had generated at least $ 50 million worth of global media value in addition to more than 700 media stories , for `` a fraction of the cost of one TV ad '' . According to Metro Trains , the campaign contributed to a more than 30 % reduction in `` near - miss '' accidents , from 13.29 near - misses per million kilometres in November 2011 -- January 2012 , to 9.17 near - misses per million kilometres in November 2012 -- January 2013 . Video ( edit ) The video was animated by Julian Frost and produced by Cinnamon Darvall . It was uploaded to YouTube on 14 November 2012 and made public two days later . It featured `` Numpty , Hapless , Pillock , Dippy , Dummkopf , Dimwit , Stupe , Lax , Clod , Doomed , Numskull , Bungle , Mishap , Dunce , Calamity , Ninny , Botch and Doofus killing themselves in increasingly stupid ways '' culminating in the last three characters ( Stumble , Bonehead and Putz ) being killed by trains due to unsafe behavior . It was viewed 2.5 million times within 48 hours and 4.7 million times within 72 hours . Within two weeks , the video had been viewed 30 million times.As of August 2017 , the video has received over 150 million views . McCann released an `` Official Karaoke Edition '' of the video on 26 November 2012 . Song ( edit ) The song `` Dumb Ways to Die '' from the video was written by John Mescall with music by Ollie McGill from The Cat Empire , who also produced it . It was performed by Emily Lubitz , the lead vocalist of Tinpan Orange , with McGill providing backing vocals . The band on the recording consists of Gavin Pearce on Bass , Danny Faruggia on drums and Brett Wood on guitar . It was released on iTunes , attributed to the artist `` Tangerine Kitty '' ( a reference to Tinpan Orange and The Cat Empire ) . The song , with a tempo of 128 beats per minute , is written in C major and a time signature of 4 / 4 . Charts Chart ( 2012 -- 13 ) Peak position Belgium ( Ultratip Flanders ) 9 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 94 UK Indie ( Official Charts Company ) 38 Game ( edit ) Dumb Ways to Die Developer ( s ) Julian Frost Samuel Baird Publisher ( s ) Metro Trains Melbourne PopReach Producer ( s ) Ollie McGill Platform ( s ) iOS , Android Release iOS WW : 6 May 2013 Android WW : 17 September 2013 Genre ( s ) Action game , Puzzle game Mode ( s ) Single - player In May 2013 , Metro released a `` Dumb Ways to Die '' game as an app for iOS devices . The game , developed by Julian Frost and Samuel Baird , invites players to avoid the dangerous activities engaged in by the various characters featured throughout the campaign . Within the app , players can also pledge to `` not do dumb stuff around trains . '' The activities include things like getting toast out with a fork and poking a stick at a grizzly bear . An Android version was also eventually released in September 2013 . The aim of the game is to earn as many points as possible by avoiding `` dying '' in one of the activities . Lives can be lost by `` dying '' in one of the activities . The player has three chances to prevent the characters from dying . A sequel was made in November 2014 . In the sequel , there are a lot more varieties of challenges in each particular building , and each building has a particular theme . Before a train arrives at a building , the player plays a challenge to counter something related to trains . If successful , bonus points can be earned at the end of the game . There are 8 challenges each in every building . Like the original game , the game 's characters do plenty of dangerous and unsafe activities . Lives can be lost by `` dying '' in one of the activities . The player has three chances to prevent the characters from dying . Reception ( edit ) Susie O'Brien in the Herald Sun in Melbourne criticised the ad for trivialising serious injuries and being about advertisers ' ego rather than effective safety messages . Simon Crerar of the Herald Sun wrote that the song 's `` catchy chorus was the most arresting hook since PSY 's Gangnam Style . '' Alice Clarke writing in the Herald Sun described the video as `` adorably morbid '' and wrote that Victoria 's public transport `` broke its long running streak of terrible ads '' . Daisy Dumas of the Sydney Morning Herald described it as `` darkly cute -- and irksomely catchy '' and the chorus as `` instant earworm material '' . Michelle Starr of CNET described the campaign as the Darwin Awards meets The Gashlycrumb Tinies and the song as `` a cutesy indie - pop hit in the style of Feist '' . Logan Booker of Gizmodo described it as `` taking a page out of the Happy Tree Friends book and mixing cute with horrifying '' . Karen Stocks of YouTube Australia said the video was unusual due to the high number of views from mobile devices . Stocks attributed the success to `` A snappy headline . A catchy tune that gets stuck in your head . And a message that is easy to understand and perfectly targeted . '' The Sunshine Coast Daily described it as `` the Gangnam Style of train safety campaigns '' . Arlene Paredes of the International Business Times said the video was `` brilliant in getting viewers ' attention '' and `` arguably one of the cutest PSAs ever made . '' Effectiveness and unwanted repercussions ( edit ) The campaign received some criticism on the basis that suicide is one of the most influential causes of rail trauma , and the ad reinforces deadly trains as a possible suicide method . Writing in Mumbrella in February 2013 , a former employee of Victoria 's Department of Infrastructure advised critical thinking when evaluating claims made regarding improvements to safety . Reference was made specifically to the claimed 20 percent reduction in risky behavior as being `` social media bullshit '' . Censorship in Russia ( edit ) In February 2013 , Artemy Lebedev 's blog was censored by Roskomnadzor , the Russian government agency in charge of Internet censorship , for including the video . Later that day , the YouTube video was also censored , with the `` This content is not available in your country due to a legal complaint from the government '' message . The official takedown notice sent to Livejournal.com was quoted , in part , by Lebedev in his blog . The song 's lyrics contains a description of different ways of committing suicide , such as : using drugs beyond their expiration date , standing on an edge of a platform , running across the rails , eating superglue and other . The animated personages demonstrate dangerous ways of suicide in attractive for children and teenagers comic format . The lines such as `` hide in a dryer '' and `` What 's this red button do ? '' contain an incitement to commit those acts . Despite this fact , the video was included into the ABC Show and was shown in more than 50 cities of Russia . Awards ( edit ) The campaign won seven Webby Awards in 2013 including the Best Animation Film & Video and Best Public Service & Activism ( Social Content & Marketing ) . It won three Siren Awards , run by Commercial Radio Australia , including the Gold Siren for best advertisement of the year and Silver Sirens for the best song and best campaign . The public service announcement was awarded the Grand Trophy in the 2013 New York Festivals International Advertising Awards . In June 2013 , the campaign clip won the Integrated Grand Prix at the Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity , and overall , won five Grand Prix awards , 18 Gold Lions , three Silver Lions , and two Bronze Lions , which was the most for the campaign in the festival 's history . Legacy ( edit ) Parodies ( edit ) Within two weeks , the video had spawned over 85 parodies . Some renditions and parodies have been featured in national and international media : `` Cool Things to Find '' - featuring the Curiosity Mars rover . Cinesaurus noted that it took them six days and 250 man hours to create . `` Dumb Movie Ways to Die '' - from The Movie Maniacs parodies well known `` dumb '' movie deaths from famous films . `` Dumb Ways to Die ( In Video Games ) Parody '' `` Dumb Ways to Die ( Minecraft Edition ) '' `` Grand Theft Auto V : Dumb Ways to Die '' Dumb Ways to Die - Game of Thrones Edition `` Dumb Ways to Die - Miami / ESPM '' by Miami Ad School in Sao Paulo , Brazil . ( No longer available in YouTube due to copyright claim by Metro Trains Melbourne ) My Little Pony Dumb Ways to Die - a version featuring the ponies from My Little Pony : Friendship is Magic `` Annoying Ways to Die '' from Annoying Orange , as noted by Socialtimes `` The Walking Dead + Dumb Ways to Die Parody '' - live - action parody of characters from The Walking Dead `` Smart Ways to Live '' by The Maccabeats - a cappella version as noted by Arutz Sheva . `` Dumb Ways to Die - Happy Tree Friends Edition '' `` Fun Ways to Die '' `` Queremos Vivir en Caracas '' Life Insurance partnership ( edit ) Due to their success , the Dumb Ways to Die characters have been featured in a promotional campaign for Empire Life Insurance , with their key message being , `` the dumbest way to die is without life insurance . '' However , the campaign was met with mixed reviews , with some advertising critics accusing Metro of `` selling out '' on a successful campaign . Spin - offs ( edit ) On 17 October 2014 , the Dumb Ways to Die website was revamped to hint at a new installment of the campaign . Slated for release in November 2014 , the games take on a more sporting , athletic , and fitness theme , and is labelled `` Dumb Ways to Die 2 : The Games '' . Other ( edit ) Metro Trains was also supporting the Melbourne International Film Festival and decided to create a video to keep safe around that event . The song was used in the 45th episode of the 7th season of the Chinese dating show If You Are The One during a contestant 's introduction video . It is unclear if the song 's origin or morbid lyrics were known to the editors of the show , who likely chose it purely for its cheery sound . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ DumbWays2Die ( 14 November 2012 ) . Dumb Ways to Die ( YouTube ) . - official video link ^ Jump up to : `` Metro 's tongue - in - cheek transport safety animated video goes viral on social media '' . The Age . 19 November 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.rtd-denver.com/safety.shtml ^ Jump up to : `` McCann 's dumb ways to die '' . Australian Creative . 19 November 2012 . Archived from the original on 19 November 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Aussie viral video , ' Dumb Ways to Die ' , lives on '' . The Age . 29 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Stephen Cauchi ( 14 February 2013 ) . `` No dumb luck : Metro claims safety success '' . The Age . Retrieved 15 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cute Melbourne safety video Dumb Ways to Die becomes internet smash '' . Herald Sun . 19 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Dumb Ways to Die YouTube video ( YouTube ) . Retrieved 2 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dumb Ways to Die spawns karaoke spin off '' . Mumbrella. 27 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Dumb ways to die ' goes viral '' . 3AW. 19 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Gruger , William ( 10 December 2012 ) . `` Australian ' Dumb Ways to Die ' Ad Goes Viral , Song Gains Sales '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Tangerine Kitty `` Dumb Ways to Die '' Sheet Music in C Major ( transposable ) - Download & Print - SKU : MN0127323 `` . Musicnotes. 17 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Tangerine Kitty -- ( ( ( song ) ) ) '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratip . Retrieved 3 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Tangerine Kitty -- ( ( ( song ) ) ) '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 3 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Official Independent Singles Chart Top 50 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 3 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dumb Ways to Die '' . Apple App Store . Retrieved 27 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dodge Piranhas and Swat Wasps in new ' Dumb Ways to Die ' Game '' . Creativity Online . Retrieved 27 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Frost , Julian . `` Dumb Ways to Die Game '' . julianfrost.co.nz . Julian Frost . Retrieved 8 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dumb Ways to Die : You have to Keep Them Alive , or Die Hilariously '' . App Chronicles . Archived from the original on 7 June 2013 . Retrieved 27 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Nudd , Tim . `` Dumb Ways to Die Is Now a Video Game for the iPhone and iPad McCann Australia extends beloved train - safety ad '' . AdWeek . Retrieved 27 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dumb Ways To Die tops charts with new iPhone + iPad app game via McCann + Barrel Of Donkeys '' . Campaign Brief . Retrieved 27 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dumb Ways to Die '' . Google Play Store . Retrieved 18 September 2013 . Jump up ^ O'Brien , Susie ( 25 November 2012 ) . `` Ego trip a dumb way to tackle rail safety '' . The Herald Sun . Jump up ^ `` How we 've cornered the market in terrible advertising '' . Herald Sun . 26 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Dumas , Daisy ( 19 November 2012 ) . `` Being dumb is almost cool with surprise advertising hit '' . Sydney Morning Herald . Jump up ^ Starr , Michelle ( 19 November 2012 ) . `` Metro Trains PSA details dumb ways to die '' . CNET . Jump up ^ Booker , Logan ( 19 November 2012 ) . `` Adorable , Yet Horrifying Metro Trains Safety Video Quietly Becomes A YouTube Sensation '' . Gizmodo . ^ Jump up to : Stocks , Karen ( 19 November 2012 ) . `` Mobile devices help ' Dumb ways to die ' become the fastest spreading Australian viral brand video of all time '' . mUmBRELLA . Jump up ^ `` Dumb ways to die video the Gangam Style of train safety '' . Sunshine Coast Daily . 20 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Viral Video with 8M Views : `` Dumb Ways to Die '' Melbourne Metro Ad - Cute , Twisted , Brilliant `` . International Business Times . 5 January 2013 . Archived from the original on 25 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Dumb Ways To Die -- A Strange Sense of Success Retrieved 16 July 2013 Jump up ^ Karalee Evans ( 11 February 2013 ) . `` Dumb Ways To Die and social media bullshit '' . Mumbrella . Retrieved 9 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Post on your blog for clip on blocked Lebedeva stupid ways to commit suicide '' . Lenta.ru. 5 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Melbourne rail safety message wins Webby '' . The Age . 1 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dumb Ways to Die dominates Sirens '' . B&T. 10 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dumb Ways to Die campaign dominates best radio ads of the year '' . Commercial Radio Australia . Archived from the original on 8 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dumb Ways does it again '' . australiancreative.com.au. 4 May 2013 . Archived from the original on 10 July 2013 . Retrieved 10 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Sweney , Mark ( 2013 ) . `` Cannes Lions : Dumb Ways to Die scoops top award '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 9 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Quirky ' Dumb Ways to Die ' campaign sweeps advertising awards '' . Reuters . Retrieved 19 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Moses , Asher ( 29 November 2012 ) . `` Aussie viral video , ' Dumb Ways to Die ' , lives on '' . Sydney Morning Herald . Jump up ^ Grenoble , Ryan ( 28 November 2012 ) . `` ' Cool Things To Find ' Parodies ' Dumb Ways To Die ' PSA With Spoof Starring Mars Rover ( VIDEO ) '' . Huffington Post . Jump up ^ Starr , Michelle ( 28 November 2012 ) . `` Dumb Ways to Die parody is even more fun '' . CNET . Jump up ^ `` Dumb Movie Ways to Die - Dumb Ways to Die Parody '' . YouTube . 20 March 2013 . Retrieved 20 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Johnston , Rich ( 25 June 2013 ) . `` Dumb Ways To Die Cleans Up At Cannes - And In Parodies - Bleeding Cool Comic Book , Movies and TV News and Rumors '' . Bleedingcool.com . ^ Jump up to : `` 6 Awesome ' Dumb Ways To Die ' Parodies On YouTube '' . SocialTimes. 20 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Diaz , Ann - Christine ( 2 October 2013 ) . `` GTA V Meets ' Dumb Ways to Die ' in YouTube Parody Video '' . Advertising Age . Jump up ^ Taube , Aaron ( 3 October 2013 ) . `` This ' Grand Theft Auto V ' Themed Spoof Of The ' Dumb Ways To Die ' Ad Is Tremendous '' . Business Insider . India . Jump up ^ Nudd , Tim ( 13 April 2015 ) . `` Dumb Ways to Die , Game of Thrones Edition , Chronicles Show 's Notable Demises Thus Far Plenty of untimely ends '' . AdWeek . Retrieved 21 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Nudd , Tim ( 28 April 2014 ) . `` Creative Ideas Die Messy Deaths in Ad School 's ' Dumb Ways ' Parody '' . Adweek . Jump up ^ `` YouTube '' . www.youtube.com . Retrieved 26 April 2016 . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7nH8yjg1CuM Jump up ^ `` New and Fresh from The Maccabeats : Smart Ways to Live '' . Israelnationalnews.com . Retrieved 20 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dumb Ways to Die - Happy Tree Friends Edition ( Version 2.0 ) '' . YouTube . 23 March 2014 . Retrieved 20 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` fun ways to die parody of dumb ways to die '' . YouTube . 26 March 2013 . Retrieved 20 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Queremos Vivir en Caracas '' . YouTube . 23 September 2013 . Retrieved 20 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Unexpected Happens Everyday - Empire Life Insurance '' . 1 July 2014 . Archived from the original on 15 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The dumbest way to die is without life insurance , Empire Life launches new advertising campaign '' . 29 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Nudd , Tim ( 12 June 2014 ) . `` Nothing 's Sacred : Dumb Ways to Doe Now Being Used to Hawk Life Insurance '' . Adweek . Jump up ^ `` Mumbrella Asia - New Dumb Ways to Die Spin off game launches '' . 24 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dumb Ways to Die - Melbourne International Film Festival ( official video ) '' . Metro Trains . Retrieved on 22 December 2014 . External links ( edit ) Official website Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dumb_Ways_to_Die&oldid=805462606 '' Categories : Public transport in Melbourne Viral videos Public service announcements 2012 songs Webby Award winners 2013 controversies 2013 video games IOS games Android ( operating system ) games Internet memes Internet memes introduced in 2012 Censorship in Russia Media and entertainment controversies Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from July 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from August 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Singlechart usages for Flanders Tip Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for UKindie Singlechart called without artist Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia 日本 語 Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Русский Suomi Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 15 October 2017 , at 15 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sings the dumb ways to die song | [
"The song \"Dumb Ways to Die\" from the video was written by John Mescall with music by Ollie McGill from The Cat Empire, who also produced it.[10] It was performed by Emily Lubitz, the lead vocalist of Tinpan Orange, with McGill providing backing vocals.[2] The band on the recording consists of Gavin Pearce on Bass, Danny Faruggia on drums and Brett Wood on guitar.[7] It was released on iTunes, attributed to the artist \"Tangerine Kitty\" (a reference to Tinpan Orange and The Cat Empire).[2][11] The song, with a tempo of 128 beats per minute, is written in C major and a time signature of 4/4.[12]"
] | [
"Emily Lubitz"
] |
-80805808509488869 | Lost in Space (2018 TV series) | Lost in Space ( 2018 TV series ) - Wikipedia Lost in Space ( 2018 TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search Lost in Space Series logotype Genre Science fiction Adventure Family drama Created by Irwin Allen Developed by Matt Sazama Burk Sharpless Starring Molly Parker Toby Stephens Maxwell Jenkins Taylor Russell Mina Sundwall Ignacio Serricchio Parker Posey Composer ( s ) Christopher Lennertz John Williams ( original theme ) Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 10 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Zack Estrin Kevin Burns Jon Jashni Matt Sazama Burk Sharpless Neil Marshall Marc Helwig Location ( s ) Vancouver , British Columbia Cinematography Sam McCurdy Running time 47 -- 65 minutes Production company ( s ) Sazama Sharpless Productions Applebox Entertainment Synthesis Entertainment Clickety - Clack Productions Legendary Television Distributor Netflix Release Original network Netflix Picture format 4K ( Ultra HD ) Original release April 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) -- present Chronology Related shows Lost in Space ( 1965 TV series ) Lost in Space ( 1998 film ) External links Website Lost in Space is an American science fiction television series based on a re-imagining of the 1965 series of the same name ( itself a re-imagining of the 1812 novel The Swiss Family Robinson ) , following the adventures of a family of pioneering space colonists whose ship veers off - course . It is written by Matt Sazama and Burk Sharpless and consists of ten episodes produced by Legendary Television , Synthesis Entertainment , Clickety - Clack Productions , and Applebox Entertainment , with Zack Estrin serving as showrunner . Netflix released the series on April 13 , 2018 . In May 2018 , the series was renewed for a second season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast 2.1 Main 3 Episodes 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Filming 5 Release 6 Reception 7 References 8 External links Premise ( edit ) In the year 2048 the Robinson family is selected for the 24th mission of the Resolute , an interstellar spacecraft which will carry selected families to colonize a new world . The Resolute was built after a celestial object , dubbed `` The Christmas Star '' by the media , crashed into Earth a few years earlier , threatening humanity 's survival on Earth . Before they reach their destination , an alien robot breaches the Resolute 's hull . Some of the families are forced to evacuate the mothership in their short range Jupiter spacecraft . The Robinsons and other colonists crash land on a nearby habitable planet where they battle the strange new environment and their own personal demons as they attempt to find a way back to the Resolute . Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Molly Parker as Maureen Robinson , a fearless and brilliant aerospace engineer taking her family on the mission to colonize Alpha Centauri for a new life on a better world . She is a mission commander . She is married to John Robinson and is the mother of three children . Toby Stephens as John Robinson , a former U.S. Navy SEAL , and husband to Maureen . He is the biological father of Maureen 's two youngest children . Maxwell Jenkins as Will Robinson , the 11 - year - old son and youngest child of Maureen and John Robinson . Taylor Russell as Judy Robinson , Maureen 's 18 - year - old biracial daughter and eldest child . She is a mission doctor , having received accelerated medical training . Mina Sundwall as Penny Robinson , the 15 - year old daughter and middle Robinson child . Ignacio Serricchio as Don West , a mechanic who also smuggles luxury goods . He has a chicken named Debbie , which he claims to be lucky . Parker Posey as Dr. Smith . She is a criminal and a sociopath who uses other people 's identities to claim their belongings . Dr. Smith , whose real name is June Harris , stole her sister Jessica 's identity and place on the colony ship . There she impersonates a Dr. Zachary Smith , to take his seat on an evacuating Jupiter ship . After landing on the planet , Dr. Smith attempts to sabotage the Jupiters ' chances of being rescued by the Resolute while manipulating and gaslighting the survivors to avoid prosecution for her crimes . The theft of the doctor 's identity is a reference to the corresponding Dr. Smith character of the original TV series . Brian Steele as the Robot , an alien mechanoid being that Will encounters on the planet that his family crash lands on . The robot has a different form from the ones on the previous series and movie . Episodes ( edit ) This section 's plot summaries may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve them by removing unnecessary details and making them more concise . ( May 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original release date `` Impact '' Neil Marshall Matt Sazama & Burk Sharpless April 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) The spacecraft Resolute , a large ferris wheel style ship , is carrying colonists , including the Robinson family , to Alpha Centauri . The Resolute is attacked and colonists escape in their `` family home '' Jupiter landing crafts but are hurled into a wormhole , crash - landing on an Earth - like planet . The Robinsons ' craft , Jupiter 2 , crashes into a glacial bed . The family evacuates with some supplies before their craft sinks in rapidly freezing water . Eldest Robinson child , Judy , a doctor , dives to the ship to retrieve power equipment . She becomes encased in ice , and with five hours of oxygen left in Judy 's suit , John and son , Will , set out to collect magnesium that will melt the ice . Judy guides her sister , Penny , through a medical procedure to treat their injured mother , Maureen . Inside a cave , Will falls down a chasm , landing at the edge of a forest . John radios Will , saying he will return after saving Judy . Alone , Will finds a crashed alien ship and a dismembered robot that he helps to self - repair . In return , it saves Will as a forest fire nearly engulfs them . The family attempt to free Judy , but a sudden rainstorm hinders their progress . Will and the Robot arrive , and the Robot rescues Judy . In a flashback scene , a woman steals the identity of Dr. Zachary Smith and boards a Jupiter landing craft , along with Don West and Tam Roughneck . `` Diamonds In The Sky '' Neil Marshall Matt Sazama & Burk Sharpless April 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) Don West , Smith , and Debbie the chicken survive the Jupiter 18 landing . While looking for other survivors , they find Angela Goddard , who is barely alive . When a storm approaches , Don and Angela take cover while Smith heads out . Meanwhile , the robot melts more ice to allow the Robinsons to start the process of recovering the Jupiter 2 . Maureen , John , Will and the robot hike to another Jupiter crash site and then later to the robot 's ship . They leave Penny and Judy behind , instructing them how to carefully raise the ship out of the ice . Inside the alien ship , a holographic map of the planet is activated , showing John and Maureen they are in an unidentified galaxy . Outside , the robot touches the ship 's hull , creating a mental connection to Will who learns what really happened on the Resolute . He decides to say nothing to his parents about the vision . When Penny sees the storm approaching and is unable to reach her parents to warn them , she raises the Jupiter 2 enough that the garage can be opened . She drives the ship 's Chariot all - terrain vehicle to reach her family just in front of the storm . As they head back to Jupiter 2 , they pass Don who sees them only to discover his flare gun is missing . The Robinsons see a flare and find Smith , who claims to be alone , returning with her to the Jupiter 2 . `` Infestation '' Tim Southam Zack Estrin April 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) In a flashback , Dr. Smith is revealed to be June Harris , the older , ex-con sister of Jess Harris , a successful businesswoman . Jess offers June her entire estate as she is leaving Earth , but June drugs Jess and assumes her sister 's identity . Aboard the Resolute , she bumps into her sister 's lover and there is a struggle ending in him getting blown out an airlock . June is arrested but escapes during the robot 's attack . In the present , Maureen explains they are trillions of light years from Earth . At night , the ice layer over Jupiter 2 cracks , endangering the ship . They rush to complete repairs , but the engines are losing fuel . When Will and the robot discover large eel - like creatures in the conduits , the robot locks Will , along with Smith , in the storeroom for safety . The glacier shifts , which forces the crew to make an emergency take - off after flushing the eels from the engines . They escape with just enough fuel to land near a forest region . Comms pick up radio communication from other Jupiter survivors and also from Resolute , who are searching for survivors . Somebody hacks the onboard 3D printer to make a gun . Will finds it , and hides the gun under his mattress , unaware Smith is watching . `` The Robinsons Were Here '' Alice Troughton Katherine Collins April 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) Stuck without fuel , the family initiates Jupiter 2 's colonization expansion protocol . Smith and Will discuss the robot , who does Will 's bidding . Don West and Angela are rescued by the Watanabe family ; Hiroki Watanabe reunites with John and Maureen at Jupiter 11 where Judy treats Angela . She tells Judy about the attack on Resolute . The Robinsons learn none of the other surviving families can fly due to the giant eels consuming fuel . John notices that one crash site is not a Jupiter ship . Maureen , John , and Don go there and discover the Resolute 's comm dish . They realize the Resolute ca n't hear them . Maureen also discovers contraband whiskey that Don smuggled aboard . Judy confronts Will about the robot , and he reveals he knew it attacked the Resolute . They decide to hide the robot in a nearby cave , unaware Smith is following them . On the way , they 're spotted by Vijay Dhar , the son of another survivor group . Penny blackmails him to say nothing about the robot , having found and keeping an item he dropped . While away , Maureen and John discuss their marital problems . The next morning , the kids return to Jupiter 2 before their parents arrive . Smith talks to the robot inside the cave , attempting to instill distrust in it about Will . When John and Maureen return home , the kids tell them that the robot wandered away . 5 `` Transmission '' Deborah Chow Kari Drake April 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) The surviving colonists build a light tower to try to signal the Resolute . Maureen , noticing strange weather phenomena , conducts an experiment using a weather balloon . She discovers the sun is paired with a deadly black hole , and that the disturbances will only get worse until the planet is entirely unhabitable . Will ignores Penny and Judy 's advice to tell their father about the Robot . Penny develops a crush on Vijay , flirting with him as they move supplies . Don confronts Dr. Smith about the stolen flare gun , though she claims she took it by mistake . In a flashback , Maureen and the kids discuss pros versus cons of going to Alpha Centauri . Judy and Don discuss his smuggling activities . He also reveals his suspicions about Dr. Smith 's identity . Judy confronts Dr. Smith about this , but she lies and instead casts doubt on Don . When the colonists activate the light signal , Dr. Smith sneaks away and shuts off the perimeter fence , allowing a large reptilian creature to enter the camp and destroy the light tower . Smith tells John about the kids hiding the robot . When another creature shows up , Dr. Smith tells Will to call the robot . It does save the survivors , but only after Will tells it to defend itself against the creatures . It assumes its original multi-limb form to do this . The colonists witness all of this and recognize the robot from the attack on the Resolute . 6 `` Eulogy '' Vincenzo Natali Ed McCardie April 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) Maureen tells her family about the black hole but is afraid the other colonists might panic . John has a heated argument with the other survivors about the robot . In the end , despite an enraged Angela claiming it killed her husband , John convinces the community to allow the robot to stay and takes Will on a hike to discuss Will 's responsibility for the robot 's actions . He has Will fetch 27 large stones to build a memorial to the casualties . Don takes the community leader and Vijay 's father , Victor Dhar , to his Jupiter which crashed in the desert where there are none of the eel - like creatures , and wants money for its fuel . Don also retrieves identification of the real Dr. Smith , later showing Judy . Maureen learns that Hiroki also knows the planet is dying . Penny tells Vijay about the black hole but swears him to secrecy , and they share a kiss . Back at camp , Dr. Smith makes the distraught Angela recount the horrifying details of the robot attack . The emotional Angela enters the hub with the gun Dr. Smith has taken from Will 's bunk and arranged for her to find . When she shoots at the robot it goes into attack mode and accidentally injures John before Will gets it to stop . Distraught , Will takes the robot to a cliff and orders it to walk off . He then places a stone on the memorial for the robot . 7 `` Pressurized '' Tim Southam Vivian Lee April 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) While driving back to Jupiter 2 , Judy is about to tell Dr. Smith she knows the truth about her when Don stops her . When Will is confronted by his mother , he confirms the robot 3D - printed the gun and that he hid it . Anyone could 've taken the gun , though . Dr. Smith refuses blame for Angela 's attack , and suggests Victor Dhar might have taken the gun . John and Maureen 's rover gets stuck in a tar pit . As they sink to the bottom , Maureen admits to doctoring Will 's test results . To escape the vehicle , Maureen uses the helium weather balloon to create a shielded path to the surface . Meanwhile , Smith locates the destroyed robot , but can not get it to reassemble . Don 's group speeds through a dangerous geyser field but a tube shakes loose and when Evan fixes the problem , a geyser blast flips the tanker on top of him . Victor realizes that a rock has punctured the tanker and if they move it they 'll lose most of the fuel . Despite this Don reluctantly sides with Judy and lifts the tanker , spilling the fuel , but Evan dies anyway . Back on Jupiter 2 , Dr. Smith finally manages to reactivate the robot . When Victor returns home , Vijay tells him about the planet 's coming demise . Victor decides to use what fuel they did retrieve to launch their own Jupiter 4 . 8 `` Trajectory '' Stephen Surjik Katherine Collins & Kari Drake April 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) Maureen ca n't talk Victor out of launching , but John sneaks aboard the Dhar 's Jupiter 4 and triggers the emergency shut down . Later , he explains to the gathered colonists how the planet is about to become inhabitable . Penny breaks off with Vijay for him telling his father . Maureen has a plan on how to launch despite the limited fuel , stripping out non-essential modules , and relying on old - school manual piloting . Judy tells Maureen the truth about the real Dr. Smith aboard Don 's Jupiter . Returning to Jupiter 2 , Maureen confines Dr. Smith to a holding cell . Dr. Smith now claims she is really Jessica Harris , a physicist . Maureen tells John about Smith , and he tells her that Don believes the Jupiter 4 is still too heavy to take off . With life support also removed , the pilot now needs a spacesuit and will need to withstand extreme G - forces . They select John , but not even he can regain consciousness fast enough to make all the maneuvers alone . When the Resolute sends a message that due to Hawking radiation they must leave the planet 's orbit within 24 hours , Don reluctantly agrees to help pilot the ship . With his assistance the test run is a success . As John and Don launch in the Jupiter 4 , Dr. Smith tricks Will and escapes to knock out Maureen right when John needs her instructions . With everyone watching , the ship explodes mid-air and John and Don are presumed dead . 9 `` Resurrection '' Tim Southam Story by : Daniel McLellan Teleplay by : Kari Drake April 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) Will tries to signal his father using simple radio , convinced he survived the explosion . Dr. Smith drives herself and Maureen to the alien wreck , and tells Maureen she did n't know Maureen was needed for the ship launch , and when she knocked her out , the ship exploded . She does promise helping Maureen get her kids off the planet , if she in return helps Dr. Smith with the alien ship . Will discovers that the rocks he collected in the cave are petrified biomass that can fuel the Jupiter ships to reach the Resolute . While the colonists gather to harvest the biomass , Judy leaves to find Maureen . The colonists find enough biomass to power all the Jupiters , but they must sneak it out quietly to not wake winged predators roosting in the cave . When John manages to send a signal , Penny and others are trapped inside when the blind creatures wake up Throughout the episode , flashbacks reveal the Christmas Star not to be a meteor but an alien craft , and that its engine was used to build The Resolute . The robot 's attack was an attempt to retrieve the stolen engine . The group trapped in the cave manage to narrowly escape . Judy uses GPS to track Smith and Maureen . She manages to disable Dr. Smith , but the robot reactivates and is revealed to obey the Doctor 's commands . 10 `` Danger , Will Robinson '' David Nutter Matt Sazama & Burk Sharpless April 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) John and Don survived the explosion and are clinging to ship wreckage in orbit , with only a few hours of oxygen left . Will is upset to learn the robot now serves Dr. Smith . John responds to Will , confirming that he and Don are still alive . Will tries to bond with the robot again but is rejected . Victor Dhar hails them from the Resolute , telling them it will leave in just over an hour . Maureen traps Dr Smith and the robot in order to search for John and Don . Just as they 're about to retrieve them , Dr Smith and the robot escape . Maureen leads the robot into the garage , as an alien ship arrives to retrieve the engine . When the alien robot is about to kill Will , his robot remembers him and attacks the alien robot , saving Will . In the fight , both robots are flung out into space and the garage ramp is damaged . Will goes outside the hull to manually close the hatch . Afterwards , he loses his grip but is saved by his father , who was rescued by Dr. Smith . With everyone safely back on the Jupiter , Maureen is grateful to Dr. Smith , but still locks her up . Before they can dock with the Resolute , the alien engine aboard the Jupiter 2 sends it and the Robinsons to a different galaxy . Will recognizes its shape from the robot 's sand drawing : Danger . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) In October 2014 , it was announced that Legendary Television and Synthesis Entertainment were developing a new reboot of Lost in Space and had hired screenwriting duo Matt Sazama and Burk Sharpless to pen the pilot episodes . In November 2015 , Netflix landed the project . On June 29 , 2016 , Netflix ordered a full 10 episode season of Lost in Space , with Zack Estrin as executive producer and showrunner . Sazama , Sharpless , Kevin Burns , Jon Jashni , Neil Marshall , and Marc Helwig also serve as executive producers . Toby Stephens , speaking about the distinction between the original series and the new show : `` It 's a very clever , modern reworking of a great story . Lost in Space is Swiss Family Robinson in space , so it was a story that existed before Lost in Space . The fundamental story is that it 's a family that is lost in a difficult , life - threatening situation and how it challenges them and brings them closer together . That is essentially what the story of this is , it 's just the context is a lot more modern . It 's a more modern take on the ' 60s version . If you look at it now , it 's charming , but it seems so innocent . Whereas this is a version that is for our time . I 'm hoping it will still have humour and humanity in it , but it has obviously got ta be for a modern audience . '' Filming ( edit ) Production on the first season began in January 2017 , in Vancouver , British Columbia , and concluded in June 2017 . Release ( edit ) The series was released on April 13 , 2018 , on Netflix . On March 31 , 2018 , the pilot of the series was screened at Awesome Con in Washington , D.C. , followed by a Q&A session with series executive producers and writers Matt Sazama and Burk Sharpless . Reception ( edit ) The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 68 % approval rating with an average rating of 5.26 / 10 , based on 49 reviews . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Lost in Space 's production values are ambitious enough to attract sci - fi adventure fans , while the story 's large heart adds an emotional anchor to all the deep space derring - do . '' Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned a normalized score of 58 out of 100 based on 27 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . David Griffin of IGN gave the first season a rating of 8.5 / 10 calling it `` an excellent sci - fi adventure with a slight villain problem , '' giving particular praise to the Robinson family , while criticizing Parker Posey 's Dr. Smith as an unsophisticated and one - dimensional character that lacks redeeming qualities . In contrast , Jen Chaney of Vulture characterized Posey 's performance as providing `` understated , sly comedic touches '' . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Otterson , Joe ( February 21 , 2018 ) . `` Netflix Reveals Lost in Space Reboot Premiere Date , First Trailer '' . Variety . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( May 14 , 2018 ) . `` ' Lost in Space ' Reboot Renewed for Season 2 at Netflix '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( September 28 , 2016 ) . `` Lost In Space : Molly Parker To Star In Netflix Series Remake '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Transmission '' . Lost in Space ( 2018 ) . Series 1 . Episode 5 . 13 April 2018 . Event occurs at 00 : 18 : 46 . Netflix . He came into the picture after I was born . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( September 20 , 2016 ) . `` Toby Stephens To Topline Lost in Space Netflix Remake , Maxwell Jenkins To Co-Star '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/tv/2018/04/12/5-things-help-you-take-off-netflixs-new-lost-space/505788002/ ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( September 16 , 2016 ) . `` Lost in Space : Netflix Remake Casts Falling Skies Alum as Judy Robinson '' . TVLine . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( December 15 , 2016 ) . `` Lost In Space : Mina Sundwall To Play Penny Robinson In Netflix Remake '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( December 13 , 2016 ) . `` Lost In Space : Ignacio Serricchio To Play Don West In Netflix Remake '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` What Dr. Smith Is Hiding On Netflix 's Lost in Space '' . 14 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( November 22 , 2016 ) . `` Lost In Space : Parker Posey Joins Netflix Series Remake '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Debnath , Neela ( April 17 , 2018 ) . `` Lost in Space 2018 robot actor : Who plays the robot in Lost in Space 2018 ? '' . Daily Express . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Estrin , Zack ( November 11 , 2017 ) . `` Not quite 50 shades of grey , but ... Testing metal colors for The Robot at # SpectralMotion . # LostInSpace # Netflix '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( October 9 , 2014 ) . `` Lost In Space Series Reboot In Works At Legendary TV With Dracula Writers '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( November 20 , 2015 ) . `` Lost In Space TV Series Remake In Works At Netflix '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ White , Brett ; Ching , Albert ( November 20 , 2015 ) . `` Lost in Space Remake in Development at Netflix '' . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 29 , 2015 ) . `` Lost In Space Remake Picked Up To Series By Netflix '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Leane , Rob ( April 3 , 2017 ) . `` Lost In Space : Toby Stephens teases Netflix 's ' modern ' retelling '' . Den of Geek ! . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Takeuchi , Craig ( January 3 , 2017 ) . `` Vancouver Screen Scene : Lost in Space , Van Helsing , and more '' . Inside Vancouver . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bailey , Ian ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` Vancouver 's TV boom starts to fizzle as some shows move to California '' . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hildebrand , David ( April 1 , 2018 ) . `` Netflix gave a first look of their Lost in Space remake at Awesome Con '' . Adventures in Poor Taste . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lost in Space : Season 1 ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lost in Space ( 2018 ) : Season 1 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix 's Lost in Space : Season 1 ( 2018 ) '' . IGN . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . 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3542641400572428330 | Legal drinking age | Legal drinking age - Wikipedia Legal drinking age This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( April 2018 ) Minimum legal age to purchase alcohol by country : Illegal regardless of age Minimum age is 25 Minimum age is 21 Minimum age is 20 Minimum age is 19 Minimum age is 18 Minimum age is 17 Minimum age is 16 Minimum age is 15 No regulation / no age set The legal drinking age is the age at which a person can legally consume alcoholic beverages . These laws cover a wide range of issues and behaviors , addressing when and where alcohol can be consumed . The minimum age alcohol can be legally consumed can be different from the age when it can be purchased in some countries . These laws vary among different countries and many laws have exemptions or special circumstances . Most laws apply only to drinking alcohol in public places , with alcohol consumption in the home being mostly unregulated ( an exception being the UK , which has a minimum legal age of five for supervised consumption in private places ) . Some countries also have different age limits for different types of alcoholic drinks . Kazakhstan , Oman , Pakistan , Qatar , Sri Lanka , Tajikistan , Thailand , United Arab Emirates , Federated States of Micronesia , Palau , Paraguay , Solomon Islands , India ( certain states ) , the United States ( except U.S. Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico ) , Yemen ( Aden and Sana'a ) , Japan , Iceland , Canada ( certain Provinces and Territories ) , and South Korea have the highest set drinking ages ; however , some of these countries do not have off - premises drinking limits . Austria , Antigua and Barbuda , Belgium , Bermuda , British Virgin Islands , Cuba , Ethiopia , Gibraltar , Luxembourg , Nicaragua , and Zimbabwe have the lowest set drinking ages . The most commonly known reason for the law behind the legal drinking age is the effect on the brain in adolescents . Due to the fact that the brain is still maturing , alcohol can have negative effect on the memory and long - term thinking . Alongside that , it can cause liver failure , and create a hormone imbalance in teens due to the constant changes and maturing of hormones during puberty . Contents ( hide ) 1 Africa 2 Americas 3 Asia 4 Europe 5 Oceania 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Africa ( edit ) Minimum legal age to purchase alcohol by country : Illegal Minimum purchase age of 21 years Minimum purchase age of 18 years Minimum purchase age of 17 years Minimum purchase age of 16 years Minimum purchase age of 15 years No minimum purchase age The most common minimum age to purchase alcohol in Africa is 18 . Although it varies from the lowest age limit in Ethiopia being only 15 years , Zimbabwe with a minimum purchase age of 16 years , Gambia with a age limit of 17 years and Uganda where the minimum legal purchase age is 18 but minors aged 16 or 17 may consume a glass of beer , wine or cider with a meal at a restaurant . Cameroon and Egypt are the only countries in Africa with a minimum purchase age of 21 years . However Algeria , Angola ( except Luando Province ) , Central African Republic , Comoros , Equatorial Guinea , Gabon , Guinea - Bissau , Morocco , Togo , Tunisia and the Western Sahara have no laws on the book restricting the sale of alcohol to minors . In Libya , Somalia and Sudan the sale , production and consumption of alcohol is completely prohibited . Country State / Region / Province De jure Notes Drinking age Purchase age Algeria None Angola None There is no national legislation prohibiting the sale of alcohol to minors . Luanda Province : 18 Legislation in Luanda Province : It is illegal to sell alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 . It is also illegal for minors to buy and consume alcohol . Botswana None 18 It is illegal for any person with a liquor license to sell or supply alcoholic beverages to minors under the age of 18 years . Because the law only applies to licensees it is not illegal for minors to buy , consume or possess alcoholic beverages . Burundi None 18 It is illegal for any person with a liquor license to sell or supply alcoholic beverages to unaccompanied minors under the age of 18 years . Cameroon 21 / 18 It is illegal for any person with a liquor license , to sell or supply alcoholic beverages to anyone under 18 years of age . The law permits adults from the ages 18 to 21 to consume , purchase and buy alcoholic beverages if accompanied by a person 21 years of age or older . Anyone over the age of 21 years may buy or consume alcohol unaccompanied . Cape Verde None 18 It is illegal for any person to sell or supply alcoholic beverages to minors under the age of 18 years . Central African Republic None Comoros None Egypt 21 Equatorial Guinea None Eritrea None 18 It is illegal for any person to sell or serve alcoholic beverages to minors under the age of 18 years . Ethiopia None 15 It is illegal for any person to sell , offer , serve or allow to serve alcoholic beverages `` in substantial quantities '' to any infant or young person . The criminal code defines a young person as any person under the age of 15 years . But the Criminal Code states : `` Whoever endangers the health of another , intentionally and unscrupulously , by administering or serving , or by causing or permitting to be administered or served , to minors ( defined as anyone under the age of 18 years ) ( ... ) alcoholic beverages or spirituous liquors of such kind or in such quantity as to make their injurious effect certain or probable , is punishable with simple imprisonment not exceeding one year , and fine . '' Gabon None Gambia None 17 It is illegal to sell , serve or supply alcoholic beverages to child or young person . A `` young person '' is defined as anyone under the age of 17 by the Children and Young Persons Act , 1949 Section 2 . Ghana 18 Guinea - Bissau None Kenya None 18 It is illegal to sell , serve or supply alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 years . Lesotho 18 It is illegal to sell , serve or supply any alcoholic beverage to a minor under the age of 18 years . It is also illegal for minors to consume , buy or attempt to buy alcohol . Liberia None 18 It is illegal to sell , serve or supply alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 years . Libya Illegal Previously Article 498 of the Libyan Penal Code prohibted the sale of alcoholic beverages to juveniles under the age of 16 years . Malawi None 18 It is illegal to sell , serve or supply alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 years . Mauritius None 18 It is illegal to sell , serve or supply alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 years . Morocco None Mozambique 18 Namibia None 18 It is illegal to sell , serve or supply alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 years . Niger 18 Nigeria 18 Republic of the Congo None 18 Rwanda 18 Senegal 18 Seychelles 18 Somalia Illegal South Africa 18 The parent , adult guardian of a minor or a person responsible for administering a religious sacrament , may on occasion supply to that minor a moderate quantity of liquor to be consumed by the minor in the presence and under the supervision of that parent , guardian or other person . South Sudan 18 Sudan Illegal Swaziland 18 Tanzania None 18 Togo None Tunisia None Uganda None 18 16 It is illegal for any licensee to sell , serve or supply alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 years . The law provides a exception for anyone who is 16 or 17 years of age , and consumes a fermented alcoholic drink with a meal , in a part of a licensed premises that serves meals and is not a bar . Western Sahara None Zambia 18 It is illegal for any person with a liquor license , to sell , serve or supply alcoholic beverages to anyone under 18 years of age . Before the Liquor Licensing Act was enacted in 2011 , the minimum age to sell , serve and supply alcoholic beverages was 14 years . Zimbabwe None 16 It is illegal for any person to sell , lend , give , supply , deliver or offer alcoholic beverages to any child under the age of 16 years , except upon production of a written order signed by the parent or guardian of the child known to such person . The police has the duty to seize any alcoholice beverage in the possession of a child under the age of 16 years without a written consent of the parents or legal guardian . Americas ( edit ) Minimum legal age to purchase alcohol by country : Minimum purchase age of 21 years Minimum purchase age of 19 years Minimum purchase age of 18 years Minimum legal age to purchase alcohol by country : Minimum purchase age of 18 years Minimum purchase age of 16 years Minimum legal age to purchase alcohol by country : Minimum purchase age of 20 years Minimum purchase age of 18 years The minimum age to purchase and consume varies , but the most common age is 18 years . However in North America the age limits varies between 18 and 21 years of age . Throughout the United States the minimum legal age to purchase any alcoholic beverage from a shop , supermarket , liquor store , bar , club or any other licensed premises is 21 years of age . In Canada each province can decide which minimum age limit is to be set to buy or consume alcohol . Most provinces have a minimum age of 19 years , while Alberta , Manitoba and Quebec have set a minimum age of 18 years . In South America all countries have set a minimum purchase age of 18 years , except for Guyana where minors aged 16 or 17 may consume a glass of beer , wine or cider in a restaurant provided they buy a meal , and Paraguay the only country with a minimum legal purchase and drinking age of 20 years . Country State / Region / Province De jure hide Notes Drinking age Purchase age Anguilla None 18 It is illegal to sell or serve alcoholic drinks to anyone under the age of 18 years . Violating the regulation is punished with a $9.600 fine . Antigua and Barbuda None 16 The sale and distribution of alcohol to a person under 16 years of age is illegal . Argentina 18 Bahamas 18 It is illegal for any adult to sell , serve or supply any alcoholic beverage to a child ( defined as anyone under the age of 18 years ) . The law provides a exception to treat a illness in urgent cases or upon order by a medical doctor . Barbados None 16 It is illegal to sell or serve any alcoholic beverage to anyone under the age of 16 years . The President of the Barbados Road Safety Association is trying to raise the drinking age to 18 years due to the fact that the law is often violated . Belize 18 Drinking age is rarely enforced . IDs are almost never requested . Bermuda 18 It is illegal to sell or serve any alcoholic beverage to a child under the age of 18 years . Bolivia None 18 It is illegal to sell or serve alcoholic beverages to minors under the age of 18 years . Every sold alcoholic beverage has to have a warning message on the bottle or container reading : `` VENTA PROHIBIDA A MENORES DE 18 AÑOS DE EDAD '' ( Sale prohibited to ( anyone ) under 18 years of age ) and `` EL CONSUMO EXCESIVO DE ALCOHOL ES DAÑINO PARA LA SALUD '' ( Excessive alcohol consumption is harmful to ( ones ) health ) . Brazil None 18 It is illegal to sell , serve or supply any alcoholic beverage to a person under 18 years of age . The presidential law enacted on March 17 2015 made any violation of the law a criminal offence . Any adult person selling , serving , giving or supplying alcoholic beverages to a minor is punished with imprisonment of 2 to 4 years , a fine of R $ 3.000 to R $ 10.000 and a ban to operate any business selling or serving alcohol . British Virgin Islands 16 It is illegal to sell or to supply alcohol to anyone under the age of 16 . Canada Alberta Manitoba Quebec 18 In Alberta no person may give or sell or permit any person to give or sell liquor to a minor in licensed premises . In Manitoba a person must not give , sell or otherwise supply liquor to a minor . the law provides exceptions for a doctor , dentist , pharmacist or other health care professional for medical purposes ; for sacramental purposes and by the parent , guardian , spouse or common - law partner , if it is given or supplied in a residence . In Quebec the law probits the sale of alcoholic beverages to a minor under the age of 18 years . Ontario Saskatchewan British Columbia Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia New Brunswick Prince Edward Island Northwest Territories Yukon Nunavut 19 Cayman Islands 18 It is prohibited to sell , serve or supply alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 years . It is also illegal for any minor to buy , attempt to buy or consume alcoholic beverages . Violation of the lawis punished with a fine of five thousand dollars , and the court may , if the offence was committed by the licensee , order that the licensee shall forfeit his licence and that no licence may be issued to that person for a period not exceeding ten years from the date of his conviction . Chile 18 The minimum age is 18 to enter an enclosure that sells alcoholic beverages . Selling alcohol to a minor may incur a fine . One must provide identification upon request . Residents of Chile over the age of 18 must carry their Chilean identification card issued by the Civil Registry and Identification Service at all times . Colombia None 18 The law prohibits the sale of alcohol to a minor ( anyone under the age of 18 years ) . It is not illegal for minors to buy , attempt to buy or consume alcohol . Costa Rica None 18 The law prohibits the sale of alcohol to a minor ( anyone under the age of 18 years ) . Selling alcohol to a minor will be punished with a fine equivalent to ten basic salaries . Whoever permits minors to maintain in any establishment which main purpose is to sell alcoholic beverages , will be sanctioned with a fine equivalent to five salaries . It is not illegal for minors to buy , attempt to buy or consume alcohol . Cuba None 16 The penal code prohibits any adult to induce any young person under the age of 16 years , to habitually consume alcoholic beverages . However this means that defacto anyone selling , serving or supplying alcohol should check if the buyer has attained the age of 16 years . In most cases this law is not strictly enforced . Dominican Republic None 18 Ecuador None 18 It is illegal to sell alcohol beverages to a minor under the age of 18 years of age . The law obligates establishments to place a visible notice at the point of sale and to check identification to enforce the law . However it is not illegal for minors to buy , attempt to buy or consume alcohol . El Salvador None 18 It is strictly prohibited to sell or serve alcoholic beverages to a minor under the age of 18 years . Violation of the law is punished with ¢ 25,000.00 and if convicted once more the license will be suspended for a period of six months . It is legal for minors to buy , attempt to buy and consume alcohol . Falkland Islands 18 It is illegal for any adult to sell , give or provide alcohol to a minor under the age of 18 years in any public place or licensed premises . Parents may permit their children to consume alcohol on private premises . Minors consuming alcohol in public are committing a criminal offence . The law provides exceptions for the consumption of alcohol by minors for prescription of or at the direction of a government medical officer or in the course of the administration of Holy Communion according to the rites of any Christian denomination . Grenada 18 It is illegal to sell , serve or supply any alcoholic drink to a minor under 18 years of age . Minors under 18 years are prohibited by law , to consume alcoholic beverages in public . Guatemala 18 It is illegal to sell , serve or supply any alcoholic drink to a minor under 18 years of age . Minors under 18 years are prohibited by law , to consume alcoholic beverages in public . Guyana 18 / 16 for beer , wine and cider with meal It is illegal to sell or serve alcool to a person under 18 years of age . The law provides a exception for minors aged 16 and 17 , if they consume a glass of beer , wine oder cider with a meal in a restaurant . Otherwise attempting to buy alcohol or buying alcohol as a minor is a offence . Haiti None 18 It is illegal to sell or serve alcohol to minors from May 17 2017 . Vendors are required to check identification . Honduras 18 Jamaica None 18 It is illegal to sell or serve any alcoholic beverage to a child ( which is defined as anyone under the age of 18 years ) . Mexico 18 The minimum age to buy and consume alcoholic beverages is regulated by each state of Mexico . But all states have set a minimum age of 18 years , and in no state it is illegal for minors to buy and consume alcohol . Nicaragua None 14 18 The law from 1980 prohibits the sale of alcoholic beverages to minors under the age of 18 years . Ever point of sale or establishment serving alcohol , is required to post a notice stating that the sale of alcohol to minors under 18 years of age is illegal . However the law permits children as young as 14 to purchase and consume alcohol in a restaurant without further restrictions . Panama None 18 Paraguay 20 According to Art . 1 ° of the law to `` ban on the sale of alcoholic beverages to minors '' , it is illegal to serve or sell alcohol or to allow the consumption by minors under 20 years of age . Furthermore , under Art 2 ° all public establishments selling alcohol must display a clearly legible notice in the sales area with the following text : `` ESTA PROHIBIDA LA VENTA DE BEBIDAS ALCOHÓLICAS A MENORES DE VEINTE AÑOS DE EDAD '' ( It is illegal ( prohibited ) to sell alcoholic beverages to minors under 20 years of age ) Peru None 18 Puerto Rico 18 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 16 Trinidad and Tobago None 18 It is illegal to sell , serve or supply alcoholiv beverages to child under the age of 18 years . It is also illegal for an adult to send a child to buy alcohol on behalf . It is not illegal for children to buy or consume alcohol . Turks and Caicos Islands None 18 It is illegal to serve or sell liquor to a young person under the age of eighteen years . Minors under the age of sixteen years may not present in a licensed premises mainly serving and selling alcoholic beverages . United States ( 50 states and integral territories ) Varies by jurisdiction 21 The National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984 withholds revenue from states that allow the purchase of alcohol by anyone under the age of 21 . Prior to the effective date of that Act , the drinking age varied from state to state . Some states do not allow those under the legal drinking age to be present in liquor stores or in bars ( usually , the difference between a bar and a restaurant is that food is served only in the latter ) . Contrary to popular belief , since the act went into law , only a few states prohibit minors and young adults from consuming alcohol in private settings . As of January 1 , 2010 , 15 states and the District of Columbia ban underage consumption outright , 17 states do not ban underage consumption , and the remaining 18 states have family member or location exceptions to their underage consumption laws . Federal law explicitly provides for religious exceptions . As of 2005 , 31 states have family member or location exceptions to their underage possession laws . However , non-alcoholic beer in many ( but not all ) states , such as Idaho , Texas , and Maryland , is considered legal for those under the age of 21 . By a judge 's ruling , South Carolina appears to allow the possession and consumption of alcohol by adults 18 to 20 years of age , but a circuit court judge has said otherwise . The states of Washington and Wisconsin allows the consumption of alcohol in the presence of parents . Some U.S. states have legislation that make providing to and possession of alcohol by persons under twenty - one a gross misdemeanor with a potential penalty of a $5,000 fine or up to year in jail . See also : Minor in Possession and List of alcohol laws of the United States United States Virgin Islands 18 Uruguay None 18 Only selling alcohol to minors under the age of 18 is prohibited , consumption and purchase by minors is not illegal . Venezuela None 18 Only selling alcohol to minors under the age of 18 is prohibited , consumption and purchase by minors is not illegal . Asia ( edit ) Country State / Region / Province De jure Notes Drinking age Purchase age Afghanistan Illegal Bangladesh ( Illegal for Muslims . ) Alcohol will be sold to foreigners in certain locations , albeit clandestinely . Bhutan 18 Brunei 17 with restrictions , unless Muslim Non-Muslims over 17 years of age are allowed to import alcohol not to exceed maximum total volume 2 liters of liquor and 12 cans of beer at 330 ml for personal use , once in 48 hours . This alcohol must be `` stored and consumed at the place of residence of the importer '' and is `` not to be given , transferred or sold to another person . '' . Cambodia None China 18 Introduced in January 2006 . Hong Kong 18 The regulation is only applicable to restaurants , bars and clubs , where a liquor license is required . Private drinking is also not regulated . India 18 -- 25 ( varies by jurisdiction ) Main article : Alcohol laws of India Consumption of alcohol is illegal in the states of Bihar , Gujarat and Nagaland . Indonesia 21 Iran Illegal There is a ban on alcohol , but religious minorities may purchase small amounts from shops owned by the same religious minority . Iraq Illegal Israel None 18 Israel law prohibits selling or serving alcohol to minors , but it does not prohibit minors to drink , although the police may confiscate alcoholic drinks consumed by minors in public . Japan 20 Jordan 18 Kazakhstan 21 Kuwait Illegal Kyrgyzstan 18 Lebanon 18 Often unenforced and according to a global school health study , 40 % of minors over 13 drink alcohol and up to 25 % buy it from stores . Macau None Malaysia 21 Increased from 18 to 21 in December 2017 . Maldives Illegal except for tourists , 18 Sale of alcohol is limited to tourist resorts . It is illegal to sell alcohol to local Maldivians Mongolia 18 Myanmar None 18 Nepal 18 The legal age for consumption of alcohol in Nepal is 18 . However , there are exceptions to underage consumption for purposes of religious ceremonies . North Korea 18 Oman 21 Residents need personal liquor licenses to consume alcohol in their private residences . Pakistan Illegal ( 18 for non-Muslims ) Non-Muslim citizens may possess alcohol to be used in accordance with religious ceremonies Palestinian Authority 16 Legal in most cities . Philippines 18 Qatar Illegal Muslims are allowed to purchase alcohol , but generally not allowed to consume . Non Muslims are allowed to purchase , and consume alcohol . The only legal distributor of alcohol in the country is the Qatar Distribution Company located in Doha . Saudi Arabia Illegal Drinking or possessing alcohol is illegal in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia . Persons who drink or possess alcohol are subject to arrest and trial . Punishments range from heavy fines , lengthy prison terms and whippings . Singapore None 18 ) 18 For convenience stores , those who pretend to be 18 years and above in a `` Challenge 18 '' scheme will be downgraded to `` Challenge 21 '' scheme , and after which the licences will be revoked once they pretend to be 18 years and above if it is on `` Challenge 21 ''. . It is illegal to purchase alcohol in Singapore or consume in a nightclub / allow entry to the nightclub under 18 . Home and private drinking of alcohol is allowed , although the safest age could be 6 . Parents can try a sip of alcohol at any age . South Korea None 19 The age limit for alcohol is after January 1 of the year one 's age turns to 19 . Sri Lanka 21 Syria 18 Taiwan 18 It is illegal for anyone under the age of 18 to consume alcohol . Parents , guardians , and others taking care of people under 18 shall prohibit underage drinking , or risk administrative fines of 10000 to 50000 new Taiwan dollars when the situations are serious . One shall not supply alcohol to anyone under the age of 18 . A violator shall be administratively fined 3000 to 15000 New Taiwan Dollars . Tajikistan 18 Thailand 20 The Alcoholic Beverage Control Act of 2008 increased the drinking age in Thailand from 18 to 20 , private drinking is not regulated in private locations . Turkmenistan 18 United Arab Emirates 18 -- 21 ( varies by jurisdiction ) . Expatriate non-Muslim residents may request a liquor permit to purchase alcoholic beverages , but it is illegal for such holders to provide drinks to others . The legal age for drinking alcohol is 18 in Abu Dhabi ( although a Ministry of Tourism by - law allows hotels to serve alcohol only to those over 21 ) , and 21 in Dubai and the Northern Emirates ( except Sharjah , where drinking alcohol is illegal ) . It is a punishable offence to drink , or to be under the influence of alcohol , in public . Uzbekistan None 20 Vietnam 18 Yemen Illegal Exception is in Aden Region where it 's legal for 21 and up Europe ( edit ) Minimum legal age to purchase alcohol by country : Minimum purchase age of 20 years Minimum purchase age of 18 years Minimum purchase age of 17 years Minimum purchase age of 16 years Laws banning minors from consuming alcohol in public / private : Minimum age to consume alcohol in public and private Minimum age to consume alcohol in public No minimum age to consume alcohol in public or private Most countries within Europe have set 18 as the minimum age to purchase alcohol . Although Austria , Belgium , Cyprus , Denmark , Germany , Gibraltar , Liechtenstein , Luxembourg , Malta , Serbia and Switzerland ( except Ticino ) maintain a minimum purchase age below 18 years permitting minors either full or limited access to alcohol . In 2005 , 2007 and recently in 2015 the European Union has failed to enact a law forcing member states to raise their purchase age to 18 years . But in the past years several European countries have raised their drinking / purchase age or enacted laws restricting the access to alcohol for minors : In 2002 the autonomous communities Madrid , Valencia and Catalonia raised their minimum purchase age to 18 years . Previous to 2002 Valencia and Madrid had a minimum purchase age of 16 years , and in Catalonia minors aged 16 or 17 could purchase alcohol up to 23 % ABV on and off premises . In 2004 Denmark raised its off premises purchase age from 15 to 16 years . In November 2005 Switzerland passed its `` Food and Commodities Regulation '' ( German : Lebensmittel - und Gebrauchsgegenständeverordnung ) , introducing a ban on alcohol sales to anyone under the age of 16 , although the 1980 passed `` Alcohol Law '' ( German : Alkoholgesetz ) already required a minimum age of 18 years for the retail sale of distilled spirits . Therefore , it is illegal to sell fermented alcohol ( e.g. beer , wine , sparkling wine or cider ) to anyone under the age of 16 , and any distilled alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 years . Further the canton of Ticino introduced a contonal law in 1989 banning all alcohol sales to anyone under the age of 18 years . In 2006 the autonomous communitie Castile and León raised its minimum purchase age from 16 to 18 years . In late 2006 , Gibraltar lawmakers passed the `` Children and Young Persons ( Alcohol , Tobacco and Gaming ) Act 2006 '' , which raised the minimum purchase age from 16 to 18 years . But the new law made an exception : minors aged 16 or 17 can purchase and consume on premises beer , wine or cider under 15 % ABV or pre-packed containers of an alcoholic strength not exceeding 5.5 % ABV ( e.g. alcopops ) . In 2009 France raised its minimum purchase age to 18 years , and fines were increased for selling or serving alcohol to a minor ( up to 7,500 € ) . Previous to 2009 the minimum age to purchase any alcohol from off licensed premises was 16 years . In order to purchase alcohol on premises the minimum age was 16 years for low alcoholic beverages such as wine , beer , cider , perry , mead , crème de cassis and juices from fermented fruits or vegetables that contain 1.2 to 3 ° alcohol , natural sweet wines from controlled cultivation -- to purchase or be served stronger alcoholic drinks one had to be 18 years of age . In October 2009 , the government of Malta passed a new law raising its drinking and purchase age from 16 to 17 years . In 2010 the autonomous community of Galicia raised its minimum purchase age from 16 to 18 years . In 2011 Denmark passed a new law , raising the minimum age for off - premises sale of alcohol > 16.5 % ABV to 18 years of age . The age to purchase alcohol < 16.5 % ABV remaines at 16 . Italy raised its minimum purchase age from 16 to 18 in 2012 . Previously Italy did not have a purchase age for off - premises sales , and the minimum age of 16 years for on premises sales was barely enforced . In 2013 the government of Portugal restricted alcohol sales to young people : distilled spirits can not be sold to anyone under the age of 18 , and other alcohol ( e.g. beer , wine or cider ) ca n't be sold to anyone under the age of 16 . Previously the minimum age for all kinds of alcoholic beverages was 16 years . As of 1 January 2014 , the minimum legal purchase and consumption age was raised from 16 to 18 in the Netherlands . Previously young people over the age of 16 could purchase and consume alcohol < 15 % ABV , and adults aged 18 and over could purchase alcohol over 15 % ABV . As of March 2015 , the autonomous community of Asturias raised its drinking age from 16 to 18 years . Asturias was Spain 's last community with a drinking age of 16 years . The new law brings the drinking age into line with the rest of Spain . As of 1 January 2018 , Lithuania raised its minimum drinking age from 18 to 20 years Country State / Region / Province De jure Notes Drinking age Purchase age Albania 18 Andorra 18 Armenia None 18 There are no laws mandating alcohol vendors to ID potential underage drinkers . ID checks are very rarely , if ever , carried out Austria Burgenland Lower Austria Vienna 16 Carinthia Upper Austria Salzburg Styria Tyrol Vorarlberg 16 18 Carinthia also requires adolescents to maintain a blood alcohol level below 0.05 % . Azerbaijan None 18 It is illegal to sell or serve alcohol to a minor under 18 years of age . Belarus None 18 The law prohibits the sale of alcohol to anyone under the age of 18 years . However , the law is rarely enforced . Belgium None 16 18 Since 10 January 2010 , it is illegal to `` sell , serve , or offer '' any form of distilled alcohol to those under the age of 18 or any alcoholic drink to those under 16 . So fermented drinks like beer or wine are permitted above 16 . Previously , it was illegal to sell alcoholic drinks to under - 16s , but accompanying adults could buy drinks for them . Bosnia and Herzegovina None 18 Selling alcohol to a minor under the age of 18 years is a offence . The law does not prohibit minors from buying , attempting to buy or consuming alcohol . Bulgaria None 18 By law , it is illegal to serve or sell alcohol to any child under the age of 18 . There is no restrictions for minors consuming alcohol . Croatia None 18 It is prohibited to sell or serve alcohol to anyone under 18 years of age . There is no minimum age to buy or consume alcohol by law . Cyprus None 17 It is illegal to sell or serve alcohol to anyone under the age of 17 years . There is no minimum age to buy , attempt to buy or consume alcohol in public . Czech Republic None 18 It is illegal to provide alcohol to minors ( punishable by fine or up to 1 or 2 year ( s ) imprisonment ) . Consumption itself is not prohibited by law . Denmark None 16 18 While there is no age requirement for drinking alcohol in Denmark , there are laws that prevent minors from buying alcohol : In order to buy alcohol above 1.2 % and below 16.5 % ABV in stores , one must be 16 years of age . In order to buy alcohol above 16.5 % ABV in stores , one must be 18 years of age . By tradition , youths are privately allowed to drink alcohol after their confirmation . If a shop or bar fails to ask for an ID card and is identified having sold alcohol to an underage , it is subject to fine . A national ID card , obtained in the local town hall , can serve as age verification . This card is rarely used though since a passport or drivers license is more commonly used . Both the legal drinking and purchasing age in the Faroe Islands is 18 . Estonia 18 It is illegal to sell , serve or supply alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 years . Alcohol found in possession of any child can be confiscated by the police . Finland 18 20 18 All major grocery chains have implemented a policy to ask for ID if the customer looks under 30 . Stores may refuse to sell alcohol if the customer is accompanied by a minor , or if proxy purchasing is suspected . Purchasing alcohol on behalf of a minor is a criminal offence . Police may search minors in public places and confiscate or destroy any alcoholic beverages in their possession . Incidents are reported to the legal guardian and social authorities , who may intervene with child welfare procedures . In addition , those aged 15 or above are subject to a fine . In private , offering alcohol to a minor is considered a criminal offence if it results in drunkenness and the act can be deemed reprehensible as a whole , considering the minor 's age , degree of maturity and other circumstances . France None 18 France has no explicitly stated consumption age , but selling alcohol to a minor ( under 18 ) is illegal and can be fined 7500 euros . This age was raised from 16 to 18 in 2009 . Georgia None 18 By Georgian law , the sale of alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 years is prohibited . Germany 14 16 18 It is illegal to sell , serve or supply fermented alcoholic beverages ( beer , wine , cider and sparkling wine ) to anyone under 16 years of age . However this age limit drops down to 14 if a minor is accompanied by his parent or legal guardian . It is generally illegal to serve , sell or supply any beverage containing spirits and aliments containing spirits above negligible amounts , to anyone under the age of 18 years . Violation of the `` Protection of Young Persons Act '' can be fined up to 50.000 € . See also : Alcohol laws in Germany Gibraltar None 18 16 It is illegal to sell alcoholic drinks to anyone under the age of 18 , other than the following two exceptions . The minimum age to be served in licensed premises is 16 if : The alcoholic beverage is beer , wine or cider below 15 % ABV , or The alcoholic beverage is served in a bottle , or a pre-packaged container below 5.5 % ABV . Greece None 18 In 2008 , the consumption of alcoholic beverages was prohibited for minors in public . However , the law does not apply to private events or private premises . Hungary 18 Iceland None 20 Possession or consumption of alcohol by minors is not an offence , but supplying them with alcohol is . Ireland None 18 It is illegal for minors to buy alcohol or for a third party to attempt to buy it for minors . It is illegal to purchase alcohol for anybody under the age of consent without permission from their guardians . Italy None 18 In 2012 the then Health Minister Renato Balduzzi proposed to raise the age to 18 . Selling alcohol to those under the age of 18 in shops carries a fine between € 250 and € 1000 . Serving alcoholic beverages to those under the age of 16 is a criminal offense and is punished with prison up to one year , if the individual is 16 or 17 it will be treated as an offense that is fined between € 250 and € 1000 ( Legge n . 189 / 2013 ) . Kosovo None Latvia None 18 It is illegal to sell or serve alcoholic beverages to any minor under the age of 18 years . There is no minimum age to consume or possess alcohol . Liechtenstein 16 18 Wine , beer and ciders as well as some other party drinks sometimes without spirits may be purchased by the age of 16 . Spirits as well as alcopops may be sold only to people at least 18 . Lithuania 20 It is illegal to sell , serve or supply alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 20 years . Persons under the age of 20 are prohibited from consuming alcoholic beverages or from possessing them . The minimum age was raised from 18 to 20 since 2018 . Luxembourg None 16 It is illegal to sell or serve alcoholic beverages > 1.2 % ABV to any person under the age of 16 years . Violation is fined € 251 to € 1.000 . Macedonia 18 Must show an ID card upon request . In certain smaller places , such as family - owned convenience stores and street kiosks , there is little to no enforcement on how old or young somebody purchases alcohol . There is little to no enforcement for drinking privately , but drinking in bars may require an ID . Malta 17 Must provide identification upon request . Moldova None 18 It is illegal to sell , or serve alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 years . It is not illegal for minors to buy , attempt to buy or consume alcohol . The minimum purchase age was raised from 16 to 18 in 2012 . Montenegro 18 Netherlands 18 The legal age for purchasing and consumption of alcoholic beverages was raised from 16 to 18 since 2014 . Alcohol is commonly available upon parental permission . Selling alcoholic beverages to people under 18 is illegal , buying alcoholic beverages for someone else under the age of 18 is also illegal . Norway None 18 20 Selling alcohol to or buying alcohol for minors is illegal . Minors are defined as under 18 for beer and wine , under 20 for drinks that contain 22 % ABV or more . Minors who buy alcohol are not held criminally responsible ; instead , the crime lies with those who sold it or obtained it for them . Alcohol with more than 60 % ABV is generally not sold in Norway , although exceptions may be made by the government for specific products . Alcohol possessed by minors may be confiscated as evidence . Drinking in public is prohibited , though this is rarely enforced in recreational areas . Poland None 18 Article 15 of The Act on Upbringing in Sobriety and Counteracting Alcoholism clearly states that buyers or persons being served must be at least 18 and prove it with ID if they look like they may not be at least that age . There is no mention of consumption age in this or any other act in Poland . Drinking in public places , with the exception of designated drinking zones , is illegal regardless of age . Portugal None 18 Romania None 18 According to law 61 / 1991 updated in 2008 , paragraphs 21 - 25 , it is illegal to serve or sell alcohol to minors . Russia None 18 There is no law or regulation in Russia that prohibits minors from consuming alcohol , but selling alcohol to minors is prohibited by federal and additional regional laws . San Marino 16 Serbia None 16 Slovakia 18 Slovenia None 18 There is no law regulating the possession and consumption , but it is illegal to sell or offer alcohol of any kind to minors . Spain 18 Asturias was the last autonomous community in Spain where the drinking age was increased to 18 ( previously 16 ) on 1 May 2015 . Sweden None None 18 18 20 , See also : Alcohol in Sweden Many clubs choose to have higher age limits than 18 , commonly 20 or 23 . It is legal to drink below 18 , but it is illegal to sell , lend or give alcohol to someone under that age and the police can seize alcohol from them , apart from being served alcohol supervised in private `` in moderation '' . It is legal to serve an underage person alcohol in a private place . The reason for lower limit in bars than in Systembolaget shops is that bartenders have a legal responsibility for how drunk a guest gets . Switzerland Switzerland ( federal law ) None ( See notes ) 16 18 Whoever offers or supplies alcoholic beverages to a child under the age of 16 years in an amount which is harmful to one 's health is punished with imprisonment up to 3 years or a fine . Whoever sells or supplies spirits to a person under the age of 18 years is punished with a fine up to 10.000 CHF . Ticino 18 The canton Ticino prohibits selling and consumption of any type of alcohol by minors under the age of 18 . Some shops and supermarkets may not sell alcohol to minors under the age of 18 . Turkey 18 See also : Alcohol laws of Turkey Ukraine 18 United Kingdom England Wales 18 16 5 None Legislation in England and Wales : It is illegal to sell , serve , offer or consume alcoholic beverages on licensed premises under the age of 18 , other than the following two exceptions : Minors aged 16 or 17 may consume wine , beer or cider on licensed premises when ordered with a meal , and accompanied by an adult . It is legal to sell liqueur confectionery to someone of any age . It is illegal to permit minors under the age of 5 to consume alcoholic beverages unless under medical supervision or in an emergency . Persons over 17 are entitled to their own duty free allowance , which includes alcohol . Scotland 18 16 None Legislation in Scotland : It is illegal to sell , serve , offer or consume alcoholic beverages in public under the age of 18 , other than the following two exceptions : Minors aged 16 or 17 may consume wine , beer or cider on licensed premises when ordered with a meal . It is legal to sell liqueur confectionery to someone of any age . Persons over 17 are entitled to their own duty free allowance , which includes alcohol . Northern Ireland 18 Legislation in Northern Ireland : It is illegal to sell , serve , offer or consume alcoholic beverages in public under the age of 18 . United Kingdom Challenge 21 and Challenge 25 ( applies to all of the United Kingdom ) Under the BBPA 's Challenge 21 and Challenge 25 schemes , customers attempting to buy alcoholic beverages are asked to prove their age if in the retailer 's opinion they look under 21 ( or optionally 25 ) even though the law states they must be a minimum of 18 . Many supermarket and off - licence chains display Challenge 21 ( or Challenge 25 ) notices stating that they will not serve persons who look under 21 ( or 25 ) without ID . Oceania ( edit ) Minimum legal age to purchase alcohol by country : Minimum purchase age of 21 years Minimum purchase age of 18 years No minimum purchase age Country State / Region / Province De jure Notes Drinking age Purchase age American Samoa 21 Australia 18 Main article : Alcohol laws of Australia Varies by state . Some states restrict possession and consumption to over 18 , all states restrict purchasing to over 18 . In some states , minors may consume alcohol in a private residence with parental permission . Fiji 18 The drinking age was 21 from 2006 to 2009 but was lowered to 18 in 2009 . Guam 21 Micronesia , Federated States of 18 New Zealand None 18 Minimum age applies for beverages with 1.15 % ABV or over ; no restrictions on beverages less than 1.15 % ABV . Persons under 18 may drink outside private residences or private functions if accompanied by their parent or legal guardian . Alcohol may be supplied to minors only by , or with express consent from , their parent or legal guardian . Northern Mariana Islands 21 Palau 21 It is illegal to sell or serve any alcoholic beverage to a person under 21 years of age . Minors may access a bar or licensed premises only if accompanied by a parent or legal guardian . Minors buying , consuming or attempting to buy alcohol are commiting a offence . The law provides a exception for the consumption of alcohol by minors as part of a religiously recognized ceremony . Papua New Guinea 18 It is illegal for a minor to purchase , consume or attempt to purchase alcoholic beverages . Any licence holder has to ensure that the customer who he sells or serves alcohol to , is at least 18 years of age . Violation of this law is fined . Samoa 21 Selling or serving alcohol to a person under the age of twenty - one years is punished with three hundred dollars or imprisonment for nine months or both , a fine and imprisonment . Solomon Islands None 21 Selling or serving alcohol to a person under the age of twenty - one years old is punished with a three hundred dollar fine or imprisonment for nine months or both , a fine and imprisonment . Tokelau 18 Tonga 18 Selling , serving or supplying alcohol to a minor is illegal . It is also illegal for minors to buy , attempt to buy or consume alcohol in any public place and any violation of this law is fined up to $1,000 . Vanuatu 18 It is unlawful to sell , serve or supply alcohol to any person under the age of 18 years . Violation of the law is fined up to VT 25,000 or by a term of imprisonment not exceeding 3 months , or by both , fine and imprisonment . Any minor under the age of 18 years , being found in possession or consumption of alcohol is fined up to VT 10,000 . See also ( edit ) Part of the Politics series on Youth rights Activities ( show ) Bailey v. Drexel Furniture Co . Child Labor Deterrence Act Children 's Online Privacy Protection Act Convention on the Rights of the Child Fair Labor Standards Act Hammer v. Dagenhart History of youth rights in the United States Morse v. Frederick Newsboys ' strike of 1899 Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms Wild in the Streets Theory / concepts ( show ) Adultcentrism Adultism Ageism Criminalization Democracy Ephebiphobia Fear of children Fear of youth Intergenerational equity Paternalism Social class Suffrage Taking Children Seriously Universal suffrage Unschooling Youth activism Youth suffrage Youth voice Issues ( show ) Age of candidacy Age of consent Age of majority Behavior modification facility Child labour Compulsory education Conscription Corporal punishment Curfew Child abuse Emancipation of minors Gambling age Homeschooling Human rights and youth sport In loco parentis Juvenile delinquency Juvenile court Legal drinking age Legal working age Minimum driving age Marriageable age Minor ( law ) Minors and abortion School leaving age Smoking age Status offense Underage drinking in America Voting age Youth - adult partnership Youth participation Youth politics Youth voting Organizations ( show ) Americans for a Society Free from Age Restrictions Human Rights and Youth Rights Commission National Youth Rights Association One World Youth Project Queer Youth Network Students for a Democratic Society Freechild Project Three O'Clock Lobby Youth International Party Youth Liberation of Ann Arbor Young Communist League of Canada Persons ( show ) Adam Fletcher ( activist ) David J. Hanson David Joseph Henry John Caldwell Holt Alex Koroknay - Palicz Lyn Duff Mike A. Males Neil Postman Sonia Yaco Related ( show ) Animal rights Anti-racism Direct democracy Egalitarianism Feminism Libertarianism Socialism Students rights Youth rights Social movements portal Amethyst Initiative Alcohol consumption by youth in the United States National Minimum Drinking Age Act Alcoholism National Youth Rights Association Shoulder tap ( alcohol ) The Century Council Choose Responsibility Mature minor doctrine Youth Youth suffrage Youth rights Age of candidacy Legal drinking age controversy Smoking age References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Drinking Age Limits Archived 2013 - 01 - 20 at the Wayback Machine . - International Center for Alcohol Policies Jump up ^ `` Underage Drinking '' . National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism . January 2006 . 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"\n\nCountry\nState/Region/Province\nDe jure\nhideNotes\n\nDrinking age\nPurchase age\n\n\n\n Anguilla\nNone[30]\n18 [30]\nIt is illegal to sell or serve alcoholic drinks to anyone under the age of 18 years. Violating the regulation is punished with a $9.600 fine.\n\n\n Antigua and Barbuda\nNone\n16[31]\nThe sale and distribution of alcohol to a person under 16 years of age is illegal.\n\n\n Argentina\n18[32]\n\n\n\n Bahamas\n18[33]\nIt is illegal for any adult to sell, serve or supply any alcoholic beverage to a child (defined as anyone under the age of 18 years). The law provides a exception to treat a illness in urgent cases or upon order by a medical doctor.\n\n\n Barbados\nNone\n16[34]\nIt is illegal to sell or serve any alcoholic beverage to anyone under the age of 16 years. The President of the Barbados Road Safety Association is trying to raise the drinking age to 18 years due to the fact that the law is often violated.[34]\n\n\n Belize\n18[35]\nDrinking age is rarely enforced. IDs are almost never requested.\n\n\n Bermuda\n18[36]\nIt is illegal to sell or serve any alcoholic beverage to a child under the age of 18 years.\n\n\n Bolivia\nNone[37]\n18 [37]\nIt is illegal to sell or serve alcoholic beverages to minors under the age of 18 years. Every sold alcoholic beverage has to have a warning message on the bottle or container reading: “VENTA PROHIBIDA A MENORES DE 18 AÑOS DE EDAD” (Sale prohibited to (anyone) under 18 years of age) and “EL CONSUMO EXCESIVO DE ALCOHOL ES DAÑINO PARA LA SALUD” (Excessive alcohol consumption is harmful to (ones) health).\n\n\n Brazil\nNone[38]\n18 [38]\nIt is illegal to sell, serve or supply any alcoholic beverage to a person under 18 years of age. The presidential law enacted on March 17 2015 made any violation of the law a criminal offence. Any adult person selling, serving, giving or supplying alcoholic beverages to a minor is punished with imprisonment of 2 to 4 years, a fine of R$ 3.000 to R$ 10.000 and a ban to operate any business selling or serving alcohol.\n\n\n British Virgin Islands\n16[35]\nIt is illegal to sell or to supply alcohol to anyone under the age of 16.\n\n\n Canada\n Alberta\n Manitoba\n Quebec\n18[39][40][41]\nIn Alberta no person may give or sell or permit any person to give or sell liquor to a minor in licensed premises.[39] In Manitoba a person must not give, sell or otherwise supply liquor to a minor. the law provides exceptions for a doctor, dentist, pharmacist or other health care professional for medical purposes; for sacramental purposes and by the parent, guardian, spouse or common-law partner, if it is given or supplied in a residence.[40] In Quebec the law probits the sale of alcoholic beverages to a minor under the age of 18 years.[41]\n\n\n Ontario\n Saskatchewan\n British Columbia\n Newfoundland and Labrador\n Nova Scotia\n New Brunswick\n Prince Edward Island\n Northwest Territories\n Yukon\n Nunavut\n19\n\n\n\n Cayman Islands\n18[42]\nIt is prohibited to sell, serve or supply alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 years. It is also illegal for any minor to buy, attempt to buy or consume alcoholic beverages. Violation of the lawis punished with a fine of five thousand dollars, and the court may, if the offence was committed by the licensee, order that the licensee shall forfeit his licence and that no licence may be issued to that person for a period not exceeding ten years from the date of his conviction.\n\n\n Chile\n18[43]\nThe minimum age is 18 to enter an enclosure that sells alcoholic beverages. Selling alcohol to a minor may incur a fine. One must provide identification upon request. Residents of Chile over the age of 18 must carry their Chilean identification card issued by the Civil Registry and Identification Service at all times.[44]\n\n\n Colombia\nNone\n18[45]\nThe law prohibits the sale of alcohol to a minor (anyone under the age of 18 years). It is not illegal for minors to buy, attempt to buy or consume alcohol.[45]\n\n\n Costa Rica\nNone\n18[46]\nThe law prohibits the sale of alcohol to a minor (anyone under the age of 18 years). Selling alcohol to a minor will be punished with a fine equivalent to ten basic salaries. Whoever permits minors to maintain in any establishment which main purpose is to sell alcoholic beverages, will be sanctioned with a fine equivalent to five salaries. It is not illegal for minors to buy, attempt to buy or consume alcohol.[46]\n\n\n Cuba\nNone\n16[47]\nThe penal code prohibits any adult to induce any young person under the age of 16 years, to habitually consume alcoholic beverages. However this means that defacto anyone selling, serving or supplying alcohol should check if the buyer has attained the age of 16 years. In most cases this law is not strictly enforced.[47][48]\n\n\n Dominican Republic\nNone\n18[49]\n\n\n\n Ecuador\nNone\n18[50]\nIt is illegal to sell alcohol beverages to a minor under the age of 18 years of age. The law obligates establishments to place a visible notice at the point of sale and to check identification to enforce the law. However it is not illegal for minors to buy, attempt to buy or consume alcohol.[50]\n\n\n El Salvador\nNone\n18[51]\nIt is strictly prohibited to sell or serve alcoholic beverages to a minor under the age of 18 years. Violation of the law is punished with ¢ 25,000.00 and if convicted once more the license will be suspended for a period of six months. It is legal for minors to buy, attempt to buy and consume alcohol.[51]\n\n\n Falkland Islands\n18[52]\nIt is illegal for any adult to sell, give or provide alcohol to a minor under the age of 18 years in any public place or licensed premises. Parents may permit their children to consume alcohol on private premises. Minors consuming alcohol in public are committing a criminal offence. The law provides exceptions for the consumption of alcohol by minors for prescription of or at the direction of a government medical officer or in the course of the administration of Holy Communion according to the rites of any Christian denomination.[52]\n\n\n Grenada\n18[53]\nIt is illegal to sell, serve or supply any alcoholic drink to a minor under 18 years of age. Minors under 18 years are prohibited by law, to consume alcoholic beverages in public.[53]\n\n\n Guatemala\n18[54]\nIt is illegal to sell, serve or supply any alcoholic drink to a minor under 18 years of age. Minors under 18 years are prohibited by law, to consume alcoholic beverages in public.[54]\n\n\n Guyana\n18/16 for beer, wine and cider with meal[55]\nIt is illegal to sell or serve alcool to a person under 18 years of age. The law provides a exception for minors aged 16 and 17, if they consume a glass of beer, wine oder cider with a meal in a restaurant. Otherwise attempting to buy alcohol or buying alcohol as a minor is a offence.[55]\n\n\n Haiti\nNone\n18[56]\nIt is illegal to sell or serve alcohol to minors from May 17 2017. Vendors are required to check identification.\n\n\n Honduras\n18[43]\n\n\n\n Jamaica\nNone\n18[57]\nIt is illegal to sell or serve any alcoholic beverage to a child (which is defined as anyone under the age of 18 years).[57]\n\n\n Mexico\n18[43]\nThe minimum age to buy and consume alcoholic beverages is regulated by each state of Mexico. But all states have set a minimum age of 18 years, and in no state it is illegal for minors to buy and consume alcohol.\n\n\n Nicaragua\nNone\n14 (restaurant)\n18 (bars, clubs, markets, supermarkets, sports and recreation centers)[58]\nThe law from 1980 prohibits the sale of alcoholic beverages to minors under the age of 18 years. Ever point of sale or establishment serving alcohol, is required to post a notice stating that the sale of alcohol to minors under 18 years of age is illegal. However the law permits children as young as 14 to purchase and consume alcohol in a restaurant without further restrictions.[58]\n\n\n Panama\nNone\n18[59]\n\n\n\n Paraguay\n20[60]\nAccording to Art. 1° of the law to \"ban on the sale of alcoholic beverages to minors\", it is illegal to serve or sell alcohol or to allow the consumption by minors under 20 years of age. Furthermore, under Art 2° all public establishments selling alcohol must display a clearly legible notice in the sales area with the following text: \"ESTA PROHIBIDA LA VENTA DE BEBIDAS ALCOHÓLICAS A MENORES DE VEINTE AÑOS DE EDAD\" (It is illegal (prohibited) to sell alcoholic beverages to minors under 20 years of age)\n\n\n Peru\nNone\n18[61]\n\n\n\n Puerto Rico\n18\n\n\n\n Saint Vincent and the Grenadines\n16[62]\n\n\n\n Trinidad and Tobago\nNone\n18[63]\nIt is illegal to sell, serve or supply alcoholiv beverages to child under the age of 18 years. It is also illegal for an adult to send a child to buy alcohol on behalf. It is not illegal for children to buy or consume alcohol.[63]\n\n\n Turks and Caicos Islands\nNone\n18[64]\nIt is illegal to serve or sell liquor to a young person under the age of eighteen years. Minors under the age of sixteen years may not present in a licensed premises mainly serving and selling alcoholic beverages.[64]\n\n\n United States\n(50 states and integral territories)\nVaries by jurisdiction[43]\n21[43]\nThe National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984 withholds revenue from states that allow the purchase of alcohol by anyone under the age of 21. Prior to the effective date of that Act, the drinking age varied from state to state. Some states do not allow those under the legal drinking age to be present in liquor stores or in bars (usually, the difference between a bar and a restaurant is that food is served only in the latter). Contrary to popular belief, since the act went into law, only a few states prohibit minors and young adults from consuming alcohol in private settings. As of January 1, 2010, 15 states and the District of Columbia ban underage consumption outright, 17 states do not ban underage consumption, and the remaining 18 states have family member or location exceptions to their underage consumption laws.\nFederal law explicitly provides for religious exceptions. As of 2005, 31 states have family member or location exceptions to their underage possession laws. However, non-alcoholic beer in many (but not all) states, such as Idaho, Texas, and Maryland, is considered legal for those under the age of 21.[65]\nBy a judge's ruling, South Carolina appears to allow the possession and consumption of alcohol by adults 18 to 20 years of age, but a circuit court judge has said otherwise.[66]\nThe states of Washington and Wisconsin allows the consumption of alcohol in the presence of parents.\nSome U.S. states have legislation that make providing to and possession of alcohol by persons under twenty-one a gross misdemeanor with a potential penalty of a $5,000 fine or up to year in jail.[67]\nSee also: Minor in Possession and List of alcohol laws of the United States\n\n\n\n United States Virgin Islands\n18[68]\n\n\n\n Uruguay\nNone\n18[69]\nOnly selling alcohol to minors under the age of 18 is prohibited, consumption and purchase by minors is not illegal.\n\n\n Venezuela\nNone\n18[70]\nOnly selling alcohol to minors under the age of 18 is prohibited, consumption and purchase by minors is not illegal.[70]\n\n"
] | [
"18"
] |
5252795565994424844 | Girlfriends' Guide to Divorce | Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce - wikipedia Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce Jump to : navigation , search Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce Also known as Girlfriends ' Guide to Freedom ( season 3 - present ) ' Based on Girlfriends ' Guides series by Vicki Iovine Developed by Marti Noxon Starring Lisa Edelstein Beau Garrett Necar Zadegan Paul Adelstein Janeane Garofalo Alanna Ubach Retta Composer ( s ) Robert Duncan Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 39 Production Executive producer ( s ) Marti Noxon Vicki Iovine Meryl Poster Robert Duncan McNeill Liz Kruger Craig Shapiro Camera setup Single - camera Running time 45 minutes Production company ( s ) Tiny Pyro Productions Universal Cable Productions Release Original network Bravo Picture format 480i ( SDTV ) 1080i ( HDTV ) Original release December 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 02 ) -- present External links Official website Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce ( also known as Girlfriends ' Guide to Freedom starting with season 3 ) is an American comedy - drama television series developed by Marti Noxon for the American cable network Bravo . Based on the Girlfriends ' Guides book series by Vicki Iovine , the series revolves around Abby McCarthy , a self - help author who finds solace in new friends and adventures as she faces an impending divorce . Lisa Edelstein portrays the main character Abby . Beau Garrett , Necar Zadegan and Paul Adelstein co-star . Janeane Garofalo was part of the main cast for the first seven episodes of season 1 before departing the cast . She was replaced in episode 8 with Alanna Ubach . Retta recurred during the show 's second season before being promoted to the main cast at the start of season 3 . Produced by Universal Cable Productions , it is the first original scripted series for Bravo . A 13 - episode first season was ordered by the network , which premiered on December 2 , 2014 . The show debuted to 1.04 million viewers . Critical reception for the series has initially been generally positive , with particular praise towards Edelstein 's performance and the series ' quality over the reality series on Bravo . The show was eventually renewed for a second season , which premiered on December 1 , 2015 . On April 13 , 2016 , it was announced that Bravo had renewed the show for a third , fourth and fifth season . On August 5 , 2016 , It was announced that the fifth season would be the show 's last . It also served as the final television performance of Carrie Fisher , who died of complications due to a cardiac arrest on December 27 , 2016 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Main 1.2 Recurring 1.3 Guest 2 Episodes 3 Reception 3.1 Critical response 3.2 Ratings 4 Broadcast 4.1 Home media and streaming 5 References 6 External links Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Lisa Edelstein as Abby McCarthy , a self - help book author in her early 40s in Los Angeles . Her marriage has recently ended , throwing both her personal and professional lives into serious disarray . Beau Garrett as Phoebe Conte , a recent divorcée and former model . Up until now she has been a typical free spirit but she is now seeking a more stable life . Necar Zadegan as Delia Banai , a divorce attorney who represents Abby in her divorce . She struggles with career and personal life balance . Paul Adelstein as Jake Novak , Abby 's husband from whom she is recently separated . He is a director with a limited amount of success and has up until now lived in Abby 's shadow . ( season 1 - 2 ; recurring season 3 ) Janeane Garofalo as Lyla Straley , Abby 's friend , a divorcée and entertainment lawyer . A bitter custody battle with her ex causes her to flee California for Portland in the middle of season 1 . ( episodes 1 -- 7 ) Alanna Ubach as Jo Hernandez - Frumpkis , Abby 's best friend from college who comes to live with her in LA . She is recently separated from her husband after finding out he had a second family . ( episode 8 -- present ) Retta as Barbara Sawyer , Abby 's co-worker at SheShe , who later becomes her business partner . ( season 3 -- present ; recurring season 2 ) Recurring ( edit ) Julianna Guill as Becca Riley , Jake 's new girlfriend and a successful actress on a CW show Patrick Heusinger as Max McCarthy , Abby 's brother J. August Richards as Ford , husband to Abby 's brother Warren Christie as Will , Abby 's new boyfriend Brian Markinson as Albert , Delia 's boss and long - time fling . Delia has an affair with him while engaged to Gordon Matthew Glave as Gordon Beech , Delia 's client with whom she starts an affair Brandon Jay McLaren as Marco , Phoebe 's love interest Aaron Staton as JD , Phoebe 's love interest Jean Smart as Katherine Miller , Abby 's editor Mark Valley as Dr. Harris , Abby 's love interest Maury Sterling as Rob Frumpkis , Jo 's ex-husband Will Kemp as Scott , the vegan confectioner at Jo 's bakery Megan Hilty as Charlene , Frumpkis ' new girlfriend Charles Mesure as Ralf , Phoebe 's ex-husband James Lesure as Mike Brady , Charlie 's baseball coach Daisy Betts as Gemma Guest ( edit ) Carrie Fisher as Cat Suke Kaiser as Kori Wingo , Phoebe 's former boss Bernadette Peters as Annie Laverne Cox as Adele Northrop Victor Webster as Carl , a male escort who Abby spends the night talking to Barry Bostwick as George , Abby 's dad Lesley Ann Warren as Dina , Abby 's mom Malcolm Jamal Warner as Darrell Kathie Lee Gifford as herself Hoda Kotb as herself Kyle Richards as herself Jessica Clark as Merete Denise Richards as Temple Hampton , Will 's new girlfriend Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 13 December 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 02 ) February 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 24 ) 13 December 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 01 ) February 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 23 ) 7 January 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 11 ) February 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 22 ) 6 August 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 17 ) September 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 21 ) Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Edelstein and Garofalo 's performances were praised by the critics . Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce was met with generally positive reviews from television critics . At Metacritic , which assigns a weighted mean rating out of 100 to reviews from critics , the series received an average score of 69 , based on 21 reviews . Lori Rackl of Chicago Sun - Times gave the episode a 4 star rating ( out of 4 stars ) , calling it `` a sometimes hilarious , sometimes heartbreaking story about an L.A. - based self - help author '' and added that the first two episodes `` reveal a much more nuanced , poignant tale , punctuated by some genuinely funny scenes . '' LaToya Ferguson of The A.V. Club gave the series a grade of `` A - '' , calling it `` a very solid drama '' that should be on HBO or Showtime . Ferguson also praised the characters and the series 's messiness , writing `` Visually , it 's almost flawless ( there 's one obvious green - screen moment in the pilot , but it 's not Ringer level ) , but every character here is deeply flawed . '' Los Angeles Times 's Mary McNamara lauded the series ' cast 's portrayal of the characters and deemed the series `` smartly acted , crisply written and willing to address all manner of issues -- marriage , betrayal , family economics , friendship , even the pitfalls of public domesticity -- in gratifyingly complex ways . '' Brian Lowry , writing for Variety , applauded the series ' cast and material , noting how it sticks to the network 's demographic while maintaining a level of quality . Gail Pennington of St. Louis Post-Dispatch called the series `` a smart , solid examination of just how messy relationships are and how hard it is to make them work . '' Slate 's Willa Paskin highlighted Edelstein 's portrayal of the lead character , describing her as `` very well cast , both commanding and nurturing enough to seem like the ideal advice - giver '' and noted that the series has `` a satisfying and complex take on social dynamics in friendship and romance . '' Alessandra Stanley of The New York Times praised Edelstein and Garofalo as `` one reason '' the show is entertaining and found the comic side of the series `` a lot more fun . '' Time 's writer James Poniewozik praised the writing and Edelstein 's `` sympathetic '' performance , noting that the latter `` grounds a show that often otherwise plays like young - adult fiction for actual adults . '' However , Poniewozik opined that `` there 's one lesson Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce has ( over ) learned from its Bravo peers : that there 's no reality so compelling that it ca n't be sweetened with a little Photoshop . '' David Hinckley , writing for the New York Daily News , highlighted the series ' best moments as those showing the messy side of marital discourse while heralding Edelstein 's performance as `` memorably moving . '' Margaret Lyons of Vulture was critical of the several aspects of the series , including the characters Abby and Lyla 's attitude on giving their spouses child support , but found the series to be its best `` at its nastiest . '' Ratings ( edit ) No. in Episode title Air date Time slot ( EST ) 18 -- 49 demo rating Viewership ( millions ) Ref series season Rule No. 23 : Never Lie to the Kids December 2 , 2014 Tuesdays 10 : 00 P.M. 0.5 1.04 Rule No. 174 : Never Trust Anyone Who Charges By the Hour December 9 , 2014 0.4 0.85 Rule No. 47 : Always Take Advantage of `` Me '' Time December 16 , 2014 0.3 0.70 Rule No. 426 : Fantasyland : A Great Place to Visit December 23 , 2014 0.3 0.77 5 5 Rule No. 21 : Leave Childishness to Children December 30 , 2014 0.4 0.87 6 6 Rule No 33 : When in Doubt , Run Away January 6 , 2015 0.4 0.87 7 7 Rule No. 67 : Do n't Kill the Princess January 13 , 2015 0.4 0.77 8 8 Rule No. 17 : Ask the Answer Lady January 20 , 2015 0.3 0.69 9 9 Rule No. 32 : F - You , Rob Frumpkis January 27 , 2015 0.4 0.91 10 10 Rule No. 3 : Do n't Stand in the Doorway February 3 , 2015 0.3 0.74 11 11 Rule No. 46 : Keep the Holidays Low Key February 10 , 2015 0.4 0.83 12 12 Rule No. 92 : Do n't Do the Crime If You Ca n't Do the Time February 17 , 2015 0.4 0.74 13 13 Rule No. 101 : Know When It 's Time to Move On February 24 , 2015 0.3 0.79 Broadcast ( edit ) Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce premiered in the United States on Bravo on December 2 , 2014 , in Canada on Slice on January 9 , 2015 , and in the United Kingdom on Lifetime UK on September 15 , 2015 . Home Media and streaming ( edit ) The first season was released on DVD in region 1 on October 13 , 2015 . On November 1 , 2015 season 1 of Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce became available to stream in the US for Netflix subscribers . The show is also available from electronic sell - through platforms such as iTunes , Amazon Instant Video , and Vudu . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` Bravo Orders 13 Episodes of Scripted Drama ' Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce ' Starring Lisa Edelstein '' . Zap2it . Retrieved February 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` Bravo Picks Up Marti Noxon 's ' Girlfriends ' Guide To Divorce ' As First Scripted Series '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 14 , 2014 ) . `` ' Million Dollar Listing New York ' Renewed for Season Four + Bravo Greenlights Three New Series '' . TV by the Numbers ( Press release ) . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2015 . Retrieved July 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Dani ( September 30 , 2015 ) . `` Season 2 of Bravo 's Scripted Series ' Girlfriend 's Guide To Divorce ' To Premiere December 1 '' . TV by the Numbers ( Press release ) . Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved September 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce ' gets 3 - season renewal at Bravo '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Bravo 's ' Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce ' to End After Season 5 ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter. 2016 - 08 - 05 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 14 , 2014 ) . `` Bravo 's ' Girlfriend 's Guide To Divorce ' Adds ' Rake 's Necar Zadegan As New Regular '' . Deadline . Retrieved August 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Alanna Ubach Joins Bravo 's ' Girlfriends Guide To Divorce ' , Matthew Glave & Virginia Williams To Recur '' . Deadline . August 13 , 2014 . Retrieved August 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael . `` Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce Promotes Retta to Series Regular in Season 3 '' . TV Line . TVLine Media , LLC . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://deadline.com/2017/07/girlfriends-guide-to-divorce-season4-treailer-premiere-date-bravo-video-1202127711/ Jump up ^ Rackl , Lori ( November 30 , 2014 ) . `` Bravo found a keeper with great new series ' Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce ' '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Chicago : Tim Knight . Sun - Times Media Group . Archived from the original on 31 January 2015 . Retrieved 6 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Ferguson , LaToya ( December 2 , 2014 ) . `` Girlfriends ' Guide To Divorce is Bravo 's beautifully messy introduction to scripted drama '' . The A.V. Club . Chicago : The Onion , Inc . Retrieved 6 February 2015 . Jump up ^ McNamara , Mary ( December 2 , 2014 ) . `` Review ' Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce ' marries Bravo to good TV '' . Los Angeles Times . Los Angeles : Austin Beutner . Tribune Publishing . Retrieved 6 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( November 30 , 2014 ) . `` TV Review : Bravo 's ' Girlfriends ' Guide To Divorce ' '' . Variety . Los Angeles . Penske Business Media . Retrieved 8 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Pennington , Gail ( December 2 , 2014 ) . `` TV review : Bravo 's ' Girlfriends ' Guide ' is surprisingly good '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . St. Louis : Ray Farris. Lee Enterprises . Retrieved 8 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Paskin , Willa ( December 2 , 2014 ) . `` Lowbrow and Delectable '' . Slate . The Slate Group . Retrieved 9 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Stanley , Alessandra ( December 1 , 2014 ) . `` Divvying Up Perks , Pity , Scorn and Snark '' . The New York Times . New York City : Dean Baquet . The New York Times Company . Retrieved 9 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Poniewozik , James ( December 1 , 2014 ) . `` Review : The Image - Conscious Uncoupling of Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce '' . Time . New York City : Time Inc . Retrieved 24 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Roush , Matt ( December 2 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday TV : One for the Family ( Toy Story ) and One for Adults ( Girlfriends ' Guide ) '' . TV Guide . Radnor : CBS Interactive . Retrieved 24 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Lyons , Margaret ( December 2 , 2014 ) . `` Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce , Bravo 's First Scripted Series , Is At Its Best When It 's At Its Nastiest '' . New York . New York City : New York Media , LLC . Retrieved 25 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( December 3 , 2014 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Tuesday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 12.2. 2014 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved 23 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 10 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Sons of Anarchy ' Wins Night , ' Anarchy Afterword ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Benched ' , ' Ground Floor ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved 1 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 17 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Ink Master ' Tops Night + ' The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills ' , ' The Curse of Oak Island ' , NBA Basketball & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved 1 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( December 24 , 2014 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Tuesday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 12.23. 2014 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved 24 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 2 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : College Football Tops Night + ' Moonshiners ' The Little Couple ' , ' Ground Floor ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved 3 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 8 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' Wins Night ' ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Switched at Birth ' , ' Dance Moms ' , ' The Real World ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved 10 January 2015 . Jump up ^ The Futon Critic Staff ( July 13 , 2011 ) . `` Monday 's Cable Ratings : `` Pawn Stars '' Tops Heated Race `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved 1 September 2014 . Jump up ^ The Futon Critic Staff ( July 20 , 2011 ) . `` Monday 's Cable Ratings : History 's `` Pawn Stars '' Holds Onto Crown `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved 1 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 28 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills ' Tops Night + ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' , ' Sons of Liberty ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved 6 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 4 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Being Mary Jane ' Wins Night , ' Moonshiners ' , ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Justified ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved 6 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 11 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' Tops Night + ' Being Mary Jane ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Real Housewives of Beverly Hills ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved 24 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 19 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' 19 Kids and Counting ' Wins Night , ' Being Mary Jane ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' Cougar Town ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved 24 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 25 , 2015 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Tuesday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 2.24. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved 27 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce to premiere on Slice in Canada '' . The TV Watercooler . http://google.com/+JeevanBrar . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 10 . External link in publisher = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Lifetime UK Acquires ' Girlfriends ' Guide To Divorce ' , Sets September Premiere - TVWise '' . TVWise . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce : Season 1 , 2015 - 10 - 13 , retrieved 2015 - 11 - 10 Jump up ^ Armstrong , Olivia ( 2015 - 10 - 30 ) . `` What 's New On Netflix This Weekend : ' Manson Family Vacation ' , November Titles , And More '' . Decider Where To Stream Movies & Shows on Netflix , Hulu , Amazon Instant , HBO Go . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce Netflix '' . www.netflix.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce , Season 1 on iTunes '' . iTunes . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Watch Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce Season 1 Episode - Amazon Video '' . www.amazon.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` VUDU - Watch Movies '' . www.vudu.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 10 . 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"\nJulianna Guill as Becca Riley, Jake's new girlfriend and a successful actress on a CW show\nPatrick Heusinger as Max McCarthy, Abby's brother\nJ. August Richards as Ford, husband to Abby's brother\nWarren Christie as Will, Abby's new boyfriend\nBrian Markinson as Albert, Delia's boss and long-time fling. Delia has an affair with him while engaged to Gordon\nMatthew Glave as Gordon Beech, Delia's client with whom she starts an affair\nBrandon Jay McLaren as Marco, Phoebe's love interest\nAaron Staton as JD, Phoebe's love interest\nJean Smart as Katherine Miller, Abby's editor\nMark Valley as Dr. Harris, Abby's love interest\nMaury Sterling as Rob Frumpkis, Jo's ex-husband\nWill Kemp as Scott, the vegan confectioner at Jo's bakery\nMegan Hilty as Charlene, Frumpkis' new girlfriend\nCharles Mesure as Ralf, Phoebe's ex-husband\nJames Lesure as Mike Brady, Charlie's baseball coach\nDaisy Betts as Gemma\n"
] | [
"Warren Christie"
] |
-2823807920395572588 | The Emperor's New Groove | The Emperor 's New Groove - wikipedia The Emperor 's New Groove Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the film . For the video game , see The Emperor 's New Groove ( video game ) . For the franchise , see The Emperor 's New Groove ( franchise ) . For the soundtrack , see The Emperor 's New Groove ( soundtrack ) . The Emperor 's New Groove Theatrical release poster by John Alvin Directed by Mark Dindal Produced by Randy Fullmer Screenplay by David Reynolds Story by Chris Williams Mark Dindal Starring David Spade John Goodman Eartha Kitt Patrick Warburton Wendie Malick Music by John Debney Edited by Tom Finan Pam Ziegenhagen Production company Walt Disney Pictures Walt Disney Feature Animation Distributed by Buena Vista Distribution Release date December 15 , 2000 ( 2000 - 12 - 15 ) Running time 77 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $100 million Box office $169.3 million The Emperor 's New Groove is a 2000 American animated buddy comedy film created by Walt Disney Feature Animation and released by Walt Disney Pictures . The 40th animated Disney feature film , it was directed by Mark Dindal , produced by Randy Fullmer , written by David Reynolds , and stars David Spade , John Goodman , Eartha Kitt , Patrick Warburton and Wendie Malick . The film follows an arrogant teenage emperor named Kuzco who is transformed into a llama by his ex-advisor , Yzma . In order for the emperor to change back into a human , he trusts a village leader named Pacha who escorts him back to the palace . Beginning production in 1994 as a musical epic directed by Fullmer and Roger Allers titled Kingdom of the Sun , The Emperor 's New Groove spent several years in development , during which it was changed significantly ; the film shifted from a darker and more dramatic musical into a more light - hearted comedy film , largely due to input from Disney executives who were worried about the film becoming too ambitious after the disappointing box office performance of Pocahontas . A documentary about the making of the film , titled The Sweatbox , details the production troubles that the film endured over its six years of development . Theatrically released in December of 2000 , The Emperor 's New Groove received mostly positive reviews from critics , but grossed considerably less at the box office than many of the animated films released by Disney in the 1990s , grossing $169 million off of a budget of $100 million . It was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Song for `` My Funny Friend and Me '' performed by Sting , but lost to `` Things Have Changed '' by Bob Dylan from Wonder Boys . A direct - to - video sequel to the film , titled Kronk 's New Groove , was released in 2005 , and an animated television series titled The Emperor 's New School was aired on Disney Channel from 2006 to 2008 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast and characters 3 Production 3.1 Kingdom of the Sun 3.2 Production overhaul and script rewrite 3.3 Design and animation 4 Release 4.1 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Accolades 6 The Sweatbox 7 Adaptations and sequel 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Kuzco , a young selfish Inca emperor , rejects the appearances of potential brides and throws an elderly man out the window for `` throwing off his groove . '' After Kuzco fires his conniving advisor , Yzma , for abusing her power , she comes up with a scheme to take the throne with the help of Kronk , her dim - witted but jovial henchman . Later , Kuzco meets with Pacha , a kind peasant and village leader , and tells him that he plans to demolish his hilltop family home to build himself a lavish summer home called `` Kuzcotopia '' . Pacha protests , but is dismissed . Yzma and Kronk make a plan to get rid of Kuzco by tricking him into drinking poison at dinner , but end up giving him the wrong potion that instead transforms him into a llama . After knocking Kuzco unconscious , Yzma orders Kronk to dispose of him and hide the body , but Kronk has a stroke of conscience and saves him . He accidentally drops him on the back of Pacha 's cart as he 's leaving the city . Pacha returns home , but does not tell his family about Kuzco 's decision . After awakening from the bag on the cart , scaring Pacha , Kuzco blames Pacha for his transformation and orders him to take him back to the palace . Pacha uses this leverage to attempt to make Kuzco promise not to demolish the village . Kuzco haughtily sets off into the jungle alone , only to be chased by jaguars . After Pacha rescues Kuzco and they survive a waterfall , Kuzco agrees to spare the village , and Pacha agrees to help Kuzco return to the kingdom . Meanwhile , Yzma takes the throne , eulogizing Kuzco , but Kronk reveals that he had lost Kuzco rather than killing him . The two set off to find him . Kuzco and Pacha fail to return to the palace , when they fall through a bridge into a chasm full of alligators . They manage to use teamwork to climb back up the chasm , avoiding the alligators , and Kuzco manages to save Pacha 's life once , proving Pacha 's point that Kuzco has a good conscience . Though Kuzco admits that he was n't going to respect their promise , Pacha continues to help Kuzco home as according to his promise . They stop at a jungle restaurant at the same time Kronk and Yzma do . Neither party realizes the other is there , until Pacha overhears Yzma and Kronk discussing their plot . Kuzco refuses to believe Pacha 's warning and leaves him , but overhears Kronk and Yzma shortly after proving Pacha right . Kuzco realizes that the kingdom does not even miss him and begins to repent his way of life . He searches for Pacha and eventually finds him and attempts to apologize . Pacha quickly forgives him . Meanwhile , Kronk remembers recognizing Pacha and realizes that Kuzco is likely with him . The pair rush back to Pacha 's house for supplies , only to find that Kronk and Yzma are visiting Pacha 's family , posing as distant relatives . Pacha enlists the help of his family to stall Yzma and Kronk , as they get a head start . The race to the palace seems to end with Yzma and Kronk falling off a cliff , but they still inexplicably reach the palace first . Yzma orders Kronk to kill them both , but Kronk can not bring himself to commit murder , leading Yzma to insult and reprimand Kronk and resign to killing them herself . Yzma summons the guards ( who do not recognize Kuzco ) , while Pacha and Kuzco escape with all the potions in hopes of turning Kuzco back to a human . After several guards are transformed into animals while testing potions and Yzma is transformed into a kitten , one vial remains as the trio fight over it on the outer face of the palace . Pacha and Kuzco utilize the same teamwork as they did in the chasm , and Kuzco even actively chooses to save Pacha 's life over retrieving the vial in one instance . Yzma manages to get the vial , but is then inadvertently defeated by Kronk , leaving the vial for Kuzco . Now human again and a more selfless ruler , Kuzco decides to build his summer home elsewhere , and Pacha suggests a neighboring hilltop . In the end , Kuzco is shown living next door to Pacha 's in a modest cabin , sharing a swimming pool with Pacha and his family . Yzma , still a kitten , grudgingly joins Kronk 's Junior Chipmunk troop . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of The Emperor 's New Groove characters David Spade as Emperor Kuzco , the spoiled 18 - year - old emperor of the Inca Empire . He initially is narcissistic , arrogant and cruel , and pays no heed to the needs of others . However , after being transformed into a llama and bonding with Pacha , he becomes a better person . John Goodman as Pacha , a kind , caring village leader who apparently foils Kuzco . Despite his ego , Pacha befriends and trusts Kuzco , and believes that Kuzco is capable of being a better person . Eartha Kitt as Yzma , Kuzco 's ex-advisor who claims that she `` practically raised ( Kuzco ) '' . Her appearance is described as `` scary beyond all reason '' and `` living proof that dinosaurs once roamed the earth . '' She is also incredibly vain , arrogant , manipulative , diabolical , and self - serving . Patrick Warburton as Kronk , Yzma 's dimwitted and muscular henchman . Despite working for her , he is very kind and good - natured . Kronk is a talented chef and has the ability to communicate with squirrels . His moral dilemmas manifest themselves in the form of an angel and devil that appear on his shoulders . Wendie Malick as Chicha , Pacha 's caring pregnant wife . She gives birth to her third child at the film 's ending . Kellyann Kelso and Eli Russell Linnetz as Chaca and Tipo , Pacha and Chicha 's two young , rambunctious children . Bob Bergen as Bucky the Squirrel , Kronk 's companion who has an unpleasant encounter with Kuzco and is sickend by Yzma for her coldness . Tom Jones as the Theme Song Guy , Kuzco 's personal theme song conductor . Patti Deutsch as Matta , a waitress at Mudka 's Meat Hut . John Fiedler as Rudy , a kindly old man who meets and befriends Kuzco . Joe Whyte as the Royal Recordkeeper , a worrying official in charge of affairs on Kuzcos 's palace . Production ( edit ) Kingdom of the Sun ( edit ) `` Kingdom of the Sun was such a heart - breaking experience for me . I put four years of my heart and energy into that one ... I was creating an `` epic '' picture mixing elements of adventure , comedy , romance and mysticism . The head of Disney Features at the time was afraid that we were doing , in his opinion , too many films in the same vein . He was also uncomfortable with the spiritual and cultural ( Inca ) aspects of it . Hence , he decided to make it a simple slapstick comedy ... Would it have worked out if we had had more time ? I would hope so , but one can never know these things . '' Roger Allers , reflecting on the troubled history of Kingdom of the Sun The idea of Kingdom of the Sun was conceived by Roger Allers and Matthew Jacobs , and development on the project began in 1994 . Upon pitching the project to then - Disney CEO and chairman Michael Eisner , Allers recalled Eisner saying `` it has all of the elements of a classic Disney film , '' and because of his directorial success on The Lion King that same year , Eisner allowed Allers to have free rein with both the casting and the storyline . By January 1995 , Variety reported that Allers was working on `` an Inca - themed original story '' . In 1996 , the production crew traveled to Machu Picchu in Peru , to study Inca artifacts and architecture and the landscape this empire was created in . Kingdom of the Sun was to have been a tale of a greedy , selfish emperor ( voiced by David Spade ) who finds a peasant ( voiced by Owen Wilson ) who looks just like him ; the emperor swaps places with the peasant to escape his boring life and have fun , much as in author Mark Twain 's archetypal novel The Prince and the Pauper . However , the evil witch Yzma has plans to summon the evil god Supai and destroy the sun so that she may retain her youth forever ( the sun gives her wrinkles , so she surmises that living in a world of darkness would prevent her from wrinkling ) . Discovering the switch between the prince and the peasant , Yzma turns the real emperor into a llama and threatens to reveal the pauper 's identity unless he obeys her . The emperor - llama learns humility in his new form , and even comes to love a female llama - herder named Mata ( voiced by Laura Prepon ) . Together , the girl and the llama set out to undo the witch 's plans . The book Reel Views 2 says the film would have been a `` romantic comedy musical in the ' traditional ' Disney style '' . Following the underwhelming box office performances of Pocahontas and The Hunchback of Notre Dame , studio executives felt the project was growing too ambitious and serious for audiences following test screenings , and needed more comedy . In early 1997 , producer Randy Fullmer contacted Mark Dindal , who had just wrapped up work on Cats Do n't Dance , and offered him to be co-director on Kingdom of the Sun . Meanwhile , Allers personally called Sting , in the wake of Elton John 's success with The Lion King 's soundtrack , to compose several songs for the film . He agreed , but on the condition that his filmmaker wife Trudie Styler could `` document the process of the production '' . This film , which was eventually entitled The Sweatbox , was made by Xingu Films ( their own production company ) . Along with collaborator David Hartley , Sting composed eight songs inextricably linked with the original plot and characters . In summer 1997 , it was announced that Roger Allers and Mark Dindal would serve as the film 's directors and Randy Fullmer as producer . David Spade and Eartha Kitt had been confirmed to voice the emperor , Manco , and the villainess , while Carla Gugino was in talks for a role . Harvey Fierstein was also cast as Hucua , Yzma 's sidekick . By the summer of 1998 , it was apparent that Kingdom of the Sun was not far along enough in production to be released in the summer of 2000 as planned . At this time , one of the Disney executives reportedly walked into Randy Fullmer 's office and , placing his thumb and forefinger a quarter - inch apart , stated `` your film is this close to being shut down . '' Fullmer approached Allers , and informed him of the need to finish the film on time for its summer 2000 release as crucial promotional deals with McDonald 's , Coca - Cola , and other companies were already established and depended upon meeting that release date . Allers acknowledged that the production was falling behind , but was confident that , with an extension of between six months to a year , he could complete the film . When Fullmer denied Allers 's request for an extension , the director decided to leave the project . On September 23 , 1998 , the project was dead with production costs amounting towards $25 -- 30 million and twenty - five percent of the film animated . Production overhaul and script rewrite ( edit ) Upset that Allers left the project , Michael Eisner reportedly gave Fullmer two weeks to salvage the film or production would be shut down . Fullmer and Dindal halted production for six months to retool the project retitling it to Kingdom in the Sun , making it the first Disney animated feature to have an extensive overhaul since Pinocchio . Meanwhile , following Eric Goldberg 's pitch for the Rhapsody in Blue segment for Fantasia 2000 , the animators were reassigned to work on the segment . In the interim , Chris Williams , who was a storyboard artist during Kingdom of the Sun , came up with the idea of making Pacha an older character as opposed to the teenager that he was in the original story . Following up on the new idea , former late - night comedy writer David Reynolds stated , `` I pitched a simple comedy that 's basically a buddy road picture with two guys being chased in the style of a Chuck Jones ' toon , but faster paced . Disney said , ' Give it a shot . ' '' One of the new additions to the revised story was the scene - stealing character of Yzma 's sidekick Kronk . Meanwhile , the name Manco was changed to Kuzco following Fullmer 's discovery of the Japanese slang term omanco , which translates to vagina . Due in part of the production shutdown , Sting began to develop schedule conflicts with his songwriting duties interfering with his work on his next album he was planning to record in Italy . `` I write the music , and then they 're supposed to animate it , but there are constantly changes being made . It 's constantly in turnaround , '' the singer / songwriter admitted , but `` I 'm enjoying it . '' Because of the shutdown , the computer - animated film Dinosaur assumed the summer 2000 release date originally scheduled for Kingdom . Andreas Deja declined to return to the film observing his more serious version of Yzma was incompatible with the wackier , comedic tone of the film , and moved to Orlando , Florida , to work on Lilo & Stitch . Animator Dale Baer would replace Deja as the supervising animator for Yzma . Fulmer would inform Sting by telephone that his songs , related to specific scenes and characters that were now gone , had to be dropped . Bitter about the removal of his songs , the pop musician commented that `` At first , I was angry and perturbed . Then I wanted some vengeance . '' Disney eventually agreed to allow three of the six deleted songs as bonus tracks on the soundtrack album such as Yzma 's villain song titled `` Snuff Out the Light '' , the love song titled `` One Day She 'll Love Me '' , and a dance number called `` Walk the Llama Llama '' . The plot elements such as the romance between the llama herder Pacha and Manco 's betrothed Nina , the sun - capturing villain scheme , similarities to The Prince and the Pauper stories , and Inca mythology were dropped . The character of Hucua was also dropped from the story , though he would make a cameo appearance as the candle holder during the dinner scene in the finished film . Kuzco -- who was a supporting character in the original story -- eventually became the protagonist . By summer 1999 , cast members Owen Wilson , Harvey Fierstein , and Trudie Styler were dropped from the film . Eartha Kitt and David Spade remained in the cast , Dindal commented , `` ( a ) nd then John Goodman and Patrick Warburton ( who played Elaine 's boyfriend Puddy on the Seinfeld series ) came aboard . '' After Sting 's songs for Kingdom of the Sun were dropped from the new storyline , Sting remained on the project , though he was told by the studio that `` All we want is a beginning and an end song . '' The song , `` Perfect World '' , was approached `` to open the movie with a big , fun number that established the power of Kuzco and showed how he controlled the world '' , according to Feature Animation president Thomas Schumacher . The filmmakers had asked Sting to perform the song for the film , though Sting declined telling them that he was too old to sing it and that they should find someone younger and hipper . They instead went with Tom Jones , who is eleven years older than Sting . In February 2000 , the new film was announced as The Emperor 's New Groove with its new story centering on a spoiled Inca Emperor -- voiced by David Spade -- who through various twists and falls ends up learning the meaning of true happiness from a poor peasant , played by John Goodman . The release date was scheduled for December 2000 . Despite the phrasing of the title , the film bears no relation to Hans Christian Andersen 's classic Danish fairy tale `` The Emperor 's New Clothes '' ( although both stories involve an emperor being tricked ) . However , Eisner worried that the new story was too close in tone to Disney 's 1997 film Hercules , which had performed decently yet below expectations at the American box office . Dindal and Fullmer assured him that The Emperor 's New Groove , as the film was now called , would have a much smaller cast , making it easier to involve audiences . Towards the end of production , the film 's ending originally had Kuzco building his Kuzcotopia amusement park on another hill by destroying a rainforest near Pacha 's home , and inviting Pacha and his family to visit . Horrified at the ending , Sting commented that `` I wrote them a letter and said , ' You do this , I 'm resigning because this is exactly the opposite of what I stand for . I 've spent 20 years trying to defend the rights of indigenous people and you 're just marching over them to build a theme park . I will not be party to this . '' The ending was rewritten so that Kuzco constructs a shack similar to Pacha 's and spends his vacation among the villagers . Design and Animation ( edit ) During production on Kingdom of the Sun , Andreas Deja was the initial supervising animator of Yzma , and incorporated supermodeling poses published in magazines in order to capture Yzma 's sultry , seductive persona . Nik Ranieri was originally slated as the supervising animator for Yzma 's rocky sidekick , Hucua . During the research trip to Peru in 1996 , Ranieri acknowledged that `` I was researching for a character that looked like a rock so I was stuck drawing rocks for the whole trip . Then when we got back they piled it into this story about ancient Incas . '' Mark Pudleiner was to be the supervising animator of Kuzco 's proposed maiden , Nina . In early 1997 , David Pruiksma came on board to animate the llama , Snowball . According to Pruiksma , Snowball was `` a silly , vain and egotistical character , rather the dumb blond of the llama set . I really enjoyed developing the character and doing some early test animation on her as well . Before I left the film ( and it was ultimately shelved ) , I created model sheets for not only Snowball , but for the rest of the herd of seven other llamas and for Kuzco as a Llama . '' When the film was placed on production shutdown , Pruiksma transferred to work on Atlantis : The Lost Empire being developed concurrently and ultimately the llama characters were dropped from the storyline . Following the production overhaul and the studio 's attempts for more cost - efficient animated features , Mark Dindal urged for `` a simpler approach that emphasized the characters rather than overwhelming special effects or cinematic techniques '' . Because of the subsequent departure of Deja , animator Dale Baer inherited the character of Yzma . Using Eartha Kitt 's gestures during recording sessions , Baer commented that `` She has a natural voice for animation and really got into the role . She would gesture wildly and it was fun just to watch her . She would come into each session almost serious and very professional and suddenly she would go wild and break up laughing . '' Ranieri was later asked to serve as the supervising animator of Kuzco ( as a human and a llama ) , though he would admit being reluctant at first until he discovered that Kuzco `` had a side to him , there was a lot of comedy potential and as a character he went through an arc '' . Pudleiner was also reassigned to work as an animator of the human version of Kuzco . In addition to drawing inspiration from David Spade during recording sessions , the Kuzco animation team studied llamas at the zoo , visited a llama farm , watched nature documentaries , and even observed the animals up close when they came for a visit to the studio . For the rewritten version of Pacha , animator Bruce W. Smith observed that `` Pacha is probably the most human of all the characters , '' and further added that he `` has more human mannerisms and realistic traits , which serve as a contrast to the cartoony llama he hangs out with . He is the earthy guy who brings everything back into focus . Being a big fellow about six - foot - five and weighing about 250 pounds we had to work hard to give him a sense of weight and believability in his movement . '' Actual animation began in 1999 , involving 400 artists and 300 technicians and production personnel . Outside of the Walt Disney Feature Animation studio building in Burbank , California , animators located at Walt Disney Feature Animation Florida and Disney Animation France assisted in the production of The Emperor 's New Groove . During the last eighteen months of production , a 120 - crew of clean - up artists would take an animation cel drawing from the animation department , and place a new piece of paper over the existing image in order to draw a cleaner , more refined image . `` We 're basically the final designers , '' said clean - up supervisor Vera Pacheco , whose crew worked on more than 200,000 drawings for `` Groove '' . Release ( edit ) After the release date had shifted to winter 2000 , similarities were noted between the film and DreamWorks Animation 's The Road to El Dorado . Marc Lument , a visual development artist on El Dorado , claimed `` It really was a race , and Katzenberg wanted ours out before theirs . '' Lument also added that , `` We did n't know exactly what they were doing , but we had the impression it was going to be very similar . Whoever came out second would face the impression that they copied the other . '' Fullmer and Dindal denied the similarities with the latter commenting `` This version ( The Emperor 's New Groove ) was well in the works when that movie came out , '' and further added `` Early on , when our movie got to be very comic , all of us felt that you ca n't be making this farce about a specific group of people unless we are going to poke fun at ourselves . This did n't seem to be a proper choice about Incas or any group of people . It was more of a fable . '' The marketing campaign for The Emperor 's New Groove was relatively restrained as Disney opted to heavily promote the release of 102 Dalmatians , which was released during Thanksgiving . Nevertheless , the film was accompanied with six launcher toys of Kuzco , Kuzco as a llama , Pacha , Yzma , Yzma as a cat , and Kronk accompanied with Happy Meals at McDonald 's in North America . The European , Asian and Australian toys from 2001 were different from the North American set . Stuffed animals were also made and sold in places like The Disney Store . Home Media ( edit ) The standard VHS and DVD was released May 1 , 2001 , as well as a `` 2 - Disc Collector 's Edition '' that included bonus features such as Sting 's music video of `` My Funny Friend and Me '' , a Rascal Flatts music video of `` Walk the Llama Llama '' from the soundtrack , audio commentary with the filmmakers , a multi-skill level Set Top Game with voice talent from the movie , and a deleted scene among other features . Unlike its theatrical box office performance , the film performed better on home video , becoming the top - selling home video release of 2001 . In September 2001 , it was reported that 6 million VHS units were sold amounting towards $89 million in revenue . On DVD , it was also reported it had sold twice as many sales . The overall revenue averaged toward $125 million according to Adams Media Research . Disney re-released a single - disc special edition called `` The New Groove Edition '' on October 18 , 2005 . Disney digitally remastered and released The Emperor 's New Groove on Blu - ray on June 11 , 2013 bundled in a two - movie collection combo pack with its direct - to - video sequel Kronk 's New Groove . On its first weekend , it sold 14,000 Blu - ray units grossing $282,000 . Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) On its opening weekend , The Emperor 's New Groove premiered at fourth place grossing about $10 million behind strong competitions such as What Women Want , Dude , Where 's My Car ? , and How the Grinch Stole Christmas . Overall , the film grossed $89.3 million at the U.S. box office and an additional $80 million worldwide ; totals lower than those for most of the Disney Feature Animation productions released in the 1990s . Because of its pre-Columbian setting and Latin American flavor , Disney spent $250,000 in its marketing campaign towards the Latino market releasing dual English and Spanish - language theatrical prints in sixteen multiplexes across heavily populated Latino areas in Los Angeles , California in contrast to releasing dubbed or subtitled theatrical prints of their previous animated features in foreign markets . By January 2001 , following nineteen days into its theatrical general release , the Spanish - dubbed prints were pulled from multiplexes as Latino Americans opted to watch the English - language prints with its grossing averaging $571,000 in comparison to $96,000 for the former . Critical response ( edit ) The Emperor 's New Groove received generally positive reviews from critics ; the film holds an approval rating of 85 % on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes and an average review score of 7.1 / 10 based on 128 reviews , with the site 's critical consensus reading `` The Emperor 's New Groove is n't the most ambitious animated film , but its brisk pace , fresh characters , and big laughs make for a great time for the whole family . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 70 out of 100 based on 28 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Many critics and audiences generally consider the film to be one of the better films of Disney 's post-Renaissance era as well as one of the studio 's most comedic animated films . Writing for Variety , Robert Koehler commented the film `` may not match the groovy business of many of the studio 's other kidpix , but it will be remembered as the film that established a new attitude in the halls of Disney 's animation unit '' . Roger Ebert , writing his review for Chicago Sun - Times , awarded the film 3 ( out of 4 ) stars distinguishing the film as `` a goofy slapstick cartoon , with the attention span of Donald Duck '' that is separate from what 's known as animated features . Ebert would later add that `` it does n't have the technical polish of a film like Tarzan , but is a reminder that the classic cartoon look is a beloved style of its own . '' Entertainment Weekly critic Lisa Schwarzbaum graded the film a B+ , describing it as a `` hip , funny , mostly nonmusical , decidedly non-epic family picture , which turns out to be less of a hero 's journey than a meeting of sitcom minds '' . Published in The Austin Chronicle , Marc Savlov gave the film 2 / 5 stars noting the film `` suffers from a persistent case of narrative backsliding that only serves to make older members of the audience long for the days of the dwarves , beauties , and poisoned apples of Disney - yore , and younger ones squirm in their seats '' . Savlov continued to express his displeasure in the animation in comparison to the previous year 's Tarzan writing it `` is also a minor letdown , with none of the ecstatic visual tour de force . '' Movie reviewer Bob Strauss acknowledged the film is `` funny , frantic and colorful enough to keep the small fry diverted for its short but strained 78 minutes '' , though except for `` some nice voice work , a few impressive scale gags and interesting , Inca - inspired design elements , there is very little here for the rest of the family to latch onto '' . Strauss would target the massive story overhaul during production as the main problem . Accolades ( edit ) List of Awards and Nominations Year Award Category Recipients and nominees Results Golden Satellite Award Best Animated or Mixed Media The Emperor 's New Groove Nominated Best Original Song `` My Funny Friend and Me '' Nominated 58th Golden Globe Awards Best Original Song `` My Funny Friend and Me '' Nominated 28th Annie Awards Best Animated Feature The Emperor 's New Groove Nominated Individual Achievement in Directing Mark Dindal Nominated Individual Achievement in Writing Mark Dindal , Chris Williams , David Reynolds Nominated Individual Achievement in Storyboarding Stephen J. Anderson , Don Hall Nominated Individual Achievement in Production Design Colin Stimpson Nominated Individual Achievement in Character Animation Dale Baer Won Individual Achievement in Voice Acting Eartha Kitt Won Patrick Warburton Nominated Individual Achievement in Music Sting , David Hartley Won Individual Achievement in Music Score John Debney Nominated 73rd Academy Awards Best Original Song `` My Funny Friend and Me '' Nominated Phoenix Films Critics Society Awards Best Song `` My Funny Friend and Me '' Won Best Animated Film The Emperor 's New Groove Nominated Best Family Film The Emperor 's New Groove Nominated Las Vegas Critics Society Awards Best Family Film The Emperor 's New Groove Nominated Best Song `` My Funny Friend and Me '' Nominated 2002 44th Annual Grammy Awards Best Song Written for a Motion Picture , Television or Other Visual Media `` My Funny Friend and Me '' Nominated The Sweatbox ( edit ) Main article : The Sweatbox The Sweatbox is a documentary that chronicled the tumultuous collaboration of Sting and David Hartley with the Disney studios to compose six songs for Kingdom of the Sun ( the film 's working title ) . The documentary featured interviews from directors Roger Allers and Mark Dindal , producer Randy Fullmer , Sting ( whose wife created the documentary ) , Disney story artists , and the voice cast being dismayed by the new direction . Disney was not believed to be opposing Trudie Styler 's documentary with Disney animation executive Thomas Schumacher , who had seen footage , commenting that `` I think it 's going to be great ! '' The film premiered at the 2002 Toronto International Film Festival , but has gone virtually unseen by the public ever since . Disney owns the rights , but has never officially released it . In March 2012 , a workprint of the documentary was leaked online and was uploaded on the video - sharing website YouTube , by a United Kingdom cartoonist , before it was ultimately pulled . As of April 2015 , some scenes from the documentary could be seen from the home media release , including the behind the scenes and the making of My Funny Friend and Me . Adaptations and sequel ( edit ) Main article : The Emperor 's New Groove ( franchise ) In April 2005 , it was announced that DisneyToon Studios was producing a direct - to - video sequel entitled Kronk 's New Groove , which was released on December 13 , 2005 , timed with the premiere of Disney Channel cartoon series , The film is based on the animated television series The Emperor 's New School . Patrick Warburton , Eartha Kitt and Wendie Malick reprised their roles for the sequel and series , while J.P. Manoux replaced David Spade for the series and Fred Tatasciore voiced Pacha in season 1 . John Goodman subsequently reprised his role for the second and final season for the series . Kuzco appears as a guest in Disney 's House of Mouse and Mickey 's Magical Christmas : Snowed in at the House of Mouse served as television series finale direct - to - video animated film produced by Walt Disney Pictures , spin - off of the animated television series . Two video games were developed and released concurrent with the film . The first , for the Sony PlayStation , was developed by Argonaut Games and published by Sony Computer Entertainment of America . The second , for the Nintendo Game Boy Color , was developed by Sandbox and published by Ubisoft . Both titles were released in PAL territories the following year . The PlayStation version was re-released for the North American PlayStation Network on July 27 , 2010 . The Tokyo DisneySea rollercoaster attraction Raging Spirits took visual inspiration for its Inca ruins theme from the buildings in the film , with a structure based on Kuzco 's palace similarly crowning the ruins site . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Emperor 's New Groove '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ during the `` funeral '' for Kuzco , Yzma says that he was `` taken '' on the night of his 18th birthday , showing that he is 18 years old in the film . Jump up ^ Fiamma , Andrea ( 12 December 2014 ) . `` Intervista a Roger Allers , il regista de Il Re Leone '' . Fumettologica . Retrieved 8 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Laporte , Nicole . The Men Who Would Be King : An Almost Epic Tale of Moguls , Movies , and a Company Called DreamWorks . Mariner Books . pp. 208 -- 9 . ISBN 978 - 0547520278 . ^ Jump up to : Kuklenski , Valerie ( December 13 , 2000 ) . `` Finding the Groove '' . The Sun Sentinel . Los Angeles Daily News . Retrieved September 1 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Styler , Trudie ( 2002 ) . The Sweatbox ( Documentary film ) . Burbank , California : Xingu Films . ^ Jump up to : Leigh , Danny ( 14 February 2001 ) . `` Llama drama '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 1 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Variety Staff ( January 8 , 1995 ) . `` The Men Behind The ' King ' '' . Variety . Retrieved February 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Moore , Roger ( December 15 , 2000 ) . `` Royal Pain But The Agonizing Pays Off '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved February 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Supplemental Features : The Research Trip Jump up ^ Cleuzo , Sandro ( May 1 , 2014 ) . `` From the 90 's -- The Emperor 's New Groove Almost Made it Character '' . inspectorcleuzo.blogspot.com . Retrieved February 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ James Berardinelli and Roger Ebert . Reel Views 2 . p. 55 . Retrieved January 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hill , Jim ( May 25 , 2001 ) . `` The Long Story Behind the Emperor 's New Groove '' . The Laughing Place . Retrieved February 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Mark Dindal ( November 18 , 2000 ) . `` Mark Dindal 's Place in the Sun '' ( Interview ) . Interview with Strike , Joe . Retrieved February 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Harvey , David ( September 27 , 2002 ) . `` Review : ' The Sweatbox ' '' . Variety . Retrieved February 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Variety Staff ( July 24 , 1997 ) . `` Disney 's Spade Sting - along '' . Variety . Retrieved February 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Strauss , Bob ( June 27 , 1997 ) . `` Disney draws out blockbusters into next century '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved February 8 , 2015 -- via HighBeam Research . ( subscription required ) ^ Jump up to : Hill , Jim ( May 25 , 2001 ) . `` '' The Long Story Behind the Emperor 's New Groove '' ( Part 3 ) `` . The Laughing Place . Retrieved February 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Moore , Roger ( December 22 , 2000 ) . `` ' The Emperor 's New Groove ' developed from earlier project '' . Lubbock Avalanche - Journal . Knight - Ridder . Retrieved February 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Natale , Richard ( February 26 , 1999 ) . `` Production on Animated Films Gets Drawn Out '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved February 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hill , Jim ( May 25 , 2001 ) . `` The Long Story Behind the Emperor 's New Groove ( Part 2 ) '' . Retrieved February 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Beck , Jerry ( 2005 ) . The Animated Movie Guide . p. 72 . Retrieved September 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Solomon , Charles ( December 1 , 1999 ) . `` Rhapsody in Blue : Fantasia 2000 's Jewel in the Crown '' . Animation World Network . Retrieved February 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Canemaker , John ( October 21 , 1999 ) . Paper Dreams : The Art And Artists Of Disney Storyboards . Hyperion . pp. 1 -- 3 . ISBN 978 - 0786863075 . Jump up ^ `` The Emperor 's New Groove -- Origins of the Project '' . Cinema Review . Retrieved February 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Perlman , Cindy ( December 25 , 2000 ) . `` South Sider pens ' New Groove ' '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved February 8 , 2015 -- via HighBeam Research . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Proctor , Melanie ( December 31 , 2002 ) . `` Groovin ' to the emperor 's beat '' . New Straits Times . Retrieved February 8 , 2015 -- via HighBeam Research . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Smith , Stacy Jenel ; Beck , Marilyn ( November 2 , 1998 ) . `` Sting juggles Disney chores with album , acting gigs '' . Los Angeles Daily News . Retrieved February 8 , 2015 -- via TheFreeLibrary . Jump up ^ Hill , Jim ( May 19 , 2005 ) . `` A work - in - progress version of Why For finally finished ! '' . Jim Hill Media . Retrieved February 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Vincent , Mal ( December 18 , 2000 ) . `` Wacky `` Emperor 's New Groove '' Is Departure from Typical Disney Fare `` . Virginian Pilot . Retrieved February 14 , 2015 -- via HighBeam Research . But someone had to call Sting and tell him that all his songs would be thrown out . ' As the producer , it fell to me , ' Fullmer said . ' It was n't easy . He had taken a full year off to work on the movie 's score . He did n't want to compose while he was touring . ' ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( December 14 , 2000 ) . `` Sting stung by Disney cartoon '' . Retrieved February 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hill , Jim ( May 25 , 2001 ) . `` The Long Story Behind the Emperor 's New Groove ( Part 4 ) '' . The Laughing Place . Retrieved February 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Audio commentary Jump up ^ Mooney , Joshua ( December 17 , 2000 ) . `` How Disney got its ' Groove ' back Film reworked , revamped repeatedly '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved February 8 , 2015 -- via HighBeam Research . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Backes , Evan ( April 1 , 2001 ) . `` Why Does It Take Ten Years ! ? ! '' . Animation World Network . Retrieved February 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Feld , Bruce ( December 1 , 2000 ) . `` Into the Groove '' . Film Journal International . Retrieved February 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Miller , Nancy ( December 12 , 2000 ) . `` STING 'S ' NEW ' ETHICS Star pushed Disney 's ' Emperor ' to find a greener ' Groove ' '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved February 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lo , Richard . `` Disney films are for young and the young - at - heart '' . The Philippine Star . Jump up ^ Hicken , Jackie ( June 24 , 2014 ) . `` 50 things you might not know about your favorite Disney films , 1998 - 2013 edition '' . Deseret News . Retrieved February 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hot News : Disney 's Dynamic Slate '' . Empire . February 1 , 2000 . Retrieved February 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Boyar , Jay ( December 1 , 2000 ) . `` A Toon Just For Fun '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved February 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` STING FORCES DISNEY TO CHECK ITS ' ... GROOVE ' '' . New Musical Express . December 12 , 2000 . Retrieved February 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Supplemental Features -- Deleted and Unused Scenes , Including ' Destruction of Pacha 's Village , ' ' Pacha 's Family ' and ' Original Kuscotopia Ending ' Jump up ^ Deja , Andreas ( September 25 , 2011 ) . `` Early Yzma '' . andreasdeja.blogspot.com . Retrieved February 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Mellor , Jessica ( November 9 , 2001 ) . `` Video : Get That Funky Groove ; Classy Animation and Amazing Computer Technology Come Up Trumps in Two Action - Packed Films '' . The Mirror . Retrieved February 14 , 2015 -- via The Free Library . Jump up ^ Pudleiner , Mark ggggg ( November 25 , 2014 ) . `` KINGDOM of the SUN -- Rough ' Nina ' sketches and Animation Test '' . markpudleiner.blogspot.com . Retrieved February 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` DAVID PRUIKSMA -- A Biography '' . August 2007 . Retrieved February 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ David Pruiksma ( January 30 , 2009 ) . `` Once Upon A Time In New York City : Oliver & Company Animator Dave Pruiksma ! '' ( Interview ) . Interview with Jérémie Noyer . Animated Views . Retrieved February 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Emperor 's New Groove -- Animating The Characters '' . Cinema Review . Retrieved February 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Amry , Shareem ( March 18 , 2001 ) . `` New groove to an old legend '' . New Straits Times . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 -- via HighBeam Research . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Tolford , Katherine ( December 20 , 2000 ) . `` Keeping Disney 's ' Emperor ' in the groove '' . Glendale News - Press . Glendale , California . Retrieved February 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Emperor 's New Groove ( 2000 ) '' . British Film Institute . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tolford , Katherine ( December 20 , 2000 ) . `` Clean - up crew keeps the character 's essence '' . Glendale News - Press . Glendale , California . Retrieved February 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Road to El Dorado Preview '' . Entertainment Weekly . February 11 , 2000 . Retrieved February 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Welkos , Robert ( December 13 , 2000 ) . `` Disney Moves to ' New Groove ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved February 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Orwall , Bruce ( December 14 , 2000 ) . `` Disney Hopes to Get Its ' Groove ' Back in Suffering Family Films '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved February 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Silverman , Helaine ( 2002 ) . `` Groovin ' to ancient Peru : A critical analysis of Disney 's The Emperor 's New Groove '' in Journal of Social Archaeology '' ( PDF ) . Sage Publications . pp. 298 -- 322 . Jump up ^ `` Walt Disney Pictures ' THE EMPEROR 'S NEW GROOVE ; Disney DVD and ' Ultimate Groove ' 2 - Disc DVD Set ; Wild Animated Fun In The Spirit of Disney 's ALADDIN Available To Own May 1 . '' . Business Wire ( Press release ) . Burbank , California . February 21 , 2001 . Retrieved February 8 , 2015 -- via TheFreeLibrary.com . Jump up ^ `` The Year in Video 2001 : The Year in Charts '' . Billboard. 114 ( 2 ) . 2002 - 01 - 12 . p. 67 . Retrieved 22 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Hettrick , Steve ( September 18 , 2001 ) . `` Disney ramps up vid - preem sequel slate '' . Variety . Retrieved February 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Latchem , John ( March 28 , 2013 ) . `` Next Wave of Disney Animated Blu - rays Coming Out June 11 '' . Home Media Magazine . Retrieved February 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Strowbridge , C.S. ( July 29 , 2013 ) . `` Blu - ray Sales : New Releases More Powerful in High Definition '' . The Numbers . Retrieved February 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Natale , Richard ( December 18 , 2001 ) . `` Fans Give Mel Gibson Just What He Wants '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved February 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Eller , Claudia ; Romney , Lee ( December 16 , 2000 ) . `` Disney Seeks New ' Groove ' With Dual - Language Release '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved February 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Eller , Claudia ; Romney , Lee ( January 9 , 2001 ) . `` In Disney Experiment , Spanish Speakers Prefer English ' Groove ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved February 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Emperor 's New Groove -- Rotten Tomatoes '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved February 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Emperor 's New Groove Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved February 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wright , Gary ( March 25 , 2013 ) . `` Are We In a New Disney Renaissance ? '' . Jump up ^ Koehler , Robert ( December 10 , 2000 ) . `` Review : ' The Emperor 's New Groove ' '' . Variety . Retrieved February 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( December 15 , 2000 ) . `` The Emperor 's New Groove ( 2000 ) Movie Review '' . Retrieved February 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Schwarzbaum , Lisa ( December 22 , 2000 ) . `` The Emperor 's New Groove review '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sovlov , Marc ( December 15 , 2000 ) . `` The Emperor 's New Groove review '' . The Austin Chronicle . Retrieved February 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Strauss , Bob ( December 15 , 2000 ) . `` With Groove , Disney 's in a Rut '' . Los Angeles Daily News . Retrieved February 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Uhelszki , Jaan ( December 14 , 2000 ) . `` Film to Capture Sting 's Disney Fiasco '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved February 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sting makes up with Disney after animated musical bust - up '' . The Guardian . 15 December 2000 . Retrieved 14 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Juzwaik , Rich ( March 23 , 2012 ) . `` Sting 's Suppressed Disney Documentary Leaked Online '' . Gawker . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2015 . Retrieved February 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Amidi , Amid ( March 22 , 2012 ) . `` '' The Sweatbox `` , the Documentary That Disney Does n't Want You to See '' . Cartoon Brew . Retrieved February 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` DisneyToon Studios is producing sequels to `` The Emperor 's New Groove '' and `` Brother Bear ''. `` . Variety . April 6 , 2005 . Retrieved February 8 , 2015 -- via HighBeam Research . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ http://www.mouseinfo.com/forums/tokyo-disney-resort/15952-tds-new-coaster-name-raging-spirits.html DVD media Mark Dindal ( dir . ) , Randy Fullmer ( prod . ) , Colin Stampton ( art director ) , Joseph C. Moshier ( character designer ) , Stephen Anderson ( head of story ) , Nik Ranieri ( animator ) , Bruce W. Smith ( animator ) ( May 1 , 2001 ) . The Emperor 's New Groove -- Audio Commentary ( DVD ) ( The Ultimate Groove ( Two - Disc Collectors Edition ) ed . ) . Burbank , CA : Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment . UPC 786936150926 . Various cast and crew members ( May 1 , 2001 ) . The Emperor 's New Groove -- Supplemental Features ( DVD ) . Disc 2 of 2 ( The New Groove ed . ) . Burbank , CA : Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment . UPC 786936150926 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Emperor 's New Groove Official website Official website ( archive ) The Emperor 's New Groove on IMDb The Emperor 's New Groove at AllMovie The Emperor 's New Groove at The Big Cartoon DataBase The Emperor 's New Groove at Rotten Tomatoes The Sweatbox on IMDb TVGuide.com/movies : The Emperor 's New Groove Designing the Emperor 's New Groove A look at the production designs , background art and character designs that went into creating the mythical South American world of The Emperor 's New Groove . ( It refers to the film as Disney 's 3 - 9th animated feature ; until 2008 Dinosaur was not part of Disney 's canon . ) Behind the Voices featurette on YouTube Originally published in September 2000 , this article looks at the behind - the - scenes story of how Kingdom of the Sun became the Emperor 's New Groove . Disney theatrical animated features Walt Disney Animation Studios films Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) Pinocchio ( 1940 ) Fantasia ( 1940 ) Dumbo ( 1941 ) Bambi ( 1942 ) Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) The Three Caballeros ( 1944 ) Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 ) Melody Time ( 1948 ) The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Aristocats ( 1970 ) Robin Hood ( 1973 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) The Rescuers ( 1977 ) The Fox and the Hound ( 1981 ) The Black Cauldron ( 1985 ) The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) The Rescuers Down Under ( 1990 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Mulan ( 1998 ) Tarzan ( 1999 ) Fantasia 2000 ( 1999 ) Dinosaur ( 2000 ) The Emperor 's New Groove ( 2000 ) Atlantis : The Lost Empire ( 2001 ) Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 ) Treasure Planet ( 2002 ) Brother Bear ( 2003 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) Chicken Little ( 2005 ) Meet the Robinsons ( 2007 ) Bolt ( 2008 ) The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Winnie the Pooh ( 2011 ) Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) Big Hero 6 ( 2014 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) Moana ( 2016 ) Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2 ( 2018 ) Frozen 2 ( 2019 ) Live - action films with animation The Reluctant Dragon ( 1941 ) Victory Through Air Power ( 1943 ) Song of the South ( 1946 ) So Dear to My Heart ( 1948 ) Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) Pete 's Dragon ( 1977 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) DisneyToon Studios films DuckTales the Movie : Treasure of the Lost Lamp ( 1990 ) A Goofy Movie ( 1995 ) The Tigger Movie ( 2000 ) Return to Never Land ( 2002 ) The Jungle Book 2 ( 2003 ) Piglet 's Big Movie ( 2003 ) Pooh 's Heffalump Movie ( 2005 ) Bambi II ( 2006 ) Planes ( 2013 ) Planes : Fire & Rescue ( 2014 ) Other Disney units films The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) James and the Giant Peach ( 1996 ) Doug 's 1st Movie ( 1999 ) Recess : School 's Out ( 2001 ) Teacher 's Pet ( 2004 ) A Christmas Carol ( 2009 ) Gnomeo & Juliet ( 2011 ) Mars Needs Moms ( 2011 ) Frankenweenie ( 2012 ) Strange Magic ( 2015 ) Related lists Unproduced films Book Walt Disney Animation Studios List of feature films Released Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) Pinocchio ( 1940 ) Fantasia ( 1940 ) Dumbo ( 1941 ) Bambi ( 1942 ) Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) The Three Caballeros ( 1944 ) Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 ) Melody Time ( 1948 ) The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Aristocats ( 1970 ) Robin Hood ( 1973 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) The Rescuers ( 1977 ) The Fox and the Hound ( 1981 ) The Black Cauldron ( 1985 ) The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) The Rescuers Down Under ( 1990 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Mulan ( 1998 ) Tarzan ( 1999 ) Fantasia 2000 ( 1999 ) Dinosaur ( 2000 ) The Emperor 's New Groove ( 2000 ) Atlantis : The Lost Empire ( 2001 ) Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 ) Treasure Planet ( 2002 ) Brother Bear ( 2003 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) Chicken Little ( 2005 ) Meet the Robinsons ( 2007 ) Bolt ( 2008 ) The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Winnie the Pooh ( 2011 ) Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) Big Hero 6 ( 2014 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) Moana ( 2016 ) Upcoming films Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2 ( 2018 ) Frozen 2 ( 2019 ) Associated productions The Reluctant Dragon ( 1941 ) Victory Through Air Power ( 1943 ) Song of the South ( 1946 ) So Dear to My Heart ( 1949 ) Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) Pete 's Dragon ( 1977 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) People Executives Edwin Catmull Roy Conli Roy E. Disney Walt Disney Don Hahn Jeffrey Katzenberg John Lasseter Peter Schneider Thomas Schumacher David Stainton Disney 's Nine Old Men Les Clark Marc Davis Ollie Johnston Milt Kahl Ward Kimball Eric Larson John Lounsbery Wolfgang Reitherman Frank Thomas Related topics History Disney animators ' strike Disney Renaissance Methods and technologies 12 basic principles of animation Computer Animation Production System Disney Animation : The Illusion of Life Multiplane camera Documentaries Frank and Ollie ( 1995 ) The Sweatbox ( 2001 ) Dream On Silly Dreamer ( 2005 ) Waking Sleeping Beauty ( 2009 ) Other Disney animation units Disney Television Animation DisneyToon Studios ( WDAS unit ) Lucasfilm Animation Marvel Animation Pixar Animation Studios Circle 7 ( defunct ) Miscellaneous Alice Comedies Laugh - O - Gram Studio List of Disney animated shorts List of Disney theatrical animated features unproduced Oswald the Lucky Rabbit Mickey Mouse ( film series ) Silly Symphonies Once Upon a Time The Emperor 's New Groove Films The Emperor 's New Groove ( 2000 ) Kronk 's New Groove ( 2005 ) Other The Emperor 's New School Episodes `` The Emperor 's New School Musical '' Characters Video game Groove Center Soundtrack `` My Funny Friend and Me '' The Sweatbox Category Films directed by Mark Dindal Cats Do n't Dance ( 1997 ) The Emperor 's New Groove ( 2000 ) Chicken Little ( 2005 ) Disney portal Film in the United States portal 2000s portal Animation portal Cartoon portal United States portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Emperor%27s_New_Groove&oldid=804750115 '' Categories : 2000 films English - language films The Emperor 's New Groove 2000s American animated films 2000s buddy films 2000s comedy films American animated fantasy films American buddy films American children 's comedy films American films Animated adventure films Animated buddy films Animated comedy films Annie Award winners Film scores by John Debney Films about animals Films about shapeshifting Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films set in the Inca Empire Films set in Peru Films set in South America Indigenous cinema in Latin America Films about narcissism Self - reflexive films Walt Disney Animation Studios films Walt Disney Pictures films Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Use mdy dates from May 2016 Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Brezhoneg Català Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Gaeilge Gaelg Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Latina Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย Winaray ייִדיש 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 October 2017 , at 22 : 22 . 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"\n\nRelease date\n\n\n\n\nDecember 15, 2000 (2000-12-15)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
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"December 15, 2000"
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-5951912392648034532 | Three-Fifths Compromise | Three - Fifths compromise - wikipedia Three - Fifths compromise Jump to : navigation , search The Three - Fifths Compromise was a compromise reached among state delegates during the 1787 United States Constitutional Convention . Whether , and if so , how , slaves would be counted when determining a state 's total population for legislative representation and taxing purposes was important , as this population number would then be used to determine the number of seats that the state would have in the United States House of Representatives for the next ten years . The compromise solution was to count 3 out of every 5 slaves as a person for this purpose . Its effect was to give the southern states a third more seats in Congress and a third more electoral votes than if slaves had been ignored , but fewer than if slaves and free persons had been counted equally , thus allowing the slaveholder interests to largely dominate the government of the United States until 1861 . The compromise was proposed by delegates James Wilson and Roger Sherman . Contents ( hide ) 1 Enactment 1.1 Constitutional Convention 1.2 Compromise 2 Impact before the Civil War 3 After the Civil War 4 See also 5 References 6 Bibliography Enactment ( edit ) Part of a series on Slavery Contemporary ( show ) Child labour Child soldiers Conscription Debt Forced marriage Bride buying Wife selling Forced prostitution Human trafficking Peonage Penal labour Sexual slavery Wage slavery Historical ( show ) Antiquity Ancient Rome Babylonia Ancient Greece Topics and practices Atlantic slave trade Middle Passage Arab slave trade Ghilman Mamluk Saqaliba Aztec Blackbirding Byzantine Empire Coolie Corvée labor Field slaves in the United States House slaves Kholop Medieval Europe Panyarring Thrall Serfs History Russia Slave market Slave raiding Child soldiers Naval Galley slave Impressment Pirates Shanghaiing Slave ship By country or region ( show ) Sub-Saharan Africa Contemporary Africa Slavery on the Barbary Coast Barbary slave trade Slave Coast Angola Chad Ethiopia Mali Mauritania Niger Somalia South Africa Sudan Seychelles North and South America Americas indigenous U.S. Natives Brazil Lei Áurea Canada Caribbean Barbados Code Noir Cuba Haiti revolt Restavek Latin America Puerto Rico Trinidad United States colonial maps female partus penal labor Slave codes interregional Human trafficking Virgin Islands Central , East , and South Asia Human trafficking in Southeast Asia Bhutan China Booi Aha Laogai India Debt bondage Chukri System Japan comfort women South Korea Yankee princess North Korea Vietnam Australia and Oceania Blackbirding in Australia Human trafficking in Australia Slave raiding in Easter Island Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea Blackbirding in Polynesia Europe and North Asia Sex trafficking in Europe Britain Denmark Dutch Republic Germany in World War II Malta Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia Spain colonies Sweden North Africa and West Asia Iran Libya Human trafficking in the Middle East Ottoman Empire Yemen Religion ( show ) Bible Christianity Catholicism Mormonism Islam 21st century Judaism Bahá'í Faith Opposition and resistance ( show ) Timeline Abolitionism U.K. U.S. Anti-Slavery International Blockade of Africa U.K. U.S. Colonization Liberia Sierra Leone Compensated emancipation Freedman manumission Freedom suit Abolitionists Slave Power Underground Railroad songs Slave rebellion Slave Trade Acts International law 13th Amendment to the United States Constitution Related ( show ) Common law Indentured servitude Unfree labour Fugitive slaves laws Great Dismal Swamp maroons List of slaves owners Slave narrative films songs Slave name Slave catcher Slave patrol Slave Route Project Treatment in U.S. breeding court cases Washington Jefferson Adams Lincoln 40 acres Freedmen 's Bureau bit Emancipation Day Constitutional Convention ( edit ) The Convention had unanimously accepted the principle that representation in the House of Representatives would be in proportion to the relative state populations . However , since slaves could not vote , leaders in slave states would thus have the benefit of increased representation in the House and the Electoral College . Delegates opposed to slavery proposed that only free inhabitants of each state be counted for apportionment purposes , while delegates supportive of slavery , on the other hand , opposed the proposal , wanting slaves to count in their actual numbers . The proposal was debated on July 11th and initially , the concept of counting by a 3 / 5ths ratio was voted down by the members present at the Convention . A few southern delegates , seeing an opportunity , then proposed full representation for their slave population . Seeing that the states could not remain united without some sort compromise measure , the ratio of 3 / 5ths was brought back to the table and agreed to . Compromise ( edit ) After a contentious debate , the compromise that was finally agreed upon -- of counting `` all other persons '' as only three - fifths of their actual numbers -- reduced the representation of the slave states relative to the original proposals , but improved it over the Northern position . An inducement for slave states to accept the Compromise was its tie to taxation in the same ratio , so that the burden of taxation on the slave states was also reduced . The Three - Fifths Compromise is found in Article 1 , Section 2 , Clause 3 of the United States Constitution , which reads : Representatives and direct Taxes shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this Union , according to their respective Numbers , which shall be determined by adding to the whole Number of free Persons , including those bound to Service for a Term of Years , and excluding Indians not taxed , three fifths of all other Persons . The three - fifths ratio originated with a 1783 amendment proposed to the Articles of Confederation . The amendment was to have changed the basis for determining the wealth of each state , and hence its tax obligations , from real estate to population , as a measure of ability to produce wealth . The proposal by a committee of the Congress had suggested that taxes `` shall be supplied by the several colonies in proportion to the number of inhabitants of every age , sex , and quality , except Indians not paying taxes '' . The South immediately objected to this formula since it would include slaves , who were viewed primarily as property , in calculating the amount of taxes to be paid . As Thomas Jefferson wrote in his notes on the debates , the southern states would be taxed `` according to their numbers and their wealth conjunctly , while the northern would be taxed on numbers only '' . After proposed compromises of one - half by Benjamin Harrison of Virginia and three - fourths by several New Englanders failed to gain sufficient support , Congress finally settled on the three - fifths ratio proposed by James Madison . But this amendment ultimately failed , falling two states short of the unanimous approval required for amending the Articles of Confederation ( only New Hampshire and New York were opposed ) . A contentious issue at the 1787 Constitutional Convention was whether slaves would be counted as part of the population in determining representation of the states in the Congress or would instead be considered property and , as such , not be considered for purposes of representation . Delegates from states with a large population of slaves argued that slaves should be considered persons in determining representation , but as property if the new government were to levy taxes on the states on the basis of population . Delegates from states where slavery had become rare argued that slaves should be included in taxation , but not in determining representation . The proposed ratio was , however , a ready solution to the impasse that arose during the Constitutional Convention . In that situation , the alignment of the contending forces was the reverse of what had obtained under the Articles of Confederation . In amending the Articles , the North wanted slaves to count for more than the South did because the objective was to determine taxes paid by the states to the federal government . In the Constitutional Convention , the more important issue was representation in Congress , so the South wanted slaves to count for more than the North did . Much has been said of the impropriety of representing men who have no will of their own ... They are men , though degraded to the condition of slavery . They are persons known to the municipal laws of the states which they inhabit , as well as to the laws of nature . But representation and taxation go together ... Would it be just to impose a singular burden , without conferring some adequate advantage ? -- Alexander Hamilton Impact before the Civil War ( edit ) The Three - Fifths Compromise gave a disproportionate representation of slave states in the House of Representatives relative to the voters in free states until the American Civil War . In 1793 , for example , Southern slave states had 47 of the 105 members but would have had 33 , had seats been assigned based on free populations . In 1812 , slave states had 76 out of 143 instead of the 59 they would have had ; in 1833 , 98 out of 240 instead of 73 . As a result , Southern states had disproportionate influence on the presidency , the speakership of the House , and the Supreme Court in the period prior to the Civil War . Along with this must be considered the number of slave and free states , which remained mostly equal until 1850 , safeguarding the Southern bloc in the Senate as well as Electoral College votes . Historian Garry Wills has postulated that without the additional slave state votes , Jefferson would have lost the presidential election of 1800 . Also , `` slavery would have been excluded from Missouri ... Jackson 's Indian removal policy would have failed ... the Wilmot Proviso would have banned slavery in territories won from Mexico ... the Kansas - Nebraska bill would have failed . '' While the Three - Fifths Compromise could be seen to favor Southern states because of their large slave populations , for example , the Connecticut Compromise tended to favor the Northern states ( which were generally smaller ) . Support for the new Constitution rested on the balance of these sectional interests . After the Civil War ( edit ) Section 2 of the Fourteenth Amendment ( 1868 ) later superseded Article 1 , Section 2 , Clause 3 and explicitly repealed the compromise . It provides that `` representatives shall be apportioned ... counting the whole number of persons in each State , excluding Indians not taxed . '' A later provision of the same clause reduced the Congressional representation of states who denied the right to vote to adult male citizens , but this provision was never effectively enforced . ( The Thirteenth Amendment , passed in 1865 , had already eliminated almost all persons from the original clause 's jurisdiction by banning slavery ; the only remaining persons subject to it were those sentenced for a crime to penal servitude , which the amendment excluded from the ban . ) After the Reconstruction Era came to an end in 1877 , however , the former slave states subverted the objective of these changes by using various strategies to disenfranchise their black citizens , while obtaining the benefit of apportionment of representatives on the basis of the total populations . These measures effectively gave white Southerners even greater voting power than they had in the antebellum era , inflating the number of Southern Democrats in the House of Representatives as well as the number of votes they could exercise in the Electoral College in the election of the president . The disenfranchisement of black citizens eventually attracted the attention of Congress , and in 1900 some members proposed stripping the South of seats , related to the number of people who were barred from voting . In the end , Congress did not act to change apportionment , largely because of the power of the Southern bloc . The Southern bloc comprised Southern Democrats voted into office by white voters and constituted a powerful voting bloc in Congress until the 1960s . Their representatives , re-elected repeatedly by one - party states , controlled numerous chairmanships of important committees in both houses on the basis of seniority , giving them control over rules , budgets and important patronage projects , among other issues . Their power allowed them to defeat federal legislation against racial violence and abuses in the South . See also ( edit ) United States portal Section 127 of the Australian Constitution , excluding Aboriginal people from the census for purposes of determining allocation of seats in Parliament ; repealed in 1967 . Slave Trade Acts References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` We Hold These Truths to be Self - evident ; '' An Interdisciplinary Analysis of the Roots of Racism & slavery in America Kenneth N. Addison ; Introduction p. xxii Jump up ^ The Three Lives of James Madison : Genius , Partisan , President Jump up ^ http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/debates_711.asp Madison Debates July 11 ) , the actual vote was 6 to 4 , against counting by 3 / 5ths Jump up ^ Slavery and the Founders : Race and Liberty in the Age of Jefferson Jump up ^ Madison Debates July 12 , only two states favored full representation for slaves : South Carolina and Georgia . All other states voted no . Jump up ^ Paul Finkelman , `` How The Proslavery Constitution Led To The Civil War '' , Rutgers Law Journal Volume 43 Fall / Winter 2013 Number 3 , p405 Jump up ^ Wills pg. 51 Jump up ^ Hannis Taylor ( 1911 ) . The Origin and Growth of the American Constitution : An Historical Treatise . Houghton Mifflin Company . p. 131 . Jump up ^ Wills pp. 51 -- 52 Jump up ^ Wills pg 53 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Elliot , ed. ( 1866 ) . The Debates In The Several State Conventions On The Adoption Of The Federal Constitution , As Recommended By The General Convention At Philadelphia , In 1787 . J.B. Lippincott & Co . Washington : Taylor & Maury . p. 237 . ^ Jump up to : Wills pp. 5 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Banning , Lance ( August 31 , 2004 ) . `` Three - Fifths Historian '' . The Claremont Institute . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ Friedman , Walter ( January 1 , 2006 ) . `` Fourteenth Amendment '' . Encyclopedia of African - American Culture and History . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Retrieved June 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Committee At Odds on Reapportionment , The New York Times , December 20 , 1900 , accessed March 10 , 2008 Jump up ^ Richard H. Pildes , `` Democracy , Anti-Democracy , and the Canon '' , Constitutional Commentary , Vol. 17 , 2000 , p. 10 , accessed 10 Mar 2008 Bibliography ( edit ) Wills , Garry ( 2003 ) . `` Negro President '' : Jefferson and the Slave Power . Boston : Houghton Mifflin . ISBN 0 - 618 - 34398 - 9 . Walton , Hanes , Jr. ; Smith , Robert C. ( 2006 ) . American Politics and the African American Quest for Universal Freedom ( 3rd ed . ) . New York : Pearson Longman . ISBN 0 - 321 - 29237 - 5 . Wiencek , Henry ( 2004 ) . An Imperfect God : George Washington , His Slaves , and the Creation of America . New York : Farrar , Straus , and Giroux . ISBN 0 - 374 - 52951 - 5 . Report of the Brown University Steering Committee on Slavery and Justice ( hide ) United States Constitution Articles Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments Ratified Bill of Rights 5 6 7 8 9 10 Others 11 12 Reconstruction Amendments 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Pending Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Amendment Child Labor Repealed Eighteenth Amendment Unsuccessful Equal Rights District of Columbia Voting Rights Amendment proposals in Congress Convention to propose amendments State ratifying conventions Formation History Articles of Confederation Mount Vernon Conference Annapolis Convention Philadelphia Convention Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan Connecticut Compromise Three - Fifths Compromise Committee of Detail Signing Independence Hall Syng inkstand The Federalist Papers Anti-Federalist Papers Massachusetts Compromise Virginia Ratifying Convention Hillsborough Convention Rhode Island ratification Drafting and ratification timeline Clauses Appointments Appropriations Assistance of Counsel Bills of credit Case or Controversy Citizenship Commerce Compact Compulsory Process Confrontation Congressional enforcement Contract Copyright and Patent Double Jeopardy Due Process Equal Protection Establishment Exceptions Excessive Bail Ex post facto Extradition Free Exercise Free Speech Fugitive Slave Full Faith and Credit General Welfare Guarantee Impeachment Import - Export Ineligibility Militia Natural - born citizen Necessary and Proper New States No Religious Test Oath or Affirmation Origination Petition Postal Presentment Privileges and Immunities Privileges or Immunities Recess appointment Recommendation Self - Incrimination Speech or Debate Speedy Trial State of the Union Supremacy Suspension Take Care Takings Taxing and Spending Territorial Title of Nobility Treaty Trial by Jury Vesting Vicinage War Powers List of clauses Interpretation Concurrent powers Constitutional law Criminal procedure Criminal sentencing Dormant Commerce Clause Enumerated powers Equal footing Executive privilege Incorporation of the Bill of Rights Judicial review Nondelegation doctrine Preemption Saxbe fix Separation of church and state Separation of powers Taxation power Unitary executive theory Display and legacy National Archives Charters of Freedom Rotunda Independence Mall Constitution Day Constitution Gardens National Constitution Center Scene at the Signing of the Constitution ( painting ) A More Perfect Union ( film ) Worldwide influence US Government Portal Law Portal Wikipedia book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Three-Fifths_Compromise&oldid=842510025 '' Categories : Drafting of the United States Constitution Slavery in the United States History of African - American civil rights History of the United States ( 1776 -- 89 ) 1787 in the United States 1787 in American politics Hidden categories : Subscription required using via Pages containing links to subscription - only content Use mdy dates from May 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2009 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from September 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Português 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 May 2018 , at 22 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who came up with the three fifths compromise | [
"The Three-Fifths Compromise was a compromise reached among state delegates during the 1787 United States Constitutional Convention. Whether, and if so, how, slaves would be counted when determining a state's total population for legislative representation and taxing purposes was important, as this population number would then be used to determine the number of seats that the state would have in the United States House of Representatives for the next ten years. The compromise solution was to count 3 out of every 5 slaves as a person for this purpose. Its effect was to give the southern states a third more seats in Congress and a third more electoral votes than if slaves had been ignored, but fewer than if slaves and free persons had been counted equally, thus allowing the slaveholder interests to largely dominate the government of the United States until 1861.[1] The compromise was proposed by delegates James Wilson and Roger Sherman.",
"The Three-Fifths Compromise was a compromise reached among state delegates during the 1787 United States Constitutional Convention. Whether, and if so, how, slaves would be counted when determining a state's total population for legislative representation and taxing purposes was important, as this population number would then be used to determine the number of seats that the state would have in the United States House of Representatives for the next ten years. The compromise solution was to count 3 out of every 5 slaves as a person for this purpose. Its effect was to give the southern states a third more seats in Congress and a third more electoral votes than if slaves had been ignored, but fewer than if slaves and free persons had been counted equally, thus allowing the slaveholder interests to largely dominate the government of the United States until 1861.[1] The compromise was proposed by delegates James Wilson and Roger Sherman."
] | [
"James Wilson",
"Roger Sherman"
] |
5167203477041211309 | Surf's Up (film) | Surf 's Up ( film ) - wikipedia Surf 's Up ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search Surf 's Up Theatrical release poster Directed by Ash Brannon Chris Buck Produced by Chris Jenkins Screenplay by Don Rhymer Ash Brannon Chris Buck Chris Jenkins Story by Chris Jenkins Christian Darren Starring Shia LaBeouf Jeff Bridges Zooey Deschanel Jon Heder Mario Cantone James Woods Diedrich Bader Music by Mychael Danna Edited by Ivan Bilancio Production company Sony Pictures Animation Distributed by Columbia Pictures Release date June 8 , 2007 ( 2007 - 06 - 08 ) Running time 85 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $100 million Box office $149 million Surf 's Up is a 2007 American computer - animated mockumentary comedy film directed by Ash Brannon and Chris Buck . It features the voices of Shia LaBeouf , Jeff Bridges , Zooey Deschanel , James Woods , and Jon Heder among others . In production since 2002 at Sony Pictures Animation , it was the studio 's second theatrical feature . The film premiered in the United States on June 8 , 2007 , and was distributed by Columbia Pictures . It is a parody of surfing documentaries , such as The Endless Summer and Riding Giants , with parts of the plot parodying North Shore . Real - life surfers Kelly Slater and Rob Machado have vignettes as their penguin surfer counterparts . To obtain the desired hand - held documentary feel , the film 's animation team motion - captured a physical camera operator 's moves . A sequel , titled Surf 's Up 2 : WaveMania , was released direct - to - video on January 17 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Music 4 Release 4.1 Marketing 4.2 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Box office 5.3 Accolades 6 Sequel 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) A documentary crew follows the misadventures of Cody Maverick , a 17 - year - old northern rockhopper penguin who lives in Shiverpool , Antarctica with his mother Edna and his older brother Glen . Cody has wanted to be a professional surfer ever since a visit from legendary surfer Ezekiel `` Big Z '' Topanga several years ago . When a talent scout shorebird named Mikey arrives to find entrants for the `` Big Z Memorial '' surfing contest , Cody jumps at the chance despite the lack of support from his family . En route to the contest , Cody befriends another entrant , Chicken Joe . The entrants arrive at Pen Gu Island , the site of the contest , where Cody meets and immediately falls in love with Lani , a female gentoo penguin who is a lifeguard . He also meets Tank `` The Shredder '' Evans , an arrogant penguin who has won the Big Z Memorial nine times since it was first held after Z 's alleged death during a previous match ten years ago . Cody sees him vandalizing Big Z 's memorial and immediately challenges Tank to a surfing duel . Tank easily wins the duel while Cody nearly drowns . Lani rescues him and takes him to her uncle , the `` Geek '' , to help Cody recover from his injuries . Cody wakes up and panics when he ca n't find the souvenir necklace he got as a kid from Big Z . Geek criticizes the necklace , but decides to return it when he later finds it in his hut . While returning the necklace , Geek finds Cody sitting on a koa log and offers to help him make a perfect surfboard . They attempt to take the log back to Geek 's house , only to lose control of it and end up on a beach far away from the contest . When Cody gets to the beach , he discovers a shack full of old trophies and surfboards , which are actually Z 's belongings . After observing Geek sadly looking in the shack , he realizes that Geek is actually Z and asks him to teach him how to surf . Reluctantly , Z agrees , but says that Cody has to make his own board first . The attempt does n't go well , however , as an impatient Cody does n't listen to Z 's advice and makes a unstable board that shatters as soon as he tries to enter the water . Angry , he storms off , running into Lani , who eventually persuades him to return . That night , a happier , more patient Cody works on a new board , finishing it by morning , and falls asleep . Z compliments Cody on his board , but when Cody is eager to start training , he instead has him do seemingly menial tasks unrelated to surfing . Losing his patience with Z , he places him on the board and pushes him into the water while he is asleep as a prank . Z asks him if he had fun , and when Cody says `` yes '' , Z takes him to the water and begins teaching him how to surf the waves , both being joined by Lani . Afterwards , Cody asks Z if he 'll come watch the contest , but Z refuses , saying he faked his death because he realized he could n't compete with his then - new rival Tank , and that he was disillusioned . Not impressed that Z just gave up , Cody morosely throws the necklace Z gave him to the sea and leaves , meets up with Joe , and gets back to the contest just as it begins . Tank easily makes it to the finals , as do Cody and Joe . In the semifinals , Tank battles with Cody , with Tank trying to throw him off his board , but Tank falls off his own board and loses . During the finals , however , Tank bursts in and tries to hit Joe off his board . Cody intervenes at the last minute , sending him and Tank out of bounds and into a surfing obstacle known as the Boneyard , which has killed surfers who have ventured there . Tank punches Cody off his board before crashing , and is rescued by Lani . Z , who had been secretly watching Cody 's performance , rescues Cody from a gigantic wave and helps him get back to the beach safely . Z and Cody find out that Joe won by default since Tank and Cody were disqualified . However , Cody accepts the loss , having decided he 'd rather just have fun instead . Z reveals himself to the spectators and invites all of them to surf at his beach . Cody finishes his interview with a reflection of the past events and then joins the rest of his friends in the water . Cast ( edit ) Shia LaBeouf as Cody Maverick , a 17 - year old rockhopper penguin who dreams of being a surfer . Jeff Bridges as Geek `` Big Z '' Topanga , Cody 's idol and a famous surfer penguin . Zooey Deschanel as Lani Aliikai , a Gentoo penguin and Cody 's love interest . Jon Heder as Chicken Joe , a dimwitted rooster . Mario Cantone as Mikey Abromowitz , a talented scout shorebird . James Woods as Reggie Belafonte , a sea otter . Diedrich Bader as Tank `` The Shredder '' Evans , Cody 's rival . Dana Belben as Edna Maverick , Cody 's mother . Brian Posehn as Glen Maverick , Cody 's older brother . Kelly Slater as Himself Rob Machado as Himself Ash Brannon as Himself Chris Buck as Himself Sal Masekela as Himself Reed Buck as Arnold Reese Elowe as Kate Jack P. Ranjo as Smudge Maddie Taylor as Ivan , a Sea Urchin Music ( edit ) Surf 's Up : Music from the Motion Picture Soundtrack album by Various Artists Released June 5 , 2007 Genre Film soundtrack Length 50 : 17 Label Columbia Records Surf 's Up : Music from the Motion Picture was released on June 5 , 2007 . The following 14 songs are on the Sony 's official film soundtrack . No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Reggae Got Soul '' 311 3 : 09 2 . `` Drive '' Incubus 3 : 52 3 . `` Stand Tall '' The Dirty Heads 3 : 11 4 . `` Lose Myself '' Lauryn Hill 4 : 35 5 . `` Just Say Yes '' Ken Andrews 3 : 40 6 . `` Forrowest '' Forro in the Dark 4 : 44 7 . `` Pocket Full of Stars '' Nine Black Alps 3 : 32 8 . `` Into Yesterday '' Sugar Ray 4 : 11 9 . `` Big Wave '' Pearl Jam 2 : 57 10 . `` Wipe Out '' The Queers 1 : 41 11 . `` Run Home ( Instrumental ) '' Priestess 3 : 37 12 . `` What I Like About You '' The Romantics 2 : 57 13 . `` You Get What You Give '' New Radicals 4 : 57 14 . `` Hawaiian War Chant ( Ta - Hu - Wa - Hu - Wai ) '' Bob Wills & His Texas Playboys 3 : 14 Total length : 50 : 17 According to the film 's end credits , the version of `` Wipe Out '' heard in the film is actually performed by the punk band The Queers . The official soundtrack includes this version under the pseudonym `` Big Nose '' , presumably for marketing purposes . Two songs by Green Day , `` Welcome to Paradise '' and `` Holiday '' in an instrumental version , are used for background music in the film . However , neither song appears on the official soundtrack album . In the primary teaser trailer , the song `` Get on Top '' by the Red Hot Chili Peppers can be heard in the background . `` Welcome to Paradise '' was also used in the second trailer promoting Surf 's Up , as well as `` Three Little Birds '' by Sean Paul featuring Ziggy Marley . The DVD and Blu - ray behind - the - scenes featurette entitled `` Making Waves '' features the song `` The Water '' , performed by Venice . This also does not appear on the `` Surf 's Up '' soundtrack , but can be found on Venice 's `` Garage Demos Part 2 : Fast Stuff '' CD . Surf 's Up : Original Ocean Picture Score was composed for the film by Mychael Danna and it was released on a limited edition ( of a thousand units ) 23 track CD . Release ( edit ) Marketing ( edit ) To promote the film 's release , surfboard wax bearing the film 's logo and a rendering of Cody was given out at the 2006 San Diego Comic - Con On June 8 , 2007 , McDonald 's issued eight Surf 's Up toys in their Happy Meals for one month . In the Australian market , a few small plush characters of Cody , Lani , Chicken Joe , and Geek replace some of the toys in the US lineup . There was also a tie - in with the candy Air Heads which introduces a `` New Wave '' flavor ( pineapple ) and four collectible lenticular motion surf board shaped pieces . Build A Bear stores sold plush toys of the film 's protagonist , Cody Maverick . Patrons could `` build '' their own Cody as well as dress him up in an array of surf - themed clothing and other accessories in Build A Bear workshops . They could also purchase Cody and accessories at the official site . Several plushes from Nanco intended for claw machines can also be found and purchased in varying sizes ( from 6 inches to 11 inches to 17 inches ) . Characters available : Cody , Lani , Tank , Geek , Big Z , Chicken Joe , and Reggie Belefonte . A rare set of larger ( Geek measures 15 inches ) and higher quality plushes had been made available at the premiere 's after party . Won either through available games , or given away with gift sets for attendees . Cody , Lani , Arnold and Geek were created and so far no plans for the dolls to be sold commercially have appeared . A series of children 's 100 piece puzzles are available as well depicting various characters and setups . Five inch waterproof plush tub toys released by Jakks Pacific in minimal quantities to most major retailers . Five characters were produced , including Cody , Tank , Big Z , Arnold , & Chicken Joe . Each character has an attached washcloth / surfboard , but sport questionable likenesses ( and in the case of Chicken Joe , entirely off model , bearing more of a resemblance to Mikey ) . Along with the release of the film , a companion Surf 's Up video game was released for all the current video gaming systems on the market . All versions of the game are the same with mild graphical differences , with only the Nintendo DS version changing the overall format . Home media ( edit ) Surf 's Up was released on high - definition Blu - ray Disc , PSP UMD Video and DVD in the United States on October 9 , 2007 . The DVD and Blu - ray included two animated short films : The ChubbChubbs ! and The ChubbChubbs Save Xmas , which premiered with this release . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Surf 's Up has a 78 % approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 144 reviews ; the average rating is 6.7 / 10 . The site 's consensus reads : `` Surf 's Up is a laid - back , visually stunning animated movie that brings a fresh twist to some familiar conventions . Its witty mockumentary format is fun and inventive , and the CGI is breathtakingly realistic . '' Another review aggregator , Metacritic , gave the film a score of 64 out of 100 based on 26 reviews . Some reviews noted that in spite of it coming so soon after many films featuring penguins ( March of the Penguins , Madagascar , and Happy Feet ) , Surf 's Up was able to stand out on its own . Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times reviewed : `` The originality of the documentary format coupled with the splendid CGI effects qualifies Surf 's Up as not just another penguin movie . '' The Dallas Morning News critic Nancy Churnin agreed : `` Sorry , cynics , Surf 's Up is a charmer . And if the birds look somewhat familiar , they have something fresh to say about friendship and what winning is all about . '' While James Berardinelli of ReelViews said : `` If you have to see one penguin movie , this is it '' , Kyle Smith of the New York Post had a different opinion : `` Maybe the next penguin flick will do more justice to the subject . '' Roger Moore of Orlando Sentinel gave the film a positive score , noting that it was `` beautifully animated , terrifically acted and edited in a way that hilariously mimics those Endless Summer surf documentaries . '' Conversely , Bill Muller , The Arizona Republic 's critic , disliked almost everything : `` From the nondescript voices to routine animation to an over-written story , this movie spends much of its time gasping for air . '' Box office ( edit ) The film opened at number four and grossed $5,804,772 at the box office on its opening day in North America . It grossed $17,640,249 in its opening weekend . The film grossed $58,867,694 in North America , and $90,176,819 in the other territories , making the total worldwide gross $149,044,513 . Accolades ( edit ) Surf 's Up was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature at the 80th Academy Awards , but lost to Ratatouille . The film was also nominated for 10 Annie Awards at the 35th Annie Awards , and won two awards : Animated Effects , and Animation Production Artist : Best Animated Feature Animated Effects : Deborah Carlson ( won ) Animation Production Artist : John Clark ( won ) Character Animation in a Feature Production : Dave Hardin Character Animation in a Feature Production : Alan Hawkins Character Design in an Animated Feature Production : Sylvain Deboissy Directing in an Animated Feature Production : Ash Brannon & Chris Buck Production Design in an Animated Feature Production : Marcelo Vignali Storyboarding in an Animated Feature Production : Denise Koyama Writing in an Animated Feature Production : Don Rhymer and Ash Brannon & Chris Buck Sequel ( edit ) A direct - to - video sequel , titled Surf 's Up 2 : WaveMania , was released on January 17 , 2017 . The film stars WWE superstars John Cena , Triple H , The Undertaker , Vince McMahon , and Paige . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Surf 's Up '' . The Numbers . Retrieved October 9 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Surf 's Up '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 9 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Surf 's Up '' . Turner Classic Movies . Atlanta : Turner Broadcasting System ( Time Warner ) . Retrieved July 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Surf 's Up ( Music from the Motion Picture ) '' . iTunes . Retrieved October 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Surf 's Up ( DVD ) . Sony Pictures Animation / Columbia Pictures . 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Surf 's Up ( 2007 ) '' . The Soundtrack Info Project . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Surf 's Up ( 2007 ) '' . The Soundtrack Info Project . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Surf 's Up ( Original Motion Picture Score ) '' . iTunes . Retrieved October 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Desowitz , Bill ( July 30 , 2007 ) . `` Surf 's Up DVD to Include New ChubbChubbs Short '' . Animation World Network . Retrieved October 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Surf 's Up ( 2007 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved October 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Surf 's Up '' . Metacritic . Retrieved October 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( June 8 , 2007 ) . `` Critic Review - Chicago Sun - Times '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved October 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Churnin , Nancy ( June 8 , 2007 ) . `` Critic Review - Dallas Morning News '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved October 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Berardinelli , James ( June 9 , 2007 ) . `` Surf 's Up '' . Reelviews . Retrieved October 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Smith , Kyle ( June 8 , 2007 ) . `` THESE PENGUINS RIDE THE MILD SURF '' . New York Post . Retrieved October 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Moore , Roger ( June 8 , 2007 ) . `` Surf 's Up ( 4 stars out of 5 ) '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved October 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Muller , Bill ( June 8 , 2007 ) . `` Surf 's Up '' . Arizona Republic . Retrieved October 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The 80th Academy Awards ( 2008 ) Nominees and Winners '' . The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . February 24 , 2008 . Retrieved October 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Legacy : 35th Annual Annie Award Nominees and Winners ( 2007 ) '' . The Annie Awards . Retrieved October 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Milligan , Mercedes ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` Catch ' Wavemania ' in Sony 's ' Surf 's Up 2 ' Trailer '' . Animation Magazine . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Surf 's Up ( film ) Official website Official DVD website Surf 's Up on IMDb Surf 's Up at AllMovie Surf 's Up at Rotten Tomatoes Surf 's Up at Metacritic Surf 's Up at Box Office Mojo Behind - the - Scenes with Sony Pictures Animation at the Wayback Machine ( archived October 11 , 2007 ) - articles about the film production , mostly technical Sony Pictures Animation Feature films Computer - animated Open Season ( 2006 ) Surf 's Up ( 2007 ) Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs ( 2009 ) Hotel Transylvania ( 2012 ) Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs 2 ( 2013 ) Hotel Transylvania 2 ( 2015 ) Smurfs : The Lost Village ( 2017 ) The Emoji Movie ( 2017 ) Live - action / animated The Smurfs ( 2011 ) The Smurfs 2 ( 2013 ) Goosebumps ( 2015 ) Produced with Aardman Animations Arthur Christmas ( 2011 ) The Pirates ! In an Adventure with Scientists ! ( 2012 ) Upcoming films The Star ( 2017 ) Peter Rabbit ( 2018 ) Hotel Transylvania 3 ( 2018 ) Goosebumps : Horrorland ( 2018 ) Untitled animated Spider - Man film ( 2018 ) Direct - to - video Open Season 2 ( 2009 ) Open Season 3 ( 2011 ) Open Season : Scared Silly ( 2016 ) Surf 's Up 2 : WaveMania ( 2017 ) Television series Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs ( 2017 -- ) Hotel Transylvania : The Series ( 2017 -- ) Ghostbusters : Ecto Force ( 2018 ) Short films The ChubbChubbs ! ( 2002 ) Early Bloomer ( 2003 ) Boog and Elliot 's Midnight Bun Run ( 2007 ) The ChubbChubbs Save Xmas ( 2007 ) The Smurfs : A Christmas Carol ( 2011 ) So You Want to Be a Pirate ! ( 2012 ) Goodnight Mr. Foot ( 2012 ) The Smurfs : The Legend of Smurfy Hollow ( 2013 ) Super Manny ( 2013 ) Earl Scouts ( 2013 ) Steve 's First Bath ( 2014 ) Attack of the 50 - Foot Gummi Bear ( 2014 ) Puppy ! ( 2017 ) Franchises Open Season ( 2006 -- present ) Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs ( 2009 -- present ) The Smurfs ( 2011 -- present ) Hotel Transylvania ( 2012 -- present ) See also Sony Pictures Imageworks Cartoon Hangover Screen Gems Cartoons Films directed by Chris Buck Features Tarzan ( 1999 ) Surf 's Up ( 2007 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) Frozen 2 ( 2019 ) Shorts Frozen Fever ( 2015 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Surf%27s_Up_(film)&oldid=800234459 '' Categories : 2007 films English - language films 2007 animated films 2007 computer - animated films 2000s American animated films American films American animated films Computer - animated films Animated films about animals Animated films about birds Animated films about penguins Films set on beaches Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Mockumentary films Sports comedy films Surfing films Columbia Pictures animated films Columbia Pictures films Sony Pictures Animation films Films directed by Ash Brannon Films directed by Chris Buck Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Track listings with deprecated parameters Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Føroyskt Français Gaeilge 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Kiswahili Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 September 2017 , at 07 : 18 . 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8495493925674961985 | The Missing (novel series) | The missing ( novel series ) - wikipedia The missing ( novel series ) Jump to : navigation , search This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( June 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Missing Cover for Found , the first book in the series Found , Sent , Sabotaged , Torn , Caught , Risked , Revealed , Redeemed Author Margaret Peterson Haddix Country United States Language English Genre Young adult , Historical fiction , Science fiction Publisher Simon & Schuster Books for Young Readers Published 2008 - 2015 Media type Print No. of books 8 Website Official website The Missing is a series of fictional young - adult novels written by Margaret Peterson Haddix . It tells the story of famous children from history stolen by futuristic time travelers from their place in time and accidentally sent to the 21st century as babies . They are then adopted by families in the 21st century . Because Jonah is one of the stolen children , he , along with his non-adopted sister Katherine , must help return the missing kids to their rightful places in history and fix time before it is destroyed . The first book in the series , Found , was published on April 22 , 2008 . The series continued with book titles Sent , Sabotaged , Torn , Caught , Risked ( originally intended to be titled Kept ) , and Revealed . The eighth and final book , Redeemed , was released on September 8 , 2015 . There are also two ebook short stories , Sought ( which takes place before Risked ) and Rescued ( which takes place between Risked and Revealed ) . Haddix originally intended the series to consist of only seven books , however , she stated that she had trouble closing out the series in seven books ; leading to her decision to write Redeemed . Contents ( hide ) 1 Books 1.1 Found 1.2 Sent 1.3 Sabotaged 1.4 Torn 1.5 Caught 1.6 Risked 1.7 Revealed 1.8 Redeemed 2 Characters 2.1 Protagonists ( in order of appearance ) 2.2 Antagonists ( in order of appearance ) 3 References 4 External links Books ( edit ) Cover for Sent , the second book . Cover for Sabotaged , the third book . Cover for Torn , the fourth book . Found ( edit ) A thirteen - year - old boy named Jonah had always known that he was adopted and had never thought much of it until he began receiving strange letters sent to his house . When Jonah 's friend Chip , who received the same letters , learns that he is also adopted , Jonah , Chip and Jonah 's sister , Katherine , set out to find out the truth about their origins . They end up in the middle of FBI investigation , people appearing and disappearing , and a strange tale from a woman named Angela DuPre , who saw a plane appear ( and later disappear ) from nowhere , and discovered 36 babies on board , minus pilot and copilot . The three come to realize that Jonah and Chip are important missing children from history who were transported to the 21st century by baby smuggling time travelers , whose names are Gary and Hodge . Later , they are unknowingly lured into a cave , known as a time hollow , with all but one of the other 36 missing children in an attempt by the smugglers to take them to the future . After they have defeated the smugglers , another time traveler from the future known to them as JB ( Janitor Boy ) decides to send Chip and another boy , Alex , back to the 1480s , where they were originally taken from . While trying to stop him , Jonah and Katherine are accidentally taken along for the trip as well , leaving it up to them to save their friends and return to the 21st century . This sets the plot and the title for the following book in the series , `` Sent '' . Found was released on April 22 , 2008 . Sent ( edit ) In this book , Jonah , Katherine , Chip , and Chip 's real brother , Alex , have one warning of disaster before they are sent back to 15th century to the Tower of London , with the promise that they can return to their home in the 21st century if they can repair history . They quickly discover that Chip and Alex 's true identities are Edward V ( king of England ) and Richard of Shrewsbury , Duke of York . But before Chip can enjoy being the King of England , they discover that they are virtually prisoners -- and that the boys ' uncle , King Richard III , wants them dead . Jonah and Katherine must repair time and save Chip and Alex from their certain deaths before it is even possible that they can return home . After ending up in the Tower of London , the four discover Chip and Alex 's true identities , but find them prisoners . They foil 2 men they suppose are murderers ' attempt to kill Chip and Alex in the nick of time , but then must hide . The next day , they decide to do something and end up crossing the Thames to Westminster Abbey , where the boys ' uncle , Richard of Gloucester , is being crowned King Richard III . After causing some distress , they visit the queen , their mother , in sanctuary at Westminster , intending to convince her of Chip and Alex 's death , but instead Chip and Alex rejoin their tracers ( which mark out the events of original time ) and Jonah and Katherine are removed from time to a time hollow , where they and JB watch the next two years , from 1483 to 1485 . Jonah and Katherine are sent to the Battle of Bosworth and accidentally convince Richard to give up his crown in favor of Edward ( Chip ) , but he dies and Chip and Alex almost do , before Jonah and Katherine manage to convince them to come home . They return to the time cave , and then go home . JB soon shows up and explains the results and tells the four that he wants Jonah and Katherine to help the next missing child , Andrea Crowell , return to her place in history . Sent was released on August 25 , 2009 . Sabotaged ( edit ) In this third volume of the series , Jonah and Katherine return Andrea , identified as the missing child Virginia Dare , to 1600 , her correct time period from where she was kidnapped . During their time journey , the device used for their time travel , called an Elucidator , is lost , causing the children arrive not certain as to where or when they are . They discover that a man visited Andrea and wrongly convinced her to type in a code on the Elucidator which made it disappear , telling her it would take her back to the day her parents died , so she could rescue them . Eventually , they discover that they made it to Roanoke Island in 1600 , and go to Croatoan Island . In the process , Andrea saves a man from drowning , who they discover is her grandfather , John White . Jonah , Katherine , and Andrea find that their attempt to fix time by sending Andrea back is being thwarted by a man who calls himself Second . Second is a projectionist that possibly messed up time forever . Along the way they meet two of the other missing children , Brendan and Antonio , who were mysteriously sent back to their original time by Second . While on Croatoan Island , Andrea changes time itself and is reunited with her grandfather as Virginia Dare . It turns out Brendan and Antonio are adopted Native Americans who became excellent artists , and that Virginia Dare originally buried the bones on Croatoan Island , saving it from being a reminder of the plague that killed the Roanoke colonists and Croatoan Indians . Second appears and Jonah and Katherine are saved by JB , only to be hurled into another time ( 1611 ) . Sabotaged was released on August 24 , 2010 . Torn ( edit ) Jonah and Katherine land on the decks of Henry Hudson 's ship , called the Discovery , moments before a mutiny in the early 17th century . JB reveals that John Hudson , one of the kids stolen from history and Henry Hudson 's son , is missing completely , and Jonah will have to play his part . Jonah and Katherine must survive being on the 17th century boat , with unlikely help from two of the sailors . Hudson is trying to find the Northwest Passage that would connect Europe and Asia by way of the Americas . A mutiny takes place on the ship , the Discovery , soon after they arrive , and they , along with Hudson and his officers , are banished into the cold bay . But instead of the original version they remember , the boat returns for them , led by the first mate . When they find out that Second has disguised himself as Hudson 's first mate and has murdered one of them , Jonah and Katherine have a harrowing time , and then relive the mutiny and banishment , except time splits , showing 1 version that they already lived ( the return of the ship ) , and 1 that they live now ( continued banishment , the original version ) . They escape the boat after a docking and manage to get into the Damaged Time of 1605 . They save their friends Brendan , Antonio , Andrea , JB and John White when Jonah rescues everyone from the fire in the Indian village of 1605 . It then turns out that Second sent John Hudson to 1605 . John Hudson , called Dalton Sullivan in the 21st century , was already in 1605 , living in England . JB then concludes that Second unraveled time from 1605 to 1611 , made his own new , alternate universe and is sealing it off completely from others . JB then sends everyone to the 21st century , where they can live in peace , for a while . Torn was released on August 23 , 2011 . Caught ( edit ) Jonah and Katherine are in school when time freezes . They are subsequently ( accidentally ) transported to Albert Einstein 's time , where they must help to save his illegitimate daughter Lieserl , who is known as Emily in the 21st century , and keep Einstein from discovering time travel instead of the theory of relativity , which would ruin history . Jonah and Katherine follow Mileva , Einstein 's wife , in order to put Emily in her correct time , 1903 . When they get to Mileva 's parents ' house , they discover that Lieserl is just a baby and close to death from scarlet fever . They witness Gary and Hodge kidnap Lieserl and Emily appear , and try to help by putting her in her tracer as Lieserl . However , during Jonah and Katherine 's followings , Mileva discovers them , steals their Elucidator , and communicates with them , causing a huge disturbance in time . When she tries to show Albert the 13 - year - old Emily , time freezes in 1903 as well , but not Mileva , since she skipped time to when Albert arrived . They are all sent , along with Emily , to a place outside of time , called a time hollow . Mileva freezes everyone there using the Elucidator and then watches her whole life , Emily 's life , and learns English to understand how time travel worked . Then she unfreezes only Jonah and allows him to come with her and save time . Jonah lets Mileva keep the Elucidator when she returns to her time , which allows her to later send her demented son , Tete Einstein , to the future as a baby , where he grows up to become JB . Caught was released on September 3 , 2012 . Risked ( edit ) Right after Jonah , Katherine and Chip meet a girl named Daniella McCarthy , the four are kidnapped by a boy , Gavin Danes , and sent to 1918 . It is revealed that Gavin and Daniella are Alexei and Anastasia Romanov , the youngest children of Czar Nicholas II . Everybody except Chip is arrested upon arrival , who rescues Jonah and Katherine and discovers that Yakov Yurovsky intends to kill the Romanovs . Yurovsky successfully lures the imperial family into the cellar and proceeds with the killings . Gary and Hodge , who tricked Gavin and escaped from time prison , try to send all of them , including Maria Romanova and Leonid Sednev , to the future as babies , but they escape , though significantly younger . They regain their ages . Jonah and Gavin are shot in the ensuing chaos , but JB appears and rescues Jonah and Katherine . Katherine later returns to save the others , including Maria and Leonid , but the four older Romanovs are killed . JB sends Jonah and Gavin to the future , where they are forced to stay while they recover from their injuries . It is shown that Angela is providing for Maria and Leonid 's education and considering adopting them in the 21st century . The book was released on September 4 , 2013 . Revealed ( edit ) Charles Lindbergh appears in the Skidmores ' home , grabs Katherine , and vanishes . Jonah finds out that Chip , Andrea , and all the other children from the plane have disappeared as well . Jonah 's parents and all the other adults in his town have `` un-aged '' into 13 - year - olds . Jonah is the only ' normal ' person left , and must save everyone with the help of un-aged JB and Angela. Jonah accidentally makes another dimension when he delivers what he thinks is himself as a baby , but is really his twin brother that he never knew about , to his parents , thinking that they and he are trapped in a doomed dimension anyway . Jonah discovers Gary and Hodge 's plot : they convinced a grief - ridden Charles Lindbergh , reeling from the kidnapping of his son in 1932 , that Jonah is his son and that he could have him back if he went to the night of the time crash and took the plane of babies to the future , cleaning up their mess and creating separate dimensions ( and , in their plan , unaging Lindbergh himself as well ) . He convinces Lindbergh to return Katherine as well as to betray Gary and Hodge who are subsequently unaged into babies . Staying true to its name , Jonah 's real identity as a missing child is finally `` revealed '' in this book ; an orphanage baby from 1932 who was kidnapped to be passed off as Charles Lindbergh 's son . Jonah finds out that the baby he saved was actually his twin ( whom his parents named Jordan in the other dimension ) and that though the dimensions were separate , they have now merged , meaning that Jordan and Jonah share a dimension , and contrary to Mom , Dad , and Katherine , have no memory of each other , since the others were in both dimensions . Jonah tries to take the first step in bringing the family , including Jordan , together afterward by having a big family hug . Revealed was released on September 2 , 2014 . Redeemed ( edit ) Jordan Skidmore learns that he was an orphanage child from 1932 and that he now has a new twin brother named Jonah . Wanting to help his strangely unaged parents , he sends his entire family to the future . Second traps his parents in a time hollow and Jonah , Jordan , and Katherine are forced to save a young version of Second , Kevin , from an accident in the past ( falling from a fence at the airport the night of the time crash ) . They learn Second 's story : having witnessed the appearance of the plane , he was kept on for the FBI investigation , but crippled from his accident , and Gary and Hodge , acting for Interchronological Rescue , hired him as a spy in the time agency for the company , taking him to the future and healing him , where he became JB 's chief projectionist . The adult Second , frustrated with Jonah and Katherine , later traps them in a separate time hollow , leaving Jordan to save time by himself . In a time hollow , he watches the entire lives of his siblings and learns about their previous trips through time . Second reveals that he has been murdered and that he is only a hologram , and the fate of the alternate universe he created - destroyed , since he gave the secret of age - altering to everyone . After befriending Kevin , Jordan convinces him to help re-age the adults . In the process of doing so , Kevin himself is unaged into a baby . The two are captured by Curtis Rathbone , the CEO of the company that employed Gary and Hodge , who then reveals that he caused all the unaging . Jordan and Kevin are then joined by Jonah , Katherine , Chip , JB , Angela and his parents . Everybody is frozen by Mr. Rathbone but he is killed by Kevin 's Elucidator . In the epilogue , Kevin is adopted by the Skidmore 's , and babies Gary and Hodge by Hadley Correo and Angela , bringing them up to 4 adopted kids ( including Maria and Leonid from Risked . JB reveals to them that the time agency is sealing off time travel to prevent any more near - disasters , but secretly gives them an emergency Elucidator . Redeemed , was released on September 8 , 2015 . Characters ( edit ) Protagonists ( in order of appearance ) ( edit ) Jonah Skidmore - Jonah is the 13 - year - old main character in the series . He is one of the famous children of history that were kidnapped by time travelers and accidentally sent to the 21st century . He is the adopted brother of Katherine Skidmore and the adopted son of Michael and Linda Skidmore . Jonah is helping to restore history caused by the kidnappings . He faces the struggle of figuring out who he is as one of the missing children of history . In Revealed he discovers that while he was listed under Charles Lindbergh on the plane , he was not a famous kid in original time , and Gary and Hodge only kidnapped him to pass him off as Charles Lindbergh 's son . Jonah has light brown hair and pale skin with occasional freckles . He has big blue eyes and dimples . He is taller than Katherine Katherine Skidmore - Jonah 's one year younger sister and a main character of the series . Even though she is not a missing child of history , Katherine has decided to help Jonah . She also comes up with JB 's nickname , which stands for `` Janitor Boy . '' She called JB `` Cute Janitor Boy '' before she knew what he really was . Katherine is slim and has wispy blonde hair , brown eyes , and a ski - slope nose . Charles Haddingford `` Chip '' Winston III ( King Edward V ) - Jonah 's friend and Alex 's older brother . One of the missing children of history , Chip and Alex are particularly famous for their disappearance . Both boys ' pasts were restored in Sent . He becomes Katherine 's boyfriend after their adventures in Sent . JB ( Tete Einstein ) - A time traveler from the future who helps Jonah and Katherine restore time . He knows the rules of time traveling and guides Jonah and Katherine in many of their journeys . He is the son of Albert Einstein and brother to Emily Quinn ( Lieserl Einstein ) . He was sent forward in time by his mother , Mileva Einstein , to a point in time when his mental illness could be cured so that he could live a normal life . He then grew up to become the time traveler Jonah and Katherine know as `` JB '' . Alex Polchak ( Richard , Duke of York ) - Chip 's younger brother . As one of the missing children of history , Alex has been adopted by different people than Chip . Less is known about Alex as he appears later in the first book and less personal information is given . His past is restored in Sent with Chip 's . Angela DuPre - An ally of Jonah and Katherine . Angela was one of the few people to have seen the missing children before the event was covered up . In the prologue of Found , she discovered the missing children of history when she saw the babies inside of a plane at the airport where she worked . In Revealed she plays a prominent role of helping Jonah save time . She eventually , along with Hadley , adopts Maria Romanova , Leonid Sednev , and the baby versions of Gary and Hodge . Hadley Correo - A time agent from the future who sometimes works with JB and assisted Jonah and the others when they traveled to 1485 . In Revealed , he played an important role in Jordan 's adoption by the Skidmores . He eventually `` moves '' to the twenty - first century to be with Angela and their adopted family . Andrea Crowell ( Virginia Dare ) - Another missing child of history , Andrea is the famous Virginia Dare , the first English child born in the American colonies . She , along with the rest of the mysterious Roanoke Colony , disappeared during the years her grandfather , John White was gone . Her past was restored in Sabotaged . Jonah developed a small crush on her over time and the two began a relationship in the epilogue of Redeemed . Brendan ( One Who Survives Much ) - An obscure missing child , Brendan was originally a painter and a member of a neighboring Indian tribe . He was apprenticed by John White along with Antonio ; most of their works were demolished in a fire , while the rest were taken illegally by time travelers . His past was restored in Sabotaged . Antonio ( Walks with Pride ) - Like Brendan , most of Antonio 's past is unknown except that he was a painter and a member of a neighboring tribe to the Roanoke Colony . He was also apprenticed to White as a painter and later had most of his works destroyed in a fire . His past was restored in Sabotaged . Dalton Sullivan ( John Hudson ) - A missing child of history , the son of the explorer Henry Hudson who was put out to sea with his father during a mutiny in northwest Canada . Dalton never relived his past due to Second 's interference but instead Jonah played his part in Torn . Emily Quinn ( Lieserl Einstein ) - Another missing child of history , Emily is Albert Einstein 's illegitimate daughter . She was only briefly mentioned and presumed dead by scarlet fever after 1903 , a year after her birth in original time . She is also JB 's sister . Her past was restored in Caught . Daniella McCarthy ( Anastasia Romanova ) - Stolen from 1918 with her brother Alexei , Daniella is the youngest grand duchess and daughter of Czar Nicholas II . She was originally killed with the other Romanovs in 1918 . She was the only one of the thirty - six kids from the plane that was absent from the adoption conference in Found , which resulted in her not learning about her true identity until the beginning of Risked , the novel where her past is restored . The short story Sought is told from her point of view . Gavin Danes ( Alexei Romanov ) - Stolen from 1918 along with his older sister Anastasia Nikolaevna ( Romanova ) , Gavin is the only son of Czar Nicholas II and heir to the throne of Russia . Stricken with hemophilia , Gavin was originally a sarcastic , mean boy , who wanted to take Gary and Hodge 's offer and go to the future , but changed his mind and befriended Jonah , Chip , Katherine , and Daniella . His past was restored in Risked . Jordan Skidmore - Jonah 's twin brother who like Jonah , originally died from starvation at an orphanage in 1932 . He was kidnapped by Gary and Hodge in Revealed to trick Jonah into thinking the baby was himself , which would create a paradox and destroy time . He was rescued by Jonah and grew up in the twenty - first century in a separate dimension from most of the other characters . He is the main character in Redeemed . Antagonists ( in order of appearance ) ( edit ) Gary and Hodge - The pair of original time kidnappers that gathered up all of the missing children in the first book . They are sent to time prison by JB , but Gavin releases them , not knowing the consequences . They are eventually unaged and adopted by Angela and Hadley . Second Chance ( Sam ' Kevin ' Chase ) - Abused as a child by his father , he became an expert hacker and ran away from home at the age of 13 . In original time , he died from injuries caused by falling from an airport fence , but witnessing the time crash led to him being hired by Interchronological Rescue and sent to spy on the time agency . There , he was JB 's projectionist , before manipulating and splitting time in Sabotaged and Torn , resulting in him being fired . He has also gone back in time to `` help '' Jonah and Katherine . In Redeemed , the adult version of him is killed by Mr. Rathbone . The young version of him is rescued by Jordan , and he is adopted by the Skidmores . Curtis Rathbone - CEO of Interchronological Rescue , the company that steals babies from the past and sells them in the future to become rich . He employed Gary , Hodge and Second , though he was eventually betrayed by the latter . He was known to treat his employees poorly . He was killed in Redeemed and Interchronological Rescue was shut down by the time agency . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Found Jump up ^ `` Books '' . Margaret Peterson Haddix. 2015 . Retrieved 24 October 2015 . Jump up ^ http://haddixbooks.com/book/redeemed/?pg=faq Jump up ^ http://books.simonandschuster.ca/Found/Margaret-Peterson-Haddix/The-Missing/9781416954217 Jump up ^ `` Found '' . Margaret Peterson Haddix. 2015 . Retrieved 24 October 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/1675216.Found Jump up ^ `` Found '' by Margaret Peterson Haddix copyright 2008 Jump up ^ http://haddixbooks.com/book/sent/ Jump up ^ http://books.simonandschuster.ca/Sent/Margaret-Peterson-Haddix/The-Missing/9781416954231 Jump up ^ Sent on Goodreads Jump up ^ `` Sent '' by Margaret Peterson Haddix copyright 2009 Jump up ^ http://haddixbooks.com/book/sabotaged/ Jump up ^ Haddix , Margaret Peterson ( 2010 ) . Sabotaged . Simon & Schuster Books for Young Readers . p. 361 . Jump up ^ http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/7130745-sabotaged Jump up ^ `` Sabotaged '' by Margaret Peterson Haddix copyright 2010 Jump up ^ http://books.simonandschuster.ca/Torn/Margaret-Peterson-Haddix/The-Missing/9781416989813 Jump up ^ http://haddixbooks.com/book/torn/ Jump up ^ http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/9758788-torn Jump up ^ `` Torn '' by Margaret Peterson Haddix copyright 2011 Jump up ^ http://books.simonandschuster.ca/Caught/Margaret-Peterson-Haddix/The-Missing/9781416989837 Jump up ^ http://haddixbooks.com/book/caught/ Jump up ^ Caught on Goodreads Jump up ^ `` Caught '' by Margaret Peterson Haddix copyright 2012 Jump up ^ `` Risked '' . Margaret Peterson Haddix. 2015 . Retrieved 24 October 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/15944410-risked?from_search=true&search_version=service Jump up ^ `` Risked '' by Margaret Peterson Haddix copyright 2013 Jump up ^ `` Revealed '' . Margaret Peterson Haddix. 2015 . Retrieved 24 October 2015 . Jump up ^ http://books.simonandschuster.ca/Revealed/Margaret-Peterson-Haddix/The-Missing/9781416989875 Jump up ^ http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/18198687-revealed?from_search=true&search_version=service Jump up ^ `` Revealed '' by Margaret Peterson Haddix copyright 2014 Jump up ^ `` Redeemed '' . Margaret Peterson Haddix. 2015 . Retrieved 24 October 2015 . Jump up ^ http://books.simonandschuster.ca/Redeemed/Margaret-Peterson-Haddix/The-Missing/9781442497566 Jump up ^ http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/17571245-redeemed?from_search=true&search_version=service Jump up ^ `` Redeemed '' by Margaret Peterson Haddix copyright 2015 External links ( edit ) Haddix Books - Margaret Peterson Haddix Haddix Books - Found Sent book summary - Simon and Schuster Children and Young Adult Literature portal ( hide ) Novels by Margaret Peterson Haddix Shadow Children Among the Hidden ( 1998 ) Among the Impostors ( 2001 ) Among the Betrayed ( 2002 ) Among the Barons ( 2003 ) Among the Brave ( 2004 ) Among the Enemy ( 2005 ) Among the Free ( 2006 ) Other Running Out of Time ( 1995 ) Do n't You Dare Read This , Mrs. Dunphrey ( 1996 ) Leaving Fishers ( 1997 ) Just Ella ( 1999 ) Turnabout ( 2000 ) The Girl With 500 Middle Names ( 2001 ) Takeoffs and Landings ( 2001 ) Because of Anya ( 2002 ) Escape from Memory ( 2003 ) Say What ( 2004 ) The House on the Gulf ( 2004 ) Double Identity ( 2005 ) Dexter the Tough ( 2007 ) Uprising ( 2007 ) Palace of Mirrors ( 2008 ) The Missing ( series , 2008 - 2015 ) Claim to Fame ( 2009 ) Into the Gauntlet ( 2010 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Missing_(novel_series)&oldid=824888028 '' Categories : Novel series American young adult novels Novels by Margaret Peterson Haddix Time travel novels Children 's science fiction novels American science fiction novels Hidden categories : Articles lacking in - text citations from June 2013 All articles lacking in - text citations Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 10 February 2018 , at 03 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many books are in the missing series by haddix | [
"The Missing is a series of fictional young-adult novels written by Margaret Peterson Haddix. It tells the story of famous children from history stolen by futuristic time travelers from their place in time and accidentally sent to the 21st century as babies. They are then adopted by families in the 21st century. Because Jonah is one of the stolen children, he, along with his non-adopted sister Katherine, must help return the missing kids to their rightful places in history and fix time before it is destroyed. The first book in the series, Found, was published on April 22, 2008. The series continued with book titles Sent, Sabotaged, Torn, Caught, Risked (originally intended to be titled Kept), and Revealed. The eighth and final book, Redeemed, was released on September 8, 2015. There are also two ebook short stories, Sought (which takes place before Risked) and Rescued (which takes place between Risked and Revealed).[2] Haddix originally intended the series to consist of only seven books, however, she stated that she had trouble closing out the series in seven books; leading to her decision to write Redeemed.[3]"
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"eighth and final book"
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-7946975190336224836 | FIFA World Cup | FIFA World Cup - Wikipedia FIFA World Cup Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the men 's association football tournament . For the women 's tournament , see FIFA Women 's World Cup . FIFA World Cup Founded 1930 ; 88 years ago ( 1930 ) Region International ( FIFA ) Number of teams 32 ( finals ) 211 ( eligible to enter qualification ) Related competitions FIFA Confederations Cup Current champions Germany ( 4th title ) Most successful team ( s ) Brazil ( 5 titles ) Television broadcasters List of broadcasters Website www.fifa.com/worldcup/ 2018 FIFA World Cup The 2014 FIFA World Cup opening ceremony Tournaments 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 2022 2026 The FIFA World Cup , often simply called the World Cup , is an international association football competition contested by the senior men 's national teams of the members of the Fédération Internationale de Football Association ( FIFA ) , the sport 's global governing body . The championship has been awarded every four years since the inaugural tournament in 1930 , except in 1942 and 1946 when it was not held because of the Second World War . The current champion is Germany , which won its fourth title at the 2014 tournament in Brazil . The current format of the competition involves a qualification phase , which currently takes place over the preceding three years , to determine which teams qualify for the tournament phase , which is often called the World Cup Finals. 32 teams , including the automatically qualifying host nation ( s ) , compete in the tournament phase for the title at venues within the host nation ( s ) over a period of about a month . The 20 World Cup tournaments have been won by eight national teams . Brazil have won five times , and they are the only team to have played in every tournament . The other World Cup winners are Germany and Italy , with four titles each ; Argentina and inaugural winner Uruguay , with two titles each ; and England , France and Spain , with one title each . The World Cup is the most prestigious association football tournament in the world as well as the most widely viewed and followed sporting event in the world , exceeding even the Olympic Games ; the cumulative audience of all matches of the 2006 FIFA World Cup was estimated to be 26.29 billion with an estimated 715.1 million people watching the final match , a ninth of the entire population of the planet . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Previous international competitions 1.2 World Cups before World War II 1.3 World Cups after World War II 1.4 Expansion to 32 teams 1.5 Expansion to 48 teams 1.6 2015 FIFA corruption case 1.7 Other FIFA tournaments 2 Trophy 3 Format 3.1 Qualification 3.2 Final tournament 4 Hosts 4.1 Selection process 4.2 Performances 5 Attendance 6 Broadcasting and promotion 7 Results 7.1 Teams reaching the top four 7.2 Best performances by continental zones 8 Awards 9 Records and statistics 9.1 Top goalscorers 9.2 All - time table for champions 10 See also 11 Notes and references 12 Bibliography 13 External links History Main article : History of the FIFA World Cup Previous international competitions The world 's first international football match was a challenge match played in Glasgow in 1872 between Scotland and England , which ended in a 0 -- 0 draw . The first international tournament , the inaugural edition of the British Home Championship , took place in 1884 . As football grew in popularity in other parts of the world at the turn of the 20th century , it was held as a demonstration sport with no medals awarded at the 1900 and 1904 Summer Olympics ( however , the IOC has retroactively upgraded their status to official events ) , and at the 1906 Intercalated Games . After FIFA was founded in 1904 , it tried to arrange an international football tournament between nations outside the Olympic framework in Switzerland in 1906 . These were very early days for international football , and the official history of FIFA describes the competition as having been a failure . At the 1908 Summer Olympics in London , football became an official competition . Planned by The Football Association ( FA ) , England 's football governing body , the event was for amateur players only and was regarded suspiciously as a show rather than a competition . Great Britain ( represented by the England national amateur football team ) won the gold medals . They repeated the feat in 1912 in Stockholm . With the Olympic event continuing to be contested only between amateur teams , Sir Thomas Lipton organised the Sir Thomas Lipton Trophy tournament in Turin in 1909 . The Lipton tournament was a championship between individual clubs ( not national teams ) from different nations , each one of which represented an entire nation . The competition is sometimes described as The First World Cup , and featured the most prestigious professional club sides from Italy , Germany and Switzerland , but the FA of England refused to be associated with the competition and declined the offer to send a professional team . Lipton invited West Auckland , an amateur side from County Durham , to represent England instead . West Auckland won the tournament and returned in 1911 to successfully defend their title . In 1914 , FIFA agreed to recognise the Olympic tournament as a `` world football championship for amateurs '' , and took responsibility for managing the event . This paved the way for the world 's first intercontinental football competition , at the 1920 Summer Olympics , contested by Egypt and 13 European teams , and won by Belgium . Uruguay won the next two Olympic football tournaments in 1924 and 1928 . Those were also the first two open world championships , as 1924 was the start of FIFA 's professional era . World Cups before World war II Estadio Centenario , the location of the first World Cup final in 1930 in Montevideo , Uruguay Due to the success of the Olympic football tournaments , FIFA , with President Jules Rimet as the driving force , again started looking at staging its own international tournament outside of the Olympics . On 28 May 1928 , the FIFA Congress in Amsterdam decided to stage a world championship itself . With Uruguay now two - time official football world champions and to celebrate their centenary of independence in 1930 , FIFA named Uruguay as the host country of the inaugural World Cup tournament . The national associations of selected nations were invited to send a team , but the choice of Uruguay as a venue for the competition meant a long and costly trip across the Atlantic Ocean for European sides . Indeed , no European country pledged to send a team until two months before the start of the competition . Rimet eventually persuaded teams from Belgium , France , Romania , and Yugoslavia to make the trip . In total , 13 nations took part : seven from South America , four from Europe and two from North America . The first two World Cup matches took place simultaneously on 13 July 1930 , and were won by France and the USA , who defeated Mexico 4 -- 1 and Belgium 3 -- 0 respectively . The first goal in World Cup history was scored by Lucien Laurent of France . In the final , Uruguay defeated Argentina 4 -- 2 in front of a crowd of 93,000 people in Montevideo , and in doing so became the first nation to win the World Cup . After the creation of the World Cup , FIFA and the IOC disagreed over the status of amateur players , and so football was dropped from the 1932 Summer Olympics . Olympic football returned at the 1936 Summer Olympics , but was now overshadowed by the more prestigious World Cup . The issues facing the early World Cup tournaments were the difficulties of intercontinental travel , and war . Few South American teams were willing to travel to Europe for the 1934 and all North and South American nations except Brazil and Cuba boycotted the 1938 tournament . Brazil was the only South American team to compete in both . The 1942 and 1946 competitions , which Germany and Brazil sought to host , were cancelled due to World War II and its aftermath . World Cups after World war II The opening game of the Maracanã Stadium , shortly before the 1950 FIFA World Cup . National Archives of Brazil . The 1950 World Cup , held in Brazil , was the first to include British participants . British teams withdrew from FIFA in 1920 , partly out of unwillingness to play against the countries they had been at war with , and partly as a protest against foreign influence on football , but rejoined in 1946 following FIFA 's invitation . The tournament also saw the return of 1930 champions Uruguay , who had boycotted the previous two World Cups . Uruguay won the tournament again after defeating the host nation Brazil , in the match called `` Maracanazo '' ( Portuguese : Maracanaço ) . In the tournaments between 1934 and 1978 , 16 teams competed in each tournament , except in 1938 , when Austria was absorbed into Germany after qualifying , leaving the tournament with 15 teams , and in 1950 , when India , Scotland , and Turkey withdrew , leaving the tournament with 13 teams . Most of the participating nations were from Europe and South America , with a small minority from North America , Africa , Asia , and Oceania . These teams were usually defeated easily by the European and South American teams . Until 1982 , the only teams from outside Europe and South America to advance out of the first round were : USA , semi-finalists in 1930 ; Cuba , quarter - finalists in 1938 ; North Korea , quarter - finalists in 1966 ; and Mexico , quarter - finalists in 1970 . Expansion to 32 teams The tournament was expanded to 24 teams in 1982 , and then to 32 in 1998 , also allowing more teams from Africa , Asia and North America to take part . Since then , teams from these regions have enjoyed more success , with several having reached the quarter - finals : Mexico , quarter - finalists in 1986 ; Cameroon , quarter - finalists in 1990 ; South Korea , finishing in fourth place in 2002 ; Senegal , along with USA , both quarter - finalists in 2002 ; Ghana , quarter - finalists in 2010 ; and Costa Rica , quarter - finalists in 2014 . Nevertheless , European and South American teams continue to dominate , e.g. , the quarter - finalists in 1994 , 1998 , and 2006 were all from Europe or South America and so were the finalists of all tournaments so far . Two hundred teams entered the 2002 FIFA World Cup qualification rounds ; 198 nations attempted to qualify for the 2006 FIFA World Cup , while a record 204 countries entered qualification for the 2010 FIFA World Cup . Expansion to 48 teams In October 2013 , Sepp Blatter spoke of guaranteeing the Caribbean Football Union 's region a position in the World Cup . In the 25 October 2013 edition of the FIFA Weekly Blatter wrote that : `` From a purely sporting perspective , I would like to see globalisation finally taken seriously , and the African and Asian national associations accorded the status they deserve at the FIFA World Cup . It can not be that the European and South American confederations lay claim to the majority of the berths at the World Cup . '' Those two remarks suggested to commentators that Blatter could be putting himself forward for re-election to the FIFA Presidency . Following the magazine 's publication , Blatter 's would - be opponent for the FIFA Presidency , UEFA President Michel Platini responded that he intended to extend the World Cup to 40 national associations , increasing the number of participants by eight . Platini said that he would allocate an additional berth to UEFA , two to Asia Football Confederation and Confederation of African Football , two shared between CONCACAF and CONMEBOL , and a guaranteed place for the Oceania Football Confederation . Platini was clear about why he wanted to expand the World Cup . He said : `` ( The World Cup is ) not based on the quality of the teams because you do n't have the best 32 at the World Cup ... but it 's a good compromise ... It 's a political matter so why not have more Africans ? The competition is to bring all the people of all the world . If you do n't give the possibility to participate , they do n't improve . '' In October 2016 FIFA president Gianni Infantino stated his support for a 48 - team World Cup in 2026 . On 10 January 2017 , FIFA confirmed the 2026 World Cup will have 48 finalist teams . 2015 FIFA corruption case Main article : 2015 FIFA corruption case By May 2015 , the games were under a particularly dark cloud because of the 2015 FIFA corruption case , allegations and criminal charges of bribery , fraud and money laundering to corrupt the issuing of media and marketing rights ( rigged bids ) for FIFA games , with FIFA officials accused of taking bribes totaling more than $150 million over 24 years . In late May , the U.S. Justice Department announced a 47 - count indictment with charges of racketeering , wire fraud and money laundering conspiracy against 14 people . Arrests of over a dozen FIFA officials were made since that time , particularly on May 29 and December 3 . By the end of May 2015 , a total of nine FIFA officials and five executives of sports and broadcasting markets had already been charged on corruption . At the time , FIFA president Sepp Blatter announced he would relinquish his position in February 2016 . On 4 June 2015 Chuck Blazer while co-operating with the FBI and the Swiss authorities admitted that he and the other members of FIFA 's then - executive committee were bribed in order to promote the 1998 and 2010 World Cups . On 10 June 2015 Swiss authorities seized computer data from the offices of Sepp Blatter . The same day , FIFA postponed the bidding process for the 2026 FIFA World Cup in light of the allegations surrounding bribery in the awarding of the 2018 and 2022 tournaments . Then - secretary general Jérôme Valcke stated , `` Due to the situation , I think it 's nonsense to start any bidding process for the time being . '' On 28 October 2015 , Blatter and FIFA VP Michel Platini , a potential candidate for presidency , were suspended for 90 days ; both maintained their innocence in statements made to the news media . On 3 December 2015 two FIFA vice-presidents were arrested on suspicion of bribery in the same Zurich hotel where seven FIFA officials had been arrested in May . An additional 16 indictments by the U.S. Department of Justice were announced on the same day . Other FIFA tournaments An equivalent tournament for women 's football , the FIFA Women 's World Cup , was first held in 1991 in China . The women 's tournament is smaller in scale and profile than the men 's , but is growing ; the number of entrants for the 2007 tournament was 120 , more than double that of 1991 . Men 's football has been included in every Summer Olympic Games except 1896 and 1932 . Unlike many other sports , the men 's football tournament at the Olympics is not a top - level tournament , and since 1992 , an under - 23 tournament with each team allowed three over-age players . Women 's football made its Olympic debut in 1996 . The FIFA Confederations Cup is a tournament held one year before the World Cup at the World Cup host nation ( s ) as a dress rehearsal for the upcoming World Cup . It is contested by the winners of each of the six FIFA confederation championships , along with the FIFA World Cup champion and the host country . FIFA also organises international tournaments for youth football ( FIFA U-20 World Cup , FIFA U-17 World Cup , FIFA U-20 Women 's World Cup , FIFA U-17 Women 's World Cup ) , club football ( FIFA Club World Cup ) , and football variants such as futsal ( FIFA Futsal World Cup ) and beach soccer ( FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup ) . The latter three do not have a women 's version , although a FIFA Women 's Club World Cup has been proposed . The FIFA U-20 Women 's World Cup is held the year before each Women 's World Cup and both tournaments are awarded in a single bidding process . The U-20 tournament serves as a dress rehearsal for the larger competition . Trophy Main article : FIFA World Cup Trophy FIFA World Cup From 1930 to 1970 , the Jules Rimet Trophy was awarded to the World Cup winning team . It was originally simply known as the World Cup or Coupe du Monde , but in 1946 it was renamed after the FIFA president Jules Rimet who set up the first tournament . In 1970 , Brazil 's third victory in the tournament entitled them to keep the trophy permanently . However , the trophy was stolen in 1983 and has never been recovered , apparently melted down by the thieves . After 1970 , a new trophy , known as the FIFA World Cup Trophy , was designed . The experts of FIFA , coming from seven countries , evaluated the 53 presented models , finally opting for the work of the Italian designer Silvio Gazzaniga . The new trophy is 36 cm ( 14.2 in ) high , made of solid 18 carat ( 75 % ) gold and weighs 6.175 kg ( 13.6 lb ) . The base contains two layers of semi-precious malachite while the bottom side of the trophy bears the engraved year and name of each FIFA World Cup winner since 1974 . The description of the trophy by Gazzaniga was : `` The lines spring out from the base , rising in spirals , stretching out to receive the world . From the remarkable dynamic tensions of the compact body of the sculpture rise the figures of two athletes at the stirring moment of victory . '' This new trophy is not awarded to the winning nation permanently . World Cup winners retain the trophy only until the post-match celebration is finished . They are awarded a gold - plated replica rather than the solid gold original immediately afterwards . Currently , all members ( players , coaches , and managers ) of the top three teams receive medals with an insignia of the World Cup Trophy ; winners ' ( gold ) , runners - up ' ( silver ) , and third - place ( bronze ) . In the 2002 edition , fourth - place medals were awarded to hosts South Korea . Before the 1978 tournament , medals were only awarded to the eleven players on the pitch at the end of the final and the third - place match . In November 2007 , FIFA announced that all members of World Cup - winning squads between 1930 and 1974 were to be retroactively awarded winners ' medals . Format Qualification Main article : FIFA World Cup qualification Since the second World Cup in 1934 , qualifying tournaments have been held to thin the field for the final tournament . They are held within the six FIFA continental zones ( Africa , Asia , North and Central America and Caribbean , South America , Oceania , and Europe ) , overseen by their respective confederations . For each tournament , FIFA decides the number of places awarded to each of the continental zones beforehand , generally based on the relative strength of the confederations ' teams . The qualification process can start as early as almost three years before the final tournament and last over a two - year period . The formats of the qualification tournaments differ between confederations . Usually , one or two places are awarded to winners of intercontinental play - offs . For example , the winner of the Oceanian zone and the fifth - placed team from the Asian zone entered a play - off for a spot in the 2010 World Cup . From the 1938 World Cup onwards , host nations receive automatic qualification to the final tournament . This right was also granted to the defending champions between 1938 and 2002 , but was withdrawn from the 2006 FIFA World Cup onward , requiring the champions to qualify . Brazil , winners in 2002 , were the first defending champions to play qualifying matches . Final tournament For the various formats used in previous tournaments , see History of the FIFA World Cup § Format of each final tournament . The current final tournament has been used since 1998 and features 32 national teams competing over the course of a month in the host nation ( s ) . There are two stages : the group stage followed by the knockout stage . In the group stage , teams compete within eight groups of four teams each . Eight teams are seeded , including the hosts , with the other seeded teams selected using a formula based on the FIFA World Rankings and / or performances in recent World Cups , and drawn to separate groups . The other teams are assigned to different `` pots '' , usually based on geographical criteria , and teams in each pot are drawn at random to the eight groups . Since 1998 , constraints have been applied to the draw to ensure that no group contains more than two European teams or more than one team from any other confederation . Each group plays a round - robin tournament , in which each team is scheduled for three matches against other teams in the same group . This means that a total of six matches are played within a group . The last round of matches of each group is scheduled at the same time to preserve fairness among all four teams . The top two teams from each group advance to the knockout stage . Points are used to rank the teams within a group . Since 1994 , three points have been awarded for a win , one for a draw and none for a loss ( before , winners received two points ) . If one considers all possible outcomes ( win , draw , loss ) for all six matches in a group , there are 729 ( = 3 ) outcome combinations possible . However , 207 of these combinations lead to ties between the second and third places . In such case , the ranking among these teams is determined as follows : Greatest combined goal difference in all group matches Greatest combined number of goals scored in all group matches If more than one team remain level after applying the above criteria , their ranking will be determined as follows : Greatest number of points in head - to - head matches among those teams Greatest goal difference in head - to - head matches among those teams Greatest number of goals scored in head - to - head matches among those teams If any of the teams above remain level after applying the above criteria , their ranking will be determined by the drawing of lots The knockout stage is a single - elimination tournament in which teams play each other in one - off matches , with extra time and penalty shootouts used to decide the winner if necessary . It begins with the round of 16 ( or the second round ) in which the winner of each group plays against the runner - up of another group . This is followed by the quarter - finals , the semi-finals , the third - place match ( contested by the losing semi-finalists ) , and the final . On 10 January 2017 , FIFA approved a new format , the 48 - team World Cup ( to accommodate more teams ) , which consists of 16 groups of three teams each , with two teams qualifying from each group , to form a round of 32 knockout stage , to be implemented by 2026 . Hosts Main article : FIFA World Cup hosts Map of FIFA World Cup final hosts , 1930 -- 2022 . Green : once ; dark green : twice ; light green : planned Selection process Early World Cups were given to countries at meetings of FIFA 's congress . The locations were controversial because South America and Europe were by far the two centres of strength in football and travel between them required three weeks by boat . The decision to hold the first World Cup in Uruguay , for example , led to only four European nations competing . The next two World Cups were both held in Europe . The decision to hold the second of these in France was disputed , as the South American countries understood that the location would alternate between the two continents . Both Argentina and Uruguay thus boycotted the 1938 FIFA World Cup . Since the 1958 FIFA World Cup , to avoid future boycotts or controversy , FIFA began a pattern of alternating the hosts between the Americas and Europe , which continued until the 1998 FIFA World Cup . The 2002 FIFA World Cup , hosted jointly by South Korea and Japan , was the first one held in Asia , and the only tournament with multiple hosts . South Africa became the first African nation to host the World Cup in 2010 . The 2014 FIFA World Cup was hosted by Brazil , the first held in South America since Argentina 1978 , and was the first occasion where consecutive World Cups were held outside Europe . Russian delegates celebrate being chosen as the host of the 2018 FIFA World Cup The host country is now chosen in a vote by FIFA 's Council . This is done under an exhaustive ballot system . The national football association of a country desiring to host the event receives a `` Hosting Agreement '' from FIFA , which explains the steps and requirements that are expected from a strong bid . The bidding association also receives a form , the submission of which represents the official confirmation of the candidacy . After this , a FIFA designated group of inspectors visit the country to identify that the country meets the requirements needed to host the event and a report on the country is produced . The decision on who will host the World Cup is usually made six or seven years in advance of the tournament . However , there have been occasions where the hosts of multiple future tournaments were announced at the same time , as was the case for the 2018 and 2022 World Cups , which were awarded to Russia and Qatar , with Qatar becoming the first Middle Eastern country to host the tournament . For the 2010 and 2014 World Cups , the final tournament is rotated between confederations , allowing only countries from the chosen confederation ( Africa in 2010 , South America in 2014 ) to bid to host the tournament . The rotation policy was introduced after the controversy surrounding Germany 's victory over South Africa in the vote to host the 2006 tournament . However , the policy of continental rotation will not continue beyond 2014 , so any country , except those belonging to confederations that hosted the two preceding tournaments , can apply as hosts for World Cups starting from 2018 . This is partly to avoid a similar scenario to the bidding process for the 2014 tournament , where Brazil was the only official bidder . Performances See also : Results of host nations in the FIFA World Cup Six of the eight champions have won one of their titles while playing in their own homeland , the exceptions being Brazil , who finished as runners - up after losing the deciding match on home soil in 1950 and lost their semifinal against Germany in 2014 , and Spain , which reached the second round on home soil in 1982 . England ( 1966 ) and France ( 1998 ) won their only titles while playing as host nations . Uruguay ( 1930 ) , Italy ( 1934 ) and Argentina ( 1978 ) won their first titles as host nations but have gone on to win again , while Germany ( 1974 ) won their second title on home soil . Other nations have also been successful when hosting the tournament . Switzerland ( quarter - finals 1954 ) , Sweden ( runners - up in 1958 ) , Chile ( third place in 1962 ) , South Korea ( fourth place in 2002 ) , and Mexico ( quarter - finals in 1970 and 1986 ) all have their best results when serving as hosts . So far , South Africa ( 2010 ) has been the only host nation to fail to advance beyond the first round . Attendance See also : List of sports attendance figures Year Host country Venues / Cities Total attendance Matches Average attendance Highest attendances Highest attendance † Venue of best - attended game ( s ) † Best attended game ( s ) † 1930 Uruguay 3 / 1 590,549 18 32,808 93,000 Estadio Centenario , Montevideo Uruguay 6 -- 1 Yugoslavia , Semi-final 1934 Italy 8 / 8 363,000 17 21,353 55,000 Stadio Nazionale PNF , Rome Italy 2 -- 1 Czechoslovakia , Final 1938 France 10 / 9 375,700 18 20,872 58,455 Olympique de Colombes , Paris France 1 -- 3 Italy , Quarter - final 1950 Brazil 6 / 6 1,045,246 22 47,511 171,772 Maracanã Stadium , Rio de Janeiro Brazil 1 -- 2 Uruguay , Deciding match 1954 Switzerland 6 / 6 768,607 26 29,562 63,000 Wankdorf Stadium , Bern West Germany 3 -- 2 Hungary , Final 1958 Sweden 12 / 12 819,810 35 23,423 50,928 Ullevi Stadium , Gothenburg Brazil 2 -- 0 Soviet Union , Group stage 1962 Chile 4 / 4 893,172 32 27,912 68,679 Estadio Nacional , Santiago Brazil 4 -- 2 Chile , Semi-final 1966 England 8 / 7 1,563,135 32 48,848 98,270 Wembley Stadium , London England 4 -- 2 West Germany , Final 1970 Mexico 5 / 5 1,603,975 32 50,124 108,192 Estadio Azteca , Mexico City Mexico 1 -- 0 Belgium , Group stage West Germany 9 / 9 1,865,753 38 49,099 83,168 Olympiastadion , West Berlin West Germany 1 -- 0 Chile , Group stage 1978 Argentina 6 / 5 1,545,791 38 40,679 71,712 River Plate Stadium , Buenos Aires Italy 1 -- 0 Argentina , Group stage 1982 Spain 17 / 14 2,109,723 52 40,572 95,500 Camp Nou , Barcelona Argentina 0 -- 1 Belgium , Opening match 1986 Mexico 12 / 11 2,394,031 52 46,039 114,600 Estadio Azteca , Mexico City Mexico 1 -- 1 Paraguay , Group stage Argentina 3 -- 2 West Germany , Final 1990 Italy 12 / 12 2,516,215 52 48,389 74,765 San Siro , Milan West Germany 4 -- 1 Yugoslavia , Group stage 1994 United States 9 / 9 3,587,538 52 68,991 94,194 Rose Bowl , Pasadena , California Brazil 0 ( 3 ) -- ( 2 ) 0 Italy , Final 1998 France 10 / 10 2,785,100 64 43,517 80,000 Stade de France , Saint - Denis Brazil 0 -- 3 France , Final 2002 South Korea Japan 10 / 10 10 / 10 2,705,197 64 42,269 69,029 International Stadium , Yokohama , Japan Brazil 2 -- 0 Germany , Final 2006 Germany 12 / 12 3,359,439 64 52,491 72,000 Olympiastadion , Berlin Germany 1 ( 4 ) -- ( 2 ) 1 Argentina , Quarter - final South Africa 10 / 9 3,178,856 64 49,670 84,490 Soccer City , Johannesburg Spain 1 -- 0 Netherlands , Final 2014 Brazil 12 / 12 3,429,873 64 53,592 74,738 Maracanã Stadium , Rio de Janeiro Germany 1 -- 0 Argentina , Final 2018 Russia 12 / 11 64 2022 Qatar 8 / 6 64 Overall 37,500,710 836 44,857 171,772 Maracanã Stadium , Rio ( 1950 ) The best - attended single match , shown in the last three columns , has been the final in half of the 20 World Cups as of 2014 . Another match or matches drew more attendance than the final in 1930 , 1938 , 1958 , 1962 , 1970 -- 1982 , 1990 and 2006 . Source : FIFA Broadcasting and promotion See also : List of FIFA World Cup broadcasters Adidas Teamgeist football , commissioned for the 2006 World Cup The World Cup was first televised in 1954 and is now the most widely viewed and followed sporting event in the world . The cumulative audience of all matches of the 2006 World Cup is estimated to be 26.29 billion . 715.1 million individuals watched the final match of this tournament ( a ninth of the entire population of the planet ) . The 2006 World Cup draw , which decided the distribution of teams into groups , was watched by 300 million viewers . The World Cup attracts many sponsors such as Coca - Cola , McDonald 's and Adidas . For these companies and many more , being a sponsor strongly impacts their global brands . Host countries typically experience a multimillion - dollar revenue increase from the month - long event . The governing body of the sport , FIFA , generated $4.8 billion in revenue from the 2014 tournament . Each FIFA World Cup since 1966 has its own mascot or logo . World Cup Willie , the mascot for the 1966 competition , was the first World Cup mascot . Recent World Cups have also featured official match balls specially designed for each World Cup . The World Cup even has a statistically significant effect on birth rates , the male / female sex ratio of newborns , and heart attacks in nations whose national teams are competing . Hosting the World Cup or a home team 's win tends to increase male births and total birth rate , and heart attacks are more common when home teams are on the field . Results See also : List of FIFA World Cup finals Year Hosts Winners Score Runners - up Third Place Score Fourth Place Number of Teams 1930 Details Uruguay Uruguay 4 -- 2 Argentina United States Yugoslavia 13 1934 Details Italy Italy 2 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Czechoslovakia Germany 3 -- 2 Austria 16 1938 Details France Italy 4 -- 2 Hungary Brazil 4 -- 2 Sweden 16 / 15 1950 Details Brazil Uruguay 2 -- 1 Brazil Sweden Spain 16 / 13 1954 Details Switzerland West Germany 3 -- 2 Hungary Austria 3 -- 1 Uruguay 16 1958 Details Sweden Brazil 5 -- 2 Sweden France 6 -- 3 West Germany 16 1962 Details Chile Brazil 3 -- 1 Czechoslovakia Chile 1 -- 0 Yugoslavia 16 1966 Details England England 4 -- 2 ( a.e.t. ) West Germany Portugal 2 -- 1 Soviet Union 16 1970 Details Mexico Brazil 4 -- 1 Italy West Germany 1 -- 0 Uruguay 16 Details West Germany West Germany 2 -- 1 Netherlands Poland 1 -- 0 Brazil 16 1978 Details Argentina Argentina 3 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Netherlands Brazil 2 -- 1 Italy 16 1982 Details Spain Italy 3 -- 1 West Germany Poland 3 -- 2 France 24 1986 Details Mexico Argentina 3 -- 2 West Germany France 4 -- 2 ( a.e.t. ) Belgium 24 1990 Details Italy West Germany 1 -- 0 Argentina Italy 2 -- 1 England 24 1994 Details United States Brazil 0 -- 0 ( a.e.t. ) ( 3 -- 2 PSO ) Italy Sweden 4 -- 0 Bulgaria 24 1998 Details France France 3 -- 0 Brazil Croatia 2 -- 1 Netherlands 32 2002 Details South Korea & Japan Brazil 2 -- 0 Germany Turkey 3 -- 2 South Korea 32 2006 Details Germany Italy 1 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) ( 5 -- 3 PSO ) France Germany 3 -- 1 Portugal 32 Details South Africa Spain 1 -- 0 ( a.e.t. ) Netherlands Germany 3 -- 2 Uruguay 32 2014 Details Brazil Germany 1 -- 0 ( a.e.t. ) Argentina Netherlands 3 -- 0 Brazil 32 2018 Details Russia 32 2022 Details Qatar 32 a.e.t. : after extra time p : after penalty shoot - out Notes Jump up ^ There was no official World Cup Third Place match in 1930 ; The United States and Yugoslavia lost in the semi-finals . FIFA now recognises the United States as the third - placed team and Yugoslavia as the fourth - placed team , using the overall records of the teams in the tournament . Jump up ^ Austria withdrew after the draw as a result of the Anschluss with Germany : some Austrian players subsequently joined the German squad , leaving the tournament with 15 teams . ^ Jump up to : There was no official World Cup final match in 1950 . The tournament winner was decided by a final round - robin group contested by four teams ( Uruguay , Brazil , Sweden , and Spain ) . Coincidentally , one of the last two matches of the tournament pitted the two top ranked teams against each other , with Uruguay 's 2 -- 1 victory over Brazil thus often being considered as the de facto final of the 1950 World Cup . Likewise , the game between the lowest ranked teams , played at the same time as Uruguay vs Brazil , can be considered equal to a Third Place match , with Sweden 's 3 -- 1 victory over Spain ensuring that they finished third . Jump up ^ Only 13 teams played the 1950 FIFA World Cup . 16 teams entered the seeding groups draw . However , Turkey and Scotland both withdrew before the draw ; France ( eliminated in qualifying ) was invited as a replacement , leaving the tournament to be held with 15 teams . After the draw , India and France both withdrew , so only 13 teams participated in the tournament . In all , 77 nations have played in at least one World Cup . Of these , eight national teams have won the World Cup , and they have added stars to their badges , with each star representing a World Cup victory . ( Uruguay , however , choose to display four stars on their badge , representing their two gold medals at the 1924 and 1928 Summer Olympics and their two World Cup titles in 1930 and 1950 ) . With five titles , Brazil are the most successful World Cup team and also the only nation to have played in every World Cup ( 20 ) to date . Brazil were also the first team to win the World Cup for the third ( 1970 ) , fourth ( 1994 ) and fifth ( 2002 ) time . Italy ( 1934 and 1938 ) and Brazil ( 1958 and 1962 ) are the only nations to have won consecutive titles . West Germany ( 1982 -- 1990 ) and Brazil ( 1994 -- 2002 ) are the only nations to appear in three consecutive World Cup finals . Germany has made the most top - four finishes ( 13 ) , medals ( 12 ) , as well as the most finals ( 8 ) . Map of countries ' best results Teams reaching the top four See also : National team appearances in the FIFA World Cup § Comprehensive team results by tournament Team Titles Runners - up Third Place Fourth Place Top 4 Finishes Top 3 Finishes Top 2 Finishes Brazil 5 ( 1958 , 1962 , 1970 , 1994 , 2002 ) 2 ( 1950 * , 1998 ) 2 ( 1938 , 1978 ) 2 ( 1974 , 2014 * ) 11 9 7 Germany ^ 4 ( 1954 , 1974 * , 1990 , 2014 ) 4 ( 1966 , 1982 , 1986 , 2002 ) 4 ( 1934 , 1970 , 2006 * , 2010 ) 1 ( 1958 ) 13 12 8 Italy 4 ( 1934 * , 1938 , 1982 , 2006 ) 2 ( 1970 , 1994 ) 1 ( 1990 * ) 1 ( 1978 ) 8 7 6 Argentina 2 ( 1978 * , 1986 ) 3 ( 1930 , 1990 , 2014 ) & -- & -- 5 5 5 Uruguay 2 ( 1930 * , 1950 ) & -- & -- 3 ( 1954 , 1970 , 2010 ) 5 France 1 ( 1998 * ) 1 ( 2006 ) 2 ( 1958 , 1986 ) 1 ( 1982 ) 5 England 1 ( 1966 * ) & -- & -- 1 ( 1990 ) Spain 1 ( 2010 ) & -- & -- 1 ( 1950 ) Netherlands & -- 3 ( 1974 , 1978 , 2010 ) 1 ( 2014 ) 1 ( 1998 ) 5 Hungary & -- 2 ( 1938 , 1954 ) & -- & -- Czechoslovakia & -- 2 ( 1934 , 1962 ) & -- & -- Sweden & -- 1 ( 1958 * ) 2 ( 1950 , 1994 ) 1 ( 1938 ) Poland & -- & -- 2 ( 1974 , 1982 ) & -- & -- Austria & -- & -- 1 ( 1954 ) 1 ( 1934 ) & -- Portugal & -- & -- 1 ( 1966 ) 1 ( 2006 ) & -- United States & -- & -- 1 ( 1930 ) & -- & -- Chile & -- & -- 1 ( 1962 * ) & -- & -- Croatia & -- & -- 1 ( 1998 ) & -- & -- Turkey & -- & -- 1 ( 2002 ) & -- & -- Yugoslavia & -- & -- & -- 2 ( 1930 , 1962 ) & -- & -- Soviet Union & -- & -- & -- 1 ( 1966 ) & -- & -- Belgium & -- & -- & -- 1 ( 1986 ) & -- & -- Bulgaria & -- & -- & -- 1 ( 1994 ) & -- & -- South Korea & -- & -- & -- 1 ( 2002 * ) & -- & -- * = hosts ^ = includes results representing West Germany between 1954 and 1990 # = states that have since split into two or more independent nations Best performances by continental zones See also : FIFA World Cup results by confederation To date , the final of the World Cup has only been contested by teams from the UEFA ( Europe ) and CONMEBOL ( South America ) confederations . European nations have won eleven titles , while South American have won nine . Only two teams from outside these two continents have ever reached the semi-finals of the competition : USA ( North , Central America and Caribbean ) in 1930 and South Korea ( Asia ) in 2002 . The best result of an African team is reaching the quarter - finals : Cameroon in 1990 , Senegal in 2002 and Ghana in 2010 . Only one Oceanian qualifier , Australia in 2006 , has advanced to the second round . Brazil , Argentina , Spain and Germany are the only teams to win a World Cup outside their continental confederation ; Brazil came out victorious in Europe ( 1958 ) , North America ( 1970 and 1994 ) and Asia ( 2002 ) , Argentina won a World Cup in North America in 1986 , while Spain won a World Cup in Africa in 2010 . Germany was the first European team to win in South America in 2014 . Only on four occasions have consecutive World Cups been won by teams from the same continent , and currently it is the first time with three champions in a row from the same continental confederation . Italy and Brazil successfully defended their titles in 1938 and 1962 respectively , while Italy 's triumph in 2006 has been followed by Spain 's in 2010 and Germany 's in 2014 . Currently , it is also the first time that one of the currently winning continents ( Europe ) is ahead of the other ( South America ) by two championships . Total times teams qualified by confederation AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Total Teams 32 39 39 80 231 425 Top 16 5 9 13 31 81 140 Top 8 5 32 0 94 136 Top 4 0 22 0 56 80 Top 2 0 0 0 14 0 26 40 1st 0 0 0 9 0 11 20 2nd 0 0 0 5 0 15 20 3rd 0 0 0 16 20 4th 0 0 5 0 14 20 Awards Main article : FIFA World Cup awards At the end of each World Cup , awards are presented to the players and teams for accomplishments other than their final team positions in the tournament . There are currently six awards : The Golden Ball for the best player , determined by a vote of media members ( first awarded in 1982 ) ; the Silver Ball and the Bronze Ball are awarded to the players finishing second and third in the voting respectively ; The Golden Boot ( sometimes called the Golden Shoe ) for the top goalscorer ( first awarded in 1982 , but retrospectively applied to all tournaments from 1930 ) ; most recently , the Silver Boot and the Bronze Boot have been awarded to the second and third top goalscorers respectively ; The Golden Glove Award ( formerly the Yashin Award ) for the best goalkeeper , decided by the FIFA Technical Study Group ( first awarded in 1994 ) ; The Best Young Player Award for the best player aged 21 or younger at the start of the calendar year , decided by the FIFA Technical Study Group ( first awarded in 2006 ) ; The FIFA Fair Play Trophy for the team with the best record of fair play , according to the points system and criteria established by the FIFA Fair Play Committee ( first awarded in 1978 ) ; The Most Entertaining Team for the team that has entertained the public the most during the World Cup , determined by a poll of the general public ( first awarded in 1994 ) ; An All - Star Team consisting of the best players of the tournament has also been announced for each tournament since 1998 . Records and Statistics Main article : FIFA World Cup records See also : List of FIFA World Cup winners Lothar Matthäus played a record 25 World Cup matches across a joint record five tournaments Two players share the record for playing in the most World Cups ; Mexico 's Antonio Carbajal ( 1950 -- 1966 ) and Germany 's Lothar Matthäus ( 1982 -- 1998 ) both played in five tournaments . Matthäus has played the most World Cup matches overall , with 25 appearances . Brazil 's Djalma Santos ( 1954 -- 1962 ) , West Germany 's Franz Beckenbauer ( 1966 -- 1974 ) and Germany 's Philipp Lahm ( 2006 -- 2014 ) are the only players to be named to three Finals All - Star Teams . Miroslav Klose of Germany ( 2002 -- 2014 ) is the all - time top scorer at the finals , with 16 goals . He broke Ronaldo of Brazil 's record of 15 goals ( 1998 -- 2006 ) during 2014 semi-final match against Brazil . West Germany 's Gerd Müller ( 1970 -- 1974 ) is third , with 14 goals . The fourth placed goalscorer , France 's Just Fontaine , holds the record for the most goals scored in a single World Cup ; all his 13 goals were scored in the 1958 tournament . In November 2007 , FIFA announced that all members of World Cup - winning squads between 1930 and 1974 were to be retroactively awarded winners ' medals . This made Brazil 's Pelé the only player to have won three World Cup winners ' medals ( 1958 , 1962 , and 1970 , although he did not play in the 1962 final due to injury ) , with 20 other players who have won two winners ' medals . Seven players have collected all three types of World Cup medals ( winners ' , runner - ups ' , and third - place ) ; five players were from West Germany 's squad of 1966 -- 1974 including Franz Beckenbauer , Jürgen Grabowski , Horst - Dieter Höttges , Sepp Maier and Wolfgang Overath ( 1966 -- 1974 ) , Italy 's Franco Baresi ( 1982 , 1990 , 1994 ) and the most recent has been Miroslav Klose of Germany ( 2002 -- 2014 ) with four consecutive medals . Brazil 's Mário Zagallo and West Germany 's Franz Beckenbauer are the only people to date to win the World Cup as both player and head coach . Zagallo won in 1958 and 1962 as a player and in 1970 as head coach . Beckenbauer won in 1974 as captain and in 1990 as head coach . Italy 's Vittorio Pozzo is the only head coach to ever win two World Cups ( 1934 and 1938 ) . All World Cup winning head coaches were natives of the country they coached to victory . Among the national teams , Germany has played the most World Cup matches ( 106 ) and appeared in the most finals ( 8 ) , semi-finals ( 13 ) , quarter - finals ( 16 ) as well as scoring the most World Cup goals ( 224 ) , while Brazil has appeared in the most World Cups ( 20 ) . The two teams have played each other twice in the World Cup , in the 2002 final and in the 2014 semi-final . Top goalscorers Main article : FIFA World Cup top goalscorers Miroslav Klose scored a record 16 goals across four World Cups Players with more than 10 goals at World Cup tournaments Rank Nation Player Goals scored Miroslav Klose 16 Ronaldo 15 Gerd Müller 14 Just Fontaine 13 5 Pelé 12 6 Jürgen Klinsmann 11 Sándor Kocsis 11 All - time table for champions Main article : All - time table of the FIFA World Cup Position Name of Team Participations Pld GF GA GD Pts Avg Pts Trophies Brazil 20 104 70 17 17 221 102 119 227 2.18 5 Germany 18 106 66 20 20 224 121 103 218 2.06 Italy 18 83 45 21 17 128 77 51 156 1.88 Argentina 16 77 42 14 21 131 84 47 140 1.82 5 Spain 14 59 29 12 18 92 66 26 99 1.68 6 England 14 62 26 20 16 79 56 23 98 1.58 7 France 14 59 28 12 19 106 71 35 96 1.63 8 Uruguay 12 51 20 12 19 80 71 9 72 1.41 See also Book : FIFA World Cup Association football portal Wikinews has related news : FIFA receives eleven bids for 2018 and 2022 World Cups Wikimedia Commons has media related to FIFA World Cup . List of FIFA World Cup finals National team appearances in the FIFA World Cup FIFA U-20 World Cup FIFA U-17 World Cup FIFA Club World Cup FIFA Women 's World Cup FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup FIFA Futsal World Cup FIFA Confederations Cup Notes and references ^ Jump up to : `` 2006 FIFA World Cup broadcast wider , longer and farther than ever before '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 6 February 2007 . Retrieved 11 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Tom Dunmore , Historical Dictionary of Soccer , page 235 , quote `` The World Cup is now the most - watched sporting event in the world on television , above even the Olympic Games . '' Jump up ^ Stephen Dobson and John Goddard , The Economics of Football , page 407 , quote `` The World Cup is the most widely viewed sporting event in the world : the estimated cumulative television audience for the 2006 World Cup in Germany was 26.2 billion , an average of 409 million viewers per match . '' Jump up ^ Glenn M. Wong , The Comprehensive Guide to Careers in Sports , page 144 , quote `` The World Cup is the most - watched sporting event in the world . In 2006 , more than 30 billion viewers in 214 countries watched the World Cup on television , and more than 3.3 million spectators attended the 64 matches of the tournament . '' Jump up ^ `` England National Football Team Match No. 1 '' . England Football Online . Retrieved 19 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` British PM backs return of Home Nations championship '' . Agence France - Presse . Retrieved 16 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Elbech , Søren ; Stokkermans , Karel ( 26 June 2008 ) . `` Intermediate Games of the IV . Olympiad '' . rec. sport. soccer Statistics Foundation . Jump up ^ `` History of FIFA -- FIFA takes shape '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' The First World Cup ' . The Sir Thomas Lipton Trophy '' . Shrewsbury and Atcham Borough Council . 10 October 2003 . Archived from the original on 29 November 2003 . Retrieved 11 April 2006 . Jump up ^ `` History of FIFA -- More associations follow '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Reyes , Macario ( 18 October 1999 ) . `` VII . Olympiad Antwerp 1920 Football Tournament '' . rec. sport. soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 10 June 2006 . Jump up ^ `` History of FIFA -- The first FIFA World Cup '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Molinaro , John F. `` The World Cup 's 1st goal scorer '' . CBC . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup Origin '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 June 2010 . Retrieved 19 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Olympic Odyssey so far ... ( Part 1 : 1908 -- 1964 ) '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 9 June 2004 . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Los datos más curiosos de la Fiesta del Fútbol - Brasil 1950 '' . Archived from the original on 1 July 2012 . Retrieved 17 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Scotland and the 1950 World Cup '' . BBC . Retrieved 13 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Glanville Jump up ^ Glanville , p45 Jump up ^ Glanville , p238 Jump up ^ Glanville , p359 Jump up ^ `` Record number of 204 teams enter preliminary competition '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Whittaker , James ( 23 October 2013 ) . `` Caribbean pro league can work '' . Cayman Islands : CompassCayman.com . Retrieved 28 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Blatter , Sepp ( 25 October 2013 ) . `` A level playing field for Africa ! '' ( PDF ) . FIFA Weekly . p. 29 . Retrieved 28 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Morley , Gary ( 25 October 2013 ) . `` Sepp Blatter calls for more African nations at World Cup finals '' . CNN . Retrieved 28 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Dickinson , Matt ( 28 October 2013 ) . `` Michel Platini sets out his plan for the new world order '' . The Times . Retrieved 28 October 2013 . Jump up ^ World Cup could expand to 48 teams , Fifa 's Gianni Infantino suggests - The Guardian , 3 October 2016 Jump up ^ `` Ab 2026 : 48 Teams - Fifa vergrößert die WM '' . SPIEGEL ONLINE . Jump up ^ No byline ( 3 December 2015 ) . `` The FIFA Investigation , Explained '' . New York Times . New York , NY , USA . Retrieved 3 December 2015 . Jump up ^ McLaughlin , Eliott C. ; Botelho , Greg ( 28 May 2015 ) . `` FIFA corruption probe targets ' World Cup of fraud , ' IRS chief says '' . CNN . Cable News Network . Turner Broadcasting System , Inc . Retrieved 3 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fifa crisis : US charges 16 more officials after earlier Zurich arrests '' . BBC News . 4 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Blazer : Bribes accepted for 1998 and 2010 World Cups - Telegraph '' . Telegraph.co.uk. 3 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Swiss police seize IT data from Fifa headquarters '' , The BBC , 10 June 2015 . Retrieved 10 June 2015 Jump up ^ `` Fifa World Cup 2026 bidding process delayed '' . BBC Sport. 10 June 2015 . Retrieved 10 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( 8 October 2015 ) . `` Sepp Blatter , Michel Platini handed 90 - day FIFA suspensions '' . CBC Sports . CBC / Radio Canada . Retrieved 3 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Ruiz , Rebecca ( 3 December 2015 ) . `` FIFA Corruption : Top Officials Arrested at Zurich Hotel '' . New York Times . New York , USA . Retrieved 3 December 2015 . Jump up ^ no byline ( 3 December 2015 ) . `` Fifa crisis : US charges 16 more officials after earlier Zurich arrests '' . BBC Sport . BBC . Retrieved 3 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Women 's World Cup '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 22 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` We Are the World ... Cup '' Archived 9 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine ... China Post . Retrieved 8 September 2017 Jump up ^ `` Regulations Men 's Olympic Football Tournament 2008 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 27 February 2008 . Retrieved 22 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Confederations Cup '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 22 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Task Force for Women 's Football proposes a FIFA Women 's Club World Cup '' . fifa.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Women 's World Cup next up for Canada in 2015 '' . CBC Sports . Retrieved 8 September 2017 Jump up ^ `` Jules Rimet Cup '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup Trophy '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Assets -- Trophy '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Archived from the original on 4 November 2007 . Retrieved 19 November 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` 122 forgotten heroes get World Cup medals '' . ESPNSoccernet.com . ESPN . 25 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 1966 winners honoured '' . BBC Sport. 10 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Jimmy Greaves finally gets his 1966 World Cup medal '' . Mirror.co.uk . MGN . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup qualifying : Treasure - trove of the weird and wonderful '' . FIFA . Retrieved 23 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 World Cup Qualifying '' . ESPNSoccernet.com . ESPN . 26 November 2009 . Archived from the original on 16 December 2008 . Retrieved 23 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` History of the FIFA World Cup Preliminary Competition ( by year ) '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 June 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Formats of the FIFA World Cup final competitions 1930 -- 2010 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 1 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup : seeded teams 1930 -- 2010 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Previously , due to there being fewer finals places and a bigger ratio of European finalists , there had been several occasions where three European teams were in a single group , for example , 1986 ( West Germany , Scotland , and Denmark ) , 1990 ( Italy , Czechoslovakia , and Austria ) , and 1994 ( Italy , Republic of Ireland , and Norway ) . ( `` History of the World Cup Final Draw '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 May 2014. ) Jump up ^ This practice has been installed since the 1986 FIFA World Cup . In some cases during previous tournaments , for example , Argentina 6 -- 0 Peru in Argentina 1978 and West Germany 1 -- 0 Austria in Spain 1982 , teams that played the latter match were perceived to gain an unfair advantage by knowing the score of the earlier match , and subsequently obtaining a result that ensured advancement to the next stage . ( `` 1978 Argentina '' . CBC. ; `` 1982 Spain '' . CBC. ) Jump up ^ `` Regulations of the 2010 FIFA World Cup '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . p. 41 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 26 September 2007 . Retrieved 21 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Stephen Turner `` FIFA approves 48 - team World Cup '' , Sky Sports News , 10 January 2017 . Retrieved on 10 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Uruguay 1930 '' . BBC Sport. 11 April 2002 . Retrieved 13 May 2006 . Jump up ^ `` France 1938 '' . BBC Sport. 17 April 2002 . Retrieved 13 May 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Asia takes World Cup center stage '' . CNN . 3 June 2002 . Retrieved 1 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil will stage 2014 World Cup '' . BBC Sport. 10 October 2007 . Retrieved 1 January 2008 . Jump up ^ Gibson , Owen ( 2 December 2010 ) . `` England beaten as Russia win 2018 World Cup bid '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Jamie ( 2 December 2010 ) . `` Qatar win 2022 World Cup bid '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rotation ends in 2018 '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 29 October 2007 . Retrieved 30 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 1974 - West Germany win on home soil '' . BBC . Retrieved 2 December 2017 Jump up ^ Bevan , Chris . `` France 1 - 2 South Africa '' . BBC . Retrieved 2 December 2017 Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup competition records '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . p. 2 . Retrieved 30 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Socceroos face major challenge : Hiddink '' . ABC Sport. 10 December 2005 . Archived from the original on 30 April 2006 . Retrieved 13 May 2006 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Financial Report 2014 : Frequently Asked Questions '' . FIFA.com. 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Assets -- Mascots '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Archived from the original on 4 November 2007 . Retrieved 19 November 2007 . Jump up ^ Brachfeld , Aaron ( 2 December 2015 ) . `` World Cup affects sex ratio in newborns '' . the Loka Review ( November 2015 ) . Loka Hatha Yoga . Retrieved 24 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Masukume , Gwinyai . `` Possible Effect of the World Cup on Births '' . Improbable Research . Harvard University . Retrieved 2 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Masukume , Gwinyai . `` The sex ratio at birth in South Africa increased 9 months after the 2010 FIFA World Cup '' . Early Human Development . Journal of Early Human Development . Retrieved 2 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1930 FIFA World Cup '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 5 March 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1950 FIFA World Cup '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 5 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup Finals since 1930 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 5 March 2009 . ^ Jump up to : FIFA considers that the national team of Russia succeeds the USSR , the national team of Serbia succeeds the Yugoslavia / Serbia and Montenegro , and the national team of Czech Republic succeeds the Czechoslovakia . ( `` Russia '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . ; `` Serbia '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . ; `` Czech Republic '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 May 2014 . ) . Jump up ^ `` Brazil '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Australia 's qualification in 2006 was through the Oceanian zone as they were a member of the OFC member during qualifying . However , on 1 January 2006 , they left the Oceania Football Confederation and joined the Asian Football Confederation . ^ Jump up to : The 1982 edition in Spain had a format with a second round consisting of 12 teams instead of 16 , 4 of which qualified to the semi-finals . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup awards '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 30 June 2016 . Retrieved 5 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Ball for Zinedine Zidane '' . Soccerway. 10 July 2006 . Retrieved 31 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` adidas Golden Shoe -- FIFA World Cup Final '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kahn named top keeper '' . BBC Sport. 30 June 2002 . Retrieved 31 December 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Pierrend , José Luis ( 18 May 2007 ) . `` FIFA Awards '' . rec. sport. soccer Statistics Foundation . Archived from the original on 12 January 2016 . Retrieved 8 January 2008 . Jump up ^ Yannis , Alex ( 10 November 1999 ) . `` Matthaus Is the Latest MetroStars Savior '' . New York Times . Retrieved 23 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup Hall of Fame : Lothar Matthaeus '' . CNN . Archived from the original on 27 December 2013 . Retrieved 23 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Downie , Andrew ( 24 July 2013 ) . `` Brazil 's twice World Cup winner Djalma Santos dies at 84 '' . Reuters . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Chowdhury , Saj ( 27 June 2006 ) . `` Ronaldo 's riposte '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 23 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Goal machine was Just superb '' . BBC Sport. 4 April 2002 . Retrieved 23 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Kirby , Gentry ( 5 July 2006 ) . `` Pele , King of Futbol '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on 16 December 2008 . Retrieved 23 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil , Germany & Every World Cup Winner from 1930 to 2014 '' . Goal. 13 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Rob ( 11 March 1998 ) . `` No Alternative to Victory for National Coach : 150 Million Brazilians Keep Heat on Zagalo '' . International Herald Tribune . Archived from the original on 26 February 2008 . Retrieved 31 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Brewin , John ( 21 December 2001 ) . `` World Cup Legends -- Franz Beckenbauer '' . ESPNSoccernet.com . ESPN . Archived from the original on 19 November 2009 . Retrieved 31 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 1938 World Cup : Italy repeats as champions '' . CBC. 21 November 2009 . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Curse of the Foreign - Born Coach '' . Wall Street Journal . 13 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` World Football -- All time table '' . World Football . Retrieved 13 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Five Aside : Germany - Brazil preview '' . ESPN . 13 May 2018 . Jump up ^ includes results of West Germany from 1954 to 1990 Bibliography Glanville , Brian ( 2005 ) . The Story of the World Cup . Faber . ISBN 0 - 571 - 22944 - 1 . External links Official website Previous FIFA World Cups FIFA World Cup Tournaments Uruguay 1930 Italy 1934 France 1938 Brazil 1950 Switzerland 1954 Sweden 1958 Chile 1962 England 1966 Mexico 1970 West Germany 1974 Argentina 1978 Spain 1982 Mexico 1986 Italy 1990 United States 1994 France 1998 South Korea / Japan 2002 Germany 2006 South Africa 2010 Brazil 2014 Russia 2018 Qatar 2022 2026 2030 2034 Qualification 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Finals 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Squads 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Seedings 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Broadcasters 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Bids 2014 2018 and 2022 2026 2030 Records and statistics All - time table Goalscorers top goalscorers finals goalscorers hat - tricks own goals Penalty shoot - outs Player appearances Red cards Referees Team appearances Teams with no appearances Miscellaneous Awards Balls Economics Final draw History Hosts Mascots Official films Official songs Organisers Trophy Video games Notes : There was no qualification for the 1930 World Cup as places were given by invitation only . In 1950 , there was no final ; the article is about the decisive match of the final group stage . FIFA World Cup winners 1930 : Uruguay 1934 : Italy 1938 : Italy 1950 : Uruguay 1954 : West Germany 1958 : Brazil 1962 : Brazil 1966 : England 1970 : Brazil 1974 : West Germany 1978 : Argentina 1982 : Italy 1986 : Argentina 1990 : West Germany 1994 : Brazil 1998 : France 2002 : Brazil 2006 : Italy 2010 : Spain 2014 : Germany FIFA World Cup symbols Albums ( Official ) 1994 : Gloryland 1998 : Allez ! Ola ! 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"The 20 World Cup tournaments have been won by eight national teams. Brazil have won five times, and they are the only team to have played in every tournament. The other World Cup winners are Germany and Italy, with four titles each; Argentina and inaugural winner Uruguay, with two titles each; and England, France and Spain, with one title each."
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"five"
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-4749105370824636535 | Wile E. Coyote and the Road Runner | Wile E. Coyote and the Road Runner - wikipedia Wile E. Coyote and the Road Runner Jump to : navigation , search `` The Road Runner '' redirects here . For other uses , see Road Runner ( disambiguation ) . Wile E. Coyote Looney Tunes character First appearance Fast and Furry - ous ( September 17 , 1949 ) Created by Chuck Jones Voiced by Silent ( 1949 -- 1952 ) Mel Blanc ( 1952 -- 1986 , only in Wile E. and Bugs Bunny shorts , and Adventures of the Road Runner ) Joe Alaskey ( 1991 -- 2006 , 2011 ) Maurice LaMarche ( 1994 -- 2008 ) Dee Bradley Baker ( 2003 ) Daran Norris ( 2014 ) J.P. Karliak ( 2015 ; Wabbit - A Looney Tunes Production ) Information Aliases The Coyote Species Coyote Gender Male Nationality American Road Runner Looney Tunes character First appearance Fast and Furry - ous ( September 17 , 1949 ) Created by Chuck Jones Voiced by Paul Julian ( 1949 -- 1994 ) Mel Blanc ( 1968 -- 1986 ) Dee Bradley Baker ( 2003 -- 2006 , 2014 ) Joe Alaskey ( 2011 ) Information Species Greater roadrunner Gender Male Nationality American Wile E. Coyote ( also known simply as `` The Coyote '' ) and the Road Runner are a duo of characters from the Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies series of cartoons . In the cartoons , the Coyote repeatedly attempts to catch and subsequently eat the Road Runner , a fast - running ground bird , but is never successful . Instead of his species ' animal instincts , the Coyote uses absurdly complex contraptions ( sometimes in the manner of Rube Goldberg ) and elaborate plans to pursue his prey , resulting in his devices comically backfiring with the Coyote often getting injured in slapstick fashion . One running gag involves the Coyote trying in vain to shield himself with a little parasol against a great falling boulder that is about to crush him . The characters were created by animation director Chuck Jones in 1948 for Warner Bros. , while the template for their adventures was the work of writer Michael Maltese . The characters star in a long - running series of theatrical cartoon shorts ( the first 16 of which were written by Maltese ) and occasional made - for - television cartoons . It was originally meant to parody chase cartoons like Tom and Jerry , but became popular in its own right . The Coyote appears separately as an occasional antagonist of Bugs Bunny in five shorts from 1952 to 1963 : Operation : Rabbit , To Hare Is Human , Rabbit 's Feat , Compressed Hare , and Hare - Breadth Hurry . While he is generally silent in the Coyote - Road Runner shorts , he speaks with a refined accent in these solo outings ( except for Hare - Breadth Hurry ) , beginning with 1952 's Operation : Rabbit , introducing himself as `` Wile E. Coyote -- Genius '' , voiced with an upper - class accent by Mel Blanc . The Road Runner vocalizes only with a signature sound , `` Beep , Beep '' , recorded by Paul Julian ( although some viewers claim it sounds more like `` meep meep '' ) , and an accompanying `` popping - cork '' tongue noise . To date , 48 cartoons have been made featuring these characters ( including the three CGI shorts ) , the majority by Chuck Jones . TV Guide included Wile E. Coyote in its 2013 list of The 60 Nastiest Villains of All Time . Contents ( hide ) 1 Creation 2 List of cartoons 3 Scenery 4 Acme Corporation 5 Laws and rules 6 Later cartoons 7 Wile E. Coyote and Bugs Bunny 8 Other appearances 9 Spin - offs 9.1 Comic books 9.2 Television 9.3 3 - D shorts 10 Video games 11 In popular culture 12 See also 13 References 14 External links Creation ( edit ) Jones based the Coyote on Mark Twain 's book Roughing It , in which Twain described the coyote as `` a long , slim , sick and sorry - looking skeleton '' that is `` a living , breathing allegory of Want . He is always hungry . '' Jones said he created the Coyote - Road Runner cartoons as a parody of traditional `` cat and mouse '' cartoons such as MGM 's Tom and Jerry , which Jones would work on as a director later in his career . Jones modelled the Coyote 's appearance on fellow animator Ken Harris . The Coyote 's name of Wile E. is a pun of the word `` wily . '' The `` E '' stands for `` Ethelbert '' in one issue of a Looney Tunes comic book . The Coyote 's surname is routinely pronounced with a long `` e '' ( / kaɪˈoʊtiː / ky - OH - tee ) , but in one cartoon short , To Hare Is Human , Wile E. is heard pronouncing it with a diphthong ( / kaɪˈoʊteɪ / ky - OH - tay ) . Early model sheets for the character prior to his initial appearance ( in Fast and Furry - ous ) identified him as `` Don Coyote '' , a pun of the name Don Quixote . List of cartoons ( edit ) The series consists of : 48 shorts , mostly about 6 to 7 minutes long , but including three web cartoons which are `` three - minute , three - dimensional cartoons in widescreen ( scope ) '' . One half - hour special , released theatrically ( 26 minutes ) . One feature - length film that combines live action and animation ( 91 minutes long ) . # Release date Title Duration Credits Acme Corporation devices used Books Studied Story / writing Direction For the Road Runner For the Coyote September 17 , 1949 ( 1949 - 09 - 17 ) Fast and Furry - ous 6 : 55 Michael Maltese Charles M. Jones ACME Super Outfit May 24 , 1952 ( 1952 - 05 - 24 ) Beep , Beep 6 : 45 Michael Maltese Charles M. Jones Aspirin , Matches , Rocket - Powered Roller Skates August 23 , 1952 ( 1952 - 08 - 23 ) Going ! Going ! Gosh ! 6 : 25 Michael Maltese Charles M. Jones an anvil , a weather balloon , a street cleaner 's bin , and a fan September 19 , 1953 ( 1953 - 09 - 19 ) Zipping Along 6 : 55 Michael Maltese Charles M. Jones Giant Kite Kit , Bomb , Detonator , Nitroglycerin , Bird Seed `` Hypnotism Self - Taught '' by Hershenburger 5 August 14 , 1954 ( 1954 - 08 - 14 ) Stop ! Look ! And Hasten ! 7 : 00 Michael Maltese Charles M. Jones Bird Seed , Triple Strength Fortified Leg Muscle Vitamins `` How to Build a Burmese Tiger Trap '' 6 April 30 , 1955 ( 1955 - 04 - 30 ) Ready , Set , Zoom ! 6 : 55 Michael Maltese Charles M. Jones Glue , Female Road - Runner Costume 7 December 10 , 1955 ( 1955 - 12 - 10 ) Guided Muscle 6 : 40 Michael Maltese Charles M. Jones ACME Grease `` How to Tar and Feather a Roadrunner ( 10th printing ) '' 8 May 5 , 1956 ( 1956 - 05 - 05 ) Gee Whiz - z-z-z-z-z-z 6 : 35 Michael Maltese Charles M. Jones ACME Triple Strength Battleship Steel Armor Plate , ACME Batman 's Outfit , Rubber Band , Anvil , Jet Bike ( Made with Iron Handle Bars and a Jet Motor ) None 9 November 10 , 1956 ( 1956 - 11 - 10 ) There They Go - Go - Go ! 6 : 35 Michael Maltese Chuck Jones No ACME branded devices used None 10 January 26 , 1957 ( 1957 - 01 - 26 ) Scrambled Aches 6 : 50 Michael Maltese Chuck Jones ACME Dehydrated Boulders , Outboard Steam Roller 11 September 14 , 1957 ( 1957 - 09 - 14 ) Zoom and Bored 6 : 15 Michael Maltese Chuck Jones ACME Bumblebees 12 April 12 , 1958 ( 1958 - 04 - 12 ) Whoa , Be-Gone ! 6 : 10 Michael Maltese Chuck Jones Tornado Kit , Rubber Band ( For Tripping Road - Runners ) , Water Pistol 13 October 11 , 1958 ( 1958 - 10 - 11 ) Hook , Line and Stinker 5 : 55 Michael Maltese Chuck Jones Bird Seed 14 December 6 , 1958 ( 1958 - 12 - 06 ) Hip Hip - Hurry ! 6 : 13 Michael Maltese Chuck Jones Hi - Speed Tonic , Mouse Snare 15 May 9 , 1959 ( 1959 - 05 - 09 ) Hot - Rod and Reel ! 6 : 25 Michael Maltese Chuck Jones Jet - Propelled Pogo Stick , Jet - Propelled Unicycle 16 October 10 , 1959 ( 1959 - 10 - 10 ) Wild About Hurry 6 : 45 Michael Maltese Chuck Jones Giant Elastic Rubber Band , 5 Miles of Railroad Track , Rocket Sled , Bird Seed , Iron Pellets , Indestructo Steel Ball 17 January 9 , 1960 ( 1960 - 01 - 09 ) Fastest with the Mostest 7 : 20 Chuck Jones Chuck Jones Balloon Basket , Balloon , 18 October 8 , 1960 ( 1960 - 10 - 08 ) Hopalong Casualty 6 : 05 Chuck Jones Chuck Jones Christmas Packaging Machine , Earthquake Pills 19 January 21 , 1961 ( 1961 - 01 - 21 ) Zip ' N Snort 5 : 50 Chuck Jones Chuck Jones Iron Pellets , Bird Seed , Axle Grease 20 June 3 , 1961 ( 1961 - 06 - 03 ) Lickety - Splat 6 : 20 Chuck Jones Chuck Jones , Abe Levitow Roller skis , Boomerang 21 November 11 , 1961 ( 1961 - 11 - 11 ) Beep Prepared 6 : 00 John Dunn , Chuck Jones Chuck Jones , Maurice Noble ACME Iron Bird Seed Iron Bird Seed , Little - Giant Do - It - Yourself Rocket Sled Film June 2 , 1962 ( 1962 - 06 - 02 ) Adventures of the Road Runner 26 : 00 John Dunn Michael Maltese Chuck Jones Acme Batman 's Outfit 22 June 30 , 1962 ( 1962 - 06 - 30 ) Zoom at the Top 6 : 30 Chuck Jones Chuck Jones , Maurice Noble Bird seed , instant icicle - maker , boomerang 23 December 28 , 1963 ( 1963 - 12 - 28 ) To Beep or Not to Beep 6 : 35 John Dunn , Chuck Jones Chuck Jones , Maurice Noble 24 June 6 , 1964 ( 1964 - 06 - 06 ) War and Pieces 6 : 40 John Dunn Chuck Jones , Maurice Noble Invisible Paint 25 January 1 , 1965 ( 1965 - 01 - 01 ) Zip Zip Hooray ! 6 : 15 John Dunn Chuck Jones 26 February 1 , 1965 ( 1965 - 02 - 01 ) Road Runner a Go - Go 6 : 05 John Dunn Chuck Jones None , although Wile E. Coyote does study a film 27 February 27 , 1965 ( 1965 - 02 - 27 ) The Wild Chase 6 : 30 Friz Freleng , Hawley Pratt Iron Pellets , Bird Seed , Cheese 28 July 31 , 1965 ( 1965 - 07 - 31 ) Rushing Roulette 6 : 20 David Detiege Robert McKimson Sproing Boots 29 August 21 , 1965 ( 1965 - 08 - 21 ) Run , Run , Sweet Road Runner 6 : 00 Rudy Larriva 30 September 18 , 1965 ( 1965 - 09 - 18 ) Tired and Feathered 6 : 20 Robert McKimson Rudy Larriva Dynamite , Assorted Washers Birds And Their Habitat 31 October 9 , 1965 ( 1965 - 10 - 09 ) Boulder Wham ! 6 : 30 Len Janson Rudy Larriva Deluxe Hi - bounce Trampoline Kit Hypnotism for Beginners 32 October 30 , 1965 ( 1965 - 10 - 30 ) Just Plane Beep 6 : 45 Don Jurwich Rudy Larriva War Surplus Biplane untitled flight instruction book 33 November 13 , 1965 ( 1965 - 11 - 13 ) Hairied and Hurried 6 : 45 Nick Bennion Rudy Larriva Snow Machine , Magnetic Gun , Practice Bombs , Super Bomb , Kit 34 December 11 , 1965 ( 1965 - 12 - 11 ) Highway Runnery 6 : 45 Al Bertino Rudy Larriva 35 December 25 , 1965 ( 1965 - 12 - 25 ) Chaser on the Rocks 6 : 45 Tom Dagenais Rudy Larriva 36 January 8 , 1966 ( 1966 - 01 - 08 ) Shot and Bothered 6 : 30 Nick Bennion Rudy Larriva Suction Cups 37 January 29 , 1966 ( 1966 - 01 - 29 ) Out and Out Rout 6 : 00 Dale Hale Rudy Larriva No ACME labeled devices used . `` Hunting Birds '' , `` The History of Speed '' , `` How to Sail '' 38 February 19 , 1966 ( 1966 - 02 - 19 ) The Solid Tin Coyote 6 : 15 Don Jurwich Rudy Larriva 39 March 12 , 1966 ( 1966 - 03 - 12 ) Clippety Clobbered 6 : 15 Tom Dagenais Rudy Larriva 40 November 5 , 1966 ( 1966 - 11 - 05 ) Sugar and Spies 6 : 20 Tom Dagenais Robert McKimson Do - it - Yourself Kit Remote Control Missile - Bombs 41 November 27 , 1979 ( 1979 - 11 - 27 ) Freeze Frame 6 : 05 John W. Dunn Chuck Jones Chuck Jones Instant Snow Maker , Speed Skates , Jet - Propelled Skis , Dog Sled , 92 lb . Dogs , Rocking Horse , Road - Runner Lasso Everything You Always Wanted To Know About Road Runners ( But Were Afraid To Ask ) 42 May 21 , 1980 ( 1980 - 05 - 21 ) Soup or Sonic 9 : 10 Chuck Jones Chuck Jones , Phil Monroe Frisbee Disc , Little - Giant Fire Crackers , Giant Fly Trap , Explosive Tennis Balls , 43 December 21 , 1994 ( 1994 - 12 - 21 ) Chariots of Fur 7 : 00 Chuck Jones Chuck Jones Giant Mouse Trap , Instant Road , Cactus Costume , Lightning Bolts 44 December 30 , 2000 ( 2000 - 12 - 30 ) Little Go Beep 7 : 55 Kathleen Helppie - Shipley , Earl Kress Spike Brandt Badger Trap , Stretch Hamstring , Jack in the Box with a Boxing Glove and a Big Trike with Aqua Rockets 45 November 1 , 2003 ( 2003 - 11 - 01 ) The Whizzard of Ow 7 : 00 Chris Kelly Bret Haaland Book of Magic , Flying Broom , Bomb , Clear Paint `` ACME Book of Magic '' Film November 14 , 2003 ( 2003 - 11 - 14 ) Looney Tunes : Back in Action 91 : 00 Larry Doyle Joe Dante Missile Launcher , Train of Death , Anvil , 46 July 30 , 2010 ( 2010 - 07 - 30 ) Coyote Falls 2 : 59 Tom Sheppard Matthew O'Callaghan Bird Seed , Bungee Cord 47 September 24 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 24 ) Fur of Flying 3 : 03 Tom Sheppard Matthew O'Callaghan Acme Bonnie Bike , Acme Mega-Motor , Acme Football Helmet , Acme Ceiling Fan 48 December 17 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 17 ) Rabid Rider 3 : 07 Tom Sheppard Matthew O'Callaghan Acme Hyper - Sonic Transport 49 June 10 , 2014 Flash in the Pain 3 : 13 Tom Sheppard Matthew O'Callaghan Acme Molecular Transporter Re-edited from Adventures of the Road - Runner , by Chuck Jones , and with new music direction from Bill Lava . Re-edited from Adventures of the Road - Runner , by DePatie - Freleng Enterprises These cartoons were shown with a feature - length film . Chariots of Fur was shown with Richie Rich , Coyote Falls was shown with Cats & Dogs : The Revenge of Kitty Galore , Fur of Flying was shown with Legend of the Guardians : The Owls of Ga'Hoole , Rabid Rider was shown with Yogi Bear . Flash in the Pain was shown at the Annecy International Animated Film Festival on June 10 , 2014 . Actual Latin name of the greater roadrunner and coyote respectively In Stop ! Look ! And Hasten ! , Wile E. follows the instructions in a manual titled How to Build a Burmese Tiger Trap . Hearing the trap activated , he leaps in and immediately withdraws , panicked , because instead of the Road Runner he has caught an actual Burmese tiger , who is identified as such and given the pseudo-Latin name `` surprisibus ! surprisibus ! '' . In Soup or Sonic , the beep , beep of the Road Runner is also given the pseudo-Latin name beepus - beepus . It might also be noted that in this cartoon , Wile E. finally catches the Road Runner ; however , he has been shrunk down to minute size and is dwarfed by the Road Runner . Recovering from the shock , he then turns to the viewer and holds up two signs that read : Okay wise guys , you always wanted me to catch him . and Now what do I do ? Scenery ( edit ) This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( January 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Zoom and Bored , 1957 The desert scenery in the first two Road Runner cartoons , Fast and Furry - ous ( 1949 ) and Beep , Beep ( 1952 ) , was designed by Robert Gribbroek and was quite realistic . In most later cartoons the scenery was designed by Maurice Noble and was far more abstract . Several styles were used . In The Wild Chase ( 1965 ) , featuring a race between the Road Runner and Speedy Gonzales , it is stated that the Road Runner is from Texas , insofar as the race announcer calls it the `` Texas Road Burner . '' That suggests that most of the Road Runner and Coyote cartoons could take place in Texas . However , in To Beep or Not to Beep , the catapult is constructed by the Road - Runner Manufacturing Company , which has locations in Taos , Phoenix , Santa Fe , and Flagstaff , suggesting that it takes place in or near the Four Corners ( Arizona , New Mexico , Utah , Colorado ) region , specifically Monument Valley . In Going ! Going ! Gosh ! ( late 1952 ) through Guided Muscle ( late 1954 ) the scenery was `` semi-realistic '' with an offwhite sky ( possibly suggesting overcast / cloudy weather condition ) . Gravity - defying rock formations appeared in Ready , Set , Zoom ! ( early 1954 ) . A bright yellow sky made its debut in Gee Whiz - z-z-z-z-z-z ( 1956 ) but was not used consistently until There They Go - Go - Go ! , later in the same year . Zoom and Bored ( late 1957 ) introduced a major change in background style . Sharp , top - heavy rock formations became more prominent , and warm colors ( yellow , orange , and red ) were favored . Bushes were crescent - shaped . Except for Whoa , Be-Gone ! ( early 1958 ) , whose scenery design harked back to Guided Muscle in certain aspects ( such as off - white sky ) , this style of scenery was retained as far as Fastest with the Mostest ( 1960 ) . Hopalong Casualty ( 1960 ) changed the color scheme , with the sky reverting to blue , and some rocks becoming off - white , while the bright yellow desert sand color is retained , along with the ' sharp ' style of rock formations pioneered by Zoom and Bored . The crescent shapes used for bushes starting with Zoom and Bored were retained , and also applied to clouds . In the last scene of War and Pieces ( 1964 ) , Wile E. Coyote 's rocket blasts him through the center of the Earth to China , which is portrayed with abstract Oriental backgrounds . The Format Films cartoons used a style of scenery similar to Hopalong Casualty and its successors , albeit less detailed and with small puffy clouds rather than crescent - shaped ones . Freeze Frame , a made - for - television short originally shown as part of the 1979 CBS special Bugs Bunny 's Looney Christmas Tales , depicts the Road Runner taking a turn that leads the chase into mountains and across a wintry landscape of ice and snow . Acme Corporation ( edit ) Main article : Acme Corporation Wile E. Coyote often obtains various complex and ludicrous devices from a mail - order company , the fictitious Acme Corporation , which he hopes will help him catch the Road Runner . The devices invariably fail in improbable and spectacular fashion . Whether this is a result of operator error or faulty merchandise is debatable . The coyote usually ends up burnt to a crisp , squashed flat , or at the bottom of a canyon ( some shorts show him suffering a combination of these fates ) . Occasionally , Acme products do work quite well ( e.g. the Dehydrated Boulders , Bat - Man Outfit , Rocket Sled , Jet Powered Roller Skates , or Earthquake Pills ) . In this case , their success often works against the coyote . For example , the Dehydrated Boulder , upon hydration , becomes so large that it crushes him , or the Coyote finds out that the Earthquake Pills bottle label 's fine print states that the pills are n't effective on road runners , right after he swallows the whole bottle , thinking they 're ineffective . Other times he uses items that are implausible , such as a superhero outfit , thinking he could fly wearing it . ( He can not . ) How the coyote acquires these products without money is not explained until the 2003 movie Looney Tunes : Back in Action , in which he is shown to be an employee of Acme . In a Tiny Toon Adventures episode , Wile E. makes mention of his protégé Calamity Coyote possessing an unlimited Acme credit card account , which might serve as another possible explanation . Wile E. being a `` beta tester '' for Acme has been another suggested explanation . Wile E. also uses war equipment such as cannons , rocket launchers , grenades , and bayonets which are `` generic '' , i.e. not Acme products . In a Cartoon Network commercial promoting Looney Tunes , they ask the Coyote why he insists on purchasing products from the Acme Corporation when all previous contraptions have backfired on him , to which the Coyote responds with a wooden sign ( right after another item blows up in his face ) : `` Good line of Credit . '' In Whoa , Be-Gone ! , after successfully avoiding being hit by his own rocket , the coyote is run over by an `` ACME '' truck emerging from a tunnel . The company name was likely chosen for its irony ( acme means the highest point , as of achievement or development ) . Also , a company named ACME would have shown up in the first part of a telephone directory . Some people have said ACME comes from the common expansion A ( or American ) Company that Makes ( or Making ) Everything , a backronym of the word . The origin of the name might also be related to the Acme company that built a fine line of animation stands and optical printers ; however , the most likely explanation is the Sears house brand called Acme that appeared in their ubiquitous early 1900s mail - order catalogues . In two Road Runner and Wile E. Coyote short films , Ajax ( Disney ) was used instead of Acme Corporation . In some others , the names `` A-1 '' and `` Ace '' and `` Fleet - Foot '' are used . In August , September and October 1982 , the National Lampoon published a three part series chronicling the lawsuit Wile E. filed against the Acme Corporation over the faulty items they sold him in his pursuit of the Road Runner . Even though the Road Runner appeared as a witness for the plaintiff , the Coyote still lost the suit . Laws and rules ( edit ) As in other cartoons , the Road Runner and the coyote follow certain laws of cartoon physics , peculiar to an animation universe . Some examples : Animation vs. Reality Mixing : the Road Runner has the ability to enter the painted image of a cave , while the coyote can not ( unless there is an opening through which he can fall ) . Sometimes , however , this is reversed , and the Road Runner can burst through a painting of a broken bridge and continue on his way , while the Coyote will instead enter the painting and fall down the precipice of the cliff where the bridge is out . Gravity : sometimes the coyote is allowed to hang in midair until he realizes that he is about to plummet into a chasm ( a process occasionally referred to elsewhere as Road - Runnering or a Wile E. Coyote moment ) . The coyote can overtake rocks ( or cannons ) which fall earlier than he does , and end up being squashed by them . If a chase sequence runs over the edge of a cliff , the Road Runner is not affected by gravity , whereas the Coyote will be subject to normal earth gravity and eventually fall to the ground below . The Road Runner is able to run fast enough to go through time The Coyote always loses and his elaborate mechanisms always backfire : A chase sequence that happens upon railroad tracks inevitably results in the Coyote being run over by a train . If the Coyote uses an explosive ( commonly dynamite ) that is triggered by a mechanism that is supposed to force the explosive in a forward motion toward its target , the actual mechanism itself will always shoot forward , leaving the explosive behind to detonate in the Coyote 's face . Delayed Reaction : ( a ) a complex apparatus that is supposed to propel an object like a boulder or steel ball forward , or trigger a trap , will not work on the Road Runner , but always does so perfectly on the Coyote - when he inspects it after its failure to ensnare the Road Runner . ( b ) the Road Runner can jump up and down on the trigger of a large animal trap and eat the intended trap trigger bird seed off it and leave unharmed without setting off the trap ; but when the Coyote places the tiniest droplet of oil on the trigger , the trap snaps shut on him without fail . On other occasions , the Coyote dons an exquisite Acme costume or propulsion device that briefly allows him to catch up to the Road Runner , but ultimately always results in him losing track of his proximity to large cliffs or walls , and while the Road Runner darts around an extremely sharp turn near a cliff defying physics , the Coyote succumbs to physics and will rocket right over the edge and plummet spectacularly to the ground . In his book Chuck Amuck : The Life and Times of an Animated Cartoonist , Chuck Jones claimed that he and the artists behind the Road Runner and Wile E. cartoons adhered to some simple but strict rules : `` The Road Runner can not harm the Coyote except by going `` beep beep '' . '' This rule was broken in Clippety Clobbered when the Road Runner drops a boulder on the Coyote after painting it with `` invisible paint '' , and has been broken in several CGI shorts from The Looney Tunes Show . `` No outside force can harm the Coyote -- only his own ineptitude or the failure of Acme products . '' Trains and trucks were the exceptions from time to time . `` The Coyote could stop anytime -- if he were not a fanatic . ( Repeat : `` A fanatic is one who redoubles his effort when he has forgotten his aim . '' -- George Santayana ) . '' `` No dialogue ever , except `` beep - beep ! '' '' This rule was violated in some cartoons such as in Zoom at the Top where the Coyote says the word `` Ouch '' after he gets hurt in a bear trap . `` The Road Runner must stay on the road -- otherwise , logically , he would not be called a Road Runner . '' This rule was broken in several shorts including cactus patches , mines , cliff edges , mountain tops and railways . `` All action must be confined to the natural environment of the two characters -- the southwest American desert . '' `` All materials tools , weapons , or mechanical conveniences must be obtained from the Acme Corporation . '' Although in Rushing Roulette , the Coyote uses AJAX Stix - All glue . In Zip ' N Snort , aside from the ACME Iron Pellets , Wile E. also had a box of AJAX Bird Seed . In Fast and Furry - ous , even though one item , the Super Outfit , was from ACME , for some reason the Jet - Propelled Tennis Shoes was from `` Fleet - Feet '' . `` Whenever possible , make gravity the Coyote 's greatest enemy . '' For example , falling off a cliff . `` The Coyote is always more humiliated than harmed by his failures . '' As noted above , these rules were not always followed . And in an interview years after the series was made , principal writer of the original 16 episodes Michael Maltese stated he had never heard of these or any `` rules '' and dismissed them as `` post production observation '' . Later cartoons ( edit ) The original Chuck Jones productions ended in 1963 after Jack L. Warner closed the Warner Bros. animation studio . War and Pieces , the last Road Runner short directed by Jones , was released in mid-1964 . By that time , David DePatie and veteran director Friz Freleng had formed DePatie - Freleng Enterprises , moved into the facility just emptied by Warner , and signed a license with Warner Bros. to produce cartoons for the big studio to distribute . Their first cartoon to feature the Road Runner was The Wild Chase , directed by Freleng in 1965 . The premise was a race between the bird and `` the fastest mouse in all of Mexico , '' Speedy Gonzales , with the Coyote and Sylvester the Cat each trying to make a meal out of his usual target . Much of the material was animation rotoscoped from earlier Runner and Gonzales shorts , with the other characters added in . In total , DePatie - Freleng produced 14 Road Runner cartoons , two of which were directed by Robert McKimson ( Rushing Roulette , 1965 , and Sugar and Spies , 1966 ) . Due to cuts in the number of frames used per second in animated features , many of these final Road Runner features were cheap looking and jerky . Also , the music was very different and of poorer quality than the older features ( a byproduct of incoming music director Bill Lava , who replaced the suddenly deceased Milt Franklyn and retired Carl Stalling and whose style clashed noticeably with his predecessors ) . That was disappointing to fans of the original shorts , and many felt it was the final death knell for animation . The remaining eleven were subcontracted to Format Films and directed under ex-Warner Bros. animator Rudy Larriva . The `` Larriva Eleven '' , as the series was later called , lacked the fast - paced action of the Chuck Jones originals and was poorly received by critics . In Of Mice and Magic , Leonard Maltin calls the series `` witless in every sense of the word . '' In addition , except for the planet Earth scene at the tail end of `` Highway Runnery '' , there was only one clip of the Coyote 's fall to the ground , used over and over again . These cartoons can easily be distinguished from Chuck Jones ' cartoons , because they feature the modern `` Abstract WB '' Looney Tunes opening and closing sequences , and they use the same music cues over and over again in the cartoons , also by Lava . Only one of those eleven cartoons -- Run , Run , Sweet Road Runner -- had music that was actually scored instead of the same music cues . Another clear clue is that Jones ' previously described `` Laws '' for the characters were not followed with any significant fidelity , nor were there Latin phrases used when introducing the characters . Wile E. Coyote and Bugs Bunny ( edit ) Wile E. Coyote has also unsuccessfully attempted to catch and eat Bugs Bunny in another series of cartoons . In these cartoons , the coyote takes on the guise of a self - described `` super genius '' and speaks with a smooth , generic upper - class accent provided by Mel Blanc . While he is incredibly intelligent , he is limited by technology and his own short - sighted arrogance , and is thus often easily outsmarted , a somewhat physical symbolism of `` street smarts '' besting `` book smarts '' . In one short ( Hare - Breadth Hurry , 1963 ) , Bugs -- with the help of `` speed pills '' -- even stands in for Road Runner , who has `` sprained a giblet '' while `` cornering a sharp coive the other day '' , and carries out the duties of outsmarting the hungry scavenger . That is the only Bugs Bunny / Wile E. Coyote short in which the coyote does not speak , and to use the Wile E. Coyote / Road Runner cartoon formula . As usual , Wile E. Coyote ends up falling down a canyon and fails to catch and eat Bugs Bunny , much like how the coyote fails to catch and eat the Road Runner . In a later , made - for - TV short , which had a young Elmer Fudd chasing a young Bugs , Elmer also falls down a canyon . On the way down he is overtaken by Wile E. Coyote who shows a sign telling Elmer to get out of the way for someone who is more experienced in falling . Other appearances ( edit ) In the 1962 pilot for a proposed television series ( but instead released as a theatrical featurrette titled Adventures of the Road - Runner -- when the project failed as TV pilot , it was re-edited into To Beep or Not to Beep by Chuck Jones with additional new music by Bill Lava . But a few years later , the short was re-edited again into Zip Zip Hooray ! and Road Runner a Go - Go , by DePatie - Freleng Enterprises ) . Chuck 's 1979 movie The Bugs Bunny / Road Runner Movie features many of Chuck 's characters , including Wile E. and Road Runner . However , whereas most of the featured cartoons are single shorts or sometimes isolated clips , the footage of Wile E. and Road Runner is taken from several different cartoons and compiled to run as one extended sequence . Wile E. and the Road Runner have two cameo roles in Robert Zemeckis ' Who Framed Roger Rabbit first silhouetted when the elevator maneuvered by Droopy goes up , and then during the final scene in Marvin Acme 's factory with several other studio characters . Wile E. and the Road Runner appear as members of the Tune Squad team in Space Jam . There , Wile E. rigs one of the basketball hoops with dynamite to prevent one of the Monstars from scoring a slam dunk . And during practice before Lola Bunny shows up , Wile E. gets his hands on a basketball , but the Road Runner steals the ball from him , and heads into a painted image . But Wile E. does n't know it 's a painted image , and he runs right into it . Wile E. appears as an employee of the Acme Corporation in Looney Tunes : Back in Action . There , his role is similar to that of Mustafa from the Austin Powers movies . Wile E. also makes a brief cameo in Tweety 's High - Flying Adventure , being held by the neck by the Tasmanian Devil holding up a sign that says `` Mother '' before they both fall in the sea . Wile E. is an employee at Daffy Duck 's store , in the film Bah , Humduck ! A Looney Tunes Christmas . He is seen staring hungrily at a vending machine but Daffy does not allow him to eat during work hours . The Road Runner also appears as a delivery boy . The two appeared in many different advertisements for Shell , Honey Nut Cheerios and Wile E. appears without the bird in adverts for the Energizer Bunny . In 2012 , both Wile E. and Road Runner appeared in a GEICO commercial , in which the wandering gecko is lost . While he is doing so , he nearly gets crushed with an anvil , and then a piano . Just after this happens , Road Runner runs up to him , says his trademark phrase , `` Beep beep ! '' and goes on his way . The gecko then gets confused about the Road Runner 's catchphrase by saying `` Meep , meep . '' Suddenly , Wile E. , chasing the Road Runner , runs up , sees the gecko and imagines him as his dinner , but while doing so , is driven into the ground by a falling ACME safe . The commercial ends with the gecko concluding , `` What a strange place . '' The Road Runner is the mascot for a brand of ice melt manufactured by Scotwood Industries . The Road Runner at one point was the mascot for Time Warner Cable Internet 's Road Runner High Speed Online , during the period when both entities were under the AOL Time Warner corporate umbrella . After the companies broke up in 2009 , Time Warner Cable continued to license the Road Runner name and iconography until the service was rebranded in 2012 as Time Warner Cable Internet . The two also appeared in the web cartoons `` Wild King Dumb '' , `` Judge Granny : Case 2 '' and `` Wile E. Coyote Ugly '' on looneytunes.com . Plymouth licensed the Road Runner 's image for the Plymouth Road Runner muscle car . Several styles of decals featuring the Road Runner were put on the cars from 1968 to 1974 . Chrysler 's engineering department went to considerable trouble and expense to develop a car horn that made the classic `` meep meep '' sound of the Road Runner for the model . A `` meep meep '' horn is still available from aftermarket auto parts company J.C. Whitney . Wile E. appears as a defendant on the show Night Court and is subjected to a stern lecture by Judge Harold T. Stone , who tells him to `` go to a restaurant , a supermarket , but leave that poor bird alone ! '' and finds Wile E. guilty of harassment . The two have also appeared in the National Australia Bank 's `` More Give , Less Take '' advertising campaign in 2012 . Spin - offs ( edit ) There They Go - Go - Go ! In another series of Warner Bros. Looney Tunes cartoons , Chuck Jones used the character design ( model sheets and personality ) of Wile E. Coyote as `` Ralph Wolf '' . In this series , Ralph continually attempts to steal sheep from a flock being guarded by the eternally vigilant Sam Sheepdog . As with the Road Runner and Coyote series , Ralph Wolf uses all sorts of wild inventions and schemes to steal the sheep , but he is continually foiled by the sheepdog . In a move seen by many as a self - referential gag , Ralph Wolf continually tries to steal the sheep not because he is a fanatic ( as Wile E. Coyote was ) , but because it is his job . In every cartoon , he and the sheepdog punch a timeclock , exchange pleasantries , go to work , take a lunch break , and clock out to go home for the day , all according to a factory - like blowing whistle . The most obvious difference between the coyote and the wolf , aside from their locales , is that Wile E. has a black nose and Ralph has a red nose . Comic books ( edit ) Wile E. was called Kelsey Coyote in his comic book debut , a Henery Hawk story in Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies # 91 ( May 1949 ) . He only made a couple of other appearances at this time and did not have his official name yet that was used since Operation : Rabbit ( his second appearance ) . The first appearance of the Road Runner in a comic book was in Bugs Bunny Vacation Funnies # 8 ( August 1958 ) published by Dell Comics . The feature is titled `` Beep Beep the Road Runner '' and the story `` Desert Dessert '' . It presents itself as the first meeting between Beep Beep and Wile E. ( whose mailbox reads `` Wile E. Coyote , Inventor and Genius '' ) , and introduces the Road Runner 's wife , Matilda , and their three newly hatched sons ( though Matilda would soon disappear from the comics ) . This story established the convention that the Road Runner family talked in rhyme in the comics ( The Road Runner also talked in rhyme in many children book adoptions of the cartoons ) . Dell initially published a dedicated `` Beep Beep the Road Runner '' comic as part of Four Color Comics # 918 , 1008 , and 1046 before launching a separate series for the character numbered # 4 -- 14 ( 1960 -- 1962 ) , with the three try - out issues counted as the first three numbers . After a hiatus , Gold Key Comics took over the character with issues # 1 -- 88 ( 1966 -- 1984 ) . During the 1960s , the artwork was done by Pete Alvarado and Phil DeLara ; from 1966 -- 1969 , the Gold Key issues consisted of Dell reprints . Afterward , new stories began to appear , initially drawn by Alvarado and De Lara before Jack Manning became the main artist for the title . New and reprinted Beep Beep stories also appeared in Golden Comics Digest and Gold Key 's revival of Looney Tunes in the 1970s . During this period , Wile E. 's middle name was revealed to be `` Ethelbert '' in the story `` The Greatest of E 's '' in issue # 53 ( cover - date September 1975 ) of Gold Key Comics ' licensed comic book , Beep Beep the Road Runner . The Road Runner and Wile E. also make appearances in the DC Comics Looney Tunes title . Wile E. was able to speak in some of his appearances in the DC comics . In 2017 , DC Comics featured a Looney Tunes and DC Comics crossovers that reimagined the characters in a darker style . Road Runner and Wile E. Coyote had a crossover with the bounty hunter Lobo in The Lobo / Road Runner Special . In this version , Road Runner , Wile E , and other Looney Tunes character are reimagined as standard animals who were experimented upon with alien DNA at Acme to transform them into their cartoon forms . In the backup story done in more traditional cartoon style , Lobo tries to hunt down Road Runner , but is limited by Bugs to be more kid - friendly in his language and approach . Television ( edit ) The Road Runner and the Coyote appeared on Saturday mornings as the stars of their own TV series , The Road Runner Show , from September 1966 to September 1968 , on CBS . At this time it was merged with The Bugs Bunny Show to become The Bugs Bunny and Road Runner Show , running from 1968 to 1985 . The show was later seen on ABC until 2000 , and on Global until 2001 . The theme song of the TV series went as follows : If you 're on a highway and Road Runner goes Beep - Beep , Just step aside or you might end up in a heap . Road Runner , Road Runner runs on the road all day , Even the Coyote ca n't make him change his ways . Chorus : Road Runner , The Coyote 's after you ! Road Runner , If he catches you , you 're through ! ( repeat of chorus ) That Coyote is really a crazy clown ; When will he learn that he never can mow him down ? Poor little Road Runner never bothers anyone ; Just running down the road 's his idea of having fun ! ( non-verbal chorus and repeat of chorus ) In the 1970s , Chuck Jones directed some Road Runner short films for the educational children 's TV series The Electric Company . These short cartoons used the Coyote and the Road Runner to display words for children to read , but the cartoons themselves are a refreshing return to Jones ' glory days . In 1979 , Freeze Frame , in which Jones moved the chase from the desert to snow - covered mountains , was seen as part of Bugs Bunny 's Looney Christmas Tales . At the end of Bugs Bunny 's Portrait of the Artist as a Young Bunny ( the initial sequence of Chuck Jones ' TV special , Bugs Bunny 's Bustin ' Out All Over ) , Bugs mentions to the audience that he and Elmer may have been the first pair of characters to have chase scenes in these cartoons , but then a pint - sized baby Wile E. Coyote ( wearing a diaper and holding a small knife and fork ) runs right in front of Bugs , chasing a gold - colored , mostly unhatched ( except for the tail , which is sticking out ) Road Runner egg , which is running rapidly while some high - pitched `` beep , beep '' noises can be heard . This was followed by the full - fledged Runner / Coyote short , Soup or Sonic . Earlier in that story , while kid Elmer was falling from a cliff , Wile E. Coyote 's adult self tells him to move over and leave falling to people who know how to do it and then he falls , followed by Elmer . In the 1980s , ABC began showing many Warner Bros. shorts , but in highly edited form . Many scenes integral to the stories were taken out , including scenes in which Wile E. Coyote landed at the bottom of the canyon after having fallen from a cliff , or had a boulder or anvil actually make contact with him . In almost all WB animated features , scenes where a character 's face was burnt and black , some thought resembling blackface , were removed , as were animated characters smoking cigarettes . Some cigar smoking scenes were left in . The unedited versions of these shorts ( with the exception of ones with blackface ) were not seen again until Cartoon Network , and later Boomerang , began showing them again in the 1990s and early 2000s . Since the release of the WB library of cartoons on DVD , Boomerang has stopped showing the cartoons , presumably to increase sales of the DVDs . Though Wile E. Coyote is n't seen in Cartoon All - Stars to the Rescue he is mentioned by Bugs Bunny saying that he borrowed his time machine . Wile E. and the Road Runner later appeared in several episodes of Tiny Toon Adventures . In this series , Wile E. Coyote ( voiced in the Jim Reardon episode `` Piece of Mind '' by Joe Alaskey ) was the dean of Acme Looniversity and the mentor of Calamity Coyote . The Road Runner 's protégé in this series was Little Beeper . In the episode `` Piece of Mind '' , Wile E. narrates the life story of Calamity while Calamity is falling from the top of a tall skyscraper . In the direct - to - video movie Tiny Toon Adventures : How I Spent My Vacation , the Road Runner finally gets a taste of humiliation by getting run over by a mail truck that `` brakes for coyotes . '' The two were also seen in cameos in Animaniacs . They were together in two `` Slappy Squirrel '' cartoons : `` Bumbie 's Mom '' and `` Little Old Slappy from Pasadena '' . In the latter the Road Runner gets another taste of humiliation when he is outrun by Slappy 's car , and holds up a sign saying `` I quit '' -- immediately afterward , Buttons , who was launched into the air during a previous gag , lands squarely on top of him . Wile E. appears without the bird in a The Wizard of Oz parody , dressed in his batsuit from one short , in a twister ( tornado ) funnel in `` Buttons in Ows '' . Also , in the beginning of one episode , an artist is seen drawing Road Runner . In a Cartoon Network TV ad about The Acme Hour , Wile E. Coyote utilized a pair of jet roller skates to catch the Road Runner and ( quite surprisingly ) did n't fail . While he was cooking his prey , it was revealed that the roller skates came from a generic brand . The ad said that other brand is n't the same thing . Road Runner appears in an episode of the 1990 series Taz - Mania in which Taz grabs it by the leg & gets ready to eat it until the two gators are ready to capture Taz so he lets Road Runner go . In another episode of Taz - Mania the Road Runner cartoons are parodied with Taz dressed as Road Runner and the character Willy Wombat dressed as Wile E. Coyote . Willy tries to catch Taz with Acme Roller Skates but fails , and Taz even says `` Beep , beep '' . Wile E. and Road Runner appeared in their toddler versions in Baby Looney Tunes , only in songs . However , they both had made a cameo in the episode , `` Are We There Yet ? '' , where Road Runner was seen out the window of Floyd 's car with Wile E. chasing him . Wile E. Coyote had a cameo as the true identity of an alien hunter ( a parody of Predator ) in the Duck Dodgers episode `` K - 9 Quarry , '' voiced by Dee Bradley Baker . In that episode , he was hunting Martian Commander X-2 and K - 9 . In Loonatics Unleashed , Wile E. Coyote and Roadrunner 's 28th century descendants are Tech E. Coyote ( voiced by Kevin Michael Richardson ) and Rev Runner ( voiced by Rob Paulsen ) . Tech E. Coyote was the tech expert of the Loonatics ( influenced by the past cartoons with many of the machines ordered by Wile E. from Acme ) , and has magnetic hands and the ability to molecularly regenerate himself ( influenced by the many times in which Wile E. painfully failed to capture Road Runner and then was shown to have miraculously recovered ) . Tech E. Coyote speaks , but does not have a British accent as Wile E. Coyote did . Rev Runner is also able to talk , though extremely rapidly , and can fly without the use of jet packs , which are used by other members of the Loonatics . He also has sonic speed , also a take off of Road Runner . Ironically , the pair get on rather well , despite the number of gadgets Tech designs in order to stop Rev from talking ; also they have their moments where they do not get along . When friendship is shown it is often only from Rev to Tech , not the other way around ; this could , however , be attributed to the fact that Tech has only the barest minimum of social skills . They are both portrayed as smart , but Tech is the better inventor and at times Rev was shown doing stupid things . References to their ancestors ' past are seen in the episode `` Family Business '' where the other Runners are wary of Tech and Tech relives the famous falling gags done in Coyote / Runner shorts . Road Runner and Wile E. feature in 3D computer animated cartoons or cartoon animation in Cartoon Network 's new TV series The Looney Tunes Show . The CGI shorts were only included in season one , but Wile E. and Road Runner still appeared throughout the series in 2D animation . Wile E. Coyote also appears in the TV series Wabbit , voiced by J.P. Karliak . He appears as Bugs Bunny 's annoying , know - it - all neighbor who would always use his inventions to compete with Bugs . 3 - D shorts ( edit ) The characters appeared in seven 3 - D shorts attached to Warner Bros. features . Three have been screened with features , while the rest serve as segments in season one of The Looney Tunes Show . A short called Flash in the Pain was shown on the web in 2015 , but was not shown in theaters . Video games ( edit ) Several Wile E. Coyote and Road Runner - themed video games have been produced : Road Runner ( arcade game by Atari , later ported to the Commodore 64 , NES , Atari 2600 , and several PC platforms ) Electronic Road Runner ( self - contained LCD game from Tiger Electronics released in 1990 ) Looney Tunes ( Game Boy game by Sunsoft ) . The Bugs Bunny Crazy Castle ( NES / Game Boy game by Kemco ) The Bugs Bunny Crazy Castle 2 ( Game Boy game by Kemco ) The Bugs Bunny Birthday Blowout ( NES game by Kemco ) Road Runner 's Death Valley Rally ( Super NES game by Sunsoft ) Wile E. Coyote 's Revenge ( Super NES game by Sunsoft ) Desert Speedtrap ( Sega Game Gear and Sega Master System game by Sega / Probe Software ) Bugs Bunny : Crazy Castle 3 ( Game Boy game by Kemco ) Desert Demolition ( Sega Mega Drive / Genesis game by Sega / BlueSky Software ) Sheep , Dog , ' n ' Wolf ( for the original PlayStation and published by Infogrames , actually based on the Wolf and Sheepdog cartoons , but Road Runner does make two cameo appearances ) Looney Tunes B - Ball ( Wile E. is a playable character ) Space Jam Looney Tunes Racing ( Wile E. is a playable character . The Road Runner is also seen in the game . ) Taz : Wanted ( Wile E. appears ) Looney Tunes : Back in Action ( published by Electronic Arts ) Looney Tunes Double Pack ( published by Majesco Entertainment , developed by WayForward Technologies , where `` Acme Antics '' is the Wile E. Coyote and Road Runner half of the double pack ) Looney Tunes : Space Race ( Wile E. is a playable character . ) Looney Tunes Acme Arsenal ( Wile E. has his own level in the PS2 version . ) Looney Tunes : Cartoon Conductor Looney Tunes Dash ( iOS and Android game ) The arcade game was originally to have been a laserdisc - based title incorporating footage from the actual Road Runner cartoons . Atari eventually decided that the format was too unreliable ( laserdisc - based games required a great deal of maintenance ) and switched it to more conventional raster - based hardware . In popular culture ( edit ) A mural of Wile E. Coyote smashed into the wall of the Rotch Library at MIT Wile E. Coyote and Road Runner have been frequently referenced in popular culture . Wile E. Coyote has appeared twice in Family Guy : his first episode , `` I Never Met the Dead Man '' , depicts him riding in a car with Peter Griffin ; when Peter runs over the Road Runner and asks if he hit `` that ostrich '' , Wile E. tells him to keep going . His second appearance was in `` PTV '' , in which Wile E. attempts to get a refund for a life - sized slingshot at an ACME retailer where Peter works . Peter says that Wile E. can not return the slingshot , but can get store credit . Wile E 's wife then arrives and tells her husband to hurry up . Wile E. Coyote and the Road Runner appeared in Seth MacFarlane 's Cavalcade of Cartoon Comedy , in the short , `` Die , Sweet Roadrunner , Die '' . In this short , Wile E. crushes the Road Runner with a large boulder and eats him , but then struggles to find purpose in life , having not trained for anything else other than chasing the Road Runner . Guitarist Mark Knopfler created a song called `` Coyote '' in homage to the cartoon shows of Wile E. Coyote and the Road Runner , on the 2002 album The Ragpicker 's Dream . The Tom Smith song `` Operation Desert Storm '' , which won a Pegasus award for Best Fool Song in 1999 , is about the different crazy ways the Coyote 's plans fail . Humorist Ian Frazier created the mock - legal prose piece `` Coyote v. Acme '' , which is included in a book of the same name . See also ( edit ) Cartoon portal Film in the United States portal Fictional characters portal Coyotes in popular culture Coyote ( mythology ) Road Runner High Speed Online Calamity Coyote Little Beeper Plymouth Road Runner References ( edit ) Jump up ^ JP Karliak ( @ jpkarliak ) ( 18 September 2015 ) . `` The latest # Wabbit promo has a moment of me as Wile E. getting `` winded . '' On # BoomerangTV next month ! # SuperGenius '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Schneider , Steve ( 1988 ) , That 's All Folks ! : The Art of Warner Bros. Animation , New York , New York : Henry Holt and Company , p. 222 Jump up ^ Flint , Peter ( July 11 , 1989 ) . `` Mel Blanc , Who Provided Voices For 3,000 Cartoons , Is Dead at 81 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 1 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : The interviews included in the DVD commentary were recorded by animation historian Michael Barrier for his book Hollywood Cartoons : American Animation in Its Golden Age . Jump up ^ Bretts , Bruce ; Roush , Matt ; ( March 25 , 2013 ) . `` Baddies to the Bone : The 60 nastiest villains of all time '' . TV Guide . pp. 14 − 15 . Jump up ^ Collins , Glen ( November 7 , 1989 ) . `` Chuck Jones on Life and Daffy Duck '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Barrier , Michael ( November 6 , 2003 ) . Hollywood Cartoons : American Animation in Its Golden Age . United States : Oxford University Press . p. 672 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 516729 - 0 . Retrieved March 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Wroe , Nicholas ( April 19 , 2013 ) . `` Richard Williams : the master animator '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` News from Me ( column ) : `` The Name Game '' ( Feb. 20 , 2006 ) , by Mark Evanier `` . Newsfromme.com . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2007 . Retrieved April 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Costello , E.O. `` The Warner Brothers Cartoon Companion : Wile E. Coyote '' . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2011 . The original model sheet for the character bears a label referring to the character as `` Don Coyote '' , in reference to Miguel Ceverantes ' Don Quixote . ^ Jump up to : `` blueguerilla.org : : View topic - Looney Tunes exclusive clip : Coyote Falls '' . Retrieved December 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Maltin , Leonard ( September 27 , 2010 ) . `` Welcome back , Wile E '' . Leonard Maltin 's Movie Crazy . ^ Jump up to : `` FUR OF FLYING '' . Retrieved December 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Hopewell , John ( June 9 , 2014 ) . `` Studios , France , Emerging Industries Energize Annecy '' . Variety . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Reel FX Live from Annecy ! '' . Reel FX . June 11 , 2014 . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2014 . Retrieved June 24 , 2014 . Peil wrapped up the presentation with the 6th installment in the series of Looney Tunes shorts `` Flash in the Pain '' . Jump up ^ `` latinoreview.com '' . Retrieved December 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.imao.us/index.php/2012/12/link-of-the-day-wile-e-coyote-sues-the-acme-company/ . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jones , Chuck ( 1999 ) . Chuck Amuck : The Life and Times Of An Animated Cartoonist . Farrar , Straus and Giroux . ISBN 978 - 0 - 374 - 52620 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Home - Scotwood Industries '' . Scotwood Industries , Inc . Jump up ^ https://charleyconnolly.blogspot.com/2012/01/1974-plymouth-road-runner.html . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Evanier , News from Me : `` Mike Maltese had been occasionally writing the comics in semi-retirement before me , but when he dropped the ' semi ' part , I got the job and that was one of the plots I came up with . For the record , the story was drawn by a terrific artist named Jack Manning , and Mr. Maltese complimented me on it . Still , I would n't take that as any official endorsement of the Coyote 's middle name . If you want to say the Coyote 's middle name is Ethelbert , fine . I mean , it 's not like someone 's going to suddenly whip out Wile E. 's actual birth certificate and yell , ' Aha ! Here 's incontrovertible proof ! ' But like I said , I never imagined anyone would take it as part of the official ' canon ' of the character . If I had , I 'd have said the ' E ' stood for Evanier '' . Jump up ^ The Lobo / Road Runner Special # 1 Jump up ^ Sagers , Aaron ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` Exclusive Preview : DC Comics ' Lobo / Road Runner Special # 1 '' . Syfy . Retrieved July 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pierson , Robin ( August 7 , 2009 ) . `` Episode 2 : I Never Met The Dead Man '' . The TV Critic . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The FuMP : Operation : Desert Storm by Tom Smith '' . Retrieved December 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Coyote v. Acme '' . Legalnews.net . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 10 . External links ( edit ) Wile E. Coyote on IMDb Road Runner on IMDb Wile E. Coyote at Don Markstein 's Toonopedia . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2017 . Road Runner at Don Markstein 's Toonopedia . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2017 . Looney Tunes -- Stars Of The Show : Wile E. Coyote and Road Runner ( official studio site ) `` That WASN 'T All , Folks ! : Warner Bros. Cartoons 1964 -- 1969 '' , by Jon Cooke Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies Studios Harman - Ising Productions ( 1930 -- 1933 ) Leon Schlesinger Productions ( 1933 -- 1944 ) Warner Bros. 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Cartoons Warner Bros. Family Entertainment Hanna - Barbera Cartoon Network Productions Cartoon Network Studios Williams Street Cartoon Network Development Studio Europe Category MusicBrainz : 6df84ed4 - 774a - 413c - aacd - 996ed824d409 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wile_E._Coyote_and_the_Road_Runner&oldid=815764006 '' Categories : Fictional characters introduced in 1949 Fictional rivalries Animated duos Dell Comics titles Gold Key Comics titles Looney Tunes characters Fictional mute characters Fictional characters who can move at superhuman speeds Anthropomorphic animal characters Wile E. 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Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is wile e coyote's middle name | [
"The Coyote's name of Wile E. is a pun of the word \"wily.\" The \"E\" stands for \"Ethelbert\" in one issue of a Looney Tunes comic book.[9] The Coyote's surname is routinely pronounced with a long \"e\" (/kaɪˈoʊtiː/ ky-OH-tee), but in one cartoon short, To Hare Is Human, Wile E. is heard pronouncing it with a diphthong (/kaɪˈoʊteɪ/ ky-OH-tay). Early model sheets for the character prior to his initial appearance (in Fast and Furry-ous) identified him as \"Don Coyote\", a pun of the name Don Quixote.[10]"
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"Ethelbert"
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-7744336055190039573 | Forbes' list of the most valuable football clubs | Forbes ' list of The Most Valuable football clubs - wikipedia Forbes ' list of The Most Valuable football clubs Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of the richest football clubs in the world as ranked by Forbes magazine on their worth in United States dollar . Contents ( hide ) 1 Current ranking 2 Historical rankings 2.1 2016 rankings 2.2 2015 rankings 2.3 2014 rankings 2.4 2013 rankings 2.5 2012 rankings 2.6 2011 rankings 2.7 2010 rankings 2.8 2009 rankings 2.9 2008 rankings 2.10 2007 rankings 3 See also 4 References Current ranking As of 1 June 2017 Rank Team Country Value In millions Debt as % of value % change on year Revenue ( $ M ) Manchester United England 4,583 6 11 850 Barcelona Spain 3,635 6 688 Real Madrid Spain 3,580 - 2 688 Bayern Munich Germany 2,713 0 657 5 Manchester City England 2,083 5 8 650 6 Arsenal England 1,932 16 - 4 572 7 Chelsea England 1,845 0 11 583 8 Liverpool England 1,492 7 - 4 523 9 Juventus Italy 1,258 7 - 3 379 10 Tottenham Hotspur England 1,058 17 377 11 Paris Saint - Germain France 841 0 578 12 Borussia Dortmund Germany 808 0 - 3 315 13 A.C. Milan Italy 802 73 - 3 238 14 Atlético Madrid Spain 732 9 16 234 15 West Ham United England 634 11 17 213 16 Schalke 04 Germany 629 7 - 4 249 17 Roma Italy 569 - 2 242 18 Inter Milan Italy 537 37 - 4 199 19 Leicester City England 413 0 - 191 20 Napoli Italy 379 0 - 4 158 Historical rankings 2016 rankings As of 1 May 2016 Rank Team Country Value ( $ M ) Debt as % of value % change on year Revenue ( $ M ) Real Madrid Spain 3,645 12 694 Barcelona Spain 3,549 12 675 Manchester United England 3,317 20 7 625 Bayern Munich Germany 2,678 0 14 570 5 Arsenal England 2,017 17 54 524 6 Manchester City England 1,921 0 40 558 7 Chelsea England 1,661 0 21 505 8 Liverpool England 1,548 5 58 471 9 Juventus Italy 1,299 55 390 10 Tottenham Hotspur England 1,017 69 310 11 Borussia Dortmund Germany 836 0 19 338 12 A.C. Milan Italy 825 32 6 240 13 Paris Saint - Germain France 814 0 28 578 14 Schalke 04 Germany 655 21 15 264 15 Atlético Madrid Spain 633 22 45 225 16 Inter Milan Italy 559 43 27 198 17 West Ham United England 542 6 76 194 18 Roma Italy 508 36 N / A 217 19 Napoli Italy 396 0 12 151 20 Newcastle United England 383 0 10 104 2015 rankings As of 6 May 2015 Rank Team Country Value ( $ M ) Debt as % of value % change on year Revenue ( $ M ) Real Madrid Spain 3,260 - 5 746 Barcelona Spain 3,160 - 1 657 Manchester United England 3,100 20 10 703 Bayern Munich Germany 2,350 0 27 661 5 Manchester City England 1,380 0 60 562 6 Chelsea England 1,370 0 58 526 7 Arsenal England 1,310 30 - 2 487 8 Liverpool England 982 10 39 415 9 Juventus Italy 837 9 - 2 379 10 A.C. Milan Italy 775 44 - 9 339 11 Borussia Dortmund Germany 700 6 17 355 12 Paris Saint - Germain France 634 0 53 643 13 Tottenham Hotspur England 600 9 17 293 14 Schalke 04 Germany 572 0 - 1 290 15 Inter Milan Italy 439 56 - 9 222 16 Atlético Madrid Spain 436 53 33 231 17 Napoli Italy 353 0 19 224 18 Newcastle United England 349 0 N / A 210 19 West Ham United England 309 12 N / A 186 20 Galatasaray Turkey 294 17 - 15 220 2014 rankings As of 15 July 2014 Rank Team Country Value ( $ M ) % change on year Revenue ( $ M ) Real Madrid Spain 3,440 675 Barcelona Spain 3,200 23 627 Manchester United England 2,810 - 11 551 Bayern Munich Germany 1,850 41 561 5 Arsenal England 1,331 0 370 6 Chelsea England 868 - 4 394 7 Manchester City England 863 25 411 8 A.C. Milan Italy 856 - 9 343 9 Juventus Italy 850 22 354 10 Liverpool England 704 8 313 11 Borussia Dortmund Germany 599 31 333 12 Schalke 04 Germany 580 16 258 13 Tottenham Hotspur England 514 - 1 224 14 Inter Milan Italy 483 20 219 15 Paris Saint - Germain France 415 N / A 518 16 Galatasaray Turkey 347 N / A 204 17 Atlético Madrid Spain 328 33 156 18 Hamburg Germany 326 9 176 19 Roma Italy 307 19 162 20 Napoli Italy 296 - 10 156 2013 rankings As of 17 April 2013 Rank Team Country Value ( $ M ) % change on year Revenue ( $ M ) Real Madrid Spain 3,300 76 650 Manchester United England 3,165 61 502 Barcelona Spain 2,600 99 613 Arsenal England 1,326 368 5 Bayern Munich Germany 1,309 6 468 6 A.C. Milan Italy 945 - 4 326 7 Chelsea England 901 18 409 8 Juventus Italy 694 17 248 9 Manchester City England 689 56 362 10 Liverpool England 651 5 296 11 Tottenham Hotspur England 520 - 8 226 12 Schalke 04 Germany 498 - 15 221 13 Borussia Dortmund Germany 436 11 240 14 Inter Milan Italy 401 - 18 236 15 Lyon France 368 - 4 167 16 Corinthians Brazil 358 - 119 17 Napoli Italy 330 17 188 18 Hamburg Germany 300 - 15 154 19 Marseille France 285 - 18 167 20 Newcastle United England 263 9 146 2012 rankings As of 19 April 2012 Rank Team Country Value ( $ M ) % change on year Revenue ( $ M ) Manchester United England 1,965 5 532 Real Madrid Spain 1,877 34 695 Barcelona Spain 1,307 34 653 Arsenal England 1,292 8 364 5 Bayern Munich Germany 1,235 12 466 6 A.C. Milan Italy 989 18 341 7 Chelsea England 761 16 362 8 Liverpool England 619 12 295 9 Juventus Italy 591 - 6 223 10 Schalke 04 Germany 587 56 293 11 Tottenham Hotspur England 564 37 262 12 Inter Milan Italy 490 11 307 13 Manchester City England 443 52 246 14 Borussia Dortmund Germany 394 52 197 15 Lyon France 385 8 193 16 Hamburg Germany 355 187 17 Roma Italy 354 38 208 18 Marseille France 349 26 218 19 Valencia Spain 288 - 186 20 Napoli Italy 283 - 167 2011 rankings As of 20 April 2011 Rank Team Country Value ( $ M ) % change on year Revenue ( $ M ) Manchester United England 1,864 428 Real Madrid Spain 1,400 10 537 Arsenal England 1,200 336 Bayern Munich Germany 1,100 6 396 5 Barcelona Spain 975 - 2 488 6 A.C. Milan Italy 838 5 289 7 Chelsea England 658 313 8 Juventus Italy 628 - 4 251 9 Liverpool England 552 - 33 276 10 Inter Milan Italy 441 7 275 11 Tottenham Hotspur England 412 11 179 12 Schalke Germany 377 - 2 171 13 Lyon France 358 8 179 14 Hamburg Germany 340 179 15 Manchester City England 291 13 153 16 Stuttgart Germany 281 0 141 17 Werder Bremen Germany 279 147 18 Marseille France 277 6 173 19 Atlético Madrid Spain 275 6 153 20 Borussia Dortmund Germany 260 - 1 124 2010 rankings As of April 2010 Rank Team Country Value ( $ M ) Debt as % of value % change on year Revenue ( $ M ) Operating income ( $ m ) Manchester United England 1,835 46 - 2 459 150 Real Madrid Spain 1,323 54 - 2 563 130 Arsenal England 1,181 41 - 2 369 102 Barcelona Spain 1,000 58 513 113 5 Bayern Munich Germany 990 14 - 11 406 61 6 Liverpool England 822 47 - 19 304 37 7 A.C. Milan Italy 800 0 - 19 276 41 8 Juventus Italy 656 9 285 57 9 Chelsea England 646 8 - 19 340 - 73 10 Inter Milan Italy 413 0 12 276 - 14 11 Schalke Germany 384 50 - 25 175 - 7 12 Tottenham Hotspur England 372 29 - 16 186 35 13 Lyon France 333 10 - 21 196 5 14 Hamburg Germany 329 0 0 206 41 15 Roma Italy 308 0 - 19 205 25 16 Werder Bremen Germany 274 0 - 6 161 24 17 Marseille France 262 0 9 187 19 18 Borussia Dortmund Germany 261 32 - 20 145 8 19 Manchester City England 258 0 - 17 143 - 56 20 Newcastle United England 198 8 - 30 142 - 49 2009 rankings As of April 2009 Rank Team Country Value ( $ M ) Debt as % of value % change on year Revenue ( $ M ) Operating income ( $ m ) Manchester United England 1,870 54 512 160 Real Madrid Spain 1,353 23 5 576 81 Arsenal England 1,200 107 0 349 80 Bayern Munich Germany 1,110 0 21 465 59 5 Liverpool England 1,010 59 - 4 332 50 6 A.C. Milan Italy 990 0 24 330 58 7 Barcelona Spain 960 43 22 487 108 8 Chelsea England 800 92 5 424 - 13 9 Juventus Italy 600 5 18 264 46 10 Schalke Germany 510 38 9 234 41 11 Tottenham Hotspur England 445 29 12 228 70 12 Lyon France 423 18 245 94 13 Roma Italy 381 9 - 12 276 69 14 Inter Milan Italy 370 77 - 8 272 27 15 Hamburg Germany 330 0 13 202 44 16 Borussia Dortmund Germany 325 33 183 9 17 Manchester City England 310 0 62 164 - 16 18 Werder Bremen Germany 292 0 12 177 27 19 Newcastle United England 285 96 - 5 198 - 13 20 Stuttgart Germany 264 0 not reported 176 18 21 Aston Villa England 240 10 26 150 21 Marseille France 240 0 28 200 20 23 Celtic Scotland 218 14 - 4 145 11 24 Everton England 207 49 5 151 14 25 Rangers Scotland 194 86 not reported 128 15 2008 rankings As of April 2008 Rank Team Country Value ( $ M ) Debt as % of value % change on year Revenue ( $ M ) Operating income ( $ m ) Manchester United England 1,800 60 24 394 111 Real Madrid Spain 1,285 27 24 474 112 Arsenal England 1,200 43 31 329 77 Liverpool England 1,050 65 131 269 60 5 Bayern Munich Germany 917 0 9 302 72 6 A.C. Milan Italy 798 0 - 3 307 54 7 Barcelona Spain 784 27 47 392 92 8 Chelsea England 764 0 42 382 - 5 9 Juventus Italy 510 5 - 10 196 35 10 Schalke Germany 470 48 0 154 36 11 Roma Italy 434 12 94 213 48 12 Tottenham Hotspur England 414 15 70 207 64 13 Lyon France 408 7 19 190 15 14 Inter Milan Italy 403 0 - 27 207 21 15 Borussia Dortmund Germany 323 57 63 122 31 16 Newcastle United England 300 43 16 175 12 17 Hamburg Germany 293 0 32 163 41 18 Werder Bremen Germany 262 0 n / a 131 11 19 Valencia Spain 254 159 31 145 - 45 20 Celtic Scotland 227 11 23 151 48 21 Everton England 197 30 24 103 - 1 22 West Ham United England 195 23 25 115 - 22 23 Manchester City England 191 63 - 8 114 27 24 Aston Villa England 190 12 36 106 - 40 25 Marseille France 187 0 19 134 13 Manchester United increased from $1.2 billion to $1.8 billion still remaining at top . While Real Madrid remains second due to an increase of $400 million . Arsenal also remain third after an approximate increase of $350 million . 2007 rankings This is the list released in March 2007 . # Team Country Value ( $ M ) Debt as % of value % change on year Revenue ( $ M ) Operating income ( $ m ) Manchester United England 1,453 84 6 310 92 Real Madrid Spain 1,036 10 000 83 Arsenal England 915 53 9 246 20 Bayern Munich Germany 838 0 9 262 62 5 A.C. Milan Italy 824 0 - 10 305 46 6 Juventus Italy 567 17 - 18 321 45 7 Inter Milan Italy 555 n / a 10 264 26 8 Chelsea England 537 28 6 283 - 37 9 Barcelona Spain 535 12 22 331 12 10 Schalke Germany 471 53 45 157 37 11 Liverpool England 454 18 28 225 37 12 Lyon France 343 n / a 65 163 10 13 Newcastle United England 260 46 - 14 159 11 14 Tottenham Hotspur England 243 0 27 137 9 15 Roma Italy 224 0 - 15 162 53 16 Hamburg Germany 221 n / a n / a 130 31 17 Manchester City England 208 83 - 6 114 9 18 Borussia Dortmund Germany 199 126 61 114 19 Ajax Netherlands 196 0 13 95 9 20 Celtic Scotland 185 14 18 106 - 8 21 Everton England 165 32 34 107 - 15 22 Marseille France 157 n / a n / a 105 6 23 West Ham United England 156 27 n / a 111 6 24 Rangers Scotland 147 7 32 113 12 25 Aston Villa England 140 16 16 91 - 21 See also Deloitte Football Money League Forbes ' list of the most valuable sports teams List of professional sports leagues by revenue References Jump up ^ Ozanian , Mike . `` The World 's Most Valuable Soccer Teams 2017 '' . Forbes . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` The business of Soccer '' . Forbes . Retrieved 23 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Nick DeSantis ( 11 May 2016 ) . `` The 20 Most Valuable Soccer Teams Of 2016 , Visualized '' . Forbes . ^ Jump up to : Estimated by Forbes based on past transactions , market value , debt , and stadium . Jump up ^ `` The business of Soccer '' . Forbes . Retrieved 23 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Mike Ozanian ( 6 May 2015 ) . `` Real Madrid Tops Ranking Of The World 's Most Valuable Soccer Teams '' . Forbes . Forbes , Inc . Retrieved 6 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The business of Soccer '' . Forbes . Retrieved 23 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Mike Ozanian ( 7 May 2014 ) . `` The World 's Most Valuable Soccer Teams '' . Forbes . Forbes . Retrieved 8 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Mike Ozanian ( 2 March 2014 ) . `` Soccer 's Most Valuable Teams : At $3.3 Billion , Real Madrid Knocks Manchester United From Top Spot '' . Forbes . Forbes . Retrieved 2 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Dan Bigman ( 19 April 2012 ) . `` The World 's Most Valuable Soccer Teams '' . Forbes . Forbes . Retrieved 20 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Dan Bigman ( 20 April 2011 ) . `` The World 's Most Valuable Soccer Teams '' . Forbes . Forbes . Retrieved 29 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Business Of Soccer '' . Forbes.com. 21 April 2010 . Retrieved 4 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Soccer Team Valuations '' . Forbes.com. 30 June 2009 . Retrieved 4 May 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Includes stadium debt ^ Jump up to : Revenue before interest , taxes , depreciation , and amortization . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Soccer Team Valuations '' . Forbes.com . Retrieved 4 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 Soccer Team Valuations '' . Forbes.com. 30 June 2007 . Retrieved 4 May 2013 . ( hide ) Forbes magazine lists Companies Global 2000 People General Celebrity 100 30 Under 30 China Celebrity 100 Fictional 15 Korea Power Celebrity World 's 100 Most Powerful Women World 's Most Powerful People Richest The World 's Billionaires Forbes 400 Forbes Asia Australia 's 50 Richest Places America 's Best Colleges Sports Highest - paid athletes Most valuable sports teams Most valuable football clubs Major League Soccer 's most valuable teams Technology Midas List ( Tech 's Top Deal Makers ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Forbes%27_list_of_the_most_valuable_football_clubs&oldid=821586893 '' Categories : Lists of association football clubs Association football rankings Forbes lists Association football teams Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from February 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Italiano Lietuvių Magyar 日本 語 Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Português Română Русский Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 January 2018 , at 11 : 27 . About Wikipedia | what soccer team has the most money in the world | [
"\n\nRank\nTeam\nCountry\nValue\nIn millions\n\nDebt as\n% of value[2]\n% change\non year\nRevenue ($M)\n\n\n1\nManchester United\n England\n4,583\n6\n11\n850\n\n\n2\nBarcelona\n Spain\n3,635\n6\n2\n688\n\n\n3\nReal Madrid\n Spain\n3,580\n3\n-2\n688\n\n\n4\nBayern Munich\n Germany\n2,713\n0\n1\n657\n\n\n5\nManchester City\n England\n2,083\n5\n8\n650\n\n\n6\nArsenal\n England\n1,932\n16\n-4\n572\n\n\n7\nChelsea\n England\n1,845\n0\n11\n583\n\n\n8\nLiverpool\n England\n1,492\n7\n-4\n523\n\n\n9\nJuventus\n Italy\n1,258\n7\n-3\n379\n\n\n10\nTottenham Hotspur\n England\n1,058\n17\n4\n377\n\n\n11\nParis Saint-Germain\n France\n841\n0\n3\n578\n\n\n12\nBorussia Dortmund\n Germany\n808\n0\n-3\n315\n\n\n13\nA.C. Milan\n Italy\n802\n73\n-3\n238\n\n\n14\nAtlético Madrid\n Spain\n732\n9\n16\n234\n\n\n15\nWest Ham United\n England\n634\n11\n17\n213\n\n\n16\nSchalke 04\n Germany\n629\n7\n-4\n249\n\n\n17\nRoma\n Italy\n569\n3\n-2\n242\n\n\n18\nInter Milan\n Italy\n537\n37\n-4\n199\n\n\n19\nLeicester City\n England\n413\n0\n-\n191\n\n\n20\nNapoli\n Italy\n379\n0\n-4\n158\n\n"
] | [
"Manchester United"
] |
-2631445001625824135 | So You Want to Be a Rock 'n' Roll Star | So You Want to Be a Rock ' n ' Roll Star - wikipedia So You Want to Be a Rock ' n ' Roll Star Jump to : navigation , search `` So You Want to Be a Rock ' n ' Roll Star '' 1967 Danish picture sleeve . Single by The Byrds from the album Younger Than Yesterday B - side `` Everybody 's Been Burned '' Released January 9 , 1967 Format 7 '' single Recorded November 28 -- 30 , December 1 , 1966 Studio Columbia Studios , Hollywood , CA Genre Rock Length 2 : 05 Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Jim McGuinn , Chris Hillman Producer ( s ) Gary Usher The Byrds singles chronology `` Mr. Spaceman '' ( 1966 ) `` So You Want to Be a Rock ' n ' Roll Star '' ( 1967 ) `` My Back Pages '' ( 1967 ) `` Mr. Spaceman '' ( 1966 ) `` So You Want to Be a Rock ' n ' Roll Star '' ( 1967 ) `` My Back Pages '' ( 1967 ) Audio sample file help Music video `` So You Want to Be a Rock ' n ' Roll Star '' ( audio ) on YouTube `` So You Want to Be a Rock ' n ' Roll Star '' is a song by the American rock band the Byrds , written by Jim McGuinn and Chris Hillman and included on the band 's 1967 album , Younger Than Yesterday . The song was inspired by the manufactured nature of the Monkees and was released as a single on January 9 , 1967 ( see 1967 in music ) , reaching number 29 on the Billboard Hot 100 , but failing to chart in the United Kingdom . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition and content 2 Release 3 Cover versions 4 In the media 5 References 6 External links Composition and content ( edit ) Written in late 1966 , `` So You Want to be a Rock ' n ' Roll Star '' has been described by Byrds expert Tim Conners as `` an acerbic , but good - natured swipe at the success of manufactured rock bands like the Monkees '' . The Monkees television series had debuted in America in September 1966 , and had launched the pre-fabricated band to international fame . The manufactured nature of the group caused the Byrds ' bass player , Chris Hillman , and lead guitarist , Jim McGuinn , to look upon the current state of the pop world with more than a little cynicism -- something that was reflected in the song 's lyrics . Musically , `` So You Want to be a Rock ' n ' Roll Star '' features a driving , circular Rickenbacker guitar riff by McGuinn and , what Conners has called , an `` unstoppable bass hook '' from Hillman . Hillman has stated that he composed the song 's bass part during a recording session for South African musician Hugh Masekela . The song also features Masekela 's trumpet playing , which represents the first use of brass on a Byrds recording . In addition , `` So You Want to Be a Rock ' n ' Roll Star '' features the sound of hysterical teenage pop fans screaming . These screams were recorded at an August 15 , 1965 Byrds ' concert in Bournemouth , by the band 's publicist , Derek Taylor , at McGuinn 's request . Rolling Stone editor David Fricke has written that although the song 's lyrics are heavily sarcastic , beneath the playful cynicism there is a deeper , implicit irony to the song ; The Byrds had , themselves , achieved almost overnight success with the release of their debut single , a cover of Bob Dylan 's `` Mr. Tambourine Man '' . However , the band members all knew , from their common bitter personal experiences , that the most difficult part of success was in remaining successful , staying ahead of the curve artistically , and staying sane under the immense pressure of stardom . During an interview with music journalist Pete Frame , McGuinn said : Some people have accused us of being bitter for writing that song , but it 's no more bitter than `` Positively 4th Street . '' In fact , it is n't as bitter as that . We were thumbing through a teen magazine and looking at all the unfamiliar faces and we could n't help thinking : `` Wow , what 's happening ... all of a sudden here is everyone and his brother and his sister - in - law and his mother and even his pet bullfrog singing rock ' n ' roll . '' So we wrote `` So You Want to Be a Rock ' n ' Roll Star '' to the audience of potential rock stars , those who were going to be , or who wanted to be , and those who actually did go on to realize their goals . Release ( edit ) Upon release , the band performed the song on a number of television programs , including Popside , Top of the Pops , Drop In , The David Frost Show , and Beat - Club . The band also performed `` So You Want to Be a Rock ' n ' Roll Star '' as the final song of their appearance at the Monterey Pop Festival , with the help of guest musicians Hugh Masekela and Big Black . The Byrds ' performance of the song at Monterey is included on the 1992 The Monterey International Pop Festival CD box set . In addition to its appearance on the Younger Than Yesterday album , `` So You Want to Be a Rock ' n ' Roll Star '' also appears on several Byrds ' compilations , including The Byrds ' Greatest Hits , History of The Byrds , The Original Singles : 1965 -- 1967 , Volume 1 , The Byrds , The Very Best of The Byrds , The Essential Byrds , and There Is a Season . Live performances of the song are included on the live portion of The Byrds ' ( Untitled ) album , as well as on the Live at the Fillmore - February 1969 and Live at Royal Albert Hall 1971 albums . Cover versions ( edit ) The two earliest cover versions of `` So You Want To Be A Rock ' n ' Roll Star '' were by the Royal Guardsmen , on their 1967 album The Return of the Red Baron , and the British band the Move , who included the song on their 1968 EP , Something Else from The Move . Hookfoot , the British group who served as Elton John 's backing band for a number of years , also released the song as a single in 1974 . The song was covered by Scottish hard rock band Nazareth , as part of the track `` Telegram '' , on their 1976 album Close Enough for Rock ' n ' Roll . Black Oak Arkansas covered the song on their 1977 The Best of Black Oak Arkansas album , with the song later being included on the Hot & Nasty : The Best of Black Oak Arkansas compilation album in 1993 . In 1979 , `` So You Want to Be a Rock ' n ' Roll Star '' was recorded by the Patti Smith Group and released as the third single from their album Wave . The song was also covered by Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers during their Southern Accents tour , and it appears on the 1985 live album , Pack Up the Plantation : Live ! In 1984 , McGuinn joined R.E.M. on stage at the Capitol Theatre in Passaic , New Jersey , for a rendition of `` So You Want to Be a Rock ' n ' Roll Star '' . R.E.M. 's Peter Buck explained : `` When we played ' Rock ' n ' Roll Star ' , where it has that part where it goes ' la la la la la la la ' , he played C-F-G , and I said , ' That 's weird , we do C - D - G ' . Then he played it that way and said , ' You know , I like that better . I think I 'll change it ' . And I went , ' You mean you 're going to change the chord of the song ? ' and he went , ' Yeah , I 've never played it that way , and I like it a lot better ' . Roger McGuinn 's been playing that song for twenty years , and here I suggest he plays it this way , and he does ! '' Unrest recorded a version of `` So You Want to Be a Rock ' n ' Roll Star '' in 1985 for their self - titled debut album . They later re-recorded the song during the sessions for their fourth album , Malcolm X Park , released in 1988 . Crowded House performed the song ( along with `` Mr. Tambourine Man '' and `` Eight Miles High '' ) with McGuinn in Los Angeles on April 7 , 1989 . The performances were released as B - sides on the `` I Feel Possessed '' CD single . The Swedish pop group Roxette included the song in their 1993 MTV Unplugged show . Ronnie Wood also covered `` So You Want to Be a Rock ' n ' Roll Star '' on his 2001 solo album , Not for Beginners . The German Alternative Rock / Punk Band Beatsteaks covered the song on their 2004 `` Hand in Hand '' single . In 2006 , Les Fradkin released a cover version of the song on his album Goin ' Back . Also , the Dutch rock band Golden Earring covered the song as a bonus track on their This Wheel 's on Fire CD single . Jon Bon Jovi has also covered the song in live concerts . Pearl Jam have covered `` So You Want to Be a Rock ' n ' Roll Star '' a number of times at live concerts . Pearl Jam 's singer , Eddie Vedder , also covered it during his 2012 American solo tour . The British rock band Charlie released a song titled `` Killer Cut '' in 1979 , that is essentially a sequel to `` So You Want to Be a Rock ' n ' Roll Star '' and begins with the lyrics `` So you want to be a rock and roll star , well , times have changed / That 's all I 'll say / You still need an electric guitar but most of all you need that radio , radio play . '' Counting Crows have been known to perform a few lines from `` So You Want to Be a Rock ' n ' Roll Star '' as an introduction to their song `` Mr. Jones '' during live performances . In the Media ( edit ) The original Byrds ' recording of `` So You Want to Be a Rock ' n ' Roll Star '' was featured in the 1983 comedy - drama film Purple Haze ( see 1983 in film ) . It was also Featured in the 2002 film The Country Bears . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Younger Than Yesterday review '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ Hjort , Christopher . ( 2008 ) . So You Want To Be A Rock ' n ' Roll Star : The Byrds Day - By - Day ( 1965 - 1973 ) . Jawbone Press . p. 118 . ISBN 1 - 906002 - 15 - 0 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel . ( 2008 ) . Top Pop Singles 1955 - 2006 . Record Research Inc. p. 130 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 172 - 1 . Jump up ^ Eder , Bruce . `` So You Want to be a Rock ' n ' Roll Star song review '' . AllMusic . Rovi Corp . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` Younger Than Yesterday '' . ByrdWatcher : A Field Guide to the Byrds of Los Angeles . Archived from the original on 2010 - 10 - 28 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : Rogan , Johnny . ( 1998 ) . The Byrds : Timeless Flight Revisited ( 2nd ed . ) . Rogan House . p. 193 . ISBN 0 - 9529540 - 1 - X . Jump up ^ `` Certain Songs # 160 : The Byrds -- `` So You Want to Be A Rock ' n ' Roll Star '' `` . Medialoper . Oxford Media Works . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Frame , Pete . ( February 1973 ) , `` History of The Byrds '' , Zigzag , London Jump up ^ Hjort , Christopher . ( 2008 ) . So You Want To Be A Rock ' n ' Roll Star : The Byrds Day - By - Day ( 1965 - 1973 ) . Jawbone Press . pp. 60 -- 61 . ISBN 1 - 906002 - 15 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Fricke , David . ( 1996 ) . Younger Than Yesterday ( 1996 CD liner notes ) . Jump up ^ Rogan , Johnny . ( 1998 ) . The Byrds : Timeless Flight Revisited ( 2nd ed . ) . Rogan House . pp. 616 -- 617 . ISBN 0 - 9529540 - 1 - X . Jump up ^ Rogan , Johnny . ( 1998 ) . The Byrds : Timeless Flight Revisited ( 2nd ed . ) . Rogan House . p. 219 . ISBN 0 - 9529540 - 1 - X . Jump up ^ `` The Monterey International Pop Festival box set review '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` So You Want to Be a Rock ' n ' Roll Star album appearances '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Something Else from The Move review '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ Joynson , Vernon . ( 1998 ) . The Tapestry of Delights . Borderline Productions . ISBN 1 - 89985 - 509 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` The Best of Black Oak Arkansas '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com Product Listing '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` So You Want to Be a Rock ' n ' Roll Star by The Patti Smith Group '' . Discogs . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Pack Up the Plantation : Live ! review '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ DeMuir , Harold ( 1984 ) . `` Interview with R.E.M. 's Peter Buck '' . East Coast Rocker. Little Falls , New Jersey : Arts Weekly , Inc . Jump up ^ Sprague , David ( 2007 ) . `` Unrest '' . Trouser Press . Retrieved October 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ankeny , Jason . `` Unrest : Malcolm X Park > Review '' . Allmusic . Retrieved October 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` I Feel Possessed CD Single track listing '' . Discogs . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Roxette - MTV Unplugged Set List '' . Atmosphere Music . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Les Fradkin - Music Press reviews '' . lesfradkin.com . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Continuing Story of Golden Earring '' . Golden Earring Research by Casper Roos . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Jon Bon Jovi News '' . IHeartJBJ . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` So You Want to Be a Rock and Roll Star by Pearl Jam '' . Pearl Jam : Ten Club ( Official website ) . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Review : Eddie Vedder brings Pearl Jam favorites , impressive new songs to Tulsa concert '' . World Publishing Co ( TulsaWorld.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Counting Crows Bootleg Guide : Part 3 - This Desert Life Tour Bootlegs '' . Counting Crows Bootleg Guide . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Counting Crows : Mr. Jones '' . Thefrontloader.com . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Purple Haze movie credits '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 01 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics The Byrds Roger McGuinn Gene Clark David Crosby Chris Hillman Michael Clarke Kevin Kelley Gram Parsons Clarence White Gene Parsons John York Skip Battin Studio albums Mr. Tambourine Man Turn ! Turn ! Turn ! Fifth Dimension Younger Than Yesterday The Notorious Byrd Brothers Sweetheart of the Rodeo Dr. Byrds & Mr. Hyde Ballad of Easy Rider ( Untitled ) Byrdmaniax Farther Along Byrds Live albums ( Untitled ) Live at the Fillmore - February 1969 Live at Royal Albert Hall 1971 Compilations The Byrds ' Greatest Hits Preflyte The Byrds ' Greatest Hits Volume II The Best of The Byrds : Greatest Hits , Volume II History of The Byrds The Byrds Play Dylan The Original Singles : 1965 -- 1967 , Volume 1 The Original Singles : 1967 -- 1969 , Volume 2 Never Before In the Beginning 20 Essential Tracks from the Byrds Box Set ( 1965 - 1990 ) The Very Best of The Byrds The Preflyte Sessions The Essential Byrds Box sets The Byrds There Is a Season Tribute albums Time Between -- A Tribute to The Byrds Singles `` Mr. Tambourine Man '' / `` I Knew I 'd Want You '' `` All I Really Want to Do '' / `` I 'll Feel a Whole Lot Better '' `` Turn ! Turn ! Turn ! '' / `` She Do n't Care About Time '' `` Set You Free This Time '' `` It Wo n't Be Wrong '' `` Eight Miles High '' / `` Why '' `` 5D ( Fifth Dimension ) '' `` Mr. Spaceman '' `` So You Want to Be a Rock ' n ' Roll Star '' `` My Back Pages '' `` Have You Seen Her Face '' `` Lady Friend '' / `` Old John Robertson '' `` Goin ' Back '' `` You Ai n't Goin ' Nowhere '' `` Lay Lady Lay '' `` Was n't Born to Follow '' `` Ballad of Easy Rider '' `` Jesus Is Just Alright '' / `` It 's All Over Now , Baby Blue '' `` Chestnut Mare '' `` Full Circle '' Other notable songs `` You Showed Me '' `` Spanish Harlem Incident '' `` Here Without You '' `` The Bells of Rhymney '' `` Chimes of Freedom '' `` Lay Down Your Weary Tune '' `` He Was a Friend of Mine '' `` The World Turns All Around Her '' `` If You 're Gone '' `` The Times They Are a-Changin ' '' `` Triad '' `` Hickory Wind '' `` Nothing Was Delivered '' Associated people Bob Dylan Jimmi Seiter John Guerin Terry Melcher Gary Usher Jacques Levy Kim Fowley Derek Taylor Johnny Rogan See also : Discography Tom Petty Discography Awards and nominations Songs Studio albums Full Moon Fever ( 1989 ) Wildflowers ( 1994 ) Highway Companion ( 2006 ) Singles `` Stop Draggin ' My Heart Around '' `` I Wo n't Back Down '' `` Runnin ' Down a Dream '' `` Free Fallin ' '' `` A Face in the Crowd '' `` Yer So Bad '' `` You Do n't Know How It Feels '' `` Saving Grace '' Other songs `` Square One '' Related articles Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers Blue Stingrays Mudcrutch Traveling Wilburys Patti Smith Studio albums Horses Radio Ethiopia Easter Wave Dream of Life Gone Again Peace and Noise Gung Ho Trampin ' Twelve Banga Live albums Horses / Horses The Coral Sea Compilations The Patti Smith Masters Land ( 1975 -- 2002 ) iTunes Originals Outside Society EPs Hey Joe / Radio Ethiopia Set Free Singles `` Hey Joe '' `` Gloria '' `` Pissing in a River '' `` Pumping ( My Heart ) '' `` Ask the Angels '' `` Because the Night '' `` Privilege ( Set Me Free ) '' `` Frederick '' `` Dancing Barefoot '' `` So You Want to Be a Rock ' n ' Roll Star '' `` People Have the Power '' `` Up There Down There '' `` Summer Cannibals '' `` E-Bow the Letter '' `` Gimme Shelter '' Promotional singles `` 1959 '' `` Glitter in Their Eyes '' `` When Doves Cry '' Other songs `` Piss Factory '' `` Redondo Beach '' `` Free Money '' `` Rock N Roll Nigger '' Books Seventh Heaven Witt Ha ! Ha ! Houdini ! Babel Woolgathering Early Work The Coral Sea Patti Smith Complete Strange Messenger Auguries of Innocence Just Kids M Train Early Morning Dream Band members Lenny Kaye Jay Dee Daugherty Ivan Král Richard Sohl Related articles Discography Patti Smith : Dream of Life Cowboy Mouth Fred `` Sonic '' Smith 50 Photographs Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=So_You_Want_to_Be_a_Rock_%27n%27_Roll_Star&oldid=842394580 '' Categories : 1967 singles 1979 singles The Byrds songs Patti Smith songs Songs written by Roger McGuinn Songs written by Chris Hillman Song recordings produced by Gary Usher 1967 songs Columbia Records singles Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Español Norsk nynorsk Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 22 May 2018 , at 05 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who wrote so you want to be a rock and roll star | [
"\"So You Want to Be a Rock 'n' Roll Star\" is a song by the American rock band the Byrds, written by Jim McGuinn and Chris Hillman and included on the band's 1967 album, Younger Than Yesterday.[1] The song was inspired by the manufactured nature of the Monkees and was released as a single on January 9, 1967 (see 1967 in music), reaching number 29 on the Billboard Hot 100, but failing to chart in the United Kingdom.[2][3]",
"\"So You Want to Be a Rock 'n' Roll Star\" is a song by the American rock band the Byrds, written by Jim McGuinn and Chris Hillman and included on the band's 1967 album, Younger Than Yesterday.[1] The song was inspired by the manufactured nature of the Monkees and was released as a single on January 9, 1967 (see 1967 in music), reaching number 29 on the Billboard Hot 100, but failing to chart in the United Kingdom.[2][3]"
] | [
"Jim McGuinn",
"Chris Hillman"
] |
-4114884517210562771 | Between Scylla and Charybdis | Between Scylla and Charybdis - wikipedia Between Scylla and Charybdis Jump to : navigation , search Henry Fuseli 's painting of Odysseus facing the choice between Scylla and Charybdis , 1794 / 6 Being between Scylla and Charybdis is an idiom deriving from Greek mythology , meaning `` having to choose between two evils '' . Several other idioms , such as `` on the horns of a dilemma '' , `` between the devil and the deep blue sea '' , and `` between a rock and a hard place '' express similar meanings . Contents ( hide ) 1 The myth and the proverb 2 Cultural and popular references 3 See also 4 References 5 External links The myth and the proverb ( edit ) Scylla and Charybdis were mythical sea monsters noted by Homer ; Greek mythology sited them on opposite sides of the Strait of Messina between Sicily and the Italian mainland . Scylla was rationalized as a rock shoal ( described as a six - headed sea monster ) on the Italian side of the strait and Charybdis was a whirlpool off the coast of Sicily . They were regarded as a sea hazard located close enough to each other that they posed an inescapable threat to passing sailors ; avoiding Charybdis meant passing too close to Scylla and vice versa . According to Homer , Odysseus was forced to choose which monster to confront while passing through the strait ; he opted to pass by Scylla and lose only a few sailors , rather than risk the loss of his entire ship in the whirlpool . Because of such stories , having to navigate between the two hazards eventually entered idiomatic use . Another equivalent English seafaring phrase is , `` Between a rock and a hard place '' . The Latin line incidit in scyllam cupiens vitare charybdim ( he runs into Scylla , wishing to avoid Charybdis ) had earlier become proverbial , with a meaning much the same as jumping from the frying pan into the fire . Erasmus recorded it as an ancient proverb in his Adagia , although the earliest known instance is in the Alexandreis , a 12th - century Latin epic poem by Walter of Châtillon . Cultural and popular references ( edit ) The myth was given an allegorical interpretation by the French poet Barthélemy Aneau in his emblem book Picta Poesis ( 1552 ) . There one is advised to choose the risk of being envied for wealth or reputation rather than swallowed by the Charybdis of poverty . `` Choose the lesser of these evils . A wise man would rather be envied than miserable . '' James Gillray , Britannia between Scylla and Charybdis ( 1793 ) The story was often applied to political situations at a later date . In James Gillray 's cartoon , Britannia between Scylla and Charybdis ( 3 June 1793 ) , ' William Pitt helms the ship Constitution , containing an alarmed Britannia , between the rock of democracy ( with the liberty cap on its summit ) and the whirlpool of arbitrary power ( in the shape of an inverted crown ) , to the distant haven of liberty ' . This was in the context of the effect of the French Revolution on politics in Britain . That the dilemma had still to be resolved in the aftermath of the revolution is suggested by Percy Bysshe Shelley 's returning to the idiom in his 1820 essay A Defence of Poetry : `` The rich have become richer , and the poor have become poorer ; and the vessel of the state is driven between the Scylla and Charybdis of anarchy and despotism . '' A later Punch caricature by John Tenniel , dated 10 October 1863 , pictures the Prime Minister Lord Palmerston carefully steering the British ship of state between the perils of Scylla , a craggy rock in the form of a grim - visaged Abraham Lincoln , and Charybdis , a whirlpool which foams and froths into a likeness of Jefferson Davis . A shield emblazoned `` Neutrality '' hangs on the ship 's thwarts , referring to how Palmerston tried to maintain a strict impartiality towards both combatants in the American Civil War . American satirical magazine Puck also used the myth in a caricature by F. Graetz , dated November 26 , 1884 , in which the unmarried President - elect Grover Cleveland rows desperately between snarling monsters captioned `` Mother - in - law '' and `` Office Seekers '' . Victor Hugo uses the equivalent French idiom ( tomber de Charybde en Scylla ) in his novel Les Miserables ( 1862 ) , again in a political context , as a metaphor for the staging of two rebel barricades during the climactic uprising in Paris , around which the final events of the book culminate . The first chapter of the final volume is entitled `` The Charybdis of the Faubourg Saint Antoine and the Scylla of the Faubourg du Temple '' . By the time of Nicholas Monsarrat 's 1951 war novel , The Cruel Sea , however , we find the upper - class junior officer , Morell , being teased by his middle - class -- and more progressive -- peer , Lockhart , for using such an old - fashioned phrase . Nevertheless , the idiom has since taken on new life in pop lyrics . In The Police 's 1983 single `` Wrapped Around Your Finger '' , the second line uses it as a metaphor for being in a dangerous relationship ; this is reinforced by a later mention of the similar idiom of `` the devil and the deep blue sea '' . American heavy metal band Trivium also referenced the idiom in `` Torn Between Scylla and Charybdis '' , a track from their 2008 album Shogun , in which the lyrics are about having to choose `` between death and doom '' . See also ( edit ) Catch - 22 ( logic ) Dilemma Hobson 's choice Morton 's fork References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Definition from the Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English available online Jump up ^ Noted by Edward Charles Harington in Notes and Queries 5th Series , 8 ( 7 July 1877 : 14 ) . Jump up ^ French Emblems at Glasgow Jump up ^ Published by H. Humphrey , London 8 April 1793 Jump up ^ Hampsher - Monk , Iain ( 2005 ) . The Impact of the French Revolution . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 57005 - 0 . Jump up ^ The Harvard Classics , section 33 ; available online Jump up ^ View online Jump up ^ Scroll down on History on the Net Jump up ^ The words are online Jump up ^ Video on YouTube Jump up ^ The song with lyrics on YouTube ( words also available online . ) External links ( edit ) Odyssey in Ancient Greek and translation from Perseus Project , with hyperlinks to grammatical and mythological commentary Places visited by Odysseus in Homer 's Odyssey Ismarus The island of Lotus - eaters The island of Polyphemus Aeolia Telepylos Aeaea The Underworld The Sirens Scylla and Charybdis Thrinacia Ogygia Scheria Ithaca Homer 's Odyssey ( 8th century BC ) Characters Characters House of Odysseus Penelope ( wife ) Telemachus ( son ) Anticlea ( mother ) Laërtes ( father ) Autolycus ( grandfather ) Eurycleia ( chief servant ) Mentor ( advisor ) Phemius ( musician ) Eumaeus ( swineherd ) Philoetius ( cowherd ) Melanthius ( goatherd ) Argos ( pet - dog ) Monarchs and royals Alcinous of Phaeacia Arete of Phaeacia Nestor of Pylos Menelaus of Sparta Princess Nausicaa of Phaeacia Agamemnon of Mycenae Gods Athena Apollo Artemis Atlas Calypso Circe Hermes Poseidon Zeus Oceanus Others Achilles Aeolus Ajax Amphimedon Anticlus Antiphates Antiphus Aretus Cyclopes Demodocus Demoptolemus Deucalion Dolius Echephron Echetus Elpenor Eupeithes Euryalus Eurylochus Halitherses Helen Heracles Idomeneus Irus Kikonians Laodamas Laestrygones Medon Melantho Mentes Old Man of the Sea Peisistratus Perimedes Perseus Polites Polydamna Polyphemus Scylla and Charybdis Sirens Stratichus Tiresias Theoclymenus Thrasymedes Suitors Agelaus Amphinomus Antinous Ctesippus Eurymachus Leodes Odyssean gods Athena Poseidon Calypso Circe Ino Hermes Zeus Heracles Films L'Odissea ( 1911 Italian ) Ulysses ( 1954 Italian ) Ulysses ' Gaze ( 1995 Greek ) O Brother , Where Art Thou ? ( 2000 ) Keyhole ( 2012 ) TV L'Odissea ( 1968 ) Ulysses 31 ( 1981 Japanese anime ) The Odyssey ( 1997 ) Odysseus and the Isle of the Mists ( 2007 ) Star Trek : Odyssey ( 2007 ) Literature True History ( 2nd century AD ) Les Aventures de Télémaque ( 1699 ) The World 's Desire ( 1890 ) Ulysses ( 1922 ) The Human Comedy ( 1943 ) Big Fish : A Novel of Mythic Proportions ( 1998 ) Trojan Odyssey ( 2003 ) The Penelopiad ( 2005 ) The Lost Books of the Odyssey ( 2010 ) Poems Ulysses ( 1842 ) The Odyssey : A Modern Sequel ( 1938 ) The Cantos ( 1962 ) Pagan Operetta ( 1998 ) Stage Current Nobody ( play ) Cyclops ( play ) Ithaka ( play ) Il ritorno d'Ulisse in patria ( opera ) The Golden Apple ( musical ) Glam Slam Ulysses ( musical ) Home Sweet Homer ( musical ) Song `` Tales of Brave Ulysses '' ( song ) `` The Odyssey '' ( song ) The Odyssey ( symphony ) Study Homeric scholarship Homeric Question Chorizontes Geography of the Odyssey Historicity of the Homer epics Odysseus Unbound Homer 's Ithaca Rediscovering Homer The Baltic Origins of Homer 's Epic Tales `` Odysseus ' scar '' Hermoniakos ' Iliad Hysteron proteron Epithets in Homer Dactylic hexameter Translations `` On First Looking into Chapman 's Homer '' On Translating Homer Video games Odyssey : The Search for Ulysses Wishbone and the Amazing Odyssey Phrases In medias res Between Scylla and Charybdis Related Telemachy Nekyia Trojan Horse Suitors of Penelope The Odyssey Old Man of the Sea The Apotheosis of Homer Contempt Cold Mountain ( novel ) Cold Mountain ( film ) Homer 's Daughter Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Between_Scylla_and_Charybdis&oldid=805230477 '' Categories : Dilemmas English - language idioms Phrases and idioms derived from Greek mythology Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Български Català Dansk Eesti Español فارسی Français Հայերեն עברית Қазақша Latina Norsk nynorsk Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 13 October 2017 , at 23 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where is scylla and charybdis located in the odyssey | [
"Scylla and Charybdis were mythical sea monsters noted by Homer; Greek mythology sited them on opposite sides of the Strait of Messina between Sicily and the Italian mainland. Scylla was rationalized as a rock shoal (described as a six-headed sea monster) on the Italian side of the strait and Charybdis was a whirlpool off the coast of Sicily. They were regarded as a sea hazard located close enough to each other that they posed an inescapable threat to passing sailors; avoiding Charybdis meant passing too close to Scylla and vice versa. According to Homer, Odysseus was forced to choose which monster to confront while passing through the strait; he opted to pass by Scylla and lose only a few sailors, rather than risk the loss of his entire ship in the whirlpool."
] | [
"on opposite sides of the Strait of Messina between Sicily and the Italian mainland"
] |
-8176448993016935817 | Santa Fe High School shooting | Santa Fe High school shooting - wikipedia Santa Fe High school shooting Mass shooting in Santa Fe , Texas in 2018 Santa Fe High School shooting Part of school shootings in the United States Santa Fe Santa Fe ( Texas ) Santa Fe Santa Fe ( the US ) Show map of Texas Show map of the US Show all Location Santa Fe High School 16000 Hwy 6 Santa Fe , Texas , U.S. Coordinates 29 ° 23 ′ 31 '' N 95 ° 08 ′ 28 '' W / 29.39194 ° N 95.14111 ° W / 29.39194 ; - 95.14111 Coordinates : 29 ° 23 ′ 31 '' N 95 ° 08 ′ 28 '' W / 29.39194 ° N 95.14111 ° W / 29.39194 ; - 95.14111 Date May 18 , 2018 7 : 40 a.m. - 8 : 05 a.m ( CDT , UTC − 6 ) Attack type School shooting Weapons Remington 870 shotgun . 38 - caliber revolver Explosives Molotov cocktail Deaths 10 Non-fatal injuries 14 ( including the suspect ) Suspected perpetrator Dimitrios Pagourtzis Charges 10 counts of murder 13 counts of attempted murder Litigation Lawsuit against parents of Dimitrios Pagourtzis by family of Chris Stone A school shooting occurred at Santa Fe High School in Santa Fe , Texas , United States , in the Houston metropolitan area , on May 18 , 2018 . Ten people -- eight students and two teachers -- were fatally shot and thirteen others were wounded . The suspected shooter was taken into custody and later identified by police as Dimitrios Pagourtzis , a 17 - year - old student at the school . The shooting is the second - deadliest school shooting in the United States in 2018 , after the Stoneman Douglas High School shooting in February resulted in 17 deaths and 17 injuries . Contents 1 Shooting 2 Victims 3 Suspect 3.1 Family statement 3.2 Legal proceedings 3.2. 1 Separate filings 4 Reactions 4.1 School response 4.2 Memorials 4.3 Fundraisers and support 4.4 Unrelated weapon offenses 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Shooting ( edit ) Play media Video of the shooting location on May 18 , 2018 . Video from Voice of America ( 1 : 06 ) The shooter began firing a weapon into an art class at the school at around 7 : 40 a.m. CDT . The incident occurred in the school 's art complex which consists of four rooms connected to one another with interior hallways , and other rooms . Witnesses said the two targeted classrooms are connected by a ceramics room the shooter accessed by damaging a door window . One wounded victim told reporters the shooter walked into the classroom and pointed at another person , saying `` I 'm going to kill you . '' According to a witness , students barricaded themselves in the art classroom storage closet , and the shooter shot through the door with a shotgun . He left the art room briefly , causing students to leave the closet and attempt to barricade the art room door , but he pushed the door open . Upon spotting a student he knew , he said `` Surprise ! '' and shot the student in the chest . Students are credited with giving victims medical attention in an effort to provide aid . Police officers stationed at the school engaged with the shooter , with one officer being wounded and admitted in critical condition to a local hospital . After shooting into the ceramics room , he was engaged by a Santa Fe school police officer and a Texas State Trooper who attempted to have him surrender peacefully . He reportedly threatened to shoot the officers and repeatedly fired rounds while arguing with the police . He surrendered to the officers after being injured during the shooting . The Galveston County Sheriff said officers engaged him within four minutes , and allowed for the safe evacuation of other students and faculty . Parents were kept off school grounds during the response to the shooting , with parents being directed to the Alamo gym by 8 AM . Students were then evacuated to the gym and reunited with their parents . The shooter told police he meant to kill the classmates he shot and wanted to spare the students he liked , so he could `` have his story told . '' The shooting lasted about 25 minutes until he was arrested . According to the probable cause affidavit and complaint filed by law enforcement , the shooter used a pump - action Remington Model 870 shotgun and a . 38 - caliber revolver . Both firearms appear to have been legally owned by his father . Various types of explosive devices were found at the school and off campus , as well as a Molotov cocktail , and residents in the surrounding area were warned to be aware of all suspicious objects . Two other people were detained by police as persons of interest . One was detained at the scene due to `` suspicious reactions '' after the shooting , and another was described as being interviewed . Victims ( edit ) Ten people were killed and thirteen people were injured . The eight students and two teachers killed were : Jared Conard Black , age 17 Shana Fisher , 16 Christian Riley Garcia , 15 Aaron Kyle McLeod , 15 Glenda Anne Perkins , 64 ( teacher ) Angelique Ramirez , 15 Sabika Sheikh , 17 ( exchange student from Pakistan ) Christopher Stone , 17 Cynthia Tisdale , 63 ( teacher ) Kimberly Vaughan , 14 Suspect ( edit ) The suspected shooter was identified by police as Dimitrios Pagourtzis ( born October 12 , 2000 ) He is charged with capital murder of multiple persons and aggravated assault against public servant ; and held in custody without bail . If convicted , he faces a maximum sentence of 40 years to life . According to at least one witness , Pagourtzis was the victim of bullying by multiple students and coaches . The school refuted the allegations of bullying by faculty . One of his former teachers described him as `` quiet , but he was n't quiet in a creepy way . '' and had never seen him draw or write anything in his class journal that she found suspicious or unusual . Pagourtzis was on the honor roll , and he played on the school football team . Pagourtzis 's journals on his computer and cell phone , found by police after the shooting , suggested to Governor Greg Abbott `` not only did he want to commit the shooting , but he wanted to commit suicide after the shooting , planned on doing this for some time . He advertised his intentions but somehow slipped through the cracks '' . Classmates recounted how at a water park the day before the shooting Pagourtzis did not show any signs of his plans , and seemed friendly and funny . Other classmates have called him a `` weird loner '' and that he `` never seemed right '' . The New York Times and Los Angeles Times highlighted Pagourtzis 's social media presence . On April 30 , Pagourtzis posted a photo of a shirt with the words `` Born to Kill '' on his Facebook page . The Facebook page also included photos of his black duster coat with several buttons on it , with an accompanying caption : `` Hammer and Sickle = Rebellion . Rising Sun = Kamikaze Tactics . Iron Cross = Bravery . Baphomet = Evil . Cthulu = Power . '' The Facebook page has since been taken down . Family statement ( edit ) In a published statement , Pagourtzis ' family extended their prayers and condolences to the victims and thanked first responders for their assistance . According to the statement , they were as shocked by the event as everyone else . The family stated they were cooperating with authorities and requested the media and others to respect their privacy and that of the victims . While speaking to reporters , Pagourtzis ' father , an immigrant from Greece , claimed that his son 's history of being bullied was the reasoning behind the shooting . Legal proceedings ( edit ) Pagourtzis was booked into the Galveston County Jail on ten capital murder charges , along with multiple counts of aggravated assault . He was ordered held without bond . Pagourtzis is represented by attorneys hired by his parents . Despite the nature of the crime and the continued usage of capital punishment in Texas , 17 - year - old Pagourtzis is ineligible for the death penalty if convicted , due to the 2005 Roper v. Simmons Supreme Court ruling declaring that the death sentence for minors constitutes cruel and unusual punishment . Separate filings ( edit ) The parents of victim Chris Stone filed a lawsuit against Pagourtzis 's parents , claiming his father did not properly secure his weapons and the parents were negligent in entrusting their son with the firearms . Under Texas law guns can not be made accessible to minors outside hunting or under parental supervision , and if broken the penalty can be up to a year in jail and a $4,000 fine if the weapon causes serious injury or death . The parents of a second victim Aaron McLeod , joined the lawsuit with additional allegations against the parents of Pagourtzis . Both families are alleging in addition to the above , the failure to obtain mental health counseling and support , and failure to warn the public of their sons `` dangerous propensities '' . Reactions ( edit ) Play media President Trump 's reaction ( 1 : 39 ) Play media Statements from Walter Braun , the Santa Fe Independent School District police chief ( 0 : 58 ) U.S. President Donald Trump expressed his condolences in a press conference shortly following the shootings , and said his `` administration is determined to do everything in ( its ) power to protect our students '' . On May 31 , Trump met with victims , families , and others affected , to discuss the event and trying to find prevention methods . Secretary of Education Betsy DeVos said , `` Our schools must be safe and nurturing environments for learning . No student should have to experience the trauma suffered by so many today and in similar events prior . We simply can not allow this trend to continue . '' Democratic Leader and U.S. Representative Nancy Pelosi expressed her condolences and thanked the first responders . She also called for Congress to act and vote now to prevent gun violence . Texas Governor Greg Abbott said in a press briefing that the attack was `` one of the most heinous attacks that we 've ever seen in the history of Texas schools . '' He also called for all Texans to hold a moment of silence on May 21 at 10 : 00 AM CDT in honor of the victims , their families and first responders . Texas Lieutenant Governor Dan Patrick said the design of Texas schools with `` too many entrances and too many exits '' may have to be reconsidered . He said the issue is `` not about the guns , it 's about us . '' The organizers of the March for Our Lives , from the Stoneman Douglas High School shooting three months earlier , tweeted `` Though this is the 22nd school shooting this year , we urge those reading this not to sweep it under the rug and forget . '' John Barnes , a police officer wounded in the shooting rampage , was hailed as a hero for tackling the shooter and saving many lives despite blood loss . School response ( edit ) The Santa Fe Independent School District has an active shooter plan , and two armed police officers that interacted with students in the school . In the year prior to the shooting , the school district leadership made plans to arm teachers and staff through the Texas School Marshal Program . After the shooting , the president of the school district 's Board of Trustees said the district 's policies and procedures worked , and that it was not the failure of the procedures that accounted for the incident , adding someone intent on entering the school to create havoc would be able to do so in any event . As a result of the mass shooting , the district plans to renovate the northwest area of the campus , including sealing off the art rooms in which the shooting occurred as well as the adjacent hallway . A new hallway and counselor 's office will be installed . Memorials ( edit ) Students organized a candlelight vigil on May 18 . Ten white crosses have been placed in front of the school to memorialize the deceased . The white crosses were removed prior to the start of the 2018 / 19 school year . President Trump ordered all U.S. flags flown at half - staff from May 18 until sunset on May 22 . Fundraisers and support ( edit ) Blood drives were set up to support the local hospitals . Houston Texans football player J.J. Watt offered to pay the funeral expenses of all the deceased . Local funeral homes , florists , pastors offered heavily discounted or free rates for families of the deceased . On May 26 , 2018 , multiple fundraisers were held to raise money . One local business sponsored a fundraiser which brought in $257,000 for the victims . Unrelated weapon offenses ( edit ) The following Monday there were five arrests in the Greater Houston area for bringing weapons to school or making threats in the Friendswood , Huffman , Cleveland , Clear Creek , and Texas City Independent School Districts . See also ( edit ) List of school shootings in the United States References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Joyce , Kathleen . `` Texas high school shooting leaves at least 8 dead , suspect in custody : report '' . Fox News . Retrieved May 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 8 students treated for gunshot wounds '' . CNN . May 18 , 2018 . Retrieved May 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Several dead in Texas school shooting , say witnesses '' . News.com.au . May 18 , 2018 . Retrieved May 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Barker , Aaron . `` LIVE : 8 - 10 killed in Santa Fe High School shooting , sheriff says '' . Click2Houston.com . Retrieved May 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` What we know so far about the Santa Fe school shooting '' . CNN . May 18 , 2018 . Retrieved May 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` At Santa Fe High School , police had an active - shooter plan . Then the fog of chaos descended '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Investigates , Bob Ortega , CNN . `` Santa Fe shooting survivor : ' All that was going through my head was to get out ' '' . CNN . Retrieved May 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Frosch , Dan ( May 19 , 2018 ) . `` Texas Shooter Spared Students He Liked , Court Document Says '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved May 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Jarvie , Molly Hennessy - Fiske , Matt Pearce , Jenny . `` Texas school shooter killed girl who turned down his advances and embarrassed him in class , her mother says '' . latimes.com . Retrieved May 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Her Daughter Was Shot In The Santa Fe School Massacre . Here 's What It 's Like For One Mother '' . BuzzFeed . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Wounded Officer Had Sought a ' Simpler Life ' Patrolling Schools '' . May 21 , 2018 . Retrieved May 21 , 2018 -- via NYTimes.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Teens watch classmates die on morning of chaos as shooter opens fire at Santa Fe school '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved May 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistani student among Texas victims '' . BBC News . May 19 , 2018 . Retrieved May 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Officials identify suspect in shooting that killed 10 at Texas ' Santa Fe High School '' . CNN . Retrieved May 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ reporter , pooja lodhia , eyewitness news , ( May 21 , 2018 ) . `` Sheriff reveals moment officers confronted Santa Fe HS gunman '' . ABC13 Houston . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Smith , Cory . `` @ CorySmithNBC5 '' . Twitter . Retrieved May 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 10 dead , 10 wounded in shooting at Santa Fe High School in Texas , explosives found on campus : Officials '' . ABC News . Retrieved May 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Multiple fatalities ' reported at Santa Fe High School shooting '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved May 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Up to 10 dead in Texas school shooting '' . BBC News . May 18 , 2018 . Retrieved May 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` These are the victims of the Santa Fe High School shooting '' . The Dallas Morning News . May 19 , 2018 . Retrieved May 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pair of teachers among victims of Santa Fe school shooting '' . nypost.com . May 19 , 2018 . Retrieved May 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Webb , Shelby ( May 29 , 2018 ) . `` Santa Fe High School student Jared Conard Black remembered as supportive , creative '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved 11 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Bowden , John . `` Santa Fe shooting suspect reportedly killed girl who turned down his advances '' . The Hill . Retrieved May 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Family , friends mourn Pakistani exchange student killed in Santa Fe school shooting '' . DAWN . May 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ state.gov : On the Death of Pakistani Exchange Student Sabika Sheikh ( Press Statement by Mike Pompeo , US Secretary of State ) Jump up ^ Bosman , Julie ; Bidgood , Jess . `` Santa Fe School Shooting Victims : Here Are Their Stories '' . New York Times . Retrieved May 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Teacher 's aide among 10 dead in Texas high school shooting '' . ABC - News . May 19 , 2018 . Retrieved May 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Update : Shooter In Custody ... Officer Among The Wounded In School Shooting '' . WLIP - AM 1050 . Retrieved 20 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Here are the charges the shooting suspect faces '' . May 21 , 2018 . Retrieved May 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ CNN , Eric Levenson , . `` Why the Santa Fe shooting suspect can not get the death penalty or life without parole '' . cnn.com . Retrieved May 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ten people killed in shooting at Texas high school ; suspect in custody '' . Nbcnews.com . Retrieved May 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Texas shooting : Who is Dimitrios Pagourtzis , suspect in the Santa Fe High School attack ? '' . Ajc.com . Retrieved May 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Santa Fe ISD - Official Site '' . www.facebook.com . Retrieved May 21 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Fernandez , Manny ; Blinder , Alan ; Chokshi , Niraj ( May 18 , 2018 ) . `` 10 Dead in Santa Fe , Texas , School Shooting ; Suspect Used Shotgun and Revolver '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Who Is Dimitrios Pagourtzis , the Texas Shooting Suspect ? '' . The New York Times . May 18 , 2018 . Retrieved May 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ CNN , Evan Perez , Jason Morris and Raph Ellis , . `` Dimitrios Pagourtzis identified as Santa Fe High shooter , sources say '' . Jump up ^ `` Texas students who supported Parkland endure own shooting '' . Associated Press . May 19 , 2018 . Retrieved May 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Teen killed in school shooting knew suspect would target her '' . New York Post . 2018 - 05 - 21 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : With graduation just days away , Texas school becomes latest casualty -- 10 dead , 10 wounded in latest campus shooting , LA Times , May 19 , 2018 Jump up ^ `` Family of alleged Santa Fe High School shooter issues statement '' . ABC7 San Francisco . May 19 , 2018 . Retrieved May 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Santa Fe High School shooting suspect 's father says son was bullied '' . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Attorney : ' Do n't rush to judgement ' in Santa Fe shooting '' . ABC13 Houston . May 19 , 2018 . Retrieved May 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Santa Fe victim 's family sues parents of Dimitrios Pagourtzis '' . ABC13 Houston . 2018 - 05 - 24 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 28 . Jump up ^ Betz , Bradford ( 2018 - 05 - 26 ) . `` Texas school shooting victim 's family sue suspect 's parents '' . Fox News . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Second Santa Fe family sues shooting suspect 's parents '' . ABC13 Houston . 2018 - 06 - 06 . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ Estepa , Jessica ; Korte , Gregory ( May 18 , 2018 ) . `` President Trump promises his action from his administration after Texas school shooting '' . USA Today . Retrieved May 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` '' Like talking to a toddler : '' Grieving parent of Santa Fe High School victim criticises Trump `` . Newsweek. 2018 - 06 - 03 . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` DeVos responds to Texas shooting : ' We simply can not allow this trend to continue ' '' , by Avery Anapol , The Hill Jump up ^ `` Nancy Pelosi issues call for `` a vote to prevent gun violence now '' `` . CNS News . May 18 , 2018 . Retrieved May 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lozano , Juan A. `` Ten killed , at least 10 injured in Texas school shooting '' . chicagotribune.com . Retrieved May 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Santa Fe community raising money for victims ; Abbott calls for moment of silence at 10 a.m. '' statesman . Retrieved May 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nowlin , Sanford ( May 18 , 2018 ) . `` Ban Doors , Not Guns , to Stop School Shootings , Dan Patrick Says '' . San Antonio Current . Jump up ^ Sinclair , Harriet . `` Texas Lt. Gov. thinks abortion , video games show ' culture of violence ' that leads to school shootings '' . Newsweek . Retrieved May 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Zwirz , Elizabeth . `` Parkland students react to Texas school shooting : ' Santa Fe High , you did n't deserve this ' '' . Fox News . Retrieved May 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Santa Fe school shooting : Wounded officer John Barnes a ' hero ' '' . BBC News . 22 May 2018 . Retrieved 21 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Santa Fe school had a shooting plan , armed officers , and practice . And still 10 people died '' . The Denver Post . May 20 , 2018 . Retrieved May 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Webb , Shelby ( 2018 - 07 - 10 ) . `` Santa Fe board OKs increased high school security while parents seek more information '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Students call for action during Southlake vigil supporting Santa Fe shooting victims '' . star - telegram . Retrieved May 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Trump orders US flags flown at half - mast after shooting '' . ABC13 Houston . May 19 , 2018 . Retrieved May 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Team , HPM Digital ( May 18 , 2018 ) . `` Vigils Planned For Victims Of Santa Fe High School Shooting Houston Public Media '' . Houston Public Media . Retrieved May 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Texans ' J.J. Watt to pay for funerals of Santa Fe shooting victims '' . Houston Chronicle . May 19 , 2018 . Retrieved May 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Meet The 28 - Year - Old Funeral Director Laying Victims Of Santa Fe 's School Shooting To Rest '' . BuzzFeed . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Daryls Place Fundraiser - Live Video '' . Facebook.com . Retrieved 21 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Reaux , Emily ( 21 May 2018 ) . `` Five Houston - area students arrested on Monday for guns , threats '' . KHOU.com . Retrieved 21 June 2018 . External links ( edit ) May 18 , 2018 Letter - Santa Fe Independent School District Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Santa_Fe_High_School_shooting&oldid=856259551 '' Categories : 2018 in Texas 2018 mass shootings in the United States Deaths by firearm in Texas High school shootings in the United States Mass shootings in Texas May 2018 crimes in the United States Santa Fe , Texas School massacres in the United States Mass shootings in the United States Hidden categories : Articles with short description Use mdy dates from May 2018 Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 La . lojban . Bahasa Melayu Polski Русский Simple English Tiếng Việt 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 August 2018 , at 00 : 01 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did the santa fe school shooting start | [
"The shooter began firing a weapon into an art class at the school at around 7:40 a.m. CDT.[5] The incident occurred in the school's art complex which consists of four rooms connected to one another with interior hallways, and other rooms.[6] Witnesses said the two targeted classrooms are connected by a ceramics room the shooter accessed by damaging a door window.[7]\n"
] | [
"at around 7:40 a.m. CDT"
] |
-5999550439880292955 | Thelma Lou | Thelma Lou - wikipedia Thelma Lou Thelma Lou The Andy Griffith Show character Thelma Lou portrayed by Betty Lynn First appearance `` Cyrano Andy '' Last appearance `` Return to Mayberry '' Portrayed by Betty Lynn Information Nickname ( s ) Thel Spouse ( s ) Gerald Whitfield ( 1965 - ? ) Barney Fife ( 1986 - ? ) Significant other ( s ) Barney Fife ( boyfriend ) ( 1961 - 1965 ) Children None Relatives Karen ( cousin ) , Mary Grace ( cousin ) Thelma Lou or Thel by boyfriend Barney Fife is a character on the American television sitcom The Andy Griffith Show ( 1960 - 1968 ) . The character appeared in 26 episodes . Thelma Lou is Barney Fife 's girlfriend and is portrayed by Betty Lynn . Contents 1 Overview 2 First appearance 3 Thelma Lou 's telelife 4 Barney and Thelma Lou 5 Subsequent appearance 6 Andy Griffith Show appearances 7 References 8 External links Overview ( edit ) Thelma Lou lives in the community of Mayberry , North Carolina . She is Mayberry Deputy Sheriff Barney Fife 's girlfriend . Thelma Lou appeared as a semi-regular character in 26 episodes of The Andy Griffith Show from 1961 until 1966 when the character was dropped from the show following the departure of Don Knotts and his Barney Fife character . She appeared in the 1986 reunion made - for - television movie , Return to Mayberry . First appearance ( edit ) Thelma Lou 's debut occurs in the first - season episode , `` Cyrano Andy '' . Barney and Thelma Lou are platonic friends but their relationship becomes ( and remains ) a romantic one with Andy 's help . Thelma Lou 's telelife ( edit ) Little is known about Thelma Lou 's telelife , despite her impressive role in the series . Barney met Thelma Lou at Wilton Blair 's funeral in 1960 . In another episode , it is mentioned that she attended Mayberry Union High , graduating in the same class with Barney and Andy Taylor . Aside from her romance with Barney Fife , she was given very little character development during the series ' run . She was generally portrayed as a sweet - natured , somewhat touchy , caring person who genuinely had an understanding of Barney , despite his unbecoming antics and personality problems . She sang in the choir , lived in her own home , and was apparently employed at an office and self - sufficient . Like most Mayberry ladies , she is an accomplished cook , being especially celebrated for her `` cashew fudge '' ( a favorite of Barney 's ) . Thelma Lou 's last name was never given on the show , though in her last appearance on the series ( `` The Return of Barney Fife '' ) she is married to a man named Gerald Whitfield . Her occupation is never revealed , but she mentions once that she `` had to get back to the office . '' Prior to the arrival of Helen Crump in Mayberry , Lydia Crosswaithe is introduced as one of Thelma Lou 's friends . Unfortunately , Lydia 's extremely odd personality doomed an effort by Barney and `` Thel '' to arrange a date and possible romantic match with Andy . Barney and Thelma Lou ( edit ) The stability of Barney and Thelma Lou 's relationship is questionable . Barney dates other women besides Thelma Lou ( mainly , diner waitress Juanita , who is mentioned but never seen or heard ) . The two call it Splitsville in one episode when Barney pays a bit too much attention to an attractive newcomer to Mayberry . Despite their ups and downs , Thelma Lou stated that Barney was the man she wanted to marry and be the father of her children , and Barney once told Thelma Lou , `` You 're the only one I ever gave a hoot for . '' He also tells her `` You 're the cat 's '' ( as in `` cat 's meow '' ) . A running gag on the show involved Barney and Thelma Lou spending a `` quiet evening together '' and somebody ( usually Andy ) walking in on them to find Barney 's hair mussed and lipstick prints all over his face . Barney and Thelma Lou went their separate ways when Barney left Mayberry to join the Raleigh police force ( coinciding with Don Knotts 's departure from the series in 1965 ) . In the sixth - season episode , `` The Return of Barney Fife '' , Barney returns to Mayberry for a high school reunion . Intent on getting back with Thelma Lou , Barney discovers she has been married six weeks to a man named Gerald Whitfield . This episode is Thelma Lou 's final appearance on the series . Subsequent appearance ( edit ) Thelma Lou appeared in the 1986 television reunion movie Return to Mayberry . It was revealed her marriage in 1965 had lasted only a year before ending in divorce . Barney finally marries Thelma Lou . Andy Griffith Show appearances ( edit ) The following is a list of Andy Griffith Show episodes featuring Thelma Lou . Season One Episode 22 : `` Cyrano Andy '' Episode 30 : `` Barney Gets His Man '' Season Two Episode 2 : `` Barney 's Replacement '' Episode 5 : `` Barney on the Rebound '' Episode 8 : `` The Perfect Female '' Episode 13 : `` The Farmer Takes a Wife '' Episode 20 : `` Barney and the Choir '' Episode 27 : `` Three 's a Crowd '' Season Three Episode 2 : `` Andy 's Rich Girlfriend '' Episode 6 : `` Barney Mends a Broken Heart '' Episode 27 : `` Barney 's First Car '' Episode 28 : `` The Rivals '' Episode 29 : `` A Wife for Andy '' Season Four Episode 9 : `` A Date for Gomer '' Episode 10 : `` Up in Barney 's Room '' Episode 13 : `` Barney and the Cave Rescue '' Episode 27 : `` Fun Girls '' Episode 29 : `` The Rumor '' Episode 30 : `` Barney and Thelma Lou , Phfftt '' Season Five Episode 2 : `` Barney 's Physical '' Episode 7 : `` Man in the Middle '' Episode 19 : `` The Lucky Letter '' Episode 20 : `` Goober and the Art of Love '' Episode 21 : `` Barney Runs for Sheriff '' Episode 28 : `` The Arrest of the Fun Girls '' Season Six Episode 17 : `` The Return of Barney Fife '' References ( edit ) External links ( edit ) Betty Lynn on IMDb Mayberry , North Carolina TV series The Andy Griffith Show Episodes Gomer Pyle , U.S.M.C. Episodes Characters Mayberry R.F.D. Episodes Telefilm Return to Mayberry Main characters Andy Taylor Opie Taylor Bee Taylor Barney Fife Elinor `` Ellie '' Walker Sam Jones Gomer Pyle Goober Pyle Recurring characters Ernest T. Bass Otis Campbell Helen Crump Briscoe Darling Jr . The Darlings Clara Edwards Warren Ferguson The Fun Girls Floyd Lawson Flora Malherbe Howard Sprague Thelma Lou Related programs No Time for Sergeants The Danny Thomas Show The Jim Nabors Hour The New Andy Griffith Show Related topics Mount Airy Pilot Mountain Desilu Productions Rural purge `` What it Was , Was Football '' Mayberry Machiavelli Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thelma_Lou&oldid=854670445 '' Categories : Fictional characters from North Carolina The Andy Griffith Show characters Fictional characters introduced in 1961 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 00 : 52 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | where did thelma lou work on andy griffith | [
"Little is known about Thelma Lou's telelife, despite her impressive role in the series. Barney met Thelma Lou at Wilton Blair's funeral in 1960. In another episode, it is mentioned that she attended Mayberry Union High, graduating in the same class with Barney and Andy Taylor. Aside from her romance with Barney Fife, she was given very little character development during the series' run. She was generally portrayed as a sweet-natured, somewhat touchy, caring person who genuinely had an understanding of Barney, despite his unbecoming antics and personality problems. She sang in the choir, lived in her own home, and was apparently employed at an office and self-sufficient. Like most Mayberry ladies, she is an accomplished cook, being especially celebrated for her \"cashew fudge\" (a favorite of Barney's). Thelma Lou's last name was never given on the show,though in her last appearance on the series (\"The Return of Barney Fife\") she is married to a man named Gerald Whitfield. Her occupation is never revealed, but she mentions once that she \"had to get back to the office.\" Prior to the arrival of Helen Crump in Mayberry, Lydia Crosswaithe is introduced as one of Thelma Lou's friends. Unfortunately, Lydia's extremely odd personality doomed an effort by Barney and \"Thel\" to arrange a date and possible romantic match with Andy.\n"
] | [
"at an office"
] |
-8643369858186099164 | I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (Australian TV series) | I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( Australian TV series ) - Wikipedia I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( Australian TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search For the most recent season , see I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( Australia season 4 ) . I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! Genre Reality television Created by Granada Television ( now part of ITV Studios ) Based on I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! Presented by Chris Brown Julia Morris Country of origin Australia Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 125 ( as of 12 March 2018 ) Production Location ( s ) Kruger National Park , in South Africa Camera setup Multiple - camera setup Production company ( s ) ITV Studios Australia Release Original network Network Ten Picture format 576i ( SDTV ) 1080i ( HDTV ) Audio format Stereo Original release 1 February 2015 -- present External links Website Production website I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( occasionally shortened to I 'm a Celebrity ) is an Australian reality television series on Network Ten which is based on the British television show of the same name . The series sees celebrities living in the jungle with few creature comforts and compete in various challenges to earn meals and other luxuries . The celebrities compete for $100,000 to be donated to their chosen charity . The series is set in Kruger National Park , South Africa , and is hosted by Julia Morris and Chris Brown . On 16 July 2015 the series was renewed for a second season , which premiered on 31 January 2016 . The second season was accompanied by the companion series ' ' I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! Now ! ' ' . It aired on Eleven following each episode of the main series , hosted by comedian and former season one contestant Joel Creasey and The Bachelor Australia 3 contestant Heather Maltman . ' ' I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! Now ! ' ' did not air after the main show in later seasons due to low viewing rates . On 1 August 2016 the series was renewed for a third season with Morris and Brown returning as hosts , which premiered on 29 January 2017 . A fourth season commenced on 28 January 2018 and concluded 12 March 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Format 1.1 Tucker trials 1.2 Celebrity chest challenges 1.3 Secret mission 1.4 Mystery box 2 Production 2.1 Broadcast 2.2 The fallout zone 2.3 Public voting 3 Series overview 4 Series results 4.1 Season 1 ( 2015 ) 4.2 Season 2 ( 2016 ) 4.3 Season 3 ( 2017 ) 4.4 Season 4 ( 2018 ) 4.5 Season 5 ( 2019 ) 5 Ratings 6 Awards and nominations 7 Lawsuit 8 See also 9 References Format ( edit ) The premise of the show is that there is a group of well known personalities living together in a specially constructed camp site in a jungle . During their time in the jungle they are isolated from the outside world and are not commonly aware of outside events . The contestants compete for $100,000 to be donated to a charity of their choosing , in addition to being personally reimbursed for their participation . While in the jungle , some of the contestants ( generally voted by the viewing public ) compete in challenges for food and luxuries for the camp . These challenges often involve local wildlife and are meant to take the contestants out of their comfort zone . Each week one or more of the contestants are evicted from the jungle , based on viewer votes . In addition , if the contestants become overwhelmed by their situation they can leave the series by speaking the phrase `` I 'm a celebrity get me out of here ! '' . However , it is reported that if contestants do quit they will have their income for participating in the series markedly reduced . Throughout the show , additional contestants ( called `` intruders '' ) enter the competition ; and beginning with season two , some contestants are only included temporarily ( i.e. having a guest appearance ) . In the end , a final viewer vote occurs to determine the winner of the series , who is given the title of `` King and / or Queen of the Jungle '' . Tucker trials ( edit ) The contestants take part in daily trials to earn food . These trials aim to test both physical and mental abilities . The winner is usually determined by the number of stars collected during the trial , with each star representing a meal earned by the winning contestant for their camp mates . Celebrity chest challenges ( edit ) Two or more celebrities are chosen to take part in the celebrity chest challenge to win luxuries for camp . Each challenge involves completing a task to win a chest to take back to camp . However , to win the luxury item in the chest , the campmates must correctly answer a question . If they fail to answer correctly , the luxury item is forfeited and a joke prize is won . The luxury item is `` donated '' by a celebrity from the outside . Secret mission ( edit ) This is a challenge where some celebrities have to take part without alerting the other celebrities - if they are successful in their ' missions ' , they are rewarded . Mystery box ( edit ) A mystery box sees a box delivered to the campsite , each time containing a different gift for the contestants . Production ( edit ) Broadcast ( edit ) The show is broadcast Sunday to Thursday at 7.30 pm , with a weekly eviction show on Sunday ( except for the first week , where the celebrities arrive in the ' jungle ' ) . All shows are presented by Julia Morris & Chris Brown from a nearby studio . The program is live to AEDT States ( New South Wales , Victoria , Tasmania and the Australian Capital Territory ) , in other states the program is delayed to accommodate local time zones . The Fallout Zone ( edit ) In addition to the television broadcast , for the first season a live feed from the camp site aired for an hour after the AEDT airing of the show on Ten 's website and mobile app , titled The Fallout Zone but more commonly referred to as FOZ . The content of feed was available on the website after the fact so viewers in other states could watch the show after their airing of the main show . The feed was hosted by comedian Sam Mac and producer Ciaran `` The Butcher '' Flannery , also known as `` The C - Word '' . On 8 and 12 March 2015 , producer Dominic `` The Domin8or '' Sullivan filled in during Flannery 's absence . The duo interact with viewers through Twitter , using the hashtag # FOZ . Mac and Flannery have no control over the shots used in the stream which has resulted in one episode featuring a 20 - minute shot of a waterfall and , on 16 February 2015 , a 15 - minute conversation featuring a sound technician looking for Bob being picked up . On 5 March 2015 the show famously featured audio problems during which Mac and Flannery 's voices fluctuated between chipmunk and Darth Vader filters for the first thirty minutes . The show 's theme song is Highway to the Fallout Zone sung by Sam Mac . The show did not return for the second season . Public voting ( edit ) Throughout the show the public votes on who competes in the following tucker trial and who to evict from the campsite . Viewers can either vote via SMS ( by texting the name of the celebrity to 1995 1010 ) or vote via Social Media ( namely Facebook or Twitter ) by using the celebrity 's hashtag ( # celeb ( name ) ) . Voting via social media is limited to 20 votes per account . For tucker trial voting , viewers vote for celebrity they wish to compete . For eviction voting , viewers vote for a celebrity to stay . Voting closes at approximately 7 : 30pm AEDT for Sunday 's eviction vote and at approximately 8pm AEDT for voting on other days . Prior to the premiere of the second season , it was announced that the voting process would change slightly compared to the inaugural season . SMS voting wil be used for both trial and eviction voting while Twitter voting will be used exclusively for trial voting . This change was implemented to even the playing field between celebrities with a larger international fan base ( who are more likely to receive Twitter votes from said fan base ) and celebrities with a smaller fan base who are only known in Australia . However , this decision was later reversed , allowing Twitter and Facebook votes for the finals . Series overview ( edit ) Winners crowned King or Queen of their respective year . Key : King of the Jungle Queen of the Jungle Season Presenters Start date End date Days in camp Campmates Honour places Winner Second place Third place Chris Brown and Julia Morris 1 February 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 01 ) 15 March 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 15 ) 45 14 Freddie Flintoff Barry Hall Chrissie Swan 31 January 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 31 ) 13 March 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 13 ) 45 12 Brendan Fevola Paul Harragon Laurina Fleure 29 January 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 29 ) 13 March 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 13 ) 46 14 Casey Donovan Dane Swan Natalie Bassingthwaighte 28 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 28 ) 12 March 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 12 ) 45 15 Fiona O'Loughlin Shannon Noll Danny Green 5 2019 2019 Series results ( edit ) Key Winner -- King or Queen of the Jungle Runner - up Third place Late arrival Evicted Withdrew Season 1 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) Main article : I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( Australia season 1 ) Celebrity Known for Day Entered Day Exited Result Freddie Flintoff England and Wales cricketer 17 45 Winner Barry Hall Former AFL forward 45 Runner - up Chrissie Swan Television & radio broadcaster 45 Third Place Maureen McCormick The Brady Bunch actress 42 Evicted 11th Joel Creasey Comedian 41 Evicted 10th Anna Heinrich The Bachelor Australia star 10 41 Evicted 9th Julie Goodwin Chef & cookbook author 17 40 Evicted 8th Merv Hughes Former test match cricketer 39 Evicted 7th Tyson Mayr Model 38 Evicted 6th Andrew Daddo Television & radio presenter 31 Evicted 5th Lauren Brant Hi - 5 singer 24 Evicted 4th Laura Dundovic Miss Universe Australia 2008 17 Evicted 3rd Tim Robards The Bachelor Australia star 10 17 Evicted 2nd Leisel Jones Olympic swimmer 10 Evicted 1st Season 2 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) Main article : I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( Australia season 2 ) Celebrity Known for Day Entered Day Exited Result Brendan Fevola AFL full - forward 45 Winner Paul Harragon Former NRL prop forward 45 Runner - up Laurina Fleure The Bachelor Australia 2 star 45 Third Place Anthony Callea Singer - songwriter 42 Evicted 9th Shane Warne Retired international cricketer 41 Evicted 8th Havana Brown DJ 40 Evicted 7th Jo Beth Taylor Television presenter 39 Evicted 6th Val Lehman Prisoner actress 38 Evicted 5th Dean Geyer Glee actor 31 Evicted 4th Bonnie Lythgoe So You Think You Can Dance Australia judge 24 Evicted 3rd Akmal Saleh Comedian 17 Evicted 2nd Courtney Hancock Ironwoman 10 Evicted 1st Season 3 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( Australia season 3 ) Celebrity Known for Day Entered Day Exited Result Casey Donovan Singer - songwriter ( Australian Idol Winner ) 46 Winner Dane Swan AFL Legend 46 Runner - Up Natalie Bassingthwaighte Singer & Actress 46 Third Place Nazeem Hussain Comedian 45 Evicted 11th Steve Price Radio Shock Jock 42 Evicted 10th Lisa Curry Olympic Swimmer 41 Evicted 9th Ash Pollard My Kitchen Rules contestant 40 Evicted 8th Carson Kressley TV Personality 25 39 Evicted 7th Tegan Martin Beauty Queen 38 Evicted 6th Keira Maguire The Bachelor Australia 4 star 19 35 Evicted 5th Kris Smith TV Personality & Model 35 Evicted 4th Tziporah Malkah Former Model 31 Evicted 3rd Jay Laga'aia Actor & Singer 24 Evicted 2nd Tom Arnold Hollywood Actor 17 Evicted 1st Season 4 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) Main article : I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( Australia season 4 ) Celebrity Known for Day Entered Day Exited Result Fiona O'Loughlin Comedian 45 Winner Shannon Noll Singer 45 Runner - up Danny Green Boxer 7 45 Third place Vicky Pattison Reality TV Star ( I 'm a Celeb UK , Winner ) 17 44 Evicted 10th Simone Holtznagel Model 41 Evicted 9th Peter Rowsthorn Actor & Comedian 40 Evicted 8th Jackie Gillies Psychic & Reality TV Star 39 Evicted 7th Josh Gibson AFL Player 38 Evicted 6th Paul Burrell Former Royal Butler ( I 'm a Celeb UK , Runner Up ) 17 37 Evicted 5th Lisa Oldfield Reality TV Star 24 34 Evicted 4th David Oldfield Former Politician 24 30 Evicted 3rd Kerry Armstrong Actress 23 Evicted 2nd Tiffany Darwish Singer 16 Evicted 1st Anthony Mundine Boxer 12 Withdrew Bernard Tomic Tennis Player Withdrew Season 5 ( 2019 ) ( edit ) Main article : I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( Australia season 5 ) Celebrity Known for Day Entered Day Exited Result Ratings ( edit ) Season Episodes Premiere Finale Source Premiere date Premiere viewers ( Opening Night ) Rank Premiere viewers ( Welcome to the Jungle ) Rank Finale date Finale viewers ( Grand final ) Rank Finale viewers ( Winner announced ) Rank 31 1 February 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 01 ) 1.199 1.136 5 15 March 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 15 ) 0.999 8 1.144 31 31 January 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 31 ) 1.324 1.081 5 13 March 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 13 ) 0.719 8 0.858 6 32 29 January 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 29 ) 1.103 7 0.963 8 13 March 2017 0.989 6 1.056 31 28 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 28 ) 1.274 1.108 5 12 March 2018 0.684 11 0.804 8 5 2019 2019 Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Recipients and nominees Result Refs . 2016 Logie Awards of 2016 Best Reality Program I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! Nominated 2017 Logie Awards of 2017 I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! Nominated 2018 Logie Awards of 2018 I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! N / A Lawsuit ( edit ) In June 2017 , Tom Arnold filed a lawsuit against Network Ten and A List Entertainment for defrauding him for being on I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! . Arnold claims that he was promised a payment of $425,000 and a comedy tour in Australia , however he was missing $140,000 in payment and that Network Ten backed out of the comedy tour . See also ( edit ) Television in Australia portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` I 'm a Celebrity heads to Oz '' . C21 Media . Retrieved 8 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Gusmaroli , Danielle ( 8 February 2015 ) . `` I 'm A Celebrity I 'm out Of Here ! Olympian Liesel Jones is first star voted out of the south African jungle after opening up about her weight issues '' . Daily Mail Australia . Retrieved 23 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Kruger Welcomes I 'm A Celebrity '' . CallSheet. 28 January 2016 . Retrieved 19 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TV jungle gets real for Channel 10 but are celebs in or out ? '' . news.com.au . Retrieved 13 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 16 July 2015 ) . `` Renewed : I 'm A Celebrity Get Me Out of Here '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 17 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 10 January 2016 ) . `` Returning : I 'm a Celebrity Get Me Out of Here ! '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 31 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 19 November 2015 ) . `` TEN Upfronts 2016 : Survivor , Jessica Marais , Anh Do - and Nigella ! '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 22 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 'm A Celebrity ... Get Me Out Of Here ! Is Back In 2017 '' . Ten Play . Channel Ten . August 1 , 2016 . Retrieved September 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Reines , Ros ( 2 February 2015 ) . `` I 'm SO glad I turned down I 'm A Celebrity ... even though it paid ' $30 k per week ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 21 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 4 March 2015 ) . `` Contract clause ' penalty ' for Celebrities who quit TEN 's jungle '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 21 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 28 December 2015 ) . `` Mark Waugh into TEN 's jungle ? '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 7 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 28 January 2016 ) . `` I 'm a Celebrity to switch - up viewer voting this year '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 16 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 10 March 2016 ) . `` TEN U-turn on voting promise for I 'm A Celebrity '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 16 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 2 February 2015 ) . `` Sunday 1 February 2015 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 21 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 16 March 2015 ) . `` Sunday 15 March 2015 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 21 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 1 February 2016 ) . `` Sunday 31 January 2016 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 1 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 14 March 2016 ) . `` Sunday 13 March 2016 '' . Retrieved 14 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 30 January 2017 ) . `` Sunday 29 January 2017 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 30 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 14 March 2017 ) . `` Monday 13 March 2017 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 14 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 29 January 2018 ) . `` Sunday 28 January 2018 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 29 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 13 March 2018 ) . `` Monday 12 March 2018 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 13 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 3 April 2016 ) . `` Logie Awards 2016 : nominations '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 3 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 22 April 2017 ) . `` Logie Awards 2017 : nominees '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 22 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Cullins , Ashley ( 2017 - 06 - 15 ) . `` Tom Arnold Sues Australian Reality TV Network for Fraud '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 16 . I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( Australia ) Seasons Winners Freddie Flintoff Brendan Fevola Casey Donovan Fiona O'Loughlin Related articles I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! International versions of I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! Australia France Germany Hungary India Romania Sweden United Kingdom ( original ) United States Current Australian reality television series Seven Network First Dates Hell 's Kitchen Australia House Rules My Kitchen Rules Seven Year Switch Nine Network Australian Ninja Warrior Family Food Fight Married at First Sight The Block The Voice 9Go ! Love Island Australia Meet the Hockers Network Ten Australian Survivor Bachelor in Paradise Australia The Bachelor The Bachelorette MasterChef Australia I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! Shark Tank Eleven Bondi Ink Tattoo Arena The Real Housewives of Melbourne The Real Housewives of Sydney Fox8 Australia 's Next Top Model The Recruit A&E Aussie Pickers Demolition Man Pawn Stars Australia Lifestyle Food The Great Australian Bake Off All Australian reality series Network Ten local programming ( current and upcoming ) Primetime All Star Family Feud ( since 2016 ) Australian Survivor ( since 2016 ) The Bachelor Australia ( since 2013 ) The Bachelorette Australia ( since 2015 ) Bachelor in Paradise ( since 2018 ) Todd Sampson 's Body Hack ( since 2016 ) Bondi Vet ( since 2009 ) Bondi Rescue ( since 2006 ) CRAM ! ( since 2017 ) Family Feud ( since 2014 ) Gogglebox Australia ( since 2015 ) Have You Been Paying Attention ? ( since 2013 ) Hughesy , We Have a Problem ( since 2018 ) I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( since 2015 ) The Living Room ( since 2012 ) MasterChef Australia ( since 2009 ) Offspring ( 2010 -- 2014 , since 2016 ) Shark Tank ( since 2015 ) Show Me the Movie ! ( since 2018 ) Sisters ( since 2017 ) The Wrong Girl ( since 2016 ) Daytime Ben 's Menu ( since 2014 ) Everyday Gourmet with Justine Schofield ( since 2011 ) Good Chef Bad Chef ( since 2011 ) My Market Kitchen ( since 2016 ) News Ten Eyewitness News ( since 1965 ) The Project ( since 2009 ) Studio 10 ( since 2013 ) Sport RPM ( 1997 -- 2008 , 2011 , since 2015 ) Weekends Cruise Mode ( since 2016 ) Healthy Homes TV ( since 2015 ) ifish ( since 2009 ) Mass For You At Home ( since 1971 ) What 's Up Downunder Upcoming All Aussie Adventures ( 2018 ) Blind Date ( 2018 ) How to Stay Married ( 2018 ) Playing For Keeps ( 2018 ) Street Smart ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I%27m_a_Celebrity...Get_Me_Out_of_Here!_(Australian_TV_series)&oldid=838342428 '' Categories : Network Ten shows 2010s Australian television series 2015 Australian television series debuts Australian reality television series I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! English - language television programs Television series by ITV Studios Television shows set in South Africa Hidden categories : Use Australian English from February 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Use dmy dates from February 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 26 April 2018 , at 12 : 09 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | i'm a celebrity get me out of here australia winner 2018 | [
"\n\nSeason\nPresenters\nStart date\nEnd date\nDays in camp\nCampmates\nHonour places\n\n\nWinner\nSecond place\nThird place\n\n\n1\nChris Brown and Julia Morris\n1 February 2015 (2015-02-01)\n15 March 2015 (2015-03-15)\n45\n14\nFreddie Flintoff\nBarry Hall\nChrissie Swan\n\n\n2\n31 January 2016 (2016-01-31)\n13 March 2016 (2016-03-13)\n45\n12\nBrendan Fevola\nPaul Harragon\nLaurina Fleure\n\n\n3\n29 January 2017 (2017-01-29)\n13 March 2017 (2017-03-13)\n46\n14\nCasey Donovan\nDane Swan\nNatalie Bassingthwaighte\n\n\n4\n28 January 2018 (2018-01-28)\n12 March 2018 (2018-03-12)\n45\n15\nFiona O'Loughlin\nShannon Noll\nDanny Green\n\n\n5\n\n2019\n2019\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"Fiona O'Loughlin"
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-3328757065179867413 | Bullitt | Bullitt - wikipedia Bullitt Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Bullitt ( disambiguation ) . Bullitt Film poster by Michel Landi Directed by Peter Yates Produced by Philip D'Antoni Screenplay by Alan R. Trustman Harry Kleiner Based on Mute Witness by Robert L. Fish Starring Steve McQueen Robert Vaughn Jacqueline Bisset Music by Lalo Schifrin Cinematography William A. Fraker Edited by Frank P. Keller Production company Solar Productions Warner Bros. - Seven Arts Distributed by Warner Bros. - Seven Arts Release date October 17 , 1968 ( 1968 - 10 - 17 ) Running time 113 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $5.5 million Box office $42.3 million Bullitt is a 1968 American thriller film directed by Peter Yates and produced by Philip D'Antoni . It stars Steve McQueen , Robert Vaughn , and Jacqueline Bisset . The screenplay by Alan R. Trustman and Harry Kleiner was based on the 1963 novel , Mute Witness , by Robert L. Fish , writing under the pseudonym Robert L. Pike . Lalo Schifrin wrote the original jazz - inspired score , arranged for brass and percussion . Robert Duvall has a small part as a cab driver who provides information to McQueen . The film was made by McQueen 's Solar Productions company , with his partner Robert E. Relyea as executive producer . Released by Warner Bros. - Seven Arts on October 17 , 1968 , the film was a critical and box - office smash , later winning the Academy Award for Best Film Editing ( Frank P. Keller ) and receiving a nomination for Best Sound . Writers Trustman and Kleiner won a 1969 Edgar Award from the Mystery Writers of America for Best Motion Picture Screenplay . Bullitt is also notable for its car chase scene through the streets of San Francisco , regarded as one of the most influential in movie history . In 2007 , Bullitt was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress , as `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Realism 3.4 Car chase 3.4. 1 Filming 3.4. 2 Editing 3.5 Music 4 Release 4.1 Box office performance 4.2 Critical reception 4.3 Awards and honors 4.4 Legacy 5 See also 6 References 6.1 Sources 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Ambitious politician Walter Chalmers is about to present a surprise star witness in a Senate subcommittee hearing on organized crime . The witness , Johnny Ross , a defector from the Organization in Chicago , is put under San Francisco Police Department ( SFPD ) protective custody for the weekend , 40 hours until his Monday morning appearance . To improve his own image , Chalmers requests SFPD Lieutenant Frank Bullitt , who is well - liked by the local media . Bullitt and his team , Delgetti and Stanton , put Ross under around - the - clock protection in a cheap hotel selected by Chalmers . At 1 : 00 a.m. , while Bullitt is with his girlfriend Cathy , Stanton is on solo duty when the desk clerk unexpectedly calls to announce that Chalmers wants to come up . While Stanton checks by phone with Bullitt , Ross unchains the hotel room door . A pair of hitmen burst in and shoot Stanton and Ross , seriously wounding both . At the hospital , Chalmers holds Bullitt responsible . Later , a second assassination attempt is thwarted by Bullitt , but Ross soon dies of his original injuries . Helped by a sympathetic Dr. Willard , who had been snubbed by Chalmers , Bullitt delays news of the death by sending the body to the morgue as a John Doe . Bullitt and Delgetti investigate . Bullitt finds Weissberg , the cab driver who drove Ross to the hotel , and recreates Ross ' journey when he arrived in town , learning that he made a long distance call from a phone booth . Bullitt 's confidential informant , Eddy , reveals that Ross was caught stealing $2 million ( $13.8 million today ) from the Chicago Mob and fled to San Francisco after escaping an attempted hit in Chicago . Meanwhile , Chalmers serves Bullitt 's captain with a writ of habeas corpus to force him to make Bullitt give up Ross . While driving his 1968 Ford Mustang GT , Bullitt spots the Ross hitmen tailing him in a 1968 Dodge Charger R / T. He maneuvers to get behind them , they attempt to flee , and a high - speed muscle car chase ensues through the hilly streets of San Francisco 's Russian Hill and out onto the highway , ending when the Mustang forces the Charger off the road and into a gas station , causing a fiery explosion that incinerates the hitmen . Bullitt and Delgetti face their superiors . They reveal that Ross is dead and that their only lead is phone records showing that Ross 's call was to a Dorothy Simmons in a hotel in nearby San Mateo . It is Sunday ; the detectives are given until Monday to follow up the lead . With his car out of commission , Bullitt gets a ride from Cathy in her Porsche 356 . The detectives find Dorothy Simmons strangled to death . Cathy sees police rushing in and follows , fearing for Bullitt . Afterwards , horrified by the crime scene , she confronts him about his violent world , wondering whether she even really knows him . Back in San Francisco , Bullitt and Delgetti search Simmons 's luggage , discovering men 's and women 's clothing , empty ticket and passport folders , a travel brochure for Rome , and thousands of dollars in travelers ' checks made out to Albert and Dorothy Renick . Bullitt requests passport information for the Renicks and a fingerprint check for the dead Ross . Chalmers again confronts Bullitt , demanding a signed admission that Ross died while in his custody . Bullitt refuses . A facsimile of Albert Renick 's passport application arrives , showing the man they thought was Ross was actually Renick , a used car salesman from Chicago with no criminal record . Bullitt points out that Chalmers was duped by the real Ross , who used Chalmers to fake his own death by setting up Renick ( similar in appearance to Ross ) to die , then murdered the wife to complete the cover - up . Delgetti discovers reservations for the Renicks on an evening flight to Rome . He and Bullitt head to San Francisco International Airport to look for the real Ross , who must be traveling as Renick . They stake out the Rome flight gate , only to find that Ross has switched to an earlier flight to London that is already taxiing toward takeoff . Chalmers shows up to lay claim to the real Ross , even though he is now wanted for murder , and is again rebuffed by Bullitt . Bullitt has the plane stopped , but Ross escapes . A foot chase across the busy runways ends in a tense pursuit inside the crowded passenger terminal . When Ross bolts and shoots a security guard , Bullitt shoots and kills Ross . Left behind , empty - handed , is Chalmers , who is driven off in a Lincoln limousine with a `` Support Your Local Police '' bumper sticker . Early the next morning , Bullitt drives home . As he walks up to his apartment , he spots Cathy 's car . He looks in and sees her sleeping in his bedroom , but he does not wake her . He takes off his gun and balances it on a banister . As he begins to wash up at the bathroom sink , he looks up into his own reflection and contemplates himself for a long moment . Cast ( edit ) Steve McQueen as Lt. Frank Bullitt Robert Vaughn as Walter Chalmers Jacqueline Bisset as Cathy Don Gordon as Delgetti Robert Duvall as Weissberg Simon Oakland as Captain Sam Bennett Norman Fell as Captain Baker Georg Stanford Brown as Dr. Willard Justin Tarr as Eddy Carl Reindel as Carl Stanton Felice Orlandi as Albert `` Johnny Ross '' Renick Vic Tayback as Pete Ross ( credited as Victor Tayback ) John Aprea as Killer Robert Lipton as 1st Aide ( to Chalmers ) Ed Peck as Westcott ( reporter at hospital ) Pat Renella as Johnny Ross Paul Genge as Mike ( hitman , Dodge Charger ) Al Checco as Desk Clerk Bill Hickman as Phil ( driver / hitman , Dodge Charger ) Production ( edit ) Bullitt was co-produced by McQueen 's Solar Productions and Warner Bros. - Seven Arts , the film pitched to Jack L. Warner as `` doing authority differently . '' Development ( edit ) Bullitt was director Yates ' first American film . He was hired after McQueen saw his 1967 UK feature , Robbery , with its extended car chase . Joe Levine , whose Embassy Pictures had distributed Robbery , did not much like it , but Trustman , who had seen the picture the very week he was writing the Bullitt chase , insisted that McQueen , Relyea and D'Antoni , none of whom had ever heard of Yates , see Robbery and consider Yates for director of Bullitt . Casting ( edit ) McQueen based the character of Frank Bullitt on San Francisco Inspector Dave Toschi , with whom he worked prior to filming . McQueen even copied Toschi 's unique `` fast draw '' shoulder holster . Toschi later became famous , along with Inspector Bill Armstrong , as the lead San Francisco investigators of the Zodiac Killer murders that began shortly after the release of Bullitt . Toschi is played by Mark Ruffalo in the film Zodiac , in which Paul Avery ( Robert Downey , Jr . ) mentions that `` McQueen got the idea for the holster from Toschi '' . Realism ( edit ) Bullitt is notable for its extensive use of actual locations rather than studio sets , and its attention to procedural detail , from police evidence processing to emergency room procedures . Director Yates ' use of the new lightweight Arriflex cameras allowed for greater flexibility in location shooting . Car chase ( edit ) Bullitt burning rubber in the car chase scene . At the time of the film 's release , the car chase scene generated prodigious excitement . Leonard Maltin has called it a `` now - classic car chase , one of the screen 's all - time best . '' Emanuel Levy wrote in 2003 that , `` Bullitt contains one of the most exciting car chases in film history , a sequence that revolutionized Hollywood 's standards . '' In his obituary for Peter Yates , Bruce Weber wrote , `` Mr. Yates ' reputation probably rests most securely on Bullitt ( 1968 ) , his first American film -- and indeed , on one particular scene , an extended car chase that instantly became a classic . '' The editing of this scene likely won editor Frank P. Keller the Academy Award for Best Editing . Filming ( edit ) The chase scene starts at 1h : 05m into the film . The total time of the scene is 10 minutes and 53 seconds , beginning in the Fisherman 's Wharf area of San Francisco , at Columbus and Chestnut ( although Bullitt first notices the hitmen following his car while driving west on Army , now Cesar Chavez , just after passing under Highway 101 ) , followed by Midtown shooting on Hyde and Laguna Streets , with shots of Coit Tower and locations around and on Filbert and University Streets . The scene ends outside the city at the Guadalupe Canyon Parkway in Brisbane . The route is geographically impossible if it is assumed to take place in real time . Two 1968 390 V8 Ford Mustang GT Fastbacks ( 325 hp ) with four - speed manual transmissions were used for the chase scene , both lent by the Ford Motor Company to Warner Bros. as part of a promotional agreement . The Mustangs ' engines , brakes and suspensions were heavily modified for the chase by veteran car racer Max Balchowsky . Ford also originally lent two Galaxie sedans for the chase scenes , but the producers found the cars too heavy for the jumps over the hills of San Francisco . They were replaced with two 1968 375 hp 440 Magnum V8 - powered Dodge Chargers . The engines in both Chargers were left largely unmodified , but the suspensions were mildly upgraded to cope with the demands of the stunt work . The director called for maximum speeds of about 75 -- 80 miles per hour ( 121 -- 129 km / h ) , but the cars ( including the chase cars filming ) at times reached speeds of over 110 miles per hour ( 180 km / h ) . Driver 's point - of - view shots were used to give the audience a participant 's feel of the chase . Filming took three weeks , resulting in nine minutes and 42 seconds of pursuit . Multiple takes were spliced into a single end product resulting in discontinuity : heavy damage on the passenger side of Bullitt 's car can be seen much earlier than the incident producing it , and the Charger appears to lose five wheel covers , with different ones missing in different shots . Shooting from multiple angles simultaneously and creating a montage from the footage to give the illusion of different streets also resulted in the speeding cars passing the same vehicles at several different times , including , widely noted , a green Volkswagen Beetle . At one point the Charger crashes into the camera in one scene and the damaged front fender is noticeable in later scenes . Local authorities did not allow the car chase to be filmed on the Golden Gate Bridge , but did permit it in Midtown locations including Bernal Heights and the Mission District , and on the outskirts of neighboring Brisbane . McQueen , an accomplished driver , drove in the close - up scenes , while stunt coordinator Carey Loftin , stuntman and motorcycle racer Bud Ekins , and McQueen 's usual stunt driver , Loren Janes , drove for the high - speed part of the chase and performed other dangerous stunts . Ekins , who doubled for McQueen in The Great Escape sequence where McQueen 's character jumps over a barbed wire fence on a motorcycle , lays one down in front of a skidding truck during the Bullitt chase . The Mustang 's interior rear view mirror goes up and down depending on who is driving : when the mirror is up , McQueen is visible behind the wheel , when it is down , a stunt man is driving . The black Dodge Charger was driven by veteran stunt driver Bill Hickman , who played one of the hitmen and helped with the chase scene choreography . The other hitman was played by Paul Genge , who played a character who had ridden a Dodge off the road to his death in an episode of Perry Mason ( `` The Case of the Sausalito Sunrise '' ) two years earlier . In a magazine article many years later , one of the drivers involved in the chase sequence remarked that the Charger -- with a larger engine ( big - block 440 cu. in . versus the medium - block 390 cu. in . ) and greater horsepower ( 375 versus 325 ) -- were so much faster than the Mustang that the drivers had to keep backing off the accelerator to prevent the Charger pulling away from the Mustang . The last remaining Charger and one of the two Mustangs were scrapped after filming because of damage and liability concerns , while the other was sold to an employee of Warner Bros . The car changed hands several times , with McQueen at one point making an unsuccessful attempt to buy it in late 1977 . The current state and location of the surviving Mustang is largely unknown , but it is rumored that the Mustang is kept in a barn somewhere in the Ohio River Valley by an unknown owner . In late February / early March 2017 , classic Ford expert Kevin Marti conclusively determined from the VIN and other identifying information that a 1968 Ford Mustang found in a Baja California Sur ( Mexico ) junkyard is in fact the movie set Mustang reported to be scrapped , and the new co-owners plan to have it fully restored in the U.S. Editing ( edit ) The editing of the car chase by Frank P. Keller likely won Keller the editing Oscar for 1968 , and has been included in lists of the `` Best Editing Sequences of All - Time '' . Paul Monaco has written , `` The most compelling street footage of 1968 , however , appeared in an entirely contrived sequence , with nary a hint of documentary feel about it -- the car chase through the streets of San Francisco in Bullitt , created from footage shot over nearly five weeks . Billy Fraker , the cinematographer for the film , attributed the success of the chase sequence primarily to the work of the editor , Frank P. Keller . At the time , Keller was credited with cutting the piece in such a superb manner that he made the city of San Francisco a `` character '' in the film . '' The editing of the scene was not without difficulties ; Ralph Rosenblum wrote in 1979 that `` those who care about such things may know that during the filming of the climactic chase scene in Bullitt , an out - of - control car filled with dummies tripped a wire which prematurely sent a costly set up in flames , and that editor Frank Keller salvaged the near - catastrophe with a clever and unusual juxtaposition of images that made the explosion appear to go off on time . '' This chase scene has also been cited by critics as groundbreaking in its realism and originality . In the release print and the print shown for many years , a scene in which the Charger actually hits the camera causing a red flare on screen , which many feel added to the realism , was edited out on DVD prints to the disappointment of many fans . Music ( edit ) Main article : Bullitt ( soundtrack ) The original score was composed by Lalo Schifrin . The tracks on the soundtrack album are alternative versions of those heard in the film , re-recorded by Schifrin with leading jazz musicians , including Bud Shank ( flute ) , Ray Brown ( bass ) , Howard Roberts ( guitar ) and Larry Bunker ( drums ) . In 2000 , the original arrangements as heard in the movie were recreated by Schifrin in a recording session with the WDR Big Band in Cologne , Germany , and released on the Aleph label . This release also includes re-recordings of the 1968 soundtrack album arrangements for some tracks . In 2009 , the never - before - released original recording of the score heard in the movie , recorded by Schifrin on the Warner Bros. scoring stage with engineer Dan Wallin , was made available by Film Score Monthly . Some score passages and cues are virtually identical to the official soundtrack album , while many softer , moodier cues from the film were not chosen or had been rewritten for the soundtrack release . Also included are additional cues that did n't make it into the film . In addition , the two - CD set features the official soundtrack album , newly mixed from the 1 '' master tape . In the restaurant scene with McQueen and Bissett , the live band playing in the background is Meridian West , a jazz quartet that McQueen had seen performing at famous San Francisco restaurant , The Trident . Release ( edit ) Bullitt garnered both critical acclaim and box office success . Box office performance ( edit ) Produced on a $5.5 million budget , the film grossed over $42.3 million in the US , making it the 5th highest - grossing film of 1968 . Critical reception ( edit ) Bullitt was well received by critics and is considered by some to be one of the best films of 1968 . At the time , Renata Adler made the film a New York Times Critics ' Pick , calling it a `` terrific movie , just right for Steve McQueen -- - fast , well acted , written the way people talk . '' According to Adler , `` the ending should satisfy fans from Dragnet to Camus . '' In 2004 , the New York Times placed the film on its list of The Best 1,000 Movies Ever Made . In 2011 , Time magazine listed it among `` The 15 Greatest Movie Car Chases of All Time , '' describing it as `` the one , the first , the granddaddy , the chase on the top of almost every list , '' and saying `` Bullitt 's car chase is a reminder that every great such scene is a triumph of editing as much as it is stunt work . Naturally , it won that year 's Academy Award for Best Editing '' . Among 21st century critics , it holds a 97 % `` Fresh '' rating on Rotten Tomatoes , representing positive reviews from 33 of 34 critics , in a mix of reviews dated from when the film was released to the 2000s , its consensus reading : `` Steve McQueen is cool as ice in this thrilling police procedural that also happens to contain the arguably greatest car chase ever . '' Awards and honors ( edit ) The film was nominated for and won several critical awards . Frank P. Keller won the 1969 Academy Award for Best Film Editing , and it was also nominated for Best Sound . Five nominations at the BAFTA Film Awards for 1969 included Best Director for Peter Yates , Best Supporting Actor for Robert Vaughn , Best Cinematography for William A. Fraker , Best Film Editing for Frank P. Keller , and Best Sound Track . Robert Fish , Harry Kleiner , and Alan Trustman won the 1969 Edgar Award for Best Motion Picture . Keller won the American Cinema Editors Eddie Award for Best Edited Feature Film . The film also received the National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Cinematography ( William A. Fraker ) and the Golden Reel Award for Best Sound Editing -- Feature Film . It was successful at the 1970 Laurel Awards , winning Golden Laurel awards for Best Action Drama , Best Action Performance ( Steve McQueen ) and Best Female New Face ( Jacqueline Bisset ) . In 2000 , the Society of Camera Operators awarded Bullitt its `` Historical Shot '' award to David M. Walsh . Legacy ( edit ) Vent grille on ' 67 - ' 68 fastback Mustang The famous car chase was later spoofed in the Clint Eastwood film , The Dead Pool , in the Futurama episode , `` Bendin ' in the Wind , '' and in the Archer season six episode , `` The Kanes . '' Bullitt producer Philip D'Antoni went on to film two more car chases , for The French Connection and The Seven - Ups , both set and shot in New York City . The Ford Mustang name has been closely associated with the film . In 2001 , the Ford Motor Company released the Bullitt edition Ford Mustang GT . Another version of the Ford Mustang Bullitt , which is closer to resembling the original film Mustang , was released in 2008 , to commemorate the 40th anniversary of the film . In 2009 , Bud Brutsman of Overhaulin ' built an authentic - looking replica of the Bullitt Mustang , fully loaded with modern components , for the five - episode 2009 TV series , Celebrity Rides : Hollywood 's Speeding Bullitt , hosted by Chad McQueen , son of Steve McQueen . Steve McQueen 's likeness as Frank Bullitt was used in two Ford commercials . The first was for the Europe - only 1997 Ford Puma , which featured a special effects montage of McQueen ( who died in 1980 ) driving a new Puma around San Francisco before parking it in a studio apartment garage beside the film Mustang and the motorcycle from The Great Escape . In a 2004 commercial for the 2005 Mustang , special effects are again used to create the illusion of McQueen driving the new Mustang , after a man receives a Field of Dreams - style epiphany and constructs a racetrack in the middle of a cornfield . The Mustang is featured in the 2003 video game , Ford Racing 2 , in a Drafting challenge , on a course named Port Side . It appears in the Movie Stars category , along with other famous cars like the Ford Torino from Starsky & Hutch and the Ford Mustang Mach 1 from Diamonds Are Forever . In the 2011 video game , Driver : San Francisco , the `` Bite the Bullet '' mission is based on the famous chase scene , with licensed versions of the Mustang and Charger from the film . In the opening scene of 2 Fast 2 Furious the main protagonist , Brian O'Conner ( Paul Walker ) , is called `` Bullitt '' by his friends Suki ( Devon Aoki ) and Tej ( Ludacris ) . During the only season of the 2012 TV series Alcatraz , Det . Rebecca Madsen ( Sarah Jones ) drives a green 1968 390 V8 Ford Mustang fastback like Bullitt 's . In the series finale , she finds herself in a 2013 Ford Mustang GT , the modern equivalent of the 1968 fastback , giving chase to a black LX Dodge Charger driven by series antagonist Thomas `` Tommy '' Madsen ( David Hoflin ) . The sequence pays homage to Bullitt 's car chase , including Madsen buckling the seatbelt in his Charger before starting , and two passes by a green Volkswagen Beetle . The Blue Bloods TV series 2015 episode `` The Bullitt Mustang '' centers around the reported theft of one of the Mustangs used in the film , valued at a half million dollars , a case which detectives Danny Reagan and Maria Baez pick up . Several items of clothing worn by McQueen 's Bullitt received a boost in popularity thanks to the film : desert boots , a trench coat , a blue turtleneck sweater and , most famously , a brown tweed jacket with elbow patches . In March 2017 , after years of its whereabouts unknown , one of the Mustang stunt cars used in the film was found in a junkyard in Mexico . The founders employed an automobile verification expert , who confirmed the vehicle 's VIN and door jam serial numbers . It also had noticeable modifications , and the iconic green paint job underneath subsequent repaintings in red and white , and considerable rust . Although the Mustang has become famous for the car chase , outside of the chase it only appears three other times throughout the movie . The first is when Frank pulls up to the hospital to check on the injured Ross . The second when Frank is driving home after having the deceased Ross transferred to the city morgue . The third is when Frank parks near the car wash to talk with the cabbie , Weissberg . After riding with Weissberg to retrace Ross ' actions before checking into the hotel Bullitt is next seen in the Mustang , being tailed by the hitmen . The chase immediately follows . See also ( edit ) List of American films of 1968 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Box Office Information for Bullitt '' . The Numbers . Retrieved July 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bullitt '' . Turner Classic Movies . Atlanta : Turner Broadcasting System ( Time Warner ) . Retrieved November 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Monush 2009 , p. 274 . Jump up ^ Eagan 2009 , p. 641 . Jump up ^ Eliot , Marc ( 2011 ) . Steve McQueen : A Biography ( 1st ed . ) . New York City : Crown Archetype . ISBN 978 - 0307453211 . Jump up ^ Murphy 1999 , p. 179 . Jump up ^ Pike , Robert L. ( 1963 ) . Mute Witness . New York City : Doubleday . ISBN 978 - 9997527875 . Jump up ^ Kabatchnik 2012 , p. 231 . ^ Jump up to : Ebert , Roger ( December 23 , 1968 ) . `` Bullitt '' . Chicago Sun Times . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 18 . `` Bullitt , '' as everybody has heard by now , also includes a brilliant chase scene . McQueen ( doing his own driving ) is chased by , and chases , a couple of gangsters up and down San Francisco 's hills . They slam into intersections , bounce halfway down the next hill , scrape by half a dozen near - misses , sideswipe each other , and leave your stomach somewhere in the basement for about 11 minutes . ^ Jump up to : Maltin , Leonard , ed. ( 2004 ) . Leonard Maltin 's 2004 Movie and Video Guide . Penguin Group . p. 195 . Taut action - film makes great use of San Francisco locations , especially in now - classic car chase , one of the screen 's all - time best ; Oscar - winning editing by Frank Keller . ^ Jump up to : Levy , Emanuel ( 2008 ) . `` Bullitt '' . emanuellevy.com . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Weber , Bruce ( January 11 , 2011 ) . `` Peter Yates , Filmmaker , Is Dead at 81 '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` National Film Registry 2007 '' . loc.gov . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ Sandford 2003 , p. 224 . Jump up ^ Jessica Winter ; Lloyd Hughes ; Richard Armstong ; Tom Charity ( 2007 ) . The Rough Guide to Film . Rough Guides Limited . p. 618 . ISBN 1843534088 . Jump up ^ Steve McQueen -- The Making Of Bullitt , 1968 Warner Bros. promotional short film . ^ Jump up to : Graysmith , Robert . ( 1986 ) . Zodiac , p. 96 . St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 0 - 312 - 89895 - 9 Jump up ^ IMDB The Zodiac Jump up ^ Eagan 2009 , pp. 641 -- 642 . ^ Jump up to : Hartl , John . `` Top 10 car chase movies '' . msnbc.com . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 07 . Bullitt ( 1968 ) . Philip D'Antoni , who went on to produce The French Connection , warmed up for it with this Steve McQueen crime drama , set in San Francisco , where the steep hills seem to yearn for cars to go sailing over them . The director , Peter Yates , makes the most of the locations , especially during a gravity - defying chase sequence that earned an Oscar for its editor , Frank P. Keller . Jump up ^ Brebner , Anne ; Morrison , John ( February 23 , 2011 ) . `` Aspect Ratio -- February 2011 '' Archived November 7 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine ... Blip.tv . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ Wojdyla , Ben ( January 11 , 2008 ) . `` Bullitt Chase Sequence Mapped , Proves a Tough Route '' . Jalopnik.com . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ Cowen , Nick & Hari Patience ( September 19 , 2008 ) . `` Wheels On Film : Bullitt '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Encinas , Susan ( March 1987 ) . `` The Greatest Chase of All '' . Muscle Car Review . Jump up ^ Myers , Marc ( 2011 - 01 - 26 ) . `` Chasing the Ghosts of ' Bullitt ' '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Stone , Matt ( 2007 ) . McQueen 's Machines : The Cars and Bikes of a Hollywood Icon . Minneapolis , Minnesota : MBI Publishing Company . p. 90 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7603 - 38957 . One of the Mustangs was so badly damaged during filming it was judged unrepairable and scrapped . The second , chassis 8R02S125559 , was sold to a Warner Bros. employee after filming was completed . Jump up ^ TheMustangSource.com Mustangs in Movies : Bullitt from bradbarnett.net ^ Jump up to : http://www.foxnews.com/auto/2017/03/06/ford-mustang-found-in-mexican-junkyard-is-from-bullitt-expert-confirms.amp.html Jump up ^ Dirks , Tim . `` Best Film Editing Sequences of All - Time , From the Silents to the Present : Part 5 '' . filmsite.org . AMC Corp . Jump up ^ Monaco , Paul ( 2003 ) . Harpole , Charles , ed . The Sixties . History of the American Cinema. 8 . University of California Press . p. 99 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 23804 - 4 . Jump up ^ Rosenblum , Ralph ; Karen , Robert ( 1979 ) . When the Shooting Stops ... The Cutting Begins . Viking Press . p. 3 . ISBN 0 - 670 - 75991 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Best 1,000 Movies Ever Made -- Reviews -- Movies -- New York Times '' . Nytimes.com. 2003 - 04 - 29 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bullitt ( 1968 ) '' . Film Score Monthly . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2014 . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Payne , D. Lalo Schifrin discography accessed July 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` By 1968 the group was performing at The Trident , a prominent jazz club in Sausalito and the group became a regular performer at Glide Memorial on Sundays . By March of 1968 , Meridian West had been noticed by Steve McQueen , the actor , who was captivated by a performance at The Trident . McQueen gave the group a visual cameo appearance in the movie , `` Bullitt , '' which was being filmed in San Francisco in April . '' - Meridian Meridian West web site ( archived at WebCite ) . A similar account is available at Meridian West Folk Jazz Ensemble with Allan Pimentel ( archived at WebCite ) . Jump up ^ `` Greatest Films of 1968 '' . Filmsite.org . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` The Best Movies of 1968 by Rank '' . Films101.com . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Most Popular Feature Films Released in 1968 '' . IMDb.com . Retrieved May 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Adler , Renata ( October 18 , 1968 ) . `` Bullitt ( 1968 ) '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ Cruz , Gilbert ( May 5 , 2011 ) . `` The 15 Greatest Movie Car Chases of All Time '' . Time . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Bullitt Movie Reviews , Pictures '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Bullitt Awards and Nominations '' . IMDb.com . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` The 41st Academy Awards ( 1969 ) Nominees and Winners '' . oscars.org . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Edgars Database : Best Motion Picture '' . Mystery Writers of America . Retrieved April 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ The Auto Channel -- Ford Mustang Bullitt ( 2001 ) Jump up ^ 2008 Ford Mustang Bullitt -- First Test from Motor Trend Jump up ^ Stewart , Ben ( November 5 , 2007 ) . `` Ford Mustang Bullitt Test Drive ( with Burnout Video ) : L.A. Auto Show Preview '' . Popular Mechanics . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McQueen 's ' 68 `` Bullitt '' Mustang Tribute Build from BoldRide.com Jump up ^ `` Celebrity Rides : Hollywood 's Speeding Bullitt '' . TV Guide . Retrieved April 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` A Word from Our Sponsors ... Steve McQueen Drives a Puma '' . TheCathodeRayChoob.com . WordPress . March 4 , 2009 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ AutoBlog -- Ford Mustang Steve McQueen Ad Revealed from autoblog.com Jump up ^ Wilcox , Greg . `` Ford Racing 2 '' . Game Tour ( Multimedia Empire Inc . ) . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2015 . Retrieved March 13 , 2015 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Ford Racing 2 - Amazon.com '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` The films that influenced Driver : San Francisco '' . ComputerAndVideoGames . August 10 , 2011 . Retrieved February 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bonhams Lot 100 From The Chad McQueen Collection : The Bullitt Jacket . Retrieved March 22 , 2014 . In 1968 's Bullitt , McQueen made the most unlikely items extremely fashionable -- desert boots , a trench coat , a blue turtleneck sweater and a brown tweed jacket . Only McQueen could make those clothing items ... global trends ... The jacket , much like the man , occupies a very special place in cinematic history , it is unquestionably one of the most important pieces of film -- and McQueen memorabilia extant . ( WebCite archive ) Sources ( edit ) Monush , Barry ( 2009 ) . Everybody 's Talkin ' : The Top Films of 1965 - 1969 . Milwaukee : Applause Theatre and Cinema Books . p. 274 . ISBN 978 - 1557836182 . Eagan , Daniel ( 2009 ) . America 's Film Legacy : The Authoritative Guide to the Landmark Movies in the National Film Registry . London : Continuum International Publishing Group . pp. 641 -- 642 . ISBN 978 - 0826418494 . Murphy , Bruce ( 1999 ) . Encyclopedia of Murder and Mystery ( 1st ed . ) . New York City : St. Martin 's Minotaur . p. 179 . ISBN 978 - 0312215545 . Kabatchnik , Amnon ( 2012 ) . Blood on the Stage , 1975 - 2000 : Milestone Plays of Crime , Mystery , and Detection ( 1st ed . ) . Lanham , Maryland : Scarecrow Press . p. 231 . ISBN 978 - 0810883543 . Sandford , Christopher ( 2003 ) . McQueen : The Biography . Lanham , Maryland : Taylor Trade Publishing . p. 224 . ISBN 978 - 0878333073 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Bullitt Bullitt at the American Film Institute Catalog Bullitt on IMDb Bullitt at the TCM Movie Database Bullitt at AllMovie Bullitt at the Internet Movie Cars Database Bullitt at Box Office Mojo Bullitt at Rotten Tomatoes ( hide ) Films directed by Peter Yates Summer Holiday ( 1963 ) One Way Pendulum ( 1964 ) Robbery ( 1967 ) Bullitt ( 1968 ) John and Mary ( 1969 ) Murphy 's War ( 1971 ) The Hot Rock ( 1972 ) The Friends of Eddie Coyle ( 1973 ) For Pete 's Sake ( 1974 ) Mother , Jugs & Speed ( 1976 ) The Deep ( 1977 ) Breaking Away ( 1979 ) Eyewitness ( 1981 ) Krull ( 1983 ) The Dresser ( 1983 ) Eleni ( 1985 ) Suspect ( 1987 ) The House on Carroll Street ( 1988 ) An Innocent Man ( 1989 ) Year of the Comet ( 1992 ) Roommates ( 1995 ) The Run of the Country ( 1995 ) Curtain Call ( 1998 ) Don Quixote ( 2000 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bullitt&oldid=806310904 '' Categories : 1968 films English - language films 1960s chase films 1960s crime thriller films Action drama films American films American action thriller films American chase films American crime thriller films Edgar Award - winning works Fictional portrayals of the San Francisco Police Department Films about murderers Films based on American novels Films based on crime novels Films directed by Peter Yates Films set in San Francisco Films shot in San Francisco Films whose editor won the Best Film Editing Academy Award Ford Mustang Police detective films United States National Film Registry films Warner Bros. films Film scores by Lalo Schifrin Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Cymraeg Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenščina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 21 October 2017 , at 04 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when does the car chase start in bullitt | [
"The chase scene starts at 1h:05m into the film. The total time of the scene is 10 minutes and 53 seconds, beginning in the Fisherman's Wharf area of San Francisco, at Columbus and Chestnut (although Bullitt first notices the hitmen following his car while driving west on Army, now Cesar Chavez, just after passing under Highway 101), followed by Midtown shooting on Hyde and Laguna Streets, with shots of Coit Tower and locations around and on Filbert and University Streets. The scene ends outside the city at the Guadalupe Canyon Parkway in Brisbane.[21] The route is geographically impossible if it is assumed to take place in real time.[22]"
] | [
"at 1h:05m into the film"
] |
7590144641131826956 | Rut (mammalian reproduction) | Rut ( mammalian reproduction ) - wikipedia Rut ( mammalian reproduction ) Jump to : navigation , search Male impalas fighting during the breeding season called rutting The rut , derived from the Latin rugire meaning to roar , is the mating season of mammals which includes ruminant animals such as deer , sheep , camels , goats , pronghorns , bison , giraffes and antelopes but extends to others such as skunks and elephants . The rut is characterized in males by an increase in testosterone , exaggerated sexual dimorphisms and increased aggression and interest in females . The males of the species may mark themselves with mud , undergo physiological changes or perform characteristic displays in order to make themselves more visually appealing to the females . Males also use olfaction to entice females to mate using secretions from glands and soaking in their own urine . During the rut ( known as the rutting period and in domestic sheep management as tupping ) , males often rub their antlers or horns on trees or shrubs , fight with each other , wallow in mud or dust , self - anoint and herd estrus females together . These displays make the male conspicuous and aids in mate selection . The rut in many species is triggered by shorter daylengths . For different species , the timing of the rut depends on the length of the gestation period ( pregnancy ) , usually occurring so the young are born in the spring . This is shortly after new green growth has appeared thereby providing food for the females , allowing them to provide milk for the young , and when the temperatures are warm enough to reduce the risk of young becoming hypothermic . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cervidae 1.1 White - tailed deer 1.2 Elk 1.2. 1 Phases 1.3 Other deer species 1.3. 1 Fallow deer 2 Elephants 3 Moose 4 Other mammals 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 Further reading Cervidae ( edit ) White - tailed deer ( edit ) See also : White - tailed deer § Reproduction This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The rut for white - tailed deer ( Odocoileus virginianus ) usually lasts three weeks in the Northern Hemisphere and may occur most of the year in tropical zones . The rut is the time when white - tail deer , especially bucks , are more active and less cautious than usual . This makes them easier to hunt , as well as more susceptible to being hit by motor vehicles . The buck has one thing on his mind at this time of the year : to find as many does as he can . He will chase after many does for weeks , barely eating . The rut can take its toll on the bucks : they are usually quite worn out by the end of the breeding season . Outdoors writer Charles Alsheimer has done research demonstrating the white - tailed deer rut is also controlled by the lunar phase and that the rut peaks seven days after the second full moon during October and November ( the rutting moon ) , while elk begin rutting during the September equinox autumnal equinox on 21 September . A white - tail doe may be in estrus for up to 72 hours , and may come into estrus up to seven times if she does not mate . Cow may come into estrus up to four or more times if they do not mate . The rut can start as early as the end of September , and can last all the way through the winter months . Bucks usually begin to start this process when the velvet is falling off their antlers , and it can last all the way until they start to shed their antlers . The peak of the rut , however , is right in the middle . The average peak day for the white - tail rut in the U.S. is November 13 . Around this period of time , the bucks and does are very active , with the rut in full swing . For a hunter sitting in a tree stand at this time of the year , it is not uncommon to see many deer pass through his specific area , due to other deer chasing others . White - tailed bucks in late rut in the Great Smoky Mountains There are many behaviors a buck will exhibit during the rut . During pre-rut , bucks will spar with each other . Sparring is low - intensity aggressive behavior , involving mostly pushing and shoving . Bucks of different sizes will do this to each other . After pre-rut is finished , a buck will rub his antlers on a tree ( thus making a `` rub '' ) , and make scrapes on the ground with his hooves : both of these are ways a buck will mark his territory and proclaim his dominance for other bucks to see . These activities are usually done at night . The most prominent behavior of all during the heat of the rut is fighting , where bucks show their true dominance to others . In fighting , bucks usually battle against similar sized deer , and small bucks do not normally challenge mature large ones : more often than not , smaller bucks fear the more mature bucks and leave or avoid the dominant deer 's territory . The fights can go on and on , with the winner getting the group of does . Some fights go on until death , and if not , it is not unusual to see one of them get injured . The energy expenditure of chasing and fighting during the breeding season can result in a buck losing an immense amount of weight , with some research documenting losses of as much as 20 % of body weight . On average , a buck before breeding season can weigh up to 180 pounds ( 82 kg ) . After he has gone through the stages of rut , he can lose about 50 pounds ( 23 kg ) of weight , which is quite large , especially for only a few months of time . In the post-rut , a buck will need to replenish his body and catch up on the weight and energy he has lost . Sources have stated that after the rut , a buck will go to a bedding spot and will remain `` motionless '' for a large amount of time , even to the extent of about two days , as he is thoroughly exhausted . After he has rested , he will get up and start to feed extensively , trying to catch up on all the nutrients his body requires . Croplands have much high carbohydrate grain in them , and a buck can be found here often , eating and getting nutrients . When the climate is extremely cold , a buck will sometimes resort to swamps and bogs , because of the warmer temperatures these areas hold . Elk ( edit ) See also : Elk § Reproduction and lifecycle The elk rut takes place between the middle of August and the middle of October , depending on the climate in which they live . The elk rut occurs around the same time of year throughout the United States . For example the peak rut in Idaho occurs between September 20 and 25 , while the peak rut in New Mexico occurs around September 14 . The rut tends to last somewhere between 20 and 45 days . This varies on latitude , for in southern areas spring arrives earlier and fall arrives later giving elk a longer calving season , therefore the rut lasts longer . During the rut elk frequently use areas around fresh water , and tend to bed in heavy timber five to six hours per day . A cow elk will remain in estrus for 12 to 15 hours , if they are not bred during this time frame they will normally have another estrus cycle 18 to 28 days later . Elk use several different vocalizations during the rut . Some are made only by a certain sex or age class , and each is used for a different reason . The first of which being the cohesion call which is made by both sexes of elk , and is used to locate one another . An alarm squeal is made by both sexes of elk when they are on alert , during the rut these are used frequently by young bulls ( male elks ) being run off by the herd bull . Satellite bulls frequently spar with one another during the rut , and in turn make sparring squeaks . A bugle is a vocalization made exclusively by bulls . A bugle can be directed toward other bulls or toward cows . A bull will direct his bugle toward his cows while gathering them or while chasing an estrus cow . A herd bull will direct his bugle toward another bull to express his dominance over the herd , while a satellite bull may use his bugle to challenge the herd bull . Yelping also known as `` grunting '' is usually only made by herd bulls when they are excited . They are made more often while interacting with cows than with other bulls . `` Yelping commonly was accompanied by contractions of the penile region with simultaneous emission of short spurts of urine . '' Phases ( edit ) The rut has six phases : the pre-rut , the first breeding phase , the first rest phase , the second breeding phase , the second rest phase , and the third breeding phase . The pre-rut takes place from mid-August through the beginning of September . During the pre-rut bulls begin bugling and gathering their herds . Bulls will bugle to attract cows as well as to express dominance over other bulls . A `` herd '' bull is the dominant bull in a herd . Younger , smaller bulls are known as satellite bulls , as they tend to cling to the edges of a herd trying to pick up any cows willing to leave the herd . Larger satellite bulls will challenge the herd bull to try and take control of the herd . These challenges include a good deal of bugling as well as fighting . The first breeding phase of the rut takes place between the beginning and the middle of September . This is when the three year and older cows come into estrus . During this time herd bulls bugle to keep their cows close by , they also answer the bugles of satellite bulls to let them know they are still dominant . A herd bull will also bugle while approaching a cow in estrus so the cows become familiar with his bugles . The first rest phase of the rut occurs between the middle and the end of September . At this time the older cows are predominantly out of estrus and the younger cows have not yet come into estrus . During the rest period satellite bulls will try to join the herd while the herd bull is resting . The second breeding phase of the rut takes place three to four weeks after the first breeding phase . This is due to younger cows coming into estrus , as well as older cows that were not breed on their first estrus cycle coming back into estrus . Herd bulls are less aggressive towards satellite bulls at this phase in the rut due to exhaustion . The second phase of the rut may have the most bugling activity due to the combination of the testosterone levels of the younger bulls rising , and the herd bull still trying to maintain control of the herd . The second rest phase of the rut occurs around the middle of October . By this time the original herd bull usually does not have control of the herd , due to a great decline in physical condition . Terry Bowyer states , `` Elk were observed feeding in the following percentages of observations : master bulls 24 % ; bachelor bulls 53 % ; yearling males 62 % ; cows 64 % ; and calves 62 % '' ( Bowyer uses the terms `` master bulls '' and `` bachelor bulls '' which have the same meaning as `` herd bulls '' and `` satellite bulls '' ) . Herd bulls do not have time to feed during the rut due to constantly fighting other bulls as well as chasing and breeding cows . Occasionally a third breeding phase will occur . This will usually take place around the end of October or early November . This is a result of yearling cows coming into estrus for the first time or two - year - old cows coming into a second estrus cycle . Since most of the herd bulls have left the herd by this time of year , the breeding is usually done by the younger satellite bulls . After this phase the rut is over , most bulls will leave the cows and form bachelor herds to spend the winter with ; however young bulls will usually remain with the cows throughout the winter . Other deer species ( edit ) Fallow deer ( edit ) The fallow deer ( Dama dama ) is an ungulate which employs an unusual strategy for mating during the rut . This strategy is the creation of a lek , a display area presented to the females where the males gather and allow the females to choose a mate based upon their traits alone while reducing predation risk , disturbance to copulation , parasite transmission and the cost of looking for a mate . When females come to the lek they leave soon after mating but the males will tend to stay in the lek to court other females until the end of the rutting season . However , male fallow deer which are unsuccessful in mating will leave the lek sooner than other males and they will adopt other strategies to compensate for their lack of mating success in the lek . Furthermore , the duration spent in the lek is positively correlated with the behavioral traits of male display frequency and aggression , male hierarchical position and secondary sex characteristics such as antler size . Overall , lekking species such as the fallow deer have a short intense rutting season where the males face intrasexual competition , territory defense and management of females within their territory . Further information : Chital § Social behavior and reproduction ; Red deer § Breeding , gestation and lifespan ; Sambar deer § Behavior and life history ; and Thorold 's deer § Reproduction Elephants ( edit ) In elephants the breeding season is less pronounced than in other ungulates and it usually spikes when the rains season occurs or shortly thereafter . The rut is observed in both African and Asian elephants and it is referred to as musth . Its meaning is derived from the Urdu word mast meaning intoxication . The most prominent characteristics of an elephant in rut are heightened sexual and aggressive activity along with copious temporal gland secretion and continual urine discharge . Also it has been observed that males will have a higher concentration of testosterone and an increased likelihood of associating with female groups during musth . Similarly to deer or mountain goats , elephants will tusk the ground throwing vegetation , logs and objects into the air and occasionally at other subordinates . Moose ( edit ) Moose have a series of rutting events which are similar to those seen in other deer species , however they have several characteristic behaviors which give them a distinct rut . The first of these behaviors is a challenger gait where the bull moose will sway back and forth and circle the rival bull while dipping his antlers down . Another typical behaviour seen in moose especially during the pre-rut stage is mock battling . This is a display meant to scare away other rival males where the bull moose will destroy trees and vegetation prior to engaging in a fight . Also , a behaviour known as displacement feeding is observed in male moose and it refers to the hasty movements made by the moose while it is feeding as it keeps an intense gaze upon rival bull moose . Furthermore , as seen in other deer species male moose will dig mud pits and soak them in urine and the females will fight over possession of these wallows . In North American variations of moose the pre-rutting season typically begins during August and is marked by bull moose leaving the younger satellite bulls . During this stage there is much mock fighting and the pre-rut ends in September when the bull moose emerge from the solidarity of heavily wooded areas . Then begins the searching stage of the rut where the male seeks the moose cow in estrus and the instances of displacement feeding and tension between rival males increases . Once a potential mate has been found the male enters the display stage of the stage which lasts one to three days . During this time he will court the female by standing sidewise three to five yards from the female moose to show himself as mate . If successful he will get to mate with her for several days and then move on to a new partner . This pattern of behaviours will then repeat with successive mates until late October or early November . Following the mating season bull moose spend long hours resting and feeding before forming their usual winter groupings . Although the battle between males is the main contest , there is also a battle between females . Usually this occurs between an older cow moose and a younger female . The mature cow will attempt to stop the younger one from coming near to the wallow in a vicious attack with her forelegs and if the younger female gets to lie in the wallow the older female will drive her out of it only to return to lie in it and take up as much space as possible . During this event the bull moose will not interfere and he will just watch in plain sight . Other mammals ( edit ) Sexual behavior of impalas Spanish ibex § Mating Muskox § Social behavior and reproduction Argali § Reproduction Camel § Biology See also ( edit ) Even - toed ungulate § Reproduction and life expectancy Lek Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Poole , Joyce ( September 1987 ) . `` Rutting Behaviour in African Elephants : The Phenomenon of Musth '' . Behaviour. 102 : 283 -- 316 -- via JSTOR . Jump up ^ Lincoln , G.A ( 1971 ) . `` The seasonal reproductive changes in red deer stags '' . Journal of Zoology. 163 : 105 -- 123 . Jump up ^ Geist , Valerius ( 1964 ) . `` On the Rutting Behavior of the Mountain Goat '' . Journal of Mammalogy. 45 ( 4 ) : 551 -- 568 . doi : 10.2307 / 1377327 . ^ Jump up to : Ciuti , Simone ; Apollonio , Marco ( 2016 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Reproductive timing in a lekking mammal : male fallow deer getting ready for female estrus '' . Behavioral Ecology. 27 ( 5 ) : 1522 -- 1532 . doi : 10.1093 / beheco / arw076 . ISSN 1045 - 2249 . Jump up ^ Understanding the Rut , Game and Fish Jump up ^ `` How to Predict the Best Days of the Rut for Deer Hunting '' . Deer & Deer Hunting Whitetail Deer Hunting Tips. 2017 - 09 - 12 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ Hurteau , Dave ( November 2005 ) . `` Bucks in Love '' . Field & Stream. 110 ( 7 ) : 44 . Retrieved 31 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Gee , Ken . `` In a Rut -- Breeding Season Behaviors in Deer '' . Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation , Inc . Retrieved 11 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Michels , T.R. `` The Elk Rut '' . The American Outdoorsman . Retrieved 31 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` www.elk-hunting.org/articles/elk-cervus-canadensis '' . elk-hunting.org. 2013 . Retrieved 11 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bowyer , R. Terry ( August 1981 ) . `` Activity , Movement , and Distribution of Roosevelt Elk During Rut '' . Journal of Mammalogy . American Society of Mammalogists. 62 ( 3 ) : 572 -- 84 . JSTOR 1380404 . ^ Jump up to : Bowyer , R. Terry ; Kitchen , David W. ( October 1987 ) . `` Sex and Age - class Differences in Vocalizations of Roosevelt Elk During Rut '' . American Midland Naturalist . University of Notre Dame. 118 ( 2 ) : 225 -- 35 . doi : 10.2307 / 2425779 . JSTOR 2425779 . Jump up ^ Reynolds and Gross , John and Mart ( August 1989 ) . `` Costs and Benefits of Female Mate Choice : Is There a Lek Paradox '' . The American Naturalist. 136 ( 2 ) . Jump up ^ Alvarez , Fernando ; Braza , Francisco ; San Jose , Cristina ( 1990 ) . `` Coexistence of Territoriality and Harem Defense in a Rutting Fallow Deer Population '' . Journal of Mammalogy. 71 ( 4 ) : 692 -- 695 . doi : 10.2307 / 1381810 . Jump up ^ Fiske , Peder ( 1998 ) . `` Mating success in lekking males : a meta - analysis '' . Behavioural Ecology. 9 ( 4 ) : 328 -- 338 . Jump up ^ Alvarez , Fernando ; Braza , Francisco ; San Jose , Cristina ( 1990 ) . `` Coexistence of Territoriality and Harem Defense in a Rutting Fallow Deer Population '' . Journal of Mammalogy. 71 ( 4 ) : 692 -- 695 . doi : 10.2307 / 1381810 . JSTOR 1381810 . Jump up ^ Hanks , J ( 1969 ) . `` Seasonal breeding of the African elephants in Zambia '' . African Wildlife Journal . 7 : 167 . Jump up ^ Darwin , Charles ( 1871 ) . The descent of man and selection in relation to sex . New York : A.L. Burt Company . Jump up ^ Gale , U.T ( 1974 ) . Burmese timber elephant . Rangoon , Burma : Trade Corporation Merchant Sheet . Jump up ^ Altmann , Margaret ( 1956 ) . `` Patterns of Social Behaviour in big game of the United States and Europe '' . Wildlife . 21 : 538 -- 545 . Jump up ^ Altmann , Margaret ( 1959 ) . `` Group Dynamics in Wyoming Moose during the Rutting Season '' . Journal of Mammalogy. 40 ( 3 ) : 420 -- 424 . doi : 10.2307 / 1376569 . Jump up ^ Peek , James M. ; van Ballenberghe , Victor ; Miquelle , Dale G. ( 1986 ) . `` Intensity of Interactions between Rutting Bull Moose in Central Alaska '' . Journal of Mammalogy. 67 ( 2 ) : 423 -- 426 . doi : 10.2307 / 1380905 . Jump up ^ Peek , James M. ; van Ballenberghe , Victor ; Miquelle , Dale G. ( 1986 ) . `` Intensity of Interactions between Rutting Bull Moose in Central Alaska '' . Journal of Mammalogy. 67 ( 2 ) : 423 -- 426 . doi : 10.2307 / 1380905 . Jump up ^ Altmann , Margaret ( 1959 ) . `` Group Dynamics in Wyoming Moose during the Rutting Season '' . Journal of Mammalogy. 40 ( 3 ) : 420 -- 424 . doi : 10.2307 / 1376569 . Jump up ^ Altmann , Margaret ( 1959 ) . `` Group Dynamics in Wyoming Moose during the Rutting Season '' . Journal of Mammalogy. 40 ( 3 ) : 420 -- 424 . doi : 10.2307 / 1376569 . Jump up ^ Altmann , Margaret ( 1959 ) . `` Group Dynamics in Wyoming Moose during the Rutting Season '' . Journal of Mammalogy. 40 ( 3 ) : 420 -- 424 . doi : 10.2307 / 1376569 . Jump up ^ Geist , Valerius ( 1963 - 01 - 01 ) . `` On the Behaviour of the North American Moose ( Alces Alces Andersoni Peterson 1950 ) in British Columbia '' . Behaviour. 20 ( 3 ) : 377 -- 415 . doi : 10.1163 / 156853963x00095 . ISSN 1568 - 539X . Jump up ^ Altmann , Margaret ( 1959 ) . `` Group Dynamics in Wyoming Moose during the Rutting Season '' . Journal of Mammalogy. 40 ( 3 ) : 420 -- 424 . doi : 10.2307 / 1376569 . References ( edit ) Ozoga , John J. ; Verme , Louis J. ( October 1975 ) . `` Activity Patterns of White - Tailed Deer during Estrus '' . Journal of Wildlife Management . Wiley . 39 ( 4 ) : 679 -- 83 . doi : 10.2307 / 3800227 . JSTOR 3800227 . Weiss , John . `` The Post-Rut Lull . '' Outdoor Life ( December 1998 ) : 28 . Academic OneFile . Web . 11 October 2012 . Further reading ( edit ) Strategies for Whitetails . Krause Publications . 16 May 2006 . ISBN 0 - 89689 - 331 - 6 . Valerius Geist ( January 1998 ) . Deer of the World : Their Evolution , Behaviour , and Ecology . Stackpole Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8117 - 0496 - 0 . Jim Heffelfinger ( 8 September 2006 ) . Deer of the Southwest : A Complete Guide to the Natural History , Biology , and Management of Southwestern Mule Deer and White . Texas A&M University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60344 - 533 - 7 . David G. Hewitt ( 24 June 2011 ) . Biology and Management of White - tailed Deer . CRC Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4822 - 9598 - 6 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rut_(mammalian_reproduction)&oldid=823660501 '' Categories : Ethology Even - toed ungulates Reproduction in mammals Mammalian sexuality Theriogenology Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2012 All articles needing additional references All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from July 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Català Dansk Deutsch Español Français Galego Latviešu Português Русский Svenska Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 2 February 2018 , at 16 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when is mating season for white tailed deer | [
"The rut can start as early as the end of September, and can last all the way through the winter months. Bucks usually begin to start this process when the velvet is falling off their antlers, and it can last all the way until they start to shed their antlers. The peak of the rut, however, is right in the middle. The average peak day for the white-tail rut in the U.S. is November 13.[7] Around this period of time, the bucks and does are very active, with the rut in full swing. For a hunter sitting in a tree stand at this time of the year, it is not uncommon to see many deer pass through his specific area, due to other deer chasing others."
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"end of September, and can last all the way through the winter months"
] |
-3844679387389888496 | 2017–18 Serie A | 2017 -- 18 Serie A - wikipedia 2017 -- 18 Serie A Jump to : navigation , search Serie A Season 2017 -- 18 Dates 19 August 2017 -- 20 May 2018 Champions Juventus 34th title Relegated Crotone Hellas Verona Benevento Champions League Juventus Napoli Roma Internazionale Europa League Lazio Milan Atalanta Matches played 380 Goals scored 1,017 ( 2.68 per match ) Top goalscorer Mauro Icardi Ciro Immobile ( 29 goals each ) Biggest home win Juventus 7 -- 0 Sassuolo ( 4 February 2018 ) Biggest away win Hellas Verona 0 -- 5 Fiorentina ( 10 September 2017 ) Cagliari 0 -- 5 Napoli ( 26 February 2018 ) Sampdoria 0 -- 5 Internazionale ( 18 March 2018 ) Hellas Verona 0 -- 5 Atalanta ( 18 March 2018 ) Highest scoring Udinese 2 -- 6 Juventus ( 22 October 2017 ) Lazio 6 -- 2 Benevento ( 31 March 2018 ) Longest winning run 12 games Juventus Longest unbeaten run 18 games Juventus Longest winless run 18 games Benevento Longest losing run 14 games Benevento Highest attendance 78,328 Internazionale 3 -- 2 Milan ( 15 October 2017 ) Lowest attendance 7,000 Chievo 2 -- 3 Bologna ( 22 December 2017 ) Total attendance 9,351,260 Average attendance 24,738 ← 2016 -- 17 2018 -- 19 → The 2017 -- 18 Serie A ( known as the Serie A TIM for sponsorship reasons ) was the 116th season of top - tier Italian football , the 86th in a round - robin tournament and the 8th since its organization under a league committee separate from Serie B. Juventus were the six - time defending champions . The season run from 19 August 2017 to 20 May 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Events 2 Teams 2.1 Stadiums and locations 2.2 Personnel and kits 2.3 Managerial changes 3 League table 3.1 Positions by round 4 Results 5 Season statistics 5.1 Top goalscorers 5.2 Top assists 5.3 Hat - tricks 5.4 Clean sheets 5.5 Attendances 6 Number of teams by region 7 References 8 External links Events ( edit ) On 13 May 2017 , SPAL was promoted from Serie B after 49 years . Five days later , Hellas Verona was promoted from Serie B after one year of relegation while on 8 June 2017 , Benevento won the play - off to earn its first promotion in Serie A ; the 67th team to participate in the Italian top level league . After video replays were privately tested in the previous season , on 10 June 2017 it was announced replay assistance will be implemented the following season . On 4 March 2018 , Davide Astori , captain of Fiorentina , died in his sleep while staying in a hotel in Udine prior to Fiorentina 's match against Udinese , proven to be caused by cardiac arrest determined from an autopsy conducted two days later . All Serie A , Serie B and Serie C matches scheduled for 4 March were postponed . Cagliari and Fiorentina both retired the number 13 jersey worn by Astori in his honour . Teams that got relegated were Benevento ( on 22 April 2018 , after one year ) , Verona ( on 5 May 2018 , after one year also ) , and Crotone ( on 20 may 2018 , after 2 seasons in the top level ) . On 13 May 2018 , Juventus won their seventh title in a row and the 34th in their history . Four days later , iconic Juventus goalkeeper Gianluigi Buffon announced his farewell to Serie A ( and the national football team ) . He left Serie A after 23 career seasons , the last 17 being with Juventus , nine league titles and 640 caps , the second highest in Serie A . Teams ( edit ) Stadiums and locations ( edit ) Atalanta Benevento Bologna Cagliari Chievo Verona Crotone Genoa Sampdoria Fiorentina Juventus Milan Inter Lazio Roma Napoli Sassuolo SPAL Torino Udinese Locations of the 2017 -- 18 Serie A teams Team Home city Stadium Capacity 2016 -- 17 season Atalanta Bergamo Stadio Atleti Azzurri d'Italia 7004213000000000000 ♠ 21,300 4th in Serie A Benevento Benevento Stadio Ciro Vigorito 7004175540000000000 ♠ 17,554 Serie B Play - off Winners Bologna Bologna Stadio Renato Dall'Ara 7004382790000000000 ♠ 38,279 15th in Serie A Cagliari Cagliari Sardegna Arena 7004162330000000000 ♠ 16,233 11th in Serie A Chievo Verona Stadio Marc'Antonio Bentegodi 7004384020000000000 ♠ 38,402 14th in Serie A Crotone Crotone Stadio Ezio Scida 7004165470000000000 ♠ 16,547 17th in Serie A Fiorentina Florence Stadio Artemio Franchi 7004431470000000000 ♠ 43,147 8th in Serie A Genoa Genoa Stadio Luigi Ferraris 7004366850000000000 ♠ 36,685 16th in Serie A Hellas Verona Verona Stadio Marc'Antonio Bentegodi 7004384020000000000 ♠ 38,402 Serie B Runners - up Internazionale Milan San Siro 7004800180000000000 ♠ 80,018 7th in Serie A Juventus Turin Allianz Stadium 7004415070000000000 ♠ 41,507 Serie A Champions Lazio Rome Stadio Olimpico 7004706340000000000 ♠ 70,634 5th in Serie A Milan Milan San Siro 7004800180000000000 ♠ 80,018 6th in Serie A Napoli Naples Stadio San Paolo 7004602400000000000 ♠ 60,240 3rd in Serie A Roma Rome Stadio Olimpico 7004706340000000000 ♠ 70,634 2nd in Serie A Sampdoria Genoa Stadio Luigi Ferraris 7004366850000000000 ♠ 36,685 10th in Serie A Sassuolo Sassuolo Mapei Stadium -- Città del Tricolore ( Reggio Emilia ) 7004237170000000000 ♠ 23,717 12th in Serie A SPAL Ferrara Stadio Paolo Mazza 7004130200000000000 ♠ 13,020 Serie B Champions Torino Turin Stadio Olimpico Grande Torino 7004279940000000000 ♠ 27,994 9th in Serie A Udinese Udine Stadio Friuli - Dacia Arena 7004251440000000000 ♠ 25,144 13th in Serie A Personnel and kits ( edit ) Team Manager Captain Kit manufacturer Sponsors Atalanta Gian Piero Gasperini Alejandro Gómez Joma TWS Benevento Roberto De Zerbi Fabio Lucioni FG Sport La Molisana Bologna Roberto Donadoni Daniele Gastaldello Macron Faac Cagliari Diego López Daniele Dessena Macron Ichnusa Chievo Verona Lorenzo D'Anna Sergio Pellissier Givova Paluani Crotone Walter Zenga Alex Cordaz Zeus Sport Lewer Fiorentina Stefano Pioli Milan Badelj Le Coq Sportif Folletto Genoa Davide Ballardini Mattia Perin Lotto Eviva Energia Hellas Verona Fabio Pecchia Rômulo Nike Metano Nord Internazionale Luciano Spalletti Mauro Icardi Nike Pirelli Juventus Massimiliano Allegri Gianluigi Buffon Adidas Jeep Lazio Simone Inzaghi Senad Lulić Macron Seleco Milan Gennaro Gattuso Leonardo Bonucci Adidas Fly Emirates Napoli Maurizio Sarri Marek Hamšík Kappa Lete Roma Eusebio Di Francesco Daniele De Rossi Nike Qatar Airways Sampdoria Marco Giampaolo Vasco Regini Joma Invent Energy Sassuolo Giuseppe Iachini Francesco Magnanelli Kappa Mapei SPAL Leonardo Semplici Mirco Antenucci Macron Vetroresina Torino Walter Mazzarri Andrea Belotti Kappa Suzuki Udinese Igor Tudor Danilo HS Sport Dacia Managerial changes ( edit ) Team Outgoing manager Manner of departure Date of vacancy Position in table Replaced by Date of appointment Internazionale Stefano Vecchi End of caretaker spell 28 May 2017 Pre-season Luciano Spalletti 9 June 2017 Roma Luciano Spalletti Mutual consent 30 May 2017 Eusebio Di Francesco 13 June 2017 Fiorentina Paulo Sousa End of contract 6 June 2017 Stefano Pioli 6 June 2017 Sassuolo Eusebio Di Francesco Signed by Roma 13 June 2017 Cristian Bucchi 20 June 2017 Cagliari Massimo Rastelli Sacked 17 October 2017 14th Diego López 18 October 2017 Benevento Marco Baroni 23 October 2017 20th Roberto De Zerbi 23 October 2017 Genoa Ivan Jurić 5 November 2017 18th Davide Ballardini 6 November 2017 Udinese Luigi Delneri 21 November 2017 14th Massimo Oddo 21 November 2017 Sassuolo Cristian Bucchi 27 November 2017 16th Giuseppe Iachini 27 November 2017 Milan Vincenzo Montella 27 November 2017 7th Gennaro Gattuso 27 November 2017 Crotone Davide Nicola Resigned 6 December 2017 16th Walter Zenga 8 December 2017 Torino Siniša Mihajlović Sacked 4 January 2018 10th Walter Mazzarri 4 January 2018 Udinese Massimo Oddo 24 April 2018 15th Igor Tudor 24 April 2018 Chievo Rolando Maran 29 April 2018 17th Lorenzo D'Anna 29 April 2018 League table ( edit ) Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification or relegation Juventus ( C ) 38 30 5 86 24 + 62 95 Qualification to Champions League group stage Napoli 38 28 7 77 29 + 48 91 Roma 38 23 8 7 61 28 + 33 77 Internazionale 38 20 12 6 66 30 + 36 72 5 Lazio 38 21 9 8 89 49 + 40 72 Qualification to Europa League group stage 6 Milan 38 18 10 10 56 42 + 14 64 7 Atalanta 38 16 12 10 57 39 + 18 60 Qualification to Europa League second qualifying round 8 Fiorentina 38 16 9 13 54 46 + 8 57 9 Torino 38 13 15 10 54 46 + 8 54 10 Sampdoria 38 16 6 16 56 60 − 4 54 11 Sassuolo 38 11 10 17 29 59 − 30 43 12 Genoa 38 11 8 19 33 43 − 10 41 13 Chievo 38 10 10 18 36 59 − 23 40 14 Udinese 38 12 22 48 63 − 15 40 15 Bologna 38 11 6 21 40 52 − 12 39 16 Cagliari 38 11 6 21 33 61 − 28 39 17 SPAL 38 8 14 16 39 59 − 20 38 18 Crotone ( R ) 38 9 8 21 40 66 − 26 35 Relegation to Serie B 19 Hellas Verona ( R ) 38 7 27 30 78 − 48 25 20 Benevento ( R ) 38 6 29 33 84 − 51 21 Source : Serie A , Soccerway Rules for classification : 1 ) Points ; 2 ) Head - to - head points ; 3 ) Head - to - head goal difference ; 4 ) Goal difference ; 5 ) Goals scored ; 6 ) Draw . ( C ) Champion ; ( R ) Relegated . Notes : ^ Jump up to : Internazionale finished ahead of Lazio on head - to - head points : Internazionale 0 -- 0 Lazio , Lazio 2 -- 3 Internazionale . ^ Jump up to : Juventus qualified for the Europa League group stage by winning the 2017 -- 18 Coppa Italia . However , since they already qualified for European competition based on their league position , the spot awarded to the cup winners was passed down the league . ^ Jump up to : Chievo finished ahead of Udinese on head - to - head points : Chievo 1 -- 1 Udinese , Udinese 1 -- 2 Chievo . Positions by round ( edit ) The table lists the positions of teams after each week of matches . In order to preserve chronological evolvements , any postponed matches are not included to the round at which they were originally scheduled , but added to the full round they were played immediately afterwards . Team Round 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 Juventus Napoli Roma 7 11 10 8 7 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 Internazionale 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 Lazio 11 8 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 Milan 7 5 6 7 10 11 8 8 7 7 7 8 7 7 11 11 11 7 7 8 7 7 7 7 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 6 6 6 Atalanta 16 18 13 11 9 9 11 12 12 9 10 10 11 10 10 8 8 7 9 7 8 8 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 7 9 8 7 6 6 7 7 7 Fiorentina 20 20 11 9 10 12 12 11 9 7 7 9 9 11 7 10 9 8 7 9 11 11 11 11 11 10 10 9 9 9 7 7 9 9 9 8 8 8 Torino 9 6 5 6 5 8 6 8 10 12 9 8 8 12 11 9 10 10 10 10 10 9 9 9 9 9 9 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 9 Sampdoria 6 5 6 7 8 7 8 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 8 8 8 9 9 10 Sassuolo 12 15 17 17 15 15 17 19 13 15 17 17 16 16 17 15 15 14 14 16 14 14 16 15 16 16 16 17 15 16 14 15 13 13 13 12 11 11 Genoa 10 12 16 16 17 18 19 17 14 16 18 18 18 17 15 16 17 15 16 14 15 15 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 12 12 12 11 11 11 12 12 Chievo 5 10 14 12 12 10 10 9 7 10 11 11 10 9 12 12 13 13 13 13 13 13 15 16 14 14 14 15 16 15 15 16 16 17 18 15 14 13 Udinese 15 16 12 15 16 17 13 13 15 13 13 13 14 14 14 13 11 9 8 8 9 10 10 10 10 11 11 11 11 12 13 13 14 15 14 17 15 14 Bologna 8 9 9 13 13 11 9 7 8 11 12 12 13 8 9 11 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 11 11 11 11 12 12 13 13 15 Cagliari 18 19 15 10 11 13 14 14 16 14 14 14 12 13 13 14 14 16 15 15 16 16 14 14 15 15 15 14 14 14 16 14 15 14 16 18 16 16 SPAL 13 7 8 14 15 14 15 18 19 19 16 16 17 18 18 18 18 17 17 17 18 18 18 18 18 18 17 18 17 17 17 17 17 18 17 14 17 17 Crotone 19 14 18 18 19 16 16 15 17 17 15 15 15 15 16 17 16 18 18 18 17 17 17 17 17 17 18 16 18 18 18 18 18 16 15 16 18 18 Hellas Verona 17 13 19 19 18 19 18 16 18 18 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 Benevento 14 17 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 Source : Lega Serie A Leader 2018 -- 19 UEFA Champions League Group stage 2018 -- 19 UEFA Europa League Group stage 2018 -- 19 UEFA Europa League Second qualifying round Relegation to 2018 -- 19 Serie B Results ( edit ) Home \ Away ATA BEN BOL CAG CHV CRO FIO GEN HEL INT JUV LAZ MIL NAP ROM SAM SAS SPA TOR UDI Atalanta -- 1 -- 0 1 -- 0 1 -- 2 1 -- 0 5 -- 1 1 -- 1 3 -- 1 3 -- 0 0 -- 0 2 -- 2 3 -- 3 1 -- 1 0 -- 1 0 -- 1 1 -- 2 2 -- 1 1 -- 1 2 -- 1 2 -- 0 Benevento 0 -- 3 -- 0 -- 1 1 -- 2 1 -- 0 3 -- 2 0 -- 3 1 -- 0 3 -- 0 1 -- 2 2 -- 4 1 -- 5 2 -- 2 0 -- 2 0 -- 4 3 -- 2 1 -- 2 1 -- 2 0 -- 1 3 -- 3 Bologna 0 -- 1 3 -- 0 -- 1 -- 1 1 -- 2 2 -- 3 1 -- 2 2 -- 0 2 -- 0 1 -- 1 0 -- 3 1 -- 2 1 -- 2 0 -- 3 1 -- 1 3 -- 0 2 -- 1 2 -- 1 1 -- 1 1 -- 2 Cagliari 1 -- 0 2 -- 1 0 -- 0 -- 0 -- 2 1 -- 0 0 -- 1 2 -- 3 2 -- 1 1 -- 3 0 -- 1 2 -- 2 1 -- 2 0 -- 5 0 -- 1 2 -- 2 0 -- 1 2 -- 0 0 -- 4 2 -- 1 Chievo 1 -- 1 1 -- 0 2 -- 3 2 -- 1 -- 2 -- 1 2 -- 1 0 -- 1 3 -- 2 1 -- 2 0 -- 2 1 -- 2 1 -- 4 0 -- 0 0 -- 0 2 -- 1 1 -- 1 2 -- 1 0 -- 0 1 -- 1 Crotone 1 -- 1 2 -- 0 1 -- 0 1 -- 1 1 -- 0 -- 2 -- 1 0 -- 1 0 -- 0 0 -- 2 1 -- 1 2 -- 2 0 -- 3 0 -- 1 0 -- 2 4 -- 1 4 -- 1 2 -- 3 2 -- 2 0 -- 3 Fiorentina 1 -- 1 1 -- 0 2 -- 1 0 -- 1 1 -- 0 2 -- 0 -- 0 -- 0 1 -- 4 1 -- 1 0 -- 2 3 -- 4 1 -- 1 3 -- 0 2 -- 4 1 -- 2 3 -- 0 0 -- 0 3 -- 0 2 -- 1 Genoa 1 -- 2 1 -- 0 0 -- 1 2 -- 1 1 -- 1 1 -- 0 2 -- 3 -- 3 -- 1 2 -- 0 2 -- 4 2 -- 3 0 -- 1 2 -- 3 1 -- 1 0 -- 2 1 -- 0 1 -- 1 1 -- 2 0 -- 1 Hellas Verona 0 -- 5 1 -- 0 2 -- 3 1 -- 0 1 -- 0 0 -- 3 0 -- 5 0 -- 1 -- 1 -- 2 1 -- 3 0 -- 3 3 -- 0 1 -- 3 0 -- 1 0 -- 0 0 -- 1 1 -- 3 2 -- 1 0 -- 1 Internazionale 2 -- 0 2 -- 0 2 -- 1 4 -- 0 5 -- 0 1 -- 1 3 -- 0 1 -- 0 3 -- 0 -- 2 -- 3 0 -- 0 3 -- 2 0 -- 0 1 -- 1 3 -- 2 1 -- 2 2 -- 0 1 -- 1 1 -- 3 Juventus 2 -- 0 2 -- 1 3 -- 1 3 -- 0 3 -- 0 3 -- 0 1 -- 0 1 -- 0 2 -- 1 0 -- 0 -- 1 -- 2 3 -- 1 0 -- 1 1 -- 0 3 -- 0 7 -- 0 4 -- 1 4 -- 0 2 -- 0 Lazio 1 -- 1 6 -- 2 1 -- 1 3 -- 0 5 -- 1 4 -- 0 1 -- 1 1 -- 2 2 -- 0 2 -- 3 0 -- 1 -- 4 -- 1 1 -- 4 0 -- 0 4 -- 0 6 -- 1 0 -- 0 1 -- 3 3 -- 0 Milan 0 -- 2 0 -- 1 2 -- 1 2 -- 1 3 -- 2 1 -- 0 5 -- 1 0 -- 0 4 -- 1 0 -- 0 0 -- 2 2 -- 1 -- 0 -- 0 0 -- 2 1 -- 0 1 -- 1 2 -- 0 0 -- 0 2 -- 1 Napoli 3 -- 1 6 -- 0 3 -- 1 3 -- 0 2 -- 1 2 -- 1 0 -- 0 1 -- 0 2 -- 0 0 -- 0 0 -- 1 4 -- 1 2 -- 1 -- 2 -- 4 3 -- 2 3 -- 1 1 -- 0 2 -- 2 4 -- 2 Roma 1 -- 2 5 -- 2 1 -- 0 1 -- 0 4 -- 1 1 -- 0 0 -- 2 2 -- 1 3 -- 0 1 -- 3 0 -- 0 2 -- 1 0 -- 2 0 -- 1 -- 0 -- 1 1 -- 1 3 -- 1 3 -- 0 3 -- 1 Sampdoria 3 -- 1 2 -- 1 1 -- 0 4 -- 1 4 -- 1 5 -- 0 3 -- 1 0 -- 0 2 -- 0 0 -- 5 3 -- 2 1 -- 2 2 -- 0 0 -- 2 1 -- 1 -- 0 -- 1 2 -- 0 1 -- 1 2 -- 1 Sassuolo 0 -- 3 2 -- 2 0 -- 1 0 -- 0 0 -- 0 2 -- 1 1 -- 0 0 -- 0 0 -- 2 1 -- 0 1 -- 3 0 -- 3 0 -- 2 1 -- 1 0 -- 1 1 -- 0 -- 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 0 -- 1 SPAL 1 -- 1 2 -- 0 1 -- 0 0 -- 2 0 -- 0 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 1 -- 0 2 -- 2 1 -- 1 0 -- 0 2 -- 5 0 -- 4 2 -- 3 0 -- 3 3 -- 1 0 -- 1 -- 2 -- 2 3 -- 2 Torino 1 -- 1 3 -- 0 3 -- 0 2 -- 1 1 -- 1 4 -- 1 1 -- 2 0 -- 0 2 -- 2 1 -- 0 0 -- 1 0 -- 1 1 -- 1 1 -- 3 0 -- 1 2 -- 2 3 -- 0 2 -- 1 -- 2 -- 0 Udinese 2 -- 1 2 -- 0 1 -- 0 0 -- 1 1 -- 2 1 -- 2 0 -- 2 1 -- 0 4 -- 0 0 -- 4 2 -- 6 1 -- 2 1 -- 1 0 -- 1 0 -- 2 4 -- 0 1 -- 2 1 -- 1 2 -- 3 -- Source : Serie A Colours : Blue = home team win ; Yellow = draw ; Red = away team win . Season statistics ( edit ) Top goalscorers ( edit ) Rank Player Club Goals Mauro Icardi Internazionale 29 Ciro Immobile Lazio Paulo Dybala Juventus 22 Fabio Quagliarella Sampdoria 19 5 Dries Mertens Napoli 18 6 Edin Džeko Roma 16 Gonzalo Higuaín Juventus 8 Giovanni Simeone Fiorentina 14 9 Iago Falqué Torino 12 Roberto Inglese Chievo Kevin Lasagna Udinese Sergej Milinković - Savić Lazio Top assists ( edit ) Rank Player Club Assists Luis Alberto Lazio 14 Douglas Costa Juventus 12 Lorenzo Insigne Napoli 11 José Callejón Napoli 10 Alejandro Gómez Atalanta Adem Ljajić Torino Simone Verdi Bologna 8 Marcelo Brozović Internazionale 9 Ciro Immobile Lazio Radja Nainggolan Roma Ivan Perišić Internazionale Hat - tricks ( edit ) Main article : List of Serie A hat - tricks Player Club Against Result Date Paulo Dybala Juventus Genoa 4 -- 2 ( A ) 000000002017 - 08 - 26 - 0000 26 August 2017 Ciro Immobile Lazio Milan 4 -- 1 ( H ) 000000002017 - 09 - 10 - 0000 10 September 2017 Paulo Dybala Juventus Sassuolo 3 -- 1 ( A ) 000000002017 - 09 - 17 - 0000 17 September 2017 Dries Mertens Napoli Benevento 6 -- 0 ( H ) 000000002017 - 09 - 17 - 0000 17 September 2017 Mauro Icardi Internazionale Milan 3 -- 2 ( H ) 000000002017 - 10 - 15 - 0000 15 October 2017 Sami Khedira Juventus Udinese 6 -- 2 ( A ) 000000002017 - 10 - 22 - 0000 22 October 2017 Ivan Perišić Internazionale Chievo 5 -- 0 ( H ) 000000002017 - 12 - 03 - 0000 3 December 2017 Ciro Immobile Lazio SPAL 5 -- 2 ( A ) 000000002018 - 01 - 06 - 0000 6 January 2018 Fabio Quagliarella Sampdoria Fiorentina 3 -- 1 ( H ) 000000002018 - 01 - 21 - 0000 21 January 2018 Gonzalo Higuaín Juventus Sassuolo 7 -- 0 ( H ) 000000002018 - 02 - 04 - 0000 4 February 2018 Mauro Icardi Internazionale Sampdoria 5 -- 0 ( A ) 000000002018 - 03 - 18 - 0000 18 March 2018 Josip Iličić Atalanta Hellas Verona 5 -- 0 ( A ) 000000002018 - 03 - 18 - 0000 18 March 2018 Andrea Belotti Torino Crotone 4 -- 1 ( H ) 000000002018 - 04 - 04 - 0000 4 April 2018 Paulo Dybala Juventus Benevento 4 -- 2 ( A ) 000000002018 - 04 - 07 - 0000 7 April 2018 Jordan Veretout Fiorentina Lazio 3 -- 4 ( H ) 000000002018 - 04 - 18 - 0000 18 April 2018 Giovanni Simeone Fiorentina Napoli 3 -- 0 ( H ) 000000002018 - 04 - 29 - 0000 29 April 2018 Note ( H ) -- Home ; ( A ) -- Away Clean sheets ( edit ) Rank Player Club Clean sheets Pepe Reina Napoli 18 Alisson Roma 17 Samir Handanović Internazionale Marco Sportiello Fiorentina 14 5 Gianluigi Donnarumma Milan 12 Mattia Perin Genoa Gianluigi Buffon Juventus 7 Thomas Strakosha Lazio 11 Wojciech Szczęsny Juventus 10 Salvatore Sirigu Torino 10 Andrea Consigli Sassuolo Attendances ( edit ) Team Average home attendances Internazionale 57.529 Milan 52.690 Napoli 43.050 Juventus 39.316 Roma 37.450 Lazio 30.990 Fiorentina 26.092 Genoa 20.941 Bologna 20.903 Sampdoria 20.156 Torino 18.596 Atalanta 17.921 Udinese 17.906 Hellas Verona 17.333 Cagliari 14.685 Chievo Verona 12.540 Benevento 12.132 SPAL 12.067 Sassuolo 11.237 Crotone 10.581 Number of teams by region ( edit ) Number of teams Region Team ( s ) Emilia - Romagna Bologna , Sassuolo and SPAL Lombardy Atalanta , Internazionale and Milan Campania Benevento and Napoli Lazio Lazio and Roma Liguria Genoa and Sampdoria Piedmont Juventus and Torino Veneto Chievo and Hellas Verona Calabria Crotone Friuli - Venezia Giulia Udinese Sardinia Cagliari Tuscany Fiorentina References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Italian Serie A Statistics - ESPN FC '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 21 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Italian Serie A Statistics - ESPN FC '' . www.espnfc.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Italian Serie A Statistics - ESPN FC '' . www.espnfc.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` Italian Serie A Statistics - ESPN FC '' . www.espnfc.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Italian Serie A Statistics - ESPN FC '' . www.espnfc.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Italian Serie A Statistics - ESPN FC '' . www.espnfc.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Italian Serie A Statistics - ESPN FC '' . www.espnfc.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Italian Serie A Statistics - ESPN FC '' . www.espnfc.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Italian Serie A Statistics - ESPN FC '' . www.espnfc.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` Italian Serie A Statistics - ESPN FC '' . www.espnfc.us . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` Italian Serie A Statistics - ESPN FC '' . www.espnfc.com . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Serie A schedule announced - Football Italia '' . www.football-italia.net . Jump up ^ `` All dates of 2017 / 18 season : no stop for Xmas , Super Cup on August 13 '' . repubblica.it ( in Italian ) . June 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SERIE B : LA SPAL PERDE MA TORNA IN SERIE A DOPO 49 ANNI ! '' . Jump up ^ `` Serie A : Benvenuto , Benevento ! - Football Italia '' . www.football-italia.net . Jump up ^ `` Serie A will start with VAR '' . Football Italia. 10 June 2017 . Retrieved 10 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Confirmed : Astori died of cardiac arrest '' . Football Italia. 6 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official : Serie A games cancelled '' . Football Italia. 4 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Astori shirt retired '' . Football Italia. 6 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Davide Astori : Fiorentina and Cagliari retire defender 's number 13 shirt '' . BBC Sport. 6 March 2018 . Retrieved 6 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Benevento relegated to Serie B Football Italia '' . www.football-italia.net . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Milan - Verona LIVE '' . Jump up ^ https://www.tuttomercatoweb.com/serie-a/serie-a-la-classifica-aggiornata-crotone-in-b-napoli-record-di-punti-1113717 Jump up ^ `` Juventus Seven - Up Football Italia '' . www.football-italia.net . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` TMW News - Buffon , l \ ' addio alla Juve e le riflessioni in corso '' . Jump up ^ `` LIVE TJ - BUFFON : `` Non è certo che smetterò di giocare . Capitolo chiuso con la Nazionale . Dispiaciuto per le esternazioni dopo Madrid '' `` . Jump up ^ `` Buffon nella leggenda : dal Parma a Juve e Nazionale , tutti i record '' . Jump up ^ `` LUCIANO SPALLETTI È IL NUOVO ALLENATORE DELL'INTER '' . 9 June 2017 . Retrieved 9 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Luciano Spalletti leaves post as Roma manager after record - breaking season '' . The Guardian . 30 May 2017 . Retrieved 30 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sassuolo and Roma close to final agreement for coach '' . 12 June 2017 . Retrieved 12 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stefano Pioli named as new Fiorentina coach '' . ACF Fiorentina. 6 June 2017 . Retrieved 6 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official : Bucchi new Sassuolo Coach - Football Italia '' . www.football-italia.net . Jump up ^ `` Official : Rastelli fired by Cagliari - Football Italia '' . www.football-italia.net . Jump up ^ `` Official : Lopez returns to Cagliari - Football Italia '' . www.football-italia.net . Jump up ^ `` Official : Benevento appoint De Zerbi - Football Italia '' . www.football-italia.net . Jump up ^ `` Official : Genoa sack Juric - Football Italia '' . www.football-italia.net . Jump up ^ `` Official : Genoa appoint Ballardini - Football Italia '' . www.football-italia.net . Jump up ^ `` Official : Udinese sack Del Neri - Football Italia '' . www.football-italia.net . Jump up ^ `` Official : Oddo takes over at Udinese '' . Football Italia. 21 November 2017 . Retrieved 21 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official : Sassuolo dismiss Bucchi '' . www.football-italia.net . Jump up ^ `` Official : Sassuolo appoint Iachini '' . www.football-italia.net . Jump up ^ `` AC Milan sack manager Vincenzo Montella and replace him with Gennaro Gattuso '' . www.mirror.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` OFFICIAL STATEMENT : VINCENZO MONTELLA '' ( Press release ) . A.C. Milan . 27 November 2017 . Retrieved 27 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official : Nicola resigns at Crotone - Football Italia '' . www.football-italia.net . Jump up ^ `` Official : Crotone appoint Zenga '' . www.football-italia.net . Jump up ^ `` Official : Torino sack Mihajlovic - Football Italia '' . www.football-italia.net . Jump up ^ `` Official : Torino appoint Mazzarri '' . Football Italia. 4 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official : Udinese sack Oddo - Football Italia '' . www.football-italia.net . Jump up ^ `` Official : Udinese appoint Tudor - Football Italia '' . www.football-italia.net . Jump up ^ `` Official : Chievo sack Maran - Football Italia '' . www.football-italia.net . Jump up ^ `` Norme organizzative interne della F.I.G.C. - Art . 51.6 '' ( PDF ) ( in Italian ) . Italian Football Federation . 14 August 2015 . Retrieved 19 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Enrico Turcato ( 22 May 2018 ) . `` Inter , sei sempre la più amata : ennesimo dominio nella classifica spettatori '' . eurosport.com ( in Italian ) . Retrieved 23 May 2018 . External links ( edit ) Association football portal Italy portal Official website Serie A seasons Prima Categoria Prima Divisione Divisione Nazionale 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1909 -- 10 1910 -- 11 1911 -- 12 1912 -- 13 1913 -- 14 1914 -- 15 1919 -- 20 1920 -- 21 1921 -- 22 1922 -- 23 1923 -- 24 1924 -- 25 1925 -- 26 1926 -- 27 1927 -- 28 1928 -- 29 Other 1921 -- 22 ( C.C.I. ) 1944 1945 -- 46 Serie A seasons 1929 -- 30 1930 -- 31 1931 -- 32 1932 -- 33 1933 -- 34 1934 -- 35 1935 -- 36 1936 -- 37 1937 -- 38 1938 -- 39 1939 -- 40 1940 -- 41 1941 -- 42 1942 -- 43 1946 -- 47 1947 -- 48 1948 -- 49 1949 -- 50 1950 -- 51 1951 -- 52 1952 -- 53 1953 -- 54 1954 -- 55 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 1957 -- 58 1958 -- 59 1959 -- 60 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 2000 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 2018 -- 19 Championships recognized as official by the Italian Football Federation Serie A 2018 -- 19 clubs Atalanta Bologna Cagliari Chievo Empoli Fiorentina Genoa Internazionale Juventus Lazio Milan Napoli Parma Roma Sampdoria Sassuolo SPAL Torino Udinese Former clubs Alessandria Ancona Ascoli Avellino Bari Benevento Brescia Carpi Casale Catania Catanzaro Cesena Como Cremonese Crotone Foggia Frosinone Hellas Verona Lecce Lecco Legnano Livorno Lucchese Mantova Messina Modena Novara Padova Palermo Pescara Perugia Piacenza Pisa Pistoiese Pro Patria Pro Vercelli Reggiana Reggina Salernitana Siena Ternana Treviso Triestina Varese Venezia Vicenza Organisations Lega Serie A Lega Calcio ( defunct ) Competition Teams winners Players foreign Managers Broadcasters Statistics and awards Records Team of the Year Footballer of the Year Coach of the Year Goalkeeper of the Year Referee of the Year Football Club of the Year Italian Footballer of the Year Foreign Footballer of the Year Young Footballer of the Year Defender of the Year Top scorers Players with 100 + goals Hat - tricks Finances Richest clubs : Deloitte list Forbes ' list Associated competitions Coppa Italia Supercoppa Italiana Serie B Serie C Serie D European UEFA Champions League UEFA Europa League 2017 -- 18 in Italian football ← 2016 -- 17 2018 -- 19 → Domestic leagues Men Serie A Serie B Serie C Serie D Women Serie A Domestic cups Coppa Italia ( Final ) Supercoppa Italiana Coppa Italia Serie C Club seasons Atalanta Benevento Bologna Cagliari Chievo Crotone Fiorentina Genoa Hellas Verona Internazionale Juventus Lazio Milan Napoli Roma Sampdoria Sassuolo SPAL Torino Udinese Transfers Summer 2017 Winter of 2017 -- 18 2017 -- 18 in European football ( UEFA ) Domestic leagues Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus ' 17 ' 18 Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark England Estonia ' 17 ' 18 Faroe Islands ' 17 ' 18 Finland ' 17 ' 18 France Georgia ' 17 ' 18 Germany Gibraltar Greece Hungary Iceland ' 17 ' 18 Israel Italy Kazakhstan ' 17 ' 18 Kosovo Latvia ' 17 ' 18 Lithuania ' 17 ' 18 Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova ' 17 ' 18 Montenegro Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway ' 17 ' 18 Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland ' 17 ' 18 Romania Russia San Marino Scotland Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden ' 17 ' 18 Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales Domestic cups Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark England Estonia Faroe Islands ' 17 ' 18 Finland France Georgia ' 17 ' 18 Germany Gibraltar Greece Hungary Iceland ' 17 ' 18 Israel Italy Kazakhstan ' 17 ' 18 Kosovo Latvia ' 17 ' 18 Liechtenstein Lithuania ' 17 ' 18 Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Montenegro Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway ' 17 ' 18 Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland ' 17 ' 18 Romania Russia San Marino Scotland Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales League cups England Estonia France Iceland ' 17 ' 18 Israel Latvia Northern Ireland Portugal Republic of Ireland ' 17 ' 18 Scotland Wales Supercups Albania Andorra Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bulgaria Cyprus Czech Republic & Slovakia England Estonia Faroe Islands France Georgia Germany Gibraltar Hungary Iceland Israel Italy Kazakhstan Lithuania ' 17 ' 18 Malta Moldova Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway ' 17 ' 18 Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland ' 17 ' 18 Romania Russia San Marino Spain Turkey Ukraine UEFA competitions Champions League qualifying phase and play - off round group stage knockout phase Final Europa League qualifying phase and play - off round group stage knockout phase Final Super Cup Youth League UEFA Champions League Path Domestic Champions Path knockout phase International competitions 2018 FIFA World Cup UEFA qualification 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup 2017 FIFA U-20 World Cup 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup 2019 Euro Under - 21 qualification 2018 Euro Under - 19 qualification 2018 Euro Under - 17 qualification Association football portal Italy portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2017 -- 18_Serie_A&oldid = 843405896 '' Categories : Serie A seasons 2017 -- 18 in European association football leagues 2017 -- 18 in Italian football leagues Current association football seasons Hidden categories : CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Use dmy dates from March 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Napulitano Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська 19 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 May 2018 , at 23 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | italy - serie a 2017/18 - top goalscorer | [
"\n\nRank\nPlayer\nClub\nGoals\n\n\n1\n Mauro Icardi\nInternazionale\n29\n\n\n Ciro Immobile\nLazio\n\n\n3\n Paulo Dybala\nJuventus\n22\n\n\n4\n Fabio Quagliarella\nSampdoria\n19\n\n\n5\n Dries Mertens\nNapoli\n18\n\n\n6\n Edin Džeko\nRoma\n16\n\n\n Gonzalo Higuaín\nJuventus\n\n\n8\n Giovanni Simeone\nFiorentina\n14\n\n\n9\n Iago Falqué\nTorino\n12\n\n\n Roberto Inglese\nChievo\n\n\n Kevin Lasagna\nUdinese\n\n\n Sergej Milinković-Savić\nLazio\n\n",
"\n\nRank\nPlayer\nClub\nGoals\n\n\n1\n Mauro Icardi\nInternazionale\n29\n\n\n Ciro Immobile\nLazio\n\n\n3\n Paulo Dybala\nJuventus\n22\n\n\n4\n Fabio Quagliarella\nSampdoria\n19\n\n\n5\n Dries Mertens\nNapoli\n18\n\n\n6\n Edin Džeko\nRoma\n16\n\n\n Gonzalo Higuaín\nJuventus\n\n\n8\n Giovanni Simeone\nFiorentina\n14\n\n\n9\n Iago Falqué\nTorino\n12\n\n\n Roberto Inglese\nChievo\n\n\n Kevin Lasagna\nUdinese\n\n\n Sergej Milinković-Savić\nLazio\n\n"
] | [
"Mauro Icardi",
"Ciro Immobile"
] |
-1580610966303422882 | Mediterranean Sea | Mediterranean Sea - wikipedia Mediterranean Sea Sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean between Europe , Africa and Asia `` Mediterranean '' redirects here . For other uses , see Mediterranean ( disambiguation ) . A portion of the Algerian coast of the Mediterranean Mediterranean Sea Map of the Mediterranean Sea Coordinates 35 ° N 18 ° E / 35 ° N 18 ° E / 35 ; 18 Coordinates : 35 ° N 18 ° E / 35 ° N 18 ° E / 35 ; 18 Type Sea Primary inflows Atlantic Ocean , Sea of Marmara , Nile , Ebro , Rhône , Chelif , Po Basin countries about 60 Abkhazia ( independence disputed , claimed by Georgia ) Albania Algeria Andorra Austria Belarus Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Burundi Chad Republic of the Congo Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Egypt Eritrea Ethiopia France Georgia Germany Gibraltar ( UK ) Greece Hungary Israel Italy Kenya Kosovo ( independence disputed , claimed by Serbia ) Lebanon Libya Liechtenstein Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Morocco Niger Northern Cyprus ( independence disputed , claimed by Cyprus ) State of Palestine ( a de jure sovereign state ) Poland Romania Russia Rwanda San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia South Ossetia ( independence disputed , claimed by Georgia ) South Sudan Spain Sudan Switzerland Syria Tanzania Transnistria ( independence disputed , claimed by Moldova ) Tunisia Turkey Uganda Ukraine Vatican City Surface area 2,500,000 km ( 970,000 sq mi ) Average depth 1,500 m ( 4,900 ft ) Max . depth 5,267 m ( 17,280 ft ) Water volume 3,750,000 km ( 900,000 cu mi ) Residence time 80 -- 100 years Islands 3300 + Settlements Alexandria , Algiers , Athens , Barcelona , Beirut , Carthage , Dubrovnik , İzmir , Rome , Split , Tangier , Tel Aviv , Tripoli , Tunis ( full list ) The Mediterranean Sea is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean , surrounded by the Mediterranean Basin and almost completely enclosed by land : on the north by Southern Europe and Anatolia , on the south by North Africa and on the east by the Levant . Although the sea is sometimes considered a part of the Atlantic Ocean , it is usually identified as a separate body of water . Geological evidence indicates that around 5.9 million years ago , the Mediterranean was cut off from the Atlantic and was partly or completely desiccated over a period of some 600,000 years , the Messinian salinity crisis , before being refilled by the Zanclean flood about 5.3 million years ago . It covers an approximate area of 2.5 million km ( 965,000 sq mi ) , but its connection to the Atlantic ( the Strait of Gibraltar ) is only 14 km ( 8.7 mi ) wide . The Strait of Gibraltar is a narrow strait that connects the Atlantic Ocean to the Mediterranean Sea and separates Gibraltar and Spain in Europe from Morocco in Africa . In oceanography , it is sometimes called the Eurafrican Mediterranean Sea or the European Mediterranean Sea to distinguish it from mediterranean seas elsewhere . The Mediterranean Sea has an average depth of 1,500 m ( 4,900 ft ) and the deepest recorded point is 5,267 m ( 17,280 ft ) in the Calypso Deep in the Ionian Sea . The sea is bordered on the north by Europe , the east by Asia , and in the south by Africa . It is located between latitudes 30 ° and 46 ° N and longitudes 6 ° W and 36 ° E. Its west - east length , from the Strait of Gibraltar to the Gulf of Iskenderun , on the southwestern coast of Turkey , is approximately 4,000 km ( 2,500 miles ) . The sea 's average north - south length , from Croatia 's southern shore to Libya , is approximately 800 km ( 500 miles ) . The Mediterranean Sea , including the Sea of Marmara ( connected by the Dardanelles to the Aegean Sea ) , has a surface area of approximately 2,510,000 square km ( 970,000 square miles ) . The sea was an important route for merchants and travellers of ancient times that allowed for trade and cultural exchange between emergent peoples of the region . The history of the Mediterranean region is crucial to understanding the origins and development of many modern societies . The countries surrounding the Mediterranean in clockwise order are Spain , France , Monaco , Italy , Slovenia , Croatia , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Montenegro , Albania , Greece , Turkey , Syria , Lebanon , Israel , Egypt , Libya , Tunisia , Algeria , and Morocco ; Malta and Cyprus are island countries in the sea . In addition , the Gaza Strip and the British Overseas Territories of Gibraltar and Akrotiri and Dhekelia have coastlines on the sea . Contents 1 Names and etymology 2 History 2.1 Ancient civilizations 2.2 Middle Ages and empires 2.3 21st century and migrations 3 Geography 3.1 Extent 3.2 Oceanography 3.3 Coastal countries 3.4 Coastal cities 3.5 Subdivisions 3.5. 1 Other seas 3.5. 2 Other features 3.6 10 largest islands by area 3.7 Climate 3.7. 1 Sea temperature 4 Geology 4.1 Tectonics and paleoenvironmental analysis 4.1. 1 Messinian salinity crisis 4.1. 2 Desiccation and exchanges of flora and fauna 4.1. 3 Shift to a `` Mediterranean climate '' 5 Paleoclimate 6 Ecology and biota 7 Environmental history 7.1 Natural hazards 7.2 Biodiversity 7.2. 1 Invasive species 7.2. 2 Arrival of new tropical Atlantic species 7.3 Sea - level rise 7.4 Pollution 7.5 Shipping 7.6 Tourism 7.7 Overfishing 8 Gallery 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Names and etymology ( edit ) With its highly indented coastline and large number of islands , Greece has the longest Mediterranean coastline . The Ancient Greeks called the Mediterranean simply η θάλασσα ' the Sea ' or sometimes η μεγάλη θάλασσα ' the Great Sea ' , η ημέτερα θάλασσα ' Our Sea ' , or η θάλασσα η καθ'εμάς ' the sea around us ' . The Romans called it Mare Magnum ' Great Sea ' or Mare Internum ' Internal Sea ' and , starting with the Roman Empire , Mare Nostrum ' Our Sea ' . The term Mare Mediterrāneum appears later : Solinus apparently used it in the 3rd century , but the earliest extant witness to it is in the 6th century , in Isidore of Seville . It means ' in the middle of land , inland ' in Latin , a compound of medius ' middle ' , terra ' land , earth ' and - āneus ' having the nature of ' . The Latin word is a calque of Greek μεσόγαιος ' inland ' , from μέσος ' in the middle ' and γήϊος ' of the earth ' ( from γῆ ' land , earth ' ) . The original meaning may have been ' the sea in the middle of the earth ' , rather than ' the sea enclosed by land ' . The Carthaginians called it the `` Syrian Sea '' . In ancient Syrian texts , Phoenician epics and in the Hebrew Bible , it was primarily known as the `` Great Sea '' ( הַיָּם הַגָּדוֹל , HaYam HaGadol , Numbers 34 : 6 , 7 ; Joshua 1 : 4 , 9 : 1 , 15 : 47 ; Ezekiel 47 : 10 , 15 , 20 ) or simply as `` The Sea '' ( 1 Kings 5 : 9 ; compare 1 Macc. 14 : 34 , 15 : 11 ) ; however , it has also been called the `` Hinder Sea '' ( הַיָּם הָאַחֲרוֹן ) because of its location on the west coast of Greater Syria or the Holy Land ( and therefore behind a person facing the east ) , which is sometimes translated as `` Western Sea '' , ( Deut. 11 : 24 ; Joel 2 : 20 ) . Another name was the `` Sea of the Philistines '' ( יָם פְּלִשְׁתִּים , Exod. 23 : 31 ) , from the people inhabiting a large portion of its shores near the Israelites . In Modern Hebrew , it is called HaYam HaTikhon ( הַיָּם הַתִּיכוֹן ) ' the Middle Sea ' . In Modern Arabic , it is known as al - Baḥr ( al - Abyaḍ ) al - Mutawassiṭ ( البحر ( الأبيض ) المتوسط ) ' the ( White ) Middle Sea ' . In Islamic and older Arabic literature , it was Baḥr al - Rūm ( ī ) ( بحر الروم or بحر الرومي ) ) ' the Sea of the Romans ' or ' the Roman Sea ' . At first , that name referred to only the Eastern Mediterranean , but it was later extended to the whole Mediterranean . Other Arabic names were Baḥr al - šām ( ī ) ( يبحر الشرومام ) ' the Sea of Syria ' and Baḥr al - Maghrib ( بحرالمغرب ) ' the Sea of the West ' . In Turkish , it is the Akdeniz ' the White Sea ' ; in Ottoman , آق دكيز , which sometimes means only the Aegean Sea . The origin of the name is not clear , as it is not known in earlier Greek , Byzantine or Islamic sources . It may be to contrast with the Black Sea . In Persian , the name was translated as Baḥr - i Safīd , which was also used in later Ottoman Turkish . It is probably the origin of the colloquial Greek Άσπρη Θάλασσα . Johann Knobloch claims that in Classical Antiquity , cultures in the Levant used colours to refer to the cardinal points : black referred to the north ( explaining the name Black Sea ) , yellow or blue to east , red to south ( i.e. , the Red Sea ) , and white to west . This would explain both the Turkish Akdeniz ( White Sea ) and the Arab nomenclature described above . History ( edit ) Main article : History of the Mediterranean region Ancient civilizations ( edit ) Greek ( red ) and Phoenician ( yellow ) colonies in antiquity c. the 6th century BCE The Roman Empire at its farthest extent in AD 117 Several ancient civilizations were located around the Mediterranean shores and were greatly influenced by their proximity to the sea . It provided routes for trade , colonization , and war , as well as food ( from fishing and the gathering of other seafood ) for numerous communities throughout the ages . Due to the shared climate , geology , and access to the sea , cultures centered on the Mediterranean tended to have some extent of intertwined culture and history . Two of the most notable Mediterranean civilizations in classical antiquity were the Greek city states and the Phoenicians , both of which extensively colonized the coastlines of the Mediterranean . Later , when Augustus founded the Roman Empire , the Romans referred to the Mediterranean as Mare Nostrum ( `` Our Sea '' ) . For the next 400 years , the Roman Empire completely controlled the Mediterranean Sea and virtually all its coastal regions from Gibraltar to the Levant . Darius I of Persia , who conquered Ancient Egypt , built a canal linking the Mediterranean to the Red Sea . Darius 's canal was wide enough for two triremes to pass each other with oars extended , and required four days to traverse . Middle Ages and empires ( edit ) The Battle of Lepanto , 1571 , ended in victory for the European Holy League against the Ottoman Turks . The Western Roman Empire collapsed around AD 476 . Temporarily the east was again dominant as Roman power lived on in the Byzantine Empire formed in the 4th century from the eastern half of the Roman Empire . Another power arose in the 7th century , and with it the religion of Islam , which soon swept across from the east ; at its greatest extent , the Arab Empire controlled 75 % of the Mediterranean region and left a lasting footprint on its eastern and southern shores . The Arab invasions disrupted the trade relations between Western and Eastern Europe while cutting the trade route with Oriental lands . This however had the indirect effect of promoting the trade across the Caspian Sea . The export of grains from Egypt was re-routed towards the Eastern world . Oriental goods like silk and spices were carried from Egypt to ports like Venice and Constantinople by sailors and Jewish merchants . The Viking raids further disrupted the trade in western Europe and brought it to a halt . However , the Norsemen developed the trade from Norway to the White Sea , while also trading in luxury goods from Spain and the Mediterranean . The Byzantines in the mid-8th century retook control of the area around the north - eastern part of the Mediterranean . Venetian ships from the 9th century armed themselves to counter the harassment by Arabs while concentrating trade of oriental goods at Venice . The Fatimids maintained trade relations with the Italian city - states like Amalfi and Genoa before the Crusades , according to the Cairo Geniza documents . A document dated 996 mentions Amalfian merchants living in Cairo . Another letter states that the Genoese had traded with Alexandria . The caliph al - Mustansir had allowed Amalfian merchants to reside in Jerusalem about 1060 in place of the Latin hospice . The Crusades led to flourishing of trade between Europe and the outremer region . Genoa , Venica and Pisa created colonies in regions controlled by the Crusaders and came to control the trade with the Orient . These colonies also allowed them to trade with the Eastern world . Though the fall of the Crusader states and attempts at banning of trade relations with Muslim states by the Popes temporarily disrupted the trade with the Orient , it however continued . Europe started to revive , however , as more organised and centralised states began to form in the later Middle Ages after the Renaissance of the 12th century . The bombardment of Algiers by the Anglo - Dutch fleet in support of an ultimatum to release European slaves , August 1816 Ottoman power based in Anatolia continued to grow , and in 1453 extinguished the Byzantine Empire with the Conquest of Constantinople . Ottomans gained control of much of the sea in the 16th century and maintained naval bases in southern France ( 1543 - 1544 ) , Algeria and Tunisia . Barbarossa , the famous Ottoman captain is a symbol of this domination with the victory of the Battle of Preveza ( 1538 ) . The Battle of Djerba ( 1560 ) marked the apex of Ottoman naval domination in the Mediterranean . As the naval prowess of the European powers increased , they confronted Ottoman expansion in the region when the Battle of Lepanto ( 1571 ) checked the power of the Ottoman Navy . This was the last naval battle to be fought primarily between galleys . The Barbary pirates of Northwest Africa preyed on Christian shipping and coastlines in the Western Mediterranean Sea . According to Robert Davis , from the 16th to 19th centuries , pirates captured 1 million to 1.25 million Europeans as slaves . The development of oceanic shipping began to affect the entire Mediterranean . Once , most trade between Western Europe and the East had passed through the region , but after the 1490s the development of a sea route to the Indian Ocean allowed the importation of Asian spices and other goods through the Atlantic ports of western Europe . 21st century and migrations ( edit ) Satellite image of the Mediterranean Sea at night In 2013 the Maltese president described the Mediterranean sea as a `` cemetery '' due to the large number of migrants who drowned there after their boats capsized . European Parliament president Martin Schulz said in 2014 that Europe 's migration policy `` turned the Mediterranean into a graveyard '' , referring to the number of drowned refugees in the region as a direct result of the policies . An Azerbaijani official described the sea as `` a burial ground ... where people die '' . Following the 2013 Lampedusa migrant shipwreck , the Italian government decided to strengthen the national system for the patrolling of the Mediterranean Sea by authorising `` Operation Mare Nostrum '' , a military and humanitarian mission in order to rescue the migrants and arrest the traffickers of immigrants . In 2015 , more than one million migrants crossed the Mediterranean Sea into Europe . Italy was particularly affected by the European migrant crisis . Since 2013 , over 700,000 migrants have landed in Italy , mainly sub-Saharan Africans . Geography ( edit ) A satellite image showing the Mediterranean Sea . The Strait of Gibraltar can be seen in the bottom left ( north - west ) quarter of the image ; to its left is the Iberian Peninsula in Europe , and to its right , the Maghreb in Africa . The Dardanelles strait in Turkey . The north side is Europe with the Gelibolu Peninsula in the Thrace region ; the south side is Anatolia in Asia . The Mediterranean Sea is connected to the Atlantic Ocean by the Strait of Gibraltar ( known in Homer 's writings as the `` Pillars of Hercules '' ) in the west and to the Sea of Marmara and the Black Sea , by the Dardanelles and the Bosporus respectively , in the east . The Sea of Marmara ( Dardanelles ) is often considered a part of the Mediterranean Sea , whereas the Black Sea is generally not . The 163 km ( 101 mi ) long artificial Suez Canal in the southeast connects the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea . Large islands in the Mediterranean include Cyprus , Crete , Euboea , Rhodes , Lesbos , Chios , Kefalonia , Corfu , Limnos , Samos , Naxos and Andros in the Eastern Mediterranean ; Sicily , Cres , Krk , Brač , Hvar , Pag , Korčula and Malta in the central Mediterranean ; Sardinia , Corsica , and the Balearic Islands : Ibiza , Majorca , and Menorca in the Western Mediterranean . The typical Mediterranean climate has hot , humid , and dry summers and mild , rainy winters . Crops of the region include olives , grapes , oranges , tangerines , and cork . Extent ( edit ) The International Hydrographic Organization defines the limits of the Mediterranean Sea as follows : Stretching from the Strait of Gibraltar in the west to the entrances to the Dardanelles and the Suez Canal in the east , the Mediterranean Sea is bounded by the coasts of Europe , Africa and Asia , and is divided into two deep basins : Western Basin : On the west : A line joining the extremities of Cape Trafalgar ( Spain ) and Cape Spartel ( Africa ) . On the northeast : The west coast of Italy . In the Strait of Messina a line joining the north extreme of Cape Paci ( 15 ° 42'E ) with Cape Peloro , the east extreme of the Island of Sicily . The north coast of Sicily . On the east : A line joining Cape Lilibeo the western point of Sicily ( 37 ° 47 ′ N 12 ° 22 ′ E / 37.783 ° N 12.367 ° E / 37.783 ; 12.367 ) , through the Adventure Bank to Cape Bon ( Tunisia ) . Eastern Basin : On the west : The northeastern and eastern limits of the Western Basin . On the northeast : A line joining Kum Kale ( 26 ° 11'E ) and Cape Helles , the western entrance to the Dardanelles . On the southeast : The entrance to the Suez Canal . On the east : The coasts of Syria and Israel . Oceanography ( edit ) Predominant surface currents for June Being nearly landlocked affects conditions in the Mediterranean Sea : for instance , tides are very limited as a result of the narrow connection with the Atlantic Ocean . The Mediterranean is characterised and immediately recognised by its deep blue colour . Evaporation greatly exceeds precipitation and river runoff in the Mediterranean , a fact that is central to the water circulation within the basin . Evaporation is especially high in its eastern half , causing the water level to decrease and salinity to increase eastward . The salinity at 5 m depth is 3.8 % . The pressure gradient pushes relatively cool , low - salinity water from the Atlantic across the basin ; it warms and becomes saltier as it travels east , then sinks in the region of the Levant and circulates westward , to spill over the Strait of Gibraltar . Thus , seawater flow is eastward in the Strait 's surface waters , and westward below ; once in the Atlantic , this chemically distinct Mediterranean Intermediate Water can persist thousands of kilometres away from its source . The temperature of the water in the deepest part of the Mediterranean Sea is 13.2 ° C ( 55.8 ° F ) . Coastal countries ( edit ) For a more comprehensive list , see List of Mediterranean countries . Map of the Mediterranean Sea The following countries have a coastline on the Mediterranean Sea : Northern shore ( from west to east ) : Spain , France , Monaco , Italy , Slovenia , Croatia , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Montenegro , Albania , Greece and Turkey . Eastern shore ( from north to south ) : Turkey , Syria , Lebanon , Israel . Southern shore ( from west to east ) : Morocco , Algeria , Tunisia , Libya , Egypt . Island nations : Malta , Cyprus . Several other territories also border the Mediterranean Sea ( from west to east ) : The British overseas territory of Gibraltar , the Spanish autonomous cities of Ceuta and Melilla and nearby islands , the Sovereign Base Areas on Cyprus , and the Palestinian Gaza Strip . Barcelona , the largest metropolitan area on the Mediterranean Sea and also the headquarters of the Union for the Mediterranean The Acropolis of Athens with the Mediterranean Sea in the background The ancient port of Jaffa ( now part of Tel Aviv - Yafo ) in Israel : according to the Bible , where Jonah set sail before being swallowed by a whale Alexandria , one of the largest cities on the Mediterranean Catania , Sicily , with Mount Etna in the background İzmir , the third metropolis of Turkey after Istanbul and Ankara Coastal cities ( edit ) For a more comprehensive list , see List of coastal settlements of the Mediterranean Sea . Major cities ( municipalities ) with populations larger than 200,000 people bordering the Mediterranean Sea are : Country Cities Algeria Algiers , Annaba , Oran Egypt Alexandria , Damietta , Port Said France Marseille , Nice Greece Athens , Piraeus , Patras , Thessaloniki Israel Ashdod , Haifa , Netanya , Rishon LeZion , Tel Aviv Italy Bari , Catania , Genoa , Messina , Naples , Palermo , Rome , Taranto , Trieste , Venice Lebanon Beirut , Tripoli Libya Benghazi , Khoms , Misrata , Tripoli , Zawiya , Zliten Morocco Tétouan , Tangier Palestine Gaza City , Khan Yunis Spain Alicante , Badalona , Barcelona , Cartagena , Málaga , Palma , Valencia . Syria Latakia Tunisia Sfax , Sousse , Tunis Turkey Antalya , Adana , İzmir , Mersin Subdivisions ( edit ) Africa ( left , on horizon ) and Europe ( right ) , as seen from Gibraltar The International Hydrographic Organization ( IHO ) divides the Mediterranean into a number of smaller waterbodies , each with their own designation ( from west to east ) : the Strait of Gibraltar ; the Alboran Sea , between Spain and Morocco ; the Balearic Sea , between mainland Spain and its Balearic Islands ; the Ligurian Sea between Corsica and Liguria ( Italy ) ; the Tyrrhenian Sea enclosed by Sardinia , Italian peninsula and Sicily ; the Ionian Sea between Italy , Albania and Greece ; the Adriatic Sea between Italy , Slovenia , Croatia , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Montenegro and Albania ; the Aegean Sea between Greece and Turkey . Other seas ( edit ) Positano , Tyrrhenian Sea Some other seas whose names have been in common use from the ancient times , or in the present : the Sea of Sardinia , between Sardinia and Balearic Islands , as a part of the Balearic Sea the Sea of Sicily between Sicily and Tunisia , the Libyan Sea between Libya and Crete , In the Aegean Sea , the Thracian Sea in its north , the Myrtoan Sea between the Cyclades and the Peloponnese , the Sea of Crete north of Crete , the Icarian Sea between Kos and Chios the Cilician Sea between Turkey and Cyprus the Levantine Sea at the eastern end of the Mediterranean the Libyan Sea the bay north of Libya Many of these smaller seas feature in local myth and folklore and derive their names from these associations . Other features ( edit ) View of the Saint George Bay , and snow - capped Mount Sannine from the Corniche , Beirut The Port of Marseille seen from L'Estaque Sarandë , Albania is situated on an open sea gulf of the Ionian sea in the central Mediterranean . In addition to the seas , a number of gulfs and straits are recognised : the Saint George Bay in Beirut , Lebanon the Ras Ibn Hani cape in Latakia , Syria the Ras al - Bassit cape in northern Syria . the Minet el - Beida ( `` White Harbour '' ) bay near ancient Ugarit , Syria the Strait of Gibraltar , connects the Atlantic Ocean to the Mediterranean Sea and separates Spain from Morocco the Bay of Gibraltar , at the southern end of the Iberian Peninsula the Gulf of Corinth , an enclosed sea between the Ionian Sea and the Corinth Canal the Pagasetic Gulf , the gulf of Volos , south of the Thermaic Gulf , formed by the Mount Pelion peninsula the Saronic Gulf , the gulf of Athens , between the Corinth Canal and the Mirtoan Sea the Thermaic Gulf , the gulf of Thessaloniki , located in the northern Greek region of Macedonia the Kvarner Gulf , Croatia the Gulf of Lion , south of France the Gulf of Valencia , east of Spain the Strait of Messina , between Sicily and the toe of Italy the Gulf of Genoa , northwestern Italy the Gulf of Venice , northeastern Italy the Gulf of Trieste , northeastern Italy the Gulf of Taranto , southern Italy The Paklinski Islands off the coast of Croatia ; the Adriatic Sea contains over 1200 islands and islets the Gulf of Salerno , southwestern Italy the Gulf of Gaeta , southwestern Italy the Gulf of Squillace , southern Italy the Strait of Otranto , between Italy and Albania the Gulf of Haifa , northern Israel the Gulf of Sidra , between Tripolitania ( western Libya ) and Cyrenaica ( eastern Libya ) the Strait of Sicily , between Sicily and Tunisia the Corsica Channel , between Corsica and Italy the Strait of Bonifacio , between Sardinia and Corsica the Gulf of İskenderun , between İskenderun and Adana ( Turkey ) the Gulf of Antalya , between west and east shores of Antalya ( Turkey ) the Bay of Kotor , in south - western Montenegro and south - eastern Croatia the Malta Channel , between Sicily and Malta the Gozo Channel , between Malta Island and Gozo 10 largest islands by area ( edit ) The two biggest islands of the Mediterranean : Sicily and Sardinia ( Italy ) Main article : List of islands in the Mediterranean Country Island Area in km Population Italy Sicily 25,460 5,048,995 Italy Sardinia 23,821 1,672,804 Cyprus Cyprus 9,251 1,088,503 France Corsica 8,680 299,209 Greece Crete 8,336 623,666 Greece Euboea 3,655 218.000 Spain Majorca 3,640 869,067 Greece Lesbos 1,632 90,643 Greece Rhodes 1,400 117,007 Greece Chios 842 51,936 Climate ( edit ) Map of climate zones in the areas surrounding the Mediterranean Sea , according to the Köppen climate classification Sea temperature ( edit ) Mean sea temperature ( ° C ) Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Marseille 13 13 13 14 16 18 21 22 21 18 16 14 16.6 Gibraltar 16 15 16 16 17 20 22 22 22 20 18 17 18.4 Málaga 16 15 15 16 17 20 22 23 22 20 18 16 18.3 Athens 16 15 15 16 18 21 24 24 24 21 19 18 19.3 Barcelona 13 13 13 14 17 20 23 25 23 20 17 15 17.8 Heraklion 16 15 15 16 19 22 24 25 24 22 20 18 19.7 Venice 11 10 11 13 18 22 25 26 23 20 16 14 17.4 Valencia 14 13 14 15 17 21 24 26 24 21 18 15 18.5 Malta 16 16 15 16 18 21 24 26 25 23 21 18 19.9 Alexandria 18 17 17 18 20 23 25 26 26 25 22 20 21.4 Naples 15 14 14 15 18 22 25 27 25 22 19 16 19.3 Larnaca 18 17 17 18 20 24 26 27 27 25 22 19 21.7 Limassol 18 17 17 18 20 24 26 27 27 25 22 19 21.7 Antalya 17 17 17 18 21 24 27 28 27 25 22 19 21.8 Tel Aviv 18 17 17 18 21 24 26 28 27 26 23 20 22.1 Geology ( edit ) See also : Geology and paleoclimatology of the Mediterranean Basin A submarine karst spring , called vrulja , near Omiš ; observed through several ripplings of an otherwise calm sea surface . The geologic history of the Mediterranean Sea is complex . Underlain by oceanic crust , the sea basin was once thought to be a tectonic remnant of the ancient Tethys Ocean ; it is now known to be a structurally younger basin , called the Neotethys , which was first formed by the convergence of the African and Eurasian plates during the Late Triassic and Early Jurassic . Because it is a near - landlocked body of water in a normally dry climate , the Mediterranean is subject to intensive evaporation and the precipitation of evaporites . The Messinian salinity crisis started about six million years ago ( mya ) when the Mediterranean became landlocked , and then essentially dried up . There are salt deposits accumulated on the bottom of the basin of more than a million cubic kilometres -- in some places more than three kilometres thick . Scientists estimate that the sea was last filled about 5.3 million years ago ( mya ) in less than two years by the Zanclean flood . Water poured in from the Atlantic Ocean through a newly breached gateway now called the Strait of Gibraltar at an estimated rate of about three orders of magnitude ( one thousand times ) larger than the current flow of the Amazon River . The Mediterranean Sea has an average depth of 1,500 m ( 4,900 ft ) and the deepest recorded point is 5,267 m ( 17,280 ft ) in the Calypso Deep in the Ionian Sea . The coastline extends for 46,000 km ( 29,000 mi ) . A shallow submarine ridge ( the Strait of Sicily ) between the island of Sicily and the coast of Tunisia divides the sea in two main subregions : the Western Mediterranean , with an area of about 850 thousand km ( 330 thousand mi ) ; and the Eastern Mediterranean , of about 1.65 million km ( 640 thousand mi ) . A characteristic of the coastal Mediterranean are submarine karst springs or vruljas , which discharge pressurised groundwater into the coastal seawater from below the surface ; the discharge water is usually fresh , and sometimes may be thermal . Tectonics and paleoenvironmental analysis ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Mediterranean basin and sea system was established by the ancient African - Arabian continent colliding with the Eurasian continent . As Africa - Arabia drifted northward , it closed over the ancient Tethys Ocean which had earlier separated the two supercontinents Laurasia and Gondwana . At about that time in the middle Jurassic period a much smaller sea basin , dubbed the Neotethys , was formed shortly before the Tethys Ocean closed at its western ( Arabian ) end . The broad line of collisions pushed up a very long system of mountains from the Pyrenees in Spain to the Zagros Mountains in Iran in an episode of mountain - building tectonics known as the Alpine orogeny . The Neotethys grew larger during the episodes of collisions ( and associated foldings and subductions ) that occurred during the Oligocene and Miocene epochs ( 34 to 5.33 mya ) ; see animation : Africa - Arabia colliding with Eurasia . Accordingly , the Mediterranean basin consists of several stretched tectonic plates in subduction which are the foundation of the Eastern part of the Mediterranean Sea . Various zones of subduction harbour and form the deepest and most majestic oceanic ridges , east of the Ionian Sea and south of the Aegean . The Central Indian Ridge runs East of the Mediterranean Sea South - East across the in - between of Africa and the Arabian Peninsula into the Indian Ocean . Nevertheless , while man - made geopolitical turmoil and chaos have governed the coastlines of many various Mediterranean nations throughout the courses of ancient , modern , present and foreseeable history , the Plate tectonic status of nations bordering the Mediterranean Sea will find sharing the same geological concerns and fate . Messinian salinity crisis ( edit ) Messinian salinity crisis before the Zanclean flood Play media Animation : Messinian salinity crisis During Mesozoic and Cenozoic times , as the northwest corner of Africa converged on Iberia , it lifted the Betic - Rif mountain belts across southern Iberia and northwest Africa . There the development of the intramontane Betic and Rif basins led to creating two roughly - parallel marine gateways between the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea . Dubbed the Betic and Rifian corridors , they progressively closed during middle and late Miocene times ; perhaps several times . During late Miocene times the closure of the Betic Corridor triggered the so - called `` Messinian salinity crisis '' ( MSC ) , when the Mediterranean almost entirely dried out . The time of beginning of the MSC was recently estimated astronomically at 5.96 mya , and it persisted for some 630,000 years until about 5.3 mya ; see Animation : Messinian salinity crisis , at right . After the initial drawdown and re-flooding there followed more episodes -- the total number is debated -- of sea drawdowns and re-floodings for the duration of the MSC . It ended when the Atlantic Ocean last re-flooded the basin -- creating the Strait of Gibraltar and causing the Zanclean flood -- at the end of the Miocene ( 5.33 mya ) . Some research has suggested that a desiccation - flooding - desiccation cycle may have repeated several times , which could explain several events of large amounts of salt deposition . Recent studies , however , show that repeated desiccation and re-flooding is unlikely from a geodynamic point of view . Desiccation and exchanges of flora and fauna ( edit ) The present - day Atlantic gateway , i.e. the Strait of Gibraltar , originated in the early Pliocene via the Zanclean Flood . As mentioned , two other gateways preceded Gibraltar : the Betic Corridor across southern Spain and the Rifian Corridor across northern Morocco . The former gateway closed about six ( 6 ) mya , causing the Messinian salinity crisis ( MSC ) ; the latter or possibly both gateways closed during the earlier Tortonian times , causing a `` Tortonian salinity crisis '' ( from 11.6 to 7.2 mya ) , which occurred well before the MSC and lasted much longer . Both `` crises '' resulted in broad connections of the mainlands of Africa and Europe , which thereby normalised migrations of flora and fauna -- especially large mammals including primates -- between the two continents . The Vallesian crisis indicates a typical extinction and replacement of mammal species in Europe during Tortonian times following climatic upheaval and overland migrations of new species ; see Animation : Messinian salinity crisis ( and mammal migrations ) , at right . The near - completely enclosed configuration of the Mediterranean basin has enabled the oceanic gateways to dominate seawater circulation and the environmental evolution of the sea and basin . Circulation patterns are also affected by several other factors -- including climate , bathymetry , and water chemistry and temperature -- which are interactive and can induce precipitation of evaporites . Deposits of evaporites accumulated earlier in the nearby Carpathian foredeep during the Middle Miocene , and the adjacent Red Sea Basin ( during the Late Miocene ) , and in the whole Mediterranean basin ( during the MSC and the Messinian age ) . Diatomites are regularly found underneath the evaporite deposits , suggesting a connection between their geneses . Today , evaporation of surface seawater ( output ) is more than the supply ( input ) of fresh water by precipitation and coastal drainage systems , causing the salinity of the Mediterranean to be much higher than that of the Atlantic -- so much so that the saltier Mediterranean waters sink below the waters incoming from the Atlantic , causing a two - layer flow across the Gibraltar strait : that is , an outflow submarine current of warm saline Mediterranean water , counterbalanced by an inflow surface current of less saline cold oceanic water from the Atlantic . Herman Sörgel 's Atlantropa project proposal in the 1920s proposed a hydroelectric dam to be built across the Strait of Gibraltar , using the inflow current to provide a large amount of hydroelectric energy . The underlying energy grid was as well intended to support a political union between Europe and , at least , the Marghreb part of Africa ( compare Eurafrika for the later impact and Desertec for a later project with some parallels in the planned grid ) . Shift to a `` Mediterranean climate '' ( edit ) The end of the Miocene also marked a change in the climate of the Mediterranean basin . Fossil evidence from that period reveals that the larger basin had a humid subtropical climate with rainfall in the summer supporting laurel forests . The shift to a `` Mediterranean climate '' occurred largely within the last three million years ( the late Pliocene epoch ) as summer rainfall decreased . The subtropical laurel forests retreated ; and even as they persisted on the islands of Macaronesia off the Atlantic coast of Iberia and North Africa , the present Mediterranean vegetation evolved , dominated by coniferous trees and sclerophyllous trees and shrubs with small , hard , waxy leaves that prevent moisture loss in the dry summers . Much of these forests and shrublands have been altered beyond recognition by thousands of years of human habitation . There are now very few relatively intact natural areas in what was once a heavily wooded region . Paleoclimate ( edit ) Because of its latitudinal position and its land - locked configuration , the Mediterranean is especially sensitive to astronomically induced climatic variations , which are well documented in its sedimentary record . Since the Mediterranean is involved in the deposition of eolian dust from the Sahara during dry periods , whereas riverine detrital input prevails during wet ones , the Mediterranean marine sapropel - bearing sequences provide high - resolution climatic information . These data have been employed in reconstructing astronomically calibrated time scales for the last 9 Ma of the Earth 's history , helping to constrain the time of past geomagnetic reversals . Furthermore , the exceptional accuracy of these paleoclimatic records has improved our knowledge of the Earth 's orbital variations in the past . Ecology and biota ( edit ) As a result of the drying of the sea during the Messinian salinity crisis , the marine biota of the Mediterranean are derived primarily from the Atlantic Ocean . The North Atlantic is considerably colder and more nutrient - rich than the Mediterranean , and the marine life of the Mediterranean has had to adapt to its differing conditions in the five million years since the basin was reflooded . The Alboran Sea is a transition zone between the two seas , containing a mix of Mediterranean and Atlantic species . The Alboran Sea has the largest population of bottlenose dolphins in the Western Mediterranean , is home to the last population of harbour porpoises in the Mediterranean , and is the most important feeding grounds for loggerhead sea turtles in Europe . The Alboran sea also hosts important commercial fisheries , including sardines and swordfish . The Mediterranean monk seals live in the Aegean Sea in Greece . In 2003 , the World Wildlife Fund raised concerns about the widespread drift net fishing endangering populations of dolphins , turtles , and other marine animals such as the Galathea strigosa . See also : Specially Protected Areas of Mediterranean Importance Environmental history ( edit ) This section 's factual accuracy is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on Talk : Mediterranean Sea / Archive 1 . Please help to ensure that disputed statements are reliably sourced . ( February 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) For 4,000 years , human activity has transformed most parts of Mediterranean Europe , and the `` humanisation of the landscape '' overlapped with the appearance of the present Mediterranean climate . The image of a simplistic , environmental determinist notion of a Mediterranean Paradise on Earth in antiquity , which was destroyed by later civilisations dates back to at least the 18th century and was for centuries fashionable in archaeological and historical circles . Based on a broad variety of methods , e.g. historical documents , analysis of trade relations , floodplain sediments , pollen , tree - ring and further archaeometric analyses and population studies , Alfred Thomas Grove and Oliver Rackham 's work on `` The Nature of Mediterranean Europe '' challenges this common wisdom of a Mediterranean Europe as a `` Lost Eden '' , a formerly fertile and forested region , that had been progressively degraded and desertified by human mismanagement . The belief stems more from the failure of the recent landscape to measure up to the imaginary past of the classics as idealised by artists , poets and scientists of the early modern Enlightenment . The historical evolution of climate , vegetation and landscape in southern Europe from prehistoric times to the present is much more complex and underwent various changes . For example , some of the deforestation had already taken place before the Roman age . While in the Roman age large enterprises as the Latifundiums took effective care of forests and agriculture , the largest depopulation effects came with the end of the empire . Some assume that the major deforestation took place in modern times -- the later usage patterns were also quite different e.g. in southern and northern Italy . Also , the climate has usually been unstable and showing various ancient and modern `` Little Ice Ages '' , and plant cover accommodated to various extremes and became resilient with regard to various patterns of human activity . Humanisation was therefore not the cause of climate change but followed it . The wide ecological diversity typical of Mediterranean Europe is predominantly based on human behavior , as it is and has been closely related human usage patterns . The diversity range was enhanced by the widespread exchange and interaction of the longstanding and highly diverse local agriculture , intense transport and trade relations , and the interaction with settlements , pasture and other land use . The greatest human - induced changes , however , came after World War II , respectively in line with the ' 1950s - syndrome ' as rural populations throughout the region abandoned traditional subsistence economies . Grove and Rackham suggest that the locals left the traditional agricultural patterns towards taking a role as scenery - setting agents for the then much more important ( tourism ) travellers . This resulted in more monotonous , large - scale formations . Among further current important threats to Mediterranean landscapes are overdevelopment of coastal areas , abandonment of mountains and , as mentioned , the loss of variety via the reduction of traditional agricultural occupations . Natural hazards ( edit ) Stromboli volcano in Italy The region has a variety of geological hazards which have closely interacted with human activity and land use patterns . Among others , in the eastern Mediterranean , the Thera eruption , dated to the 17th or 16th century BC , caused a large tsunami that some experts hypothesise devastated the Minoan civilisation on the nearby island of Crete , further leading some to believe that this may have been the catastrophe that inspired the Atlantis legend . Mount Vesuvius is the only active volcano on the European mainland , while others as Mount Etna and Stromboli are to be found on neighbouring islands . The region around Vesuvius including the Phlegraean Fields Caldera west of Naples are quite active and constitute the most densely populated volcanic region in the world where an eruptive event may occur within decades . Vesuvius itself is regarded as quite dangerous due to a tendency towards explosive ( Plinian ) eruptions . It is best known for its eruption in AD 79 that led to the burying and destruction of the Roman cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum . The large experience of member states and regional authorities has led to exchange on the international level with cooperation of NGOs , states , regional and municipality authorities and private persons . The Greek -- Turkish earthquake diplomacy is a quite positive example of natural hazards leading to improved relations of traditional rivals in the region after earthquakes in İzmir and Athens 1999 . The European Union Solidarity Fund ( EUSF ) was set up to respond to major natural disasters and express European solidarity to disaster - stricken regions within all of Europe . The largest amount of fund requests in the EU is being directed to forest fires , followed by floodings and earthquakes . Forest fires are , whether man made or natural , an often recurring and dangerous hazard in the Mediterranean region . Also , tsunamis are an often underestimated hazard in the region . For example , the 1908 Messina earthquake and tsunami took more than 123,000 lives in Sicily and Calabria and is among the most deadly natural disasters in modern Europe . Biodiversity ( edit ) See also : List of fish of the Mediterranean Sea and List of fish of the Black Sea Unlike the vast multidirectional Ocean currents in open Oceans within their respective Oceanic zones ; biodiversity in the Mediterranean Sea is that of a stable one due to the subtle but strong locked nature of currents which affects favorably , even the smallest macroscopic type of Volcanic Life Form . The stable Marine ecosystem of the Mediterranean Sea and sea temperature provides a nourishing environment for life in the deep sea to flourish while assuring a balanced Aquatic ecosystem excluded from any external deep oceanic factors . Invasive species ( edit ) The reticulate whipray is one of the species that colonised the Eastern Mediterranean through the Suez Canal as part of the ongoing Lessepsian migration . The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 created the first salt - water passage between the Mediterranean and Red Sea . The Red Sea is higher than the Eastern Mediterranean , so the canal serves as a tidal strait that pours Red Sea water into the Mediterranean . The Bitter Lakes , which are hyper - saline natural lakes that form part of the canal , blocked the migration of Red Sea species into the Mediterranean for many decades , but as the salinity of the lakes gradually equalised with that of the Red Sea , the barrier to migration was removed , and plants and animals from the Red Sea have begun to colonise the Eastern Mediterranean . The Red Sea is generally saltier and more nutrient - poor than the Atlantic , so the Red Sea species have advantages over Atlantic species in the salty and nutrient - poor Eastern Mediterranean . Accordingly , Red Sea species invade the Mediterranean biota , and not vice versa ; this phenomenon is known as the Lessepsian migration ( after Ferdinand de Lesseps , the French engineer ) or Erythrean invasion . The construction of the Aswan High Dam across the Nile River in the 1960s reduced the inflow of freshwater and nutrient - rich silt from the Nile into the Eastern Mediterranean , making conditions there even more like the Red Sea and worsening the impact of the invasive species . Invasive species have become a major component of the Mediterranean ecosystem and have serious impacts on the Mediterranean ecology , endangering many local and endemic Mediterranean species . A first look at some groups of exotic species show that more than 70 % of the non-indigenous decapods and about 63 % of the exotic fishes occurring in the Mediterranean are of Indo Pacific origin , introduced into the Mediterranean through the Suez Canal . This makes the Canal as the first pathway of arrival of `` alien '' species into the Mediterranean . The impacts of some lessepsian species have proven to be considerable mainly in the Levantine basin of the Mediterranean , where they are replacing native species and becoming a `` familiar sight '' . According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature definition , as well as Convention on Biological Diversity ( CBD ) and Ramsar Convention terminologies , they are alien species , as they are non-native ( non-indigenous ) to the Mediterranean Sea , and they are outside their normal area of distribution which is the Indo - Pacific region . When these species succeed in establishing populations in the Mediterranean Sea , compete with and begin to replace native species they are `` Alien Invasive Species '' , as they are an agent of change and a threat to the native biodiversity . In the context of CBD , `` introduction '' refers to the movement by human agency , indirect or direct , of an alien species outside of its natural range ( past or present ) . The Suez Canal , being an artificial ( man made ) canal , is a human agency . Lessepsian migrants are therefore `` introduced '' species ( indirect , and unintentional ) . Whatever wording is chosen , they represent a threat to the native Mediterranean biodiversity , because they are non-indigenous to this sea . In recent years , the Egyptian government 's announcement of its intentions to deepen and widen the canal have raised concerns from marine biologists , fearing that such an act will only worsen the invasion of Red Sea species into the Mediterranean , facilitating the crossing of the canal for yet additional species . Arrival of new tropical Atlantic species ( edit ) In recent decades , the arrival of exotic species from the tropical Atlantic has become a noticeable feature . Whether this reflects an expansion of the natural area of these species that now enter the Mediterranean through the Gibraltar strait , because of a warming trend of the water caused by global warming ; or an extension of the maritime traffic ; or is simply the result of a more intense scientific investigation , is still an open question . While not as intense as the `` lessepsian '' movement , the process may be scientific interest and may therefore warrant increased levels of monitoring . Sea - level rise ( edit ) By 2100 the overall level of the Mediterranean could rise between 3 to 61 cm ( 1.2 to 24.0 in ) as a result of the effects of climate change . This could have adverse effects on populations across the Mediterranean : Rising sea levels will submerge parts of Malta . Rising sea levels will also mean rising salt water levels in Malta 's groundwater supply and reduce the availability of drinking water . A 30 cm ( 12 in ) rise in sea level would flood 200 square kilometres ( 77 sq mi ) of the Nile Delta , displacing over 500,000 Egyptians . Coastal ecosystems also appear to be threatened by sea level rise , especially enclosed seas such as the Baltic , the Mediterranean and the Black Sea . These seas have only small and primarily east - west movement corridors , which may restrict northward displacement of organisms in these areas . Sea level rise for the next century ( 2100 ) could be between 30 cm ( 12 in ) and 100 cm ( 39 in ) and temperature shifts of a mere 0.05 -- 0.1 ° C in the deep sea are sufficient to induce significant changes in species richness and functional diversity . Pollution ( edit ) Pollution in this region has been extremely high in recent years . The United Nations Environment Programme has estimated that 650,000,000 t ( 720,000,000 short tons ) of sewage , 129,000 t ( 142,000 short tons ) of mineral oil , 60,000 t ( 66,000 short tons ) of mercury , 3,800 t ( 4,200 short tons ) of lead and 36,000 t ( 40,000 short tons ) of phosphates are dumped into the Mediterranean each year . The Barcelona Convention aims to ' reduce pollution in the Mediterranean Sea and protect and improve the marine environment in the area , thereby contributing to its sustainable development . ' Many marine species have been almost wiped out because of the sea 's pollution . One of them is the Mediterranean monk seal which is considered to be among the world 's most endangered marine mammals . The Mediterranean is also plagued by marine debris . A 1994 study of the seabed using trawl nets around the coasts of Spain , France and Italy reported a particularly high mean concentration of debris ; an average of 1,935 items per km . Plastic debris accounted for 76 % , of which 94 % was plastic bags . Shipping ( edit ) A cargo ship cruises towards the Strait of Messina Some of the world 's busiest shipping routes are in the Mediterranean Sea . It is estimated that approximately 220,000 merchant vessels of more than 100 tonnes cross the Mediterranean Sea each year -- about one third of the world 's total merchant shipping . These ships often carry hazardous cargo , which if lost would result in severe damage to the marine environment . The discharge of chemical tank washings and oily wastes also represent a significant source of marine pollution . The Mediterranean Sea constitutes 0.7 % of the global water surface and yet receives 17 % of global marine oil pollution . It is estimated that every year between 100,000 t ( 98,000 long tons ) and 150,000 t ( 150,000 long tons ) of crude oil are deliberately released into the sea from shipping activities . Approximately 370,000,000 t ( 360,000,000 long tons ) of oil are transported annually in the Mediterranean Sea ( more than 20 % of the world total ) , with around 250 -- 300 oil tankers crossing the sea every day . Accidental oil spills happen frequently with an average of 10 spills per year . A major oil spill could occur at any time in any part of the Mediterranean . Tourism ( edit ) Antalya on the Turkish Riviera ( Turquoise Coast ) received more than 11 million international tourist arrivals in 2014 . The Mediterranean Sea is arguably among the most culturally diverse block basin sea regions in the world , with a unique combination of pleasant climate , beautiful coastline , rich history and various cultures . The Mediterranean region is the most popular tourist destination in the world -- attracting approximately one third of the world 's international tourists . Tourism is one of the most important sources of income for many Mediterranean countries regardless of the man - made geopolitical conflicts that harbour coastal nations . In that regard , authorities around the Mediterranean have made it a point to extinguish rising man - made chaotic zones that would affect the economies , societies in neighboring coastal countries , let alone shipping routes . Naval and rescue components in the Mediterranean Sea are considered one of the very best due to the quick intercooperation of various Naval Fleets within proximity of each other . Unlike the vast open Oceans , the closed nature of the Mediterranean Sea provides a much more adaptable naval initiative among the coastal countries to provide effective naval and rescue missions , considered the safest and regardless of any man - made or natural disaster . Tourism also supports small communities in coastal areas and islands by providing alternative sources of income far from urban centers . However , tourism has also played major role in the degradation of the coastal and marine environment . Rapid development has been encouraged by Mediterranean governments to support the large numbers of tourists visiting the region each year . But this has caused serious disturbance to marine habitats such as erosion and pollution in many places along the Mediterranean coasts . Tourism often concentrates in areas of high natural wealth , causing a serious threat to the habitats of endangered Mediterranean species such as sea turtles and monk seals . Reductions in natural wealth may reduce incentives for tourists to visit . See also : environmental impact of tourism Overfishing ( edit ) Main article : overfishing Fish stock levels in the Mediterranean Sea are alarmingly low . The European Environment Agency says that more than 65 % of all fish stocks in the region are outside safe biological limits and the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation , that some of the most important fisheries -- such as albacore and bluefin tuna , hake , marlin , swordfish , red mullet and sea bream -- are threatened . There are clear indications that catch size and quality have declined , often dramatically , and in many areas larger and longer - lived species have disappeared entirely from commercial catches . Large open water fish like tuna have been a shared fisheries resource for thousands of years but the stocks are now dangerously low . In 1999 , Greenpeace published a report revealing that the amount of bluefin tuna in the Mediterranean had decreased by over 80 % in the previous 20 years and government scientists warn that without immediate action the stock will collapse . Gallery ( edit ) Beach of Hammamet , Tunisia The beach of la Courtade in the Îles d'Hyères , France Sardinia 's south coast , Italy Pretty Bay , Malta Panoramic view of Piran , Slovenia Panoramic view of Cavtat , Croatia View of Neum , Bosnia and Herzegovina A view of Sveti Stefan , Montenegro Ksamil Islands , Albania Navagio , Greece Marmaris , Turquoise Coast , Turkey Paphos , Cyprus Burj Islam Beach , Latakia , Syria A view of Raouché off the coast of Beirut , Lebanon A view of Haifa , Israel Coast of Alexandria , view From Bibliotheca Alexandrina , Egypt Old city of Ibiza Town , Spain Les Aiguades near Béjaïa , Algeria El Jebha , a port town in Morocco Europa Point , Gibraltar Panoramic view of La Condamine , Monaco Sunset at the Deir al - Balah beach , Gaza Strip See also ( edit ) Mediterranean portal Mediterranean cuisine portal Babelmed , the site of the Mediterranean cultures Euro - Mediterranean Parliamentary Assembly Familial Mediterranean fever History of the Mediterranean region Holy League ( Mediterranean ) List of islands in the Mediterranean List of Mediterranean countries Mediterranean Basin Mediterranean climate Mediterranean diet Mediterranean forests , woodlands , and scrub Mediterranean Games Mediterranean race Mediterranean sea ( oceanography ) Piri Reis -- Early cartographer of the Mediterranean Seto Inland Sea -- also known as the Japanese Mediterranean Sea Suez Canal Tyrrhenian Basin Union for the Mediterranean References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Pinet , Paul R. ( 2008 ) . Invitation to Oceanography . Jones & Barlett Learning . p. 220 . ISBN 0 - 7637 - 5993 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft Word -- ext_abstr_East_sea_workshop_TLM. doc '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 23 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Researchers predict Mediterranean Sea level rise -- Headlines -- Research -- European Commission '' . Europa . 19 March 2009 . Retrieved 23 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Mediterranean Sea '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ Geoffrey Rickman , `` The creation of Mare Nostrum : 300 < sc > BC < / sc > -- 500 < sc > AD < / sc > '' , in David Abulafia , ed. , The Mediterranean in History , ISBN 1606060570 , 2011 , p. 133 . ^ Jump up to : Vaso Seirinidou , `` The Mediterranean '' in Diana Mishkova , Balázs Trencsényi , European Regions and Boundaries : A Conceptual History , series European Conceptual History 3 , ISBN 1785335855 , 2017 , p. 80 Jump up ^ `` entry μεσόγαιος '' . Liddell & Scott . Archived from the original on 2 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary , 3rd ed , 2001 , s.v. ^ Jump up to : Vella , Andrew P. ( 1985 ) . `` Mediterranean Malta '' ( PDF ) . Hyphen. 4 ( 5 ) : 469 -- 472 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 29 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Baḥr al - Rūm '' in Encyclopedia of Islam , 2nd ed Jump up ^ Diran Kélékian , Dictionnaire Turc - Français , Constantinople , 1911 Jump up ^ Özhan Öztürk claims that in Old Turkish ak also means `` west '' and that Akdeniz hence means `` West Sea '' and that Karadeniz ( Black Sea ) means `` North Sea '' . Özhan Öztürk . Pontus : Antik Çağ'dan Günümüze Karadeniz'in Etnik ve Siyasi Tarihi Genesis Yayınları . Ankara. 2011 . pp. 5 -- 9 . Archived from the original on 15 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Johann Knoblock . Sprache und Religion , Vol. 1 ( Carl Winter Universitätsverlag , 1979 ) , 18 ; cf . Schmitt , Rüdiger ( 1989 ) . `` BLACK SEA '' . Encyclopaedia Iranica , Vol. IV , Fasc. 3 . pp. 310 -- 313 . Jump up ^ David Abulafia ( 2011 ) . The Great Sea : A Human History of the Mediterranean . Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Rappoport , S. ( Doctor of Philosophy , Basel ) . History of Egypt ( undated , early 20th century ) , Volume 12 , Part B , Chapter V : `` The Waterways of Egypt '' , pages 248 -- 257 ( online ) . London : The Grolier Society . Jump up ^ Couper , Alastair ( 2015 ) . The Geography of Sea Transport . p. 33 -- 37 . ISBN 978 - 1317351504 . Jump up ^ Balard , Michel ( 2003 ) . Bull , Marcus Graham ; Edbury , Peter ; Phillips , Jonathan , eds . The Experience of Crusading , Volume 2 -- Defining the Crusader Kingdom . Cambridge University Press . p. 23 -- 35 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 5217 - 8151 - 0 . Jump up ^ Housley , Norman ( 2006 ) . Contesting the Crusades . Blackwell Publishing . pp. 152 -- 54 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 1189 - 8 . Jump up ^ Brundage , James ( 2004 ) . Medieval Italy : An Encyclopedia . Routledge . p. 273 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 1359 - 4880 - 1 . Jump up ^ Robert Davis ( 5 December 2003 ) . Christian Slaves , Muslim Masters : White Slavery in the Mediterranean , the Barbary Coast and Italy , 1500 -- 1800 . Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 9780333719664 . Retrieved 17 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` British Slaves on the Barbary Coast '' . Bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 17 January 2013 . Jump up ^ C.I. Gable -- Constantinople Falls to the Ottoman Turks - Boglewood Timeline -- 1998 -- Retrieved 3 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Ottoman Empire , an Islamic Nation where Jews Lived '' -- Sephardic Studies and Culture -- Retrieved 3 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Robert Guisepi -- The Ottomans : From Frontier Warriors To Empire Builders -- 1992 -- History World International -- Retrieved 3 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Migrant deaths prompt calls for EU action '' . Al Jazeera -- English . 13 October 2013 . Retrieved 12 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Schulz : EU migrant policy ' turned Mediterranean into graveyard ' '' . EUobserver. 24 October 2013 . Retrieved 12 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Novruz Mammadov : The Mediterranean become a burial ground '' . Jump up ^ `` Over one million sea arrivals reach Europe in 2015 '' . UNHCR -- The UN Refugee Agency . 30 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` What will Italy 's new government mean for migrants ? '' . The Local . 21 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` African migrants fear for future as Italy struggles with surge in arrivals '' . Reuters. 18 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Limits of Oceans and Seas , 3rd edition '' ( PDF ) . International Hydrographic Organization . 1953 . Retrieved 20 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Pinet , Paul R. ( 1996 ) , Invitation to Oceanography ( 3rd ed . ) , St Paul , Minnesota : West Publishing Co. , p. 202 , ISBN 0 - 314 - 06339 - 0 Jump up ^ Pinet 1996 , p. 206 . ^ Jump up to : Emeis , Kay - Christian ; Struck , Ulrich ; Schulz , Hans - Martin ; Rosenberg , Reinhild ; Bernasconi , Stefano ; Erlenkeuser , Helmut ; Sakamoto , Tatsuhiko ; Martinez - Ruiz , Francisca ( 2000 ) . `` Temperature and salinity variations of Mediterranean Sea surface waters over the last 16,000 years from records of planktonic stable oxygen isotopes and alkenone unsaturation ratios '' . Palaeogeography , Palaeoclimatology , Palaeoecology. 158 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 259 -- 280 . Bibcode : 2000PPP ... 158 ... 259E . doi : 10.1016 / s0031 - 0182 ( 00 ) 00053 - 5 . Jump up ^ Pinet 1996 , pp. 206 -- 207 . Jump up ^ Pinet 1996 , p. 207 . Jump up ^ Israel , By Sue Bryant , ( New Holland Publishers , 2008 ) , page 72 Jump up ^ Weather2Travel.com . `` Marseille Climate : Monthly Weather Averages -- France '' . Jump up ^ Weather2Travel.com . `` Gibraltar ( Westside ) Climate : Monthly Weather Averages -- Gibraltar '' . Jump up ^ Weather2Travel.com . `` Malaga Climate : Monthly Weather Averages -- Costa del Sol '' . Jump up ^ Weather2Travel.com . `` Athens Climate : Monthly Weather Averages -- Greece -- Greece '' . Jump up ^ Weather2Travel.com . `` Barcelona Climate : Monthly Weather Averages -- Spain '' . Jump up ^ Weather2Travel.com . `` Iraklion Climate : Monthly Weather Averages -- Crete -- Crete '' . Jump up ^ Weather2Travel.com . `` Venice Climate : Monthly Weather Averages -- Venetian Riviera '' . Jump up ^ Weather2Travel.com . `` Valencia Climate : Monthly Weather Averages -- Spain -- Spain '' . Jump up ^ Weather2Travel.com . `` Valletta Climate : Monthly Weather Averages -- Malta -- Malta '' . Jump up ^ Weather2Travel.com . `` Alexandria Climate : Monthly Weather Averages -- Egypt '' . Jump up ^ Weather2Travel.com . `` Naples Climate : Monthly Weather Averages -- Neapolitan Riviera '' . Jump up ^ Weather2Travel.com . `` Larnaca Climate : Monthly Weather Averages -- Cyprus '' . Jump up ^ Weather2Travel.com . `` Limassol Climate : Monthly Weather Averages -- Cyprus '' . Jump up ^ Weather2Travel.com . `` Tel Aviv Climate : Monthly Weather Averages -- Israel '' . Jump up ^ William Ryan ( 2008 ) . `` Decoding the Mediterranean salinity crisis '' . Sedimentology. 56 ( 1 ) : 95 -- 136 . Bibcode : 2009Sedim ... 56 ... 95R . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3091.2008. 01031. x . Jump up ^ William Ryan ( 2008 ) . `` Modeling the magnitude and timing of evaporative drawdown during the Messinian salinity crisis '' ( PDF ) . Stratigraphy. 5 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 229 . Jump up ^ Garcia - Castellanos , D. , Estrada , F. , Jiménez - Munt , I. , Gorini , C. , Fernàndez , M. , Vergés , J. , De Vicente , R. ( 10 December 2009 ) Catastrophic flood of the Mediterranean after the Messinian salinity crisis , Nature 462 , pp. 778 -- 781 , doi : 10.1038 / nature08555 Jump up ^ Elmer LaMoreaux , Philip ( 2001 ) . `` Geologic / Hydrogeologic Setting and Classification of Springs '' . Springs and Bottled Waters of the World : Ancient History , Source , Occurrence , Quality and Use . Springer . p. 57 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 540 - 61841 - 6 . Jump up ^ Žumer , Jože ( 2004 ) . `` Odkritje podmorskih termalnih izvirov '' ( Discovery of submarine thermal springs ) ( PDF ) . Geografski obzornik ( in Slovenian ) . Association of the Geographical Societies of Slovenia. 51 ( 2 ) : 11 -- 17 . ISSN 0016 - 7274 . ( in Slovene ) Jump up ^ de la Vara , Alba ; Topper , Robin P.M. ; Meijer , Paul Th. ; Kouwenhoven , Tanja J. ( 2015 ) . `` Water exchange through the Betic and Rifian corridors prior to the Messinian Salinity Crisis : A model study '' . Paleoceanography. 30 ( 5 ) : 548 -- 557 . Bibcode : 2015PalOc ... 30 ... 548V . doi : 10.1002 / 2014PA002719 . Jump up ^ Krijgsman , W. ; Fortuinb , A.R. ; Hilgenc , F.J. ; Sierrod , F.J. ( 2001 ) . `` Astrochronology for the Messinian Sorbas basin ( SE Spain ) and orbital ( precessional ) forcing for evaporite cyclicity '' . Sedimentary Geology. 140 : 43 -- 60 . Bibcode : 2001SedG ... 140 ... 43K . doi : 10.1016 / S0037 - 0738 ( 00 ) 00171 - 8 . Jump up ^ Gargani J. , Rigollet C. ( 2007 ) . `` Mediterranean Sea level variations during the Messinian Salinity Crisis '' . Geophysical Research Letters. 34 ( L10405 ) : L10405 . Bibcode : 2007GeoRL ... 3410405G . doi : 10.1029 / 2007GL029885 . Jump up ^ Gargani J. ; Moretti I. ; Letouzey J. ( 2008 ) . `` Evaporite accumulation during the Messinian Salinity Crisis : The Suez Rift Case '' . Geophysical Research Letters. 35 ( 2 ) : L02401 . Bibcode : 2008GeoRL ... 35.2401 G . doi : 10.1029 / 2007gl032494 . Jump up ^ Govers , R. ( 2009 ) . Choking the Mediterranean to dehydration : The Messinian salinity crisis Geology , 37 ( 2 ) , 167 -- 170 doi : 10.1130 / G25141A. 1 Link Archived 10 January 2015 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Garcia - Castellanos , D. , A. Villaseñor , 2011 . Messinian salinity crisis regulated by competing tectonics and erosion at the Gibraltar Arc . Nature , 2011 - 12 - 15 pdf here Link Jump up ^ Agusti , J ; Moya - Sola , S ( 1990 ) . `` Mammal extinctions in the Vallesian ( Upper Miocene ) '' . Lecture Notes in Earth Sciences . Lecture Notes in Earth Sciences . 30 : 425 -- 432 . doi : 10.1007 / BFb0011163 . ISBN 3 - 540 - 52605 - 6 . ISSN 1613 - 2580 . ( Abstract ) Jump up ^ Politische Geographien Europas : Annäherungen an ein umstrittenes Konstrukt , Anke Strüver , LIT Verlag Münster , 2005 , p. 43 Jump up ^ FJ , Hilgen . Astronomical calibration of Gauss to Matuyama sapropels in the Mediterranean and implication for the Geomagnetic Polarity Time Scale , 104 ( 1991 ) 226 -- 244 Earth and Planetary Science Letters , 1991 . `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 24 July 2011 . Retrieved 4 December 2009 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ Hsu K.J. , `` When the Mediterranean Dried Up '' Scientific American , Vol. 227 , December 1972 , p32 ^ Jump up to : The Nature of Mediterranean Europe : An Ecological History , by Alfred Thomas Grove , Oliver Rackham , Yale University Press , 2003 , review at Yale university press Nature of Mediterranean Europe : An Ecological History ( review ) Brian M. Fagan , Journal of Interdisciplinary History , Volume 32 , Number 3 , Winter 2002 , pp. 454 -- 455 Jump up ^ Little Ice Ages : Ancient and Modern , Jean M. Grove , Taylor & Francis , 2004 Jump up ^ Christian Pfister ( Hrsg . ) , Das 1950er Syndrom : Der Weg in die Konsumgesellschaft , Bern 1995 Jump up ^ The wave that destroyed Atlantis Harvey Lilley , BBC News Online , 2007 - 04 - 20 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ Antonio Denti , `` Super volcano '' , global danger , lurks near Pompeii , Reuters , 3 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Isaia , Roberto ; Paola Marianelli ; Alessandro Sbrana ( 2009 ) . `` Caldera unrest prior to intense volcanism in Campi Flegrei ( Italy ) at 4.0 ka B.P. : Implications for caldera dynamics and future eruptive scenarios '' . Geophysical Research Letters. 36 ( L21303 ) : L21303 . Bibcode : 2009GeoRL ... 3621303I . doi : 10.1029 / 2009GL040513 . Jump up ^ McGuire , Bill ( 16 October 2003 ) . `` In the shadow of the volcano '' . guardian.co.uk . Guardian News and Media Limited . Retrieved 8 May 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Alle kennisdossiers van het Instituut Fysieke Veiligheid '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ EU Solidarity Fund Website 2003 proposal of EUR 47.6 million for Italian regions hit by natural disasters Jump up ^ `` IUCN Guidelines for the Prevention of Biodiversity Loss Caused by Alien Invasive Species '' ( PDF ) . International Union for Conservation of Nature . 2000 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 15 January 2009 . Retrieved 11 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Galil , B.S. and Zenetos , A. ( 2002 ) . A sea change : exotics in the eastern Mediterranean Sea , in : Leppäkoski , E. et al. ( 2002 ) . Invasive aquatic species of Europe : distribution , impacts and management . pp. 325 -- 336 . Jump up ^ `` Mediterranean Sea Level Could Rise By Over Two Feet , Global Models Predict '' . Science Daily . 3 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Briny future for vulnerable Malta '' . BBC News . 4 April 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Egypt fertile Nile Delta falls prey to climate change '' . 28 January 2010 . Archived from the original on 9 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Nicholls , R.J. ; Klein , R.J.T. ( 2005 ) . Climate change and coastal management on Europe 's coast , in : Vermaat , J.E. et al. ( Ed . ) ( 2005 ) . Managing European coasts : past , present and future . pp. 199 -- 226 . ^ Jump up to : `` Other threats in the Mediterranean Greenpeace International '' . Greenpeace . Retrieved 23 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Pollution in the Mediterranean Sea . Environmental issues '' . Explorecrete.com . Retrieved 23 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` EUROPA '' . Europa . Archived from the original on 9 April 2009 . Retrieved 23 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Mediterranean Monk Seal Fact Files : Overview '' . Monachus-guardian.org. 5 May 1978 . Retrieved 23 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Marine Litter : An Analytical Overview '' ( PDF ) . United Nations Environment Programme. 2005 . Retrieved 1 August 2008 . 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-7381138074608995842 | French Directory | French Directory - wikipedia French Directory Jump to : navigation , search Executive Directory Directoire exécutif ( French ) Style `` His Excellency '' Type Directorial government Status De-established Abbreviation The Directory Seat Palais Bourbon , Paris Appointer Legislative Body ( Council of Five Hundred and Council of Ancients ) Term length Variable by election date Constituting instrument Constitution of the Year III Precursor Committee of Public Safety Formation 2 November 1795 Abolished 10 November 1799 Succession Executive Consulate Part of a series on the History of France Prehistory ( show ) Palaeolithic Mesolithic Neolithic Copper Age Bronze Age Iron Age Ancient ( show ) Greek colonies Celtic Gaul until 50 BC Roman Gaul 50 BC -- 486 AD Early Middle Ages ( show ) Franks Merovingians 481 -- 751 Carolingians 751 -- 987 Middle Ages ( show ) Direct Capetians 987 -- 1328 Valois 1328 -- 1498 Early modern ( show ) Ancien Régime Valois - Orléans 1498 -- 1515 Valois - Angoulême 1515 -- 89 Bourbon 1589 -- 1792 Long 19th century ( show ) French Revolution 1789 -- 1799 Kingdom of France 1791 -- 92 First Republic 1792 -- 1804 First Empire 1804 -- 14 Restoration 1814 -- 30 July Monarchy 1830 -- 1848 Second Republic 1848 -- 52 Second Empire 1852 -- 70 Third Republic 1870 -- 1940 20th century ( show ) Third Republic 1870 -- 1940 Free France Vichy France 1940 -- 44 Provisional Republic 1944 -- 46 Fourth Republic 1946 -- 58 Fifth Republic 1958 -- present Timeline France portal The Directory or Directorate ( French : le Directoire ) was a five - member committee which governed France from 1795 , when it replaced the Committee of Public Safety . On 9 November 1799 , it was overthrown by Napoleon Bonaparte in the Coup of 18 Brumaire and replaced by the French Consulate . It gave its name to the final four years of the French Revolution . The Directory was continually at war with foreign coalitions which at different times included Britain , Austria , Prussia , the Kingdom of Naples , Russia and the Ottoman Empire . It annexed Belgium and the left bank of the Rhine , while Bonaparte conquered a large part of Italy . The Directory established 196 short - lived sister republics modelled after France , in Italy , Switzerland and the Netherlands . The conquered cities and states were required to send to France huge amounts of money , as well as art treasures , which were used to fill the new Louvre museum in Paris . An army led by Bonaparte conquered Egypt and marched as far as Saint - Jean - d'Acre in Syria . The Directory defeated a resurgence of the War in the Vendée , the royalist - led civil war in the Vendée region , but failed in its venture to support the Irish Rebellion of 1798 and create an Irish Republic . The French economy was in continual crisis during the Directory . At the beginning , the treasury was empty ; the paper money , the Assignat , had fallen to a fraction of its value , and prices soared . The Directory stopped printing assignats and restored the value of the money , but this caused a new crisis ; prices and wages fell , and economic activity slowed to a standstill . In its first two years , the Directory concentrated on ending the excesses of the Jacobin Reign of Terror ; mass executions stopped , and measures taken against exiled priests and royalists were relaxed . The Jacobin political club was closed and the government crushed an armed uprising planned by the Jacobins and an early socialist revolutionary , François - Noël Babeuf , known as `` Gracchus Babeuf '' . However , following the discovery of a royalist conspiracy including a prominent general , Jean - Charles Pichegru , the Jacobins took charge of the new Councils and hardened the measures against the Church and émigrés . The Jacobins took two additional seats in the Directory , hopelessly dividing it . In 1799 , after several defeats , French victories in the Netherlands and Switzerland restored the French military position , but the Directory had lost the support of all the political factions . Bonaparte returned from Egypt in October , and was engaged by the Abbé Sieyès and others to carry out a parliamentary coup d'état on 8 -- 9 November 1799 . The coup abolished the Directory , and replaced it with the French Consulate led by Bonaparte . Contents ( hide ) 1 Prehistory and genesis 1.1 Ending the rule of Robespierre 1.2 Purpose of the new Constitution 1.3 Structure of the new Constitution 1.4 Developments July 1794 -- March 1795 1.5 Wars 1794 -- 1795 1.6 Failed Jacobin coup ( May 1795 ) , rebellion in Brittany ( June -- July ) 1.7 Adoption of the new Constitution 1.8 October 1795 royalist rebellion 2 The Directory takes charge 2.1 Gallery 3 Finance and Economy 4 Food Supply 5 Babeuf 's Conspiracy of Equals 6 War and Diplomacy ( 1796 -- 97 ) 6.1 The Italian campaign 6.2 The Spanish alliance 6.3 The Irish misadventure 7 Rise of the Royalists and a Coup d'État ( 1797 ) 8 The Second Directory , and the resurgence of the Jacobins 9 Elections of 1798 10 War and Diplomacy ( 1798 ) 10.1 The `` Sister Republics '' 10.2 Bonaparte 's Expedition to Egypt ( May 1798 ) 10.3 Failed uprising in Ireland ( August 1798 ) 10.4 Quasi-War with the United States , ( 1798 -- 99 ) 11 War and political crisis ( 1799 ) 11.1 Second Coalition against France 11.2 Resurgence of the war in Italy and Switzerland 11.3 Bonaparte 's campaign in Syria ( February -- May 1799 ) 11.4 The tide turns : French successes ( September 1799 ) 12 New economic crisis 13 New elections , new Directors , and a growing political crisis 14 Bonaparte returns to France -- The Coup d'État and the end of the Directory 14.1 Preparing the Coup d'État 14.2 The Coup d'État is launched ( November 9 -- 10 ) 15 French society during the Directory 15.1 Rich and Poor 15.2 Crime and corruption 15.3 Muscadins , Incroyables and Merveilleuses 15.4 Marriage and divorce 15.5 Amusement -- Bals des victimes , pleasure gardens , new restaurants and cafés 16 Church and state 17 Economy 17.1 Finance 17.2 Transportation and Commerce 17.3 Industry 17.4 Agriculture 18 Education and Science 19 Art and Culture 19.1 Painting -- The Salon and the Louvre 19.2 Furniture and decoration -- the Directoire style 19.3 Literature 20 The Directory judged by historians 20.1 19th century Historians and writers 20.2 20th and 21st century historians 21 Leadership and composition 22 Ministers 23 See also 24 References 25 Bibliography 25.1 Primary sources Prehistory and genesis ( edit ) See also : History of France § Revolutionary France ( 1789 -- 1799 ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Ending the rule of Robespierre ( edit ) See also : History of France § Death - sentencing politicians ( Feb. -- July 1794 ) , and 9 Thermidor ( Fall of Robespierre ) The Convention rises against Robespierre ( July 27 , 1794 ) The execution of Maximilien Robespierre and his chief followers on July 28 , 1794 ended the Reign of Terror and opened the way to the Directory On 27 July 1794 , members of the French Convention , the revolutionary parliament of France , rose up against its leader , Maximilien Robespierre , who was in the midst of executing thousands of suspected enemies of the Revolution . Robespierre and his leading followers were declared outside the law , and on 28 July were arrested and guillotined the same day . The Revolutionary Tribunal , which had sent thousands to the guillotine , ceased meeting and its head , Fouquier - Tinville , was arrested and imprisoned , and after trial was himself guillotined . More than five hundred suspected counter-revolutionaries awaiting trial and execution were immediately released . Purpose of the new Constitution ( edit ) François Antoine de Boissy d'Anglas , one of the principal authors of the Constitution of 1795 , which created the Directory In July 1794 , the members of the Convention began planning a new form of government and drafting a new Constitution , which would become the Constitution of the Year III ( August 1795 ) . An important aim was to prevent too much power from becoming concentrated in the hands of one man . One of the authors of the new Constitution , François Antoine de Boissy d'Anglas , wrote to the Convention : We propose to you to compose an executive power of five members , renewed with one new member each year , called the Directory . This executive will have a force concentrated enough that it will be swift and firm , but divided enough to make it impossible for any member to even consider becoming a tyrant . A single chief would be dangerous . Each member will preside for three months ; he will have during this time the signature and seal of the head of state . By the slow and gradual replacement of members of the Directory , you will preserve the advantages of order and continuity and will have the advantages of unity without the inconveniences . Structure of the new Constitution ( edit ) The Constitution of the Year III ( 22 August 1795 ) began with the 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen and declared that `` the Rights of Man in society are liberty , equality , security , and property '' . It guaranteed freedom of religion , freedom of the press , and freedom of labour , but forbade armed assemblies and even public meetings of political societies . Only individuals or public authorities could tender petitions . The judicial system was reformed , and judges were given short terms of office : two years for justices of the peace , five for judges of department tribunals . They were elected , and could be re-elected , to assure their independence from the other branches of government . The new legislature had two houses , a Council of Five Hundred and a Council of Ancients with two hundred fifty members . Electoral assemblies in each canton of France , which brought together a total of thirty thousand qualified electors , chose representatives to an electoral assembly in each department , which then elected the members of both houses . The members of this legislature had a term of three years , with one - third of the members renewed every year . The Ancients could not initiate new laws , but could veto those proposed by the Council of Five Hundred . The Constitution established a unique kind of executive , a five - man Directory chosen by the legislature . It required the Council of Five Hundred to prepare , by secret ballot , a list of candidates for the Directory . The Council of Ancients then chose , again by secret ballot , the Directors . The Constitution required that Directors be at least forty years old . To assure gradual but continual change , one Director , chosen by lot , was replaced each year . Ministers for the various departments of State aided the Directors . These ministers did not form a council or cabinet and had no general powers of government . The new Constitution sought to create a separation of powers ; the Directors had no voice in legislation or taxation , nor could Directors or Ministers sit in either house . To assure that the Directors would have some independence , each would be elected by one portion of the legislature , and they could not be removed by the legislature unless they violated the law . Under the new Constitution of 1795 , to be eligible to vote in the elections for the Councils , voters were required to meet certain minimum property and residency standards . In towns with over six thousand population , they had to own or rent a property with a revenue equal to the standard income for at least one hundred fifty or two hundred days of work , and to have lived in their residence for at least a year . This ruled out a large part of the French population . The big loser under the new system was the City of Paris , which had dominated events in the first part of the Revolution . On 24 August 1794 , the committees of the sections of Paris , the bastions of the Jacobins , which had provided most of the manpower for demonstrations and invasions of the Convention , were abolished . Shortly afterwards , on 31 August , the municipality of Paris , which had been the domain of Danton and Robespierre , was abolished , and the city placed under direct control of the national government . When the Law of 19 Vendémiaire Year IV ( 11 October 1795 ) , in application of the new Constitution , created the first twelve arrondissements of Paris , it established twelve new committees , one for each arrondissement . The city became a new department , the department of the Seine , replacing the former department of Paris created in 1790 . Developments July 1794 -- March 1795 ( edit ) Meanwhile , the leaders of the still ruling National Convention tried to meet challenges from both neo-Jacobins on the left and royalists on the right . On 21 September 1794 , the remains of Jean - Paul Marat , whose furious articles had promoted the Reign of Terror , were placed with great ceremony in the Panthéon , while on the same day , the moderate Convention member Merlin de Thionville described the Jacobins as `` A hangout of outlaws '' and the `` knights of the guillotine '' . Young men known as Muscadins , largely from middle - class families , attacked the Jacobin and radical clubs . The new freedom of the press saw the appearance of a host of new newspapers and pamphlets from the left and the right , such as the royalist L'Orateur du peuple edited by Stanislas Fréron , an extreme Jacobin who had moved to the extreme right , and at the opposite end of the spectrum , the Tribun du peuple , edited by Gracchus Babeuf , a former priest who advocated an early version of socialism . On 5 February 1795 , the semi-official newspaper Le Moniteur Universel ( Le Moniteur ) attacked Marat for encouraging the bloody extremes of the Reign of Terror . Marat 's remains were removed from the Panthéon two days later . The surviving Girondin deputies , whose leaders had been executed during the Reign of Terror , were brought back into the Convention on 8 March 1795 . The Convention tried to bring a peaceful end to the Catholic and royalist uprising in the Vendée . The Convention signed an amnesty agreement , promising to recognize the freedom of religion and allowing territorial guards to keep their weapons if the Vendéens would end their revolt . On a proposal from Boissy d'Anglas , on 21 February 1795 the Convention formally proclaimed the freedom of religion and the separation of church and state . Wars 1794 -- 1795 ( edit ) Between July 1794 and the October 1795 elections for the new - style Parliament , the government tried to obtain international peace treaties and secure French gains . In January 1795 General Pichegru took advantage of an extremely cold winter and invaded the Dutch Republic . He captured Utrecht on 18 January , and on 14 February units of French cavalry captured the Dutch fleet , which was trapped in the ice at Den Helder . The Dutch government asked for peace , conceding Dutch Flanders , Maastricht and Venlo to France . On 9 February , after a French offensive in the Alps , the Grand Duke of Tuscany signed a treaty with France . Soon afterwards , on 5 April , France signed a peace treaty , the Peace of Basel , with Prussia , where King Frederick William II was tired of the war ; Prussia recognized the French occupation of the western bank of the Rhine . On 22 July 1795 , a peace agreement , the `` Treaty of Basel '' , was signed with Spain , where the French army had marched as far as Bilbao . By the time the Directory was chosen , the coalition against France was reduced to Britain and Austria , which hoped that Russia might be brought in on its side . Failed Jacobin coup ( May 1795 ) , rebellion in Brittany ( June -- July ) ( edit ) Main article : Revolt of 1 Prairial Year III General Lazare Hoche defeated a royalist army that landed in Brittany ( July 1795 ) . On 20 May 1795 ( 1 Prairial Year III ) , the Jacobins attempted to seize power in Paris . Following the model of Danton 's seizure of the National Assembly in June , 1792 , a mob of sans - culottes invaded the meeting hall of the Convention at the Tuileries , killed one deputy , and demanded that a new government be formed . This time the army moved swiftly to clear the hall . Several deputies who had taken the side of the invaders were arrested . The uprising continued the following day , as the sans - culottes seized the Hôtel de Ville as they had done in earlier uprisings , but with little effect ; crowds did not move to support them . On the third day , 22 May , the army moved into and occupied the working - class neighborhood of the faubourg Saint - Antoine . The sans - culottes were disarmed and their leaders were arrested . In the following days the surviving members of the Committee of Public Safety , the committee that had been led by Robespierre , were arrested , with the exception of Carnot and two others . Six of the deputies who had participated in the uprising and had been sentenced to death committed suicide before they were taken to the guillotine . On 23 June 1795 , the Chouans , royalist and Catholic rebels in Brittany , formed an army of 14,000 men near Quiberon . With the assistance of the British navy , a force of two thousand royalists was landed at Quiberon . The French army under General Hoche reacted swiftly , forcing the royalists to take refuge on the peninsula and then to withdraw . They surrendered on 21 July ; 748 of the rebels were executed by firing squad . Adoption of the new Constitution ( edit ) Paul Barras organized the defense of the government against attacks from the left and right ( e.g. October 1795 ) The new Constitution of the Year III was presented to the Convention and debated between 4 July -- 17 August 1795 , and was formally adopted on 22 August 1795 . It was a long document , with 377 articles , compared with 124 in the first French Constitution of 1793 . Even before it took effect , however , the members of the Convention took measures to assure they would still have dominance in the legislature over the government . They required that in the first elections , two hundred and fifty new deputies would be elected , while five hundred members of the old Convention would remain in place until the next elections . A national referendum of eligible voters was then held . The total number of voters was low ; of five million eligible voters , 1,057,390 electors approved the Constitution , and 49,978 opposed it . The proposal that two thirds of members of the old Convention should remain in place was approved by a much smaller margin , 205,498 to 108,754 . October 1795 royalist rebellion ( edit ) Main article : 13 Vendémiaire Bonaparte 's soldiers fire upon insurgents at the church of Saint Roch ( October 5 , 1795 ) Napoléon Bonaparte as a new general in the Army of the Interior ( 1795 ) The new Constitution of the Year III was officially proclaimed in force on 23 September 1795 , but the new Councils had not yet been elected , and the Directors had not yet been chosen . The leaders of the royalists and constitutional monarchists chose this moment to try to seize power . They saw that the vote in favor of the new Constitution was hardly overwhelming . Paris voters were particularly hostile to the idea of keeping two - thirds of the old members of the Convention in the new Councils . A central committee was formed , with members from the wealthier neighborhoods of Paris , and they began planning a march on the center of the city and on the Tuileries , where the Convention still met . The members of the Convention , very much experienced with conspiracies , were well aware that the planning was underway . A group of five republican deputies , led by Paul Barras , had already formed an unofficial directory , in anticipation of the creation of the real one . They were concerned about the national guard members from western Paris , and were unsure about the military commander of Paris , General Menou . Barras decided to turn to military commanders in his entourage who were known republicans , particularly Bonaparte , whom he had known when Bonaparte was successfully fighting the British in Toulon . Bonaparte , at this point a general of second rank in the Army of the Interior , was ordered to defend the government buildings on the right bank . The armed royalist insurgents planned a march in two columns along both the right bank and left bank of the Seine toward the Tuileries . They were met , 6 October 1795 , by the artillery of General Joachim Murat at the Sablons and by Bonaparte 's soldiers and artillery in front of the church of Saint - Roch . The whiff of grapeshot of Bonaparte 's cannons and gunfire of his soldiers brutally mowed down advancing columns , killing some four hundred insurgents , and ended the rebellion . Bonaparte was promoted to General of Division on 16 October , and General in Chief of the Army of the Interior on 26 October . It was the last uprising to take place in Paris during the French Revolution . The Directory takes charge ( edit ) Between 12 and 21 October 1795 , immediately after the suppression of royalist uprising in Paris , the elections for the new Councils decreed by the new Constitution took place . Three - hundred seventy nine members of the old Convention , for the most part moderate republicans , were elected to the new legislature . To assure that the Directory did not abandon the Revolution entirely , the Council required that all of the members of the Directory be former members of the Convention and regicides , those who had voted for the execution of Louis XVI . Due to the rules established by the Convention , a majority of members of the new legislature , 381 of 741 deputies , had served in the Convention and were ardent republicans , but a large part of the new deputies elected were royalists , 118 versus 11 from the left . The members of the upper house , the Council of Ancients , were chosen by lot from among all of the deputies . On 31 October 1795 , the Council of Ancients chose the first Directory from a list of candidates submitted by the Council of Five Hundred . One person elected , the Abbé Sieyès , refused to take the position , saying it did n't suit his interests or personality . A new member , Lazare Carnot , was elected in his place . The members elected to the Directory were : Paul François Jean Nicolas , vicomte de Barras , a member of a minor noble family from Provence , Barras had been a revolutionary envoy to Toulon , where he met the young Bonaparte , and arranged his promotion to captain . Barras had been removed from the Committee of Public Safety by Robespierre . Fearing for his life , Barras had helped organize the downfall of Robespierre . An expert at political intrigue , Barras became the dominant figure in the Directory . His leading opponent in the Directory , Carnot , described him as `` without faith and without morals ... in politics , without character and without resolution ... He has all the tastes of an opulent prince , generous , magnificent and dissipated . '' Louis Marie de La Révellière - Lépeaux was a fierce republican and anti-Catholic , who had proposed to execute Louis XVI after the flight to Varennes . He promoted the establishment of a new religion , theophilanthropy , to replace Christianity . Jean - François Rewbell had an expertise in foreign relations , and was a close ally of Paul Barras . He was a firm moderate republican who had voted for the death of the King but had also opposed Robespierre and the extreme Jacobins . He was an opponent of the Catholic church and a proponent of individual liberties . Étienne - François Le Tourneur was a former captain of engineers , and a specialist in military and naval affairs . He was a close ally within the Directory of Carnot . Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot : when the Abbé Sieyés was elected by the Ancients , but refused the position , his place was taken by Carnot . Carnot was an army captain at the beginning of the Revolution , and when elected to the Convention became a member of the commission of military affairs , as well as a vocal opponent of Robespierre . He was an energetic and efficient manager , who restructured the French military and helped it achieve its first successes , earning him the title of `` The Organizer of the Victory . '' Napoleon , who later made Carnot his Minister of War , described him as `` a hard worker , sincere in everything , but without intrigues , and easy to fool . '' The following day , the members of the new government took over their offices in the Luxembourg Palace , which had previously been occupied by the Committee of Public Safety . Nothing had been prepared , and the rooms had no furniture : they managed to find firewood to heat the room , and a table in order to work . Each member took charge of a particular sector : Rewbell diplomacy ; Carnot and Le Tourneur military affairs , La Révellière - Lépeaux religion and public instruction , and Barras internal affairs . The Council of Ancients was attributed the building at the Tuileries Palace formerly occupied by the Convention , while the Council of Five Hundred deliberated in the Salle du Manège , the former riding school west of the palace in the Tuileries Garden . One of the early decisions of the new parliament was to designate uniforms for both houses : the Five Hundred wore long white robes with a blue belt , a scarlet cloak and a hat of blue velour , while members of the Ancients wore a robe of blue - violet , a scarlet sash , a white mantle , and a violet hat . Gallery ( edit ) Paul Barras , in the ceremonial dress of a Director , was a master of political intrigue Louis Marie de La Révellière - Lépeaux Jean - François Rewbell Étienne - François Le Tourneur Lazare Carnot , a brilliant organizer and mathematician but poor intriguer , was the enemy of Barras Finance and economy ( edit ) The new Director overseeing financial affairs , La Réveillière - Lépeaux , gave a succinct description of the financial state of France when the Directory took power : `` The national Treasury was completely empty ; not a single sou remained . The assignats were almost worthless ; the little value which remained drained away each day with accelerated speed . One could not print enough money in one night to meet the most pressing needs of the next day ... The public revenues were nonexistent ; citizens had lost the habit of paying taxes ... All public credit was dead and all confidence lost ... The depreciation of the assignats , the frightening speed of the fall , reduced the salary of all public employees and functionaries to a value which was purely nominal . '' The drop in value in the money was accompanied by extraordinary inflation . The Louis d'or ( gold coin ) , which was worth 2000 livres in paper money at the beginning of the Directory , increased to 3000 and then 5000 livres . The price of a liter of wine increased from 50 sous in October 1795 to ten francs and then thirty francs . A measure of flour worth two livres in 1790 was worth 225 livres in October 1794 . The new government continued to print assignats , which were based on the value of property confiscated from the Church and the aristocracy , but it could not print them fast enough ; even when it printed one hundred million in a day , it covered only one - third of the government 's needs . To fill the treasury , the Directory resorted in December 1795 to a forced loan of 600 million livres from wealthy citizens , who were required to pay between 50 and 6000 livres each . To fight inflation , the government began minting more coins of gold and silver , which had real value ; the government had little gold but large silver reserves , largely in the form of silverware , candlesticks and other objects confiscated from the churches and the nobility . It minted 72 million écus , and when this silver supply ran low , it obtained much more gold and silver through military campaigns outside of France , particularly from Bonaparte 's army in Italy . Bonaparte demanded gold or silver from each city he conquered , threatening to destroy the cities if they did not pay . These measures reduced the rate of inflation . On 19 February 1796 , the government held a ceremony in the Place Vendôme to destroy the printing presses which had been used to produce huge quantities of assignats . This success produced a new problem : the country was still flooded with more than two billion four hundred million ( 2.400. 000.000 ) assignats , claims on confiscated properties , which now had some value . Those who held assignats were able to exchange them for state mandates , which they could use to buy châteaux , church buildings and other biens nationaux ( state property ) at extremely reduced prices . Speculation became rampant , and property in Paris and other cities could change hands several times a day . Another major problem faced by the Directory was the enormous public debt , the same problem that had led to the Revolution in the first place . In September -- December 1797 , the Directory attacked this problem by declaring bankruptcy on two - thirds of the debt , but assured payment on the other third . This resulted in the ruin of those who held large quantities of government bonds , but stabilized the currency . To keep the treasury full , the Directory also imposed new taxes on property owners , based on the number of fireplaces and chimneys , and later on the number of windows , of their residences . It refrained from adding more taxes on wine and salt , which had helped cause the 1789 revolution , but added new taxes on gold and silver objects , playing cards , tobacco , and other luxury products . Through these means , the Directory brought about a relative stability of finances which continued through the Directory and Consulate . Food supply ( edit ) The food supply for the population , and particularly for the Parisians , was a major economic and political problem before and during the Revolution ; it had led to food riots in Paris and attacks on the Convention . To assure the supply of food to the sans - culottes in Paris , the base of support of the Jacobins , the Convention had strictly regulated grain distribution and set maximum prices for bread and other essential products . As the value of the currency dropped , the fixed prices soon did not cover the cost of production , and supplies dropped . The Convention was forced to abolish the maximum on 24 December 1794 , but it continued to buy huge quantities of bread and meat which it distributed at low prices to the Parisians . This Paris food distribution cost a large part of the national budget , and was resented by the rest of the country , which did not have that benefit . By early 1796 , the grain supply was supplemented by deliveries from Italy and even from Algeria . Despite the increased imports , the grain supply to Paris was not enough . The Ministry of the Interior reported on 23 March 1796 that there was only enough wheat to make bread for five days , and there were shortages of meat and firewood . The Directory was forced to resume deliveries of subsidized food to the very poor , the elderly , the sick , and government employees . The food shortages and high prices were one factor in the growth of discontent and the Gracchus Babeuf 's uprising , the Conspiracy of the Equals , in 1796 . The harvests were good in the following years and the food supplies improved considerably , but the supply was still precarious in the north , the west , the southeast , and the valley of the Seine . Babeuf 's conspiracy of Equals ( edit ) Main article : Conspiracy of the Equals François Noël Babeuf , engraving by François Bonneville , 1794 ( BNF , Département des Estampes ) Attack by the followers of Babeuf on the army camp of Grenelle on 9 and 10 September 1796 . Drawing by Abraham Girardet , engraving by Pierre - Gabriel Berthault , 1802 . ( BNF , Département des Estampes ) In 1795 , the Directory faced a new threat from the left , from the followers of François Noël Babeuf , a talented political agitator who took the name Gracchus and was the organizer of what became known as the Conspiracy of the Equals . Babeuf had , since 1789 , been drawn to the Agrarian Law , an agrarian reform preconized by the ancient Roman brothers , Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus , of sharing goods in common , as means of achieving economic equality . By the time of the fall of Robespierre , he had abandoned this as an impractical scheme and was moving towards a more complex plan . Babeuf did not call for the abolition of private property , and wrote that peasants should own their own plots of land , but he advocated that all wealth should be shared equally : all citizens who were able would be required to work , and all would receive the same income . Babeuf did not believe that the mass of French citizens was ready for self - government ; accordingly , he proposed a dictatorship under his leadership until the people were educated enough to take charge . `` People ! '' , Babeuf wrote . `` Breathe , see , recognize your guide , your defender ... Your tribune presents himself with confidence . '' At first , Babeuf 's following was small ; the readers of his newspaper , Le Tribun du peuple ( `` The Tribune of the People '' ) , were mostly middle - class far - left Jacobins who had been excluded from the new government . However , his popularity increased in the working - class of the capital with the drop in value of the assignats , which rapidly resulted in the decrease of wages and the rise of food prices . Beginning in October 1795 , he allied himself with the most radical Jacobins , and on 29 March 1796 formed the Directoire secret des Égaux ( `` Secret Directory of Equals '' ) , which proposed to `` revolutionize the people '' through pamphlets and placards , and eventually to overthrow the government . He formed an alliance of utopian socialists and radical Jacobins , including Félix Lepeletier , Pierre - Antoine Antonelle , Sylvain Marechal , Jean - Pierre - André Amar and Jean - Baptiste Robert Lindet . The Conspiracy of Equals was organized in a novel way : in the center was Babeuf and the Secret Directory , who hid their identities , and shared information with other members of the Conspiracy only via trusted intermediaries . This conspiratorial structure was later adopted by Marxist movements . Despite his precautions , the Directory infiltrated an agent into the conspiracy , and was fully informed of what he was doing . Bonaparte , the newly named commander of the Army of the Interior , was ordered to close the Panthéon Club , the major meeting place for the Jacobins in Paris , which he did on 27 February 1796 . The Directory took other measures to prevent an uprising ; the Legion of Police ( légion de police ) , a local police force dominated by Jacobins , was forced to become a part of the Army , and the Army organized a mobile column to patrol the neighborhoods and stop uprisings . Before Babeuf and his conspiracy could strike , he was betrayed by a police spy and arrested in his hiding place on 10 May 1796 . Though he was a talented agitator , he was a very poor conspirator ; with him in his hiding place were the complete records of the conspiracy , with all of the names of the conspirators . Despite this setback , the conspiracy went ahead with its plans . On the night of 9 -- 10 September 1796 , between 400 and 700 Jacobins went to the 21st Regiment of Dragoons ( 21e régiment de dragons ) army camp at Grenelle and tried to incite an armed rebellion against the Convention . At the same time a column of militants was formed in the working - class neighborhoods of Paris to march on the Luxembourg Palace , headquarters of the Directory . Director Carnot had been informed the night before by the commander of the camp , and a unit of dragoons was ready . When the attack began at about ten o'clock , the dragoons appeared suddenly and charged . About twenty Jacobins were killed , and the others arrested . The column of militants , learning what had happened , disbanded in confusion . The widespread arrest of Babeuf 's militants and Jacobins followed . The practice of arresting suspects at their homes at night , stopped after the downfall of Robespierre , was resumed on this occasion . Despite his arrest , Babeuf , in jail , still felt he could negotiate with the government . He wrote to the Directory : `` Citizen Directors , why do n't you look above yourselves and treat with me as with an equal power ? You have seen now the vast confidence of which I am the center ... this view makes you tremble . '' Several attempts were made by Babeuf 's followers to free him from prison . He was finally moved to Vendôme for trial . The Directory did not tremble . The accused Jacobins were tried by military courts between 19 September and 27 October . Thirty Jacobins , including three former deputies of the Convention , were convicted and guillotined . Babeuf and his principal followers were tried in Vendôme between 20 February and 26 May 1797 . The two principal leaders , Babeuf and Darthé , were convicted . They both attempted suicide , but failed and were guillotined on 27 May 1797 . However , in the following months , the Directory and Councils gradually turned away from the royalist right and tried to find new allies on the left . War and diplomacy ( 1796 -- 97 ) ( edit ) The major preoccupation of the Directory during its existence was the war against the coalition of Britain and Austria . The military objective set by the Convention in October 1795 was to enlarge France to what were declared its natural limits : the Pyrenees , the Rhine and the Alps , the borders of Gaul at the time of the Roman Empire . In 1795 , Prussia , Spain and the Dutch Republic quit the coalition and the war and made peace with France , but Britain refused to accept the French annexation of Belgium . Beside Britain and Austria , the only enemies remaining for France were the kingdom of Sardinia and several small Italian states . Austria proposed a European congress to settle borders , but the Directory refused , demanding direct negotiations with Austria instead . Under British pressure , Austria agreed to continue the war against France . Lazare Carnot , the Director who oversaw military affairs , planned a new campaign against Austria , using three armies : General Jourdan 's Army of Sambre - et - Meuse on the Rhine and General Moreau 's Army of the Rhine and Moselle on the Danube would march to Vienna and dictate a peace . A third army , the Army of Italy under General Bonaparte , who had risen in rank with spectacular speed due to his defense of the government from a royalist uprising , would carry out a diversionary operation against Austria in northern Italy . Jourdan 's army captured Mayence and Frankfurt , but on 14 August 1796 was defeated by the Austrians at the Battle of Amberg and again on 3 September 1796 at the Battle of Würzburg , and had to retreat back to the Rhine . General Moreau , without the support of Jourdan , was also forced to retreat . The Italian campaign ( edit ) Bonaparte won his first major victory leading his soldiers across a bridge at the Battle of Arcole ( November 17 , 1796 ) . Bonaparte defeats the Austrians at the Battle of Rivoli ( January 14 , 1797 ) A British cartoon showed the failure of the French military expedition to Ireland , dispersed by storms at sea in 1797 . The story was much different in Italy . Bonaparte , though he was only twenty - eight years old , was named commander of the Army of Italy on 2 March 1796 , through the influence of Barras , his patron in the Directory . Bonaparte faced the combined armies of Austria and Sardinia , which numbered seventy thousand men . Bonaparte slipped his army between them and defeated them in a series of battles , culminating at the Battle of Mondovi where he defeated the Sardinians on 22 April 1796 , and the Battle of Lodi , where he defeated the Austrians on 10 May . The king of Sardinia and Savoy was forced to make peace in May 1796 and ceded Nice and Savoy to France . At the end of 1796 , Austria sent two new armies to Italy to expel Bonaparte , but Bonaparte outmaneuvered them both , winning a first victory at the Battle of Arcole on 17 November 1796 , then at the Battle of Rivoli on 14 January 1797 . He forced Austria to sign the Treaty of Campo Formio ( October 1797 ) , whereby the emperor ceded Lombardy and the Austrian Netherlands to the French Republic in exchange for Venice and urged the Diet to surrender the lands beyond the Rhine . The Spanish alliance ( edit ) The Directory was eager to form a coalition with Spain to block British commerce with the continent and to close the Mediterranean Sea to British ships . By the Treaty of San Ildefonso , concluded in August 1796 , Spain became the ally of France , and on 5 October , it declared war on Britain . The British fleet under Admiral Jervis defeated the Spanish fleet at the Cape St Vincent , keeping the Mediterranean open to British ships , but the United Kingdom was brought into such extreme peril by the mutinies in its fleet that it offered to acknowledge the French conquest of the Netherlands and to restore the French colonies . The Irish misadventure ( edit ) The Directory also sought a new way to strike British interests and to repay Britain for the support it gave to royalist insurgents in Brittany . A French fleet departed Brest on 15 December 1796 , carrying an expeditionary force led by General Hoche to Ireland , where they hoped to join forces with Irish rebels to expel the British . However , the fleet was separated by storms off the Irish coast and had to return to port . Rise of the royalists and a coup d'état ( 1797 ) ( edit ) Main article : Coup of 18 Fructidor The first elections held after the formation of the Directory were held in March and April 1797 , in order to replace one - third of the members of the Councils . The elections were a crushing defeat for the old members of the Convention ; 205 of the 216 were defeated . Only eleven former deputies from the Convention were reelected , several of whom were royalists . The elections were a triumph for the royalists , particularly in the south and in the west ; after the elections there were about 160 royalist deputies , divided between those who favored a return to an absolute monarchy , and those who wished a constitutional monarchy on the British model . The constitutional monarchists elected to the Council included Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours , who later emigrated to the United States with his family , and whose son , Éleuthère Irénée du Pont , founded the `` E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company '' , now known as DuPont . In Paris and other large cities , the candidates of the left dominated . General Jean - Charles Pichegru , a former Jacobin and ordinary soldier who had become one of the most successful generals of the Revolution , was elected president of the new Council of Five Hundred . François Barbé - Marbois , a diplomat and future negotiator of the sale of Louisiana to the United States , was elected president of the Council of Ancients . General Jean - Charles Pichegru , president of the Council of Five Hundred , was accused of being a secret royalist . Royalism was not strictly legal , and deputies could not announce themselves as such , but royalist newspapers and pamphlets soon appeared , there were pro-monarchy demonstrations in theaters , and royalists wore identifying clothing items , such as black velvet collars , in show of mourning for the execution of Louis XVI . The parliamentary royalists demanded changes in the government fiscal policies , and a more tolerant position toward religion . During the Convention , churches had been closed and priests required to take an oath to the government . Priests who had refused to take the oath were expelled from the country , on pain of the death penalty if they returned . Under the Directory , many priests had quietly returned , and many churches around the country had re-opened and were discreetly holding services . When the Directory proposed moving the ashes of the celebrated mathematician and philosopher René Descartes to the Panthéon , one deputy , Louis - Sébastien Mercier , a former Girondin and opponent of the Jacobins , protested that the ideas of Descartes had inspired the Reign of Terror of the Revolution and destroyed religion in France . Descartes ' ashes were not moved . Émigrés who had left during the Revolution had been threatened by the Convention with the death penalty if they returned ; now , under the Directory , they quietly began to return . General Pierre Augereau , a close ally of Bonaparte , led the army that arrested the royalist leaders of the legislature ( September 4 , 1797 ) . The army arrests General Pichegru at the Tuileries Palace ( September 4 , 1797 ) Parallel with the parliamentary royalists , but not directly connected with them , a clandestine network of royalists existed , whose objective was to place Louis XVIII , then in exile in Germany , on the French throne . They were funded largely by Britain , through the offices of William Wickham , the British spymaster who had his headquarters in Switzerland . These networks were too divided and too closely watched by the police to have much effect on politics . However , Wickham did make one contact that proved to have a decisive effect on French politics : through an intermediary , he had held negotiations with General Pichegru , then commander of the Army of the Rhine . The Directory itself was divided . Carnot , Letourneur and La Révellière Lépeaux were not royalists , but favored a more moderate government , more tolerant of religion . Though Carnot himself had been a member of the Committee of Public Safety led by Robespierre , he declared that the Jacobins were ungovernable , that the Revolution could not go on forever , and that it was time to end it . A new member , François - Marie , marquis de Barthélemy , a diplomat , had joined the Directory ; he was allied with Carnot . The royalists in the Councils immediately began to demand more power over the government and particularly over the finances , threatening the position of Barras . Barras , the consummate intriguer , won La Révellière Lépeaux over to his side , and began planning the downfall of the royalists . From letters taken from a captured royalist agent , he was aware of the contacts that General Pichegru made with the British and that he had been in contact with the exiled Louis XVIII . He presented this information to Carnot , and Carnot agreed to support his action against the Councils . General Hoche , the new Minister of War , was directed to march the Army of Sambre - et - Meuse through Paris on its way to Brest , on the pretext that they would be embarked for a new expedition to Ireland . Hoche himself resigned as Minister of War on 22 July . General Pierre Augereau , a close subordinate and ally of Bonaparte , and his troops arrived in Paris on 7 August , though it was a violation of the Constitution for soldiers to be within twelve leagues of the city without permission of the Councils . The royalist members of the Councils protested , but could do nothing to send them away . On 4 September 1797 , with the army in place , the Coup d'état of 18 Fructidor , Year V was set in motion . General Augereau 's soldiers arrested Pichegru , Barthélemy , and the leading royalist deputies of the Councils . The next day , the Directory annulled the elections of about two hundred deputies in 53 departments . Sixty - five deputies were deported to Guiana , 42 royalist newspapers were closed , and 65 journalists and editors were deported . Carnot and Barthélemy were removed from the Directory . Carnot went into exile in Switzerland ; he later returned and became , for a time , Bonaparte 's minister of war . Barthélemy and Pichegru both were sent to exile in French Guiana ( penal colony of Cayenne ) . In June 1798 , they both escaped , and went first to the United States and then to England . During the Consulate , Pichegru returned secretly to Paris , where he was captured on 28 February 1804 . He died in prison on 6 April 1804 , either strangled or having committed suicide . The Second Directory , and the resurgence of the Jacobins ( edit ) The coup was followed by a scattering of uprisings by royalists in Aix - en - Provence , Tarascon and other towns , particularly in the southwest and west . A commissioner of the Directory was assassinated in Lyon , and on 22 October counter-revolutionaries seized the city government of Carpentras for twenty - four hours . These brief uprisings served only to justify a wave of repression from the new government . With Carnot and Barthélemy gone from the Directory , and the royalists expelled from the Councils , the Jacobins were once again in control of the government . The two vacant places in the Directory were filled by Merlin de Douai , a lawyer who had helped write the Law of Suspects during the Reign of Terror ; and François de Neufchâteau , a poet and expert in industry inland navigation , who served only a few months . Eight of the twelve Directors and ministers of the new government were regicides , who as deputies of the Convention had voted for the execution of Louis XVI , and were now determined to continue the Revolution . The central administration and city governments were quickly purged of suspected royalists . The next target was the wave of noble émigrés and priests who had begun to return to France . The Jacobins in the Councils demanded that the law of 1793 be enforced ; émigrés were ordered to leave France within fifteen days . If they did not , they were to be judged by a military commission , and , on simple proof of their identity , were to be executed within twenty - four hours . Military commissions were established throughout the country to judge not only returning émigrés , but also rebels and conspirators . Between 4 September 1797 and the end of the Directory in 1799 , 160 persons were condemned to death by the military tribunals , including 41 priests and several women . On 16 October 1797 , the Council of Five Hundred considered a new law which banned political activities by nobles , who were to be considered as foreigners , and had to apply for naturalization in order to take part in politics . A certain number , listed by names , were to be banned permanently from political activity , were to have their property confiscated , and were to be required to leave immediately . The law called for certain exemptions for those in the government and military ( Director Barras and General Bonaparte were both from minor noble families ) . In the end , resistance to the law was so great that it was not adopted . The Jacobin - dominated councils also demanded the deportation of priests who refused to take an oath to the government , and an oath declaring their hatred of royalty and anarchy . 267 priests were deported to the French penal colony of Cayenne in French Guiana , of whom 111 survived and returned to France . 920 were sent to a prison colony on the Île de Ré , and 120 , a large part of them Belgians , to another colony on the Île d'Oléron . The new government continued the anti-religious policy of the Convention . Several churches , including the cathedral Notre Dame de Paris and the church of Saint - Sulpice , were converted Theophilanthropic temples , a new religion based on the belief in the existence of God and the immortality of the human spirit . Religious observations were forbidden on Sunday ; they were allowed only on the last day of the 10 - day week ( décade ) of the French Republican Calendar . Other churches remained closed , and were forbidden to ring their bells , although many religious services took place in secret in private homes . The National Guard was mobilized to search rural areas and forests for priests and nobles in hiding . As during the Reign of Terror , lists were prepared of suspects , who would be arrested in the event of attempted uprisings . The new Jacobin - dominated Directory and government also targeted the press . Newspaper publishers were required to submit copies of their publications to the police for official approval . On 17 December 1797 , seventeen Paris newspapers were closed by order of the Directory . The Directory also imposed a substantial tax on all newspapers or magazines distributed by mail , although Jacobin publications , as well as scientific and art publications , were excluded . Books critical of the Jacobins were censored ; Louis - Marie Prudhomme 's six - volume Histoire générale et impartiale des erreurs , des fautes et des crimes commis pendant la Révolution française ( `` General and impartial history of the errors , faults and crimes committed during the French Revolution '' ) was seized . by the police . The Directory also authorized the opening and reading of letters coming from outside of France . Despite all these security measures , there was a great increase in brigandage and robbery in the French countryside ; travelers were frequently stopped on roads and robbed ; the robberies were often blamed on royalist bands . On 18 January 1798 , the Councils passed a new law against highwaymen and bandits . calling for them to be tried by military tribunals , and authorizing the death penalty for robbery or attempted robbery on the roads of France . The political repression and terror under the Directory were real , but they were on a much smaller scale than the Reign of Terror under the Robespierre and the Convention , and the numbers of those repressed declined during the course of the Directory . After 1798 , no further political prisoners were sent to French Guiana , and , in the final year of the Directory , only one person was executed for a political offense . Elections of 1798 ( edit ) In the spring of 1798 , not only a new third of the legislature had to be chosen , but the places of the members expelled by the revolution of Fructidor had to be filled . 437 seats were open , out of 750 . The elections took place between 9 and 18 April . The royalists had been disqualified , and the moderates were in disarray , while the radical Jacobins made a strong showing . Before the new deputies could take their seats , Barras and the other Directors , more moderate than the new Jacobins , organized a commission to review the elections , and disqualified many of the more extreme Jacobin candidates , replacing them with moderates . They sent the list of candidates for Director to the Councils , excluding any radicals . François de Neufchåteau , was chosen by a drawing of lots to leave the Directory and Barras proposed only moderate Jacobins to replace him : the choice fell on Jean - Baptiste Treilhard , a lawyer . These political maneuvers secured the power of the Directory , but widened further the gap between the moderate Directory and the radical Jacobin majority in the Councils . War and diplomacy ( 1798 ) ( edit ) On 17 October 1797 , General Bonaparte and the Austrians signed the Treaty of Campoformio . It was a triumph for France . France received the left bank of the Rhine as far south of Cologne , Belgium , and the islands in the Ionian Sea that had belonged to Venice . Austria in compensation was given the territories of Venice up to the Aegean Sea . In late November and December , he took part in negotiations with the Holy Roman Empire and Austria , at the Second Congress of Rastatt , to redraw the borders of Germany . He was then summoned back to Paris to take charge of an even more ambitious project , the invasion of Britain , which had been proposed by Director Carnot and General Hoche . But an eight - day inspection of the ports where the invasion fleet was being prepared convinced Bonaparte that the invasion had little chance of success : the ships were in poor condition , the crews poorly trained , and funds and logistics were lacking . He privately told his associate Marmont his view of the Directory : `` Nothing can be done with these people . They do n't understand anything of greatness . We need to go back to our projects for the East . It is only there that great results can be achieved . '' The invasion of England was cancelled , and a less ambitious plan to support an Irish uprising was proposed instead ( see below ) . The `` sister Republics '' ( edit ) Main article : Sister republic The grand plan of the Directory in 1798 , with the assistance of its armies , was the creation of `` Sister Republics '' in Europe which would share the same revolutionary values and same goals , and would be natural allies of France . In the Dutch Republic ( Republic of the Seven United Netherlands ) , the French army installed the Batavian Republic with the same system of a Directory and two elected Councils . In Milan , the Cisalpine Republic was created , which was governed jointly by a Directory and Councils and by the French army . General Berthier , who had replaced Bonaparte as the commander of the Army of Italy , imitated the actions of the Directory in Paris , purging the new republic 's legislature of members whom he considered too radical . The Ligurian Republic was formed in Genoa . Piedmont was also turned by the French army into a sister republic , the Piedmontese Republic . In Turin , King Charles - Emmanuel IV , ( whose wife , Clotilde was Louis XVI 's youngest sister ) , fled French dominance and sailed , protected by the British fleet , to Sardinia . In Savoy , General Joubert did not bother to form a sister republic , he simply made the province a department of France . The Directory also directly attacked the authority of Pope Pius VI , who governed Rome and the Papal States surrounding it . Shortly after Christmas , anti-French riots took place in Rome , and a French general , Duphot , was assassinated . Pope Pius VI formally apologized to the Directory on 29 December 1797 , but the Directory refused his apology . Instead , Berthier 's troops entered Rome and occupied the city . The Roman Republic was proclaimed on 10 February 1798 . Pius VI was arrested and confined in Tuscany before being taken to France . The Vatican treasury of thirty million francs was sent to Paris , where it helped finance Bonaparte 's expedition to Egypt , and five hundred cases of paintings , statues , and other art objects were sent to France and added to the collections of the Louvre . A French army under General Guillaume Brune occupied much of Switzerland . The Helvetian Republic was proclaimed on 12 April 1798 . On 26 August 1798 , Geneva was detached from the new republic and made part of France . The treasury of Bern was seized , and , like the treasury of the Vatican , was used to finance Bonaparte 's expedition to Egypt . The new military campaigns required thousands of additional soldiers . The Directory approved the first permanent law of conscription , which was unpopular in the countryside , and particularly in Belgium , which had formally become part of France . Riots and peasant uprisings took place in the Belgian countryside . Blaming the unrest on Belgian priests , French authorities ordered the arrest and deportation of several thousands of them . Bonaparte 's expedition to Egypt ( May 1798 ) ( edit ) Main article : French campaign in Egypt and Syria The idea of a French military expedition to Egypt had been proposed by Talleyrand in a memoir to the French Institute as early as 3 July 1797 , and in a letter the following month from Talleyrand to Bonaparte . The Egyptian expedition had three objectives : to cut the shortest route from England to British India by occupying he Isthmus of Suez ; to found a colony which could produce cotton and sugar cane , which were in short supply in France due to the British blockade ; and to provide a base for a future French attack on British India . It also had several personal advantages for Bonaparte : it allowed him to keep a distance from the unpopular Directory , while at the same time staying in the public eye . The Destruction of ' L'Orient ' at the Battle of the Nile , 1 August 1798 , oil on canvas by George Arnald ( 1825 - 1827 ) . Defeat at the Battle of the Nile left Bonaparte and his army stranded in Egypt . National Maritime Museum , Greenwich , England The Directory itself was not enthusiastic about the idea , which would take its most successful general and his army far from Europe just at the time that a major new war was brewing . Director La Révellière - Lépeaux wrote : `` The idea never came from the Directory or any of its members . The ambition and pride of Bonaparte could no longer support the idea of not being visible , and of being under the orders of the Directory . '' The idea presented two other problems : Republican French policy was opposed to colonization , and France was not at war with the Ottoman Empire , to which Egypt belonged . Therefore , the expedition was given an additional scientific purpose : `` to enlighten the world and to obtain new treasures for science . '' A large team of prominent scientists was added to the expedition ; twenty - one mathematicians , three astronomers , four architects , thirteen naturalists and an equal number of geographers , plus painters , a pianist and the poet François - Auguste Parseval - Grandmaison On 19 May 1798 , two hundred ships carrying Bonaparte , and 35,000 men comprising the Armée d'Orient , most of them veterans of Bonaparte 's Army of Italy , sailed from Toulon . The British fleet under Nelson , expecting a French expedition toward Constantinople , was not in position to stop them . The French fleet stopped briefly at Malta , capturing the island , the government of which offered little resistance . Bonaparte 's army landed in the bay of Alexandria on 1 July , and captured that city on 2 July , with little opposition . He wrote a letter to the Pascha of Egypt , claiming that his purpose was to liberate Egypt from the tyranny of the Mamluks . His army marched across the desert , despite extreme heat , and defeated the Mameluks at the Battle of the Pyramids on 21 July 1798 . A few days later , however , on 1 August , the British fleet under Admiral Nelson arrived off the coast ; the French fleet was taken by surprise and destroyed in the Battle of the Nile . Only four French ships escaped . Bonaparte and his army were prisoners in Egypt ... Failed uprising in Ireland ( August 1798 ) ( edit ) Main article : Irish Rebellion of 1798 Another attempt to support an Irish uprising was made on 7 August 1798 . A French fleet sailed from Rochefort - sur - Mer ( Rochefort ) carrying an expeditionary force led by General Jean Joseph Amable Humbert . The attack was intended to support an uprising of Irish nationalists led by Wolfe Tone . Tone had several meetings with Bonaparte in France to coordinate the timing , but the uprising began early and was suppressed before the French fleet arrived . The French force landed at Killala , in northwest Ireland , on 22 August . It defeated British troops in two small engagements on 24 and 27 August , and Humbert declared the formation of an Irish Republic at Castlebar on 27 August , but the French forces were defeated at the Battle of Ballinamuck on 8 September 1798 by the troops of Lord Cornwallis , British Commander - in - chief in Ireland . A second part of the French expeditionary force , not knowing that the first had surrendered , left Brest on 16 September . It was intercepted by the British Navy in the bay of Donegal , and six of the French warships were captured . Quasi-War with the United States , ( 1798 -- 99 ) ( edit ) Main article : Quasi-War Tensions between the U.S. and France developed into the Quasi-War , an undeclared naval war . France complained the U.S. was ignoring the 1778 Treaty of Alliance that had brought the French into the American Revolutionary War . The United States insisted on taking a neutral stance in the war between France and Britain . After the Jay Treaty with Britain went into effect in 1795 , France began to side against the United States and by 1797 had seized over 300 American merchant ships . Federalists favored Britain , while Jeffersonian Republicans favored France . Federalist President John Adams built up the U.S. Navy , finishing three frigates , approving funds to build three more , and sending diplomats to Paris to negotiate . They were insulted by Foreign Minister Talleyrand ( who demanded bribes before talking ) . The XYZ Affair told Americans about the negotiations and angered American public opinion . The war was fought almost entirely at sea , mostly between privateers and merchant ships . In 1800 , the Convention of 1800 ( Treaty of Mortefontaine ) ended the conflict . War and political crisis ( 1799 ) ( edit ) Second coalition against France ( edit ) Main article : War of the Second Coalition Suvorov and a Russian - Austrian army defeat the French at the Battle of Cassano on 27 April 1799 , by Luigi Schiavonetti Britain and Austria had been alarmed by the French creation of Sister Republics . Austria first demanded that France hand over a share of the territory of the new Republics to it . When the Directory refused , Austria began searching for partners for a new military alliance against France . The new Czar of Russia , Paul I of Russia , was extremely hostile to French republican ideas , sympathetic to the exiled Louis XVIII , and willing to join a new coalition against France . The Czar offered an army of 20,000 men , sent by sea to Holland on his Baltic fleet . He sent another army of 60,000 men , veterans of fighting in Poland and Turkey , under his best general , Alexander Suvorov , to join the Austrian forces in northern Italy . The King of Prussia , Frederick - William III , had carefully preserved neutrality in order to profit from both sides . The Directory made the error of sending one of the most prominent revolutionaries of 1789 , the Abbé Sieyés , who had voted for the death of Louis XVI , as ambassador to Berlin , where his ideas appalled the arch - conservative and ultra-monarchist king . Frederick William maintained his neutrality , refusing to support either side , a setback for France . By the end of 1798 , the coalition could count on 300,000 soldiers , and would be able to increase the number to 600,000 . The best French army , headed by Bonaparte , was stranded in Egypt . General Brune had 12,000 men in Holland ; Bernadotte , 10,000 men on the Rhine ; Jourdan , 40,000 men in the army of the Danube ; Massena , 30,000 soldiers in Switzerland ; Scherer , 40,000 men on the Adige river in northern Italy ; and 27,000 men under Macdonald were based in Naples : a total of 170,000 men . To try to match the coalition forces , the Directory ordered a new call up of young men between the ages of twenty and twenty five to the army , seeking to add two hundred thousand new soldiers . Resurgence of the war in Italy and Switzerland ( edit ) On 10 November 1798 , the British and Austrian governments had agreed on a common goal of suppressing the five new sister republics and forcing France back into its 1789 borders . The King of Naples launched an attack on Rome , which was lightly defended by French soldiers . A British fleet landed three thousand Neapolitan soldiers in Tuscany . However , the French army of General Championnet responded quickly , defeating the Neapolitan army at the Battle of Civita Castellana on 5 December . French soldiers also forced the King of Sardinia to remove his soldiers from Piedmont and to retreat to his island , his last possession . The French army marched to Naples , obliging the King of Naples to leave his city on a British warship . Naples was occupied on 23 January 1799 , and a new Neapolitan republic , the sixth under French protection , was proclaimed on 26 January . Peace negotiations with Austria went nowhere in the spring of 1799 , and the Directory decided to launch a new offensive into Germany , but the arrival of the Russian army under Alexander Suvorov and fresh Austrian forces under the Archduke Charles for a time changed the balance of power . Jourdan 's Army of the Danube crossed the Rhine on 6 March but was defeated by the Archduke Charles , first at the Battle of Ostrach and then at the Battle of Stockach on 25 March 1799 . Jourdan 's army withdrew while Jourdan himself returned to Paris to plea for more soldiers . In Italy , a joint Russian - Austrian army under Suvorov 's command defeated Moreau at the Battle of Cassano on 27 April 1799 and occupied Turin and Milan . Suvorov then defeated the French Army on the Terrivva . To redress the situation , Joubert was named the new head of the Army of Italy on 5 July , but his army suffered defeat by the Russians at the Battle of Novi , on 15 August ; Joubert himself was shot through the heart when the battle began , and his army was routed . The Sister Republics established by the French in Italy quickly collapsed , leaving only Genoa under French control . In August , the Russians and British opened a new front in the Netherlands . A British army was landed at Helder on 27 August , and was joined by a Russian army . On 31 August , the Dutch fleet , allied with France , was defeated by the Royal Navy . Seeing the French army and government in a crisis , the leaders of the royalist rebellions in the Vendée and Brittany came together on 15 September to prepare a renewed uprising . The surviving leaders of the royalist rebellions in the Vendée and Brittany , which had long been dormant , saw a new opportunity for success and met to plan strategy on 15 September 1799 . The royalist commander Louis de Frotté , in exile in England , returned to France to command the new uprising . Bonaparte 's campaign in Syria ( February -- May 1799 ) ( edit ) While the French armies in Italy and Switzerland tried to preserve the Sister Republics , Bonaparte pursued his own campaign in Egypt . He explained in a letter to the Directory that Egyptian venture was just the beginning of a broader campaign `` to create a formidable diversion in the campaign of Republican France versus monarchic Europe . Egypt would be the base of something much larger than the original project , and at the same time a lever which will aid in the creation of a general uprising of the Muslim world . '' This uprising , he believed , would lead to the collapse of British power from the Middle East to India . With this goal in mind , he left Cairo and marched his army across the Sinai desert into Syria , where he laid siege to the port of Saint - Jean - d'Acre , which was defended by a local army and supplied by a British fleet offshore . His long siege and attempts to storm the city were a failure ; his army was ravaged by disease , it was down to 11,000 men , and he learned that an Ottoman army was to be embarked by the British fleet to sail to Cairo to recapture the city . On 17 May , he abandoned the siege and was back in Cairo by 4 June . The British fleet landed the Ottoman army , but as soon as they were ashore they were decisively defeated by Bonaparte at the Battle of Aboukir on 25 July 1799 . Due to the British blockade of Egypt , Bonaparte had received no news from France for six months . He sent one of his military aides to meet with Turkish government officials and to try to get news from France , but the officer was intercepted by the British navy . The British admiral and naval commander in the eastern Mediterranean , Sir Sidney Smith , who had lived in Paris and knew France well , gave the officer a packet of recent French newspapers and sent him back to Bonaparte . Bonaparte spent the night reading the newspapers , learning about the political and military troubles in France . His orders permitted him to return home any time he chose . The next day he decided to return to France immediately . He handed over command of the army to General Kléber and left Egypt with a small party of senior officers aboard the frigate La Muiron . He escaped the British blockade but did not reach France until 9 October . The tide turns : French successes ( September 1799 ) ( edit ) The French - Dutch victory over the British and Russians at the Battle of Castricum , 6 October 1799 , by Jan Antoon Neuhys , Amsterdam Museum , Netherlands The military position of France , which seemed disastrous during the summer , improved greatly in September . On 19 September , General Brune won a victory over the British - Russian army in the Netherlands at Castricum . On 18 October , besieged by Brune at Alkmaar , the British - Russian forces under the Duke of York agreed to withdraw . In Switzerland , the Russian army had split in two . On 25 -- 26 September , the French army in Switzerland , led by André Masséna , defeated part the Russian army under Alexander Rimsky - Korsakov at the Second Battle of Zurich , and forced the rest of the Russian army , under Suvorov , into disastrous retreat across the Alps to Italy . Suvorov was furious at the Austrians , blaming them for not supporting his troops , and he urged the Czar to withdraw his forces from the war . The royalist uprising in the west of France , planned to accompany the British - Russian - Austrian offensive , was also a failure . The Chouans briefly seized Le Mans on 14 October and Nantes on 19 October , but they were quickly driven out by the French Army , and the rebellion had collapsed by 29 October . New economic crisis ( edit ) Since the beginning of the Revolution , the nation suffered from rampant inflation . By the time of the Directory , the paper money , the assignat , based on the value of goods confiscated from the church and nobility , had already lost most of its value . Prices had soared , and the government could not print money fast enough to meet its expenses . The value of the assignat had dropped drastically against the value of the livre , a coin from the old regime which contained silver . In 1790 , at the beginning the Revolution , an assignat with a face value of 1000 livres could be exchanged for nine hundred real livres containing silver . In January , 1795 , The Convention decided to issue assignats worth thirty billion livres , without any additional backing by gold . By March 1795 , an assignat with a value of one thousand livres could buy only eighty livres containing metal . In February 1796 , the Directory decided to abolish the assignat , and held a public ceremony to destroy the printing plates . The assignat was replaced by a new note , the Mandat territorial . But since this new paper money also lacked any substantial backing , its value also plummeted ; by February 1797 the Mandat was worth only one percent of its original value . The Directory decided to return to the use of gold or silver coins , which kept their value . One hundred livres of Mandats was exchanged for twenty sous of metallic money . The difficulty was that the Directory had only enough gold and silver to produce three hundred million livres . The result of the shortage of money in circulation was a drastic deflation and drop in prices , which was accompanied by a drop in investment , and a drop in wages . It led to a drop in economic activity , and unemployment . New elections , new Directors , and a growing political crisis ( edit ) Lucien Bonaparte , 24 - year - old brother of Napoléon , was elected President of the Council of Five Hundred , by François - Xavier Fabre , Museo Napoleonico , Rome New elections to elect 315 members of the Councils were held between 21 March -- 9 April 1799 . The royalists had been discredited and were gone ; the major winners were the neo-Jacobins , who wanted to continue and strengthen the Revolution . The new members of the Council included Lucien Bonaparte , the younger brother of Napoleon , just twenty - four years old . On the strength of his name , he was elected the President of the Council of Five Hundred . This time the Directors did not try to disqualify the Jacobins but looked for other ways to keep control of the government . It was time to elect a new member of the Directory , as Reubell had been designated by the drawing of lots to step down . Under the Constitution , the selection of a new member of the Directory was voted by the old members of the Councils , not the newly elected ones . The candidate selected to replace him was the Abbé Sieyés , one of the major leaders of the revolution in 1789 , who had been serving as Ambassador to Berlin . Sieyés had his own project in mind : He had devised a new doctrine that the power of government should be limited in order to protect the rights of the citizens . His idea was to adopt a new Constitution with a supreme court , on the American model , to protect individual rights . He privately saw his primary mission as preventing a return of Reign of Terror of 1793 , a new constitution , and bringing the Revolution to a close as soon as possible , by whatever means . Once the elections were complete , the Jacobin majority immediately demanded that the Directory be made more revolutionary . The Councils began meeting on 20 May , and on 5 June they began their offensive to turn the Directors to the left . They declared the election of the Director Treilhard illegal on technical grounds and voted to replace him with Louis - Jérôme Gohier , a lawyer who had been Minister of Justice during the Convention , and who had overseen the arrest of the moderate Girondin deputies . The Jacobins in the Council then went a step further and demanded the resignation of two moderate Directors , La Revelliere and Merlin . They were replaced by two new members , Roger Ducos , a little - known lawyer who had been a member of the Committee of Public Safety , and was an ally of Barras , and an obscure Jacobin general , Jean - François - Auguste Moulin . The new Ministers named by the Directors were for the most part reliable Jacobins , though Sieyés arranged the appointment of one of his allies , Joseph Fouché , as the new Minister of Police . The Jacobin members immediately began proposing laws that were largely favorable to the sans - culottes and working class , but which alarmed the upper and middle classes . The Councils imposed a forced loan of one hundred million francs , to be paid immediately according to a graduated scale by all who paid a property tax of over three hundred francs . Those who did not pay would be classified the same as émigré nobles and would lose all civil rights . The Councils also passed a new law that called for making hostages of the fathers , mothers and grandparents of emigre nobles whose children had emigrated or were serving in rebel bands or armies . These hostages were subject to large fines or deportation in the event of assassinations or property damage caused by royalist soldiers or bandits . On June 27 General Jourdan , a prominent Jacobin member of the Councils , proposed a mass draft of all eligible young men between twenty and twenty - five to raise two hundred thousand new soldiers for the army . This would be the first draft since 1793 . The new Jacobins opened a new political club , the Club du Manege , on the model of Jacobin clubs of the Convention . It opened on 6 July and soon had three thousand members , with 250 deputies , including many alumni of the Jacobins during the Reign of Terror , as well as former supporters of the ultra-revolutionary François Babeuf . One prominent member , General Jourdan , greeted the members at the club 's banquet of July 14 with the toast , `` to a return of the pikes ' '' , referring to the weapons used by the sans - culottes to parade the heads of executed nobles . The club members also were not afraid to attack the Directory itself , complaining of its lavish furnishings and the luxurious coaches used by Directory members . The Directory soon responded to the provocations ; Sieyés denounced the club members as a return of Robespierre 's reign of terror . The Minister of Police , Fouché , closed the Club on 13 August . Bonaparte returns to France -- the coup d'état and the end of the Directory ( edit ) Preparing the coup d'état ( edit ) Main article : 18 Brumaire Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès first proposed the coup d'état , but he was left out of the final resulting government . Joseph Fouché , Minister of Police , assured that the police would not interfere in Bonaparte 's seizure of power . The rule that Directors must to be at least forty years old became one justification for the Coup of 18 Brumaire : the coup d'état took place on 9 November 1799 , when Bonaparte was thirty years old . Bonaparte returned to France , landing at the fishing village of Saint - Raphaël on 9 October 1799 , and made a triumphal progression northward to Paris . His victory over the Ottoman Turks at the Battle of Aboukir had been widely reported , and overshadowed the other French victories at the Second Battle of Zurich and the Battle of Bergen . Between Avignon and Paris , he was welcomed by large , enthusiastic crowds , who saw him as a saviour of the Republic from foreign enemies and the corruption of the Directory . Upon his arrival in Paris he was elected to the Institut de France for the scientific accomplishments of his expedition to Egypt . He was welcomed by royalists because he was from a minor noble family in Corsica , and by the Jacobins because he had suppressed the attempted royalist coup d'état at the beginning of the Directory . His brother Lucien , though only twenty - four years old , became a prominent figure in the Council of Five Hundred because of his name . Bonaparte 's first ambition was to be appointed to the Directory , but he was not yet forty years old , the minimum age set by the Constitution , and the Director Gohier , a strict legalist , blocked that avenue . His earliest ally had been the Director Barras , but he disliked Barras because his wife Joséphine had been his mistress before she married Bonaparte , and because of charges of corruption that surrounded Barras and his allies . Bonaparte wrote later that the Jacobin director , General Moulin , approached Bonaparte and suggested that he lead a coup d'état , but he declined ; he wished to end the Revolution , not continue it . Sieyés , who had been looking for a war hero and general to assist in a coup d'état , had originally in mind General Joubert , but Joubert had been killed at the Battle of Novi in August 1799 . He then approached General Moreau , but Moreau was not interested . The first meeting between Sieyés and Bonaparte , on 23 October 1799 , went badly ; the two men each had enormous egos and instantly disliked each other . Nonetheless , they had a strong common interest and , on 6 November 1799 , they formalized their plan . The coup d'état was carefully planned by Siéyes and Bonaparte , with the assistance of Bonaparte 's brother Lucien , the diplomat and consummate intriguer Talleyrand , the Minister of Police Fouché , and the Commissioner of the Directory , Pierre François Réal . The plan called for three Directors to suddenly resign , leaving the country without an Executive . The Councils would then be told that a Jacobin conspiracy threatened the Nation ; the Councils would be moved for their own security to the Château de Saint - Cloud , some 5 kilometers west of Paris , safe from the mobs of the French capital . Bonaparte would be named head of government to defend the Republic against the conspiracy ; the Councils would be dissolved , and a new Constitution would be written . If the coup went well , it was simply a parliamentary maneuver ; it would be perfectly legal . Bonaparte would provide security and take the part of convincing the Deputies . Fouché and Réal would assure that there would be no interference from the police or the city of Paris . Fouché proposed that the leading Jacobin deputies be arrested at the start of the coup , but Bonaparte said it would not be necessary , which later proved to be an error . Shortly before the coup , Bonaparte met with the principal army commanders : Jourdan , Bernadotte , Augereau and Moreau , and informed them of the impending coup . They did not all support it , but agreed not to stand in his way . The president of the Council of Ancients was also brought into the coup , so he could play his part , and Bonaparte 's brother Lucien would manage the Council of Five Hundred . On the evening of 6 November , the Councils held a banquet at the former church of Saint - Sulpice . Bonaparte attended , but seemed cold and distracted , and departed early . The coup d'état is launched ( November 9 -- 10 ) ( edit ) Bonaparte confronts the members of the Council of Five Hundred on November 10 , 1799 Early in the morning of 9 November , army units began taking positions in Paris , and the members of the Council of Ancients were awakened and instructed to come to the Tuileries Palace for an emergency meeting . When they gathered at seven - thirty , they were told that a Jacobin conspiracy to overthrow the government had been discovered and that they should transfer their meeting the next day to the Château de Saint - Cloud , where they would be in safety . The members were asked to approve a decree to move the meeting site , and to appoint Bonaparte as commander of troops in Paris to assure their security . Alarmed , they quickly approved the decree . Bonaparte himself appeared with his staff and told them , `` Citizen representatives , the Republic was about to perish . You learned of it and your decree has just saved it . '' At eleven in the morning , the members of the Council of Five Hundred met at the Palais Bourbon and were given the same message . They agreed to move their meeting the following day to Saint - Cloud . By the afternoon , as planned , Sieyés and Roger Ducos had given their resignations . Talleyrand was assigned to win the resignation of Barras . Talleyrand was supplied with a large amount of money to offer Barras to quit ; historians differ on whether he gave the money to Barras or kept it for himself . Barras , seeing the movements of soldiers outside and being assured that he could keep the great wealth he had acquired as a Director , readily agreed to leave the Directory . With three members gone , the Directory could not legally meet . The Jacobin directors Moulin and Gohier were arrested and confined to the Luxembourg Palace under the guard of General Moreau . The first day of the coup had gone exactly as planned . Bonaparte as the new First Consul , by Antoine - Jean Gros , c. 1802 , Musée de la Légion d'honneur , Paris On 10 November , the members of both councils were taken in a procession of carriages with a strong military escort to Saint - Cloud . 6,000 soldiers had already been assembled at the château ; because their pay had repeatedly been delayed , they were particularly hostile to the members of the Chambers . Bonaparte spoke first to the Council of the Ancients , assembled in the Orangerie of the domain of Saint - Cloud , and explained that the Directory was no more . Bonaparte was received coldly , but the Council did not offer any opposition . He then moved to the Council of Five Hundred , which was already meeting under the presidency of his brother Lucien . Here he received a far more hostile reception from the Jacobin deputies . He was questioned , jeered , insulted , shouted down , and jostled . His brother was unable to restore calm , and some of the Jacobin deputies began to demand that Bonaparte be declared outside the law , as Robespierre had been . If the Council voted him outside the law , Bonaparte could be arrested and executed immediately without trial . While the deputies raged and argued , Bonaparte and his brother , escorted by a handful of soldiers , left the Orangerie , approached the unit of grenadiers of General Murat waiting impatiently outside , and told them that the deputies had tried to assassinate Bonaparte with their pens . The grenadiers charged into the hall and quickly emptied it of deputies . Bonaparte wrote his own official version of what happened , which was published in all newspapers and posted on placards on walls all over France ; it vividly described how he had narrowly escaped death from the hands of `` twenty Jacobin assassins '' and concluded : `` The majority returned freely and peacefully to the meeting hall , listened to the propositions which had been made for assuring the public safety , deliberated and prepared a beneficial resolution which should become the new law and basis of the Republic . '' With that event , the Directory was finished . A new government , the Consulate , was founded . According to most historians , the French Revolution was over . French society during the Directory ( edit ) Despite wars and social turmoil , the population of France continued to grow during the Directory . It was 27,800,000 in 1796 , before the Directory , and had grown to 27,900,000 by 1801 . Annual population growth had dropped from 16 percent in 1785 , before the Revolution , to zero in 1790 ; but it then rebounded to 36 percent in 1795 , then down to 12 percent in 1800 . Part of the drop in birthrate during the Directory is attributed to the simplification of divorce , and the change in inheritance laws , which granted equal shares to all descendants . The number of young men killed in the wars during the Directory numbered 235,000 between 1795 and 1799 . The high birth rate before the Revolution -- together with conscription from conquered and allied states -- allowed Napoleon to fill the ranks of his Grande Armée during the Empire between 1804 and 1815 . By the time of the Directory , French society had been dramatically restructured . Nobles and clergy , the two classes which had held most of the power before the Revolution , had disappeared . An estimated one percent of the population , mostly nobles and priests , but also many members of the upper middle class who had supported the monarchy , had emigrated . The number was even higher in border regions , such as Bas - Rhin , where 4.5 percent of the population had left . Rich and poor ( edit ) Dress of upper - class Parisians in 1797 , by Louis - Léopold Boilly Under the Directory the middle and upper classes took a dominant position in Paris society , replacing the nobility . Enormous fortunes were made , often by providing supplies to the army or by speculation on real estate . Some parts of the middle and upper classes suffered : the abolition of the old professional guilds of lawyers and doctors brought the ruin of many members , who faced competition from anyone who wanted to use those titles . The merchants and shipowners in Bordeaux , Nantes , Marseille and other ports were ruined by the British naval blockade . Bankers took on a more prominent role , when investment was scarce . Two new groups gained importance during the Directory . The number of government officials of all levels increased dramatically . The writer Louis - Sébastien Mercier in his Paris pendant la Révolution ( 1789 -- 1798 ) , ou Le nouveau Paris , published in 1800 , wrote : `` There is no one who has not complained of the insolence , or the ignorance , of the multitude of government officials employed in the bureaus to sharpen their pens and to obstruct the course of affairs . New has the bureaucracy been carried to a point so so exaggerated , so costly , to exhausting . '' Generals and other military officers also grew greatly in importance during the Directory and became a caste independent of the political structure . The Directory had abolished the Jacobin system of political commissioners who supervised and could overrule the military commanders . Generals like Bonaparte in Italy , Hoche in Germany and Pichegru in Alsace directed entire provinces according to their own ideas and wishes , with little interference from Paris . The soldiers of these generals were often more loyal to their generals than to the Directory , as the soldiers of Bonaparte showed during the 1799 coup d'état that ended the Directory . The working class and poor in Paris and other large cities suffered particularly from the high inflation during the first part of the Directory , which brought higher prices for bread , meat , wine , firewood and other basic commodities . In the last two years of the Directory , the problem was the opposite : with the suppression of the assignats , the money became scarce , the economy slowed , and unemployment grew . The Directory distributed scarce food items , such as cooking oil , butter and eggs , to government employees and to members of the Councils . Before the Revolution , taking care of the poor had been the responsibility of the Church . During the Directory , the government , particularly in Paris and other large cities , was forced to take over this role . To feed the Parisians and prevent food riots , the government bought flour in the countryside at market prices with its silver coins , then gave it to the bakeries , which sold it at the traditional market price of four sous a pound , which was virtually nothing . The subsidies were reduced in the last years of the Directory , paying only for bread , but they were an enormous expense for the Directory . At the beginning , the government tried to provide the standard minimum of one pound of bread a day per person , but the shortage of money reduced the daily ration to sixty grams of bread a day . The government also tried giving rice as a substitute for bread , but the poor lacked firewood to cook it . Crime and corruption ( edit ) Economic problems led to a large increase in crime under The Directory , particularly in the countryside . Bands of the unemployed became beggars and turned to robbery , and brigands robbed travelers along the highways . Some of the brigands were former royalists turned highwaymen . They were later celebrated in the novel of Alexander Dumas , Les Compagnons de Jéhu ( `` The Companions of Jehu '' ) . The government did not have the money to hire more police , and the great majority of the army was occupied fighting in Italy , Switzerland and Egypt . The growing insecurity on the roads seriously harmed commerce in France . The problem of brigands and highwaymen was not seriously addressed until after a serious wave of crimes on the roads in the winter of 1797 -- 98 . The Councils passed a law calling for the death penalty for any robbery committed on the main highways or against a public vehicle , such as a coach , even if nothing was taken . If the crime was committed by more than one person , the robbers were tried by a military tribunal rather than a civilian court . The wave of highway robberies was finally stopped by Bonaparte and the Consulate , which employed special tribunals even swifter and more severe than the Directory tribunals . Corruption was another serious problem , particularly with the businessmen who provided supplies to the army and government . In one case , the Chevalier enterprise received a contract to build three large warships and two frigates at Rochefort ; the company was paid in national property seized from the aristocracy and the Church , but it never constructed the ships , or even bought the materials . Huge contracts for government supplies were passed from the furnishers to sub-contractors , who each paid the furnisher a fee . Sometimes contractors demanded to be paid for their services in advance in silver . They were paid , but never delivered the services , and then reimbursed the government with nearly - worthless assignats . The Directors themselves were accused of receiving money from contractors . The Minister of Finance of the Directory , Dominique - Vincent Ramel - Nogaret , was offered 100,000 francs for a bribe to give a contract by a furnisher named Langlois . Ramel refused and turned Langlois over to the police ; however , some ministers and Directors , like Barras , left the government with large fortunes . The Directory was unable to escape the accusations of widespread corruption . Muscadins , Incroyables and Merveilleuses ( edit ) Les deux incroyables : Muscadins or Incroyables wore extravagant costumes , in reaction against the recent Reign of Terror . By Carle Vernet , c. 1797 Born in reaction against the strict codes of behavior established during the Convention and the Reign of Terror , the Muscadins were fashionable young men who carried canes and sometimes , in groups , attacked sans - culottes . Following soon afterwards , the Directory had its own fashion reflecting the new social behavior and carried out by young Parisians of both sexes , from middle and upper - class families , often survivors of the excesses of the Revolution , who had lost parents and family members to the guillotine . They were called Incroyables and Merveilleuses and dressed in extravagant costumes . The men , the Incroyables , wore long hair to their shoulders , round hats with broad brims , short coats and silk culottes . Their female counterparts , the Merveilleuses , wore flowing , high - breasted transparent dresses reminiscent of the Greco - Roman era . They frequented balls called Bals des victimes and spoke in their own particular accent and vocabulary , avoiding to pronounce the letter `` R '' , as it was the first letter of the word `` Revolution '' Marriage and divorce ( edit ) During the Directory , almost all the structures and rules of Paris society had been swept away , but no new structures and rules had yet been created to replace them . The brothers Goncourt meticulously described the period on their Histoire de la société française pendant le Directoire . Caste and rank mattered far less ; all the old titles and forms of address had disappeared , along with old customs and social conventions . Men no longer took off their hats when talking to women , and people of different ranks spoke to each other as equals . Society no longer met in private , in the houses of the nobility , but in public , at balls , restaurants and public gardens . As the Goncourts said , `` social anarchy '' reigned in Paris : `` everyone met with everyone . '' Government ministers could be seen walking or dining with actresses , bankers with courtesans . `` Liaisons were easy '' , the Goncourts reported , `` marriage less so . '' The old system of marriages arranged between families based on fortune , profession , and social condition was less common . Marriages were no longer controlled by the church , but by the new civil code , which described marriage as `` nature in action . '' Marriage was seen as a temporary , not a permanent state . Children born outside of marriage were given equal status concerning inheritance and other legal matters as those born to married couples . Divorce was much simpler , and could be requested by either the husband or wife . In one period of fifteen months , 5,994 civil law divorces were granted in Paris , of which 3,886 were requested by the wife. of 1,148 divorces granted on the grounds of `` incompatibility of humor '' , 887 were requested by the wife . The new system also led to a large increase in the number of children born outside of marriage and not wanted ; in 1795 four thousand unwanted children in the Department of the Seine were turned over to founding hospitals . The breakdown of the old system of arranged marriages led to the creation of the first newspaper where men and women could advertise themselves for suitable spouses , called the Indicateur des marriages . it also led to the establishment of the first marriage bureaus . A businessman named Liardot rented a large former mansion , brought in selected eligible young women as paying guests , and invited men seeking wives to meet them at balls , concerts and card games each given at the house each evening . The men were screened by their profession and education . Amusement -- Bals des victimes , pleasure gardens , new restaurants and cafés ( edit ) Although balls were not banned during the Reign of Terror , after the death of Robespierre and the fall of the Jacobins , the city experienced a frenzy of dancing which lasted throughout the period of the French Directory . The Goncourt brothers reported that 640 balls took place in 1797 alone . Several former monasteries were turned into ballrooms , including the Noviciate of the Jesuits , the Monastère des Carmes ( turned into a prison where 191 members of the Catholic Church ( bishops , priests , monks ) were massacred on 2 September 1792 , the Séminaire Saint - Sulpice , and even in the former Saint - Sulpice cemetery . Some of the former palatial townhouses of the nobility were rented and used for ballrooms ; the Hôtel de Longueville near the Louvre put on enormous spectacles , with three hundred couples dancing , in thirty circles of sixteen dancers each , the women in nearly transparent dresses , styled after Roman tunics . In the public balls , everyone danced with everyone ; merchants , clerks , artisans and workers danced with shop women and seamstresses . In the more popular public balls , the cavaliers were charged 80 sous for admission , while women paid 12 sous . At more exclusive balls , admission was five livres . Aristocrats who had survived or returned from exile held their own balls in their houses in the Faubourg Saint - Germain , where Bals des victimes ( `` Balls of the victims '' ) were attended by invitees who had lost at least one parent to the guillotine . The formal dancing of the minuet was replaced by a much more passionate new dance , the waltz , which was introduced to Paris during this time from Germany . For summer evening entertainment , Parisians began to abandon the Tuileries Gardens and the gardens of the Palais - Royal and went to the new pleasure gardens which appeared in the neighborhood between the Grands boulevards and the Palais - Royal . The most famous was the Jardin de Tivoli , also known as Folie Boutin or Grand Tivoli , located on rue Saint - Lazare . It had belonged to an aristocrat named Boutin , who was guillotined during the Reign of Terror . It was a vast garden covering 40 arpents ( 13,675 hectares ) , and could hold as many as ten thousand persons . It had alleys filled with promenaders , greenhouses , illuminations , an orchestra , dancing , a café , and fireworks at night . Other new gardens competed by adding spectacles and pageants . The Jardin des Champs - Élysées offered a pageant of costumed soldiers on horseback performing elaborate maneuvers and firing weapons . The Mousseau ( now Parc Monceau ) had performers dressed as American Indians dancing and fighting battles . The former Pavillon de Hanovre , which had been part of Cardinal Richelieu 's residential complex , featured a terrace for dancing and dining decorated with Turkish tents , Chinese kiosks and lanterns . Many new restaurants and cafés , usually close to the twenty - three theaters , appeared in and around the Palais - Royal and the new boulevards . A new café , the Tortoni , specializing in ice creams , opened in 1795 at the corner of the boulevard des Italiens and rue Taitbout . The new restaurants in the Palais - Royal were often run by the former chefs of archbishops and aristocrats who had gone into exile . The restaurant Méot offered a menu with over one hundred dishes . Beside the Méot and Beauvilliers , under the arcades of the Palais - Royal were the restaurants and cafés such as Naudet , Robert , Véry , Foy , Huré , Berceau , Lyrique , Liberté conquise , de Chartres ( now Le Grand Véfour ) , and du Sauvage ( the last owned by the former coachman of Robespierre ) . In the cellars of the Palais - Royal were more popular cafés , usually with music , smaller menus at more reasonable prices . One of those , the Postal , offered a menu for just 36 sous . Many of the cafés in the cellars had orchestras ; the most famous was the Café des Aveugles , with an orchestra of four blind musicians . After the Reign of Terror had ended , dining hours for upper - class Parisians returned gradually to what they had been before the Revolution , with déjeuner at midday , dinner at 6 or 7 in the evening , and supper at 2 in the morning . When the theater performances ended at 10pm , the spectators went to the nearby cafés on the boulevards . Church and state ( edit ) The Roman Catholic Church was one of the greatest losers over the course of the French Revolution . Priests , who refused to take an oath to the Civil Constitution of the Clergy emigrated or were expelled from France under a penalty of death . Church property , from cathedrals to candlesticks , was seized and sold . Church ceremonies were banned , causing clandestine religious services to be conducted in private homes . During the Reign of Terror , at Robespierre 's urging , the National Convention , on 7 May 1794 , proclaimed a new religion , the Cult of the Supreme Being , which in a little over a year led to the Thermidorian Reaction , and Robespierre 's downfall and execution . The Roman Catholic Church had been the official state religion during the monarchy , and the Directors were all anti-religious republicans , but the Directory , with a few exceptions , did not try to impose any particular religious views , and its policy toward priests and religious institutions changed depending upon political events . After the fall of Robespierre , the repression against the Church eased and , although the policy of repression remained , many churches , especially in the provinces , re-opened , and exiled priests began to quietly return . In November 1797 , working with the new decimal - based Republican Calendar , the week of which has ten days , the Directory replaced Sundays and religious holidays with republican celebrations . The tenth day of the week , called decadi , was designated to replace Sunday . The churches still functioning with Constitutional priests were instructed to have mass on decadi , rather than on the day that would have been Sunday in the previous calendar , and decadi became the official non-working day : government employees were off , and schools , shops and markets were closed . To replace saints ' and religious days , a whole series of secular holidays was created , in addition to the patriotic celebrations already in place , such as 14 of July and important dates of the French Revolution . There were also special days , such as , `` the day of the sovereignty of the people '' ; `` the day of youth '' ; `` the day of spouses '' ; `` the day of agriculture '' and `` the day of the elderly '' . Certain churches were given new names : the cathedral Notre Dame de Paris was renamed `` Temple of the Supreme Being '' , Saint - Étienne - du - Mont became the `` Temple of Filial piety '' . On decadi , the constitutional priests who performed services were required to share the space with other republican religions and associations who wanted to use the buildings . Large churches were divided into sections for use by various religions . A new religion , Theophilanthropy , had been founded in 1796 by a Freemason printer - bookseller named Jean - Baptiste Chemin - Dupontès ( 1760 -- 1852 ? ) . It was encouraged by the Director La Révellière - Lépeaux and the Ministry of the Interior , with the state paying for its newspaper . Members believed in God and in the immortality of the soul , but not in the original sin . The sect was similar in form to Calvinism , with readings aloud of texts , hymns and sermons . With the support of the Directory , the sect was given four churches in Paris , including Saint - Roch , Saint - Sulpice and , in April 1798 , Notre - Dame de Paris , as well as churches in Dijon , Poitiers and Bordeaux . Members of the sect included some prominent figures , such as General Hoche , the industrialist Éleuthère Irénée du Pont , the painter Jean - Baptiste Regnault , and the American philosopher and political activist Thomas Paine . Beginning in May 1798 , however , the Directory began to withdraw support from the newly established deistic sect , which it considered too close to the Jacobins . The sect still had eighteen churches in 1799 , but in 1801 it was abolished by Bonaparte . In Italy , the French army attacked the papal states governed by the Roman Catholic Church in Italy . In February 1797 , Bonaparte occupied Ancona to force Pope Pius VI to negotiate . The pope was obliged to cede Ancona and the northern part of his states to the new French - sponsored Cispadane Republic . The gold and silver in the treasury of the Vatican was taken to France to help support the French currency . Following anti-French riots in Rome in December 1797 , a French army under Berthier entered Rome and proclaimed a Roman Republic . Pius VI was taken prisoner by the French Army , and transferred to Valence in France , where he was kept prisoner until his death in 1801 . Economy ( edit ) Finance ( edit ) Many of the economic , social and political woes during the Directory were results of the breakdown of the financial system . The principal problem was a great shortage of money with real value ; that is , coins made of silver , and an excess of paper money , the value of which shrank as more and more was printed . The Directory produced only 32 million livres worth of silver - based coins in its first two years . Much of this money was hoarded , since , unlike the paper money , it had and retained real value . As a consequence , the government , to cover its costs , was forced to print millions of notes , first called assignats and then mandats , which were based on the value of property seized from the Church and the clergy . These notes declined in value as more and more were printed . When the notes became nearly worthless , the Directory first devalued them and finally gave up and stopped printing paper money . The shortage of real money in the second part of the Directory led to a new problem : shortage of credit ; interest rates rose to about ten percent , double what they had been in 1789 . The consequence in the last two years of the Directory was a decline in economic activity , and in wages , while prices rose . The population lost confidence in the money and in the Directory 's management . The lack of credit led to the creation of a number of new private banks , and the growing importance of banks and bankers in the economy . The Caisse des comptes courants , created in June 1796 , had some of the most important industrialists and financiers in France as its founders , who would later become the founders of the Banque de France . Several other new private banks followed , which concentrated the wealth of France even more in Paris . Since the nobility had gone into exile , the bankers became the new nobility of France . In other words , bankers became the new aristocrats . Transportation and commerce ( edit ) The transportation system within France was another handicap to the economy . The roads and canals had not been improved or maintained since the overthrow of the monarchy . Major canals that had been started in Burgundy and in the north were unfinished . Maritime commerce was in an even worse situation as a result of the war and blockade of French ports by Britain . During the Directory , the number of French ships of more than two hundred tons was one tenth of what it had been in 1789 . The conquest of Belgium , the Netherlands and Italy improved the situation somewhat : French goods could be transported on the neutral ships of these countries , and maritime traffic on the Baltic Sea to Germany became an important trade route for France . However , the British navy largely cut off the trade with the French colonies in the Caribbean , which earlier had provided sugar , cotton , indigo and coffee to France ; and the entry of the fleet of Admiral Nelson into the Mediterranean Sea cut off the trade routes there . The major ports of Nantes and Marseille saw their commerce and trade routes disappear . Industry ( edit ) The continual wars and fiscal crises greatly limited the expansion of French industry . The Industrial Revolution had only just begun in France . Production during the Directory had fallen below what it was in 1789 . The number of workers in the silk industry in Lyon had dropped from 12,000 before 1787 to 6,500 . The cotton textile industry was more successful due to the embargo against British products caused by the war . New factories and new technologies , such as mechanical looms , were introduced in Normandy and in Alsace . However , the technologies were still primitive ; the steam engine had not yet arrived in French factories . The chemical industry was also advancing rapidly during he Directory ; the chemist and entrepreneur Jean Antoine Claude Chaptal built a chemical factory in Montpellier , which he soon moved to Chaillot , a village west of Paris . The most effective promoter of French industry was François de Neufchâteau , who was Minister of the Interior before becoming a Director in 1797 . He planned a new canal system , began work on a new road across the Pyrenees , and organized the first national industrial exposition in Paris , which opened with great success in October 1798 . Once he became Consul , Bonaparte copied the idea of the industrial exposition . Despite this bright spot , French industry was primitive : without steam power , most factories in France depended upon water power , and the metallurgy industry still melted iron with wood fires , not oil . Agriculture ( edit ) Agriculture was another weak spot of the French economy . While the country was essentially rural , the methods of farming had not been changed in centuries . The vast majority of farmers had small plots of land , sold little and worked essentially to produce enough food for their families . The price of grain was freed from government control under the Directory in 1797 , and farmers could sell their grain at whatever price they could get . Following the Revolution in 1789 , the forests had been taken away from the nobles and opened to everyone ; as a result , large areas of the forests were immediately cut down , and no new trees planted to replace them . The land of the nobility and Church was taken and redistributed to peasants , but under the new inheritance laws , which gave equal shares to all sons , the size of the farm plots became smaller and smaller . Small plots were not consolidated into larger fields , as was taking place in England at the same time . Most farmers were reluctant to try new methods ; they did not want to leave fields idle to recover productivity , or to grow forage crops to feed cattle . Furthermore , during the endless wars of the Directory , thousands of farmers were taken into the army , and thousands of horses and mules needed for farming were taken by the Army for the use of the cavalry and transport . Under these conditions , food shortages and famines occurred regularly in France until the time of Napoleon III . Education and science ( edit ) The education system of France was in a chaotic state at the beginning of the Directory . The College of Sorbonne and most other colleges of the University of Paris , had been closed because of their close association with the Catholic Church , and did not reopen until 1808 . The schools run by the Catholic Church had also been closed , and any kind of religious instruction forbidden . The government of Jacobins during the Convention created several new scientific institutions , but had concentrated on primary education , which it decreed should be obligatory and free for all young people , but there were few teachers available . By forbidding religious education , seizing the property of the Church and chasing out the clergy , they effectively closed the largest part of the educational system of the country . At the beginning of the period , the Directory reversed the policy of obligatory and free education for all , largely because of the lack of money to pay teachers . The Directory began to create a system of central schools , with the goal of one in each department , which boys could attend from the age of twelve , with a full curriculum of sciences , history and literature . The state paid a part of the cost , while each student also paid the professor a fee . The new schools had libraries ( mostly confiscated from the nobility ) , small botanical gardens , and museums of natural history . For the first time in French schools , French instead of Latin was the basis of education . Three of these schools were organized in Paris ; two of them later became the famous Lycée Henri - IV and Lycée Charlemagne . But by the end of the Directory there were only 992 students in the three Paris schools . For primary education , each arrondissement in Paris had one school for boys and another for girls , and each commune in the country was supposed to have the same . Since the state lacked money , teachers were paid by the commune or by the students . Once a student learned to read , write , and count , he or she was graduated . In villages , the school was often located in the former church , and teachers were expected , as part of their duties , to carry water , clean the church , ring the bells , and , when needed , dig graves in the churchyard cemetery . The choices were greater for the children of the middle and upper middle class , as these families had tutors , or sent their children to private schools , but for much of the population , schooling was minimal . There were 56 public schools in the Seine department , which by the population should have had at least 20,000 students ; but they had only between 1100 and 1200 . The continual wars during the Directory also had their effect on education . Beginning in October 1797 , boys in public schools were required to take part in periodic military exercises , and the Directory established five military schools , called Écoles de Mars , for a total of 15,000 students . Attendance was a requirement for entry into the higher schools of engineering and public works . The Directory focused its attention on secondary education and especially on creating specialized higher schools for training managers , judges , doctors and engineers , for which there was an immediate and pressing need . The École Polytechnique had been founded by a member of the Directory , Lazare Carnot and the mathematician Gaspard Monge , in 1794 . The school became the most prestigious engineering and public works school in France . However , by the end of the Directory there were still no law schools , and only two schools of medicine outside of Paris . The Institut de France was also founded in 1795 by Lazare Carnot and Monge , to bring together the scientists and researchers , who previously had worked in separate academies , to share knowledge and ideas . It was divided into three large sections : physical sciences and mathematics ; moral and political science ; and literature and the fine arts . It organized the large party of scientists and scholars who accompanied Napoleon to Egypt , which discovered such treasures as the Rosetta Stone , which allowed the deciphering of Egyptian hieroglyphs . One of the Institut de France first members and speakers was Napoléon Bonaparte , who took the place of Carnot after the latter had been removed from the Directory and left France . Art and culture ( edit ) Painting -- the Salon and the Louvre ( edit ) The artists of Paris were in a difficult situation during the Directory , as their most important patrons , the aristocracy , had been executed or had emigrated ; however a new wealthy class was just being formed . Before the Revolution a half - figure portrait could be commissioned from a less - known artist for three hundred livres . During the Directory , the price fell to forty - eight livres . Nonetheless , the Salon took place in the Louvre in 1795 as it had since 1725 , before the Revolution , and each year thereafter . The most prominent artist of the Revolution , Jacques - Louis David , closely connected with the Jacobins , was in seclusion in his studio inside the Louvre . At the end of the period , in 1799 , he produced one important work , the Intervention of the Sabine Women . However , a new generation of artists , inspired by David , showed their works ; François Gérard ; Anne - Louis Girodet , a pupil of David , renown for his romantic paintings , particularly a 1797 painting of the prominent actress Mademoiselle Lange as Venus ; Carle Vernet , the son and father of famous painters ; the portrait painter and miniaturist Jean - Baptiste Isabey , known as the `` painter of the kings '' or `` portraitist of Europe '' , who painted queen Marie - Antoinette and empress Joséphine , and remained active until the Second Empire ; the genre painter Louis - Léopold Boilly ; Antoine - Jean Gros , a young history and landscape painter , who soon achieved fame and a government position in 1796 with a heroic portrait of Bonaparte at the battle of Arcole ; the romantic landscapes of Hubert Robert ; Pierre - Paul Prud'hon , whose work combined Neoclassicism and Romanticism ; and a major neoclassical sculptor from the earlier generation , Jean - Antoine Houdon , famous for his busts of George Washington and Voltaire . Making the Louvre into an art museum had first been proposed in 1747 by Étienne La Font de Saint - Yenne and supported by Diderot in 1765 in the article on the Louvre in the Encyclopédie . The idea was accepted by Louis XVI who , in 1789 , began work on the Grande Galerie of the Louvre . The Revolution intervened , and on 27 July 1793 the Convention decreed the creation of a Museum of the Republic ( Musée de la République française ) , which opened on 10 August 1793 , the first anniversary of the storming of the Tuileries . In 1797 , at the end of Bonaparte 's triumphant first Italian campaign , convoys of wagons began arriving in Paris , carrying bronze horses , Greek antiquities , tapestries , marble statues , paintings and other works of art taken from Italian cities under the terms of peace agreed by the Austrians . They included works by Raphael , Leonardo da Vinci , Titian , Paolo Veronese and other masters . Other convoys arrived from the Netherlands and Flanders with more art from the Spanish provinces . The more famous works were displayed on wagons in a festive victory parade through the center of Paris . The rest was crammed , unwrapped , into the corridors , galleries and stairways of the Louvre . Work began to rebuild the Galerie d'Apollon and other galleries to provide a home for the ' newly acquired ' art . Art during the Directory Imaginary view of the gallery of the Louvre as a ruin , by Hubert Robert ( 1796 ) . Louvre , Paris Psyche et l'Amour by François Gérard ( 1797 ) . Louvre Mademoiselle Lange as Venus , by Anne - Louis Girodet ( 1798 ) . Museum der bildenden Künste , Leipzig The Intervention of the Sabine Women by Jacques - Louis David ( 1799 ) . Louvre Furniture and decoration -- the Directoire style ( edit ) Furniture and objects in the Directory style The Directory had no public money to spend on architecture , but the newly - wealthy upper class had abundant money to buy châteaux and town houses , and to redecorate them . The style of interior decoration , known as the Directoire style , was one of the notable contributions of the period . It was a transitional style , a compromise between the Louis XVI style and French neoclassicism . Riesener , the famous furniture designer for Louis XVI , did not die until 1806 , though his clientele changed from the nobility to the wealthy new upper class . The Directory saw the first widespread use of mahogany , an imported tropical wood used in the making of furniture . Literature ( edit ) The Directory period produced a small number of important literary works , often very critical of the excesses of Revolution . These included Essay on the Revolutions by Chateaubriand , published in 1797 , which called for a return to Christian values . At the complete opposite end of the literary scale was the last major work of the Marquis de Sade , The New Justine , published in 1797 . Sade also wrote a satirical brochure mocking thinly - disguised characters resembling Bonapartre and Josephine . Shortly after the end Directory , on 6 March 1801 , Sade was arrested for Justine and its sequel and ended his days in the insane asylum of Charenton . The Directory judged by historians ( edit ) 19th century historians and writers ( edit ) Historians generally have not been kind to the Directory . Adolphe Thiers , later twice the Prime Minister and the first president of the Third Republic , wrote the first major history in French of the Revolution , in ten volumes , published between 1823 and 1827 . He described the Directory this way : `` One of the indispensable qualities of a government is to have good reputation that defends it against unjust attacks . When it has lost this reputation , and when people blame it for the faults of others , and even for bad luck , then it no longer has the ability to govern , and this incapacity should force it to retire . How many governments had been used up during the Revolution ! ... The Directory had been used up like the Committee of Public Safety before it , and the government of Napoleon that followed . All the accusations against the Directory proved not its faults but its nullity . '' Thiers blamed Barras , the only Director who served from the beginning to the end of the Directory , for its failure . `` By a bizarre chance , but one that is seen often in the conflicts within revolutions , public opinion had indulgence for the one Director who merited it the least . Barras alone deserved all that was said of the Directory . First of all , he never worked ; he left to his colleagues all the burden of business . He spoke only a decisive moments , when his voice was stronger than his courage . He occupied himself with nothing . He only concerned himself with the personnel of the government , which best suited his genius at intrigue . He took a share of all the profits of the government suppliers , and alone of the Directors deserved the accusation of corruption . Despite all of his faults , he was treated differently than the others , first of all because , unlike the other four , he was not a lawyer ; and despite his laziness , his debauched habits , his bad manners , and his liaisons with the Jacobins , he alone was credited with 18 Fructidor ( the downfall of Robespierre ) , and he gave the appearance of a man of action , more capable of governing than his colleagues ... He was even treacherous toward his colleagues ; because all of the criticism that he deserved himself he skillfully managed to shift exclusively onto them . '' The most celebrated and vivid description of French society under the Directory was written by the Goncourt brothers , Edmond and Jules , published in 1864 , which described the mores , daily life , culture and preoccupations of the Parisians . Its final chapter contained the lines : `` Like a guest at the end of an orgy , France was weary ; weary of gods , of tribunes , of heroes , of executioners ; weary of struggles , of efforts , of cries , of curses , of enthusiasms , of fevers , of intoxications , of storms , of triumphs , of agonies -- France was weary of revolutions , coups d'états . constitutions , legislatures ... weary of conquests , weary of being saved ; weary of Belgium submissive , Italy conquered ; of Germany , when all the eagles of Germany had been taken to the Invalides , but France was still not the head ; France was weary of climbing into the sky , of amassing empires , of monopolizing the world ; France glutted with glory ; France broken , sleeping on a mattress of corpses , sleeping on a bed of laurels . France , emptied of men , of silver , of crimes , of ideas , of eloquence ; France , like Mirabeau when he was dying , asking of his doctors and his descendants only one single thing : to sleep ! '' The shortest and simplest description of the entire period , from the Convention to the Empire , was given by Honoré de Balzac in 1837 -- 43 in his novel Illusions perdues . The Spanish Jesuit diplomat Carlos Herrera tells Lucien de Rubempré : `` In 1793 the French invented government by the people , which ended with an absolute emperor ... So much for your national history . '' 20th and 21st century historians ( edit ) In 1909 , Pyotr Kropotkin wrote : The Directory was a terribly orgy of the middle classes , in which the fortunes acquired during the Revolution , especially during the Thermidorean reaction , were squandered in unbridled luxury . For if the Revolution had put in circulation eight milliards of paper - money , the Thermidorean reaction went ten times as fast in that direction , for it issued the amazing sum of thirty milliards in paper within fifteen months . In 1971 , Robert Roswell Palmer wrote : The Directory became a kind of ineffective dictatorship . It repudiated most of the assignats ( paper money ) and the debt but failed to restore financial confidence or stability . Guerrilla activity flared up again in the Vendée and other parts of western France . The religious schism became more acute ; the Directory took severe measures toward the refractory clergy ( those who would not swear allegiance to the government ) . In 1971 , the American historians Jerome Blum , Rondo Cameron , and Thomas G. Barnes wrote : `` It was a government of self - interest rather than virtue , thus losing any claim on idealism . It never had a strong base of popular support ; when elections were held , most of its candidates were defeated . Historians have been quite negative on the Directory 's use of military force to overturn election returns that went against them ... Having by this coup d'état forfeited its claim to be a constitutional government , the Directory henceforth clung to power only by such illegal acts as purges and quashed elections . '' In the 1970s , other historians wrote that the achievements of the Directory , were minor , though it did establish administrative procedures and financial reforms that worked out well when Napoleon started using them . It was blamed for creating chronic violence , ambivalent forms of justice , and repeated recourse to heavy - handed repression . In 1994 , Isser Woloch wrote : `` The Terror had left a dual legacy that made such normalcy impossible . On the one hand , massive disengagement , apathy , and cynicism about government ; on the other hand , rancorous , violent hostility between the politically engaged minorities of royalists and Jacobins , between whom the directorial moderates vainly attempted to navigate . Legality became the main casualty in this situation . '' In 2007 , Howard Brown wrote : `` The four years of the Directory were a time of chronic disquiet and the late atrocities had made goodwill between parties impossible . The same instinct of self - preservation which had led the members of the Convention to claim so large a part in the new legislature and the whole of the Directory impelled them to keep their predominance . War was at the center of attention , not only for the survival of France but for the loot and forced payments into the French treasury . Leadership and composition ( edit ) The Directory was officially led by a president , as stipulated by Article 141 of the Constitution of the Year III . An entirely ceremonial post , the first presidency was held by Rewbell who was chosen by lot on 2 Nov 1795 . The directors conducted their elections privately , and appointed a new president every three months . The last president was Gohier , who resigned during Brumaire after his arrest by troops under the Bonapartist general Jean Victor Marie Moreau . The following table displays all Directeurs and their dates of service : Evolution of the Directory 's Composition Centre ( Thermidorians ) Right - wing ( Conservatives - Clichyens ) Left - wing ( Radical republicans ) Undefinited ( Maraisards ) The five directors appointed on 10 Brumaire year IV ( 1 November 1795 ) : Paul Barras 2 November 1795 -- 9 November 1799 Louis - Marie de la Révellière 2 November 1795 -- 18 June 1799 Jean - François Rewbell 2 November 1795 -- 16 May 1799 Lazare Carnot 2 November 1795 -- 4 September 1797 Étienne - François Letourneur 2 November 1795 -- 20 May 1797 François Barthélemy 20 May 1797 -- 4 September 1797 Philippe Antoine Merlin 4 September 1797 -- 18 June 1799 François de Neufchâteau 4 September 1797 -- 15 May 1798 Jean - Baptiste Treilhard 15 May 1798 -- 17 June 1799 Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès 16 May 1799 -- 9 November 1799 Roger Ducos 18 June 1799 -- 9 November 1799 Jean - François Moulin 18 June 1799 -- 10 November 1799 Louis - Jérôme Gohier 17 June 1799 -- 10 November 1799 After the Coup of 18 Brumaire ( 9 November 1799 ) , Barras , Ducos & Sieyès resign . Moulin & Gohier , refusing to resign , were arrested by General Moreau . Ministers ( edit ) The ministers under the Directory were : Ministry Start End Minister Foreign Affairs 3 November 1795 16 July 1797 Charles - François Delacroix 16 July 1797 20 July 1799 Charles Maurice de Talleyrand - Périgord 20 July 1799 10 November 1799 Charles - Frédéric Reinhard Justice 3 November 1795 2 January 1796 Philippe - Antoine Merlin de Douai 2 January 1796 3 April 1796 Jean Joseph Victor Génissieu 3 April 1796 24 September 1797 Philippe - Antoine Merlin de Douai 24 September 1797 20 July 1799 Charles Joseph Mathieu Lambrechts 20 July 1799 10 November 1799 Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès War 3 November 1795 8 February 1796 Jean - Baptiste Annibal Aubert du Bayet 8 February 1796 16 July 1797 Claude Louis Petiet 16 July 1797 22 July 1797 Lazare Hoche 22 July 1797 21 February 1799 Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer 21 February 1799 2 July 1799 Louis Marie de Milet de Mureau 2 July 1799 14 September 1799 Jean - Baptiste Bernadotte 14 September 1799 10 November 1799 Edmond Louis Alexis Dubois - Crancé Finance 3 November 1795 8 November 1795 Martin - Michel - Charles Gaudin 8 November 1795 13 February 1796 Guillaume - Charles Faipoult 13 February 1796 20 July 1799 Dominique - Vincent Ramel - Nogaret 20 July 1799 10 November 1799 Jean - Baptiste Robert Lindet 4 January 1796 3 April 1796 Philippe - Antoine Merlin de Douai Police 3 April 1796 16 July 1797 Charles Cochon de Lapparent 16 July 1797 25 July 1797 Jean - Jacques Lenoir - Laroche 25 July 1797 13 February 1798 Jean - Marie Sotin de La Coindière 13 February 1798 2 May 1798 Nicolas Dondeau 2 May 1798 29 October 1798 Marie Jean François Philibert Lecarlier d'Ardon 29 October 1798 23 June 1799 Jean - Pierre Duval 23 June 1799 20 July 1799 Claude Sébastien Bourguignon 20 July 1799 10 November 1799 Joseph Fouché Interior 3 November 1795 16 July 1797 Pierre Bénézech 16 July 1797 14 September 1797 François de Neufchâteau 14 September 1797 17 June 1798 François Sébastien Letourneux 17 June 1798 22 June 1799 François de Neufchâteau 22 June 1799 10 November 1799 Nicolas Marie Quinette Navy and Colonies 3 November 1795 16 July 1797 Laurent Jean François Truguet 16 July 1797 27 April 1798 Georges René Le Peley de Pléville 27 April 1798 2 July 1799 Étienne Eustache Bruix 2 July 1799 10 November 1799 Marc Antoine Bourdon de Vatry See also ( edit ) Directoire style Paris in the 18th century References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Jean Tulard , Jean - François Fayard , Alfred Fierro , Histoire et dictionnaire de la Révolution française , Robert Laffont , Paris , 1998 , pp. 198 -- 199 . ( In French ) Jump up ^ Tulard 1998 , p. 702 . Jump up ^ J. F , . Bosher , The French Revolution ( 1988 ) , pp. 226 -- 30 Jump up ^ Gershoy , The French Revolution and Napoleon ( 1964 ) pp. 303 -- 8 Jump up ^ Fierro , Alfred , Histoire et dictionnaire de Paris ( 1996 ) , Robert Laffont , p. 608 , ( French ) Jump up ^ Loi du 19 vendémiaire , an 4 . Tableau de l'emplacement des chef lieux de département , published in 1795 , 15 pages ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : Tulard 1998 , p. 375 . Jump up ^ Tulard 1998 , p. 378 . Jump up ^ Tulard 1998 , p. 379 . Jump up ^ Tulard 1998 , p. 199 . Jump up ^ Tulard 1998 , p. 202 . Jump up ^ Tulard 1998 , pp. 204 -- 206 . Jump up ^ Tulard 1998 , p. 564 . Jump up ^ Tulard 1998 , p. 624 . Jump up ^ Tulard 1998 , p. 206 . Jump up ^ Tulard 1998 , pp. 209 - 210 . Jump up ^ Tulard 1998 , pp. 209 -- 210 . Jump up ^ Tulard 1998 , pp. 209 -- 213 . Jump up ^ Tulard 1998 , p. 209 . Jump up ^ John Hall Stewart , A Documentary Survey of the French Revolution ( 1951 ) pp 654 -- 57 Jump up ^ Lefebvre 1977 , pp. 189 . Jump up ^ R.B. Rose , Gracchus Babeuf : The First Revolutionary Communist ( Stanford University Press , 1978 ) Jump up ^ Lefebvre 1977 , pp. 192 -- 194 . ^ Jump up to : Lefebvre 1977 , p. 199 . Jump up ^ Doyle , Oxford History , pp 324 -- 26 Jump up ^ George Rude , The French Revolution : Its Causes , Its History and Its Legacy After 200 Years ( 1991 ) p 122 Jump up ^ Tulard 1998 , p. 223 . Jump up ^ Black , p. 173 . Jump up ^ Soboul 1975 , p. 505 . Jump up ^ Lefebre 1977 , p. 212 . Jump up ^ Furet 1996 , p. 181 . Jump up ^ Tulard 1998 , p. 217 . Jump up ^ Lefebvre 1977 , pp. 218 -- 219 . Jump up ^ Tulard 1998 , p. 392 . Jump up ^ Tulard 1998 , p. 393 . Jump up ^ Lefebvre 1977 , pp. 439 -- 440 . Jump up ^ Albert Soboul , The French Revolution ( 1975 ) p 508 Jump up ^ Tulard 1998 , p. 1030 . ^ Jump up to : Lefebvre 1977 , pp. 441 -- 442 . Jump up ^ Lefebvre 1977 , pp. 452 -- 453 . Jump up ^ Lefebvre , 1977 & page 445 . Jump up ^ See : Seuls les morts ne reviennent jamais : les pionniers de la guillotine sèche en Guyane française , Philippe de Ladebat , ed . Amalthée , France , 2008 -- http://site.voila.fr/fructidor/page1.html Jump up ^ Tulard 1998 , p. 231 . Jump up ^ Histoire générale et impartiale des erreurs , des fautes et des crimes commis pendant la Révolution française , Faubourg Saint - Germain , Paris , 1797 , ( Bibliothèque nationale de France ) ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Lefebvre 1977 , p. 452 . Jump up ^ Lefebvre 1977 , pp. 449 -- 50 . Jump up ^ Lefebvre 1977 , p. 455 . Jump up ^ Tulard 1998 , pp. 232 -- 233 . Jump up ^ Tulard 1998 , pp. 243 -- 244 . Jump up ^ Tulard 1998 , pp. 251 -- 253 . Jump up ^ Tulard 1998 , p. 252 . Jump up ^ Thys , Augustin , La persécution religieuse en Belgique sous le Directoire exécutif , 1798 -- 99 , d'après des documents inédits , Anvers , 1898 , ( 3 ) ( in French ) Jump up ^ Tulard 1998 , p. 245 . Jump up ^ Tulard 1998 , p. 245 - 246 . Jump up ^ Tulard 1998 , pp. 246 -- 247 . Jump up ^ Tulard 1998 , pp. 398 -- 400 . Jump up ^ De Conde , Alexander , The quasi-war : the politics and diplomacy of the undeclared war with France 1797 -- 1801 , Charles Scribner 's Sons , New York , 1966 Jump up ^ Tulard 1998 , p. 256 . ^ Jump up to : Tulard , p. 257 . Jump up ^ Tullard 1998 , p. 408 . Jump up ^ Tulard 1998 , p. 408 . Jump up ^ Tulard 1998 , pp. 248 -- 249 . Jump up ^ Thiers , Adolphe , Histoire de la Révolution française , 1839 ( Ninth edition ) , Volume 10 , Chaper XIII , Project Gutenberg digital edition Jump up ^ Tulard 1998 , p. 257 . Jump up ^ Tulard 1998 , p. 409 . Jump up ^ Tulard , 1998 & page - 543 . Jump up ^ Lefebre 1977 , p. 719 . Jump up ^ Tulard 1998 , p. 241 . Jump up ^ Sefebre 1977 , p. 719 . Jump up ^ Lefebre 1977 , p. 684 . Jump up ^ Tulard , Fayard and Fierro 1998 , pp. 704 -- 705 . ^ Jump up to : Tulard 1998 , p. 260 - 261 . Jump up ^ Lefebvre 1977 , p. 723 . Jump up ^ Tulard 1998 , pp. 261 -- 263 . Jump up ^ Lefebvre 1977 , pp. 723 -- 724 . ^ Jump up to : Tulard 1998 , p. 263 . Jump up ^ Tulard 1998 , pp. 264 -- 265 . Jump up ^ Brun , Jean - François in : Revue historique des armées : Les unités étrangères dans les armées napoléoniennes : un élément de la stratégie globale du Grand Empire ( 4 ) ^ Jump up to : Tulard 1998 , p. 272 . Jump up ^ Tulard 1998 , p. 276 . Jump up ^ Tulard 1998 , p. 277 . Jump up ^ Lefebvre 1977 , pp. 173 -- 174 . Jump up ^ Lefebvre 1977 , p. 449 - 450 . ^ Jump up to : Lefebvre 1977 , p. 508 . Jump up ^ Tulard1998 , p. 884 . Jump up ^ de Goncourt , p. 178 . ^ Jump up to : de Goncourt , p. 185 . Jump up ^ Tissier , André , Les spectacles à Paris pendant la Révolution ... de la proclamation de la République à la fin de la Convention nationale ( 21 septembre 1792 -- 26 octobre 1795 ) , publisher : Droz , 2002 , pp. 363 -- 369 and further ( 5 ) Jump up ^ de Goncourt 1864 , pp. 145 -- 146 . Jump up ^ de Goncourt 1864 , pp. 213 -- 234 . Jump up ^ de Goncourt 1864 , pp. 73 -- 83 . Jump up ^ de Goncourt 1864 , p. 74 . ^ Jump up to : Lefebvre 1977 , pp. 548 -- 559 . Jump up ^ Bibliothèque nationale de France Jump up ^ Lefebvre 1977 , pp. 513 -- 515 . Jump up ^ Lefebvre 1977 , pp. 515 -- 518 . Jump up ^ Lefebvre 1977 , pp. 523 -- 525 . Jump up ^ Lefebvre 1977 , pp. 528 -- 531 . Jump up ^ Lefebvre 1977 , pp. 531 -- 533 . Jump up ^ Lefebvre 1977 , pp. 561 -- 562 ... ^ Jump up to : Lefebvre 1977 , pp. 564 . ^ Jump up to : de Goncourt 1864 , p. 268 . Jump up ^ Napoléon & Empire : Jean - Baptiste Isabey ( 1767 -- 1855 ) Jump up ^ Fierro 1996 , p. 1004 . Jump up ^ de Goncourt 1860 , pp. 283 -- 287 . Jump up ^ Lefebvre . Jump up ^ Tulard1998 , p. 1081 . Jump up ^ Thiers , Adolphe , Histoire de la Révolution française , Volume 10 , Chapter XV , ( 1827 ) . Online version on Project Gutenberg Jump up ^ Thiers , Adolphe , Histoire de la Révolution française , Volume 10 , Chapter XV , ( 1827 ) . Online version on Project Gutenberg Jump up ^ De Goncourt , Edmond et Jules , Histoire de la société française pendant le Directoire , ( 1864 ) Flammarion , Paris Jump up ^ Balzac , Honoré , Illusions perdues , Gallimard , p. 629 . ISBN 2 - 07 - 036062 - 8 Jump up ^ Kropotkin , Pyotr Alexeyevich , The Great French Revolution , 1789 -- 1793 , chapter The 9th Thermidor , translated by N.F. Dryhurst , publisher Cosimo Classics , New York , September 1 , 2009 , p. 571 . ISBN 978 - 1605206608 Jump up ^ R.R. Palmer and Joel Colton , A History of the Modern World , 4th edition , 1971 , p 412 Jump up ^ Jerome Blum , Rondo Cameron , and Thomas G. Barnes , The European World -- A History , 2nd ed. , 1970 , p 488 Jump up ^ Hunt , Lansky and Hanson , ( 1979 ) p 735 Jump up ^ Martyn Lyons , France under the Directory ( 1975 ) , pp. 159 -- 73 Jump up ^ Howard G. Brown ( 2007 ) . Ending the French Revolution : Violence , Justice , and Repression from the Terror to Napoleon . U. of Virginia Press . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Isser Woloch , In the Aftermath of the French Revolution , History Teacher , 1994 , 28 # 1 pp. 7 -- 11 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Howard G , Brown , French revolutionary studies -- A Discredited Regime : The Directory and Army Contracting , in French History , Oxford University Press , 1990 , 4 # 1 pp : 48 -- 76 . Jump up ^ Cheynet , Pierre - Dominique ( 2013 ) . `` France : Presidents of the Executive Directory : 1795 -- 1799 '' . Archontology.org . Retrieved 16 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Lefebvre & Soboul , p. 199 . Jump up ^ Cheynet , Pierre - Dominique ( 2013 ) . `` France : Members of the Executive Directory : 1795 -- 1799 '' . Archontology.org . Archived from the original on 13 October 2013 . Retrieved 16 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Muel , Léon ( 1891 ) . Gouvernements , ministères et constitutions de la France depuis cent ans : Précis historique des révolutions , des crises ministérielles et gouvernementales , et des changements de constitutions de la France depuis 1789 jusqu'en 1890 ... Marchal et Billard . p. 47 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 03 . Bibliography ( edit ) Black , Jeremy ( 2002 ) . From Louis XIV to Napoleon : The Fate of a Great Power . Routledge . ISBN 9780203006382 . Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` French Revolution , The '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 11 . Cambridge University Press . ; excerpts are included in this article Church , Clive H. , The Social Basis of the French Central Bureaucracy under the Directory 1795 -- 1799 , in Past & Present No. 36 , April 1967 , pp. 59 -- 72 in JSTOR Doyle , William ( 1990 ) . The Oxford History of the French Revolution ( 2 ed . ) . Oxford University Press . pp. 318 -- 40 . ISBN 9780199252985 . Fierro , Alfred ( 1996 ) . Histoire et dictionnaire de Paris . Robert Laffont . ISBN 2 - 221 - 07862 - 4 . Furet , François ( 1996 ) . The French Revolution , 1770 -- 1814 : 1770 -- 1814 . France : Blackwell Publishing . ISBN 0 - 631 - 20299 - 4 . Garrioch , David ( 2015 ) . La fabrique du Paris révolutionnaire . La Découverte / Poche . ISBN 978 - 2 - 7071 - 8534 - 1 . de Goncourt , Edmond and Jules ( 1864 ) . Histoire de la société française pendant le Directoire . Ernest Flammarion . Goodwin , A. , The French Executive Directory -- A Revaluation , in History , 1937 , 22.87 pp. 201 -- 218 ; more favorable than most historians Gottschalk , Louis R. , The Era of the French Revolution ( 1715 -- 1815 ) , Houghton Mifflin Company , 1929 , pp. 280 -- 306 Héron de Villefosse , René ( 1959 ) . HIstoire de Paris . Bernard Grasset . Hunt , Lynn , David Lansky and Paul Hanson , The Failure of the Liberal Republic in France , 1795 -- 1799 : The Road to Brumaire , in Journal of Modern History ( 1979 ) 51 # 4 , pp. 734 -- 759 in JSTOR ; statistical profile of the different factions Jainchill , Andrew , The Constitution of the Year III and the Persistence of Classical Republicanism , in French Historical Studies , 2003 , 26 # 3 pp , 399 -- 435 . Lefebvre , Georges ( 1977 ) . La France Sous Le Directoire ( 1795 -- 1799 ) ( in French ) . Éditions Sociales . Lefebvre , Georges , French Revolution from 1793 -- 1799 , Columbia University , 1964 , pp. 171 -- 211 Lefebvre , Georges ; Soboul , Albert ( 1965 ) . The Directory . London : Routledge and Kegan Paul . OCLC 668426465 . Lyon , E. Wilson , The Directory and the United States , in American Historical Review , 1938 , 43 # 3 , pp. 514 -- 532 . in JSTOR Lyons , Martyn . France under the Directory , Cambridge University Press , 1975 . excerpt and text search , in The standard scholarly history Palmer , Robert R , The Age of the Democratic Revolution : A Political History of Europe and America , 1760 -- 1800 , vol 2 : The Struggle , 1964 , pp. 211 -- 62 , 549 -- 76 Ross , Steven T , The Military Strategy of the Directory : The Campaigns of 1799 , in French Historical Studies , 1967 , 5 # 2 pp. 170 -- 187 in JSTOR Rudé , George ( 1988 ) . The French Revolution . New York : Grove Weidenfeld . ISBN 0802132723 . Soboul , Albert ( 1975 ) . ' The French Revolution , 1787 -- 1799 : From the storming of the Bastille to Napoleon . pp. 477 -- 547 . Sutherland , D.M.G. , The French Revolution and Empire : The Quest for a Civic Order , 2nd ed. 2003 , 430 pages , excerpts and text search pp. 263 -- 301 Tulard , Jean ; Fayard , Jean - François ; Fierro , Alfred ( 1998 ) . Histoire et Dictionnaire de la Révolution Française ( in French ) . Robert Laffont . ISBN 2 - 221 - 08850 - 6 . Woronoff , Denis , Thermidorean Regime & the Directory , 1794 -- 1799 , Maison des Sciences de l'Homme , Paris , 1984 , 215 pages Primary sources ( edit ) Stewart , John Hall , ed . A Documentary Survey of the French Revolution ( 1951 ) , pp 654 -- 766 French Directory ( 2 November 1795 to 10 November 1799 ) Directors Lazare Carnot Étienne - François Letourneur Jean - François Rewbell Louis Marie de La Révellière - Lépeaux Paul François Jean Nicolas , vicomte de Barras François - Marie , marquis de Barthélemy Philippe - Antoine Merlin de Douai François de Neufchâteau Jean Baptiste Treilhard Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès Jean - François - Auguste Moulin Louis - Jérôme Gohier Roger Ducos Ministers Foreign Affairs Charles - François Delacroix Charles Maurice de Talleyrand - Périgord Charles - Frédéric Reinhard Justice Philippe - Antoine Merlin de Douai Jean Joseph Victor Génissieu Philippe - Antoine Merlin de Douai Charles Joseph Mathieu Lambrechts Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès War Jean - Baptiste Annibal Aubert du Bayet Claude Louis Petiet Lazare Hoche Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer Louis Marie de Milet de Mureau Jean - Baptiste Bernadotte Edmond Louis Alexis Dubois - Crancé Finance Martin - Michel - Charles Gaudin Guillaume - Charles Faipoult Dominique - Vincent Ramel - Nogaret Jean - Baptiste Robert Lindet Philippe - Antoine Merlin de Douai Police Charles Cochon de Lapparent Jean - Jacques Lenoir - Laroche Jean - Marie Sotin de La Coindière Nicolas Dondeau Marie Jean François Philibert Lecarlier d'Ardon Jean - Pierre Duval Claude Sébastien Bourguignon Joseph Fouché Interior Pierre Bénézech François de Neufchâteau François Sébastien Letourneux François de Neufchâteau Nicolas Marie Quinette Navy and Colonies Laurent Jean François Truguet Georges René Le Peley de Pléville Étienne Eustache Bruix Marc Antoine Bourdon de Vatry Preceded by National Convention Followed by French Consulate French Revolution Causes Timeline Ancien Régime Revolution Constitutional monarchy Republic Directory Consulate Glossary Significant civil and political events by year 1788 Day of the Tiles ( 7 Jun 1788 ) Assembly of Vizille ( 21 Jul 1788 ) 1789 What Is the Third Estate ? ( Jan 1789 ) Réveillon riots ( 28 Apr 1789 ) Convocation of the Estates - General ( 5 May 1789 ) National Assembly ( 17 Jun -- 9 Jul 1790 ) Tennis Court Oath ( 20 Jun 1789 ) National Constituent Assembly ( 9 Jul -- 30 Sep 1791 ) Storming of the Bastille ( 14 Jul 1789 ) Great Fear ( 20 Jul -- 5 Aug 1789 ) Abolition of Feudalism ( 4 - 11 Aug 1789 ) Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen ( 27 Aug 1789 ) Women 's March on Versailles ( 5 Oct 1789 ) 1790 Abolition of the Parlements ( Feb -- Jul 1790 ) Abolition of the Nobility ( 19 Jun 1790 ) Civil Constitution of the Clergy ( 12 Jul 1790 ) 1791 Flight to Varennes ( 20 -- 21 Jun 1791 ) Champ de Mars Massacre ( 17 Jul 1791 ) Declaration of Pillnitz ( 27 Aug 1791 ) The Constitution of 1791 ( 3 Sep 1791 ) Legislative Assembly ( 1 Oct 1791 -- Sep 1792 ) 1792 France declares war ( 20 Apr 1792 ) Brunswick Manifesto ( 25 Jul 1792 ) Paris Commune becomes insurrectionary ( Jun 1792 ) 10th of August ( 10 Aug 1792 ) September Massacres ( Sep 1792 ) National Convention ( 20 Sep 1792 -- 26 Oct 1795 ) First republic declared ( 22 Sep 1792 ) 1793 Execution of Louis XVI ( 21 Jan 1793 ) Revolutionary Tribunal ( 9 Mar 1793 -- 31 May 1795 ) Reign of Terror ( 27 Jun 1793 -- 27 Jul 1794 ) Committee of Public Safety Committee of General Security Fall of the Girondists ( 2 Jun 1793 ) Assassination of Marat ( 13 Jul 1793 ) Levée en masse ( 23 Aug 1793 ) The Death of Marat ( painting ) Law of Suspects ( 17 Sep 1793 ) Marie Antoinette is guillotined ( 16 Oct 1793 ) Anti-clerical laws ( throughout the year ) 1794 Danton and Desmoulins guillotined ( 5 Apr 1794 ) Law of 22 Prairial ( 10 Jun 1794 ) Thermidorian Reaction ( 27 Jul 1794 ) Robespierre guillotined ( 28 Jul 1794 ) White Terror ( Fall 1794 ) Closing of the Jacobin Club ( 11 Nov 1794 ) 1795 Constitution of the Year III ( 22 Aug 1795 ) Conspiracy of the Equals ( Nov 1795 ) Directoire ( 1795 -- 99 ) Council of Five Hundred Council of Ancients 13 Vendémiaire 5 Oct 1795 1797 Coup of 18 Fructidor ( 4 Sep 1797 ) Second Congress of Rastatt ( Dec 1797 ) 1799 Coup of 30 Prairial VII ( 18 Jun 1799 ) Coup of 18 Brumaire ( 9 Nov 1799 ) Constitution of the Year VIII ( 24 Dec 1799 ) Consulate Revolutionary campaigns 1792 Verdun Thionville Valmy Royalist Revolts Chouannerie Vendée Dauphiné Lille Siege of Mainz Jemappes Namur ( fr ) 1793 First Coalition Siege of Toulon ( 18 Sep -- 18 Dec 1793 ) War in the Vendée Battle of Neerwinden ) Battle of Famars ( 23 May 1793 ) Expédition de Sardaigne ( 21 Dec 1792 - 25 May 1793 ) Battle of Kaiserslautern Siege of Mainz Battle of Wattignies Battle of Hondschoote Siege of Bellegarde Battle of Peyrestortes ( Pyrenees ) First Battle of Wissembourg ( 13 Oct 1793 ) Battle of Truillas ( Pyrenees ) Second Battle of Wissembourg ( 26 -- 27 Dec 1793 ) 1794 Battle of Villers - en - Cauchies ( 24 Apr 1794 ) Battle of Boulou ( Pyrenees ) ( 30 Apr -- 1 May 1794 ) Battle of Tournay ( 22 May 1794 ) Battle of Fleurus ( 26 Jun 1794 ) Chouannerie Battle of Tourcoing ( 18 May 1794 ) Battle of Aldenhoven ( 2 Oct 1794 ) 1795 Peace of Basel 1796 Battle of Lonato ( 3 -- 4 Aug 1796 ) Battle of Castiglione ( 5 Aug 1796 ) Battle of Theiningen Battle of Neresheim ( 11 Aug 1796 ) Battle of Amberg ( 24 Aug 1796 ) Battle of Würzburg ( 3 Sep 1796 ) Battle of Rovereto ( 4 Sep 1796 ) First Battle of Bassano ( 8 Sep 1796 ) Battle of Emmendingen ( 19 Oct 1796 ) Battle of Schliengen ( 26 Oct 1796 ) Second Battle of Bassano ( 6 Nov 1796 ) Battle of Calliano ( 6 -- 7 Nov 1796 ) Battle of the Bridge of Arcole ( 15 -- 17 Nov 1796 ) The Ireland Expedition ( Dec 1796 ) 1797 Naval Engagement off Brittany ( 13 Jan 1797 ) Battle of Rivoli ( 14 -- 15 Jan 1797 ) Battle of the Bay of Cádiz ( 25 Jan 1797 ) Treaty of Leoben ( 17 Apr 1797 ) Battle of Neuwied ( 18 Apr 1797 ) Treaty of Campo Formio ( 17 Oct 1797 ) 1798 French invasion of Switzerland ( 28 January -- 17 May 1798 ) French Invasion of Egypt ( 1798 -- 1801 ) Irish Rebellion of 1798 ( 23 May -- 23 Sep 1798 ) Quasi-War ( 1798 -- 1800 ) Peasants ' War ( 12 Oct -- 5 Dec 1798 ) 1799 Second Coalition ( 1798 -- 1802 ) Siege of Acre ( 20 Mar -- 21 May 1799 ) Battle of Ostrach ( 20 -- 21 Mar 1799 ) Battle of Stockach ( 25 Mar 1799 ) Battle of Magnano ( 5 Apr 1799 ) Battle of Cassano ( 27 Apr 1799 ) First Battle of Zurich ( 4 -- 7 Jun 1799 ) Battle of Trebbia ( 19 Jun 1799 ) Battle of Novi ( 15 Aug 1799 ) Second Battle of Zurich ( 25 -- 26 Sep 1799 ) 1800 Battle of Marengo ( 14 Jun 1800 ) Battle of Hohenlinden ( 3 Dec 1800 ) League of Armed Neutrality ( 1800 -- 02 ) 1801 Treaty of Lunéville ( 9 Feb 1801 ) Treaty of Florence ( 18 Mar 1801 ) Algeciras Campaign ( 8 Jul 1801 ) 1802 Treaty of Amiens ( 25 Mar 1802 ) Military leaders French Army Eustache Charles d'Aoust Pierre Augereau Alexandre de Beauharnais Jean - Baptiste Bernadotte Louis - Alexandre Berthier Jean - Baptiste Bessières Guillaume - Marie - Anne Brune Jean François Carteaux Jean Étienne Championnet Chapuis de Tourville Adam Philippe , Comte de Custine Louis - Nicolas Davout Louis Desaix Jacques François Dugommier Thomas - Alexandre Dumas Charles François Dumouriez Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino Louis - Charles de Flers Paul Grenier Emmanuel de Grouchy Jacques Maurice Hatry Lazare Hoche Jean - Baptiste Jourdan François Christophe de Kellermann Jean - Baptiste Kléber Pierre Choderlos de Laclos Jean Lannes Charles Leclerc Claude Lecourbe François Joseph Lefebvre Jacques MacDonald Jean - Antoine Marbot Jean Baptiste de Marbot François Séverin Marceau - Desgraviers Auguste de Marmont André Masséna Bon - Adrien Jeannot de Moncey Jean Victor Marie Moreau Édouard Mortier , duc de Trévise Joachim Murat Michel Ney Pierre - Jacques Osten ( fr ) Nicolas Oudinot Catherine - Dominique de Pérignon Jean - Charles Pichegru Józef Poniatowski Laurent de Gouvion Saint - Cyr Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer Jean - Mathieu - Philibert Sérurier Joseph Souham Jean - de-Dieu Soult Louis - Gabriel Suchet Belgrand de Vaubois Claude Victor - Perrin , Duc de Belluno French Navy Charles - Alexandre Linois Opposition Austria József Alvinczi Archduke Charles , Duke of Teschen Count of Clerfayt ( Walloon ) Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze ( Swiss ) Friedrich Adolf , Count von Kalckreuth Pál Kray ( Hungarian ) Charles Eugene , Prince of Lambesc ( French ) Maximilian Baillet de Latour ( Walloon ) Karl Mack von Leiberich Rudolf Ritter von Otto ( Saxon ) Prince Josias of Saxe - Coburg - Saalfeld Peter Vitus von Quosdanovich Prince Heinrich XV of Reuss - Plauen Johann Mészáros von Szoboszló ( Hungarian ) Karl Philipp Sebottendorf Dagobert von Wurmser Britain Sir Ralph Abercromby Admiral Sir James Saumarez Admiral Sir Edward Pellew Prince Frederick , Duke of York and Albany Dutch Republic William V , Prince of Orange Prussia Charles William Ferdinand , Duke of Brunswick - Wolfenbüttel Frederick Louis , Prince of Hohenlohe - Ingelfingen Russia Alexander Korsakov Alexander Suvorov Spain Luis Firmin de Carvajal Antonio Ricardos Other significant figures and factions Society of 1789 Jean Sylvain Bailly Gilbert du Motier , Marquis de Lafayette François Alexandre Frédéric , duc de la Rochefoucauld - Liancourt Isaac René Guy le Chapelier Honoré Gabriel Riqueti , comte de Mirabeau Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès Charles - Maurice de Talleyrand - Périgord Nicolas de Condorcet Feuillants and monarchiens Madame de Lamballe Madame du Barry Louis de Breteuil Loménie de Brienne Charles Alexandre de Calonne de Chateaubriand Jean Chouan Grace Elliott Arnaud de La Porte Jean - Sifrein Maury Jacques Necker François - Marie , marquis de Barthélemy Guillaume - Mathieu Dumas Antoine Barnave Lafayette Alexandre - Théodore - Victor , comte de Lameth Charles Malo François Lameth André Chénier Jean - François Rewbell Camille Jordan Madame de Staël Boissy d'Anglas Jean - Charles Pichegru Pierre Paul Royer - Collard Girondists Jacques Pierre Brissot Roland de La Platière Madame Roland Father Henri Grégoire Étienne Clavière Marquis de Condorcet Charlotte Corday Marie Jean Hérault Jean Baptiste Treilhard Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve Jean Debry Jean - Jacques Duval d'Eprémesnil Olympe de Gouges Jean - Baptiste Robert Lindet Louis Marie de La Révellière - Lépeaux The Plain Abbé Sieyès de Cambacérès Charles François Lebrun Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot Philippe Égalité Louis Philippe I Mirabeau Antoine Christophe Merlin de Thionville Jean Joseph Mounier Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours François de Neufchâteau Montagnards Maximilien Robespierre Georges Danton Jean - Paul Marat Camille Desmoulins Louis Antoine de Saint - Just Paul Nicolas , vicomte de Barras Louis Philippe I Louis Michel le Peletier de Saint - Fargeau Jacques - Louis David Marquis de Sade Georges Couthon Roger Ducos Jean - Marie Collot d'Herbois Jean - Henri Voulland Philippe - Antoine Merlin de Douai Antoine Quentin Fouquier - Tinville Philippe - François - Joseph Le Bas Marc - Guillaume Alexis Vadier Jean - Pierre - André Amar Prieur de la Côte - d'Or Prieur de la Marne Gilbert Romme Jean Bon Saint - André Jean - Lambert Tallien Pierre Louis Prieur Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac Antoine Christophe Saliceti Hébertists and Enragés Jacques Hébert Jacques Nicolas Billaud - Varenne Pierre Gaspard Chaumette Charles - Philippe Ronsin Antoine - François Momoro François - Nicolas Vincent François Chabot Jean Baptiste Noël Bouchotte Jean - Baptiste - Joseph Gobel François Hanriot Jacques Roux Stanislas - Marie Maillard Charles - Philippe Ronsin Jean - François Varlet Theophile Leclerc Claire Lacombe Pauline Léon Gracchus Babeuf Sylvain Maréchal Others Charles X Louis XVI Louis XVII Louis XVIII Louis Antoine , Duke of Enghien Louis Henri , Prince of Condé Louis Joseph , Prince of Condé Marie Antoinette Napoléon Bonaparte Lucien Bonaparte Joseph Bonaparte Joseph Fesch Joséphine de Beauharnais Joachim Murat Jean Sylvain Bailly Jacques - Donatien Le Ray Guillaume - Chrétien de Malesherbes Talleyrand Thérésa Tallien Gui - Jean - Baptiste Target Catherine Théot List of people associated with the French Revolution Influential thinkers Les Lumières Beaumarchais Edmund Burke Anacharsis Cloots Charles - Augustin de Coulomb Pierre Claude François Daunou Diderot Benjamin Franklin Thomas Jefferson Antoine Lavoisier Montesquieu Thomas Paine Jean - Jacques Rousseau Abbé Sieyès Voltaire Mary Wollstonecraft Cultural impact La Marseillaise French Tricolour Liberté , égalité , fraternité Marianne Bastille Day Panthéon French Republican Calendar Cult of the Supreme Being Cult of Reason Temple of Reason Sans - culottes Metric system Phrygian cap Women in the French Revolution Symbolism in the French Revolution Historiography of the French Revolution Influence of the French Revolution Governments of France ( 1792 -- 1870 ) First Republic ( 1792 -- 1804 ) National Convention Committee of Public Safety French Directory French Consulate First Empire ( 1804 -- 1814 ) Napoleon Provisional Government of 1814 First restoration Hundred Days Provisional Government of 1815 Restoration ( 1814 -- 1830 ) Talleyrand Richelieu ( 1 ) Dessolles Decazes Richelieu ( 2 ) Villèle Martignac Polignac Mortemart July Monarchy ( 1830 -- 1848 ) Paris Municipal Commission Provisional Ministry First ministry of Louis - Philippe Laffitte Casimir Perier Soult ( 1 ) Gérard Maret Mortier de Broglie Thiers ( 1 ) Molé ( 1 ) Molé ( 2 ) Transitional cabinet of 1839 Soult ( 2 ) Thiers ( 2 ) Soult ( 3 ) Guizot Second Republic ( 1848 -- 1852 ) Provisional Government Executive Commission Cavaignac Barrot ( 1 ) Barrot ( 2 ) Hautpoul Petit ministère Faucher Last cabinet of the French Second Republic Louis Napoleon ( 1 ) Louis Napoleon ( 2 ) Second Empire ( 1852 -- 1870 ) Third cabinet of Napoleon III Fourth cabinet of Napoleon III Ollivier Cousin - Montauban Heads of state of France Styled President of the Republic after 1871 , except from 1940 to 1944 ( Chief of State ) and 1944 to 1947 ( Chairman of the Provisional Government ) . 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France topics History Periods Timeline Prehistory Celtic Gaul Roman Gaul Kingdom of the Visigoths Francia West Francia Middle Ages Early modern era Long nineteenth century Revolutionary era Napoleonic era Belle Époque Twentieth century Regimes Absolute monarchy Ancien Régime First Republic First Empire Constitutional monarchy Bourbon Restoration July Monarchy Second Republic Second Empire Government of National Defense Third Republic France during the Second World War Free France Vichy France Provisional Government of the French Republic Fourth Republic Fifth Republic Geography Administrative divisions Cities Islands Lakes Mountains Rivers Politics Constitution Elections presidential Foreign relations Government Human rights Intersex LGBT Judiciary Law enforcement Military Parliament Political parties Economy Agriculture Banking Central bank Economic history Energy Euro Exports Franc ( former currency ) French subdivisions by GDP Stock exchange Taxation Telecommunications Tourism Trade unions Transport Society Crime Demographics Education Health care People Poverty Religion Social class Welfare Culture Architecture Art Cinema ( comedy ) Cuisine Fashion Gardens Language Literature Media Music Philosophy Public holidays Sport Symbols Theatre Outline Book Portal WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=French_Directory&oldid=841966305 '' Categories : French First Republic Collective heads of state Government of France Historical legislatures 1795 events of the French Revolution 1796 events of the French Revolution 1797 events of the French Revolution 1798 events of the French Revolution 1799 events of the French Revolution 1795 establishments in France 1799 disestablishments in France Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from May 2011 Articles containing French - language text Articles needing additional references from October 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from December 2016 CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Interlanguage link template link number Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Ido Italiano ქართული Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 33 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 May 2018 , at 08 : 28 . 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"The Directory or Directorate (French: le Directoire) was a five-member committee which governed France from 1795, when it replaced the Committee of Public Safety. On 9 November 1799, it was overthrown by Napoleon Bonaparte in the Coup of 18 Brumaire and replaced by the French Consulate. It gave its name to the final four years of the French Revolution."
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"a five-member committee"
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-277616425978133946 | PlayStation 4 technical specifications | PlayStation 4 technical specifications - wikipedia PlayStation 4 technical specifications Jump to : navigation , search The PlayStation 4 technical specifications describe the various components of the PlayStation 4 ( PS4 ) video game console . Contents ( hide ) 1 Versions 1.1 PlayStation 4 Pro 2 Processors and memory 2.1 APU 2.1. 1 Central processing units 2.1. 2 Graphics processing unit 2.1. 3 Audio processing unit 2.1. 4 Memory controller 2.1. 4.1 System memory ( RAM ) 2.2 Auxiliary processor 3 Storage 3.1 Blu - ray disc 3.2 DVD 3.3 Hard drive 3.4 Other 4 Input and output 4.1 Hardware modules 5 Power usage 6 See also 7 References 7.1 Sources Versions ( edit ) The original released 500GB HDD PS4s had manufacture serial numbers of the form CUH - 10XXA ; a minor modification with a different form of WiFi Microstrip antenna was registered in mid 2014 as part numbers CUH - 11XXA . In 2015 , the CUH - 12 series as variants CUH - 1215A and CUH - 1215B ( with 500GB and 1TB storage respectively ) were certified in the USA by the FCC . Differences between the CUH - 11 and CUH - 12 series included a reduction in rated power from 250W to 230W , a reduction in weight from 2.8 to 2.5 kg , and physical buttons . The CUH - 12xx series are also referred to as the `` C chassis '' variant of the PS4 . In late June 2015 , a 1TB CUH - 11 series machine was announced for European / PAL markets . The CUH - 1200 series was officially announced in June 2015 , releasing first in Japan , then worldwide . Changes to the design included a matte black HDD cover replacing the original gloss black version . Other minor changes to the design included mechanical buttons replacing electrostatic touch sensitive ones , and a shorter LED indicator on the top surface of the console . Internally the CUH - 12 series included a number of minor changes , including the change to 8 memory modules of 1 GB ( from a previous 16 modules of 512 MB ) . At a PlayStation official event in New York ( USA ) in September 2016 Sony officially announced a new redesigned PS4 , the CUH - 2000 series , ( known colloquially as the `` PS4 slim '' ) for sale from 15 Sep at $299 , € 299 , £ 259 , or 29,980 Yen for the base 500GB model . According to a Sony press release the new model ( CUH - 2000 ) was 16 % lighter and used 28 % less energy than the CUH - 1200 series . A 1TB model at 34,980 Yen was also announced . At the same event a more powerful variant , named the `` PS4 Pro '' was also announced , designed for 4K and HDR displays . PlayStation 4 Pro ( edit ) The upgraded ' PS4 Pro ' ( originally codenamed ' Neo ' , product code CUH - 7000 ) uses a more powerful APU initially built with a 16 nm FinFET process from TSMC . While the number of logical processor cores ( 8 ) remained the same , CPU clock speed was increased from 1.6 GHz to 2.13 GHz ( 33.1 % improvement in CPU core clockrate ) , but with the underlying architecture unchanged . The number of graphics Compute Units on the APU was doubled to 36 Graphics Core Next ( GCN ) Compute Units ( from 18 ) , with a clock speed increase to 911 MHz ( from 800 MHz ) , resulting in a theoretical single precision floating point performance metric of 4.19 TeraFLOPs . Compared to the original PS4 GPU , this is a 2.27 X increase in single precision FLOPs . Improvements in GPU 16 - bit variable float calculations derived from the newer AMD Vega architecture result in the PS4 Pro having a theoretical half precision floating point performance of 8.39 TeraFLOPs . Overall unified system memory architecture has been improved , with the addition of another 1GB segment of DDR3 DRAM . The PS4 Pro is able to use this increase in memory to swap out non-gaming applications that run in the background , like Netflix and Spotify . As a side benefit to this , an additional 512MB of GDDR5 is available for developers to use for games adding up to 5.5 GB , as opposed to the 5GB available on base PS4 hardware . GDDR5 memory speed was increased from 5.5 Gbit / s ( or 4x 1.375 GHz ) to 6.8 Gbit / s ( or 4x 1.7 GHz ) increasing total memory bandwidth to 217.6 GB / s which correlates to a 23.8 % improvement . Some elements added to the design were derived from AMD 's newer Polaris and newer architectures ; such new features of the processor included a HEVC video codec supporting up to 4k resolution . Other specification changes included HDMI output to HDMI 2.0 b standard , with HDCP 2.2 compliance . Wireless networking included 5 GHz band support using the IEEE 802.11 ac standard , and Bluetooth support was to version 4.0 ; wired LAN was as the original PS4 . The rated power of the original PS4 Pro was 310W . The PS4 Pro does not support Ultra HD Blu - ray ( UHD BD ) discs , used for 4K content , as the BD - ROM internal drive does not support the BDXL format ( 100GB + ) required for 4K video , on preliminary tests the console is able to recognize and play these discs on a 4K capable USB3. 0 external disc drive . The decision not to upgrade was predicated primarily on cost . Processors and memory ( edit ) `` ( We ) have not built an APU quite like that for anyone else in the market . It is by far the most powerful APU we have built to date '' . -- John Taylor , AMD The PlayStation 4 uses a semi-custom Accelerated Processing Unit ( APU ) developed by AMD in cooperation with Sony and is manufactured by TSMC on a 28 nm process node . Its APU is a single - chip that combines a central processing unit ( CPU ) and graphics processing unit ( GPU ) , as well as other components such as a memory controller and video decoder / encoder . The console also includes secondary custom chips that handle tasks associated with downloading , uploading , and social gameplay . These tasks can be handled seamlessly in the background during gameplay or while the system is in sleep mode . Though not much is publicly known of the PS4 's audio capabilities , the console also contains a dedicated hardware audio module , which can support in - game chat with minimal external resources as well as `` a very large number '' of MP3 streams for use in in - game audio . APU ( edit ) The main APU ( 2013 release ) had a die size of 19 by 18.3 mm ( 0.75 by 0.72 in ) , with GPUs , CPUs and memory controllers on the same die . 2013 release version APUs contained 20 GCN compute units on die , two of which are thought to be present to provide redundancy to improve manufacturing yield . CPUs plus CPU caches make up approximately 15 % of the chip area , and the GPU compute units take up approximately 33 % of the 348 mm ( 0.539 sq in ) die area . Device CPU GPU Memory ( GDDR5 ) Special features μArch Cores Frequency L2 cache GFLOPS μArch Cores Frequency GFLOPS Pixel fillrate ( GP / s ) Texture fillrate ( GT / s ) Amount ( GB ) Bus width ( bit ) Bus type Bandwidth ( GB / s ) PS4 Jaguar dual 4 core modules 1.6 GHz 2 × 2 MB 102.4 GCN 2 1152 : 72 : 32 800 MHz 1843.2 ( FP16 / 32 ) 25.6 57.6 8 GB 256 GDDR5 176 8 ACEs in the GPU and additional modules PS4 Pro Jaguar dual 4 core modules 2.13 GHz 2 x 2 MB 134.4 GCN 4 2304 : 144 : 64 911 MHz 4197.8 ( FP32 ) 8395.7 ( FP16 ) 58.3 131.2 8 GB 256 GDDR5 217.6 1GB of DDR3 RAM for OS and Swapping Calculates 2 half - precision floats simultaneously Unified shaders : texture mapping unit : render output unit Pixel fillrate is calculated as the number of ROPs multiplied by the base core clock speed . Texture fillrate is calculated as the number of TMUs multiplied by the base core clock speed . Central processing units ( edit ) The central processing unit ( CPU ) consists of two x86 - 64 quad - core modules for a total of eight cores , which are based on the Jaguar CPU architecture from AMD . Each core has 32 kB L1 instruction and data caches , with one shared 2 MB L2 cache per four core module . The CPU 's base clock speed is said to be 1.6 GHz . That produces a theoretical peak performance of 102.4 SP GFLOPS . Graphics processing unit ( edit ) GPU specifications 1152 Stream Processors 72 Texture mapping units 32 Raster operators 18 Compute units 8 Asynchronous compute units ( 64 queues ) 1.843 TeraFLOPs The graphics processing unit ( GPU ) is AMD 's GPGPU - capable Radeon GCN architecture , consisting of 18 compute units ( CUs ) for a total of 1,152 cores ( 64 cores per CU ) , that produces a theoretical peak performance of 1.84 TFLOPS . This processing power can be used for graphics , physics simulation , or a combination of the two , or any other tasks suited for general purpose compute . GPU is mostly based on the Bonaire architecture using GCN 1.1 technology . Though based on AMD 's GCN architecture , there are several known differentiating factors between the PS4 's GPU and current - gen PC graphics cards featuring first - gen GCN architecture : An additional dedicated 20 GB / s bus that bypasses L1 and L2 GPU cache for direct system memory access , reducing synchronisation challenges when performing fine - grain GPGPU compute tasks . L2 cache support for simultaneous graphical and asynchronous compute tasks through the addition of a ' volatile ' bit tag , providing control over cache invalidation , reducing the impact of simultaneous graphical and general purpose compute operations . An upgrade from 2 to 64 sources for compute commands , improving compute parallelism and execution priority control . This enables finer - grain control over load - balancing of compute commands including superior game - engine integration . Audio processing unit ( edit ) Sharing the die with the rest of the components of the APU is a Digital signal processing SIP block that is either identical to AMD TrueAudio or shares a certain amount of similarities with it . Memory controller ( edit ) The rest of the microchip consists of the on - die memory controller , which is shared by the CPU and the GPU and some additional logic concerned with memory access . With AMD being a founding member of and Sony a contributor to the HSA Foundation the uncore of the PlayStation 4 supports several of the features promoted by the Heterogeneous System Architecture like e.g. hUMA ( heterogeneous Uniform Memory Access ) . This means the system memory is not partitioned , so that a portion of it is exclusively available to the GPU , but unified , hence enabling hardware zero - copy . System memory ( RAM ) ( edit ) The PS4 contains a total of 8 GB ( 16 × 0.5 GB ( 512 MiB ) for CUH10XX / CUH11XX models or 8 x 1 GB ( 1024 MiB ) for CUH12XX models memory chips ) of GDDR5 unified system memory , and is capable of running at a maximum clock frequency of 2.75 GHz ( 5500 MT / s ) with a maximum bandwidth of 176 GB / s . This is 16 times the amount of total RAM found in the PS3 and is expected to give the console considerable longevity . The unified memory architecture allows the CPU and GPU to access a consolidated memory , removing the need for separate , dedicated memory pools . Auxiliary processor ( edit ) PS4 includes a secondary ARM processor ( with separate 256 MiB of RAM ) to assist with background functions and OS features . Storage ( edit ) Blu - ray disc ( edit ) The read - only optical drive reads Blu - ray discs at 6 × constant angular velocity for a maximum read speed of 27 MB / s -- a significant upgrade from the PS3 's 2 × speeds that were capped at 9 MB / s . To further enhance optical drive performance , the PS4 features a hardware on - the - fly zlib decompression module ( a special piece of hardware used to quickly decompress the data on the Blu - ray disc , which has been compressed to save space and bandwidth ) , allowing for greater effective bandwidth , whilst at the same time , the console continuously caches data onto its hard disk , even buffering unread data when a game is not actively accessing the optical drive , forming part of Sony 's PlayGo strategy . Although a new Blu - ray disc technology was created specifically for 4K resolution , the console 's disk drive does not support the new format due to cost . The console does however support photos and videos at 4K resolution with only the PlayStation 4 Pro model being capable of rendering games in 4K . Dvd ( edit ) The read - only optical drive also reads DVDs . It does not read CDs as of right now . Hard drive ( edit ) The console includes a 2.5 '' 500 GB or 1 TB hard drive , which can be upgraded by the user . Other ( edit ) An additional 256 MB chip ( using a 2 Gbit DDR3 SDRAM chip in the 2013 release ) is fitted , thought to be used by the auxiliary processor . An additional 32 MB ( 256 Mbit ) flash memory chip is also fitted . System Software 4.50 , which was introduced on March 9 , 2017 , enabled the use of external USB hard drives up to 8 TB for additional storage . Input and output ( edit ) The PlayStation 4 features 802.11 b / g / n WiFi connectivity , Ethernet ( 10BASE - T , 100BASE - TX and 1000BASE - T ) , Bluetooth 2.1 , and two USB 3.0 ports . An auxiliary port is also included for connection to the PlayStation Camera , a motion detection digital camera device first introduced on the PS2 . A mono headset , which can be plugged into the DualShock 4 , comes bundled with the system . Audio / video output options include HDMI and optical S / PDIF . The PlayStation 4 does not have an analog audio / video output . The PS4 Slim ( CUH - 2000 series ) features IEEE 802.11 a / b / g / n / ac wifi , Bluetooth ® v4. 0 and Super-Speed USB ( USB 3.1 Gen1 ) port × 2 while the PS4 PRO ( CUH - 7000 series ) features Super-Speed USB ( USB 3.1 Gen. 1 ) port × 3 , IEEE 802.11 a / b / g / n / ac wifi and Bluetooth ® 4.0 ( LE ) . Hardware modules ( edit ) Module Name Purpose / capability Ref . AMD TrueAudio This package of user - programmable audio DSPs offloads audio processing from the CPU . Possible effects include 3D audio effects , audio compression and decompression , reverberation , and voice stream processing . Upload / download Capable of uploading and downloading data to the hard disk Video compression / decompression Capable of encoding / decoding video formats on - the - fly . These modules are AMD 's UVD for hardware video decoding and AMD 's VCE for hardware video encoding , used for recording SharePlay videos in the background . Zlib decoder Decoding of compressed data from the Blu - ray optical drive WiFi module Marvell Wireless Avastar 88W8797 Wireless communication : IEEE 802.11 b / g / n , Bluetooth 2.1 ( EDR ) . Skyworks 2614B 315BB HDMI module HDMI output Ethernet controller Marvell Alaska 88EC060 - NNB2 Ethernet 10 / 100 / 1000 support USB controller USB 3.0 support Power usage ( edit ) Power usage Standby mode 10 W Standby mode ( with download ) 70 W Idle on menu 89 -- 91 W Blu - ray 93 -- 96 W Netflix 93 W Game installation 108 -- 116 W Gaming ( Resogun ) 130 -- 139 W Gaming ( Killzone ) 144 -- 151 W The PS4 is powered via an internal wide voltage range ( 110 -- 240 V AC 50Hz / 60Hz ) switched - mode power supply . The originally released version had a maximum power rating of 250 W. According to tests by Eurogamer , initial consoles drew approximately 80 W when operational in menu mode , rising to around 110 -- 120 W in gameplay , with peaks of 140 W with both gameplay and menus active , tests by the Natural Resources Defense Council showed similar power consumption figures with 137 W gameplay peaks ( with PS4 Camera connected ) ; power consumption in ( internet connected ) standby mode was measured at 8.8 W under the same conditions , with a lower power `` off '' state drawing 0.5 W . The PS4 cooling system uses a single centrifugal fan , which draws air in from both sides of the console , split into flows above and below the main PCB , before entering the fan from top and bottom ; the fan exhaust then cools the main APU via a heat pipe - connected heatsink , with the exhaust passing over the main power supply before being emitted from the rear of the console . The CUH - 1200 model update power supply rating reduced from 250W to 230W , with gameplay , and standby download power usages reduced to around 82 % of the previous version 's values ( 148.6 to 122W running Dragon Quest Heroes , 70 to 58W in standby download mode ) . The `` PS4 slim '' ( official CUH - 2000 series ) released in Sep 2016 reduced the rating of the powersupply to 165W ; according to Tweaktown the reduction in power requirements was due to the main APU being made at a 16 nm scale , down from 28 nm . Sony claimed power use reductions of 28 % compared to the CUH - 1200 series , and 34 % compared to the original CUH - 1000 series . See also ( edit ) PlayStation technical specifications PlayStation 2 technical specifications PlayStation 3 technical specifications References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` New PS4 and PS3 Models Revealed by Certification Request Filed by Sony '' , www.dualshockers.com , 21 May 2014 Jump up ^ `` New PS4 Model Certified by the FCC : First Difference and Official Label Appear '' , www.dualshockers.com , 31 May 2014 Jump up ^ `` New PS4 Models CUH - 12XXA and CUH - 12XXB Certified by FCC : Include 1 Terabyte HDD Option '' , www.dualshockers.com , 2 June 2015 Jump up ^ `` OET Exhibits List - ( search results for FCC ID AK8CUH120Z1 ) '' , fcc.gov , retrieved 24 June 2015 Jump up ^ `` PS4 Ultimate Player 1TB Edition , Updated PS4 CUH - 1200 Series Announced '' , www.nextpowerup.com , 27 June 2015 Jump up ^ Morgan , Thomas ( 14 Sep 2015 ) , `` PlayStation 4 CUH - 1200 ' C - Chassis ' review '' , Eurogamer Jump up ^ `` PS4 `` Ultimate Player Edition '' With 1 Terabyte Hard Disk Announced `` , www.dualshockers.com , 22 June 2015 Jump up ^ `` 新型 「 プレイステーション 4 」 ( CUH - 1200 シリーズ ) 2015 年 6 月 下旬 より 全 世界 で 順次 発売 '' , www.jp.playstation.com ( in Japanese ) , 22 June 2015 Jump up ^ `` Sony Officially Announces New CUH - 1200 PS4 ; Lighter and Consumes Less Power -- No Price Cut '' , www.dualshockers.com , 22 June 2015 Jump up ^ `` SONY COMPUTER ENTERTAINMENT TO LAUNCH NEW PLAYSTATION ® 4 WORLDWIDE STARTING FROM JAPAN AT END OF JUNE '' , scei.co.jp , 22 June 2015 Jump up ^ Barker , Sammy ( 24 June 2015 ) , `` The Lighter PS4 Also Has a Few Other Changes '' , www.pushsquare.com Jump up ^ Λιάσκος , Λουκάς ( 22 June 2015 ) , `` Further differences between CUH - 1100 and CUH - 1200 PS4 '' , medium.com Jump up ^ `` First Teardown of PS4 CUH - 1200 New Model Shows More Differences with CUH - 1100 '' , www.dualshockers.com , 1 July 2015 ^ Jump up to : `` 小型 ・ 軽量 化 を 実現 した 新型 「 プレイステーション 4 」 ( CUH - 2000 シリーズ ) 2016 年 9 月 より 29,980 円 で 発売 '' , www.jp.playstation.com ( in Japanese ) , 8 Sep 2016 Jump up ^ `` PS4 Slim Officially Announced ; it Will Cost $299 '' , www.dualshockers.com , 7 Sep 2016 Jump up ^ `` '' PlayStation 4 Pro '' Officially Announced : More GPU Power and a Boosted CPU `` , www.dualshockers.com , 7 Sep 2016 Jump up ^ Falcone , John ( 9 Aug 2016 ) , `` PS4 Neo expected as Sony makes September 7 PlayStation event official '' , www.cnet.com , Andrew House , the president and CEO of Sony Interactive Entertainment , had confirmed that an updated version of the PS4 was on the drawing board in a pre-E3 interview with the Financial Times in June . While the console was n't shown or mentioned at the annual gaming confab , the story confirmed the `` Neo '' code name Jump up ^ `` Sony PS4 upgrade to include UltraHD and richer graphics '' , www.ft.com ^ Jump up to : 西川 善司 ( 9 Sep 2016 ) , `` 西川 善司 の 3DGE : PS4 Pro , そして 新型 PS4 は いかなる ゲーム マシン な のか . '' , www.4gamer.net ( in Japanese ) Jump up ^ PlayStation ( official twitter feed ) , twitter , 7 Sep 2016 , PS4 Pro to take PS4 experience to new heights . GPU based on elements of AMD 's Polaris tech , and some beyond Jump up ^ PlayStation Meeting 2016 , Youtube , 7 Sep 2016 , 18min55sec - 19min02sec , ( Mark Cerny ) `` ( we ) adopted many new features from the AMD Polaris architecture , as well as several even beyond it . '' Jump up ^ Lawrence Latif . AMD to sell a cut down version of Sony 's Playstation 4 APU , The Inquirer , February 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A Look at Sony 's Playstation 4 Core Processor '' . ChipWorks. 15 November 2013 . Archived from the original on 16 November 2013 . Retrieved 16 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Taylor , John ( February 21 , 2013 ) . `` AMD and The Sony PS4 . Allow Me To Elaborate '' . Retrieved February 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 「 壁 の ない ゲーム 環境 」 を 目指す PS4 '' . Jump up ^ Conditt , Jessica ( February 20 , 2013 ) . `` PS4 allows playing games as they 're downloading '' . Retrieved February 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Williams , Mike ( February 20 , 2013 ) . `` Articles Register Sony reveals developer - centric PlayStation 4 '' . Retrieved February 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Seifert , Dan ( February 20 , 2013 ) . `` Sony PlayStation 4 games can be played while they are downloading '' . Retrieved February 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Inside the PlayStation 4 With Mark Cerny '' . Retrieved June 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Young et al. 2013 , The Main Processor , p. 1 . 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Jump up ^ AMD 's Jaguar Architecture : The CPU Powering Xbox One , PlayStation 4 , Kabini & Temash Jump up ^ Orlan , Kyle ( 28 March 2013 ) , `` Sony dives deep into the PS4 's hardware power , controller features '' , www.wired.co.uk Jump up ^ Paul Rayne . Playstation 4 Vs Xbox One GPU , redgamingtech.com , 4 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Sony Computer Entertainment Inc . ( February 21 , 2013 ) . `` SONY COMPUTER ENTERTAINMENT INC . INTRODUCES PLAYSTATION ® 4 ( PS4 TM ) '' . Retrieved February 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cerny , Mark . `` Inside the PlayStation 4 With Mark Cerny '' . Gamasutra . Retrieved 29 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Playstation 4 Audio DSP Based On AMD 's PC TrueAudio Technology '' . Jump up ^ `` PlayStation supports unified memory , Xbox One does not '' . Heinz Heise. 2013 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Analysis : PlayStation 4 beats Xbox One '' . Heinz Heise. 2013 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Interview : PS4 Developer Discusses Design Philosophy '' . April 1 , 2013 . Retrieved November 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Femmel , Kevin ( February 20 , 2013 ) . `` Sony reveals the PS4 : New controller , 8GB RAM , does n't play PS3 discs and more '' . Gimme Gimme Games . Retrieved February 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Yin - Poole , Wesley ( February 22 , 2013 ) . `` PS4 : PC - like architecture , 8GB RAM delight developers '' . Retrieved February 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Leadbetter , Richard ( February 21 , 2013 ) . `` Spec Analysis : PlayStation 4 '' . Eurogamer.net . Retrieved February 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sony PlayStation 4 Torn Down , Reveals Secondary ARM Processor , nextpowerup.com , November 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kuchera , Ben ( January 17 , 2007 ) . `` Is Blu - ray really a good medium for games ? '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved February 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Playing videos on discs '' . PlayStation 4 Users Guide . Sony Computer Entertainment , Inc . Archived from the original on 26 December 2013 . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sony Computer Entertainment ( June 11 , 2013 ) . `` PLAYSTATION ® 4 ( PS4 TM ) DESIGN AND PRICE UNVEILED , AVAILABLE AT $399 IN U.S. AND AT € 399 IN EUROPE '' ( PDF ) . www.scei.co.jp . Retrieved June 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sony 's PlayStation 4 Eye is a $59 add - on , PS4 packs an upgradable 500GB HDD inside '' . Engadget . June 10 , 2013 . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` PS4 Ultimate Player 1TB Edition , Updated PS4 CUH - 1200 Series Announced '' . www.nextpowerup.com . June 22 , 2015 . Retrieved June 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Young et al. 2013 , Other Devices of Interest . ^ Jump up to : Ifixit PS4 teardown , step 20 Jump up ^ `` PS4 Update 4.50 Now Out , Full Patch Notes Released '' . PlayStation LifeStyle. 2017 - 03 - 09 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ Gartenberg , Chaim ( February 3 , 2017 ) . `` The PS4 will support external hard drives in upcoming update '' . The Verge . Retrieved February 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sony Computer Entertainment Inc. ( 21 February 2013 ) . `` SONY COMPUTER ENTERTAINMENT INTRODUCES WIRELESS CONTROLLER FOR PLAYSTATION ® 4 ( DUALSHOCK ® 4 ) AND PLAYSTATION ® 4 EYE '' . Retrieved February 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Grant Brunner ( June 18 , 2013 ) . `` Sony issues correction : PS4 will not support analog output ( Updated ) '' . ExtremeTech . Retrieved June 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sony Computer Entertainment Inc . ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` Sony Interactive Entertainment To Launch Slimmer and Lighter Playstation 4 In September , Available at 29,980 Yen , $299 , € 299 and £ 259 '' . Playstation . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ press - release ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` Playstation 4 Pro Launches Across The U.S. And Canada ) '' . Playstation . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tech specs '' . Playstation . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ Smith , Ryan ( November 13 , 2013 ) . `` PS4 Spec Update : Audio DSP Is Based On AMD 's TrueAudio '' . AnandTech . Retrieved January 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Young et al. 2013 , The WiFi Module . Jump up ^ Ifixit PS4 teardown , step 21 Jump up ^ Orland , Kyle ( November 15 , 2013 ) . `` PlayStation 4 hardware review : Off to a mixed start '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved November 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ifixit PS4 teardown , step 14 ^ Jump up to : `` PS4 の エレガント な デザイン を 可能 に した こだわり の 冷却 設計 と は ― ― PS4 は PS3 で 培っ た ノウハウ の 集大成 '' , www.famitsu.com ( in Japanese ) , 17 January 2014 Jump up ^ Leadbetter , Richard ( 29 November 2013 ) , `` Hardware Test : PlayStation 4 '' , www.eurogamer.net Jump up ^ Hruska , Jeol ( 18 December 2013 ) , `` PS4 , Xbox One power consumption analysis points to Sony advantage and future efficiency gains '' , www.extremetech.com Jump up ^ Strickland , Derek ( 20 January 2014 ) , `` Sony engineer unveils the ' functional beauty ' of the PS4 ′ s cooling system '' , vr-zone.com Jump up ^ `` 静音 性 と 冷却 性 を 両立 した PlayStation 4 本体 設計 者 が 語る 改善 の 歴史 '' , www.inside-games.jp ( in Japanese ) , 16 January 2014 Jump up ^ Shaikh , Sehran ( 27 June 2015 ) , `` New PS4 Model CUH - 1200 vs Standard PS4 : Power Consumption , Ports and Other Differences Detailed With Unboxing Video '' , www.gamepur.com Jump up ^ `` PS4 Slim 's Hardware Specs Officially Announced ; 500 GB and 1 TB Models Revealed '' , www.dualshockers.com , 7 Sep 2016 Jump up ^ Strickland , Derek , `` New PS4 Slim features shrunken 16nm APU '' , www.tweaktown.com Sources ( edit ) Young , C. ; Crane , T. ; Morrison , J. ; James , D. ; Gamache , P. ( 15 November 2013 ) , `` Inside the Sony PS4 '' , www.chipworks.com , archived from the original on 3 December 2013 also in `` PlayStation 4 Teardown '' , www.ifixit.com , Nov 2013 , archived from the original on 22 Jan 2014 ( hide ) PlayStation Sony Interactive Entertainment Sony Interactive Entertainment Worldwide Studios Consoles Home consoles PlayStation Models Main hardware PlayStation 2 Models Main hardware PlayStation 3 Models Main hardware System software PlayStation 4 Main hardware System software Handhelds PlayStation Portable System software PlayStation Vita System software Miscellaneous PocketStation PSX PlayStation TV Games PS1 games Best - selling PS one Classics NA PAL JP PS2 games Best - selling Online games HD games PS2 Classics for PS3 PS2 games for PS4 PS3 games Best - selling Physical Digital only Physical and digital 3D games PS Move games PS Now games PS4 games Best - selling Physical PSVR PSP games Physical and digital System software compatibilities PS Minis Other PS Vita games A -- L M -- Z PS Mobile games TurboGrafx - 16 Classics NEOGEO Station Classics HD Instant Game Collection NA PAL Asia Japan China Reprints Greatest Hits Essentials The Best BigHit Series Network PlayStation Network 2011 outage Central Station FirstPlay PlayStation App PlayStation Blog PlayStation Home PlayStation Mobile PlayStation Music PlayStation Now PlayStation Store PlayStation Video PlayStation Vue PS2 online Room for PSP VidZone Accessories Controllers PlayStation Controller PlayStation Mouse Analog Joystick Dual Analog DualShock Sixaxis PlayStation Move Cameras EyeToy Go ! Cam PlayStation Eye PlayStation Camera Miscellaneous Multitap Link Cable PS2 accessories PS2 Headset PS3 accessories PlayTV Wonderbook PlayStation VR Kits Net Yaroze PS2 Linux GScube OtherOS Zego Media Magazines Official U.S. PlayStation Magazine PlayStation : The Official Magazine PlayStation Official Magazine -- UK PlayStation Official Magazine -- Australia PlayStation Underground Advertisements Double Life Mountain PlayStation marketing Characters Toro Polygon Man Kevin Butler Marcus Rivers Arcade boards Namco System 11 System 12 System 10 System 246 System 357 Related Super NES CD - ROM Sony Ericsson Xperia Play Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PlayStation_4_technical_specifications&oldid=825571072 '' Categories : PlayStation 4 Video game hardware Hidden categories : CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Use dmy dates from March 2014 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 14 February 2018 , at 04 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what kind of processor is in a ps4 | [
"The upgraded 'PS4 Pro' (originally codenamed 'Neo',[17][18] product code CUH-7000) uses a more powerful APU initially built with a 16 nm FinFET process from TSMC. While the number of logical processor cores (8) remained the same, CPU clock speed was increased from 1.6 GHz to 2.13 GHz (33.1% improvement in CPU core clockrate), but with the underlying architecture unchanged. The number of graphics Compute Units on the APU was doubled to 36 Graphics Core Next (GCN) Compute Units (from 18), with a clock speed increase to 911 MHz (from 800 MHz), resulting in a theoretical single precision floating point performance metric of 4.19 TeraFLOPs. Compared to the original PS4 GPU, this is a 2.27X increase in single precision FLOPs. Improvements in GPU 16-bit variable float calculations derived from the newer AMD Vega architecture result in the PS4 Pro having a theoretical half precision floating point performance of 8.39 TeraFLOPs."
] | [
"a 16 nm FinFET process from TSMC"
] |
2256979099326815017 | United States Constitution | United states Constitution - Wikipedia United states Constitution United States Constitution Page one of the original copy of the Constitution Created September 17 , 1787 Ratified June 21 , 1788 Date effective March 4 , 1789 ; 229 years ago ( 1789 - 03 - 04 ) Location National Archives , Washington , D.C. Author ( s ) Philadelphia Convention Signatories 39 of the 55 delegates Purpose To replace the Articles of Confederation ( 1777 ) This article is part of a series on the Constitution of the United States of America Preamble and Articles of the Constitution Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments to the Constitution Bill of Rights II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXI XXII XXIII XXIV XXV XXVI XXVII Unratified Amendments Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Child Labor Equal Rights D.C. Voting Rights History Drafting and ratification timeline Convention Signing Federalism Republicanism Full text of the Constitution and Amendments Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments I -- X Amendments XI -- XXVII Unratified Amendments United States portal U.S. Government portal Law portal Wikipedia book This article is part of a series on the Politics of the United States of America Federal Government ( show ) Constitution of the United States Law Taxation Legislature ( show ) United States Congress House of Representatives Speaker Paul Ryan ( R ) Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy ( R ) Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi ( D ) Congressional districts United States Senate President Mike Pence ( R ) President Pro Tempore Orrin Hatch ( R ) President Pro Tempore Emeritus Patrick Leahy ( D ) Majority Leader Mitch McConnell ( R ) Minority Leader Chuck Schumer ( D ) Executive ( show ) President of the United States Donald Trump ( R ) Vice President of the United States Mike Pence ( R ) Cabinet Federal agencies Executive Office Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court of the United States Chief Justice John Roberts Kennedy Thomas Ginsburg Breyer Alito Sotomayor Kagan Gorsuch Courts of Appeals District Courts ( list ) Other tribunals Elections ( show ) Presidential elections Midterm elections Off - year elections Political parties ( show ) Democratic Republican Third parties Federalism ( show ) State Government Governors Legislatures ( List ) State courts Local government Other countries Atlas The United States Constitution is the supreme law of the United States . The Constitution , originally comprising seven articles , delineates the national frame of government . Its first three articles embody the doctrine of the separation of powers , whereby the federal government is divided into three branches : the legislative , consisting of the bicameral Congress ; the executive , consisting of the President ; and the judicial , consisting of the Supreme Court and other federal courts . Articles Four , Five and Six embody concepts of federalism , describing the rights and responsibilities of state governments and of the states in relationship to the federal government . Article Seven establishes the procedure subsequently used by the thirteen States to ratify it . It is regarded as the oldest written and codified constitution in force of the world . Since the Constitution came into force in 1789 , it has been amended 27 times , including an amendment to repeal a previous one , in order to meet the changing needs of a nation that has profoundly changed since the eighteenth century . In general , the first ten amendments , known collectively as the Bill of Rights , offer specific protections of individual liberty and justice and place restrictions on the powers of government . The majority of the seventeen later amendments expand individual civil rights protections . Others address issues related to federal authority or modify government processes and procedures . Amendments to the United States Constitution , unlike ones made to many constitutions worldwide , are appended to the document . All four pages of the original U.S. Constitution are written on parchment . According to the United States Senate : `` The Constitution 's first three words -- We the People -- affirm that the government of the United States exists to serve its citizens . For over two centuries the Constitution has remained in force because its framers wisely separated and balanced governmental powers to safeguard the interests of majority rule and minority rights , of liberty and equality , and of the federal and state governments . '' The first permanent constitution of its kind , adopted by the people 's representatives for an expansive nation , it is interpreted , supplemented , and implemented by a large body of constitutional law , and has influenced the constitutions of other nations . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 First government 1.2 Articles of Confederation 2 History 2.1 1787 drafting 2.2 1788 ratification 3 Influences 4 Original frame 4.1 Preamble 4.2 Article One 4.3 Article Two 4.4 Article Three 4.5 Article Four 4.6 Article Five 4.7 Article Six 4.8 Article Seven 4.9 Closing endorsement 5 Ratified amendments 5.1 Safeguards of liberty ( Amendments 1 , 2 , and 3 ) 5.2 Safeguards of justice ( Amendments 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , and 8 ) 5.3 Unenumerated rights and reserved powers ( Amendments 9 and 10 ) 5.4 Governmental authority ( Amendments 11 , 16 , 18 , and 21 ) 5.5 Safeguards of civil rights ( Amendments 13 , 14 , 15 , 19 , 23 , 24 , and 26 ) 5.6 Government processes and procedures ( Amendments 12 , 17 , 20 , 22 , 25 , and 27 ) 6 Unratified amendments 6.1 Still pending 6.2 No longer pending 7 Judicial review 7.1 Scope and theory 7.2 Establishment 7.2. 1 Self - restraint 7.2. 2 Separation of powers 7.3 Subsequent Courts 8 Civic religion 9 Worldwide influence 10 Criticisms 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 13.1 Footnotes 13.2 Works cited 14 Further reading 15 External links 15.1 U.S. government sources 15.2 Non-governmental sources Background See also : History of the United States Constitution First government From September 5 , 1774 , to March 1 , 1781 , the Continental Congress functioned as the provisional government of the United States . Delegates to the First ( 1774 ) and then the Second ( 1775 -- 1781 ) Continental Congress were chosen largely through the action of committees of correspondence in various colonies rather than through the colonial or later state legislatures . In no formal sense was it a gathering representative of existing colonial governments ; it represented the dissatisfied elements of the people , such persons as were sufficiently interested to act , despite the strenuous opposition of the loyalists and the obstruction or disfavor of colonial governors . The process of selecting the delegates for the First and Second Continental Congresses underscores the revolutionary role of the people of the colonies in establishing a central governing body . Endowed by the people collectively , the Continental Congress alone possessed those attributes of external sovereignty which entitled it to be called a state in the international sense , while the separate states , exercising a limited or internal sovereignty , may rightly be considered a creation of the Continental Congress , which preceded them and brought them into being . Articles of Confederation Main article : Articles of Confederation The Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union was the first constitution of the United States . It was drafted by the Second Continental Congress from mid-1776 through late 1777 , and ratification by all 13 states was completed by early 1781 . Under the Articles of Confederation , the central government 's power was quite limited . The Confederation Congress could make decisions , but lacked enforcement powers . Implementation of most decisions , including modifications to the Articles , required unanimous approval of all thirteen state legislatures . Although , in a way , the Congressional powers in Article 9 made the `` league of states as cohesive and strong as any similar sort of republican confederation in history '' , the chief problem was , in the words of George Washington , `` no money '' . The Continental Congress could print money but the currency was worthless . ( A popular phrase of the times called a useless object or person ... not worth a Continental , referring to the Continental dollar . ) Congress could borrow money , but could n't pay it back . No state paid all their U.S. taxes ; some paid nothing . Some few paid an amount equal to interest on the national debt owed to their citizens , but no more . No interest was paid on debt owed foreign governments . By 1786 , the United States would default on outstanding debts as their dates came due . Internationally , the Articles of Confederation did little to enhance the United States ' ability to defend its sovereignty . Most of the troops in the 625 - man United States Army were deployed facing -- but not threatening -- British forts on American soil . They had not been paid ; some were deserting and others threatening mutiny . Spain closed New Orleans to American commerce ; U.S. officials protested , but to no effect . Barbary pirates began seizing American ships of commerce ; the Treasury had no funds to pay their ransom . If any military crisis required action , the Congress had no credit or taxing power to finance a response . Domestically , the Articles of Confederation was failing to bring unity to the diverse sentiments and interests of the various states . Although the Treaty of Paris ( 1783 ) was signed between Great Britain and the U.S. , and named each of the American states , various individual states proceeded blithely to violate it . New York and South Carolina repeatedly prosecuted Loyalists for wartime activity and redistributed their lands . Individual state legislatures independently laid embargoes , negotiated directly with foreign authorities , raised armies , and made war , all violating the letter and the spirit of the Articles . In September 1786 , during an inter -- state convention to discuss and develop a consensus about reversing the protectionist trade barriers that each state had erected , James Madison angrily questioned whether the Articles of Confederation was a binding compact or even a viable government . Connecticut paid nothing and `` positively refused '' to pay U.S. assessments for two years . A rumor had it that a `` seditious party '' of New York legislators had opened a conversation with the Viceroy of Canada . To the south , the British were said to be openly funding Creek Indian raids on white settlers in Georgia and adjacent territory . Savannah ( then - capital of Georgia ) had been fortified , and the state of Georgia was under martial law . Additionally , during Shays ' Rebellion ( August 1786 -- June 1787 ) in Massachusetts , Congress could provide no money to support an endangered constituent state . General Benjamin Lincoln was obliged to raise funds from Boston merchants to pay for a volunteer army . Congress was paralyzed . It could do nothing significant without nine states , and some legislation required all thirteen . When a state produced only one member in attendance , its vote was not counted . If a state 's delegation were evenly divided , its vote could not be counted towards the nine - count requirement . The Articles Congress had `` virtually ceased trying to govern '' . The vision of a `` respectable nation '' among nations seemed to be fading in the eyes of revolutionaries such as George Washington , Benjamin Franklin , and Rufus King . Their dream of a republic , a nation without hereditary rulers , with power derived from the people in frequent elections , was in doubt . On February 21 , 1787 , the Confederation Congress called a convention of state delegates at Philadelphia to propose a plan of government . Unlike earlier attempts , the convention was not meant for new laws or piecemeal alterations , but for the `` sole and express purpose of revising the Articles of Confederation '' . The convention was not limited to commerce ; rather , it was intended to `` render the federal constitution adequate to the exigencies of government and the preservation of the Union . '' The proposal might take effect when approved by Congress and the states . History 1787 drafting Main article : Constitutional Convention ( United States ) Signing the Constitution , September 17 , 1787 On the appointed day , May 14 , 1787 , only the Virginia and Pennsylvania delegations were present , and so the convention 's opening meeting was postponed for lack of a quorum . A quorum of seven states met and deliberations began on May 25 . Eventually twelve states were represented ; 74 delegates were named , 55 attended and 39 signed . The delegates were generally convinced that an effective central government with a wide range of enforceable powers must replace the weaker Congress established by the Articles of Confederation . Their depth of knowledge and experience in self - government was remarkable . As Thomas Jefferson in Paris wrote to John Adams in London , `` It really is an assembly of demigods . '' Delegates used two streams of intellectual tradition , and any one delegate could be found using both or a mixture depending on the subject under discussion : foreign affairs , the economy , national government , or federal relationships among the states . Two plans for structuring the federal government arose at the convention 's outset : The Virginia Plan ( also known as the Large State Plan or the Randolph Plan ) proposed that the legislative department of the national government be composed of a Bicameral Congress , with both chambers elected with apportionment according to population . Generally favoring the most highly populated states , it used the philosophy of John Locke to rely on consent of the governed , Montesquieu for divided government , and Edward Coke to emphasize civil liberties . The New Jersey Plan proposed that the legislative department be a unicameral body with one vote per state . Generally favoring the less - populous states , it used the philosophy of English Whigs such as Edmund Burke to rely on received procedure and William Blackstone to emphasize sovereignty of the legislature . This position reflected the belief that the states were independent entities and , as they entered the United States of America freely and individually , remained so . On May 31 , the Convention devolved into a `` Committee of the Whole '' to consider the Virginia Plan . On June 13 , the Virginia resolutions in amended form were reported out of committee . The New Jersey plan was put forward in response to the Virginia Plan . A `` Committee of Eleven '' ( one delegate from each state represented ) met from July 2 to 16 to work out a compromise on the issue of representation in the federal legislature . All agreed to a republican form of government grounded in representing the people in the states . For the legislature , two issues were to be decided : how the votes were to be allocated among the states in the Congress , and how the representatives should be elected . In its report , now known as the Connecticut Compromise ( or `` Great Compromise '' ) , the committee proposed proportional representation for seats in the House of Representatives based on population ( with the people voting for representatives ) , and equal representation for each State in the Senate ( with each state 's legislators generally choosing their respective senators ) , and that all money bills would originate in the House . The Great Compromise ended the stalemate between `` patriots '' and `` nationalists '' , leading to numerous other compromises in a spirit of accommodation . There were sectional interests to be balanced by the Three - Fifths Compromise ; reconciliation on Presidential term , powers , and method of selection ; and jurisdiction of the federal judiciary . On July 24 , a `` Committee of Detail '' -- John Rutledge ( South Carolina ) , Edmund Randolph ( Virginia ) , Nathaniel Gorham ( Massachusetts ) , Oliver Ellsworth ( Connecticut ) , and James Wilson ( Pennsylvania ) -- was elected to draft a detailed constitution reflective of the Resolutions passed by the convention up to that point . The Convention recessed from July 26 to August 6 to await the report of this `` Committee of Detail '' . Overall , the report of the committee conformed to the resolutions adopted by the Convention , adding some elements . A twenty - three article ( plus preamble ) constitution was presented . From August 6 to September 10 , the report of the committee of detail was discussed , section by section and clause by clause . Details were attended to , and further compromises were effected . Toward the close of these discussions , on September 8 , a `` Committee of Style and Arrangement '' -- Alexander Hamilton ( New York ) , William Samuel Johnson ( Connecticut ) , Rufus King ( Massachusetts ) , James Madison ( Virginia ) , and Gouverneur Morris ( Pennsylvania ) -- was appointed to distill a final draft constitution from the twenty - three approved articles . The final draft , presented to the convention on September 12 , contained seven articles , a preamble and a closing endorsement , of which Morris was the primary author . The committee also presented a proposed letter to accompany the constitution when delivered to Congress . The final document , engrossed by Jacob Shallus , was taken up on Monday , September 17 , at the Convention 's final session . Several of the delegates were disappointed in the result , a makeshift series of unfortunate compromises . Some delegates left before the ceremony , and three others refused to sign . Of the thirty - nine signers , Benjamin Franklin summed up , addressing the Convention : `` There are several parts of this Constitution which I do not at present approve , but I am not sure I shall never approve them . '' He would accept the Constitution , `` because I expect no better and because I am not sure that it is not the best '' . The advocates of the Constitution were anxious to obtain unanimous support of all twelve states represented in the Convention . Their accepted formula for the closing endorsement was `` Done in Convention , by the unanimous consent of the States present . '' At the end of the convention , the proposal was agreed to by eleven state delegations and the lone remaining delegate from New York , Alexander Hamilton . 1788 ratification Further information : History of the United States Constitution § Ratification of the Constitution Dates the 13 states ratified the Constitution Transmitted to the Congress of the Confederation , then sitting in New York City , it was within the power of Congress to expedite or block ratification of the proposed Constitution . The new frame of government that the Philadelphia Convention presented was technically only a revision of the Articles of Confederation . After several days of debate , Congress voted to transmit the document to the thirteen states for ratification according to the process outlined in its Article VII . Each state legislature was to call elections for a `` Federal Convention '' to ratify the new Constitution , rather than consider ratification itself ; a departure from the standard constitutional practice at that time , designed to expanded the franchise in order to more nearly embrace `` the people '' . The frame of government itself was to go into force among the States so acting upon the approval of nine ( i.e. two - thirds of the 13 ) states ; also a departure from constitutional practice , as the Articles of Confederation could only be amended by unanimous vote of all the states . Three members of the Convention -- Madison , Gorham , and King -- were also Members of Congress . They proceeded at once to New York , where Congress was in session , to placate the expected opposition . Aware of their vanishing authority , Congress , on September 28 , after some debate , resolved unanimously to submit the Constitution to the States for action , `` in conformity to the resolves of the Convention '' , but with no recommendation either for or against its adoption . Two parties soon developed , one in opposition , the Anti-Federalists , and one in support , the Federalists , of the Constitution ; and the Constitution was debated , criticized , and expounded upon clause by clause . Hamilton , Madison , and Jay , under the name of Publius , wrote a series of commentaries , now known as The Federalist Papers , in support of ratification in the state of New York , at that time a hotbed of anti-Federalism . These commentaries on the Constitution , written during the struggle for ratification , have been frequently cited by the Supreme Court as an authoritative contemporary interpretation of the meaning of its provisions . The dispute over additional powers for the central government was close , and in some states ratification was effected only after a bitter struggle in the state convention itself . The Continental Congress , which still functioned at irregular intervals , passed a resolution on September 13 , 1788 , to put the new Constitution into operation with eleven states . The federal government began operations under the new form of government on March 4 , 1789 . However , the initial meeting of each chamber of Congress had to be adjourned due to lack of a quorum . George Washington was inaugurated as the nation 's first president 8 weeks later , on April 30 . The final two states , North Carolina and Rhode Island , both subsequently ratified the Constitution -- November 21 , 1789 , and May 29 , 1790 , respectively . Influences Further information : History of the United States Constitution This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : not encyclopedic Please help improve this section if you can . ( February 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Enlightenment and Rule of law John Locke Two Treatises of Government life , liberty and property Several ideas in the Constitution were new . These were associated with the combination of consolidated government along with federal relationships with constituent states . The Due Process Clause of the Constitution was partly based on common law and on Magna Carta ( 1215 ) , which had become a foundation of English liberty against arbitrary power wielded by a ruler . Among the most prominent political theorists of the late eighteenth century were William Blackstone , John Locke , and Montesquieu . Both the influence of Edward Coke and William Blackstone were evident at the Convention . In his Institutes of the Lawes of England , Edward Coke interpreted Magna Carta protections and rights to apply not just to nobles , but to all British subjects . In writing the Virginia Charter of 1606 , he enabled the King in Parliament to give those to be born in the colonies all rights and liberties as though they were born in England . William Blackstone 's Commentaries on the Laws of England were the most influential books on law in the new republic . British political philosopher John Locke following the Glorious Revolution ( 1688 ) was a major influence expanding on the contract theory of government advanced by Thomas Hobbes . Locke advanced the principle of consent of the governed in his Two Treatises of Government . Government 's duty under a social contract among the sovereign people was to serve the people by protecting their rights . These basic rights were life , liberty and property . Montesquieu 's influence on the framers is evident in Madison 's Federalist No. 47 and Hamilton 's Federalist No. 78 . Jefferson , Adams , and Mason were known to read Montesquieu . Supreme Court Justices , the ultimate interpreters of the Constitution , have cited to Montesquieu throughout the Court 's history . ( See , e.g. , Green v. Biddle , 21 U.S. 1 , 1 , 36 ( 1823 ) . United States v. Wood , 39 U.S. 430 , 438 ( 1840 ) . Myers v. United States , 272 U.S. 52 , 116 ( 1926 ) . Nixon v. Administrator of General Services , 433 U.S. 425 , 442 ( 1977 ) . Bank Markazi v. Peterson , 136 U.S. 1310 , 1330 ( 2016 ). ) Montesquieu emphasized the need for balanced forces pushing against each other to prevent tyranny ( reflecting the influence of Polybius 's 2nd century BC treatise on the checks and balances of the Roman Republic ) . In his The Spirit of the Laws , Montesquieu argues that the separation of state powers should be by its service to the people 's liberty : legislative , executive and judicial . A substantial body of thought had been developed from the literature of republicanism in the United States , including work by John Adams and applied to the creation of state constitutions . The constitution was a federal one , and was influenced by the study of other federations , both ancient and extant . The United States Bill of Rights consists of 10 amendments added to the Constitution in 1791 , as supporters of the Constitution had promised critics during the debates of 1788 . The English Bill of Rights ( 1689 ) was an inspiration for the American Bill of Rights . Both require jury trials , contain a right to keep and bear arms , prohibit excessive bail and forbid `` cruel and unusual punishments '' . Many liberties protected by state constitutions and the Virginia Declaration of Rights were incorporated into the Bill of Rights . Original frame Neither the Convention which drafted the Constitution , nor the Congress which sent it to the thirteen states for ratification in the autumn of 1787 , gave it a lead caption . To fill this void , the document was most often titled `` A frame of Government '' when it was printed for the convenience of ratifying conventions and the information of the public . This Frame of Government consisted of a preamble , seven articles and a signed closing endorsement . Preamble `` We the People '' in an original edition The preamble to the Constitution serves as an introductory statement of the document 's fundamental purposes and guiding principles . It neither assigns powers to the federal government , nor does it place specific limitations on government action . Rather , it sets out the origin , scope and purpose of the Constitution . Its origin and authority is in `` We , the people of the United States '' . This echoes the Declaration of Independence . `` One people '' dissolved their connection with another , and assumed among the powers of the earth , a sovereign nation - state . The scope of the Constitution is twofold . First , `` to form a more perfect Union '' than had previously existed in the `` perpetual Union '' of the Articles of Confederation . Second , to `` secure the blessings of liberty '' , which were to be enjoyed by not only the first generation , but for all who came after , `` our posterity '' . Article one Article One describes the Congress , the legislative branch of the federal government . Section 1 , reads , `` All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States , which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives . '' The article establishes the manner of election and the qualifications of members of each body . Representatives must be at least 25 years old , be a citizen of the United States for seven years , and live in the state they represent . Senators must be at least 30 years old , be a citizen for nine years , and live in the state they represent . Article I , Section 8 enumerates the powers delegated to the legislature . Financially , Congress has the power to tax , borrow , pay debt and provide for the common defense and the general welfare ; to regulate commerce , bankruptcies , and coin money . To regulate internal affairs , it has the power to regulate and govern military forces and militias , suppress insurrections and repel invasions . It is to provide for naturalization , standards of weights and measures , post offices and roads , and patents ; to directly govern the federal district and cessions of land by the states for forts and arsenals . Internationally , Congress has the power to define and punish piracies and offenses against the Law of Nations , to declare war and make rules of war . The final Necessary and Proper Clause , also known as the Elastic Clause , expressly confers incidental powers upon Congress without the Articles ' requirement for express delegation for each and every power . Article I , Section 9 lists eight specific limits on congressional power . The Supreme Court has sometimes broadly interpreted the Commerce Clause and the Necessary and Proper Clause in Article One to allow Congress to enact legislation that is neither expressly allowed by the enumerated powers nor expressly denied in the limitations on Congress . In McCulloch v. Maryland ( 1819 ) , the Supreme Court read the Necessary and Proper Clause to permit the federal government to take action that would `` enable ( it ) to perform the high duties assigned to it ( by the Constitution ) in the manner most beneficial to the people '' , even if that action is not itself within the enumerated powers . Chief Justice Marshall clarified : `` Let the end be legitimate , let it be within the scope of the Constitution , and all means which are appropriate , which are plainly adapted to that end , which are not prohibited , but consist with the letter and spirit of the Constitution , are Constitutional . '' Article two Article Two describes the office of the President of the United States . The President is head of the executive branch of the federal government , as well as the nation 's head of state and head of government . Article Two describes the office , qualifications and duties of the President of the United States and the Vice President . It is modified by the 12th Amendment which tacitly acknowledges political parties , and the 25th Amendment relating to office succession . The president is to receive only one compensation from the federal government . The inaugural oath is specified to preserve , protect and defend the Constitution . The president is the Commander in Chief of the United States Armed Forces and state militias when they are mobilized . He or she makes treaties with the advice and consent of a two - thirds quorum of the Senate . To administer the federal government , the president commissions all the offices of the federal government as Congress directs ; he or she may require the opinions of its principal officers and make `` recess appointments '' for vacancies that may happen during the recess of the Senate . The president is to see that the laws are faithfully executed , though he or she may grant reprieves and pardons except regarding Congressional impeachment of himself or other federal officers . The president reports to Congress on the State of the Union , and by the Recommendation Clause , recommends `` necessary and expedient '' national measures . The president may convene and adjourn Congress under special circumstances . Section 4 provides for removal of the president and other federal officers . The president is removed on impeachment for , and conviction of , treason , bribery , or other high crimes and misdemeanors . Article three Article Three describes the court system ( the judicial branch ) , including the Supreme Court . There shall be one court called the Supreme Court . The article describes the kinds of cases the court takes as original jurisdiction . Congress can create lower courts and an appeals process . Congress enacts law defining crimes and providing for punishment . Article Three also protects the right to trial by jury in all criminal cases , and defines the crime of treason . Section 1 vests the judicial power of the United States in federal courts , and with it , the authority to interpret and apply the law to a particular case . Also included is the power to punish , sentence , and direct future action to resolve conflicts . The Constitution outlines the U.S. judicial system . In the Judiciary Act of 1789 , Congress began to fill in details . Currently , Title 28 of the U.S. Code describes judicial powers and administration . As of the First Congress , the Supreme Court justices rode circuit to sit as panels to hear appeals from the district courts . In 1891 , Congress enacted a new system . District courts would have original jurisdiction . Intermediate appellate courts ( circuit courts ) with exclusive jurisdiction heard regional appeals before consideration by the Supreme Court . The Supreme Court holds discretionary jurisdiction , meaning that it does not have to hear every case that is brought to it . To enforce judicial decisions , the Constitution grants federal courts both criminal contempt and civil contempt powers . The court 's summary punishment for contempt immediately overrides all other punishments applicable to the subject party . Other implied powers include injunctive relief and the habeas corpus remedy . The Court may imprison for contumacy , bad - faith litigation , and failure to obey a writ of mandamus . Judicial power includes that granted by Acts of Congress for rules of law and punishment . Judicial power also extends to areas not covered by statute . Generally , federal courts can not interrupt state court proceedings . Clause 1 of Section 2 authorizes the federal courts to hear actual cases and controversies only . Their judicial power does not extend to cases which are hypothetical , or which are proscribed due to standing , mootness , or ripeness issues . Generally , a case or controversy requires the presence of adverse parties who have some interest genuinely at stake in the case . Also required is of broad enough concern in the Court 's jurisdiction that a lower court , either federal or state , does not geographically cover all the existing cases before law . Courts following these guidelines exercise judicial restraint . Those making an exception are said to be judicial activist . Clause 2 of Section 2 provides that the Supreme Court has original jurisdiction in cases involving ambassadors , ministers and consuls , for all cases respecting foreign nation - states , and also in those controversies which are subject to federal judicial power because at least one state is a party . Cases arising under the laws of the United States and its treaties come under the jurisdiction of federal courts . Cases under international maritime law and conflicting land grants of different states come under federal courts . Cases between U.S. citizens in different states , and cases between U.S. citizens and foreign states and their citizens , come under federal jurisdiction . The trials will be in the state where the crime was committed . No part of the Constitution expressly authorizes judicial review , but the Framers did contemplate the idea . The Constitution is the supreme law of the land . Precedent has since established that the courts could exercise judicial review over the actions of Congress or the executive branch . Two conflicting federal laws are under `` pendent '' jurisdiction if one presents a strict constitutional issue . Federal court jurisdiction is rare when a state legislature enacts something as under federal jurisdiction . To establish a federal system of national law , considerable effort goes into developing a spirit of comity between federal government and states . By the doctrine of ' Res judicata ' , federal courts give `` full faith and credit '' to State Courts . The Supreme Court will decide Constitutional issues of state law only on a case by case basis , and only by strict Constitutional necessity , independent of state legislators motives , their policy outcomes or its national wisdom . Section 3 bars Congress from changing or modifying Federal law on treason by simple majority statute . This section also defines treason , as an overt act of making war or materially helping those at war with the United States . Accusations must be corroborated by at least two witnesses . Congress is a political body and political disagreements routinely encountered should never be considered as treason . This allows for nonviolent resistance to the government because opposition is not a life or death proposition . However , Congress does provide for other lesser subversive crimes such as conspiracy . Article four Article Four outlines the relations among the states and between each state and the federal government . In addition , it provides for such matters as admitting new states and border changes between the states . For instance , it requires states to give `` full faith and credit '' to the public acts , records , and court proceedings of the other states . Congress is permitted to regulate the manner in which proof of such acts may be admitted . The `` privileges and immunities '' clause prohibits state governments from discriminating against citizens of other states in favor of resident citizens . For instance , in criminal sentencing , a state may not increase a penalty on the grounds that the convicted person is a non-resident . It also establishes extradition between the states , as well as laying down a legal basis for freedom of movement and travel amongst the states . Today , this provision is sometimes taken for granted , but in the days of the Articles of Confederation , crossing state lines was often arduous and costly . The Territorial Clause gives Congress the power to make rules for disposing of federal property and governing non-state territories of the United States . Finally , the fourth section of Article Four requires the United States to guarantee to each state a republican form of government , and to protect them from invasion and violence . Article five Article Five outlines the process for amending the Constitution . Eight state constitutions in effect in 1787 included an amendment mechanism . Amendment making power rested with the legislature in three of the states and in the other five it was given to specially elected conventions . The Articles of Confederation provided that amendments were to be proposed by Congress and ratified by the unanimous vote of all thirteen state legislatures . This proved to be a major flaw in the Articles , as it created an insurmountable obstacle to constitutional reform . The amendment process crafted during the Philadelphia Constitutional Convention was , according to The Federalist No. 43 , designed to establish a balance between pliancy and rigidity : It guards equally against that extreme facility which would render the Constitution too mutable ; and that extreme difficulty which might perpetuate its discovered faults . It moreover equally enables the General and the State Governments to originate the amendment of errors , as they may be pointed out by the experience on one side , or on the other . There are two steps in the amendment process . Proposals to amend the Constitution must be properly adopted and ratified before they change the Constitution . First , there are two procedures for adopting the language of a proposed amendment , either by ( a ) Congress , by two - thirds majority in both the Senate and the House of Representatives , or ( b ) national convention ( which shall take place whenever two - thirds of the state legislatures collectively call for one ) . Second , there are two procedures for ratifying the proposed amendment , which requires three - fourths of the states ' ( presently 38 of 50 ) approval : ( a ) consent of the state legislatures , or ( b ) consent of state ratifying conventions . The ratification method is chosen by Congress for each amendment . State ratifying conventions were used only once , for the Twenty - first Amendment . Presently , the Archivist of the United States is charged with responsibility for administering the ratification process under the provisions of 1 U.S. Code § 106b . The Archivist submits the proposed amendment to the states for their consideration by sending a letter of notification to each Governor . Each Governor then formally submits the amendment to their state 's legislature . When a state ratifies a proposed amendment , it sends the Archivist an original or certified copy of the state 's action . Ratification documents are examined by the Office of the Federal Register for facial legal sufficiency and an authenticating signature . Article Five ends by shielding certain clauses in the new frame of government from being amended . Article One , Section 9 , Clauses 1 prevents Congress from passing any law that would restrict the importation of slaves into the United States prior to 1808 , plus the fourth clause from that same section , which reiterates the Constitutional rule that direct taxes must be apportioned according state populations . These clauses were explicitly shielded from Constitutional amendment prior to 1808 . On January 1 , 1808 , the first day it was permitted to do so , Congress approved legislation prohibiting the importation of slaves into the country . On February 3 , 1913 , with ratification of the Sixteenth Amendment , Congress gained the authority to levy an income tax without apportioning it among the states or basing it on the United States Census . The third textually entrenched provision is Article One , Section 3 , Clauses 1 , which provides for equal representation of the states in the Senate . The shield protecting this clause from the amendment process is less absolute -- `` no state , without its consent , shall be deprived of its equal Suffrage in the Senate '' -- but permanent . Article six Article Six establishes the Constitution , and all federal laws and treaties of the United States made according to it , to be the supreme law of the land , and that `` the judges in every state shall be bound thereby , any thing in the laws or constitutions of any state notwithstanding . '' It validates national debt created under the Articles of Confederation and requires that all federal and state legislators , officers , and judges take oaths or affirmations to support the Constitution . This means that the states ' constitutions and laws should not conflict with the laws of the federal constitution and that in case of a conflict , state judges are legally bound to honor the federal laws and constitution over those of any state . Article Six also states `` no religious Test shall ever be required as a Qualification to any Office or public Trust under the United States . '' Article seven Article Seven describes the process for establishing the proposed new frame of government . Anticipating that the influence of many state politicians would be Antifederalist , delegates to the Philadelphia Convention provided for ratification of the Constitution by popularly elected ratifying conventions in each state . The convention method also made it possible that judges , ministers and others ineligible to serve in state legislatures , could be elected to a convention . Suspecting that Rhode Island , at least , might not ratify , delegates decided that the Constitution would go into effect as soon as nine states ( two - thirds rounded up ) ratified . Once ratified by this minimum number of states , it was anticipated that the proposed Constitution would become this Constitution between the nine or more that signed . It would not cover the four or fewer states that might not have signed . Closing endorsement Closing endorsement section of the United States Constitution The Signing of the United States Constitution occurred on September 17 , 1787 , when 39 delegates to the Constitutional Convention endorsed the constitution created during the convention . In addition to signatures , this closing endorsement , the Constitution 's eschatocol , included a brief declaration that the delegates ' work has been successfully completed and that those whose signatures appear on it subscribe to the final document . Included are , a statement pronouncing the document 's adoption by the states present , a formulaic dating of its adoption , and the signatures of those endorsing it . Additionally , the convention 's secretary , William Jackson , signed the document to authenticate the validity of the delegate signatures . He also made a few secretarial notes . The language of the concluding endorsement , conceived by Gouverneur Morris and presented to the convention by Benjamin Franklin , was made intentionally ambiguous in hopes of winning over the votes of dissenting delegates . Advocates for the new frame of government , realizing the impending difficulty of obtaining the consent of the states needed to make it operational , were anxious to obtain the unanimous support of the delegations from each state . It was feared that many of the delegates would refuse to give their individual assent to the Constitution . Therefore , in order that the action of the Convention would appear to be unanimous , the formula , Done in convention by the unanimous consent of the states present ... was devised . The document is dated : `` the Seventeenth Day of September in the Year of our Lord '' 1787 , and `` of the Independence of the United States of America the Twelfth . '' This two-fold epoch dating serves to place the Constitution in the context of the religious traditions of Western civilization and , at the same time , links it to the regime principles proclaimed in the Declaration of Independence . This dual reference can also be found in the Articles of Confederation and the Northwest Ordinance . The closing endorsement serves an authentication function only . It neither assigns powers to the federal government nor does it provide specific limitations on government action . It does however , provide essential documentation of the Constitution 's validity , a statement of `` This is what was agreed to . '' It records who signed the Constitution , and when and where . Ratified amendments See also : List of amendments to the United States Constitution United States Bill of Rights Currently housed in the National Archives . The Constitution has twenty - seven amendments . Structurally , the Constitution 's original text and all prior amendments remain untouched . The precedent for this practice was set in 1789 , when Congress considered and proposed the first several Constitutional amendments . Among these , Amendments 1 -- 10 are collectively known as the Bill of Rights , and Amendments 13 -- 15 are known as the Reconstruction Amendments . Excluding the Twenty - seventh Amendment , which was pending before the states for 202 years , 225 days , the longest pending amendment that was successfully ratified was the Twenty - second Amendment , which took 3 years , 343 days . The Twenty - sixth Amendment was ratified in the shortest time , 100 days . The average ratification time for the first twenty - six amendments was 1 year , 252 days , for all twenty - seven , 9 years , 48 days . A proposed amendment becomes an operative part of the Constitution as soon as it is ratified by three - fourths of the States ( currently 38 of the 50 States ) . There is no further step . The text requires no additional action by Congress or anyone else after ratification by the required number of states . Thus , when the Office of the Federal Register verifies that it has received the required number of authenticated ratification documents , it drafts a formal proclamation for the Archivist to certify that the amendment is valid and has become part of the nation 's frame of government . This certification is published in the Federal Register and United States Statutes at Large and serves as official notice to Congress and to the nation that the ratification process has been successfully completed . Safeguards of liberty ( amendments 1 , 2 , and 3 ) The First Amendment ( 1791 ) prohibits Congress from obstructing the exercise of certain individual freedoms : freedom of religion , freedom of speech , freedom of the press , freedom of assembly , and right to petition . Its Free Exercise Clause guarantees a person 's right to hold whatever religious beliefs he or she wants , and to freely exercise that belief , and its Establishment Clause prevents the federal government from creating an official national church or favoring one set of religious beliefs over another . The amendment guarantees an individual 's right to express and to be exposed to a wide range of opinions and views . It was intended to ensure a free exchange of ideas , even unpopular ones . It also guarantees an individual 's right to physically gather or associate with others in groups for economic , political or religious purposes . Additionally , it guarantees an individual 's right to petition the government for a redress of grievances . The Second Amendment ( 1791 ) protects the right of individuals to keep and bear arms . Although the Supreme Court has ruled that this right applies to individuals , not merely to collective militias , it has also held that the government may regulate or place some limits on the manufacture , ownership and sale of firearms or other weapons . Requested by several states during the Constitutional ratification debates , the amendment reflected the lingering resentment over the widespread efforts of the British to confiscate the colonists ' firearms at the outbreak of the Revolutionary War . Patrick Henry had rhetorically asked , shall we be stronger , `` when we are totally disarmed , and when a British Guard shall be stationed in every house ? '' The Third Amendment ( 1791 ) prohibits the federal government from forcing individuals to provide lodging to soldiers in their homes during peacetime without their consent . Requested by several states during the Constitutional ratification debates , the amendment reflected the lingering resentment over the Quartering Acts passed by the British Parliament during the Revolutionary War , which had allowed British soldiers to take over private homes for their own use . Safeguards of Justice ( amendments 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , and 8 ) The Fourth Amendment ( 1791 ) protects people against unreasonable searches and seizures of either self or property by government officials . A search can mean everything from a frisking by a police officer or to a demand for a blood test to a search of an individual 's home or car . A seizure occurs when the government takes control of an individual or something in his or her possession . Items that are seized often are used as evidence when the individual is charged with a crime . It also imposes certain limitations on police investigating a crime and prevents the use of illegally obtained evidence at trial . The Fifth Amendment ( 1791 ) establishes the requirement that a trial for a major crime may commence only after an indictment has been handed down by a grand jury ; protects individuals from double jeopardy , being tried and put in danger of being punished more than once for the same criminal act ; prohibits punishment without due process of law , thus protecting individuals from being imprisoned without fair procedures ; and provides that an accused person may not be compelled to reveal to the police , prosecutor , judge , or jury any information that might incriminate or be used against him or her in a court of law . Additionally , the Fifth Amendment also prohibits government from taking private property for public use without `` just compensation '' , the basis of eminent domain in the United States . The Sixth Amendment ( 1791 ) provides several protections and rights to an individual accused of a crime . The accused has the right to a fair and speedy trial by a local and impartial jury . Likewise , a person has the right to a public trial . This right protects defendants from secret proceedings that might encourage abuse of the justice system , and serves to keep the public informed . This amendment also guarantees a right to legal counsel if accused of a crime , guarantees that the accused may require witnesses to attend the trial and testify in the presence of the accused , and guarantees the accused a right to know the charges against them . In 1966 , the Supreme Court ruled that , with the Fifth Amendment , this amendment requires what has become known as the Miranda warning . The Seventh Amendment ( 1791 ) extends the right to a jury trial to federal civil cases , and inhibits courts from overturning a jury 's findings of fact . Although the Seventh Amendment itself says that it is limited to `` suits at common law '' , meaning cases that triggered the right to a jury under English law , the amendment has been found to apply in lawsuits that are similar to the old common law cases . For example , the right to a jury trial applies to cases brought under federal statutes that prohibit race or gender discrimination in housing or employment . Importantly , this amendment guarantees the right to a jury trial only in federal court , not in state court . The Eighth Amendment ( 1791 ) protects people from having bail or fines set at an amount so high that it would be impossible for all but the richest defendants to pay and also protects people from being subjected to cruel and unusual punishment . Although this phrase originally was intended to outlaw certain gruesome methods of punishment , it has been broadened over the years to protect against punishments that are grossly disproportionate to or too harsh for the particular crime . This provision has also been used to challenge prison conditions such as extremely unsanitary cells , overcrowding , insufficient medical care and deliberate failure by officials to protect inmates from one another . Unenumerated Rights and reserved powers ( amendments 9 and 10 ) The Ninth Amendment ( 1791 ) declares that individuals have other fundamental rights , in addition to those stated in the Constitution . During the Constitutional ratification debates Anti-Federalists argued that a Bill of Rights should be added . The Federalists opposed it on grounds that a list would necessarily be incomplete but would be taken as explicit and exhaustive , thus enlarging the power of the federal government by implication . The Anti-Federalists persisted , and several state ratification conventions refused to ratify the Constitution without a more specific list of protections , so the First Congress added what became the Ninth Amendment as a compromise . Because the rights protected by the Ninth Amendment are not specified , they are referred to as `` unenumerated '' . The Supreme Court has found that unenumerated rights include such important rights as the right to travel , the right to vote , the right to privacy , and the right to make important decisions about one 's health care or body . The Tenth Amendment ( 1791 ) was included in the Bill of Rights to further define the balance of power between the federal government and the states . The amendment states that the federal government has only those powers specifically granted by the Constitution . These powers include the power to declare war , to collect taxes , to regulate interstate business activities and others that are listed in the articles or in subsequent constitutional amendments . Any power not listed is , says the Tenth Amendment , left to the states or the people . While there is no specific list of what these `` reserved powers '' may be , the Supreme Court has ruled that laws affecting family relations , commerce within a state 's own borders , and local law enforcement activities , are among those specifically reserved to the states or the people . Governmental authority ( amendments 11 , 16 , 18 , and 21 ) The Eleventh Amendment ( 1795 ) specifically prohibits federal courts from hearing cases in which a state is sued by an individual from another state or another country , thus extending to the states sovereign immunity protection from certain types of legal liability . Article Three , Section 2 , Clause 1 has been affected by this amendment , which also overturned the Supreme Court 's decision in Chisholm v. Georgia . The Sixteenth Amendment ( 1913 ) removed existing Constitutional constraints that limited the power of Congress to lay and collect taxes on income . Specifically , the apportionment constraints delineated in Article 1 , Section 9 , Clause 4 have been removed by this amendment , which also overturned an 1895 Supreme Court decision , in Pollock v. Farmers ' Loan & Trust Co. , that declared an unapportioned federal income tax on rents , dividends , and interest unconstitutional . This amendment has become the basis for all subsequent federal income tax legislation and has greatly expanded the scope of federal taxing and spending in the years since . The Eighteenth Amendment ( 1919 ) prohibited the making , transporting , and selling of alcoholic beverages nationwide . It also authorized Congress to enact legislation enforcing this prohibition . Adopted at the urging of a national temperance movement , proponents believed that the use of alcohol was reckless and destructive and that prohibition would reduce crime and corruption , solve social problems , decrease the need for welfare and prisons , and improve the health of all Americans . During prohibition , it is estimated that alcohol consumption and alcohol related deaths declined dramatically . But prohibition had other , more negative consequences . The amendment drove the lucrative alcohol business underground , giving rise to a large and pervasive black market . In addition , prohibition encouraged disrespect for the law and strengthened organized crime . Prohibition came to an end in 1933 , when this amendment was repealed . The Twenty - first Amendment ( 1933 ) repealed the Eighteenth Amendment and returned the regulation of alcohol to the states . Each state sets its own rules for the sale and importation of alcohol , including the drinking age . Because a federal law provides federal funds to states that prohibit the sale of alcohol to minors under the age of twenty - one , all fifty states have set their drinking age there . Rules about how alcohol is sold vary greatly from state to state . Safeguards of Civil Rights ( amendments 13 , 14 , 15 , 19 , 23 , 24 , and 26 ) The Thirteenth Amendment ( 1865 ) abolished slavery and involuntary servitude , except as punishment for a crime , and authorized Congress to enforce abolition . Though millions of slaves had been declared free by the 1863 Emancipation Proclamation , their post Civil War status was unclear , as was the status of other millions . Congress intended the Thirteenth Amendment to be a proclamation of freedom for all slaves throughout the nation and to take the question of emancipation away from politics . This amendment rendered inoperative or moot several of the original parts of the constitution . The Fourteenth Amendment ( 1868 ) granted United States citizenship to former slaves and to all persons `` subject to U.S. jurisdiction '' . It also contained three new limits on state power : a state shall not violate a citizen 's privileges or immunities ; shall not deprive any person of life , liberty , or property without due process of law ; and must guarantee all persons equal protection of the laws . These limitations dramatically expanded the protections of the Constitution . This amendment , according to the Supreme Court 's Doctrine of Incorporation , makes most provisions of the Bill of Rights applicable to state and local governments as well . The mode of apportionment of representatives delineated in Article 1 , Section 2 , Clause 3 has been superseded by that of this amendment , which also overturned the Supreme Court 's decision in Dred Scott v. Sandford . The Fifteenth Amendment ( 1870 ) prohibits the use of race , color , or previous condition of servitude in determining which citizens may vote . The last of three post Civil War Reconstruction Amendments , it sought to abolish one of the key vestiges of slavery and to advance the civil rights and liberties of former slaves . The Nineteenth Amendment ( 1920 ) prohibits the government from denying women the right to vote on the same terms as men . Prior to the amendment 's adoption , only a few states permitted women to vote and to hold office . The Twenty - third Amendment ( 1961 ) extends the right to vote in presidential elections to citizens residing in the District of Columbia by granting the District electors in the Electoral College , as if it were a state . When first established as the nation 's capital in 1800 , the District of Columbia 's five thousand residents had neither a local government , nor the right to vote in federal elections . By 1960 the population of the District had grown to over 760,000 people . However , while its residents had all the responsibilities of citizenship , such as paying federal taxes , and could be drafted to serve in the military , citizens in thirteen states with lower populations had more voting rights than District residents . The Twenty - fourth Amendment ( 1964 ) prohibits a poll tax for voting . Although passage of the Thirteenth , Fourteenth , and Fifteenth Amendments helped remove many of the discriminatory laws left over from slavery , they did not eliminate all forms of discrimination . Along with literacy tests and durational residency requirements , poll taxes were used to keep low - income ( primarily African American ) citizens from participating in elections . The Supreme Court has since struck down these discriminatory measures , opening democratic participation to all , regardless of one 's ability to pay . The Twenty - sixth Amendment ( 1971 ) prohibits the government from denying the right of United States citizens , eighteen years of age or older , to vote on account of age . The drive to lower the voting age was driven in large part by the broader student activism movement protesting the Vietnam War . It gained strength following the Supreme Court 's decision in Oregon v. Mitchell , which held that Congress may set requirements for voting in federal elections , but not for state or local elections . The measure , which overturns the Mitchell decision , is another in a line of constitutional changes that expanded the right to vote to more citizens . Government processes and procedures ( amendments 12 , 17 , 20 , 22 , 25 , and 27 ) The Twelfth Amendment ( 1804 ) modifies the way the Electoral College chooses the President and Vice President . It stipulates that each elector must cast a distinct vote for President and Vice President , instead of two votes for President . It also suggests that the President and Vice President should not be from the same state . Article II , Section 1 , Clause 3 is superseded by this amendment , which also extends the eligibility requirements to become President to the Vice President . The Seventeenth Amendment ( 1913 ) modifies the way senators are elected . It stipulates that senators are to be elected by direct popular vote . The amendment supersedes Article 1 , Section 2 , Clauses 1 and 2 , under which the two senators from each state were elected by the state legislature . It also allows state legislatures to permit their governors to make temporary appointments until a special election can be held . The Twentieth Amendment ( 1933 ) changes the date on which a new President , Vice President and Congress take office , thus shortening the time between Election Day and the beginning of Presidential , Vice Presidential and Congressional terms . Originally , the Constitution provided that the annual meeting was to be on the first Monday in December unless otherwise provided by law . This meant that , when a new Congress was elected in November , it did not come into office until the following March , with a `` lame duck '' Congress convening in the interim . By moving the beginning of the president 's new term from March 4 to January 20 ( and in the case of Congress , to January 3 ) , proponents hoped to put an end to lame duck sessions , while allowing for a speedier transition for the new administration and legislators . The Twenty - second Amendment ( 1951 ) limits an elected president to two terms in office , a total of eight years . However , under some circumstances it is possible for an individual to serve more than eight years . Although nothing in the original frame of government limited how many presidential terms one could serve , the nation 's first president , George Washington , declined to run for a third term , suggesting that two terms of four years were enough for any president . This precedent remained an unwritten rule of the presidency until broken by Franklin D. Roosevelt , who was elected to a third term as president 1940 and in 1944 to a fourth . The Twenty - fifth Amendment ( 1967 ) clarifies what happens upon the death , removal , or resignation of the President or Vice President and how the Presidency is temporarily filled if the President becomes disabled and can not fulfill the responsibilities of the office . It supersedes the ambiguous succession rule established in Article II , Section 1 , Clause 6 . A concrete plan of succession has been needed on multiple occasions since 1789 . However , for nearly 20 % of U.S. history , there has been no vice president in office who can assume the presidency . The Twenty - seventh Amendment ( 1992 ) prevents members of Congress from granting themselves pay raises during the current session . Rather , any raises that are adopted must take effect during the next session of Congress . Its proponents believed that Federal legislators would be more likely to be cautious about increasing congressional pay if they have no personal stake in the vote . Article One , section 6 , Clause 1 has been affected by this amendment , which remained pending for over two centuries as it contained no time limit for ratification . Unratified amendments Collectively , members of the House and Senate typically propose around 200 amendments during each two - year term of Congress . Most however , never get out of the Congressional committees in which they were proposed , and only a fraction of those that do receive enough support to win Congressional approval to actually go through the constitutional ratification process . Six amendments approved by Congress and proposed to the states for consideration have not been ratified by the required number of states to become part of the Constitution . Four of these are technically still pending , as Congress did not set a time limit ( see also Coleman v. Miller ) for their ratification . The other two are no longer pending , as both had a time limit attached and in both cases the time period set for their ratification expired . Still pending The Congressional Apportionment Amendment ( proposed 1789 ) would , if ratified , establish a formula for determining the appropriate size of the House of Representatives and the appropriate apportionment of representatives among the states following each constitutionally mandated decennial census . At the time it was sent to the states for ratification , an affirmative vote by ten states would have made this amendment operational . In 1791 and 1792 , when Vermont and Kentucky joined the Union , the number climbed to twelve . Thus , the amendment remained one state shy of the number needed for it to become part of the Constitution . No additional states have ratified this amendment since . To become part of the Constitution today , ratification by an additional twenty - seven would be required . The Apportionment Act of 1792 apportioned the House of Representatives at 33,000 persons per representative in consequence of the 1790 census . Reapportionment has since been effected by statute . The Titles of Nobility Amendment ( proposed 1810 ) would , if ratified , strip United States citizenship from any citizen who accepted a title of nobility from a foreign country . When submitted to the states , ratification by thirteen states was required for it to become part of the Constitution ; eleven had done so by early 1812 . However , with the addition of Louisiana into the Union that year ( April 30 , 1812 ) , the ratification threshold rose to fourteen . Thus , when New Hampshire ratified it in December 1812 , the amendment again came within two states of being ratified . No additional states have ratified this amendment since . To become part of the Constitution today , ratification by an additional twenty - six would be required . The Corwin Amendment ( proposed 1861 ) would , if ratified , shield `` domestic institutions '' of the states ( which in 1861 included slavery ) from the constitutional amendment process and from abolition or interference by Congress . This proposal was one of several measures considered by Congress in an ultimately unsuccessful attempt to attract the seceding states back into the Union and to entice border slave states to stay . Five states ratified the amendment in the early 1860s , but none have since . To become part of the Constitution today , ratification by an additional 33 states would be required . The subject of this proposal was subsequently addressed by the 1865 Thirteenth Amendment , which abolished slavery . The Child Labor Amendment ( proposed 1924 ) would , if ratified , specifically authorize Congress to limit , regulate and prohibit labor of persons less than eighteen years of age . The amendment was proposed in response to Supreme Court rulings in Hammer v. Dagenhart ( 1918 ) and Bailey v. Drexel Furniture Co. ( 1922 ) that found federal laws regulating and taxing goods produced by employees under the ages of 14 and 16 unconstitutional . When submitted to the states , ratification by 36 states was required for it to become part of the Constitution , as there were forty - eight states . Twenty - eight had ratified the amendment by early 1937 , but none have done so since . To become part of the Constitution today , ratification by an additional ten would be required . A federal statute approved June 25 , 1938 , regulated the employment of those under 16 or 18 years of age in interstate commerce . The Supreme Court , by unanimous vote in United States v. Darby Lumber Co. ( 1941 ) , found this law constitutional , effectively overturning Hammer v. Dagenhart . As a result of this development , the movement pushing for the amendment concluded . No longer pending The Equal Rights Amendment ( proposed 1972 ) would have prohibited deprivation of equality of rights ( discrimination ) by the federal or state governments on account of sex . A seven - year ratification time limit was initially placed on the amendment , but as the deadline approached , Congress granted a three - year extension . Thirty - five states ratified the proposed amendment prior to the original deadline , three short of the number required for it to be implemented ( five of them later voted to rescind their ratification ) . No further states ratified the amendment , thus it failed to be adopted . The District of Columbia Voting Rights Amendment ( proposed 1978 ) would have granted the District of Columbia full representation in the United States Congress as if it were a state , repealed the 23rd Amendment , granted the District unconditional Electoral College voting rights , and allowed its participation in the process by which the Constitution is amended . A seven - year ratification time limit was placed on the amendment . Sixteen states ratified the amendment ( twenty - two short of the number required for it to be implemented ) prior to the deadline , thus it failed to be adopted . Judicial review See also : Judicial review in the United States , Judicial review , and Appeal § Appellate review The way the Constitution is understood is influenced by court decisions , especially those of the Supreme Court . These decisions are referred to as precedents . Judicial review is the power of the Court to examine federal legislation , federal executive , and all state branches of government , to decide their constitutionality , and to strike them down if found unconstitutional . Judicial review includes the power of the Court to explain the meaning of the Constitution as it applies to particular cases . Over the years , Court decisions on issues ranging from governmental regulation of radio and television to the rights of the accused in criminal cases have changed the way many constitutional clauses are interpreted , without amendment to the actual text of the Constitution . Legislation passed to implement the Constitution , or to adapt those implementations to changing conditions , broadens and , in subtle ways , changes the meanings given to the words of the Constitution . Up to a point , the rules and regulations of the many federal executive agencies have a similar effect . If an action of Congress or the agencies is challenged , however , it is the court system that ultimately decides whether these actions are permissible under the Constitution . The Supreme Court has indicated that once the Constitution has been extended to an area ( by Congress or the Courts ) , its coverage is irrevocable . To hold that the political branches may switch the Constitution on or off at will would lead to a regime in which they , not this Court , say `` what the law is '' . Scope and theory Courts established by the Constitution can regulate government under the Constitution , the supreme law of the land . First , they have jurisdiction over actions by an officer of government and state law . Second , federal courts may rule on whether coordinate branches of national government conform to the Constitution . Until the twentieth century , the Supreme Court of the United States may have been the only high tribunal in the world to use a court for constitutional interpretation of fundamental law , others generally depending on their national legislature . Early Court roots in the founding John Jay , 1789 -- 1795 New York co-author The Federalist Papers John Marshall , 1801 -- 1835 Fauquier County delegate Virginia Ratification Convention The basic theory of American Judicial review is summarized by constitutional legal scholars and historians as follows : the written Constitution is fundamental law . It can change only by extraordinary legislative process of national proposal , then state ratification . The powers of all departments are limited to enumerated grants found in the Constitution . Courts are expected ( a ) to enforce provisions of the Constitution as the supreme law of the land , and ( b ) to refuse to enforce anything in conflict with it . In Convention . As to judicial review and the Congress , the first proposals by Madison ( Va ) and Wilson ( Pa ) called for a supreme court veto over national legislation . In this it resembled the system in New York , where the Constitution of 1777 called for a `` Council of Revision '' by the Governor and Justices of the state supreme court . The Council would review and in a way , veto any passed legislation violating the spirit of the Constitution before it went into effect . The nationalist 's proposal in Convention was defeated three times , and replaced by a presidential veto with Congressional over-ride . Judicial review relies on the jurisdictional authority in Article III , and the Supremacy Clause . The justification for judicial review is to be explicitly found in the open ratifications held in the states and reported in their newspapers . John Marshall in Virginia , James Wilson in Pennsylvania and Oliver Ellsworth of Connecticut all argued for Supreme Court judicial review of acts of state legislature . In Federalist No. 78 , Alexander Hamilton advocated the doctrine of a written document held as a superior enactment of the people . `` A limited constitution can be preserved in practice no other way '' than through courts which can declare void any legislation contrary to the Constitution . The preservation of the people 's authority over legislatures rests `` particularly with judges '' . The Supreme Court was initially made up of jurists who had been intimately connected with the framing of the Constitution and the establishment of its government as law . John Jay ( New York ) , a co-author of The Federalist Papers , served as Chief Justice for the first six years . The second Chief Justice for a term of four years , was Oliver Ellsworth ( Connecticut ) , a delegate in the Constitutional Convention , as was John Rutledge ( South Carolina ) , Washington 's recess appointment as Chief Justice who served in 1795 . John Marshall ( Virginia ) , the fourth Chief Justice , had served in the Virginia Ratification Convention in 1788 . His service on the Court would extend 34 years over some of the most important rulings to help establish the nation the Constitution had begun . In the first years of the Supreme Court , members of the Constitutional Convention who would serve included James Wilson ( Pennsylvania ) for ten years , John Blair Jr . ( Virginia ) for five , and John Rutledge ( South Carolina ) for one year as Justice , then Chief Justice in 1795 . Establishment When John Marshall followed Oliver Ellsworth as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court in 1801 , the federal judiciary had been established by the Judiciary Act , but there were few cases , and less prestige . `` The fate of judicial review was in the hands of the Supreme Court itself . '' Review of state legislation and appeals from state supreme courts was understood . But the Court 's life , jurisdiction over state legislation was limited . The Marshall Court 's landmark Barron v. Baltimore held that the Bill of Rights restricted only the federal government , and not the states . In the landmark Marbury v. Madison case , the Supreme Court asserted its authority of judicial review over Acts of Congress . Its findings were that Marbury and the others had a right to their commissions as judges in the District of Columbia . Marshall , writing the opinion for the majority , announced his discovered conflict between Section 13 of the Judiciary Act of 1789 and Article III . In this case , both the Constitution and the statutory law applied to the particulars at the same time . `` The very essence of judicial duty '' according to Marshall was to determine which of the two conflicting rules should govern . The Constitution enumerates powers of the judiciary to extend to cases arising `` under the Constitution '' . Further , justices take a Constitutional oath to uphold it as `` Supreme law of the land '' . Therefore , since the United States government as created by the Constitution is a limited government , the Federal courts were required to choose the Constitution over Congressional law if there were deemed to be a conflict . `` This argument has been ratified by time and by practice ... '' The Supreme Court did not declare another Act of Congress unconstitutional until the controversial Dred Scott decision in 1857 , held after the voided Missouri Compromise statute had already been repealed . In the eighty years following the Civil War to World War II , the Court voided Congressional statutes in 77 cases , on average almost one a year . Something of a crisis arose when , in 1935 and 1936 , the Supreme Court handed down twelve decisions voiding Acts of Congress relating to the New Deal . President Franklin D. Roosevelt then responded with his abortive `` court packing plan '' . Other proposals have suggested a Court super-majority to overturn Congressional legislation , or a Constitutional Amendment to require that the Justices retire at a specified age by law . To date , the Supreme Court 's power of judicial review has persisted . Self - restraint The power of judicial review could not have been preserved long in a democracy unless it had been `` wielded with a reasonable measure of judicial restraint , and with some attention , as Mr. Dooley said , to the election returns . '' Indeed , the Supreme Court has developed a system of doctrine and practice that self - limits its power of judicial review . The Court controls almost all of its business by choosing what cases to consider , writs of certiorari . In this way , it can avoid opinions on embarrassing or difficult cases . The Supreme Court limits itself by defining for itself what is a `` justiciable question . '' First , the Court is fairly consistent in refusing to make any `` advisory opinions '' in advance of actual cases . Second , `` friendly suits '' between those of the same legal interest are not considered . Third , the Court requires a `` personal interest '' , not one generally held , and a legally protected right must be immediately threatened by government action . Cases are not taken up if the litigant has no standing to sue . Simply having the money to sue and being injured by government action are not enough . These three procedural ways of dismissing cases have led critics to charge that the Supreme Court delays decisions by unduly insisting on technicalities in their `` standards of litigability '' . They say cases are left unconsidered which are in the public interest , with genuine controversy , and resulting from good faith action . `` The Supreme Court is not only a court of law but a court of justice . '' Separation of powers The Supreme Court balances several pressures to maintain its roles in national government . It seeks to be a co-equal branch of government , but its decrees must be enforceable . The Court seeks to minimize situations where it asserts itself superior to either President or Congress , but federal officers must be held accountable . The Supreme Court assumes power to declare acts of Congress as unconstitutional but it self - limits its passing on constitutional questions . But the Court 's guidance on basic problems of life and governance in a democracy is most effective when American political life reinforce its rulings . Justice Brandeis summarized four general guidelines that the Supreme Court uses to avoid constitutional decisions relating to Congress : The Court will not anticipate a question of constitutional law nor decide open questions unless a case decision requires it . If it does , a rule of constitutional law is formulated only as the precise facts in the case require . The Court will choose statutes or general law for the basis of its decision if it can without constitutional grounds . If it does , the Court will choose a constitutional construction of an Act of Congress , even if its constitutionality is seriously in doubt . Likewise with the Executive Department , Edwin Corwin observed that the Court does sometimes rebuff presidential pretensions , but it more often tries to rationalize them . Against Congress , an Act is merely `` disallowed '' . In the executive case , exercising judicial review produces `` some change in the external world '' beyond the ordinary judicial sphere . The `` political question '' doctrine especially applies to questions which present a difficult enforcement issue . Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes addressed the Court 's limitation when political process allowed future policy change , but a judicial ruling would `` attribute finality '' . Political questions lack `` satisfactory criteria for a judicial determination '' . John Marshall recognized that the president holds `` important political powers '' which as Executive privilege allows great discretion . This doctrine was applied in Court rulings on President Grant 's duty to enforce the law during Reconstruction . It extends to the sphere of foreign affairs . Justice Robert Jackson explained , Foreign affairs are inherently political , `` wholly confided by our Constitution to the political departments of the government ... ( and ) not subject to judicial intrusion or inquiry . '' Critics of the Court object in two principal ways to self - restraint in judicial review , deferring as it does as a matter of doctrine to Acts of Congress and Presidential actions . Its inaction is said to allow `` a flood of legislative appropriations '' which permanently create an imbalance between the states and federal government . Supreme Court deference to Congress and the executive compromises American protection of civil rights , political minority groups and aliens . Further information : Separation of powers under the United States Constitution Subsequent courts Main article : History of the Supreme Court of the United States Supreme Courts under the leadership of subsequent Chief Justices have also used judicial review to interpret the Constitution among individuals , states and federal branches . Notable contributions were made by the Chase Court , the Taft Court , the Warren Court , and the Rehnquist Court . Further information : List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Chase Court Salmon P. Chase was a Lincoln appointee , serving as Chief Justice from 1864 to 1873 . His career encompassed service as a U.S. Senator and Governor of Ohio . He coined the slogan , `` Free soil , free Labor , free men . '' One of Lincoln 's `` team of rivals '' , he was appointed Secretary of Treasury during the Civil War , issuing `` greenbacks '' . To appease radical Republicans , Lincoln appointed him to replace Chief Justice Roger B. Taney of Dred Scott case fame . In one of his first official acts , Chase admitted John Rock , the first African - American to practice before the Supreme Court . The `` Chase Court '' is famous for Texas v. White , which asserted a permanent Union of indestructible states . Veazie Bank v. Fenno upheld the Civil War tax on state banknotes . Hepburn v. Griswold found parts of the Legal Tender Acts unconstitutional , though it was reversed under a late Supreme Court majority . Further information : List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Taft Court Scope of judicial review expanded Salmon P. Chase Union , Reconstruction William Howard Taft commerce , incorporation Earl Warren due process , civil rights William Rehnquist federalism , privacy William Howard Taft was a Harding appointment to Chief Justice from 1921 to 1930 . A Progressive Republican from Ohio , he was a one - term President . As Chief Justice , he advocated the Judiciary Act of 1925 that brought the Federal District Courts under the administrative jurisdiction of the Supreme Court . Taft successfully sought the expansion of Court jurisdiction over non - states such as District of Columbia and Territories of Arizona , New Mexico , Alaska and Hawaii . In 1925 , the Taft Court issued a ruling overturning a Marshall Court ruling on the Bill of Rights . In Gitlow v. New York , the Court established the doctrine of `` incorporation which applied the Bill of Rights to the states . Important cases included the Board of Trade of City of Chicago v. Olsen that upheld Congressional regulation of commerce . Olmstead v. United States allowed exclusion of evidence obtained without a warrant based on application of the 14th Amendment proscription against unreasonable searches . Wisconsin v. Illinois ruled the equitable power of the United States can impose positive action on a state to prevent its inaction from damaging another state . Further information : List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Warren Court Earl Warren was an Eisenhower nominee , Chief Justice from 1953 to 1969 . Warren 's Republican career in the law reached from County Prosecutor , California state attorney general , and three consecutive terms as Governor . His programs stressed progressive efficiency , expanding state education , re-integrating returning veterans , infrastructure and highway construction . In 1954 , the Warren Court overturned a landmark Fuller Court ruling on the Fourteenth Amendment interpreting racial segregation as permissible in government and commerce providing `` separate but equal '' services . Warren built a coalition of Justices after 1962 that developed the idea of natural rights as guaranteed in the Constitution . Brown v. Board of Education banned segregation in public schools . Baker v. Carr and Reynolds v. Sims established Court ordered `` one - man - one - vote '' . Bill of Rights Amendments were incorporated into the states . Due process was expanded in Gideon v. Wainwright and Miranda v. Arizona . First Amendment rights were addressed in Griswold v. Connecticut concerning privacy , and Engel v. Vitale relative to free speech . Further information : List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Rehnquist Court William Rehnquist was a Reagan appointment to Chief Justice , serving from 1986 to 2005 . While he would concur with overthrowing a state supreme court 's decision , as in Bush v. Gore , he built a coalition of Justices after 1994 that developed the idea of federalism as provided for in the Tenth Amendment . In the hands of the Supreme Court , the Constitution and its Amendments were to restrain Congress , as in City of Boerne v. Flores . Nevertheless , the Rehnquist Court was noted in the contemporary `` culture wars '' for overturning state laws relating to privacy prohibiting late - term abortions in Stenberg v. Carhart , prohibiting sodomy in Lawrence v. Texas , or ruling so as to protect free speech in Texas v. Johnson or affirmative action in Grutter v. Bollinger . Civic religion Main article : American civil religion There is a viewpoint that some Americans have come to see the documents of the Constitution , along with the Declaration of Independence and the Bill of Rights , as being a cornerstone of a type of civil religion . This is suggested by the prominent display of the Constitution , along with the Declaration of Independence and the Bill of Rights , in massive , bronze - framed , bulletproof , moisture - controlled glass containers vacuum - sealed in a rotunda by day and in multi-ton bomb - proof vaults by night at the National Archives Building . The idea of displaying the documents struck one academic critic looking from the point of view of the 1776 or 1789 America as `` idolatrous , and also curiously at odds with the values of the Revolution '' . By 1816 , Jefferson wrote that `` ( s ) ome men look at constitutions with sanctimonious reverence and deem them like the Ark of the Covenant , too sacred to be touched '' . But he saw imperfections and imagined that there could potentially be others , believing as he did that `` institutions must advance also '' . Some commentators depict the multi-ethnic , multi-sectarian United States as held together by a political orthodoxy , in contrast with a nation state of people having more `` natural '' ties . Worldwide influence Main article : United States Constitution and worldwide influence José Rizal Sun Yat - sen The United States Constitution has been a notable model for governance around the world . Its international influence is found in similarities of phrasing and borrowed passages in other constitutions , as well as in the principles of the rule of law , separation of powers and recognition of individual rights . The American experience of fundamental law with amendments and judicial review has motivated constitutionalists at times when they were considering the possibilities for their nation 's future . It informed Abraham Lincoln during the American Civil War , his contemporary and ally Benito Juárez of Mexico , and the second generation of 19th - century constitutional nationalists , José Rizal of the Philippines and Sun Yat - sen of China . Since the latter half of the 20th century , the influence of the United States Constitution may be waning as other countries have revised their constitutions with new influences . Criticisms Further information : History of the United States Constitution § Criticism of the Constitution The United States Constitution has faced various criticisms since its inception in 1787 . The Constitution did not originally define who was eligible to vote , allowing each state to determine who was eligible . In the early history of the U.S. , most states allowed only white male adult property owners to vote . Until the Reconstruction Amendments were adopted between 1865 and 1870 , the five years immediately following the Civil War , the Constitution did not abolish slavery , nor give citizenship and voting rights to former slaves . These amendments did not include a specific prohibition on discrimination on the basis of sex ; it took another amendment -- the Nineteenth , ratified in 1920 -- for the Constitution to prohibit any United States citizen from being denied the right to vote on the basis of sex . See also Timeline of drafting and ratification of the United States Constitution Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States by Joseph Story ( three volumes ) Congressional power of enforcement Constitution Day ( United States ) Constitutionalism in the United States History of democracy List of national constitutions ( world countries ) List of proposed amendments to the United States Constitution List of sources of law in the United States National Constitution Center Pocket Constitution State constitution ( United States ) Second Constitutional Convention of the United States The Constitution of the United States of America : Analysis and Interpretation Related documents Mayflower Compact ( 1620 ) Fundamental Orders of Connecticut ( 1639 ) Massachusetts Body of Liberties ( 1641 ) Bill of Rights 1689 -- English Bill of Rights United States Declaration of Independence ( 1776 ) Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom ( 1779 ) Notes Jump up ^ Historically , the first written constitution of an independent polity which was adopted by representatives elected by the people was the 1755 Corsican Constitution , despite being short - lived , drafted by Pasquale Paoli , whose work was an inspiration for many American patriots , including the Hearts of Oak , originally named `` The Corsicans '' , and the Sons of Liberty . Earlier written constitutions of independent states exist but were not adopted by bodies elected by the people , such as the Swedish Constitution of 1772 , adopted by the king , the Constitution of San Marino of 1600 which is the oldest surviving constitution in the world , or the Constitution of Pylyp Orlyk , the first establishing separation of powers . Jump up ^ The Judiciary Act of 1789 established six Supreme Court justices . The number was periodically increased , reaching ten in 1863 , allowing Lincoln additional appointments . After the Civil War , vacancies reduced the number to seven . Congress finally fixed the number at nine . Jump up ^ The four concepts which determine `` justiciability '' , the formula for a federal court taking and deciding a case , are the doctrines of ( a ) standing , ( b ) real and substantial interests , ( c ) adversity , and ( d ) avoidance of political questions . Jump up ^ Judicial Review is explained in Hamilton 's Federalist No. 78 . It also has roots in Natural Law expressions in the Declaration of Independence . The Supreme Court first ruled an act of Congress unconstitutional in Marbury v. Madison , the second was Dred Scott . Jump up ^ For instance , ' collateral estoppel ' directs that when a litigant wins in a state court , they can not sue in federal court to get a more favorable outcome . Jump up ^ Recently numerous habeas corpus reforms have tried to preserve a working `` relationship of comity '' and simultaneously streamline the process for state and lower courts to apply Supreme Court interpretations . Jump up ^ Contrary to this source when viewed , the Constitution provides that punishments , including forfeiture of income and property , must apply to the person convicted . `` No attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood or forfeiture '' on the convicted traitor 's children or heirs . This avoids the perpetuation of civil war into the generations by Parliamentary majorities as in the Wars of the Roses . Jump up ^ Downes v. Bidwell , 182 U.S. 244 , 261 ( 1901 ) , commenting on an earlier Supreme Court decision , Loughborough v. Blake , 18 U.S. ( 5 Wheat . ) 317 ( 1820 ) ; Rasmussen v. United States , 197 U.S. 516 , 529 -- 530 , 536 ( 1905 ) ( concurring opinions of Justices Harlan and Brown ) , that once the Constitution has been extended to an area , its coverage is irrevocable ; Boumediene v. Bush -- That where the Constitution has been once formally extended by Congress to territories , neither Congress nor the territorial legislature can enact laws inconsistent therewith . The Constitution grants Congress and the President the power to acquire , dispose of , and govern territory , not the power to decide when and where its terms apply . Jump up ^ The Supreme Court found 658 cases of invalid state statutes from 1790 to 1941 before the advent of civil rights cases in the last half of the twentieth century Jump up ^ In this , John Marshall leaned on the argument of Hamilton in Federalist No. 78 . Jump up ^ Although it may be that the true meaning of the Constitution to the people of the United States in 1788 can only be divined by a study of the state ratification conventions , the Supreme Court has used The Federalist Papers as a supplemental guide to the Constitution since their co-author , John Jay , was the first Chief Justice . Jump up ^ The entire quote reads , `` This argument has been ratified by time and by practice , and there is little point in quibbling with it . Of course , the President also takes an oath to support the Constitution . '' Jump up ^ The presidential reference is to Andrew Jackson 's disagreement with Marshall 's Court over Worcester v. Georgia , finding Georgia could not impose its laws in Cherokee Territory . Jackson replied , `` John Marshall has made his decision ; now let him enforce it ! '' , and the Trail of Tears proceeded . Jackson would not politically interpose the U.S. Army between Georgia and the Cherokee people as Eisenhower would do between Arkansas and the integrating students . Jump up ^ `` Advisory opinions '' are not the same as `` declaratory judgments . '' ( a ) These address rights and legal relationships in cases of `` actual controversy '' , and ( b ) the holding has the force and effect of a final judgment . ( c ) There is no coercive order , as the parties are assumed to follow the judgment , but a `` declaratory judgment '' is the basis of any subsequent ruling in case law . Jump up ^ Louis Brandeis concurring opinion , Ashwander v. Tennessee Valley Authority , 1936 . Jump up ^ The Chase Court , 1864 -- 1873 , in 1865 were the Hon . Salmon P. Chase , Chief Justice , U.S. ; Hon . Nathan Clifford , Maine ; Stephen J. Field , Justice Supreme Court , U.S. ; Hon . Samuel F. Miller , U.S. Supreme Court ; Hon . Noah H. Swayne , Justice Supreme Court , U.S. ; Judge Morrison R. Waite Jump up ^ The Taft Court , 1921 -- 1930 , in 1925 were James Clark McReynolds , Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. , William Howard Taft ( Chief Justice ) , Willis Van Devanter , Louis Brandeis . Edward Sanford , George Sutherland , Pierce Butler , Harlan Fiske Stone Jump up ^ The Warren Court , 1953 -- 1969 , in 1963 were Felix Frankfurter ; Hugo Black ; Earl Warren ( Chief Justice ) ; Stanley Reed ; WIlliam O. Douglas . Tom Clark ; Robert H. Jackson ; Harold Burton ; Sherman Minton Jump up ^ The Rehnquist Court , 1986 -- 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Secession was indeed unconstitutional ... military resistance to secession was not only constitutional but also morally justified . `` the primary purpose of the Constitution was ... to create ' a more perfect union ' ... the Constitution was an exercise in nation building . Jump up ^ Juarez regarded the United States as a model of republican democracy and consistently supported Abraham Lincoln . Jump up ^ The institutions of the two countries which have most influenced constitutional development are Spain and the United States `` . One of the reforms , `` sine quibus non '' , to use the words of Rizal and Mabini , always insisted upon by the Filipinos , was Philippine representation in the Spanish Cortez , the promulgation in the Islands of the Spanish Constitution , and the complete assimilation equal to that of any in the Spanish provinces on the continent . Jump up ^ In the modern history of China , there were many revolutionaries who tried to seek the truth from the West in order to overthrow the feudal system of the Qing dynasty . Dr. Sun Yat - sen , for example , was much influenced by American democracy , especially the U.S. Constitution . References Footnotes Jump up ^ Maier 2010 , p. 35 Jump up ^ Goodlatte says U.S. has the oldest working national constitution , Politifact Virginia website , September 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ United States Senate ( 1992 ) . `` Amendments to the Constitution of the United States of America '' ( PDF ) . The Constitution of the United States of America : Analysis and Interpretation ( PDF ) format = requires url = ( help ) . U.S. Government Printing Office . p. 25 n. 2 . ISBN 9780160632686 . ^ Jump up to : `` Constitution Day '' . Senate.gov . United States Senate . Retrieved September 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ritchie , Donald . `` Bill of Rights '' . Annenberg Classroom -- Glossary . Leonore Annenberg Institute for Civics of the Annenberg Public Policy Center of the University of Pennsylvania . Retrieved September 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lloyd , Gordon . `` Introduction to the Bill of Rights '' . TeachingAmericanHistory.org . The Ashbrook Center at Ashland University . Retrieved September 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Founding Documents '' . October 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Differences between Parchment , Vellum and Paper '' . August 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pasquale Paoli -- Corsican statesman '' . Jump up ^ Ruppert , Bob . `` Paoli : Hero of the Sons of Liberty '' . Journal of the American Revolution . Retrieved May 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McLaughlin , Andrew C. ( 1936 ) . `` A constitutional History of the United States '' . New York , London : D. Appleton - Century Company . pp. 83 -- 90 . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2014 . Retrieved August 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Morris , Richard B. ( December 28 , 1976 ) . Presidential Address ( Speech ) . American Historical Association . Retrieved June 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fritz , Christian G. ( 2008 ) . American Sovereigns : The People and America 's Constitutional Tradition Before the Civil War . New York : Cambridge University Press . p. 131 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 88188 - 3 ; noting that `` Madison , along with other Americans clearly understood '' the Articles of Confederation `` to be the first federal Constitution '' . Jump up ^ Jensen , Merrill ( 1950 ) . The New Nation : A History of the United States During the Confederation , 1781 -- 1789 . Boston : Northeastern University Press . pp. 177 -- 233 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 930350 - 14 - 7 . Jump up ^ Wood , Gordon S. ( 1972 ) . The Creation of the American Republic , 1776 -- 1787 . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press . p. 359 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 807 - 84723 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Maier 2010 , pp. 11 -- 13 Jump up ^ Maier 2010 , pp. 12 -- 13 , 19 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , pp. 129 -- 130 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Maier 2010 , pp. 15 -- 16 . Jump up ^ Maier 2010 , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Wood 1998 , pp. 356 -- 367 , 359 . Jump up ^ Maier 2010 , pp. 14 , 30 , 66 . Jump up ^ `` Resolution of Congress , 21 Feb. 1787 '' . The Founders ' Constitution . University of Chicago Press ; The Articles Congress thus echoed a previous resolution of a conference at Annapolis ; see `` Proceedings of Commissioners to Remedy Defects of the Federal Government : 1786 '' . Jump up ^ Maier 2010 , p. 21 Jump up ^ Maier 2010 , p. 27 ^ Jump up to : `` America 's Founding Fathers - Delegates to the Constitutional Convention '' . The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Variant Texts of the Virginia Plan , Presented by Edmund Randolph to the Federal Convention '' . The Avalon Project at Yale Law School . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 reported by James Madison : on June 15 '' . The Avalon Project at Yale Law School . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Committee Assignments Chart and Commentary '' . Ashland , Ohio : TeachingAmericanHistory.org . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Madison Debates July 16 '' . The Avalon Project at Yale Law School . Retrieved March 31 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Committees at the Constitutional Convention '' . U.S. Constitution Online . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Madison Debates August 6 '' . The Avalon Project at Yale Law School . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Madison Debates September 12 '' . The Avalon Project at Yale Law School . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vile , John R. ( 2005 ) . The Constitutional Convention of 1787 : A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of America 's Founding ( Volume 1 : A-M ) . ABC - CLIO . p. 705 . ISBN 1 - 85109 - 669 - 8 . Retrieved October 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Madison Debates September 15 '' . The Avalon Project at Yale Law School . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wright Jr. , Robert K. ; MacGregor Jr. , Morris J. `` Appendix A : The Annapolis Convention '' . Soldier - Statesmen of the Constitution . Washington D.C : United States Army Center of Military History . p. 264 . LCCN 87001353 . CMH Pub 71 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Resolution of Congress of September 28 , 1787 , Submitting the Constitution to the Several States '' . The Avalon Project at Yale Law School . Retrieved August 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Resolution of the Congress , of September 13 , 1788 , Fixing Date for Election of a President , and the Organization of the Government Under the Constitution , in the City of New York '' -- via Avalon Project . Jump up ^ `` March 4 : A forgotten huge day in American history '' . Philadelphia , Pennsylvania : National Constitution Center . March 4 , 2013 . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Manning , John F. ( 2011 ) . `` Separation of Powers as Ordinary Interpretation '' . Harvard Law Review . 124 ( 1 ) : 1939 -- 2039 . Jump up ^ Carpenter , William Seal ( 1928 ) . `` The Separation of Powers in the Eighteenth Century '' . American Political Science Review . 22 ( 1 ) : 32 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Nielson , Aaron ( April 10 , 2016 ) . `` D.C. Circuit Reviewed : The Baron Montesquieu '' . Jump up ^ National Archives and Records Administration . `` National Archives Article on the Bill of Rights '' . Retrieved December 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Kilpatrick , James J. , ed. ( 1961 ) . The Constitution of the United States and Amendments Thereto . Foreword by Denys P. Myers . Virginia Commission on Constitutional Government . p. i ( of foreword ) . Jump up ^ See Jacobson v. Massachusetts , 197 U.S. 11 , 22 ( 1905 ) ( `` Although th ( e ) preamble indicates the general purposes for which the people ordained and established the Constitution , it has never been regarded as the source of any substantive power conferred on the government of the United States , or on any of its departments . '' ) ; see also United States v. Boyer , 85 F. 425 , 430 -- 31 ( W.D. Mo . 1898 ) ( `` The preamble never can be resorted to , to enlarge the powers confided to the general government , or any of its departments . It can not confer any power per se . It can never amount , by implication , to an enlargement of any power expressly given . It can never be the legitimate source of any implied power , when otherwise withdrawn from the constitution . Its true office is to expound the nature and extent and application of the powers actually conferred by the constitution , and not substantively to create them . '' ( quoting 1 JOSEPH STORY , COMMENTARIES ON THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES § 462 ( 1833 ) ) ( internal quotation marks omitted ) ) . Jump up ^ Adler & Gorman 1975 , p. 26 , 80 , 136 . ^ Jump up to : 17 . U.S. at 421 ^ Jump up to : O'Connor 2010 . Jump up ^ FindLaw for legal professionals Archived January 16 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine. , with links to United States Government Printing office official Web site , Cornell Law School , Emory Law School , and U.S. Supreme Court decisions since 1893 , ( 1998 , 2000 Supplement ) . Viewed November 28 , 2011 . `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2013 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 29 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ England , Trent & Spalding , Matthew . `` Essays on Article V : Amendments '' . The Heritage Foundation . Retrieved July 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Proposed Amendments '' . Constitution Day Observance Events . Clayton State University . Jump up ^ Lutz , Donald ( 1994 ) . `` Toward a Theory of Constitutional Amendment '' . The American Political Science Review . ^ Jump up to : `` The Constitutional Amendment Process '' . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved July 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Morison , Samuel Eliot ( 1965 ) . The Oxford History of the American People . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 312 . Jump up ^ Lloyd , Gordon . `` The Six Stages of Ratification of the Constitution : Stage I -- Now For the Bad News '' . TeachingAmericanHistory.org . The Ashbrook Center at Ashland University . Retrieved June 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Spaulding , Matthew . `` Attestation Clause '' . The Heritage Foundation . Retrieved November 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Neale , Thomas H. `` The Proposed Equal Rights Amendment : Contemporary Ratification Issues '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on August 31 , 2014 . Retrieved July 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Amendment I '' . Annenberg Classroom . Leonore Annenberg Institute for Civics of the Annenberg Public Policy Center of the University of Pennsylvania . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fletcher v. Haas , 11 - 10644 - DPW ( D. Mass . March 30 , 2012 ) . Jump up ^ Pierce , John ( April 2 , 2012 ) . `` Permanent Resident Aliens Have Second Amendment Rights Too '' . Monachus Lex . Jump up ^ Constitutional Law . Casenotes. 2009 - 12 - 06 . ISBN 9780735589452 . Jump up ^ Jilson , Cal ( 2013 - 01 - 04 ) . American Government : Political Development and Institutional Change . ISBN 9781136269691 . Jump up ^ Shaman , Jeffrey . `` After Heller : What Now for the Second Amendment '' . Santa Clara Law Review . Retrieved January 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` US Senate Annotated Constitution '' . Retrieved January 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Amendment II '' . Annenberg Classroom . Leonore Annenberg Institute for Civics of the Annenberg Public Policy Center of the University of Pennsylvania . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Epstein , Lee & Walk , Thomas G. ( 2012 ) . Constitutional Law for a Changing America : Rights , Liberties and Justice ( 8th ed . ) . CQ Press . pp. 395 -- 396 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4522 - 2674 - 3 . Jump up ^ Moncure 1990 . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Amendment III '' . Annenberg Classroom . Leonore Annenberg Institute for Civics of the Annenberg Public Policy Center of the University of Pennsylvania . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Amendment IV '' . Annenberg Classroom . Leonore Annenberg Institute for Civics of the Annenberg Public Policy Center of the University of Pennsylvania . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Amendment V '' . Annenberg Classroom . Leonore Annenberg Institute for Civics of the Annenberg Public Policy Center of the University of Pennsylvania . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Amendment VI '' . Annenberg Classroom . Leonore Annenberg Institute for Civics of the Annenberg Public Policy Center of the University of Pennsylvania . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Amendment VII '' . Annenberg Classroom . Leonore Annenberg Institute for Civics of the Annenberg Public Policy Center of the University of Pennsylvania . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Amendment VIII '' . Annenberg Classroom . Leonore Annenberg Institute for Civics of the Annenberg Public Policy Center of the University of Pennsylvania . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Amendment IX '' . Annenberg Classroom . Leonore Annenberg Institute for Civics of the Annenberg Public Policy Center of the University of Pennsylvania . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Amendment X '' . Annenberg Classroom . Leonore Annenberg Institute for Civics of the Annenberg Public Policy Center of the University of Pennsylvania . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Annotation 1 : Eleventh Amendment , State Immunity '' . FindLaw . Retrieved May 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Amendment XI '' . Annenberg Classroom . Leonore Annenberg Institute for Civics of the Annenberg Public Policy Center of the University of Pennsylvania . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Amendment XVI '' . www.annenbergclassroom.org . Philadelphia , Pa. : Annenberg Classroom . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Amendment XVIII '' . www.annenbergclassroom.org . Philadelphia , Pa. : Annenberg Classroom . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Amendment XXI '' . www.annenbergclassroom.org . Philadelphia , Pa. : Annenberg Classroom . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Emancipation Proclamation '' . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Amendment XIII '' . Annenberg Classroom . Leonore Annenberg Institute for Civics of the Annenberg Public Policy Center of the University of Pennsylvania . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Amendment XIV '' . Annenberg Classroom . Leonore Annenberg Institute for Civics of the Annenberg Public Policy Center of the University of Pennsylvania . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Amendment XV '' . Annenberg Classroom . Leonore Annenberg Institute for Civics of the Annenberg Public Policy Center of the University of Pennsylvania . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Amendment XIX '' . www.annenbergclassroom.org . Philadelphia , Pa. : Annenberg Classroom . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Amendment XXIII '' . www.annenbergclassroom.org . Philadelphia , Pa. : Annenberg Classroom . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Amendment XXIV '' . www.annenbergclassroom.org . Philadelphia , Pa. : Annenberg Classroom . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Amendment XXVI '' . www.annenbergclassroom.org . Philadelphia , Pa. : Annenberg Classroom . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Amendment XII '' . Annenberg Classroom . Leonore Annenberg Institute for Civics of the Annenberg Public Policy Center of the University of Pennsylvania . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Amendment XVII '' . www.annenbergclassroom.org . Philadelphia , Pa. : Annenberg Classroom . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CRS / LII Annotated Constitution Twentieth Amendment '' . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Amendment XX '' . www.annenbergclassroom.org . Philadelphia , Pa. : Annenberg Classroom . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Amendment XXII '' . www.annenbergclassroom.org . Philadelphia , Pa. : Annenberg Classroom . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Amendment XXV '' . www.annenbergclassroom.org . Philadelphia , Pa. : Annenberg Classroom . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Amendment XXVII '' . www.annenbergclassroom.org . Philadelphia , Pa. : Annenberg Classroom . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Capitol Questions '' . C - SPAN . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2008 . Retrieved May 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Morison , Samuel Eliot ( 1965 ) . The Oxford History of the American People . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 609 . Jump up ^ Kilpatrick , James J. , ed. ( 1961 ) . The Constitution of the United States and Amendments Thereto . Virginia Commission on Constitutional Government . pp. 68 -- 69 . Jump up ^ Griffin , Stephen M. ( 1998 ) . American Constitutionalism : From Theory to Politics . Princeton University Press . p. 89 . ISBN 9780691002408 . Jump up ^ Pritchett 1959 , p. 134 . Jump up ^ Pritchett 1959 , p. 136 . Jump up ^ Pritchett 1959 , pp. 137 -- 138 . ^ Jump up to : Pritchett 1959 , p. 138 . ^ Jump up to : Pritchett 1959 , p. 142 . Jump up ^ Pritchett 1959 , p. 140 . Jump up ^ Pritchett 1959 , pp. 140 -- 141 . Jump up ^ Pritchett 1959 , p. 141 . Jump up ^ Pritchett 1959 , pp. 141 -- 142 . ^ Jump up to : Pritchett 1959 , p. 145 . Jump up ^ Pritchett 1959 , pp. 148 -- 149 . ^ Jump up to : Pritchett 1959 , p. 149 . Jump up ^ Pritchett 1959 , p. 154 . Jump up ^ Pritchett 1959 , p. 150 . Jump up ^ Pritchett 1959 , p. 151 . Jump up ^ Pritchett 1959 , pp. 150 -- 151 . Jump up ^ Pritchett 1959 , p. 153 . ^ Jump up to : Wood , Gordon S. , ( August 14 , 1997 ) . `` Dusting off the Declaration '' . The New York Review of Books . Retrieved December 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Levinson 1987 , p. 115 . Jump up ^ Levinson 1987 , p. 118 . Jump up ^ Levinson 1987 , p. 119 . Jump up ^ Billias 2009 , xi -- xv . Jump up ^ Farber 2003 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Farber 2003 , p. 198 . Jump up ^ Stacy 2003 , p. 436 . Jump up ^ Malcolm 1920 , p. 109 . Jump up ^ Qing Yu 1988 , p. 193 . Jump up ^ `` The Declining Influence of the United States Constitution '' . Journalist 's Resource . Harvard Kennedy School of Government Shorenstein Center on Media , Politics and Public Policy . April 9 , 2013 . Retrieved April 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Law , David S. ; Versteeg , Mila ( 2012 ) . `` The Declining Influence of the United States Constitution '' . New York University Law Review . 87 ( 3 ) : 762 -- 858 . SSRN 1923556 . Jump up ^ `` Expansion of Rights and Liberties -- The Right of Suffrage '' . Online Exhibit : The Charters of Freedom . National Archives . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2016 . Retrieved April 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Voting Rights '' . Infoplease . Retrieved April 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Voting in Early America '' . Colonial Williamsburg . Spring 2007 . Retrieved April 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Foner , Eric . `` The Reconstruction Amendments : Official Documents as Social History '' . The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History . Retrieved December 5 , 2012 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` The Constitution : The 19th Amendment '' . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved December 5 , 2012 . Works cited Adler , Mortimer & Gorman , William ( 1975 ) . The American Testament : for the Institute for Philosophical Research and the Aspen Institute for Humanistic Studies . New York : Praeger . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 34060 - 5 . Billias , George ( 2009 ) . American Constitutionalism Heard Round the World , 1776 -- 1989 : A Global Perspective . New York : New York University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8147 - 9107 - 3 . Bowen , Catherine ( 2010 ) ( First published 1966 ) . Miracle at Philadelphia : The Story of the Constitutional Convention , May to September 1787 . New York : Little , Brown . ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 10261 - 2 . Farber , Daniel ( 2003 ) . Lincoln 's Constitution . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 23793 - 0 . Levinson , Sanford ( 1987 ) . `` Pledging Faith in the Civil Religion ; Or , Would You Sign the Constitution ? '' . William & Mary Law Review . 29 ( 113 ) . Retrieved December 15 , 2011 . Maier , Pauline ( 2010 ) . Ratification : The People Debate the Constitution , 1787 -- 1788 . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 86854 - 7 . Malcolm , George A. ( 1920 ) . `` Constitutional History of the Philippines '' . American Bar Association Journal . 6 . Moncure Jr. , Thomas M. ( 1990 ) . `` Who is the Militia : The Virginia Ratification Convention and the Right to Bear Arms '' ( PDF ) . Lincoln Law Review . 19 : 1 -- 25 . Retrieved November 11 , 2011 . O'Connor , Tom ( 2010 ) . `` Constitutional Structure '' . Retrieved November 14 , 2011 . Pritchett , C. Herman ( 1959 ) . The American Constitution . New York : McGraw - Hill . Qing Yu , Li ( 1988 ) . `` Dr. Sun Yat Sen and the U.S. Constitution '' . In Starr , Joseph Barton . The United States Constitution : Its Birth , Growth , and Influence in Asia . Hong Kong : Hong Kong University Press . ISBN 978 - 962 - 209 - 201 - 3 . Stacy , Lee , ed. ( 2003 ) . Mexico and the United States . vol. 2 . London : Marshall Cavendish . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7614 - 7402 - 9 . Wood , Gordon ( 1998 ) . The Creation of the American Republic , 1776 -- 1787 . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 4723 - 7 . Further reading Bailyn , Bernard , ed. ( 1993 ) . The Debate on the Constitution : Federalist and Antifederalist Speeches , Articles , and Letters During the Struggle for Ratification . Part One : September 1787 to February 1788 . The Library of America . Bailyn , Bernard , ed. ( 1993 ) . The Debate on the Constitution : Federalist and Antifederalist Speeches , Articles , and Letters During the Struggle for Ratification . Part Two : January to August 1788 . The Library of America . ISBN 0 - 940450 - 64 - X . Bryce , James , viscount ( 1891 ) . The American Commonwealth . vol. 1 ( 2nd ed . ) . London : Macmillan and Co. pp. ( 350 ) -- 397 , ( 636 ) -- 645 , 669 -- 682 , et passim . Casey , Gregory ( Spring 1974 ) . `` The Supreme Court and Myth : An Empirical Investigation '' . Law & Society Review . 8 ( 3 ) : 385 -- 420 . doi : 10.2307 / 3053081 . JSTOR 3053081 . Elliot , Jonathan . The Debates in the Several State Conventions of the Adoption of the Federal Constitution . Vol. 1 , Constitution , Declaration of Independence , Articles of Confederation , Journal of Federal Convention , Vol. 2 , State Conventions Massachusetts , Connecticut. , New Hampshire , New York , Pennsylvania , Maryland , Vol. 3 , Virginia , Vol. 4 , North . and South . Carolina , Resolutions , Tariffs , Banks , Debt , Vol. 5 Debates in Congress , Madison 's Notes , Misc . Letters . Ford , Paul Leicester , ed. ( 1888 ) . Pamphlets on the Constitution of the United States , Published During its Discussion by the People , 1787 -- 1788 . Brooklyn , NY ; Pamphlets written between 1787 -- 88 by Elbridge Gerry , Noah Webster , John Jay , Melancthon Smith , Pelatiah Werster , Tench Coxe , James Wilson , John Dickinson , Alexander Contee Hanson , Edmund Randolph , Richard Henry Lee , George Mason , and David Ramsay . The essay attributed to Gerry was in fact written by Mercy Otis Warren . Fritz , Christian G. ( 2008 ) . American Sovereigns : The People and America 's Constitutional Tradition Before the Civil War . Cambridge University Press . Garvey , John H. , ed. ( 2004 ) . Modern Constitutional Theory : A Reader ( 5th ed . ) . Hall , Kermit ( 1992 ) . The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States . New York : Oxford University Press . Kaminski , John P. ; Saladino , Gaspare J. ; Leffler , Richard ; Schoenleber , Charles H. & Hogan , Margaret A. ( eds . ) . Documentary History of the Ratification of the Constitution , 1976 - . Published volumes 1 -- 10 , 13 -- 23 , forthcoming volumes 11 -- 12 , 24 -- 29 . Most recent volume : The Documentary History of the Ratification of the Constitution , Vol. 23 , Ratification by the States : New York , No. 5 . Madison : The State Historical Society of Wisconsin , . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87020 - 439 - 5 . Klos , Stanley L. ( 2004 ) . President Who ? Forgotten Founders . Pittsburgh , PA : Evisum . p. 261 . ISBN 0 - 9752627 - 5 - 0 . Kurland , Philip B. & Lerner , Ralph ( eds . ) . The Founders ' Constitution . University of Chicago Press and the Liberty Fund . ISBN 0 - 86597 - 279 - 6 ; The work consists of `` extracts from the leading works of political theory , history , law , and constitutional argument on which the Framers and their contemporaries drew and which they themselves produced '' . Levy , Leonard W. ; Karst , Kenneth L. & West , John G. , eds. ( 1992 ) . Encyclopedia of the American Constitution . New York : Macmillan . Mason , Alpheus Thomas & Stephenson , Donald Grier , eds. ( 2004 ) . American Constitutional Law : Introductory Essays and Selected Cases ( 14th ed . ) . McDonald , Forrest ( 1985 ) . Novus Ordo Seclorum : The Intellectual Origins of the Constitution . Lawrence : University Press of Kansas . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7006 - 0311 - 4 . Robertson , David Brian ( 2013 ) . The Original Compromise : What the Constitutional Framers Were Really Thinking . New York : Oxford University Press . Tribe , Laurence H. ( 1999 ) . American Constitutional Law . Yale Law School . `` The Avalon Project : Notes on the Debates in the Federal Convention '' . The Avalon Project . Yale Law School . Retrieved May 8 , 2011 . 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8 LCCN : n79065871 NARA : 10643606 VIAF : 179020116 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Constitution&oldid=845937917 '' Categories : 1787 in the United States 1789 establishments in the United States 1789 in American law 1789 in American politics 1789 in the United States American political philosophy literature Constitutions by country James Madison Official documents of the United States Political charters United States Constitution Hidden categories : Pages using citations with format and no URL Articles needing more detailed references Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Pages containing links to subscription - only content Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use American English from August 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from April 2015 Articles needing additional references from June 2012 All articles needing additional references Articles needing cleanup from February 2016 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from February 2016 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from February 2016 Pages using div col with small parameter Articles with Encyclopædia Britannica links Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikibooks Wikiquote Wikisource Languages Afrikaans Ænglisc Asturianu Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Català Чӑвашла Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 贛 語 客家 語 / Hak - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the main purpose of the united states constitution | [
"The United States Constitution is the supreme law of the United States.[1] The Constitution, originally comprising seven articles, delineates the national frame of government. Its first three articles embody the doctrine of the separation of powers, whereby the federal government is divided into three branches: the legislative, consisting of the bicameral Congress; the executive, consisting of the President; and the judicial, consisting of the Supreme Court and other federal courts. Articles Four, Five and Six embody concepts of federalism, describing the rights and responsibilities of state governments and of the states in relationship to the federal government. Article Seven establishes the procedure subsequently used by the thirteen States to ratify it. It is regarded as the oldest written and codified constitution in force of the world.[2]"
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-3654754418590842844 | Fried Green Tomatoes | Fried Green Tomatoes - wikipedia Fried Green Tomatoes Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 1991 film . For other uses , see Fried Green Tomatoes ( disambiguation ) . Fried Green Tomatoes Theatrical release poster Directed by Jon Avnet Produced by Jon Avnet Norman Lear Screenplay by Fannie Flagg Carol Sobieski Based on Fried Green Tomatoes at the Whistle Stop Cafe by Fannie Flagg Starring Kathy Bates Jessica Tandy Mary Stuart Masterson Mary - Louise Parker Cicely Tyson Music by Thomas Newman Cinematography Geoffrey Simpson Edited by Debra Neil - Fisher Production company Act III Communications Avnet / Kerner Productions Electric Shadow Productions Fried Green Tomatoes Productions Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date December 27 , 1991 ( 1991 - 12 - 27 ) Running time 130 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $11 million Box office $119.4 million Fried Green Tomatoes is a 1991 comedy - drama film based on the novel Fried Green Tomatoes at the Whistle Stop Cafe by Fannie Flagg . Directed by Jon Avnet and written by Flagg and Carol Sobieski , it stars Kathy Bates , Jessica Tandy , Mary Stuart Masterson , and Mary - Louise Parker . It tells the story of a Depression - era friendship between two women , Ruth and Idgie , and a 1980s friendship between Evelyn , a middle - aged housewife , and Ninny , an elderly woman . The centerpiece and parallel story concerns the murder of Ruth 's abusive husband , Frank , and the accusations that follow . It received a generally positive reception from film critics and was nominated for two Academy Awards . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Differences between the film and novel 4 Production 4.1 Conception and casting 4.2 Setting 5 Release 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical reception 6.3 Accolades 7 Soundtrack 7.1 Track listing 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Evelyn Couch , a timid , unhappy housewife in her forties , meets elderly Ninny Threadgoode in an Anderson , Alabama , nursing home . Over several encounters with Evelyn , Ninny tells her the story of the now abandoned town of Whistle Stop , and the people who lived there . The film 's subplot concerns Evelyn 's dissatisfaction with her marriage , her life , her growing confidence , and her developing friendship with Ninny . The narrative switches several times between Ninny 's story , which is set between World War I and World War II , and Evelyn 's life in 1980s Birmingham . Ninny 's story begins with tomboy Idgie Threadgoode , the youngest of the Threadgoode children , whom Ninny describes as her sister - in - law . Idgie 's close relationship with her charming older brother , Buddy , is cut short when he is hit by a train and killed . Devastated , she recedes from formal society for much of her childhood and adolescence until Buddy 's former girlfriend , the straitlaced Ruth Jamison , intervenes at the request of the concerned Threadgoode family . Idgie initially resists Ruth 's attempts at friendship , but gradually a deep attachment develops between them . Ruth leaves Whistle Stop to marry Frank Bennett and moves to Valdosta , Georgia . Idgie tries to forget her but later visits her house to find her pregnant and subject to physical abuse from Frank . Against his wishes and violent attempts to stop her , she returns to Whistle Stop with Idgie , where her baby , a boy whom she names Buddy , Jr. , is born . Papa Threadgoode gives Idgie money to start a business so she can care for Ruth and Buddy , Jr . She and Ruth open the Whistle Stop Cafe , employing the family cook , Sipsey , and her son , Big George , who excels with a barbecue that becomes popular with their patrons . Frank eventually returns to Whistle Stop to kidnap Buddy , Jr. , but his attempt is thwarted by an unseen assailant , and he is later reported missing . Once his truck appears at the bottom of a nearby drying lake without its owner , Idgie is immediately a suspect , as she had publicly threatened violence against him for beating Ruth . She is detained along with Big George for his murder by Grady Kilgore , the local sheriff , who offers to release her and pin the crime solely on Big George ; she refuses to sacrifice him . During the subsequent trial , the local minister , Reverend Scroggins , has no problem lying , providing Idgie and Big George with sound alibi for the time of Frank 's disappearance . Taking into account his reputation for getting drunk , the judge rules his death an accident and dismisses the case . Idgie and Big George are cleared of all charges . After the trial , Ruth is diagnosed with cancer , becomes very ill , and eventually dies . Following her death , the café closes . Over time , many Whistle Stop residents eventually move away , bringing Ninny to the end of her story , but not before the revelation of what really happened to Frank . Sipsey killed him with a blow to the head with a heavy cast iron frying pan while trying to prevent him from kidnapping Buddy , Jr . Idgie got Big George to barbecue Frank 's body , which was later served to an investigator from Georgia searching for him . The investigator ate with gusto , proclaiming his meal the best pork barbecue he 'd ever tasted . Evelyn discovers that during Ninny 's temporary stay at the nursing home , her house was condemned and torn down . Evelyn , having become friends with her , offers her a room in her house which she accepts . As they walk away from the empty lot where her house used to be , they pass Ruth 's grave , freshly adorned with a jar of honey , a honeycomb , and a card which reads , `` I 'll always love you , the Bee Charmer '' . The Bee Charmer is Ruth 's old nickname for Idgie , and the note reveals that she is still alive . Cast ( edit ) Kathy Bates as Evelyn Couch Mary Stuart Masterson & Nancy Moore Atchison as Imogene `` Idgie '' Threadgoode Mary - Louise Parker as Ruth Jamison Jessica Tandy as Ninny Threadgoode Cicely Tyson as Sipsey Chris O'Donnell as Buddy Threadgoode Stan Shaw as Big George Gailard Sartain as Ed Couch Timothy Scott as Smokey Lonesome Gary Basaraba as Grady Kilgore Lois Smith as Mama Threadgoode Danny Nelson as Papa Threadgoode Jo Harvey Allen as Women 's Awareness Teacher Macon McCalman as Prosecutor Richard Riehle as Reverend Scroggins Raynor Scheine as Curtis Smoot Grace Zabriskie as Eva Bates Reid Binion as Young Julian Nick Searcy as Frank Bennett Constance Shulman as Missy Differences between the film and novel ( edit ) Unlike the novel , the film does not make the lesbian romance between the two central characters explicit , instead leaving the relationship between Idgie and Ruth ambiguous . The DVD contains an audio commentary in which the director acknowledges the relationship and points out that a scene between Idgie and Ruth engaging in a food fight was intended to be seen as symbolic love - making . At the time of the film 's debut , it was criticized by reviewers and activists for what was seen as `` glossing over '' the lesbian relationship . However , it won an award from the Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation for best feature film with lesbian content . It shows examples of discrimination against African Americans , women , and the disabled , but the novel 's examination of sexuality - based prejudice through a robust lesbian plot , is made more ambiguous . Though in the book , Idgie and Ninny are two separate characters , at the end of the film it 's largely hinted that they are one and the same , although this runs counter to Ninny 's earlier comment that `` I was practically adopted by the Threadgoodes ; I married her ( Idgie 's ) brother , Cleo '' . Production ( edit ) Conception and casting ( edit ) Avnet first read the novel in 1987 . He was introduced to it by producer Lisa Lindstrom , with whom he worked on television films Heat Wave and Breaking Point . Although he wanted her to give him a synopsis of the story , she insisted he read the book and like her , he loved it . He decided to turn the story into a film and pitched the idea to Norman Lear 's company , Act III Communications , who were interested and gave him a small budget for a screenwriter . He hired Carol Sobieski who had written the screenplay for 1982 's Annie . She wrote a draft for it as a musical , which he was unhappy with . Sobieski left the project and he hired Flagg , who had been surprised that anyone would want to turn the novel into a film , to develop the script . Although she had some screenwriting experience , she found the process of turning her own novel into a script a strange one . The job was made somewhat easier by the work done by Sobieski and Avnet in choosing which characters from the book were going to be featured , but she found it difficult and also left the project , after writing 70 pages of the screenplay . With no money left to hire another writer , Avnet took the script over himself and spent the next 2 -- 3 years developing it . Flagg gave her blessing to the final draft . Avnet wrote the film with Jessica Tandy in mind ; she expressed excitement about making the film . He had worked with Kathy Bates and Chris O'Donnell on the 1990 film Men Do n't Leave before offering them the roles of Evelyn Couch and Buddy Threadgoode respectively . When Bates read the script she loved the characters and was particularly keen to work with Tandy . Mary - Louise Parker was casting director David Rubin 's first choice for the role of Ruth Jamison . She read for the part several times , initially unhappy with her own tests . When she read along with Mary Stuart Masterson , they -- and the producers -- agreed that they had good chemistry . Setting ( edit ) Inside the Whistle Stop Cafe , Juliette , Georgia . Avnet hired Barbara Ling as production designer . Scouting for a location , she found Juliette , Georgia , a town that was , according to Avnet , nearly deserted . The building chosen to be the Whistle Stop Café was formerly an antique and hardware store . It was redesigned as a cafe , with a horseshoe shaped counter to allow for optimal camera angles . After the release of the film , Juliette saw an influx of tourists and , with Jon Avnet 's encouragement , locals opened the Whistle Stop Café , recreated to mirror the film set . Although `` Whistle Stop Café '' is now a registered trademark , other establishments have appeared using that name . While writing the novel , Flagg based Whistle Stop on Irondale , Alabama , and the café on a real - life restaurant , the Irondale Café . She was a frequent visitor there which was formerly owned by her great - aunt . The scene where Idgie goes to collect honey from a beehive for Ruth was originally intended to be performed by a stunt double . However , after the latter backed out at the last minute , Masterson volunteered to do it herself . The footage of her covered in a swarm of live bees is seen in the final version of the film . The steam locomotive used in the film is A&WP 290 , then in use pulling steam excursions for the New Georgia Railroad . Release ( edit ) The film was given a limited release in the US on December 27 , 1991 , opening in five theaters . It got a wide release four weeks later on January 24 , 1992 , in 673 theaters . It ran for 19 weeks in total , with its widest release having been 1,331 theaters . Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) The film grossed a total of $82,418,501 in the United States alone , and took in $37,000,000 outside the US , bringing the total to $119,418,501 worldwide . In its opening weekend it earned $105,317 , and at its wide release opening weekend it earned $5,235,940 , which was 6.4 percent of its total gross . According to Box Office Mojo , it ranked at no . 11 for all films released in the US in 1991 , and no . 5 for PG ‐ 13 rated films released that year . Critical reception ( edit ) The film was generally well received by critics . Film review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes gave it a `` fresh '' score of 73 % based on 41 reviews . Critics enjoyed the narrative , but found it conventional and predictable . The adaptation of the separate narrative of book to the screen was criticised by Time Out as `` clumsy '' , Roger Ebert praised the performances , Janet Maslin praised the costume and production design and Emanuel Levy praised the cinematography and score . The cast drew praise for their performances , particularly Masterson and Tandy . Accolades ( edit ) The film was nominated at the 64th Academy Awards for Best Actress in a Supporting Role ( Jessica Tandy ) and for Best Writing , Screenplay Based on Material from Another Medium ( Fannie Flagg and Carol Sobieski ) . At the 46th British Academy Film Awards in 1992 , Tandy was nominated for the Best Actress award , and Bates was nominated as Best Actress in a Supporting Role . Both also received Golden Globe nominations for their work , and the film got a Best Picture ( Comedy or Musical ) nomination . At the 28th Guldbagge Awards in Sweden , it was nominated for the Best Foreign Film award . Soundtrack ( edit ) Fried Green Tomatoes Studio album by Various Artists Released December 31 , 1991 Genre Soundtrack Length 39 : 24 Label MCA Fried Green Tomatoes : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack is the soundtrack to the film , and featured a new song by Patti LaBelle . For the original score , composed by Thomas Newman , see Fried Green Tomatoes ( score ) . Track listing ( edit ) `` I 'll Remember You '' ( Grayson Hugh ) -- 5 : 08 `` What Becomes of the Brokenhearted '' ( Paul Young ) -- 4 : 34 `` Cherish '' ( Hip Hop Version ) ( Jodeci ) -- 3 : 58 `` Danger Heartbreak Dead Ahead '' ( Taylor Dayne ) -- 3 : 20 `` Rooster Blues '' ( Peter Wolf ) -- 3 : 15 `` Barbecue Bess '' ( Patti LaBelle ) -- 2 : 54 `` If I Can Help Somebody '' ( Aaron Hall ) -- 3 : 49 `` Cool Down Yonder '' ( Marion Williams ) -- 3 : 10 `` Cherish '' ( Movie Version ) ( Jodeci ) -- 2 : 29 `` Ghost Train '' ( Main Title ) ( Thomas Newman ) -- 3 : 11 `` Visiting Ruth '' ( Newman ) -- 1 : 46 `` A Charge To Keep I Have '' ( Newman ) -- 1 : 50 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ' Green Tomatoes ' : Why a Little Film Bloomed : Movies : Film starts slowly at the box office but word of mouth , themes , strong cast ignite interest in the $11 - million work '' . Los Angeles Times . February 10 , 1992 . Retrieved November 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Rockler , Naomi R. ( March 22 , 2001 ) , `` A Wall on the Lesbian Continuum : Polysemy and Fried Green Tomatoes '' , Women 's Studies in Communication , 24 , retrieved June 15 , 2009 ^ Jump up to : Levy , Emanuel ( January 6 , 2006 ) , Fried Green Tomatoes , Emanuel Levy , retrieved June 15 , 2009 Jump up ^ Pryor , Kelli ; Isaak , Sharon ( February 28 , 1992 ) , `` Women in Love '' , Entertainment Weekly , Time , retrieved February 9 , 2010 Jump up ^ Vickers , Lu ( June 1994 ) , `` Fried Green Tomatoes Excuse me , did we see the same movie ? '' , Jump Cut , 39 : 25 -- 30 , retrieved February 12 , 2012 ^ Jump up to : Avnet , Jon ( 1998 ) , Director 's Commentary ( DVD ) format = requires url = ( help ) , Universal Studios ^ Jump up to : Kenny , J.M. ( director ) ( December 15 , 1998 ) , Moments of Discovery : The Making of Fried Green Tomatoes ( DVD ) , Universal Studios Home Video , retrieved April 4 , 2010 ^ Jump up to : Park , Irby ( May 7 , 2003 ) , `` Fannie Flagg Captivates Audience at City Book Event '' , The Chattanoogan , retrieved December 28 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` Little Town Where Movie was Made Finally Gets Café , Fried Tomatoes '' , Rome News - Tribune , April 13 , 1992 , retrieved December 28 , 2009 Jump up ^ Zganjar , Leslie ( November 1 , 2002 ) , `` The Whistle Stop name is just too popular '' , Birmingham Business Journal , retrieved December 28 , 2009 Jump up ^ Nolan , Michael ( October 20 , 2002 ) , `` Fried Green Tomatoes At The Irondale Cafe '' , American Profile , retrieved December 28 , 2009 ^ Jump up to : Fried Green Tomatoes ( 1991 ) , Box Office Mojo , retrieved April 5 , 2008 Jump up ^ Fried Green Tomatoes ( 1991 ) , Rotten Tomatoes , retrieved April 11 , 2008 Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( January 10 , 1992 ) , `` Fried Green Tomatoes '' , Chicago Sun - Times , Sun - Times Media Group , retrieved December 28 , 2009 ^ Jump up to : Maslin , Janet ( December 27 , 1991 ) , `` Women Finding Strength In Women '' , The New York Times , The New York Times Company , retrieved December 28 , 2009 ^ Jump up to : `` Fried Green Tomatoes ( 1991 ) Awards '' , The New York Times , The New York Times Company , retrieved June 19 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` Fried Green Tomatoes ( 1991 ) '' . Swedish Film Institute . March 22 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Fried Green Tomatoes Fried Green Tomatoes on IMDb Fried Green Tomatoes at AllMovie Fried Green Tomatoes at Rotten Tomatoes Films directed by Jon Avnet Between Two Women ( 1986 ) Fried Green Tomatoes ( 1991 ) The War ( 1994 ) Up Close & Personal ( 1996 ) Red Corner ( 1997 ) Uprising ( 2001 ) 88 Minutes ( 2007 ) Righteous Kill ( 2008 ) Have a Little Faith ( 2011 ) Three Christs ( 2017 ) GLAAD Media Award for Outstanding Film -- Wide Release Longtime Companion / The Handmaid 's Tale ( 1991 ) Fried Green Tomatoes / Frankie and Johnny ( 1992 ) Philadelphia ( 1994 ) Go Fish / The Adventures of Priscilla , Queen of the Desert ( 1995 ) Boys on the Side ( 1996 ) Bound ( 1997 ) In & Out ( 1998 ) Gods and Monsters ( 1999 ) Being John Malkovich ( 2000 ) Billy Elliot ( 2001 ) The Mexican ( 2002 ) The Hours ( 2003 ) Bend It Like Beckham ( 2004 ) Kinsey ( 2005 ) Brokeback Mountain ( 2006 ) Little Miss Sunshine ( 2007 ) Stardust ( 2008 ) Milk ( 2009 ) A Single Man ( 2010 ) The Kids Are All Right ( 2011 ) Beginners ( 2012 ) The Perks of Being a Wallflower ( 2013 ) Philomena ( 2014 ) The Imitation Game ( 2015 ) Carol ( 2016 ) Moonlight ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fried_Green_Tomatoes&oldid=837225243 '' Categories : 1991 films English - language films 1990s comedy - drama films 1990s LGBT - related films 1990s mystery films American films American comedy - drama films American female buddy films American LGBT - related films American mystery films Directorial debut films Films scored by Thomas Newman Films based on American novels Films directed by Jon Avnet Films set in the 1920s Films set in the 1930s Films set in the 1980s Films set in Alabama Films set in Georgia ( U.S. state ) Films shot in Georgia ( U.S. state ) Films about domestic violence Lesbian - related films LGBT - related comedy - drama films Universal Pictures films Hidden categories : Pages using citations with format and no URL All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2012 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Euskara فارسی Français Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenščina Suomi Svenska 中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 April 2018 , at 14 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what state was fried green tomatoes set in | [
"Evelyn Couch, a timid, unhappy housewife in her forties, meets elderly Ninny Threadgoode in an Anderson, Alabama, nursing home. Over several encounters with Evelyn, Ninny tells her the story of the now abandoned town of Whistle Stop, and the people who lived there. The film's subplot concerns Evelyn's dissatisfaction with her marriage, her life, her growing confidence, and her developing friendship with Ninny. The narrative switches several times between Ninny's story, which is set between World War I and World War II, and Evelyn's life in 1980s Birmingham."
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-8871972460717375172 | Sk8er Boi | Sk8er Boi - wikipedia Sk8er Boi Jump to : navigation , search `` Sk8er Boi '' Official American CD artwork pictured . Single by Avril Lavigne from the album Let Go B - side `` Get Over It '' Released 27 August 2002 ( 2002 - 08 - 27 ) Format CD single digital download Genre Pop punk skate punk power pop Length 3 : 24 Label Arista Songwriter ( s ) Avril Lavigne Lauren Christy Scott Spock Graham Edwards Producer ( s ) The Matrix Avril Lavigne singles chronology `` Complicated '' ( 2002 ) `` Sk8er Boi '' ( 2002 ) `` I 'm with You '' ( 2002 ) `` Complicated '' ( 2002 ) `` Sk8er Boi '' ( 2002 ) `` I 'm with You '' ( 2002 ) Alternative cover European CD artwork Music video `` Sk8er Boi '' on YouTube `` Sk8er Boi '' ( / ˈskeɪtər bɔɪ / , `` skater boy '' ) is a song by Canadian singer - songwriter Avril Lavigne , released as the second single from her debut album , Let Go ( 2002 ) . It was written by Avril Lavigne and The Matrix ( Scott Spock , Lauren Christy , and Graham Edwards ) , and produced by The Matrix . The song is a power pop and pop punk track , which lyrically , tells a story told from the singer 's viewpoint about her rocker boyfriend and a girl he knew in high school who rejected him because he was a skateboarder and she was a snob . The song received critical appreciation , with most commending its hook , calling the song `` funny '' and `` clever '' . It also received a Grammy nomination for Best Female Rock Vocal Performance at the 2003 edition . Commercially , `` Sk8er Boi '' was a success , reaching the top - ten in more than ten countries , such as Australia , New Zealand , the United Kingdom and the United States ( becoming Lavigne 's second top ten single on the Billboard Hot 100 chart ) and sold over 1.8 million copies worldwide . It is placed as the 5th song with the best pop - punk chorus . The music video for the song , directed by Francis Lawrence , features a concert on a city street with Lavigne singing on the hood of a car with a crowd rocking out around her . It was a success on TRL and was voted one of the best music videos of the decade by BT TV . The song was featured in all of the concerts and tours held by Lavigne , since her first , `` Try to Shut Me Up Tour '' ( 2002 - 2003 ) until her latest , `` The Avril Lavigne Tour '' ( 2013 - 2014 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and release 2 Composition and lyrics 3 Critical reception 3.1 Accolades 4 Commercial performance 5 Awards and nominations 6 Music video 6.1 Synopsis 7 Cover versions and appearances in other media 8 Track listing 9 Charts 9.1 Charts 9.2 Year - end charts 10 Certifications 11 Release history 12 References 13 External links Background and release ( edit ) After being signed to Arista Records in November 2000 upon the authorization of the label 's CEO , Antonio `` L.A. '' Reid , Lavigne moved to New York with the assistance of Reid . There , she began working on her debut album , Let Go , collaborating with a host of prime songwriters and producers . While being on the verge of getting dropped off Arista , after an unsuccessful year of writing , Lavigne came to the attention of the three - piece production team The Matrix , who later discovered that she wanted songs with punk rock inclinations . After writing `` Complicated '' together , L.A. Reid agreed with the musical direction Lavigne and The Matrix were taking , and sent Lavigne back to The Matrix to work with them on more songs . During the sessions , they wrote 10 songs , with `` Sk8er Boi '' being one of the six songs on the album 's final track list . After the huge success of `` Complicated '' , `` Sk8er Boi '' was selected as the album 's second single , being the more controversial choice , according to L.A. Reid : `` Some people just really did n't get that . And with the first video , there was some concern that maybe because it 's so young and so playful , it might alienate more serious music lovers . '' Composition and lyrics ( edit ) Sk8er Boi Problems playing this file ? See media help . `` Sk8er Boi '' was written by Avril Lavigne , while the production team The Matrix ( consisting of Lauren Christy , Graham Edwards and Scott Spock ) co-wrote , arranged and produced the track . `` Sk8er Boi '' is a punk rock , pop punk and power pop song about a snobby girl who rejects a skateboarder who has a crush on her ( despite returning his feelings ) , letting her friends ' prejudices sway her decision - making . Later on , he becomes a superstar musician ( playing guitar on MTV ) while she ultimately ends up as a young single mom . The song 's lyrics , including the line `` He was a punk / She did ballet / What more can I say , '' were criticized . Christina Saraceno of Allmusic wrote that on `` Sk8er Boi '' , `` she shows her lyrical shortcomings . '' A poll on the website MagPieMusic.com voted the song 's lines `` He was a boy , she was a girl . Can I make it any more obvious ? '' at fourth place , in its list of `` Worst Lyrics of All Time '' . Critical reception ( edit ) `` Sk8er Boi '' received critical acclaim for its production . In a review for the album Let Go , Christina Saraceno of Allmusic called `` Sk8er Boi '' a `` terrific power pop bounce '' , highlighting the song as a `` track pick '' . Brendan Schroer of Sputnikmusic praised the track , writing that Lavigne `` brings another injection of infectious vocal work , peppy but not overbearing . '' Nick Reynolds of BBC Music called it `` brilliant '' , considering the song `` a classic high energy pop song with crunchy guitars and a great hook . '' He also praised its tale , calling it `` as slick and clever as an episode of Buffy . It bowls you over with its energy and sticks in your mind . '' Pat Blashill of Rolling Stone agreed , calling it `` seventeen - year - old Lavigne 's signature moment , '' further adding : `` Over a rush of nouveau - punk guitar chords , she narrates a funny story line , but none of it would matter if Lavigne did n't have a voice , equal parts baby girl and husky siren , that seems capable of setting off car alarms several city blocks away . '' Accolades ( edit ) In a 2011 AOL Radio listener 's poll , `` Sk8er Boi '' was voted Lavigne 's fourth best song . Robert Copsey of Digital Spy listed Lavigne 's 7 best singles of all time , placing `` Sk8er Boi '' at number 4 , saying : `` Lavigne proved she was more than a one - hit wonder with her second single ' Sk8er Boi ' . Despite the rebellious spelling of the title it turned out to be another solid effort , telling the tale of a girl who rejects a baggy - clothed boy who eventually goes on to be world - famous . '' Bill Lamb of About.com placed the song at number 2 , writing : `` It has been derided in the past as being too naive lyrically . However , with the benefit of hindsight , it seems perfectly pitched to her audience and the point in her career . The power pop hook of the song sticks strongly in your head . Later perky pop excursions still pale next to this one . '' Commercial performance ( edit ) The song followed the success of Lavigne 's debut single , `` Complicated '' , which topped many charts worldwide and reached the top - ten in others . In Australia , `` Sk8er Boi '' debuted at its peak position , number three , and remained a further week there . In New Zealand , the song managed to spend 9 weeks until it reached the peak position , number two , on 8 December 2002 . In Brazil , the song managed to reach the top position , becoming her second consecutive number - one single . In the United States , `` Sk8er Boi '' debuted at number 72 on the Billboard Hot 100 issue date 14 September 2002 , while on the issue date 2 November 2002 , the song peaked at number 10 . It became Lavigne 's second consecutive top - ten hit . The song also topped Billboard 's Top 40 Mainstream airplay chart . As of July 2013 , Sk8er Boi had sold 755,000 digital copies in the US . In the United Kingdom , the song was also a success , reaching number eight on the UK Singles Chart on 28 December 2002 . Awards and nominations ( edit ) `` Sk8er Boi '' was nominated and won many awards . In the 2003 Grammy Awards edition , Lavigne received 5 nominations , including Best Female Rock Vocal Performance for `` Sk8er Boi '' , but lost it to Sheryl Crow 's `` Steve McQueen '' . The song won `` Favorite Song '' at the 2003 Kids ' Choice Awards , `` Choice Music Single '' at the 2003 Teen Choice Awards and `` Best Pop Song '' at `` Socan Awards . ( show ) List of accolades for `` Sk8er Boi '' Year Awards ceremony Award Results 2003 Grammy Awards Best Female Rock Vocal Performance Nominated Socan Awards Best Pop Song Won MTV Video Music Awards Best Pop Video Nominated MuchMusic Video Awards People 's Choice Favourite Canadian Artist Won Teen Choice Awards Choice Music Single Won Juno Awards Juno Fan Choice Award Nominated MuchMusic Video Awards Best International Video By A Canadian Won Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Song Won Music video ( edit ) Lavigne , wearing her famous tie , sings on top of a car on the street . The music video was directed by Francis Lawrence and premiered on 22 August 2002 on TRL . The video shot to number - one on TRL on its second day of the countdown . The video was considered the third ' Best music video of the decade ' in the UK by BT Vision , while ET Canada ranked the video at number 2 on her `` Top 10 Best Music Videos '' . Synopsis ( edit ) The video centers around an impromptu concert held by Lavigne in a Los Angeles street intersection . It begins by showing multiple people of Lavigne 's band promoting the concert in advance via graffiti , flyers , email and posters . Lavigne and her band arrive at the location and begin performing on the roof of their cars ; a crowd quickly gathers . Towards the end of the song , police cars and a helicopter arrive to disperse the crowd , while Lavigne uses her guitar to break the car windscreen . Lavigne then throws the guitar onto the road and looks up at the helicopter , where a shot was taken for the single 's artwork . The impromptu concert was filmed in the intersection of 7th St & S Spring St in Los Angeles . Cover versions and appearances in other media ( edit ) In 2003 , Paramount Pictures optioned the song for adaptation into a feature film , hiring writer / producer David Zabel to adapt its words . The film would focus on the two teens from different backgrounds and the social constraints in which they find themselves . However , as of April 2008 , the film has apparently been abandoned or is in development hell . Eurodance group Cascada recorded a dance cover of the song for the European and Japanese editions of their 2007 album Perfect Day . Kidz Bop Kids also did a rendition of the track for their album Kidz Bop 4 ( 2003 ) , with an accompanying music video . A cover version of the song by Angela Michael appears in the video game Elite Beat Agents for the Nintendo DS . The song is also included in SingStar Pop , a PlayStation 2 game and another cover version is featured in Rock Revolution by Konami . The song was also used in a montage of funny rollerskates and skateboard clips in an edition of America 's Funniest Home Videos . `` Sk8er Boi '' was featured in the television series Cold Case ( Season 3 , `` The Promise '' , 2 October 2005 ) . In 2008 , HBO included the song in the episode `` Get Some '' of the miniseries Generation Kill . The song is sung by Cpl . Josh Ray Person as he is urinating in the desert . Filipino rock singer Kean Cipriano covered the song for his performance in the second season of Your Face Sounds Familiar , in which he impersonates Lavigne . Filipino pop singer Justin Alva covered the song for his performance in the third season of Your Face Sounds Familiar , in which he impersonates Lavigne . Track listing ( edit ) Australia CD single No . Title Length 1 . `` Sk8er Boi '' 3 : 23 2 . `` Get Over It '' 3 : 27 3 . `` Nobody 's Fool '' ( live in Vancouver for Z95 ) 3 : 58 United Kingdom and Mexico CD single No . Title Length 1 . `` Sk8er Boi '' 3 : 23 2 . `` Get Over It '' 3 : 27 3 . `` Nobody 's Fool '' ( live in Vancouver for Z95 ) 3 : 58 4 . `` Sk8er Boi '' ( music video ) 3 : 38 France CD single No . Title Length 1 . `` Sk8er Boi '' 3 : 23 2 . `` Get Over It '' 3 : 27 Australia , United Kingdom and United States CD promo No . Title Length 1 . `` Sk8er Boi '' 3 : 23 Japan CD promo No . Title Length 1 . `` Sk8er Boi '' ( live from Buffalo ) 4 : 10 United States vinyl promo No . Title Length 1 . `` Sk8er Boi '' ( side A ) 3 : 23 2 . `` I 'm with You '' ( side B) 3 : 44 Charts ( edit ) Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2002 -- 03 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 7 Belgium ( Ultratip Flanders ) 7 Belgium ( Ultratip Wallonia ) 23 Brazil ( ABPD ) Canada ( Canadian Singles Chart ) 29 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 11 European Hot 100 Singles 9 France ( SNEP ) 28 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 18 Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) 8 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 6 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 11 Norway ( VG - lista ) 14 Scottish Singles Chart 7 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 12 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 17 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 8 US Billboard Hot 100 10 US Billboard Mainstream Top 40 US Billboard Adult Top 40 23 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2002 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 38 Japan ( Oricon ) 65 US Billboard Hot 100 96 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 165 Chart ( 2003 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 86 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 52 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 160 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Digital Single Australia ( ARIA ) Platinum 70,000 Brazil ( Pro-Música Brasil ) Platinum 100,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Platinum 10,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 200,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 755,000 Video Single United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 100,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone ( * ) Note : The Platinum - award in the US are for the songs `` I 'm with You '' and `` Sk8er Boi '' combined in a video single format . Release history ( edit ) Region Date Label Format United States 27 August 2002 ( 2002 - 08 - 27 ) Arista Records CD , digital download Australia 28 October 2002 ( 2002 - 10 - 28 ) Bertelsmann Music Group , RCA Records Europe 6 December 2002 ( 2002 - 12 - 06 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.udiscovermusic.com/stories/heaven-is-a-half-pipe-the-joys-of-skate-punk `` French - Canadian singer Avril Lavigne acknowledged the genre ' skatepunk ' with her internationally popular hit ' Sk8er Boi ' ^ Jump up to : Christina Saraceno ( 4 June 2002 ) . `` Let Go - Avril Lavigne Songs , Reviews , Credits , Awards '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 22 April 2014 . Jump up ^ The 21 Best Pop - Punk Choruses of the 21st Century . `` The 21 Best Pop - Punk Choruses of the 21st Century '' . SPIN . Retrieved 30 April 2017 . 5 . Avril Lavigne -- `` Sk8er Boi '' The choruses in `` Sk8er Boi '' are all different , but they all start the same way : `` He was a sk8er boi / She said see you later boi , '' two lines that wo n't stop being funny until animals stop riding skateboards . Which chorus is best ? It might be the first one ( `` He was n't good enough for her '' ) , but actually it 's the second , the one where Avril might as well say `` plot twist '' first : `` Now he 's a superstar / Slammin ' on his guitar . '' -- AG Jump up ^ Pak , SuChin ; D'Angelo , Joe . `` Avril Lavigne : The Real Deal '' . MTV . Archived from the original on 12 March 2009 . Retrieved 14 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Corey , Moss ( 13 May 2003 ) . `` Britney Spears , Avril Lavigne Fall into The Matrix '' . MTV . Archived from the original on 2 May 2008 . Retrieved 14 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Willman , Chris ( 1 November 2002 ) . `` Avril Lavigne The Anti-Britney '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 1 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Buskin , Richard ( April 2006 ) . `` The Matrix : Writing & Producing in LA '' . SOS . Retrieved 18 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Willman , Chris ( 5 November 2002 ) . `` ' Boi , ' Oh Boy '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 16 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Avril Lavigne -- Sk8er Boi CD at Discogs '' . Discogs . Retrieved 2 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Let Go '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Review : Avril Lavigne - Let Go '' . Sputnikmusic . Retrieved 22 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Avril Lavigne - Awards - Allmusic '' . Retrieved 3 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Avril Lavigne Let Go Plugged In '' . Plugged In . Focus on the Family . Retrieved 2 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Reynolds , Nick ( 2003 ) . `` BBC - Music - Review of Avril Lavigne - Let Go '' . BBC . Retrieved 3 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Rupert Neate ( 9 July 2008 ) . `` Worst lyric of all time : I 'm serious as cancer , when I say rhythm is a dancer '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 17 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Blashill , Pat ( 2 July 2002 ) . `` Let Go Album Reviews Rolling Stone '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 3 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Cheung , Nadine . `` Top 10 Avril Lavigne Songs '' . AOL Radio . Archived from the original on 15 January 2011 . Retrieved 15 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Copsey , Robert ( 13 April 2013 ) . `` Avril Lavigne 's 7 best singles of all time '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 3 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Lamb , Bill . `` Avril Lavigne Songs '' . About.com . Retrieved 3 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Australian-charts.com -- Avril Lavigne -- Sk8er Boi '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved 5 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charts.org.nz -- Avril Lavigne -- Sk8er Boi '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 5 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil Top 20 - Top 40 Charts '' . Top 40 Charts . Retrieved 4 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Brasil - List '' ( PDF ) . Hot 100 Brasil . Retrieved 4 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard 14 September 2002 '' . Billboard Magazine . Google Books . Retrieved 4 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard 2 November 2002 '' . Billboard Magazine . Google Books . Retrieved 4 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lavigne 's ' Sk8ter Boi ' Is Big Screen Bound '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved 15 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Sales updates on Avril Lavigne '' . Billboard. 5 July 2013 . Retrieved 9 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Avril Lavigne - Artist - Official Charts Company '' . The Official Charts Company . Retrieved 13 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` A Tale Of Two Avrils On TRL Thursday '' . Pop Dirt . Retrieved 4 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Avril Lavigne : Celebrity with Heart '' . Jeff Burlingame . Google Books . Retrieved 4 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` It 's the Best Of The Decade -- as voted for by you ! '' . BT Vision . Archived from the original on 9 November 2009 . Retrieved 30 November 2009 . Jump up ^ MacRae , Dan . `` Top 10 Avril Lavigne Songs '' . ET Canada . Retrieved 4 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CMJ New Music Report 9 September 2002 '' . CMJ . Google Books . Retrieved 4 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Yahoo ! Movies '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Retrieved 15 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Cascada Perfect Day - UK 13 Tracks : Allmusic '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 4 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kidz Bop Kids Kidz Bop , Vol. 4 : Allmusic '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 4 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Elite Beat Agents ( 2006 Video Game ) '' . IMDB . Retrieved 4 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SingStar - The Dome : PlayStation 2 '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 4 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Rock Revolution - Xbox 360 ( Game ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 4 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cold Case ( TV Series ) The Promise ( 2005 ) '' . IMDB . Amazon.com . Retrieved 4 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Generation Kill ( TV Mini-Series ) Get Some ( 2008 ) '' . IMDB . Retrieved 4 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Avril Lavigne -- Sk8er Boi '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 5 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Avril Lavigne -- Sk8er Boi '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratip . Retrieved 5 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Avril Lavigne -- Sk8er Boi '' ( in French ) . Ultratip . Retrieved 5 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil '' ( PDF ) . ABPD. 6 October 2001 . Retrieved 1 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Avril Lavigne -- Sk8er Boi '' . Tracklisten . Retrieved 5 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Europe Official Top 100 - Top 40 Charts '' . Top 40 Charts . Retrieved 4 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Avril Lavigne -- Sk8er Boi '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved 5 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Avril Lavigne Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Retrieved 5 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` GFK Chart - Week Ending 2 January 2003 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 4 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Avril Lavigne -- Sk8er Boi '' . Top Digital Download . Retrieved 5 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Avril Lavigne search results '' ( in Dutch ) Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved 5 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Avril Lavigne -- Sk8er Boi '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 5 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Avril Lavigne -- Sk8er Boi '' . VG - lista . Retrieved 5 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Chart Top 100 - Official Charts Company '' . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Avril Lavigne -- Sk8er Boi '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved 5 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Avril Lavigne -- Sk8er Boi '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 5 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Avril Lavigne : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 5 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- End Of Year Charts -- Top 100 Singles 2002 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 14 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Japan Hot 100 Annual 2002 '' . Oricon . Retrieved 8 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 UK Official Singles Chart '' ( PDF ) . Charts Plus . Retrieved 14 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- End Of Year Charts -- Top 100 Singles 2003 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 14 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Austrian Annual Charts 2003 '' . AustrianCharts.at . Retrieved 14 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2003 UK Official Singles Chart '' ( PDF ) . Charts Plus . Retrieved 14 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2002 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Jump up ^ `` Brazilian single certifications -- Avril Lavigne -- Sk8er Boi '' ( in Portuguese ) . Associação Brasileira dos Produtores de Discos . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Avril Lavigne -- Sk8er Boi '' . Recorded Music NZ . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Avril Lavigne -- Sk8er Boi '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter Sk8er Boi in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Avril Lavigne -- Sk8er Boi '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` American video certifications -- Avril Lavigne -- Sk8er Boi / I 'm With You '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Video Longform , then click SEARCH External links ( edit ) `` Sk8er Boi '' music video Avril Lavigne 's official site Avril Lavigne songs Discography Let Go `` Losing Grip '' `` Complicated '' `` Sk8er Boi '' `` I 'm with You '' My World `` Basket Case '' `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' Under My Skin `` Take Me Away '' `` Do n't Tell Me '' `` He Was n't '' `` My Happy Ending '' `` Nobody 's Home '' `` Fall to Pieces '' `` I Always Get What I Want '' The Best Damn Thing `` Girlfriend '' `` The Best Damn Thing '' `` When You 're Gone '' `` Hot '' `` Keep Holding On '' Goodbye Lullaby `` What the Hell '' `` Push '' `` Wish You Were Here '' `` Smile '' `` Alice '' `` Bad Reputation '' Avril Lavigne `` Rock n Roll '' `` Here 's to Never Growing Up '' `` 17 '' `` Let Me Go '' `` Give You What You Like '' `` Bad Girl '' `` Hello Kitty '' `` How You Remind Me '' Collaborations `` Wavin ' Flag '' `` Get Over Me '' Other songs `` Fly '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sk8er_Boi&oldid=808982879 '' Categories : 2002 singles Avril Lavigne songs Billboard Mainstream Top 40 ( Pop Songs ) number - one singles Number - one singles in Spain Song recordings produced by The Matrix ( production team ) Songs written by Avril Lavigne Songs written by Lauren Christy Songs written by Graham Edwards ( musician ) Songs written by Scott Spock Music videos directed by Francis Lawrence Arista Records singles Hidden categories : CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) Use dmy dates from July 2017 Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Belgium ( Flanders ) Tip Singlechart usages for Belgium ( Wallonia ) Tip Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UKchartstats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Brazil Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar Македонски 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 November 2017 , at 12 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did the song skater boy come out | [
"\n\n\"Sk8er Boi\"\n\n\n\nOfficial American CD artwork pictured.\n\n\n\nSingle by Avril Lavigne\n\n\nfrom the album Let Go\n\n\nB-side\n\"Get Over It\"\n\n\nReleased\n27 August 2002 (2002-08-27)\n\n\nFormat\n\n\n\nCD single\ndigital download\n\n\n\n\n\nGenre\n\n\n\nPop punk\nskate punk[1]\npower pop[2]\n\n\n\n\n\nLength\n3:24\n\n\nLabel\nArista\n\n\nSongwriter(s)\n\n\n\nAvril Lavigne\nLauren Christy\nScott Spock\nGraham Edwards\n\n\n\n\n\nProducer(s)\nThe Matrix\n\n\nAvril Lavigne singles chronology\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Complicated\"\n(2002)\n\"Sk8er Boi\"\n(2002)\n\"I'm with You\"\n(2002)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Complicated\"\n(2002)\n\"Sk8er Boi\"\n(2002)\n\"I'm with You\"\n(2002)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAlternative cover\n\n\n\n\n\n\nEuropean CD artwork\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMusic video\n\n\n\"Sk8er Boi\" on YouTube\n\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"27 August 2002"
] |
-1333780055621150849 | The Skin I'm In | The skin I 'm in - Wikipedia The skin I 'm in Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 1998 young adult novel . For the unrelated 2012 documentary , see The Skin I 'm In ( documentary ) . The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia 's notability guideline for books . Please help to establish notability by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond its mere trivial mention . If notability can not be established , the article is likely to be merged , redirected , or deleted . Find sources : `` The Skin I 'm In '' -- news newspapers books scholar JSTOR ( July 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Skin I 'm In Author Sharon G. Flake Country North America Language English Subject Bullying / Faith giving Genre Realistic fiction Publisher Hyperion Publication date 1998 Media type Print ( paperback ) Pages 171 ISBN 0 - 7868 - 1307 - 5 The Skin I 'm In is a realistic fiction novel written by Sharon G. Flake . It was published by Hyperion Books on January 3 , 2000 . It depicts the story of seventh grader Maleeka Madison who has low self - esteem because of her dark skin color . Thirteen - year - old Maleeka Madison is tall , skinny , and dark - skinned . That 's a problem for her , because it 's such a problem for everyone else at school , it seems . To make her life easier , Maleeka befriends the toughest girl in school . Only bullies force you to pay more than you 'd like , so life for Maleeka just gets harder , until she learns to stand up for herself and love the skin she 's in . Contents ( hide ) 1 Summary 2 Main characters 3 Awards 4 References 5 External links Summary ( edit ) Bullying in school can be a terrible experience , and yet sometimes it can be quite hard to see the reason for the bullying . Why , for instance , would a black boy tease a black girl about being black ? `` John - John McIntyre is the smallest seventh grader in the world . Even fifth graders can see over his head . Sometimes I have a hard time believing he and me are both thirteen . He 's my color , but since second grade he 's been teasing me about being too black . At first , there does n't seem to be a reason why John - John might be teasing Maleeka . Perhaps he 's jealous because Maleeka is a tall , cute , smart young lady even if she does n't quite realize it yet , she 's rather gorgeous too . And perhaps he 's also jealous of her perfect relationship with Caleb . `` He stared at me half the year . I thought he saw what everybody else saw . Skinny , poor , black Maleeka . But Caleb saw something different . He said I was pretty . He said he liked my eyes and sweet cocoa brown skin . He wrote me poems and letters . He put spearmint gum inside . Walked me to class . Gave me a ring . I ai n't told Momma . '' So when John - John ruined it for Maleeka and Caleb , Maleeka was left with no - one on her side . Maybe it was n't a very clever move , but Maleeka teamed up with Charlese and her gang , out of self - protection . That did n't improve things much , but it was better than nothing . Until Charlese decided to see how far she could push Maleeka , too ... Maleeka is in a difficult situation and there does n't seem to be anyone she can turn to . She makes some pretty bad mistakes before she finally realises that the new English teacher , the outspoken Miss Saunders , really is on her side . Main characters ( edit ) Maleeka Madison - A poor , African - American girl who gets teased harshly at her Middle School because of her dark skin color and homemade clothes . Maleeka learns to come to terms in the skin she is in . Charlese Jones ( Char ) - The antagonist of the story . She is a fast talking trouble making girl who is one of Maleeka 's top teasers . She lends Maleeka her expensive outfits in exchange for Maleeka doing her homework . Miss Saunders - Maleeka 's English teacher . She has a rare skin disorder on her face that she says no one was able to get rid of . So instead , she does n't let it get in her way . She is confident and essentially is what Maleeka dreams of being . Caleb - Maleeka 's love interest . He 's a caring boy who really cares about his school and does n't care about what people think about him . He 's a little shy when it comes to Maleeka . Raina and Raise - Charlese 's `` sidekicks '' in a way . They agree with everything and go along with everything Char does . Momma / Mrs. Madison ( Maleeka 's mother ) - Maleeka 's loving mother . Though devastated after the death of her husband , Mrs. Madison still pushes Maleeka to do well in school and tries to relieve some of her depression through sewing Maleeka clothes . Some people believe that she is crazy although Maleeka believes that she is a very smart and bright mother . John - John - Maleeka 's enemy since 2nd grade . Awards ( edit ) Coretta Scott King / John Steptoe Award for New Talent Publishers Weekly Author to Watch New York Public Library Top Ten Book for the Teen Age YALSA Best Books for Young Adult Readers YALSA Quick Picks for Reluctant Readers Texas Lonestar Reading List Bank Street College of Education Best Children 's Books of the Year YWCA Racial Justice Award Detroit Free Library Author of the Year Award Starred Review in Publishers Weekly References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Flake , Sharon ( 1998 ) . The Skin I 'm In . New York : Hyperion Books for Children . p. 13 . ISBN 0 - 7868 - 0444 - 0 . External links ( edit ) Sharon Flake official website Sharon Flake official website All Readers Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Skin_I%27m_In&oldid=804755008 '' Categories : American young adult novels 2000 American novels African - American novels Hidden categories : Articles with topics of unclear notability from July 2010 All articles with topics of unclear notability Books with missing cover Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 10 October 2017 , at 23 : 04 . About Wikipedia | who are the main characters in the skin i'm in | [
"\nMaleeka Madison- A poor, African-American girl who gets teased harshly at her Middle School because of her dark skin color and homemade clothes. Maleeka learns to come to terms in the skin she is in.\nCharlese Jones (Char)- The antagonist of the story. She is a fast talking trouble making girl who is one of Maleeka's top teasers. She lends Maleeka her expensive outfits in exchange for Maleeka doing her homework.\nMiss Saunders- Maleeka's English teacher. She has a rare skin disorder on her face that she says no one was able to get rid of. So instead, she doesn't let it get in her way. She is confident and essentially is what Maleeka dreams of being.\nCaleb- Maleeka's love interest. He's a caring boy who really cares about his school and doesn't care about what people think about him. He's a little shy when it comes to Maleeka.\nRaina and Raise- Charlese's \"sidekicks\" in a way. They agree with everything and go along with everything Char does.\nMomma/ Mrs. Madison (Maleeka's mother)- Maleeka's loving mother. Though devastated after the death of her husband, Mrs. Madison still pushes Maleeka to do well in school and tries to relieve some of her depression through sewing Maleeka clothes. Some people believe that she is crazy although Maleeka believes that she is a very smart and bright mother.\nJohn-John-Maleeka's enemy since 2nd grade.\n",
"\nMaleeka Madison- A poor, African-American girl who gets teased harshly at her Middle School because of her dark skin color and homemade clothes. Maleeka learns to come to terms in the skin she is in.\nCharlese Jones (Char)- The antagonist of the story. She is a fast talking trouble making girl who is one of Maleeka's top teasers. She lends Maleeka her expensive outfits in exchange for Maleeka doing her homework.\nMiss Saunders- Maleeka's English teacher. She has a rare skin disorder on her face that she says no one was able to get rid of. So instead, she doesn't let it get in her way. She is confident and essentially is what Maleeka dreams of being.\nCaleb- Maleeka's love interest. He's a caring boy who really cares about his school and doesn't care about what people think about him. He's a little shy when it comes to Maleeka.\nRaina and Raise- Charlese's \"sidekicks\" in a way. They agree with everything and go along with everything Char does.\nMomma/ Mrs. Madison (Maleeka's mother)- Maleeka's loving mother. Though devastated after the death of her husband, Mrs. Madison still pushes Maleeka to do well in school and tries to relieve some of her depression through sewing Maleeka clothes. Some people believe that she is crazy although Maleeka believes that she is a very smart and bright mother.\nJohn-John-Maleeka's enemy since 2nd grade.\n",
"\nMaleeka Madison- A poor, African-American girl who gets teased harshly at her Middle School because of her dark skin color and homemade clothes. Maleeka learns to come to terms in the skin she is in.\nCharlese Jones (Char)- The antagonist of the story. She is a fast talking trouble making girl who is one of Maleeka's top teasers. She lends Maleeka her expensive outfits in exchange for Maleeka doing her homework.\nMiss Saunders- Maleeka's English teacher. She has a rare skin disorder on her face that she says no one was able to get rid of. So instead, she doesn't let it get in her way. She is confident and essentially is what Maleeka dreams of being.\nCaleb- Maleeka's love interest. He's a caring boy who really cares about his school and doesn't care about what people think about him. He's a little shy when it comes to Maleeka.\nRaina and Raise- Charlese's \"sidekicks\" in a way. They agree with everything and go along with everything Char does.\nMomma/ Mrs. Madison (Maleeka's mother)- Maleeka's loving mother. Though devastated after the death of her husband, Mrs. Madison still pushes Maleeka to do well in school and tries to relieve some of her depression through sewing Maleeka clothes. Some people believe that she is crazy although Maleeka believes that she is a very smart and bright mother.\nJohn-John-Maleeka's enemy since 2nd grade.\n",
"\nMaleeka Madison- A poor, African-American girl who gets teased harshly at her Middle School because of her dark skin color and homemade clothes. Maleeka learns to come to terms in the skin she is in.\nCharlese Jones (Char)- The antagonist of the story. She is a fast talking trouble making girl who is one of Maleeka's top teasers. She lends Maleeka her expensive outfits in exchange for Maleeka doing her homework.\nMiss Saunders- Maleeka's English teacher. She has a rare skin disorder on her face that she says no one was able to get rid of. So instead, she doesn't let it get in her way. She is confident and essentially is what Maleeka dreams of being.\nCaleb- Maleeka's love interest. He's a caring boy who really cares about his school and doesn't care about what people think about him. He's a little shy when it comes to Maleeka.\nRaina and Raise- Charlese's \"sidekicks\" in a way. They agree with everything and go along with everything Char does.\nMomma/ Mrs. Madison (Maleeka's mother)- Maleeka's loving mother. Though devastated after the death of her husband, Mrs. Madison still pushes Maleeka to do well in school and tries to relieve some of her depression through sewing Maleeka clothes. Some people believe that she is crazy although Maleeka believes that she is a very smart and bright mother.\nJohn-John-Maleeka's enemy since 2nd grade.\n",
"\nMaleeka Madison- A poor, African-American girl who gets teased harshly at her Middle School because of her dark skin color and homemade clothes. Maleeka learns to come to terms in the skin she is in.\nCharlese Jones (Char)- The antagonist of the story. She is a fast talking trouble making girl who is one of Maleeka's top teasers. She lends Maleeka her expensive outfits in exchange for Maleeka doing her homework.\nMiss Saunders- Maleeka's English teacher. She has a rare skin disorder on her face that she says no one was able to get rid of. So instead, she doesn't let it get in her way. She is confident and essentially is what Maleeka dreams of being.\nCaleb- Maleeka's love interest. He's a caring boy who really cares about his school and doesn't care about what people think about him. He's a little shy when it comes to Maleeka.\nRaina and Raise- Charlese's \"sidekicks\" in a way. They agree with everything and go along with everything Char does.\nMomma/ Mrs. Madison (Maleeka's mother)- Maleeka's loving mother. Though devastated after the death of her husband, Mrs. Madison still pushes Maleeka to do well in school and tries to relieve some of her depression through sewing Maleeka clothes. Some people believe that she is crazy although Maleeka believes that she is a very smart and bright mother.\nJohn-John-Maleeka's enemy since 2nd grade.\n",
"\nMaleeka Madison- A poor, African-American girl who gets teased harshly at her Middle School because of her dark skin color and homemade clothes. Maleeka learns to come to terms in the skin she is in.\nCharlese Jones (Char)- The antagonist of the story. She is a fast talking trouble making girl who is one of Maleeka's top teasers. She lends Maleeka her expensive outfits in exchange for Maleeka doing her homework.\nMiss Saunders- Maleeka's English teacher. She has a rare skin disorder on her face that she says no one was able to get rid of. So instead, she doesn't let it get in her way. She is confident and essentially is what Maleeka dreams of being.\nCaleb- Maleeka's love interest. He's a caring boy who really cares about his school and doesn't care about what people think about him. He's a little shy when it comes to Maleeka.\nRaina and Raise- Charlese's \"sidekicks\" in a way. They agree with everything and go along with everything Char does.\nMomma/ Mrs. Madison (Maleeka's mother)- Maleeka's loving mother. Though devastated after the death of her husband, Mrs. Madison still pushes Maleeka to do well in school and tries to relieve some of her depression through sewing Maleeka clothes. Some people believe that she is crazy although Maleeka believes that she is a very smart and bright mother.\nJohn-John-Maleeka's enemy since 2nd grade.\n",
"\nMaleeka Madison- A poor, African-American girl who gets teased harshly at her Middle School because of her dark skin color and homemade clothes. Maleeka learns to come to terms in the skin she is in.\nCharlese Jones (Char)- The antagonist of the story. She is a fast talking trouble making girl who is one of Maleeka's top teasers. She lends Maleeka her expensive outfits in exchange for Maleeka doing her homework.\nMiss Saunders- Maleeka's English teacher. She has a rare skin disorder on her face that she says no one was able to get rid of. So instead, she doesn't let it get in her way. She is confident and essentially is what Maleeka dreams of being.\nCaleb- Maleeka's love interest. He's a caring boy who really cares about his school and doesn't care about what people think about him. He's a little shy when it comes to Maleeka.\nRaina and Raise- Charlese's \"sidekicks\" in a way. They agree with everything and go along with everything Char does.\nMomma/ Mrs. Madison (Maleeka's mother)- Maleeka's loving mother. Though devastated after the death of her husband, Mrs. Madison still pushes Maleeka to do well in school and tries to relieve some of her depression through sewing Maleeka clothes. Some people believe that she is crazy although Maleeka believes that she is a very smart and bright mother.\nJohn-John-Maleeka's enemy since 2nd grade.\n"
] | [
"Maleeka Madison",
"Charlese Jones (Char)",
"Miss Saunders",
"Caleb",
"Raina and Raise",
"Momma/ Mrs. Madison (Maleeka's mother)",
"John-John"
] |
4814644748771839123 | Light-independent reactions | Light - independent reactions - wikipedia Light - independent reactions Jump to : navigation , search See also : Light - dependent reactions This article needs attention from an expert in Biology or Molecular and Cell Biology . The specific problem is : The title and scope of this article have issues . See the talk page for details . WikiProject Biology or WikiProject Molecular and Cell Biology may be able to help recruit an expert . ( April 2017 ) The internal structure of a chloroplast The light - independent reactions , or dark reactions , of photosynthesis are chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and other compounds into glucose . These reactions occur in the stroma , the fluid - filled area of a chloroplast outside the thylakoid membranes . These reactions take the products ( ATP and NADPH ) of light - dependent reactions and perform further chemical processes on them . There are three phases to the light - independent reactions , collectively called the Calvin cycle : carbon fixation , reduction reactions , and ribulose 1 , 5 - bisphosphate ( RuBP ) regeneration . This process occurs only when light is available . Plants do not carry out the Calvin cycle during nighttime . They instead release sucrose into the phloem from their starch reserves . This process happens when light is available independent of the kind of photosynthesis ( C3 carbon fixation , C4 carbon fixation , and Crassulacean acid metabolism ) ; CAM plants store malic acid in their vacuoles every night and release it by day to make this process work . They are also known as dark reactions . Contents ( hide ) 1 Coupling to other metabolic pathways 1.1 Steps 1.2 Products 2 Light - dependent regulation 3 References 4 Further reading 5 External links Coupling to other metabolic pathways ( edit ) These reactions are closely coupled to the thylakoid electron transport chain as reducing power provided by NADPH produced in the photosystem I is actively needed . The process of photorespiration , also known as C2 cycle , is also coupled to the dark reactions , as it results from an alternative reaction of the RuBisCO enzyme , and its final byproduct is also another glyceraldehyde - 3 - P . Overview of the Calvin cycle and carbon fixation The Calvin cycle , Calvin -- Benson -- Bassham ( CBB ) cycle , reductive pentose phosphate cycle or C3 cycle is a series of biochemical redox reactions that take place in the stroma of chloroplast in photosynthetic organisms . The cycle was discovered by Melvin Calvin , James Bassham , and Andrew Benson at the University of California , Berkeley by using the radioactive isotope carbon - 14 . Photosynthesis occurs in two stages in a cell . In the first stage , light - dependent reactions capture the energy of light and use it to make the energy - storage and transport molecules ATP and NADPH . The Calvin cycle uses the energy from short - lived electronically excited carriers to convert carbon dioxide and water into organic compounds that can be used by the organism ( and by animals that feed on it ) . This set of reactions is also called carbon fixation . The key enzyme of the cycle is called RuBisCO . In the following biochemical equations , the chemical species ( phosphates and carboxylic acids ) exist in equilibria among their various ionized states as governed by the pH . The enzymes in the Calvin cycle are functionally equivalent to most enzymes used in other metabolic pathways such as gluconeogenesis and the pentose phosphate pathway , but they are found in the chloroplast stroma instead of the cell cytosol , separating the reactions . They are activated in the light ( which is why the name `` dark reaction '' is misleading ) , and also by products of the light - dependent reaction . These regulatory functions prevent the Calvin cycle from being respired to carbon dioxide . Energy ( in the form of ATP ) would be wasted in carrying out these reactions that have no net productivity . The sum of reactions in the Calvin cycle is the following : 3 CO + 6 NADPH + 6 H + 9 ATP → glyceraldehyde - 3 - phosphate ( G3P ) + 6 NADP + 9 ADP + 3 H O + 8 P ( P = inorganic phosphate ) Hexose ( six - carbon ) sugars are not a product of the Calvin cycle . Although many texts list a product of photosynthesis as C O , this is mainly a convenience to counter the equation of respiration , where six - carbon sugars are oxidized in mitochondria . The carbohydrate products of the Calvin cycle are three - carbon sugar phosphate molecules , or `` triose phosphates , '' namely , glyceraldehyde - 3 - phosphate ( G3P ) . Steps ( edit ) In the first stage of the Calvin cycle , a CO molecule is incorporated into one of two three - carbon molecules ( glyceraldehyde 3 - phosphate or G3P ) , where it uses up two molecules of ATP and two molecules of NADPH , which had been produced in the light - dependent stage . The three steps involved are : Calvin cycle step 1 ( black circles represent carbon atoms ) Calvin cycle steps 2 and 3 combined The enzyme RuBisCO catalyses the carboxylation of ribulose - 1 , 5 - bisphosphate , RuBP , a 5 - carbon compound , by carbon dioxide ( a total of 6 carbons ) in a two - step reaction . The product of the first step is enediol - enzyme complex that can capture CO or O . Thus , enediol - enzyme complex is the real carboxylase / oxygenase . The CO that is captured by enediol in second step produces an unstable six - carbon compound called 2 - carboxy 3 - keto 1 , 5 - biphosphoribotol ( or 3 - keto - 2 - carboxyarabinitol 1 , 5 - bisphosphate ) that immediately splits into 2 molecules of 3 - phosphoglycerate , or 3 - PGA , a 3 - carbon compound ( also : 3 - phosphoglyceric acid , PGA , 3PGA ) . The enzyme phosphoglycerate kinase catalyses the phosphorylation of 3 - PGA by ATP ( which was produced in the light - dependent stage ) . 1 , 3 - Bisphosphoglycerate ( 1 , 3BPGA , glycerate - 1 , 3 - bisphosphate ) and ADP are the products . ( However , note that two 3 - PGAs are produced for every CO that enters the cycle , so this step utilizes two ATP per CO fixed . ) The enzyme glyceraldehyde 3 - phosphate dehydrogenase catalyses the reduction of 1 , 3BPGA by NADPH ( which is another product of the light - dependent stage ) . Glyceraldehyde 3 - phosphate ( also called G3P , GP , TP , PGAL , GAP ) is produced , and the NADPH itself is oxidized and becomes NADP . Again , two NADPH are utilized per CO fixed . Regeneration stage of the Calvin cycle The next stage in the Calvin cycle is to regenerate RuBP . Five G3P molecules produce three RuBP molecules , using up three molecules of ATP . Since each CO molecule produces two G3P molecules , three CO molecules produce six G3P molecules , of which five are used to regenerate RuBP , leaving a net gain of one G3P molecule per three CO molecules ( as would be expected from the number of carbon atoms involved ) . Simplified C3 cycle with structural formulas The regeneration stage can be broken down into steps . Triose phosphate isomerase converts all of the G3P reversibly into dihydroxyacetone phosphate ( DHAP ) , also a 3 - carbon molecule . Aldolase and fructose - 1 , 6 - bisphosphatase convert a G3P and a DHAP into fructose 6 - phosphate ( 6C ) . A phosphate ion is lost into solution . Then fixation of another CO generates two more G3P . F6P has two carbons removed by transketolase , giving erythrose - 4 - phosphate . The two carbons on transketolase are added to a G3P , giving the ketose xylulose - 5 - phosphate ( Xu5P ) . E4P and a DHAP ( formed from one of the G3P from the second CO fixation ) are converted into sedoheptulose - 1 , 7 - bisphosphate ( 7C ) by aldolase enzyme . Sedoheptulose - 1 , 7 - bisphosphatase ( one of only three enzymes of the Calvin cycle that are unique to plants ) cleaves sedoheptulose - 1 , 7 - bisphosphate into sedoheptulose - 7 - phosphate , releasing an inorganic phosphate ion into solution . Fixation of a third CO generates two more G3P . The ketose S7P has two carbons removed by transketolase , giving ribose - 5 - phosphate ( R5P ) , and the two carbons remaining on transketolase are transferred to one of the G3P , giving another Xu5P . This leaves one G3P as the product of fixation of 3 CO , with generation of three pentoses that can be converted to Ru5P . R5P is converted into ribulose - 5 - phosphate ( Ru5P , RuP ) by phosphopentose isomerase . Xu5P is converted into RuP by phosphopentose epimerase . Finally , phosphoribulokinase ( another plant - unique enzyme of the pathway ) phosphorylates RuP into RuBP , ribulose - 1 , 5 - bisphosphate , completing the Calvin cycle . This requires the input of one ATP . Thus , of six G3P produced , five are used to make three RuBP ( 5C ) molecules ( totaling 15 carbons ) , with only one G3P available for subsequent conversion to hexose . This requires nine ATP molecules and six NADPH molecules per three CO molecules . The equation of the overall Calvin cycle is shown diagrammatically below . The overall equation of the Calvin cycle ( black circles represent carbon atoms ) RuBisCO also reacts competitively with O instead of CO in photorespiration . The rate of photorespiration is higher at high temperatures . Photorespiration turns RuBP into 3 - PGA and 2 - phosphoglycolate , a 2 - carbon molecule that can be converted via glycolate and glyoxalate to glycine . Via the glycine cleavage system and tetrahydrofolate , two glycines are converted into serine + CO . Serine can be converted back to 3 - phosphoglycerate . Thus , only 3 of 4 carbons from two phosphoglycolates can be converted back to 3 - PGA . It can be seen that photorespiration has very negative consequences for the plant , because , rather than fixing CO , this process leads to loss of CO . C4 carbon fixation evolved to circumvent photorespiration , but can occur only in certain plants native to very warm or tropical climates -- corn , for example . Products ( edit ) The immediate products of one turn of the Calvin cycle are 2 glyceraldehyde - 3 - phosphate ( G3P ) molecules , 3 ADP , and 2 NADP . ( ADP and NADP are not really `` products . '' They are regenerated and later used again in the Light - dependent reactions ) . Each G3P molecule is composed of 3 carbons . For the Calvin cycle to continue , RuBP ( ribulose 1 , 5 - bisphosphate ) must be regenerated . So , 5 out of 6 carbons from the 2 G3P molecules are used for this purpose . Therefore , there is only 1 net carbon produced to play with for each turn . To create 1 surplus G3P requires 3 carbons , and therefore 3 turns of the Calvin cycle . To make one glucose molecule ( which can be created from 2 G3P molecules ) would require 6 turns of the Calvin cycle . Surplus G3P can also be used to form other carbohydrates such as starch , sucrose , and cellulose , depending on what the plant needs . Light - dependent regulation ( edit ) Main article : Light - dependent reactions These reactions do not occur in the dark or at night . There is a light - dependent regulation of the cycle enzymes , as the third step requires reduced NADP . There are two regulation systems at work when the cycle must be turned on or off : the thioredoxin / ferredoxin activation system , which activates some of the cycle enzymes ; and the RuBisCo enzyme activation , active in the Calvin cycle , which involves its own activase . The thioredoxin / ferredoxin system activates the enzymes glyceraldehyde - 3 - P dehydrogenase , glyceraldehyde - 3 - P phosphatase , fructose - 1 , 6 - bisphosphatase , sedoheptulose - 1 , 7 - bisphosphatase , and ribulose - 5 - phosphatase kinase , which are key points of the process . This happens when light is available , as the ferredoxin protein is reduced in the photosystem I complex of the thylakoid electron chain when electrons are circulating through it . Ferredoxin then binds to and reduces the thioredoxin protein , which activates the cycle enzymes by severing a cystine bond found in all these enzymes . This is a dynamic process as the same bond is formed again by other proteins that deactivate the enzymes . The implications of this process are that the enzymes remain mostly activated by day and are deactivated in the dark when there is no more reduced ferredoxin available . The enzyme RuBisCo has its own , more complex activation process . It requires that a specific lysine amino acid be carbamylated to activate the enzyme . This lysine binds to RuBP and leads to a non-functional state if left uncarbamylated . A specific activase enzyme , called RuBisCo activase , helps this carbamylation process by removing one proton from the lysine and making the binding of the carbon dioxide molecule possible . Even then the RuBisCo enzyme is not yet functional , as it needs a magnesium ion bound to the lysine to function . This magnesium ion is released from the thylakoid lumen when the inner pH drops due to the active pumping of protons from the electron flow . RuBisCo activase itself is activated by increased concentrations of ATP in the stroma caused by its phosphorylation . References ( edit ) Citations Jump up ^ Silverstein , Alvin ( 2008 ) . Photosynthesis . Twenty - First Century Books . p. 21 . ISBN 9780822567981 . Jump up ^ John C. Cushman ( 2001 ) . `` A Plastic Photosynthetic Adaptation to Arid Environments '' . Plant Physiology. 127 ( 4 ) : 1439 -- 1448 . doi : 10.1104 / pp. 010818 . PMC 1540176 . PMID 11743087 . Jump up ^ Bassham J , Benson A , Calvin M ( 1950 ) . `` The path of carbon in photosynthesis '' ( PDF ) . J Biol Chem. 185 ( 2 ) : 781 -- 7 . doi : 10.2172 / 910351 . PMID 14774424 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Neil A. ; Brad Williamson ; Robin J. Heyden ( 2006 ) . Biology : Exploring Life . Boston , Massachusetts : Pearson Prentice Hall . ISBN 0 - 13 - 250882 - 6 . Jump up ^ Farazdaghi H ( 2009 ) . `` Modeling the Kinetics of Activation and Reaction of RuBisCO from Gas Exchange '' . Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration. 29 ( IV ) : 275 -- 294 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4020 - 9237 - 4_12 . Jump up ^ Campbell , and Reece Biology : 8th Edition , page 198 . Benjamin Cummings , December 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Russell , Wolfe et al. Biology : Exploring the Diversity of Life '. Toronto : Nelson College Indigenous , 1st ed , Vol. 1 , 2010 , pg 151 Jump up ^ Besse , I ; Buchanan , B ( 1997 ) . `` Thioredoxin - linked animal and plant processes : the new generation '' . Bot . Bull. Acad. Sin. 38 : 1 -- 11 . Bibliography Bassham JA ( 2003 ) . `` Mapping the carbon reduction cycle : a personal retrospective '' . Photosyn . Res. 76 ( 1 - 3 ) : 35 -- 52 . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1024929725022 . PMID 16228564 . Diwan , Joyce J. ( 2005 ) . `` Photosynthetic Dark Reaction '' . Biochemistry and Biophysics , Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute . Portis , Archie ; Parry , Martin ( 2007 ) . `` Discoveries in Rubisco ( Ribulose 1 , 5 - bisphosphate carboxylase / oxygenase ) : a historical perspective '' ( PDF ) . Photosynthesis Research . 94 ( 1 ) : 121 -- 143 . doi : 10.1007 / s11120 - 007 - 9225 - 6 . PMID 17665149 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 03 - 12 Further reading ( edit ) Rubisco Activase , from the Plant Physiology Online website Thioredoxins , from the Plant Physiology Online website External links ( edit ) The Biochemistry of the Calvin Cycle at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute The Calvin Cycle and the Pentose Phosphate Pathway from Biochemistry , Fifth Edition by Jeremy M. Berg , John L. Tymoczko and Lubert Stryer . Published by W.H. Freeman and Company ( 2002 ) . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where does each stage of photosynthesis occur in the cell | [
"The light-independent reactions, or dark reactions,[1] of photosynthesis are chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and other compounds into glucose. These reactions occur in the stroma, the fluid-filled area of a chloroplast outside the thylakoid membranes. These reactions take the products (ATP and NADPH) of light-dependent reactions and perform further chemical processes on them. There are three phases to the light-independent reactions, collectively called the Calvin cycle: carbon fixation, reduction reactions, and ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) regeneration."
] | [
"the stroma, the fluid-filled area of a chloroplast outside the thylakoid membranes"
] |
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